Glossary extracted starting with automatic seeds, with BOW for the domain art and language EN

addenda	Corrections or changes are made to the contract documents by the issuance of addenda
physiognomy	Inner character or quality revealed outwardly
chancel	The chancel is the continuation of the nave of a church to the east of the crossing. Inside, it is where the altar stands.
parasol	An umbrella atop a Chinese pagoda; a vestige of the chatra on an Indian stupa.
hermitage	a garden building, often complete with a hired "hermit" to live there, calculated to raise an appreciation for contemplation in the context of nature.
corporal	a linen square on which the consecrated elements are placed during the celebration of the Eucharist.
tala	The Hindu metre system
neapolitans	Natives or inhabitants of Naples, Italy.
theme transformation	The practice of varying a single theme or melody through the different sections of a piece; this procedure was used especially in Romantic tone poems.
architrave	the horizontal element spanning the interval between two columns
velatium	the awning stretched above a amphitheater to protect spectators from the sun
glyptic	That which is carved or engraved, or can be carved or engraved, as distinguished from that which is plastic
skewback	An angled upright joint to a stone to form the abutment for the voussoirs of an arch.
charnel	A building or chamber in which bodies or bones are deposited.
hipped roof	a pyramid shaped roof, or a roof with a ridge but where the ridge terminates in a triangular shaped roof surface.
casement	bomb-proof vaulted accommodation for troops, stores or guns
blue notes	In blues and jazz, any of the notes produced by flatting the third, fifth, or seventh notes of a major scale.
fresco	a technique (also known as buon fresco
censer	A covered incense burner, usually swung from a chain at funerals or other religious ceremonies.
troubadours	Medieval poet/singers from southern France
reverse painting	A technique where paint is applied to the back side of the surface (typically glass) and viewed through the front
stele	an upright stone slab or pillar, usually carved or inscribed for commemorative purposes.
mold-blown glass	Glassware that is made by inflating molten glass into a mold
put-log	beam inserted into a special hole in a great tower, gatehouse or curtain to support hoarding, or as scaffolding for building or repairs
convection oven	Heated air flows around the food.
tonality	The relationship of tones to a central tone called the tonic
sill	The horizontal structural member at the base of a wall, window or door opening, to which vertical members (such as studs or posts) are attached.
gelatin	A material made from animal glue which is flexible when warm and can be used for mold-making
palpably	Easily perceptible by the mind
clerestory	An upper story of a building with windows above adjacent roofs
stepped	Recessed in a series of ledges
bamboo	Bamboo is a fibrous plant, and materials obtained from it
bargeboard	a timber piece fitted to the outer edge of a gable, sometimes carved for decorative effect.
evangelical counsels	the recommendations found in the Gospels to embrace celibacy, poverty, and obedience, as a means to attain spiritual perfection, which formed the basis of the monastic life.
muntin	The secondary framing member used to hold panes of glass in a window or glazed door
reinforced concrete	Steel rods are inserted in concrete beams to help them withstand longitudinal stress without collapsing
tufa	cellular rock; porous limestone
slumped glass	Preformed flat or three-dimensional glass that is reheated and shaped in a mold.
lay-brothers' frater	Dining room for lay-brothers.
cruet	a vessel, usually one of a pair, for holding the wine or the water at the Eucharist.
gesso	A composition, often made with chalk and parchment size that is commonly applied to furniture, picture frames and mirrors as foundation upon which gilding or silvering was applied.
billets	Small cubes, cylinders or prisms placed at regular intervals, so that their axis and that of the entire series is parallel to the general direction of the molding.
electronic portfolio	A portfolio or set of images of work which is stored on a computer disc
lancet	a tall narrow, arched window without tracery.
glazing	The installation of glass in a window opening; also the fenestration or windows.
pent roof	A narrow shed style roof placed above the first floor of a building to protect the doors, windows and lower walls, often covering all four sides of the building.
megalith	a large, undressed stone used in the construction of prehistoric monuments.
ziggurat	a trapezoidal stepped structure representing a mountain in ancient Mesopotamia.
company suburb/town	settlement type
norman	Used in England as a synonym for 'Romanesque', it covers the style of architecture current between 1066-1200.
altar	In the Roman Church, a table at which the celebration of the Eucharist takes place
double-hung window	A window with two vertical sliding sashes, that can be raised and lowered independently of each other.
diffinitors	a term used by the Cistercians and the Dominicans for those members of the general chapter who drafted legislation and steered the assembly.
header	The brick laid within a wall so that the short end is exposed and the wide side is parallel to the ground.
video digitizer	An image-capture device that employs a digital camera attached to a circuit board in a computer which converts the video signal into a digital file.
plutonic	Igneous rocks which have formed from magma at a great depth in the earth's crust.
wonder cabinet	See Wunderkabinette and Wunderkammer.
overlay door	The door is on the outside of the frame and, when closed, the door hides the frame from the view.
rondo	An extended alternating form often employed in the fourth movement of classical symphonies; generally spirited and playful in character.
earthenware	pottery that has been either airdried or fired at a relatively low temperature.
weather strip	A strip of resilient material used to cover the joint between the window sash and frame to reduce air leaks and prevent water from entering the structure.
chamfer	Surface produced by cutting across a square angle of a block at 45ø to the other surfaces.
wind pressure	The pressure produced by stopping the wind velocity; the main cause of air infiltration.
diaper work	Decoration of squares or lozenges.
exterior feature	An element of the architectural character and general arrangement of the external portion of a building, structure or object, including building material, that is visible from a public right-of-way.
piacevole	Play pleasantly and gracefully
classical architecture	referring to the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome, both of which have well-described structural and stylistic elements and standards of proportion
day	Any day other than a Saturday or Sunday or legal holiday.
residential interior design	oncerned with the panning and/or specifying of interior materials and products used in private residences.
tawny	Dark or dull yellowish brown.
oilette	A round opening at the base of a loophole, usually for a cannon muzzle
board and batten	A construction method for doors or walls in which the wood is arranged in vertical boards and held in place with a horizontal board called a batten.
patina	(a) the colored surface, often green, that forms on bronze and copper either naturally (as a result of oxidation) or artificially (through treatment with acid); (b) in general, the surface appearance of old objects.
cant column	A column having a polygonal section.
canon	A contrapuntal technique in which a melody in one part is strictly imitated by another voice or voices.
groin	The angle formed by the intersection of two vaulted surfaces
scarabaeus	Any of a family (Scarabaeidae) of stout-bodied beetles with lamellate or flabellate antennae
panning	An applied material, usually metal, that covers the front (exterior) surface of an existing window frame or mullion.
clerestory	(also Clearstory High-Light Window) A window in the upper part of a lofty room that admits light to the center of the room.
bonnet	Freestanding fortification; priest's cap.
pier-and-beam	(Please refer to entry for Post-and-beam)
fiorituri	Taken from "fior" which means "flower" in Italian, fioratura refers to the actual flowery, embellished vocal line within an aria.
skillion roof	A sloping roof without a ridge or peak.
cupola	A cupola is a decorative, small, projecting tower at the top of the roof of a building, often square, round or ocatagonal in shape.
bakelite	An inexpensive plastic that became popular during the 1930s and 40s as a material for all kinds of consumable goods, including jewelry, cameras, billiard balls, and radios.
r-value	(Thermal Resistance) A measure of resistance to heat flow of a material or construction; a higher value indicates a better heat insulating property
fausse paire	A pair of chairs, identical in form, that were crafted in different periods; typically, one of the chairs was constructed in the 18th century while the other was added in the 19th century to complete the pair.
squint	the hole cut in a wall or through a pier to allow a view of the high altar from a place where it would not otherwise possible
electrotype	The reproduction of a model by coating a mold taken from it with metal (commonly copper) by electrolysis.
intaglio	A technique of engraving that consists of cutting a figure or design into an object, such as glass or a gemstone
hexachord	A six-note scale used in the Ancient times
tutti	"All," or the entire ensemble.
gospel	one of the first four books of the New Testament, which recounts the life of Christ.
canted	inclined, or angled.
opening	An event which celebrates the beginning of an art exhibition.
cell	A small chamber or room, often used of the small detached buildings that are found in Celtic monasteries.
crannog	celtic Scotland timber-built fortified lake village
lpc staff	The staff of the Landmarks Preservation Commission acting in the Commission's agency capacity.
agistment	a Church rate, or tithe, charged on pasture land.
egg tempera	A watercolor medium used for permanent, fine works.
gossamer	Something light, delicate, or insubstantial
rise	The vertical distance between the springline and the keystone of an arch, or between the springline and boss of a vault
igneous	Rocks which have solidified from a molten state.
bivalate	A hillfort defended by two concentric ditches
offset reproduction	Prints made using the offset printing process (also called photo offset or offset lithography), in which the inked image is transferred or "offset" from a plate to a rubber blanket and then transferred to the printing surface
idealistic	Of, relating to, or having the nature of idealism.
clerestory	Upper storey of the nave walls of the church, lit by windows.
flessibile	flexibly
claustral buildings	Pertaining to the cloister.
slip	in ceramics,
bathstone	Pale coloured oolitic limestone from the Bath area of the UK
maniple	a strip of silk, or other fine-stuff, worn over the left arm of the celebrant at mass.
nara	A period in Japanese art history from 710-794
monotype	A print made when an artist draws or paints on a glass or metal plate and then prints the image onto paper.
stringer	A long horizontal timber used to connect uprights in a frame, or to support a floor.
stretcher	A masonry unit or brick laid horizontally with its length parallel to the wall.
box burns	Furniture damage caused when the shipping carton rubs against the fabric or frame materials.
medallion	A decorative plaque with slightly projecting carvings, usually circular or oval in shape and mounted on the ceiling.
fanlight	A semicircular window, usually located above a door.
apsidal	apse-shaped.
satin	Closely woven silk with a lustrous face.
despotism	A system of government in which the ruler has unlimited power.
palladian window	A three-part window opening with a tall, round-arched center window flanked by smaller rectangular windows and separated by posts or pilasters.
lacertine	An animal with ribbon-like body used in zoomorphic interlace.
loco	Place - a direction canceling an octave change (ottava alta, ottava bassa), and it means that the player must go back to the normal sound pitch
transom	Horizontal division of window; crossbar
mantlet	Detached fortification preventing direct access to a gateway; low outer wall.
rafters	The sloping member in a roof system that supports the sheathing and roof covering
oratory / oratorium	An earlier name applied to buildings now known as "churches"
crypt	Underground room, usually at E end of church.
iconomatic	Using images (or icons) to represent sounds of words.
joist	A structural member laid horizontally in a series from wall to wall or beam to beam, to support the weight of a floor, ceiling or roof
old english	A revival of medieval style timber framing and a movement away from austerity. Contemporary and associated with the Arts and Crafts movement.
incipient	Beginning
buttress	A mass of brickwork built against a wall to carry the thrust and provide strength.
beam	The primary horizontal load-bearing element in a structure.
theatron	In the Greek theater the seating area.
promulgate	To make known by open declaration.
transitional	A period of architecture which marked the period between the Norman and Gothic styles when both were inter mingling
stronghouse	a mansion capable of being defended
net vault	Ribbed barrel vault covered by squares set on the diagonal in a diamond pattern so that the diagonal ribs cross adjacent bays and serve to mask the individual sections of the vault.
biomorphic	derived from or representing the forms of living things rather than abstract
prelude	A free-form piece that may introduce another piece or stand alone.
dotage	A condition of decay marked by decline of mental poise and alertness, usually attributed to old age.
electronic	Music produced by such means as magnetic tape, synthesizer, or computer.
legate	an ambassador, usually a cardinal, dispatched by the pope to a territory with plenary powers (some archbishops, including the archbishops of Canterbury, claimed to be legati nati or standing legates in virtue of their office).
compluviate roofing	The opening in a roof of a Roman building, usually above a courtyard, to access light, air, and rainwater.
chicane	Zig-zag passage designed to filter and slow down the assailant
quintuple meter	A meter in which each measure has five beats.
still life	A depiction of a group of inanimate objects arranged for symbolic or aesthetic effect.
buttress	projecting pillar added to a wall to strengthen it
cramp	"U" shaped metal anchors used to attach two abutting units.
tutti	All, everybody
passion	A musical setting of the story of the suffering and crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
ground plan	a plan of the ground floor of a building, seen from above (as distinguished from an elevation).
vermicular	Shaped or moving like a vermicule, which is a worm; worm-like.
congas	Long, single-headed Afro-Cuban drums that produce indefinite pitches.
lighting	The method or equipment for providing artificial illumination.
cantharos	See kantharos.
reliquary	a casket or container for sacred relics.
ambulatory	A covered area for walking.
cloisonné	Enameling technique using a design laid down in thin metal strips on a metal or porcelain ground, forming chambers (cloisons) to hold the enamel paste or powder, which is then fired.
dormer window	window placed vertically in sloping roof
gong	Large Asian metal percussion instrument that produces an indefinite pitch.
abase	To lower or be lowered in rank, prestige, or esteem
fustian	Excessively embellished or affected writing or speech.
renaissance architecture	General term for architecture of the 16th century.
snecked	Coursed stonework where the squared stones have not been fully dressed (i.e
crocket	An ornamental foliate form placed at regularly spaced intervals on the slopes and edges of the spires, pinnacles, gables, and similar elements of Gothic buildings.
sidelight	A vertically framed area of fixed glass, often subdivided into panes, flanking a door.
campanile	A bell tower, usually free standing.
leather-hard	In ceramics, a state in which clay has lost moisture to evaporation, but has not yet completely hardened; clay damp enough to be joined to other pieces with scoring and slip.
cushion capital	Capital cut from a block by rounding off the lower corners.
arch	A curved construct spanning an opening, which is supported by and rests upon two points; often supports overhead weight.
palmette	Looped like a palm-leaf
minbar	a pulpit
occupiable space	A room, or enclosure and accessory installations thereof, which are intended for human occupancy or habitation.
bel canto	"Beautiful song." A vocal technique emphasizing beauty and purity of tone and agility in executing various ornamental details.
spoked	Astragals of a window or fanlight which radiate from a central point, much like the spokes of a wheel.
wooden clapboards	Long slats of wood that are nailed to an exterior surface in a horizontal fashion, overlapping one another from top to bottom
french drag	A very efficient hand tool equating roughly to the carpenters smoothing plane, consisting of a wooden handle having multiple angled and toothed blades set into its underside
magna	A line of painting products made by Bocour Artists Colors, 552 West 52nd Street, New York, NY 10019
turret	A small tower, usually projecting out from the corner of a structure
keystone	A keystone is the wedge-shaped stone piece at the apex of a masonry vault or arch, which is the final piece placed during construction and locks all the stones into position, allowing the arch to bear weight
tessera	a small piece of colored glass, marble, or stone used in a mosaic.
ringwork	Circular earthwork of bank and ditch.
sonata	A piece for one instrument in a predefined structure
countersubject	In a fugue, new melodic material stated in counterpoint with the subject.
grave	A slow and solemn tempo.
aquatint	a print
organic	having the quality of living matter.
gablet	A small gable, or gable -shaped canopy formed over a niche.
bar	See Muntin.
cladding	Thin layer of external covering on a building.
rustication	stucco or stone blocks with large angled joints.
tonneau	the back seats of an automobile; a motor or horse-drawn vehicle, with rear seating for passengers
nave	In the architecture of a church, the major, central area where the congregation gathers
clerk	According to the context: a scholar, an aspirant to the priesthood, or a cleric
window unit	A complete window with sash and frame.
waistcoat	Another name for a vest
appasionato	With passion, with enthusiasm
chimneypiece	This word, the preferred term in English for mantelpiece or fireplace, connotes the ensemble of carved stiles to either side of the firebox, the mantle, and the decorative surround that ofter surmounts it.
aerugo	A sheen or patina either naturally occurring or simulated, which gives the appearance of age.
green chains	undeveloped open land providing links between larger areas of open land, for walking, cycling or wildlife corridors.
dormer	A window with its own roof and side walls projecting from a larger sloping roof.
acetylene	A colorless gas burned in combination with oxygen for oxyacetylene welding
roughcast	A coarse plaster of lime, shells, and pebbles used for outside wall surfaces.
dentils	a regular series of squares or rectangles used to decorate cornices.
chagrin	A gnawing, corroding grief
marker	A headstone, usually small, used to identify individuals.
slab	A flat concrete plate, often reinforced with steel rebar, that forms the floor of a building.
reduction firing	A method of producing greater depth of color on a clay body by firing ceramics with reduced oxygen in the kiln.
pilaster	A vertical, rectangular feature projecting slightly from a wall, its form imitating a classical column with a base, shaft and capital.
rare	One of a kind, or of a very limited number.
chevet	A useful term that combines all in one the terms apse and ambulatory applied to churches.
aria	A composition for solo voice and instrumental accompaniment.
encaustic	A painting technique in which pigment is mixed with wax and applied to the surface while hot.
oculus	A circular or eye shaped opening such as set in the center of a domed roof or utilized as a window.
donjon-keep	Dungeon
dorter	a monastic dormitory.
cire perdue	A bronze-casting method in which a figure is modeled in wax and covered with clay; the whole is fired, melting away the wax and hardening the clay, which then becomes a mold for molten metal.
gesture	A movement of the body or limbs that expresses or emphasizes an idea or attitude
arch	a section above a door or window with the structural function of dispersing the weight from above around the opening
historic windows	(1) windows installed at time of construction of the building; or (2) windows of a type installed at time of construction of similar buildings in similar periods and styles; or (3) windows installed at time of major facade alterations 30 or more years ago.
aesthetic	the theory and vocabulary of an individual artistic style.
tray ceiling	A ceiling that is recessed in the middle to break up the space and add architectural interest; often found in dining rooms, hallways and living rooms.
security gate tracks	The interior or exterior tracks along the sides of the storefront (for roll-down gates) or along the top and bottom of the storefront (for scissor gates) that hold the edges of the gates.
orchestra	In a Greek theater the round or semi-circular area in front of the stage.
sill	The lower horizontal part of a window or door opening.
refectory	Communal dining hall
stucco	(a) a type of cement used to coat the walls of a building; (b) a fine plaster used for moldings
brick bonding	The method of overlapping bricks or masonry blocks to bind them together in a wall
dog cramp	A metal cramp, turned down at both ends, used to lock stones together (such as copings).
triforium	The triforium is a galleried arcade at the second floor level, even with the aisle roof, above the nave and below the clerestory
square lashing	A method of lashing two poles (originally in wooden scaffolding) together at right angles, in which the rope always passes round the poles at 90 degrees, never diagonally.
õlite	Granular limestone.
proto-urban/proto-town	settlement type
double-hung window	A window with two moveable sash that slide vertically past one another, with a counterweight on each side.
deigning	Condescending reluctantly and with a strong sense of the affront to one's superiority that is involved.
base	The lower part or parts of a multi-sectioned monument
oenochoe	an ancient Greek wine jug.
granular deterioration	The wearing away of the shingle by weather or sunlight.
label	projecting weather moulding above a door or window to deflect rainwater
protome	a representation of the head and neck of an animal, often used as an architectural feature.
molding	A decorative raised surface along the edge of an architectural feature such as a window, column, door or wall.
castrato	Unique (castrated) singers who sang in high voices in 18th century operas, and on the other hand never participated in parents' night at school
taffeta	A thin, glossy silk.
incised relief	see sunken relief.
yodel	The singing style popular in the Alps of Austria and Switzerland
dome	A vaulted structure with an elliptical plan, usually a cross-section of a sphere, used to distribute an equal thrust in all directions.
cupolas	A small dome or dome-like motif.
thebes	The capital of Egypt during part of the Eleventh Dynasty
incidental music	Music written to accompany a play.
mobile	a delicately balanced sculpture with movable parts that are set in motion by air currents or mechanical propulsion.
porte-cochere	A shelter for vehicles outside an entrance doorway; a carriage porch.
incise	To cast concave or engrave.
cut glass	Glass into which a pattern is ground with a rotating wheel made of stone, wood, or metal, together with an abrasive suspended in liquid.
capture device	See scanner.
obelisk	an upright, four-sided, tapered pillar that terminates in a pyramid; it may be inscribed or plain, and it is often placed prominently in the center of a pool, at the crown of a hill, or at the end of a terrace walk.
glair	A varnish for tempera paints
crazing	A series of hairline cracks, normally less than a thirty-second of an inch in depth in the outer surface of a concrete product
origami	Art of folding paper to form figures and objects.
manuscript	a handwritten book produced in the Middle Ages or Renaissance
first edition	The first press run of a book, which is prized by book collectors and often more valuable than future editions.
trumpery	A trivial or worthless article
stained glass window	A window with a painted scene or pattern that has been fired into the glass
spirituals	the name given to that section of the Franciscans that refused to modify the instructions of St
lintel	Horizontal structural elements that span an opening in a wall for door and window openings that carry the superimposed weight of the wall above the opening
custom grade	Is the most common grade and still produced a high-quality job.
quality of life	The degree of emotional, intellectual, or cultural satisfaction in a person's everyday life as distinct from the degree of material comfort.
sake	Brewed, alcoholic beverage made from fermented rice.
texture	The finish structure consisting of visual and tactile surface qualities.
stationary sash	A fixed sash; also referred to as a picture, studio, vista, or view sash.
oban	In Japanese tradition, a size of paper used for prints, measuring about 15 x 10 inches.
bonnet	Freestanding fortification; priest's cap
ogee	An S-shaped or convex-concave curve used in decorative mouldings and in arches.
belphegor of machiavelli	Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) wrote Belphegor, a satire on marriage in which a demon comes to earth to prove that women damn men to hell.
grit stone	Silica based stone comprised of loose particles
mature tree	Any tree with a trunk diameter of 12" or greater.
web	See World Wide Web (WWW).
tuck-pointing	See pointing.
dormer window	a window projecting from a roof.
figuration	Ornamentation of a musical piece
footpads	Thieves who rob pedestrians
art deco	A decorative style stimulated by the Paris Exposition International of 1925, widely used in the architecture of the 1930's
appoggiatura	Neighboring tone
confraternity	association with a monastic community granted to the member of another monastery or to a lay person, conferring a special commemoration in the prayers of the community and a share in its spiritual privileges.
hoppy	Small wooden platform for standing on when working on very large stones at the banker.
membranophones	A general term for drums in world music.
stratigraphical relationships	The physical and chronological relationships between any stratigraphic units of an archaeological site and its architecture.
buttress	wall projection for extra support; flying - narrow, arched bridge against the structure (usually employed for cathedrals); pilaster - gradually recedes into the structure as it ascends.
nogging	The infilling between the timbers of half-timbered homes in the seventeenth century, normally composed of brick or plaster.
open shape	In an artwork, space that is not completely enclosed by a line
plectrum	A prop used for plucking instruments such as the mandolin and guitar
transom	A picture window that is usually located or mulled above another window.
moline	Ends curling outward.
enameled glass	Glass decorated with particles of translucent glass or glass-like material, usually of a contrasting color, which fuses to the surface under heat
accoutred	dressed, clothed, outfitted.
vorstadt	settlement type
springer	the point at which an arch unites with its pier, wall.
snood	Knitted or openwork net which encases the hair at the back of the head, worn with or without a hat
mosaic	the use of small pieces of glass, stone, or tile (tesserae), or pebbles to create an image on a flat surface such as a floor, wall, or ceiling.
rhyton	an ancient drinking vessel usually shaped like an animal or part of an animal (typically, the head).
sash	The movable framework containing the glass in a window.
hearth	The paved or tiled floor of a fireplace.
thermal windows	Windows designed with multiple panes to trap air and provide greater insulation.
clandestinely	Marked, held, or conducted secretly.
dormer	A structure projecting from a sloping roof, usually containing a window.
obelisk	A tall pillar, square in cross-section, tapering upwards and with a pyramidal top.
consonance	Intervallic relationships which produce sounds of repose
gablet	A small gable used as a decorative feature.
tanto	As much, Too much
entasis	the slight bulging of a Doric column, which is at its greatest about one third of the distance from the base.
mattock	A digging and grubbing tool with features of both an axe and a pick.
transept	The lateral extensions which form the cross-arms of a Cruciform cathedral or church, consisting of an open space set in a transverse manner to the nave, partitioning the nave from the sanctuary.
drum tower	A large, circular, low, squat tower built into a wall.
ichor	A thin watery or blood-tinged discharge.
catalogue raisonné	A French term meaning "explained catalog," it refers to a list, often produced as a book, of all works by an artist that are known at the time of printing
reverie	The condition of being lost in thought; daydreaming.
curtain wall	A self-supporting wall to keep off the weather, placed before and not structurally reliant on the structure behind it.
sopranino	Higher than the soprano
interdict	papal ordinance debarring certain persons or the inhabitants of a certain place from participation in the sacraments, church offices and burial services
disinter	To take a body out of its grave or tomb.
wash or drop wash	A beveled surface making up the exposed portion of the upper edge of a monument base
yawl	A ship's small boat.
back iron	In sculpture modeling, a metal frame set on a wood base, which is attached to an armature and supports the weight of material being modeled.
chorale	A German hymn, often used as a unifying theme for a cantata.
articulation class	A single-number summation of how effective a ceiling is in absorbing sound reaching it from over low partitions.
caster	Container with perforated domed top for sprinkling sugar or spices, they come in a variety of styles but are usualy cylindrical or octagonal on a spreading rim foot.
colonial town	settlement type
polytonality	A method of composition in which different voices have different tonics
nsc	The Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, a journal that publishes Italian excavations.
punk rock	An angry and rebellious rock style that began in New York and Detroit during the late 1960s and moved on to London and then the rest of the United States; characterized by a fast, throbbing pulse and monotone shouted vocals.
nocturns	sections of the office of Matins
bargeboard	A board which hangs from the projecting end of a gable roof covering the end rafters, and often sawn into a decorative pattern.
tapers	As a noun, a taper is a slender candle.
saccade	A rapid, simultaneous movement of both eyes from one still position to another
vision	See seeing.
keystone	The topmost wedge-shaped stone of an arch, sometimes carved.
orphrey	gold or other rich embroidery applied either to ecclesiastical vestments or to articles of lay attire.
repoussé	in metalwork, decorated with patterns in relief made by hammering on the reverse side.
feng shui	Literally, "wind/water," the Chinese system of balancing the energy patterns of the physical environment.
backup	Mix Concrete, normally composed of concrete, sand, gravel, and grey cement; used for the unexposed portion of Cast Stone.
clasped buttresses	Clasped buttresses support the ends of the walls at either side of a corner and adjoin each other at a right angle.
pastoral	a type of poetry or painting, on a lower level of formality and subject matter than the heroic, which has to do with the life of shepherds and shepherdesses, particularly during the golden age of classical times.
roof deck	The roof deck is the structural member upon which the roofing material (shingles or tiles) are installed
temple front	Classical style principal elevation to a monumental building (traditionally a temple or church) modelled on the temples of ancient Greece and Rome. Temple fronts are dominated by porticos that carry a giant pediment.
solar	Upper living room in a medieval building.
vibrato	Trembling, vibrating
abrasive	Product that does the cutting in the sandblasting process (the sand)
excoriations	Abrasions of the skin
veloute	A white sauce made of chicken, veal, or fish stock and cream and thickened with butter and flour.
gaiters	Cloth or leather leg coverings reaching from the instep to above the ankle or to mid-calf or knee.
inside casing	(Interior Casing) - (Interior Finish) -(Interior Trim) - The inside visible molding surrounding the interior of the window frame, See Casing.
coping	Stone unit used to cap off the top of a wall
chanticleer	Rooster or Cock.
dome	An arched roof or ceiling of even curvature erected on a circular or square base
accession	A museum's act of acquiring an object so that the artwork becomes a part of its permanent collection, or, by extension, the acquiring of a piece by any collector
te deum	A text that praises God.
cross gable	A roof shape that features two sets of gables; one set facing the front and back of the house and the other facing the sides, which cross to form a right angle.
cap	In architecture, a cap is the top element in a division or structure.
analogous hues	hues containing a common color, though in different proportions.
niche	A recess in the thickness of a wall
fire-escape window	(Emergency Exit Window) Window which opens onto fire escape; window designed for emergency exit.
laterality	Awareness of one side of the body in relationship to space around it; a directional sense.
axonometric projection	the depiction on a single plane of a three-dimensional object by placing it at an angle to the picture plane so that three faces are visible.
culdee	Celtic monks of Scotland and Ireland who flourished from the eighth to the fourteenth centuries, but who were mostly absorbed by the Augustinian canons from the twelfth century.
non	no (Italian)
buttress	A vertical strip of heavy masonry applied to the wall of a building to provide structural reinforcement against lateral forces (as from a vault or an arch)
bergere	Large, comfortable armchair with upholstered sides and loose cushion seat, popular in France in the Louis XV period and later
assemblage	a group of three-dimensional objects brought together to form a work of art.
voussoir	Wedge-shaped stone used in an arch.
michaelmass	Feast of St
verdant	Green in tint or color
beltane eve	the night of April 30, one of the two times of the year when mortal rules are believed to be suspended and supernatural events are common
molto	Much, a lot, very
puddled	Made waterproof.
inglenook	Space for seating within a large fireplace.
wiper	the most junior member of a railroad engine crew; cleaner of engine parts and engineer’s assistant
patera	A round or oval raised surface design.
illuminance	The density of luminous flux incident of a surface in lumens per unit area.
blind angle	See: Angle
stack	the part of the chimney breast visible above the roof.
marts	Where many firms have located in one building.
quartet	Chamber music for four players.
chancel	The area at the E end of the church in which the altar is usually located
cylinder seal	a small cylinder of stone or other material engraved in intaglio on its outer surface and used (especially in Mesopotamia) to roll an impression on wet clay.
bow	something that is bent, curved or arched
rondo-sonata	A musical form which is a perfection of the rondo form, and its characteristic structure is a-b-a-c-b-a, and a conclusion
novice	a member of a monastic community under training who has not yet taken vows.
cella	The inner room, or cult chamber, of a typical Greco-Roman temple
jongleurs	Medieval street musicians who sang, played instruments, and sometimes acted in plays.
post	A vertical element that may be used to support walls or horizontal beams.
keeper	A student's artwork, which can be kept by the student because it has been made with enough of the qualities required by the teacher
stringcourse	A continuous projecting horizontal band set in the surface of a wall and usually molded.
lierne	A minor rib in a complex rib vault
widow's walk	A small, railed observation platform atop a house.
transom	Horizontal window like element above the door.
hipped	the external angle formed by the meeting of two adjacent, sloping sides of a roof
spelter	In sculpture, a synonym for zinc, a metal that was often used for the figures that adorned the tops of 19th-century mantle clocks.
mangonel	stone throwing catapult used as a siege engine
subframe	A secondary frame set within a masonry opening.
groined	roof with sharp edges at intersection of cross-vaults
banquet piece - banketje	A banquet piece—a banketje—is a still life painting that features a lavish arrangement of expensive foodstuffs and serving pieces
talud-tablero	an architectural style
knight	man who served his lord as a mounted warrior
sounder	an electromagnetic device used in telegraphy to convert electric signals sent over wires into audible sounds
singspiel	German comic opera that employed spoken dialogue.
buttery	Next to the kitchen, a room from where wine (and other beverages) was dispensed
diazoma	the walkway which horizontally divides the seats in a theatre.
champlevé	Enameling process involving indentations or cells carved in a metal surface leaving a raised line that forms the outline of the design
motive	A short melodic or rhythmic theme that reappears frequently throughout a work or section of a work as a unifying device.
ogee	A double curve shape composed of two curves in opposite directions ('S' shaped) without a break; used on both roofs and arches and as a profile on mouldings.
tom-tom	Cylindrical-shaped drums, usually found in sets of assorted sizes that produce indefinite pitches.
french overture	A popular type of introductory movement in baroque music that begins with a stately section using dotted rhythms (very long followed by very short notes) followed by a faster fugal section
thermal conductivity	Heat transfer property of materials expressed in units of 'Btu per hour per inch of thickness per square foot of surface per one degree F
r-value	The resistance of conductive heat transfer in one hour through a one square foot area of a specific IG Unit, for each degree Fahrenheit temperature difference, between the indoor and outdoor air
base	(a) that on which something rests; (b) the lowest part of a wall or column considered as a separate architectural feature.
georgian architecture	Covering the period from 1714 to 1830 when architecture was influenced by the principles (such as proportioning and fenestration) of Rome and Ancient Greece. This style of Classicism is particularly restrained in its ornamentation. Buildings often have a regularly spaced grid of openings and eight pane timber sash windows are common.
roof comb	an ornamental architectural crest on top of a Maya temple.
parting bead	(Parting Strip) (Parting Stop) A vertical strip on each jamb that separates the sashes of a double-hung window.
hemiola	Introducing an even metre into a triple one, or vice versa: two notes in a tree notes' duration time or three in a two notes' duration
panelled door	A door with sunk or raised panels set in its frame
pigeonniers	Outbuilding containing nesting boxes in which pigeons could roust
chapter house	a meeting place for the discussion of business in a cathedral or monastery.
pinched	plaited.
cob	unburnt clay mixed with straw
bisque	A delicate, unglazed, pink-tinted porcelain that was used from about 1820 until 1940 to make realistic-looking doll heads.
orthogonals	the converging lines that meet at the vanishing point
quill	In drawing and calligraphy, a pen made from a goose's feather
vanitas	a category of painting, often a still life, the theme of which is the transitory nature of earthly things and the inevitability of death.
homogeneous	Stone formed from just one material.
program symphony	A symphony with a story line or other type of program.
unsigned	See signature, signed and unsigned.
appoggiatura	A nonharmonic tone, usually a half or whole step above the harmonic tone, which is performed on the beat and then resolved.
viridian	A particular green pigment.
coucher	a large book (hence "coucher-book", a large cartulary).
oaktag	A thin but stiff card or cardboard, the kind used in the typical manilla file-folder.
writing	See art criticism, font, lettering, narrative art, and text.
bathos	The disappointment resulting from insincere or grossly sentimental attempts to elicit sympathy or pity
ferro concrete	See reinforced concrete.
grandiloquent	A lofty, extravagantly colorful, pompous, or bombastic style, manner, or quality especially in language.
calidarium	The hot-bath section of a Roman bathing establishment.
hall crypt	A crypt in the form of a large space of uniform height, subdivided by columns
empiricism	The philosophical stance that experience, especially of the senses, is the only source of knowledge
mouling	relief ornamentation.
eremetical	the mode of monastic life followed by hermits, either singly or in groups, from the Greek eremos, meaning a desert, as opposed to monastic life in community.
course	Horizontal scope of units incorporated in a wall.
plainchant	See "Gregorian chant."
appennines	Now spelled "Apennines", a mountain system, running the entire length of the Italian peninsula.
quoin	In architecture, a large, sometimes rusticated, usually slightly projecting stone (or stones) that often form the corners of the exterior walls of masonry buildings.
ceramics	(a) the art of making objects from clay or other substances (such as enamel
feather edge	A thin edge with an arris considerably less than ninety degrees
broach	When an octagonal spire rises directly from a square tower, half pyramid shape form to fill the gaps at the towers corners
scanner	A tool that can enter text, photos or images of objects in the computer system to create designs for memorials and other projects.
curbing	The placing of a stone curb or low enclosure around a cemetery burial lot.
william henson	William Samuel Henson was an engineer and inventor who was familiar with the aeronautical work of George Cayley
a due	Return to unison after divisi.
grotesque	A marginal figure or animal, or hybrid combination of human and animal or plant, frequent especially in Gothic manuscript illumination and especially in marginal illumination.
codussian motif	A window comprising two round-arched lights united under a single arched opening.
rath	low, circular ringwork
polis	An independent city-state in ancient Greece.
clarinet	A high-sounding woodwind instrument that uses a mouthpiece with a single reed.
fortalice	small fort or outworks of a fortification
materials	The substances used to fabricate the various elements and details of a building.
abductor muscle	Any muscle used to pull a body part away from the midline of the body
stoup	A feature of Roman Catholic churches, the stoup is a small basin or other container for Holy Water, located near the west door
ecce homo	The title commonly given to depictions of Christ as he was presented to the crowd for crucifixion
pent roof	A roof structure composed of a single slope.
frequency	The number of cycles completed per second and is measured in Hertz.
tribhanga	in Buddhist art, the "three bends posture," in which the head, chest, and lower portion of the body are angled instead of being aligned vertically.
pale colors	Any tint; colors having high lightness and low saturation
amphitheater	an oval or circular space surrounded by rising tiers of seats, as used by the ancient Greeks and Romans for plays and other spectacles.
kinetic	Active
contretemps	An inopportune or embarrassing occurrence or situation.
agrillaceous	A fine-grained sedimentary rock with grains less than 1/16mm, e.g
unilateral undertaking	see planning obligation.
monophony	A musical texture consisting of a single melodic line without accompanying material, as in Gregorian chant.
metal standing seam roof	A roof composed of overlapping sections of metal such as copper-bearing steel or iron coated with a terne alloy of lead and tin
sacramentary	a type of liturgical book used in the early Middle Ages, containing the prayers said by the celebrant of the mass and the other sacrament
daedalic	The Greek Orientalizing sculptural style of the seventh century bce named after the legendary Daedalus.
symmetria	Greek, commensurability of parts
ming	Chinese dynasty that ruled form 1368 to 1644 and was noted for artistic works produced during its reign.
bay window	An arrangement of three or more individual window units, attached so as to project from the building at various angles
camcorder	A small hand-held video camera
iris print	The trademarked name for a digital print produced by an Iris Graphics inkjet printer.
allegro moderato	Moderately fast.
wrought iron	Iron that is worked by being forged or hammered.
tableau vivant	A scene presented by costumed actors who remain silent and motionless on a stage, as if in a picture.
relieving arch	True to its name, an arch that relieves weight from a smaller opening usually set deeper into the plane of the wall and placed below it.
glisk	A slight touch of pleasure or twinge of pain that penetrates the soul and passes quickly away
hardwood	Certain deciduous trees produce wood which is very tough and durable when seasoned
column	Round or polygonal vertical structure supporting part of a building.
mendicant orders	begging orders, the general term for the orders of friars, so called because they refused to own corporate property and depended upon organized begging for their support.
spline	A rectangular strip of wood or metal inserted between two boards, which have been slotted to receive it.
fame	Great reputation and recognition; renown
webbed	In sculpture, the retention of a supporting membrane of material between fingers or other thin extremities, especially in stone sculpture.
stool	A shelf-like board of the interior part of the window sill, against which the bottom rail of the sash closes.
paruchia	in the usage of the Celtic Church, the area and the churches, including distant territories, over which a monastery had spiritual jurisdiction.
special windows	(1) those windows in which the complexity of the muntin pattern or the molding profiles is one of the characteristics of the style and age of the building; or (2) windows having one or more of the following or similar attributes, including but not limited to: (i) Bay or oriel window (ii) Curved glass (iii) Multi-pane sash, i.e., 12 or more panes in a single sash in which a typical pane does not exceed 30 square inches of open (glazed) area (iv) Stained or otherwise crafted glazing for artistic effect (v) Highly decorated (carved or otherwise embellished) sash or frame (vi) Non-rectilinear sash or frame.
vertical sliding window	One or more sashes that move in a vertical direction.
cushion	Capital cut from a block by rounding off the lower corners
quirk	A narrow groove, or sinking
ringwork	circular earthwork of bank and ditch
foreshortening	The use of perspective to represent in art the apparent visual contraction of an object that extends back in space at an angle to the perpendicular plane of sight.
reveal	the side of an opening or recess which is at right angles to the face of the work; especially the vertical side of a doorway, window, or arch
muntin	A thin vertical strip of wood or metal used to separate and hold in place the panes of glass within a window sash.
bargeboard	A sloping board fixed to the verge or edge of a gable roof to conceal the roof construction
pitch	The highness or lowness of a musical tone, determined by the frequency of vibration of the sounding body.
fathom	As a unit of measurement, a fathom is six feet.15 fathoms = 90 feet40 fathoms = 240 feetIt also means, "to understand".
seraphim	An order of angels; The 6-winged angels standing in the presence of God.
enceinte	The enclosure or fortified area of a castle; An enclosing wall, usually exterior, of a fortified place.
key signature	The group of sharps or flats placed at the beginning of each staff to indicate which notes are to be raised or lowered a half step
embrasure	the space between merlons on a battlemented wall, also known as a crenel
column	A rounded vertical structural element
sill	Lower horizontal face of an opening.
prebendary	one in receipt of the revenues attached to a canonry in a cathedral or collegiate church.
cold-plucked	bold, nervy
engineered wood flooring	Flooring that is created from layers of wood bonded together through adhesive
paneling	Wood used to cover the entire expanse of a wall, from top to bottom.
cross and orb	Modified cross slits to accommodate gunnery.
tilt latch	A device at the top of the sash that prevents the sash from falling into the room until the latches are disengaged
image scanner	See scanner.
music drama	Richard Wagner's term for his operas.
embrasure	The low segment of the altering high and low segments of a battlement.
special natural area district	A district designated by the New York City Planning Commission pursuant to Article X, Chapter 5 of the New York City Zoning Resolution which is mapped in areas where outstanding natural features or areas of natural beauty are to be protected.
a	in (Italic)
weatherboarding	overlapping timber boards cladding the outside of a building.
minbar	a pulpit from which a Muslim (Islamic) imam addresses a congregation in a ja¯mi' mosque.
cupola	A small structure projecting above a roof that provides ventilation or is used as a lookout
commendam	in the late Middle Ages, the practice of granting the headship of a monastic house as a perquisite to a secular clerk or bishop.
vitreous humor	Physically essential to sight, a clear, jelly-like fluid found in the back of the eye that maintains the shape of the eye.
austere	Stern and cold in appearance or manner.
soffit	The underside of a part or member of a building such as the underside of an arch
plinth	A block used as the base of a column or other upright support.
caulking	A compound used for filling joints and sealing cracks to prevent leakage of water and air.
mullion	A vertical primary framing member that separates paired or multiple windows within a single opening.
rosette	A decorative element featuring a floral design often used with a plinth and fluted molding in Victorian architecture.
talisman	Something worn for its supposed magical benefit
trowel finish	A finish normally given to the back or unformed side of Cast Stone
diodorus siculus	Diodorus Siculus was a Greek historian
truss	A rigid framework, as of wooden beams or metal bars, which supports a structure, such as a roof.
metallophones	An idiophone with a row of tuned metal bars that are struck with mallets.
cabriole	Sinuous, double-curved form used in legs (and feet)
arris	Angle, corner, or edge of a Cast Stone unit.
kore	A Greek statue of a clothed maiden
corpulent	Having a large bulky body
cresting	Decoration applied along roof ridges generally consisting of ornamental metal.
clerestory	The clerestory is a feature of the ancient Roman basilica inherited by church architecture, an upper story of a church where the walls rise above the aisle roof, with numerous window openings allowing extra light into the interior of the church.
chalice	Ecclesiastical drinking vessels for eucharistic wine having a stem, often with a central knob, and a foot used for ceremonial purposes during religious services
soffit vent	Air vents that are flush with the ceiling or wall ventilation system indoors.
vaulted/cathedral ceiling	A ceiling with a height two-stories above ground level, employed to open up a space with additional light and air
metropolitan open land	open land of strategic significance, which contributes to the structure or character of the Borough as a whole and provides breaks in the built-up area.
coadjutors	Assistants; Those who work together with one another.
echinus	The convex element of a capital directly below the abacus.
order	One of a series of concentric mouldings.
scholiasts	Commentators, annotators
hogback	Type of tombstone in the form of the hipped roof of a shrine or church, which bears a superficial resemblance to a hog's back (the shingles looking like bristles).
lay-brothers' dorter	Dormitory for lay-brothers.
half-shaft	Roll-moulding on either side of opening
colophon	Derived from a Greek term meaning "finishing touch," it denotes a page at the end of a book traditionally listing details about the authorship and publication of the book
multi-lite sash	A sash divided into many lites.
clapboard	Wood siding commonly used as an exterior covering on a building of frame construction; also known as lap siding.
screen plunger	A type of spring loaded device used to hold the screen in place on a window.
rebus	Pictures or symbols presented as representing words, and often acting as a puzzle, usually for children.
imagines	In ancient Rome, wax portraits of ancestors.
springer	The base voussoirs, or bottom stones, of an arch or vault at the point of transition from the vertical support to the curve of the arch or vault.
hood moulding	The outermost part of an arch, projecting proud of the wall to throw rainwater clear of the building.
fleur-de-lis	(a) a white iris, the royal emblem of France; (b) a stylized representation of an iris, common in artistic design and heraldry.
addition	fabric change
mosaic	A decoration created by setting small pieces of glass, stone, or marble in a matrix- often concrete
sandblasting	A method of etching the surface of material by spraying it with compressed air and sand.
dog-legged	With right-angle bends
ground	in painting, the prepared surface of the support
capo	Beginning
mullion	vertical division of a window
grisaille	a monochromatic
ogee	a double curve, bending one way and then the other
choir	part of a Christian church, near the altar, set aside for those chanting the services; usually part of the chancel.
canon	A rule, for example, of proportion
gable-roof	A double pitched roof, sloping straight from the ridge to the eaves on two sides, with a gable on the other two sides
purloiner	Thief, burglar.
clapboard	Overlapping horizontal boards that cover the timber-framed wall of a house.
jamb	The straight vertical side of a doorway, arch or window.
hardwood	A botanical group of trees featuring board leaves
bays	internal divisions of a building , marked by roof principals or vaulting piers
penthouse	A separately roofed structure on the top of a tall block of apartments/condominiums, or simply the top-floor unit in a residential high-rise.
empirical	Relying on or derived from observation or experiment
apse	An apse is an alcove behind the altar, sometimes half-round as in ancient practice, sometimes square, but in both cases usually vaulted
pseudo-peripteral	Having engaged columns along the sides and usually also in the back.
lunette	(a) a semicircular area formed by the intersection of a wall and a vault; (b) a painting, relief sculpture, or window of the same shape.
historic appearance	The visual appearance of a structure or site at a specific point in time after it has undergone alterations or additions which enhance or contribute to the building or site's special architectural, aesthetic, cultural, or historic character.
background	The part of a picture or scene that appears to be farthest away from the viewer, usually nearest the horizon
niche	A recess in a wall, usually for holding a statue or urn.
triforium	A gallery between the-arcade and the clerestory.
florilegia	an anthology, especially one of patristic texts; such collections were widely used by medieval theologians.
public thoroughfare	Any publicly accessible right of way including, but not limited to a street, sidewalk, public park, and path.
in articulo mortis	The moment of death
piano	A stringed instrument played by a keyboard that causes hammers to hit the strings.
three-quarter moulding	Moulding shaped by a three-quarter convex profile.
transept	Transverse portion of a cruciform church.
almery	A box or cupboard within the thickness of the wall.
scagliola	A material developed in the 17th century in Northern Italy to duplicate marble
triforium	Not to be confused with a Tribune Gallery (see above), a triforium is a much shallower wall-passage usually fronted with an arcaded screen of three or more openings.
casement window	A metal or wooden window that opens outward or inward.
sculptured wall motif	the conception of a building as a massive block of stone with openings and spaces carved out of it.
free jazz	A post-bebop jazz style that freely changed rhythmic patterns and disposed of repeating melodies in favor of free-flowing, improvised playing.
a priori	Found by deduction
narthex	A portico or vestibule to the west of the Nave of a church.
rood loft	The rood loft is the gallery upon which the rood is supported.
abeyance	Suspension, temporary inactivity.
dry glazing	A form of glazing in which the glass is secured in the frame with a dry gasket, wood stops, or metal stops, instead of by a glazing compound
rosette	A round floral ornament, usually carved or painted.
atmospheric perspective	see aerial perspective.
hammer beam	Bracket forming part of the principal truss of an open timber framed roof.
etching	(a) a printmaking process in which an impression is taken from a metal plate on which the image has been etched, or eaten away by acid; (b) a print produced by such a process.
cantilever	A beam or structure projecting horizontally beyond its support, only supported by leverage and the weight of the structure on its enclosed end.
glazing channel	A groove cut into the sash for the mounting of glass.
sprezzatura	the art of gracefully accomplishing difficult actions with ease and elegance, as if they came naturally, without revealing the conscious effort that went into them; a nonchalant and confident style of painting
rehabilitation	Any repair work that requires a permit.
catacomb	Subterranean, often labyrinthine, burial complexes containing passageways and individual chambers (cubiculum, pl
bacchanalia	Drunken singing, a wine song
rerados	The decorative wall or screen behind the altar.
squint	A hole cut in a wall or pier to allow the main altar to be viewed from where it otherwise could not be seen.
transom	horizontal bar across the lights of a window.
arabesque	In Islamic art, the elaborative application of repeating geometric forms of plants and animals; style "in the Arab fashion."
shell rock	Rock pitching by removing large pieces of stone and leaving a shell-like appearance; requires the skill of a stonecutter familiar with the grain of the stone.
exedra	a semicircular or rectangular recess open on one side to a lobby or court
meta	a tall tapering marker, used in groups of three for the turning posts at the ends of the spina of a circus
concrete	Building material composing cement, sand, stones and water - used since Roman times.
cremation or cinerary urn	A delicate urn used to hold the remains of a cremated body
pate de verre	A "paste" of finely crushed glass that is mixed, heated, and poured into a mold.
wall-stair	staircase built into the thickness of a wall
casein	A water soluble paint in which milk protein (casein) is the binder; also called milk paint.
screen	A close-mesh woven screening material of metal, plastic or fibreglass used to block out insects and debris, while allowing light and fresh air into a home or building.
abstruse	Difficult to understand.
rosette	circular stylization of a rose.
obedientiary	the holder of any office in a monastery under the abbot.
cob	Unburned clay mixed with straw.
hatching	close parallel lines used in drawings and prints to create the effect of shadow on three-dimensional forms
pedestal	the base of a column, statue, vase, or other upright work of art.
anomalous	deviating from the normal; aberrant or abnormal.
print	A piece of paper upon which an image has been imprinted from a matrix
keloid	See scarification.
eyelid dormer	A half-elliptical decorative window placed in the roof surface, resembling the shape of an eye.
organdie	A fine, translucent cotton fabric.
chirurgical journal	"Chirurgeon" is an old word for surgeon
venetian	a window composed of three openings or lights within the frame, the central light arched, the two flanking with flat heads.
offset	Ledge marking the narrowing of a wall's thickness
taxonomy	Division into ordered groups or categories
obverse	the side of a coin or medal considered to be the front and that bears the main image.
jamb	The straight side of a door, arch or window.
beat	The area of a masons mallet which encompasses the end grain of the wood; the hardest wearing area where the mallet strikes the chisel.
double-splayed	Embrasure whose smallest aperture is in the middle of the wall.
bay window	This style projects out from the wall; a center window parallel to the wall is flanked by two windows attached at an angle, usually casement or double-hung styles
fringe	A decorative edging of cast iron along the underside of a roof or veranda beam.
abutment	A mass of masonry, or brickwork, erected to counter the sideways thrust of an arch
thermal insulation	A material that resists heat flow
sinopia	The preliminary drawing for a fresco or mural, named for the reddish-brown pigment traditionally used to draw or transfer it.
fenestration	The system (arrangement and proportioning) of openings penetrating an exterior wall system; also, an opening in an exterior surface or membrane.
ideograph	a written symbol standing for a concept, usually formed by combining pictographs.
existing windows	The windows existing at the time of designation or windows which have been changed subsequent to designation pursuant to a permit issued by the Commission.
delineate	To depict by drawing with a tool which leaves a linear trail behind the drawer's gesture
side light	A fixed window positioned to the side of a doorway or window.
tempera	A paint material mixed with egg white, casein or glue, to create an effect of luminescence.
slider	Both sashes slide horizontally in a double-sliding window
car-park	building type - land use
refectory	Communal dining hall; A dining room in a monastery.
ashlar	a squared block of building stone
arabesque	literally meaning "in the Arabian fashion," an intricate pattern of interlaced
stacked window units	A combined grouping of awning, hopper, casement, or non-operative windows to form a large glazed unit.
bokeh	The pleasing quality of the out of focus areas of an image produced by a lens
masonry analysis	The observation and interpretation of all structural elements in a built environment.
athwart	Across
prime window	Window with single or multiple glazing to which storm sash may be installed.
stable block	small square stone or clay pavior traditionally used as flooring in stables and similar buildings.
d.s. al fine	Play / sing from the Segno to the Fine (Repeat from the place marked by the sign and until the marking "fine")
batavia	Known today as Jakarta, the port capital of Indonesia.
coving	Angled sides of firebox.
campanile	A freestanding bell tower, usually near a church.
gable	A triangular, usually ornamental architectural section, as one above an arched door or window.
jump cut	A cinematic technique used to disrupt narrative flow by arbitrarily omitting chunks from the middle of long continuous shots to dislocate any sense of progressive action.
eaves	the lower border of a roof that overhangs the wall
chancellor	Official secretary to the king or a great lord
lapis lazuli	a semiprecious blue stone; used to prepare the blue pigment known as ultramarine.
bier	A stand on which a casket or sometimes just the corpse is placed, to lie in state prior to being carried to the grave.
dog legged	With right-angle bends.
recapitulation	The third section of sonata form, which restates the themes from the exposition.
prime	a liturgical office sung or recited at the first hour of the day, i.e., at sunrise.
major scale	A scale having a pattern of whole and half steps, with the half steps falling between the third and fourth and between the seventh and eighth notes of the scale.
artillery	firearms, such as handguns and cannons
sash	In general, a frame which holds the glass of a window
avant-garde	Very current, modern, and experimental.
rocaille	An elaborate style of ornament characterized by curving foliate forms, often with little beads and shells, popular in 18th century rococo interiors and grottos.
flashing	Sheet metal provided for drainage of water and to prevent water penetration into building.
masons mallet	Traditionally made of Cherry, Holly, Apple woods
calefactory	warming-room in a monastery.
precocity	having mature qualities at an unusually early age.
altar	The focal point of a place of worship, raised platform or table where ceremonies are performed.
vacillating	Hesitating
valance	Similar to a bargeboard, a valance is a shallow decorative metal strip which hangs below the edge of a roof.
cupola	A small, domed structure on top of a roof.
charles green	Charles Green (1785-1870), was Britain's most famous balloonist of the 19th century.
partisan	A firm adherent to a party, faction, cause, or person; especially one exhibiting blind, prejudiced, and unreasoning allegiance.
value	the degree of lightness (high value) or darkness (low value) in a hue.
etching ground	a resinous, acid-resistant substance used to cover a copper plate
rayonnant	The "radiant" style in thirteenth century architecture that is associated with the royal Paris court of Louis IX (1214-1270), the French king also known as Saint Louis.
aculeate	Sharp-pointed.
bull nose step	A step having a quadrant end.
toe board	Vertical plank running along the outside edge of a scaffolding deck to prevent debris being kicked over the edge.
page	young boy of noble birth who served the household of a lord, and sometimes became a squire
avant-garde	literally the "advanced guard," a term used to denote innovators or nontraditionalists in a particular field.
symposium	An ancient Greek banquet attended solely by men (and female servants and prostitutes).
fan	A device which creates a breeze when moved
allegretto	A moderately fast tempo.
gypserie	A style of interior molded and sculpted gypsum plaster, used almost solely in the Provence region of France.
canopic jar	An ancient Egyptian vase, urn, or jar used as a container for an embalmed human organ.
lantern	An extending architectural feature with multiple windows
desiccant	A drying agent, such as silica gel, used by some manufacturers between the panes of insulating glass to prevent fogging between the panes.
crosier	Staffs resembling shepherds' crooks carried by bishops, abbots, or abbesses, as symbols of the pastoral office
spandrel	Area between top of a column or pier and the apex of the arch springing from it.
bhūmisparsha	see mudrā.
corbel	Cantilevered masonry blocks or arches used singly or in ranges to support architectural or ornamental features or used in successive courses to form arches, domes, or vaults usually along the line of a roof.
imbibed	Received into the mind and retained
vestibule	The small chamber set off to the side of an entrance.
rood screen	The rood screen is an ornate screen built beneath the rood loft
harangue	A ranting speech or writing
talud-tablero	an architectural style typical of Teotihuacán sacred structures in which paired elements—a sloping base (the talud) supporting a vertical tablero (often decorated with sculpture or painting)—are stacked, sometimes to great heights.
diagonal ribs	The moldings which mark the diagonals in a rib vault
kiln	A special oven or furnace that can reach very high temperatures and is used to bake, or fire clay
soldered	A term that describes two pieces of metal, such as silver, that are fused by melting an alloy metal, often tin and lead, along their joint.
transcription	An arrangement of a composition for a medium other than that for which it was originally written.
keystone	The important, wedge-shaped stone set at the apex of an arch to hold all other stones in place.
mandorla	An almond-shaped motif in which Christ sits; sometimes used also for the Virgin.
weft	The threads or strands of yarn that are woven over and under the warp threads to make a weaving
sash window	A window formed with sashes, or sliding frames running in vertical grooves.
frogging	A Decorative braid fastening that loops over buttons or toggles
iconomical	Iconoclastic; opposed to using images (or icons) as objects of worship or veneration.
state	one of the successive printed stages of a print,
high relief	The opposite of Bas-relief or low relief
quadratura	Illusionistic decoration with architectural elements painted on walls and/or ceilings so that they appear to be an extension of the real architecture of the room into an imaginary space.
truss	A structural system made of straight wooden or metal members arranged into triangular units; typically used in a bridge building or to support a roof, because a truss can carry heavier loads and span greater distances than a simple beam.
grange	a monastic farm settlement at some distance from the abbey, supervised by a monk and staffed by lay brothers, created to cultivate one of the abbey's estates.
mizen-mast	The aftermost mast of a ship.
balance cover	A thin piece of vinyl used to cover the balance for aesthetic reasons only.
vexillation	A detachment of a Roman legion, possibly including auxiliaries, that formed as a temporary task force.
off-site data	Information derived from places in a survey area that were not considered 'sites'.
silkscreen printing	A printing process in which paint, ink, or dye is forced through a fine screen onto the surface beneath
ambulatory	a vaulted passageway, usually surrounding the apse or choir of a church.
japanese mending tissue	A very thin, strong, transparent tissue paper, used by art conservators to strengthen old or worn paper or to repair tears in paper.
hibachi	An indoor brazier used to provide warmth, boil water for tea, or warm sake
georgette	A thin silk or crepe material, named for the French dressmaker Georgette de la Plante.
orchestra	Greek, dancing place
aisles	Longitudinal passageway located to either side of the nave (central space) or transept of a basilican church plan
wattle and daub	Woven sticks smeared with clay to fill the spaces between the posts and beams of half-timbered homes.
fastidious	Possessing or displaying careful, meticulous attention to detail; difficult to please; exacting.
velocity	The medium in which the sound is traveling and the temperature of the medium.
fines	Aggregate passing a #4 sieve.
bole hill	Greenish grey fine grained hard sandstone
vitaphone	A recording system invented during the mid-1920s to allow previously recorded music to play simultaneously with a film.
almonry	place from which alms were dispensed to the poor.
pastel	a crayon made of ground pigments and a gum binder, used as a drawing medium.
firing	Heating clay, glaze, enamel, or other material to the temperature needed to achieve a desired structural change
brusquerie	Abruptness of manner.
pattern	Primarily used to cut a piece of stone to the desired shape
embossing	A process that raises the surface of an object, creating a three- rather than two-dimensional design, often used in decorative arts such as jewelry, book-making, and silversmithing.
radiocarbon dating	a method of dating prehistoric objects based on the rate of degeneration of radioactive carbon in organic materials.
half screen	A screen that is only large enough to cover the opening of one sash on a double hung or single hung window
gendarme	A police officer
parish / parochial church	The chief church of a parish, having its own clergyman assigned to it.
low-e glass	Is a coating applied to a thermal window that reflects radiant heat
miniature	Small-scale paintings, either decorative or narrative, in manuscripts, also called illuminations.
bodhisattva	one of many enlightened Buddhist deities who delay their own nirvana in order to help mortals attain enlightenment.
crocket capital	A simplified adaptation of the Corinthian capital
elliptical arch	An arch whose line is part of a true ellipse.
pinakotheke	Greek, picture gallery
lean-to	The lean-to is one of the simplest roofs formed by a single sloping plane.
qibla	a wall inside the prayer hall of a mosque that is oriented toward Mecca and is, therefore, the focus of worship.
section	a diagrammatic representation of a building intersected by a vertical plane.
pernicious	Highly injurious or destructive; wicked.
alabaster	White or pinkish limestone, similar to marble, much used in carving and the production of Plaster of Paris.
balloon framing	In architecture, a system of light timber-frame construction in which uprights or studs extend the full height of the frame and horizontal structural members are nailed to them.
perforations	Openings or holes.
diaphragm	Wall running up to the roof-ridge
drip cap	A horizontal molding to divert water from the top casing so that the water drips beyond the outside of the frame.
tholos	A circular-shaped temple, the most famous example being at Delphi.
herisson	a barrier of stakes, arranged randomly in the ground to prevent a direct approach from attackers
poteaux-en-terre	A mode of wall construction in French Colonial America in which tall posts are rammed into the ground, and the spaces between them are filled with mud plaster, also known as bousillage
drip molding	A projecting molding around the head of a door or window frame, often extended horizontally at right angles to the sides of the frame, intended to channel rain away from the opening; also called a drip lintel.
sylph	An immortal yet soulless (elemental) being that inhabits the air
lumen	Is the unit of luminous flux equal to the flux in a unit solid angle of one steradian from a uniform point source of one candlepower.
sarcophagus	Term for any hewn, massive coffin of stone or any large memorial with an area for a casket.
shillalah	to cudgel, club
caravaggism	Caravaggio's style consists of a rejection of idealization in favor of a seeming realism vividly depicted in contemporary costumes and settings
pvc	An extruded or moulded plastic material used for window framing
misericorde	Additional monastic refectory in which special food was permitted.
blues	A lamenting, melancholy song characterized by a three-line lyrical pattern in AAB form, a twelve-bar harmonic progression, and the frequent use of "blue notes."
rail	A horizontal sash member.
finish	The visual characteristics including color, texture and reflectivity of all exterior materials.
apprentice	In the time of the guilds, apprentices were young men in training
composite	One of the architectural orders
weeper	a sculptured mourning figure, often shown hooded, set against the side of a tomb-chest.
piano quartet	Usually, a work for one piano and strings
jamb	The sides of a window or door opening
band	Any continuous strip or section on a monument which can be raised, flat, recessed or carved
paradox	A statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true
mezzo forte	A moderately loud dynamic level.
improvisatori	Those that improvise, like actors or poets.
nave vault	The stone ceiling or roofing system based on arch construction covering the nave of a basilican church, divided into sections, or bays, usually supported by diagonal ribs and transverse arches.
saponify	To turn into soap by decomposition with alkali.
through-composed	Songs in which there is new music to each verse (the opposite of strophic song)
coping	Capping to a wall, to prevent rain soaking down from the top of the wall.
diaphragm	Wall running up to the roof-ridge.
wattle	A mat of woven (willow) sticks and weeds; used in wall and dike construction.
deësis	a tripartite icon in the Byzantine tradition, usually showing Christ enthroned between the Virgin Mary and Saint John the Baptist.
engineer	Any individual, partnership, corporation or other legal entity licensed to practice the profession of engineering under the education law of the State of New York.
chinoiserie	A European decorating style using Chinese and other "oriental" ornamentation, most fashionable in the 17th and 18th centuries.
pyramidal roof	A roof with four identical sides rising to a central peak.
atrium	A cavity into which one or more other cavities open.
nailhead	An ornamental motif of small pyramids, said to represent the heads of nails
mandorla	An almond-shaped framing device in paintings and sculpture usually used to highlight a significant figure such as Christ or the Madonna and Child
reflected color	The color perceived from an object, determined by the wavelength of the light leaving its surface after selective absorption of other wavelengths of the incident light —
epaulet	A shoulder strap on a military jacket or coat used as a means of keeping accoutrements in place
arch	a curved architectural member, generally consisting of wedge-shaped blocks (voussoirs), which is used to span an opening; it transmits the downward pressure laterally.
pendentive	Curved wall surfaces, broadly rectangular in shape, that provides a transitional element between a dome (or its drum) and the supporting masonry.
jamb	A vertical member at the side of the window frame; also refers to the horizontal member at the top of the window frame, as in Head Jamb and Window Jamb.
stucco	A thin coating of plaster applied over exterior walls.
deadline	The time or date by which something must be accomplished
polyrhythms	Two or more contrasting and independent rhythms used at the same time.
counterscarp	outer slope or wall of a ditch
kiln wash	A refractory mixture, usually kaolin or flint, which is mixed with water and painted on kiln shelves to prevent glaze from adhering
plot ratio	the ratio of the total floorspace in a building (all storeys) to the area of the site on which it stands.
oolite	granular limestone
clunch	Hard chalky material.
femmage	A type of collage that includes textile art, traditionally produced by women.
silhouette	the outline of an object, usually filled in with black or some other uniform color.
battered column	A column that is larger at the base and slopes inward toward the top of the column
engraved glass	Glass that is incised by holding it against a rotating copper wheel and an accompanying abrasive, or by scratching it, usually with a diamond.
original appearance	The visual appearance of a structure or site at approximately the time of its completed initial construction.
insula	an ancient Roman building or group of buildings standing together and forming an apartment block.
templum	a space defined by ritual auguries and auspices; many templa were not considered aedes, e.g., the Rostra and Curia.
west fa溝de	The principal exterior face of a Christian building located on the west end of the structure and often embellished with sculptural programs representing Old and New Testament subjects as well as episodes from the lives of the saints.
sacrist	monastic official responsible for the safekeeping of books, vestments and vessels, and for the maintenance of the monastery's buildings.
embattled	Battlemented; crenelated.
viols	Fretted, bowed string instruments commonly used during the Renaissance and Baroque periods.
engaged column	a column, decorative in purpose, that is attached to a supporting wall.
french door	A door made of many glass panes, usually used in pairs and attached by hinges to the sides of the opening in which it stands.
ordinary	The sections of the Mass that stay the same throughout the church year
mansard	a roof having two slopes on all four sides with the lower slope almost vertical, and the upper almost horizontal
urethane	See polyurethane.
naos	The chamber at the center of an ancient temple; in a classical temple, the room (Greek, naos) in which the cult statue usually stood.
color harmony	Color harmony can be cautiously defined as a successful combination of colors, whether it pleases the eye by using analogous colors, or excite the eye with contrast
post-and-lintel construction	an architectural system in which upright members, or posts, support horizontal members, or lintels.
pikeman	soldier carrying a pike or similar long-handled weapon
roquelaire	A knee-length cloak worn especially in the 18th and 19th centuries
die forming	The process of placing metal between two steel dies or stamps and squeezing them together under high pressure
karat	A unit of weight for gemstone, one karat is equal to one fifth of a gram or 200 milligrams
brass	An alloy of copper and zinc
finish	Final exposed surface of Cast Stone
cusp	A curved, triangular-shaped projection from the inner curve of an arch or circle; Curves meeting in a point.
freddo	Chilly
zeal	Enthusiasm for a person, cause, or object.
cavetto	A moulding whose hollow section is a quarter of an ellipse, or quadrant of a circle.
java	This is a computer programming language with features especially well-suited to the network environment, with which programmers can create standalone programs and browser-based objects
frater	Monastic refectory or dining hall.
pointing	The treatment of joints between bricks, stone, or other masonry components by filling with mortar; also, called tuck-pointing.
kiln	an oven used to bake (or fire) clay.
relative humidity	Weight of water vapour in air divided by the weight of water vapour in completely saturated air at the same temperature, expressed as a percentage.
duple meter	A meter with two beats in each measure.
centering	the temporary wooden framework used in the construction of arches, vaults, and domes.
mullion	Vertical division of windows.
counterscarp	Outer slope of ditch; side of a moat nearest the besiegers
joint	A connection between two pieces of material.
spacer	The linear object that separates and maintains the space between the glass surfaces of insulating glass.
trio sonata	A sonata for two instruments with continuo accompaniment.
anchor	Metal device used for securing Cast Stone to a rigid structure.
sandstone	A sedimentary rock formed by the compacting of grit or sand with a high silica content bound in a natural cement —
light	A compartment of a window, usually separated by mullions.
lavoro di intarsia	See intarsia.
pavilion	A small but prominent portion of a building that juts out from a main building, either above its roof line, or to the side, and which is identified by a unique (usually diminutive) height and individual roof type
taxidermy	The craft or process of preparing, stuffing, and mounting the skins and other exterior parts of dead animals for exhibition in a lifelike state
canonical penance	periods of penitential discipline, usually expressed in days or years, imposed for various sins as set out in the ancient Penitentials.
hymn	Religious songs that usually praise God.
cameos	Gems carved in relief
mandala	a cosmic diagram in Asian art.
ciborium	A freestanding canopy or covering supported by columns, which covers the altar in a church or cathedral
diaconica	A vestry or sacristy in a Byzantine church used by the clergy for preparation.
amphora	an ancient Greek two-handled vessel for storing grain, honey, oil, or wine.
stanton moor	Honey coloured gritstone with even texture
tie jamb	A jamb made up of three stones. The upper and lower stones are vertical, while the middle stone lies horizontal and 'ties' the jamb into the wall.
lunette	A semicircular form of opening, normally a window, which gets its name from its lunar or half-moon shape.
daughters of delos	The three daughters of king Anius of Delos, Oeno (wine), Spermo (wheat) and Elais (oliveoil)
anathema	condemnation of heretics, similar to major excommunication
prestressed concrete	A development of ordinary reinforced concrete
hypaethral	The term is generally used to describe sacred structures that are unroofed or placed in the open, thus having unrestricted access to the heavens.
calculus	A central branch of mathematics dating back to the ancient greeks.
design heat loss	The calculated values, expressed in units of Btu per hour (abbreviated Btuh), for the heat transmitted from a warm interior to a cold outdoor condition, under some prescribed extreme weather conditions
pointing	See Tuck Pointing.
escritoire	A writing table or desk.
bust	a sculptural or pictorial representation of the upper part of the human figure, including the head and neck (and sometimes part of the shoulders and chest).
.dbf	Database file format used in Dbase IV, a popular database in the 1980s that is still widely used for data exchange.
decorum	Propriety and good taste in conduct or appearance.
gazebo	A freestanding ornamental pavilion - often at the top of a hill in a garden - that provides a view over the area.
aghast	Terrified, struck with amazement, showing signs of terror or horror.
vermiculation	A type of rough rustication, the suface of which is covered with curly channels like worm tracks.
frame	See Window Frame.
single hung window	A window where the top portion is stationary and the bottom sash moves up and down.
column	a cylindrical, upright structural support in architecture, consisting of a base, shaft, and capital; an engaged column is one half-embedded in the wall behind it.
contrast	The difference in illumination level between one point and nearby points.
cross vault	see groin vault.
offset	Ledge marking the narrowing of a wall's thickness.
camera obscura	a dark enclosure or box into which light is admitted through a small hole, enabling images to be projected onto a wall or screen placed opposite that hole; the forerunner of the photographic camera.
nave	The western limb of a church, where the congregation meets.
architrave	A frame fitted around a door or window to hide the gaps between the lining and wall.
tamping	Consolidating a fibrous or granular material such as resin-soaked glass fiber, concrete or damp sand by pressing or packing it into shape in a mold.
cupola	a small, domed structure crowning a roof or dome, usually added to provide interior lighting.
squint	Observation hole in wall or room.
moderato	A moderate tempo.
trompe-l'oeil	A French phrase meaning "fool the eye." It generally refers to works of art, especially paintings, that are meant to deceive the viewer with their extraordinary precision and realism.
cabriole	A style of leg on a chair or table that has a gentle "S" shape
emulsion	a light-sensitive chemical coating used to transfer photographic images onto metal plates or other surfaces.
transept	In a cruciform church, the transepts form the arms of the cross.
high relief	relief sculpture in which the figures project substantially (e.g., more than half of their natural depth) from the background surface.
qi	See Northern and Southern Dynasties
window sash	The movable frames in a window in which window panes are set.
phylactery	A scroll or roll (made of parchment), usually shown unfurled, sometimes containing lettering, signifying the Word of God.
condensation	The deposit of water vapor from the air on any cold surface whose temperature is below the dew point, such as a window glass or frame that is exposed to cold outdoor air
plane	a surface on which a straight line joining any two of its points lies on that surface; in general, a flat surface.
weathering	Sloping surface to throw off rainwater.
hipped roof	A roof with uniform slopes on all four sides.
ecclesia	Female personification of the Church often shown in conjunction with Synagoga (Personification of Judaism)
parterre	a flower garden with beds and paths designed to form a pattern, the outdoor and botanical equivalent to an indoor Persian carpet; literally "on the ground" in French.
intensity	the degree of purity of a color; also known as chroma
eclecticism	A mixing of various architectural styles and ornamentation of the past and present, including ornamentation from Asia
fingerplate	A small oblong plate, usually of china or metal, fixed behind a door handle or lock for decoration and protection
bottom jointed	The bottom of the tablet, or main part of the monument, leveled and squared for final mounting on the base.
leade	A horizontal or vertical cylinder, usually made of metal, which carries water from the gutter to the ground.
weatherstrip	A strip of resilient material for covering the joint between the window sash and frame in order to reduce air leaks and prevent water from entering the structure.
counterpoint	A musical texture consisting of two or more equal and independent melodic lines sounding simultaneously
rebate	In framing, this is the step-shaped cut in the reverse side of the molding which accepts the edge of the canvas, panel, etc.
ring porous	Hardwood that shows a distinct zone between early and late wood, such as oak and ash.
criticism	The analysis, evaluation, interpretation, and study of works of art
commission	The Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) as established by Section 3020 of the New York City Charter.
voussoir	A wedge-shaped stone block or brick making up the curve of an arch.
rug	A soft floor covering laid on the floor but not fastened to it
hoarding	Upper wooden stories on a stone castle wall; the living area; sometimes, a temporary wooden balcony suspended from the tops of walls from which missiles could be dropped
permit	Any permit other than a Notice to Proceed issued by the Landmarks Preservation Commission in accordance with the Landmarks Law: (a) "PMW shall mean Permit for Minor Work as defined by Section 25-310 of the Landmarks Law
corbeille a fleurs	Literally "flower basket." Characteristic of Louis XV style decoration.
cella	A cella (from Latin for small chamber) or naos (from the Greek Ναός meaning temple), is the inner chamber of a temple in classical architecture, or a shop facing the street in domestic Roman architecture
praeternatural	Supernatural, or inexplicable by ordinary means.
arris	The sharp edge formed by two surfaces meeting at an angle, such as the rib of a groin vault, or the raised edges which separate the flutings in a Doric column.
dyke	An igneous intrusion, rather like a wall, into the surrounding rocks.
pointed arch	An arch with a pointed crown, typically seen in Gothic architecture.
bargeboard	A wide, flat board that seals the space below the roof between the tiles and the wall on a gable end
girandole	An ornate and ornamental candlestick holder, often backed with a mirror.
order	series of concentric stages (e.g
phantasm	Illusion, ghost, a product of fantasy, a mental representation of a real object.
hairpin lace	Lace that is formed over a U-shaped wire frame, called a hairpin, with the help of a crochet hook
broken pediment	Term used for a pediment with an incomplete or missing base.
terce	the liturgical office sung or recited at the third hour of the day, i.e., about 9 a.m.
armature	(a) a metal framework for a stainedglass window; (b) a fixed, inner framework supporting a sculpture made of a flexible material.
panache	A spirited quality in style or action; verve, dash, flourish
shapefile	GIS term referring to the file format (.shp) used to exchange data for ArcView or ArcGIS.
murder hole	opening in ceiling through which defenders could fire or drop missiles on enemies below
header	The top part of the master frame.
pallet	A large flat board or box-like construction on which materials may be stored to protect them from damp, and which make them easier to move with a fork-lift
skiagraphia	Greek, shadow painting
picture plane	the flat surface of a drawing or painting.
allegory	the expression (artistic, oral, or written) of a generalized moral statement or truth by means of symbolic actions or figures.
vitrine	A largely transparent cabinet or case in which an exhibitor can place one or more objects so that viewers may see them
foreshortening	the use of perspective to represent a single object extending back in space at an angle to the picture plane.
flashing	Sheet metal used during the window installation process to facilitate water drainage, and to prevent water from leaking into a home or building.
trefoil	Three-lobed
genpitsu	In Japanese art tradition, a technique of painting with a reduced number of brushstrokes.
slight	to damage or destroy a castle to render it unfit for use or occupation as a fortress
brattice	Timber tower or projecting wooden gallery; hoarding
miter joint	Two members joined at an angle, commonly 45 degrees.
apparels	small rectangular pieces of embroidered stuff, used as ornaments to the alb and amice.
tufa	the calcareous (chalky, containing calcium carbonate) and siliceous (flinty, containing silica) deposits of springs, lakes, or ground water; also a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash: in architectural terms, tufa refers to a rough facing stone applied to buildings to give a rustic look.
lift	To understand this term, you must also understand "rift" and "head grain." The lift is the grain in stone that runs at right angles to the rift, which is the direction in which the stone splits easiest.
neufchatelish	Refers to Neufchâtel-en-Bray (town of Normandy - France)
magus	in the New Testament, one of the three wise men who traveled from the East to pay homage to the infant Christ.
joggled	Keyed together by overlapping joints
embellishment	The practice of decorating musical lines by adding notes or ornaments.
spandrel	the triangular area between (a) the side of an arch
nave	The principal room or space in a church, which accommodates the congregation.
ashlar	smoothed even blocks of stone masonry.
french doors	A pair of doors similar to casement windows that are hinged on the outer edges so that they open in the middle, usually with glass panes throughout the door
master-general	the head of the Order of Preachers or Dominican Friars.
alter	To change in any manner.
festoon	Decorate with a garland or chain of flowers, leaves, etc., suspended in a curve between two points.
spring bolt	A fastener for holding the sash in a fixed location by means of a spring-loaded bolt in the stile entering a hole in the jamb.
composition	Written music
barrow	A burial mound.
v-sunk letters	A particular style of letter that uses a carver’s chisel to create the letter by cutting into a “V” shape in the stone.
loophole	Narrow, tall opening; Wall slit for light, air, or shooting through.
mantle	An outer garment gathered at the neck, without sleeves, often with a hood
ripieno	The bigger group in a concerto gross (tuti), unlike the smaller soloist group (concertino)
therm	In technical usage, the term is a convenient measure of heating value, namely 100,000 Btu
golden ratio	The Section d'Or refers to a geometric proportion devised to give the most pleasing composition, divided so that the smaller part is to the larger part, as the larger part is to the whole
symphony	A sonata for orchestra.
kneaded eraser	An eraser that can be manipulated into any shape in order to remove pencil and many other marks cleanly
mould	(Moulding) British spelling of mold, and molding.
frame construction	A method of construction in which the major parts consist of wood.
academy	(a) the gymnasium near Athens where Plato taught; (b) from the eighteenth century, the cultural and artistic establishment and the standards that they represent.
cap flashing	A waterproof sheet that seals the tops of cornices and walls.
muntin	A tertiary framing member that subdivides the sash into individual panes, lights or panels
richardsonian romanesque style	an American architectural style designed for stone or brick construction, named for Boston architect H.H
glass fiber	A light but durable sculpture material used to reinforce resin, and hollow cast concrete
dome	a vaulted (frequently hemispherical) roof or ceiling, erected on a circular base, which may be envisaged as the result of rotating an arch through 180 degrees about a central axis.
basilica	In pre-Christian Roman history a basilica was a large roofed public hall used for the transaction of business or legal affairs
toran. a	a ritual gateway in Buddhist architecture.
lectio divina	"sacred reading," i.e., the reading of the Scriptures and the Fathers prescribed by the Rule of St
nave	Principal hall of a church, extending from the narthex to the chancel
corbel	A stone projecting from a wall to bear the weight of elements of the building such as floor joists or a protruding wall or parapet.
bed	The flat, top portion of any monument base which is cut to fit the bottom (joint) of the tablet, or main part of the monument.
abrasion test	Material abrasion test measures the ability of warp and weft yarns to withstand friction from wear.
roofridge	summit line of roof
in antis	The term, which means "between antae," is generally used to refer to the number of columns between the two short walls (the antae) that project from the front or back of a structure
mansard roof	A roof with two slopes on all four sides, with the lower slope almost vertical and the upper almost horizontal.
quinquagesima	the last Sunday before the beginning of Lent.
fasteners	Devices for jointing two parts together, such as screws nails and bolts.
cocks comb	Variously profiled small plate steel tool with fine teeth for finishing fine limestone carvings.
fiddleback	A unique figure on the face of a wood, giving it a washboard effect.
baroque	A style of art and architecture prevalent in Europe during the 17th and early 18th centuries, typified by the Palace of Versailles and characterized by ponderous, highly elaborate ornament.
pietre dure	Decorative work using inlaid, semi-precious stones to depict scenes, geometric patterns, floral motifs, etc.
blockhouse	small fortified barrack
arch form	A composition that comprises an odd number of sections, usually five, in which the first and last are related, the second and second to last are related (more if there are more than five), and the middle section stands alone, like the head stone of an arch.
corinthian order	Most ornate classical order
chenille	A velvety silk, wool, or cotton fabric with a protruding pile.
mute	A device used to soften or change the tone quality of an instrument
foliate initial	An illuminated initial filled with decoration in leaf scroll
tile-hanging	A form of wall covering that uses clay tiles
casemates	Artillery emplacements in separate protected rooms, rather than in a battery.
asphytic	having asphyxia, a lack of oxygen or excess of carbon dioxide in the body that is usually caused by interruption of breathing and that causes unconsciousness.
cluthra	A specialized art glass with a cloudy, bubbly appearance
exterior casing	See Casing.
valse	see: Waltz
wall-plate	Horizontal roof-timber on wall-top
cap	The uppermost portion of a monument set on top of a tablet
facsimile	An exact copy or reproduction, as of a document
imbued	Infused
quire	the part of a church where services were sung, containing the choir-stalls.
baptismal font	A receptacle for water, used for baptism.
retirata	Improvised fieldwork to counter an imminent breach.
i.e.p.	Acronym for Individualized Education Program.
kiln	A furnace for firing clay, forming glass, or melting enamels; studio kilns can achieve temperatures up to 2500°F and can be fueled with gas, wood, or electricity.
keystone	The central wedge-shaped stone at the crown of an arch that locks all parts together.
adagio	A leisurely tempo, literally, "at ease."
mezzanine	a low storey beween two higher ones (entresol)
antares	Antares (Alpha Scorpii) is the brightest star in the constellation Scorpius and one of the brightest stars in the nighttime sky.
ungen zaishiki	Japanese for rainbow shading: A method of coloring used in painting as well as for architectural ornament in which distinct bands of color are placed next to each other giving the impression of shading.
image capture	Employing a device, such as a scanner, to create a digital representation of an image
stylization	the distortion of a representational image to conform to certain artistic conventions or to emphasize particular qualities.
sonata	An instrumental work consisting of three or four contrasting movements.
barrel vault	A vault formed by two identical tunnel-shaped vaults intersecting in the middle, having the form of a half cylinder.
japan	Dark varnish like Japanese lacquer, often applied to floorboards and door hardware
dolce	Sweetly, pleasantly, softly
cathedral	The principal church of a diocese, containing the Cathedra, or Bishops throne.
free chapel	a chapel founded by the king (often developing into a wealthy church), not subject to the jurisdiction of the bishop.
tumulus	an artificial mound, typically found over a grave.
buttery	Next to the kitchen, a room from where wine was dispensed; Room for the service of beverages
bedstaff	a wooden pin on the sides of the bedstead to hold the bedclothes from slipping on either side
hôtel	in eighteenth-century France, a city mansion belonging to a person of rank.
hanging sash	(Hung Sash) Sash hung on a cord connected to a counterweight.
turbine vent	A powered vent that circulates air up and out of the home.
blandander	to cajole with flattery; to talk nonsense
confessio	The word confessio, was used originally to designate the burial place of a confessor or martyr of the faith, a place which was also known as a memoria or martyrion
patterned glass	One or both surfaces of glass with a rolled design; used for privacy and light diffusion.
fantasy overture	A single-movement orchestral piece based on a literary story, also called a concert overture.
mendicants	Baggars, homeless people.
keystone	The topmost and central voussoir of an arch
lock rail	See Meeting Rail.
critical path method	A preparation method that begins by identifying the interrelationships of the tasks to be performed
virtuoso	A performer with complete technical control of the playing of his or her musical instrument.
minaret	Slender tower attached to a Mosque.
medium	(a) the material with which an artist works (e.g., watercolor on paper); (b) the liquid substance in which pigment
manor	specifically, the district over which a lord had domain in medieval western Europe; in general, any landed estate.
sash clamp	A straight clamp with adjustable fittings, used in wood construction.
trouvères	Medieval poet/singers from northern France
pantile	a roof-tile of curved s-shaped section
column	A vertical member, circular in section, and normally with a gentle taper that supports a load
obelisk	A tall, four-sided shaft of stone, usually tapering, that rises to a pyramidal point
flautando	An indication to play the violin like a flute
verisimilitude	the quality of appearing real or truthful.
cattymount	Now spelled "catamount", short for cat-a-mountain, any of various wild cats, like a cougar or a lynx.
oligarchy	a political system governed by a few people
presbytery	Part of the church around the high altar to the east of the choir.
oeuvre	The collected works of an artist
respond	Half-pier bonded into a wall to carry an arch
bedewed	To wet with or as if with dew.
jamb	The vertical sides of an opening
steward	The man responsible for running the day-to-day affairs of the castle in the absence of the lord
dormer	A window in a small, often gabled structure set vertically on a sloping roof, allowing light to enter the attic.
sunken relief	a style of relief
postament	(a) a pedestal or base; (b) a frame of molding for a relief.
daguerreotype	mid-nineteenth-century photographic process for fixing positive images on silver-coated metal plates.
saracenic	A member of a nomadic people of the deserts between Syria and Arabia
paterae	flat circular or oval ornamentation.
barbican	The gateway or outworks defending the drawbridge
swedenborg	Emmanual Swedenborg was Swedish mystic and philosopher
joist	Wall-to-wall timber beams to support floor boards.
wattle and daub	a technique of wall construction using woven branches or twigs plastered with clay or mud.
acanthus	The thorny leaf of an herb native to the Mediterranean region, the design of which has been used as a stylized motif throughout history
collage	a work of art formed by pasting fragments of printed matter, cloth, and other materials (occasionally three-dimensional ) to a flat surface.
hashira-e	In Japanese art tradition, a narrow vertical print to be hung
galvanic	Relating to, or producing a direct current of electricity.
thatch	A roof covering of straw, reeds or even living grass
well of democritus	According to legend, the well of Democritus was bottomless
cusp	Projecting points formed at the meeting of the foils in Gothic tracery.
bond tenant	a tenant who was bound to provide a labour service as part of his tenure; later changed to a money payment
veneer	A thin slice of wood cut from the solid, applied as decorative surface to a more common wood
acid	Any of a large class of substances capable of reacting with
massing	The shape of a building.
acumen	Keenness and depth of perception
amphiprostyle temple	when both façades have columns, e.g.: the temple of Nike, Athens.
parados	Low wall in inner side of main wall.
re-entrant	angle that points inwards (opposite of salient)
tertiary	a member of a Third Order, a confraternity of lay people attached to the friars, who bound themselves to follow certain religious observances of the friars, including recreation of the day hours of the divine office.
insect screen	(Window Screen) - (Screen) Woven mesh of metal, plastic, or fiberglass stretched over a window opening to permit air to pass through, but not insects.
lintel	A flat horizontal beam which spans the space between two supports; Horizontal stone or beam bridging an opening.
chalice	A cup on a stem, used to contain the ecuharistic wine; the same shape was also used in a secular context.
dynamics	Relative degrees of loudness or softness.
lute	A stringed instrument with a fingerboard and bowl-shaped body popular during the Renaissance and baroque periods in Europe.
intercolumniation	The distance between the center of the lowest drum of a column and the center of the next.
saddlestone	The stone at the apex of a gable.
counterpoise	see contrapposto.
gable	The generally triangular portion of a wall between the two sloped edges of a roof
raku	Porous low-fired ceramic ware characterized by deep, subtly changing colors.
batten	A thin strip of lumber often used to seal a seam.
virtual reality	An interactive computerized simulation or synthesis of an experience in several senses.
fenestration	The arrangement of windows in a wall and their associated ornamentation.
dodona	At Dodona in Epirus, northwestern Greece, was a prehistoric oracle devoted to the Greek god, Zeus and the Mother Goddess identified as Dione
coin silver	A phrase that designates the proportion of silver used in American coins, which is said to have a fineness of 900
accent	Emphasize a note
coping	A protective cap, top, or cover of a wall parapet, commonly sloping to protect masonry from water.
screen	(Wire Cloth) A close-mesh woven screening material of metal, plastic, or fiberglass for a window screen, to block the entry of insects but permit light, air, and vision through the screen.
eidolon	An eidolon is the astral double of a living being; a phantom-double of the human form; a shade or perispirit; the kamarupa after death, before its disintegration
coated	Rebar coated with a zinc alloy or epoxy
opera comique	A type of French Romantic opera distinguished by its use of spoken dialogue rather than sung recitative
keystone	the wedge-shaped stone at the center of an arch, rib,
syncope	Loss of consciousness resulting from insufficient blood flow to the brain.
transom	1
atrium	(= atria (plural)) A cavity in the body, especially either of the two upper chambers of the heart in higher vertebrates.
insulating glass	Two or more pieces of glass spaced apart and hermetically sealed to form a single glazed unit with one or more air spaces in between
quarry sap	Natural moisture present in freshly quarried stone.
transcendentalism	Philosophy that advocates that there is an ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the physical and empirical and is only realized through a knowledgeable intuitive awareness that is conditional upon the individual
aniconic	depicting a figure, usually a deity, symbolically instead of anthropomorphically.
pivot bar	Connects the sash to the balance shoe
latial	Pertaining to Latium, a region corresponding approximately to modern Lazio in central Italy
squint	observation hole in wall or room
header	A masonry wall unit of brick which is laid so that its short end is exposed.
base	In architecture a base is the lowest part or lowest main division of a structure
meander	An ornament, usually in bands but also covering broad surfaces, consisting of interlocking geometric motifs
check	A lengthwise separation of a wood board that extends across the annual growth rings.
tungsten	A very hard and hard-wearing metal, brazed into the shaft of modern chisels to provide durable cutting edges
sampler	A piece of cloth embroidered with a variety of designs or mottoes, which demonstrates skillful use of various stitches
shade screen	(Sun Screen) A specially fabricated window screen of sheet material with small narrow louvers formed in place to intercept solar radiation striking a window; the louvers are so small that only extremely small insects can pass through
fandango	Most important of the modern Spanish dances, for couples
compluvium	a square opening in the roof of a Roman atrium through which rain fell into an impluvium .
fire	to prepare (especially ceramics) by baking in a kiln or otherwise applying heat.
conventional oven	Food is cooked by radiation.
tenebrism	a style of painting used by Caravaggio and his followers in which most objects are in shadow, while a few are brightly illuminated.
barrel vault	Cylindrical roof; The simplest form of a vault, consisting of a continuous surface of semicircular or pointed sections
quoin	Dressed stone at angle of building.
column	a vertical support, usually round.
west end	The area of the church opposite the east end
quoin	The corner of a building; also used of the individual stones (dressed) making up the corner.
watercolor	(a) paint made of pigments suspended in water; (b) a painting executed in this medium.
japonisme	the Japanese aesthetic as absorbed by the West in the latter part of the nineteenth century.
grille	A decorative, openwork grating, usually of iron, used to protect a window, door, or other opening.
blind niche	see niche.
blockhouse	Small square fortification, usually of timber bond overlapping arrangement of bricks in courses (flemish, dutch, french, etc.)
column	A vertical support element
kanshitsu	In Japanese art tradition, a technique of building up layers of lacquer reinforced with hemp over a clay core to form hollow sculpture.
hue	a pure color with a specific wavelength.
rafter	One of the series of members designed to support roof loads.
nonrepresentational	not representing any known object in nature.
building plan	A drawing that shows a horizontal view.
samian pottery	See terra sigillata.
gable	wall covering end of roof-ridge
mallet	A wooden hammer used to apply force to chisels in wood carving.
inlay	A decorating technique in which an object is incised with a design, a colorant is pressed into the incisions, and the surface is then scraped to confine the colored inlay to the incisions.
oratory	Private in-house chapel; small cell attached to a larger chapel
chapter-house	room in which monks met daily, to discuss business and to hear a chapter of the monastic rule.
laid papers	Papers with a patterned texture of parallel impressed lines in each sheet
beam	A horizontal structural element that transfers the load of a building or structure to a foundation or to posts/piers set into the ground.
curtilage	the area within the boundaries of a property surrounding the main building.
varus	Roman general who lost three legions during disastrous defeat by the Germans in 9 BC.
foundation	The ground beneath a building; or, the base supporting structure beneath a building or structure, which transfers loads to the ground.
stylus	a pointed instrument used in antiquity for writing on clay, wax, papyrus,
boss	In masonry construction, a projecting ornament, often located at the intersection of two components; also, the person in charge.
steeple jack	Madmen who dangle by their fingertips microns from certain death, oblivious to all vertigo, gravity, mortality, etc.
accent	A stress on a particular beat, note, or chord.
balm in gilead	Gilead, a region of Palestine, known for its balm, a healing ointment."Is there balm in Gilead?" is like saying, "Are there palm trees in Florida?"
inner ward	The open area in the center of a castle.
mullion	A vertical member which forms a separation from adjacent window or door frames.
larboard	The old name for the left hand side of a ship
reprise	repetition
kitchen	The room in which the cooking was done
art song	A musical setting of a poem for solo voice and piano
recusant	One who refuses to accept or obey established authority
roofridge	Summit line of roof
obscure glass	Also known as frosted glass
aeolus	The Greek god of the winds.
laminated glass	Two or more sheets of glass with an inner layer of transparent plastic to which the glass adheres if broken
icon	a sacred image representing Christ, the Virgin Mary, or some other holy person.
extension jamb	Snap on pieces that attach to the inside of the window allowing the interior surface of the window to reach to the drywall
british invasion	A term for rock music from Britain that first became enormously popular in the United States in and after 1964
jamb	A vertical element of a doorway or window frame; Side posts of arch, door, or window.
con	With.
burr	in etching,
pyrrhonism	The doctrines of a school of ancient extreme skeptics who suspended judgment on every proposition.
exedra	Semicircular, often domed recess.
dean	in early monastic use, a monk appointed by the abbot to supervise a group of ten brethren; in general ecclesastical use, the head of a cathedral chapter; also the senior priest and supervisor of a rural deanery.
grids	Optional horizontal or vertical lineals installed between the glass panes help to create the appearance of a divided window design.
hand-blown glass	A term used to describe glassware that is not machine-made, distinguishing it from glass blown by an automated machine or press-molded
aedicule	In religion in ancient Rome, an aedicula (plural aediculae) is a small shrine
base cruck	form of timber-framed construction where the roof is supported by curved timbers rising from the walls and not by aisle posts set on the floor
stole	a narrow strip of embroidered silk or linen, worn over other vestments to hang round the neck and down the front of the celebrant at mass.
thermal barrier	(Thermal Break) - A material of high thermal resistance placed between two metal sash, or installed between adjoining metal framing of metal windows, in order to reduce thermal conduction from indoors to outdoors.
atlantes	Sculptural supports in the form of males figures (Atlas) in classical and neo-classical architecture; male caryatids, sometimes called by the Greek term "telemones"
arabesque	literally meaning "in the Arabian fashion," an intricate pattern of interlaced or knotted lines consisting of stylized floral, foliage, and other motifs.
dromos	the monumental unroofed and walled entrance to a tomb, e.g
corbiestepped or crowstepped	squared stones forming steps upon a gable
screen print	An early 20th-century method of creating an image that uses a stencil with very small holes to apply colors and designs
tonsure	monastic hairstyle: shaving the top of the head and leaving a ring of hair around the side, indicated that a young man had received clerical status.
crenel	The low segment of the alternating high and low segments of a battlement.
sally-port	Small heavily fortified side door from which the defenders can rush out, strike, and retire
chamber music	Music written for a small group of instruments, with one player to a part.
tholos	A small, circular building, usually of sacred use
dawning realism stage	The third of the Stages of Artistic Development named and described by Victor Lowenfeld, it typically occurs in children during the ages of 9 to 11
worm's-eye view	As if seen from the surface of the earth, or the floor
apsidioles	Small apses, especially those which project from a larger apse, ambulatory or transept arm.
atrium	noun any chamber that is connected to other chambers or passageways (especially one of the two upper chambers of the heart)
gable top	The roof-like top of any monument that is sometimes referred to as a “two-way top” or “rooftop.”
scallop	decoration consisting of a series of truncated semi-Scapular - a rectangular piece of stuff hanging down from the shoulders before and behind
setting compound	Used to form the seal between the tablet and base or other joints of the monument that must be sealed to keep water out
positive lock	Area below the nailing hem that the buttlock locks into.
perpendicular	English architectural style, c
notice of violation	A notice from the Landmarks Preservation Commission that work on a landmark site or within an historic district was performed without a permit or was not performed in accordance with a permit issued by the Landmarks Preservation Commission.
sereno	Quiet, peaceful
keystone	Central wedge in top of arch
talus	see: batter
arcgis	A suite of GIS programmes produced by ESRI.
trim	Material used to decorate or frame a building façade or an opening, such as a door or window.
inanition	Loss of vitality that results from lack of food and water
patchers strop	A flat leather strap, or length of canvas used to lower a slab into position where all of the sides of the slab will fit flush to another stone (such as when replacing a single paving stone) making it impossible to lift the slab out again if adjustment to its final position is required
hyperobtrusive	Especially obvious
chevron	Simple geometric forms used for decorative purposes composed of V-shaped elements used singly, in a vertical series, or in a string to form a zigzag pattern.
illuminated manuscript	see manuscript.
whirligig	A toy that spins — a carousel (merry-go-round) for example, or a thing that continuously whirls in a breeze, often placed on a lawn or a roof
bead	Convex circular moulding of narrow section.
monomaniac	A person with monomania, the excessive concentration on a single object or idea.
coppice	A thicket, grove, or growth of small trees.
emulation	Imitation; especially in order to equal or exceed a model
chasing	A technique in which steel punches are used to decorate and/or texture of metal surface.
ververt et chartreuse	Two poems by Jean Baptiste Gresset (1709-1777), best known for "Ververt" or "Vert-Vert"
cymatium	A small cyma is called a cymatium
bar hole	Horizontal hole for timber bar used as a door-bolt
postament	(a) a pedestal
ogham	A type of alphabet current in Ireland and in the Irish settlements in Britain in the Dark Ages, a variant of which was used by the Picts (see p
burgerlijk	Burgerlijk is the Dutch word for "burghers." Though it is notoriously difficult to assign firm class divisions to Golden Age Dutch society, the burgerlijk was a roughly middle class grouping to which Netherlanders of a wide range of professions—from modest artisans to well-to-do regents—belonged.
cavea	The tiered seating area within an Antique theater.
column	Pillar (circular section).
epigram	A terse, sage, or witty and often paradoxical saying
action pose	A figure's pose or attitude when it suggests movement.
palmette	An ornamental motif based on a palm leaf, a radiating cluster of petals
stockade	Solid fence of heavy timbers
crypt	a chamber or vault beneath the main body of a church.
pier	A square pillar or the part of a wall that sits between doors or windows.
mezzotint	a method of engraving by burnishing parts of a roughened surface to produce an effect of light and shade.
incise	to cut designs or letters into a hard surface with a sharp instrument.
spandrel	The roughly triangular space between the curve of an arch and the rectangular frame enclosing it, or between joining arches
pæan	A joyous song or hymn of praise, tribute, thanksgiving, or triumph.
ball clay	In ceramics, an ingredient included in a many clay bodies because of its plasticity
simile	In a similar manner - meant to indicate that a prior direction (such as staccato or legato) will be valid until further notice
chasuble	a sleeveless mantle, worn over the alb and stole by a celebrant priest.
pitcher	A broad, blunt nosed stonemasons chisel used for removing large pieces of waste stone.
high altar	A cathedral or a large church may have several altars
absolute music	Music that is entirely free of extra-musical references or ideas.
buon fresco	see fresco.
sandstone	A consolidated sedimentary rock, consisting of sand grains united with a natural cementing material; the most common sand in sandstone contains quartz, with considerable feldspar, lime, mica, and clayey
narthex	In architecture, a porch or vestibule of a church, generally colonnaded or arcaded and preceding the nave.
tuck pointing	The application of a narrow strip of mortar over the face of the joints in brickwork to give the appearance of precision and regularity.
base molding	The molding placed at the juncture of the floor and wall.
dogs	Lifting hooks attached to a loop of chain which, when inserted into holes cut in a quarry block, can be used to lift it.
lector	"reader," i.e., one who has been ordained to the minor church of lector; in a monastery, a monk entrusted with reading the lessons in church or in the refectory.
eucharist	the Communion, or Sacrament of the Lord's Supper: the central ceremony of the mass.
papier-mâché	Literal translation: mashed paper.Articles such as table tops, small boxes and serving trays that were made from paper pulp and subsequently lacquered and decorated in Oriental fashion
embrasure	A small opening, or window, whose inner sides splay to a greater width than the actual opening to increase visibility.
propylaeum	(a) an entrance to a temple or other enclosure; (b) the entry gate at the western end of the Acropolis, in Athens.
contra	The octave below normal.
loophole	In military architecture, a narrow hole in a wall through which ordnance or arms can be fired.
lock rail	The part of the sash the lock or keeper is attached to.
picture window	A picture window that does not move or operate.
cutting ones throat	An expression used to describe the mistake of carving a moulding straight through, when it should have an internal return (angle) carved in
engaged	An engaged column is one that is attached or sunken into a wall.
simulant	Inexpensive yet decorative stones used by jewelers to simulate more valuable gems such as sapphires, rubies, or diamonds.
elements	The five elements in Chinese belief – earth, wood, fire, metal, and water – that offer essential clues to the practice of Feng Shui.
bibliothèque	From the French word for library, a bibliotheque is a piece of furniture with glass-fronted doors and several shallow shelves designed to hold books.
perpendicular period	A period somewhat arbitrarily considered to run between 1377 and 1550
historic place	a structure, building, group of buildings, district, landscape, archaeological site or other place in Canada that has been formally recognized for its heritage value.
lite	A unit of glass in a window.
ilfochrome	A trademarked photographic paper and the process of making prints with such paper
vector graphic	A digital image encoded as formulas that represent lines and curves
workflow	The process by which archaeological remains are observed, analysed and recorded in the field.
chambre	Bedroom
bivalate	A hillfort defended by two concentric ditches.
shakes	A shingle or clapboard formed by splitting a short log into a number of tapered radial sections with a hatchet.
foricae	Public lavatories.
vertical type	General term for any taller, upright monument, as opposed to the lower, horizontal type.
emergency exit window	(Egress Window) Fire escape window; large enough for a person to climb out; each bedroom should be provided with exit windows.
sapwood	The pale wood near the outside perimeter of a log.
complementary colors	hues that lie directly opposite each other on the color wheel.
coping	Top course of a wall designed to prevent water penetrating into the core of the wall. Copes are often shaped ie
boss	In Gothic architecture a boss or ceiling boss is a knob, often richly decorated or painted, projecting from the ceiling of a church where a group of supporting roof arches meet.
catechumens	members of a Christian congregation being prepared for baptism or confirmation.
steeled	The surface of any stone that is ground with steel shot, resulting in a smooth, unpolished and matte finish; also referred to as “dusting.”
drum pier	Monumental cylindrical support.
water repellent	Normally a clear sealer sprayed or brushed on the exposed portion of a masonry wall to deflect moisture.
welsh rabbit	Melted and often seasoned cheese poured over toast or crackers.
fret	A geometrical pattern of horizontal and vertical lines making a pattern band
caupona/ae	A Latin term used conventionally by classical scholars to describe a Roman restaurant and/or hotel.
kakemono	In Japanese art tradition, a painting mounted for hanging vertically.
reversible alteration	An alteration in which the altered feature can be readily returned to its appearance prior to the alteration.
noviciate	the period of training undergone by a recruit before taking monastic vows.
vignette	Refers to an image that does not have a definite border around it
strapwork	A type of decoration favored in the north of Europe derived from grotesques, but with the addition of curlicues meant to represent curling leatherwork.
videodisc	An optical disk storage medium for images, still or moving
octagon	A closed two-dimensional polygon bounded by eight straight-line segments.
cinch	to impose upon; to defeat
call and response	A song style (found in many West African cultures and African American folk music) in which phrases sung by a leader alternate with responding phrases sung by a chorus.
egg and dart	a decorative molding
distemper	A water-soluble paint using egg-yolk or glue size as a binder
martyrology	a list of the martyrs, read during the office of Prime.
see	seat or area of authority of bishop or archbishop, also known as diocese
terracotta	Unglazed, fired clay used for tiles, architectural ornament, garden pots or roofing material and identifiable by its natural, burnt-orange color
pulpit	in church architecture, an elevated stand, surrounded by a parapet and often richly decorated, from which the preacher addresses the congregation.
crypt	The basement level of a church, not necessary subterranean.
teaspoon	A unit of measure of both liquid and dry quantities that is equal to a third of a tablespoon
barrel vault	a semicylindrical vault,
valley	The angle formed where two sloping roof surfaces intersect.
parapet	low wall on outer side of main wall
shatter-proof glass	(Laminated Glass) Two sheets of glass with a transparent plastic sheet sandwiched between to form a pane resistant to shattering.
ashtophet	Most likely refers to "Ashtoreth, the Phoenician and Egyptian goddess of love and fertility and "Tophet", a version of hell associated in the Old Testament with the Egyptian worship of Moloch.
dendrochronology	a science using the annual rings of trees to determine the chronological order and dates of historical events.
cadenza	A section of music, usually in a concerto, played in an improvisatory style by a solo performer without orchestral accompaniment.
parapet	A wall built up higher than the line of a roof, to hide the roof surface or curtail the spread of fire
splayed opening	a window or door opening with angled sides in the thickness of a wall that allow more light to enter than is possible with straight sides
dog tooth	Diagonal indented pyramid.
pylon	A rectangular, shortened, or pyramidal member used to designate an opening or mark a boundary.
cape	extension to the footpath to narrow the road width.
style	in the visual arts, a manner of execution that is characteristic of an individual, a school, a period, or some other identifiable group.
transept	In a church, a projecting space that is perpendicular to the nave; the nave and transepts intersect at the crossing to produce a cruciform plan.
ogee	A pointed arch with a curve near the apex.
double monastery	Combined monastery for men and women but sexually separated
pedestal	The base or block beneath a structural or decorative element, essentially structurally supporting the object above.
ream	500 sheets of paper.
basinet	close fitting medieval soldier's helmet, with a visor
organum	The earliest type of medieval polyphonic music.
apse	An often vaulted, semicircular or polygonal end of a room, usually in a church
sonata da chiesa	"Church sonata." A baroque instrumental work in four movements (slow-fast-slow-fast).
dogma	Something held as an established opinion
zen	Meditation school of East Asian Buddhism.
timber	Wood suitable for construction or a finish carpentry.
boiserie	A French term for decorative wood paneling, generally the type that is elaborately carved then painted and gilt.
pargeting	A technique of exterior plastering, richly and often bizarrely patterned
ithyphallic	an image having an erect or prominent phallus.
pardoner	a person holding a papal license to sell indulgences or pardons.
header	A supporting member or beam above a window opening used to shift the weight of the building to the supporting walls on each side of a window
patron	the person or group that commissions a work of art from an artist.
conflagration	A large disastrous fire.
mosque	an Islamic (Muslim) house of worship of two main types: the masjid, used for daily prayer by individuals or small groups; and the ja¯ mi' , used for large-scale congregational prayer on the Friday sabbath and on holidays.
bailiff	person in charge of allotting work to peasants, organising repairs to castles, and doing other jobs on a medieval castle
pozzolana	the volcanic ash of central Italy, named after the region where its properties were first recognized and, when mixed with lime, the material which gave Roman concrete its strength and ability to harden in water
raising	The shaping of a malleable metal such as silver or gold by hammering it around a domed model generally of pitch, to extend it from a sheet to a hollow form.
palimpsest	A manuscript on which an earlier text has been effaced and the vellum or parchment reused for another
tessera	Greek, cube
spindle bands	An arrangement of short turned members used as decoration on the exterior and interior of Victorian homes; especially associated with the Eastlake style.
seraph	A celestial being having three pairs of wings
chippendale	An essentially neoclassical style of furniture developed in the mid-18th century by Thomas Chippendale, a London designer and furniture maker, who combined elements of the rococo style with gothic and Chinese influences to come up with a hybrid style embraced on both sides of the Atlantic.
hollington	Staffordshire loose grained sandstone, red or whitish grey in colour.
masonite	a type of fiberboard used in insulation and paneling.
mask head	An animal head employed in conjunction with interlace or foliage motifs.
interlace	A pattern made by intertwining a ribbon in and out of itself
arrow loop	A narrow vertical slit cut into a wall through which arrows could be fired from inside
cloister	A covered walkway around an open space.
plinth	a block or slab upon which a column, pedestal, or statue is based; also the bottom course of stones supporting a wall -- the plinth course.
bedding plane	Surface in sedimentary rock parallel to the original surface on which the sediment was deposited.
tetrapylon	A type of triumphal arch peculiar to the eastern Roman Empire, characterized by a foursquare arrangement of clustered columns.
neutral	lacking color; white, gray, or black.
freestone	any easily carved fine-grained stone (e.g
socle	A low projecting base for a wall or statue.
beveled glass	Plate glass that has its perimeter ground and polished at an angle.
lb.	Abbreviation for pound
custody	in the Franciscan Order, the subdivision of a province.
cupola	Hemispherical armored roof.
brick molding	A standard milled wood.
t.	Abbreviation for tablespoon.
nephrite	One of two varieties of jade, nephrite is a pale green or white mineral that is often used in jewelry and ornamental carvings
misericorde	additional monastery refectory, in which the eating of meat was permitted.
clavier	A generic term for a keyboard instrument.
trebuchet	siege engine in the form of a large catapult
ornament	Embellishments and decorations of a melody as expressed through small notes or special signs.
calyx-krater	A type of krater.
lightwell	an opening within or next to a building that allows natural light to reach windows that would otherwise be obscured, e.g
monumental	In the context of art glass, a very large piece.
foliated	carved with leaves
appeal	the right of an applicant to seek a review from the Secretary of State of a decision made by the local planning authority in respect of an application
fugue	A composition that uses imitative polyphony and is organized around the returns of a theme or subject and a countermelody (countersubject) that often appears with it
tribune or gallery	An upper story over the aisle which opens onto the nave or choir.
emulsion	a light-sensitive chemical coating used to transfer photographic images onto metal plates
arch	An arch is a structure that spans a space while supporting weight (e.g
stoup	a stone basin for holy water, usually placed near the main entrance of the church.
relieving arch	An arch which encloses an arch or a window or other opening
weatherboard	An exterior horizontal wooden board applied with the lower edge overlapping the board below used to form exterior walls (wider and less shaped than a clapboard, although used for the same purpose).
crenel	The low segment of the alternating high and low segments of a battlement
sidelite	An often narrow window unit jointed to the side of a door frame.
lady chapel	Major chapels dedicated to the Virgin Mary, usually located in the west-east axis of a church at its east end behind the apse or hemicyle.
silver plating	A process whereby a metal is coated with silver in order to give it the appearance of being made of silver
ashlar	stone that has been cut square and dressed.
jabot	A decorative frill of lace or other delicate fabric pinned at the chest or base of the neck
mine gallery	siegwork to call wall collapse
tower	A tall structure,either square or round in shape, rising higher than the rest of the building.
relief	Ornamentation.
niche	A recess in a wall (interior or exterior), especially for a statue
brackets	Ornamental supports, usually of wood or pressed metal, which appear at the cornice line of a building. They may be incised into a scrolled patten or be more simply molded and are common to all Italinate style buildings, but often appear with other styles as well.
l-plan tower house	distinctive Scottish form of the tower house in which a wing was added at right angles to the main tower block
grade	A classification of lumber based on its aesthetic appearance.
clapboard	A narrow wooden board, thinner at one edge than the other, applied horizontally to the exterior walls of buildings to form a weather-tight wall surface.
grisaille	a monochromatic painting (usually in shades of black and gray, to simulate stone sculpture).
romanesque	The Romanesque style of church architecture was the first international style of architecture to come about after the fall of the Roman Empire, and became prevalent in Europe circa 1050-1200
strainer arch	arch inserted across the space between two walls, to stop them leaning.
diocletian window	Diocletian windows, also called thermal windows, are large semicircular windows characteristic of the enormous public baths (thermae) of Ancient Rome
trefoil	A cusped decoration of three lobes.
smock	In medieval times a smock was a loose, knee- or calf-length garment with a yoke, made of cotton or linen and worn by women under their gowns
dado	The lower part of an interior wall, which has been treated with decoration.
point	A stonemasons pointed chisel for use with a mallet.
kore	Greek, young woman
decorated	The Decorated style of church architecture is an early (circa 1250-1350) style of English Gothic architecture, developed from the Early English style and is analogous to the French Gothic Flamboyant style; it is characterized by the increased use of decoration
wainscoting	Wood panels or boards that cover the lower portion of a wall, often capped with molding.
cathedral	the principal church of a diocese (the ecclesiastical district supervised by a bishop).
marble	A metamorphic rock, composed mostly of recrystallized calcite and/or dolomite, often irregularly colored by impurities; can also refer more broadly to any crystallized carbonate rock, including true marble and certain types of limestone, that will take a polish and can be used for architectural and ornamental purposes
wainscoting	Decorative paneling covering the lower 3-4 feet of an interior wall.
thrust	The downward and/or outward pressure exerted by an arch or vault resulting from the weight of the structure and the effects of gravity.
glockenspiel	A percussion instrument with two rows of steel bars, each of which produces a definite pitch when struck by a mallet.
typology	the Christian theory of types,
beak	A long handled lever bar for moving large blocks of stone.
half-timber	The common form of medieval construction in which walls were made of a wood frame structure filled with wattle and daub
pseudomorph	A new form created when one compound is chemically changed into a different mineral, retaining its original shape.
ambulatory	Aisle round an apse.
verge board	An ornamental board attached to the projecting edge of a gable roof; also known as a barge board.
podium	(a) the masonry forming the base of a temple; (b) a raised platform or pedestal.
echinus	A convex projecting moulding near the top of a capital.
flankers	Are the windows that are at the opposite ends of a mulled unit
gable-on-hip	A roof structure in which a steeply-sloped gable roof rests upon and extends from the top central surface of a hipped roof.
set back/off	Ledge on wall face
decretum	a common title for a collection of canon law, arranged thematically, in use from the 11th century onwards.
mortise	A carved slot in a timber shaped to receive a tenon placed at the end of another post or beam, ensuring to secure it.
federal art project	An agency of the U.S
facing	an outer covering or sheathing.
bulkhead	A bulkhead is a set of metal door providing an outdoor entrance to the cellar.
apse	Semicircular or polygonal end of a chancel or a chapel.
domestic wood	In the furniture trade, wood that comes from trees that are grown in the same country where the wood is to be sold.
jamb	Vertical side posts of arch, door, or window
rubble	Fill; unsquared stone not laid in courses
serliana	A tripartite window or door with an arched central opening and a trabeated opening to each side
propitious	Benevolent, being of good omen.
parergon	A part of a work of art which is secondary to the main subject or theme of its composition, such as a still life or landscape which is a detail within a portrait
rail	(Head Rail) (Top Rail) (Bottom Rail) (Meeting Rail) Horizontal member of a window sash.
palmette	looped like a palm-leaf
security gate	A movable metal fixture installed in front of a storefront or inside the display window or door to protect the store from theft or vandalism when the store is closed
peplos	in ancient Greece, a woolen outer garment worn by women, wrapped in folds about the body.
rara avis in terris	Latin for "A rare bird upon the earth".
bars	A generic and conventional modern English term for a retail food and drink outlet.
piu presto	faster
baroque	The period from about 1600 1750 Originally used in architecture, the word Baroque means bizarre, flamboyant, and elaborately ornamented
bearing wall	A wall giving vertical support to loads applied from above, eg the roof.
columbarium	A vault with niches for urns containing ashes of the dead.
purbeck marble	hard dark stone resembling marble, quarried from the Isle of Purbeck, Dorset.
heterophony	Performance of a single melody by two or more individuals who add their own rhythmic or melodic modifications.
jal awning	(Awning Window) Window with several out-swinging, awning-type windows that pivot near the top of the glass and operate in unison.
lite	A piece or section of glass, set within a frame in a window or door
orant	standing with outstretched arms as if in prayer.
springing	(a) the architectural member of an arch that is the first to curve inward from the vertical; (b) the point at which this curvature begins.
realise	Work out in full music that was only indicated in by the composer.
extrados	The convex curve formed by the outer edge of an arch
verismo	"Realism." An Italian operatic point of view favoring realistic subjects taken from everyday, often lower-class, life.
pantaloons	Close-fitting trousers usually having straps passing under the instep and worn especially in the 19th century.
terra cotta	unglazed clay used mainly for wall covering and ornamentation, but can be structural.
roughcast	Name given to a type of plastering to which small stones are added to create a rough surface; sometimes called pebbledash.
aquatint	Printmaking process used to create areas of solid color, as well as gradations of white through black tones
merlon	The high segment of the alternating high and low segments of a battlement.
amphora	An ancient Greek two-handled jar used for general storage purposes, usually to hold wine or oil.
quoins	Masonry or stone blocks at the corner of a wall; may be structural or simply decorative; often laid so that they appear to wrap around the corner with alternating short and long sides.
obtuse	1
font	A sacramental basin holding water for Holy Baptism, and mounted on a pedestal of wood or stone
range	block of buildings.
fleur-de-lis	Stylized lily which served as symbol for the French monarchy.
thunderstricken	Astonished
hakuho	A period in Japanese art history from 645-710
slentando	Slargando, Slowing down gradually
klavier	harpsichord in German
chamfer	The decorative, beveled surface formed by shaving the corners of a square wooden column at a 45 degree angle.
punctilious	Concerned about precise accordance with the details of codes or conventions.
episode	In a fugue, a transitional passage based on material derived from the subject or based on new material, leading to a new statement of the subject.
biedermeier	Style of furniture and decoration current in Austria, Germany, Sweden and Russia between 1815 and 1848, featuring clean, simple lines and detailed veneer work with little ornamentation.
triforium	In a church, a passage or gallery above the nave arcade and below the clerestory.
recess	A depression in a flat surface.
cabinet	in gardening, a term that refers to a hedged enclosure at the end of a walk.
trumpet	A brass instrument with a high-pitch range.
parados	Low wall in inner side of main wall
cloisonné	a multicolored surface made by pouring enamels
relieving arch	Arch built up in a wall to relieve thrust on another opening
breviary	a book containing the Divine Office (lessons, psalms, hymns, etc.) for each day.
jubé	In a Gothic cathedral, a choir screen (see screen)
egg and dart	A classical type of molding consiting of alternating egg shapes and arrowheads.
reed	A natural, fibrous weaving material used in the production of baskets and wicker furniture
electro-acoustic	Music combining electronic music and concrete music (music using noises, sounds and voices recorded into recording means), played in electronic apparatuses
tuck pointing	The final tooling or pointing of a raked out mortar joint.
terrace	A level promenade in front of a building; usually made of stone and accented with plants, statuary, etc.
derivative	Unoriginal
c	When found on a tube or other container of paint, indicates a fugitive color.
very special arts	The former name of VSA arts.
allemande	A Renaissance and baroque dance that is fairly fast and in duple or quadruple meter.
symphonic poem	See "tone poem."
piccolo	A small, high-pitched flute.
field hollers	Singing by African American field workers that influenced the development of early country blues styles.
battered	Inward inclining form of a door, a window, or a wall that is thicker at the bottom than at the top.
watercolor	(a) paint made of pigments
spine	The part of a book seen when it is standing on a shelf
nogging	Panels of brickwork or stone laid between a timber wall frame.
buttress	A mass of masonry built against or projecting from a wall either to stabilise, from the lateral thrust of an arch roof or vault, or to enable the wall to be thinner.
chartreuse	A monastery of the Carthusian order.
quire	The area of the church occupied by the choristers.
vishnu	In Hindu belief, one of the principle deities, worshiped as the protector and preserver of worlds, who guards the equilibrium between good and evil
fluting/fluted	A series of shallow concave vertical grooves along the shaft of a column.
convex	A round surface curved outward.
spandrel	A unit spanning an opening with bearing beyond the opening
scotia	A classical type of molding with a concave profile.
retro-choir	A part of the church beyond the presbytery, east of the high alter, but not the Lady Chapel.
neophyte	a novice or new recruit.
easel	a frame for supporting a canvas or wooden panel.
rood	The rood is an ornate Cross erected at the entry to the chancel
scappled	Cut to a smooth face
tierceron	See rib vault.
refectory	a dining hall in a monastery
reliquary	shrine or casket in which relics of saints were kept.
pillar	a large vertical architectural element, usually freestanding and load-bearing.
waylaid	Ambushed
perinatal	The period occurring around the time of birth (5 months before and 1 month after).
cathedral	Despite growing misuse of the term, a cathedral is not just a large church
sanguine	A red chalk drawing medium.
bleaching	Using chemicals, such as bleach, to dramatically lighten or to remove color in a wood.
belvedere	an architectural structure, such as a gazebo or a roofed open gallery, situated in a landscape so as to command a good view of the surrounding countryside; literally "beautiful view" in Latin.
vestry	small chamber attached to the chancel or transept of a church, in which the ecclesiastical vestments were kept and put on.
side light	(Margin Light) A fixed, often narrow, glass window next to a door opening (or window).
beaded weatherboard	A weatherboard finished with projecting rounded edge.
dentils	Tooth-like blocks used in a close repeating pattern
chancel	The space surrounding the altar of a church
groundmass	The main part of an igneous rock made up of finer grains in which the larger crystals are set.
ionic order	The second of the three original classical orders; distinguished by mellifluous volutes in its capital resting atop the shaft and base of the column.
ogee	A moulding having the profile of an 'S' shaped curve.
convention	a custom, practice, or principle that is generally recognized and accepted.
reinforcing	Rebar placed into a Cast Stone unit during the manufacturing process to augment the unit during handling or to enable it to carry a structural load (i.e
pain	Pain is any of a range of unpleasant sensations any individual may experience
gable	the triangular wall section at the ends of a pitched roof, bounded by the two roof slopes and the ridge pole
palestra	In ancient Roman architecture, an exercise room.
genii	A magic spirit believed to take human form and serve the person who calls it
shantung	A hand-loomed silk originally produced in Shantung (or Shandong), China, the fabric has random irregularities of texture and has often been used for evening wear in the West.
norman	A native or inhabitant of Normandy
juvenilia	Works produced in an artist's youth.
cairn	A mound of stones serving as a memorial or monument, or simply as a marker.
idealism	The pursuit of things in an ideal form
gallery	Long passage or room.
trompe l'oeil	"Fool the eye" - something painted or otherwise presented in a way that is so realistic as to appear natural or three-dimensional.
banking interior	The area of the designated interior historically used for banking operations and any associated interior spaces including, without limitation, entrance vestibules or mezzanines identified in the designation report as part of the designated interior.
carchesium	An ancient form of drinking cup with a shallow foot and wider than it is deep and with handles higher than the edge, said to be one of the oldest forms of goblets.
appropriation	the formal transfer to a monastic house of the tithes and other endowments of a parish church, agreed usually in return for the promise to keep a vicar on the proceeds.
fleche	A spirelet of timber, lead cast iron etc rising from a roof ridge rather than a tower, and often acting as a ventilator.
expostulation	reasoning earnestly with a person for purposes of talking them out of something.
rood	Cross or Crucifix.
cloister	A covered passage around a quadrangle at the side of the church.
liturgy	The text of the Roman Catholic Mass (reenactment of the Last Supper) service, also used by some Protestant religions.
thermal resistance	(R-value) A property of a substance or construction which retards the flow of heat; one measure of this property is R-value
processional cross	A large cross on a staff, carried in processions on feast days of various church holidays.
muntin	A secondary framing member to hold panes within a window or glazed door.
da capo aria	An aria in ABA form; the original melody of A may be treated in a virtuosic fashion in the second A section.
keystone	central wedge in top of arch
freestone	High quality sand- or lime-stone.
low-emissivity coating	Coating for glass surfaces that reflects radiant heat energy away from the glass
dormer	Any window that projects from the pitch of a roof.
edition	A set of identical prints, sometimes numbered and signed, pulled by, or under the supervision of the artist
crenellation	A sequence of alternating raised and lowered wall sections at the top of a high exterior wall or parapet
original print	A print that is handmade from a one-of-a-kind template such as a copper plate, wood block, or limestone, considered more valuable than mechanical reproductions.
triple glazing	Three panes of glass with two air spaces between, commonly consisting of an insulating glass with a separate storm sash
groin vault	the ceiling configuration formed by the intersection of two barrel vaults.
reeded	Parallel convex mouldings.
merlon	The raised parts of a battlements.
light	A window opening.
ravelin	Outwork with two faces forming a salient angle; like in a star-shaped fort
half-shaft	Roll-moulding on either side of opening.
gangsta rap	Rap singing that stresses gang violence.
daguerreotype	The first successful photographic process that became popular in the United States in the 1840s and 50s, consisting of one-of-a-kind images made on a copper plate coated with polished silver, giving them a mirror-like sheen.
glissando	A rapid sliding up or down the scale.
diminishing courses	Courses of slates of a roof or stone of a wall that diminish in size towards the ridge of the roof or wall top respectively.
prie-dieu	The prie-dieu is a prayer desk which provides a place for a single person to kneel at prayer
arcosolium	A recess with an arched ceiling; arcosolia in burial caves contained a shelf on which the body of the deceased was placed (plural: arcosolia).
campanella	Tommaso Campanella (1568-1639), a Dominican theologian, philosopher and poet.
columnar jointing	In igneous rocks, a regular six-sided form of jointing that produces regularly shaped pillars or columns.
baldachin	An ornamented canopy, supported by columns or suspended from a roof or projected from a wall, usually over an altar, or throne.
trepanning	A form of surgery in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the skull, while leaving the membrane around the brain intact
free chapel	In English ecclesiastical law, a chapel founded by the authority of the Crown and not subject to the jurisdiction of the bishop.
coffered	A decorative sunken panel in a ceiling, dome, soffit, or vault.
argon gas	An inert, nontoxic gas used in insulating glass units to reduce heat transfer.
denouement	The final outcome of a complex sequence of events.
chancel	The space in a Christian church containing the high altar and reserved for the use of the clergy, including the apse or hemicycle and choir.
hillocks	Small hills.
amazonomachy	In Greek mythology, the battle between the Greeks and Amazons.
stylization	the distortion of a representational
volatile	Rapidly evaporating (as are many solvents)
naturalism	A literary movement of nineteenth-century France that realistically depicted the lives of working-class people.
sash	The portion of a window that holds the glass and which moves.
dodecaphony	See "twelve-tone."
plough	(Plow) A rectangular groove or slot (with 3 surfaces) cut parallel with the grain (See Dado).
aisle	a passageway flanking a central area (e.g., the corridors flanking the nave of a basilica or cathedral).
trefoil	A three-lobed decorative form used in Gothic architecture.
pointing	The finished mortar treatment of bricks and masonry joints.
tierceron	Secondary ribs in a complex net of vault ribs emanating from a main springer and leading to the ridge rib.
bar-hole	Horizontal hole to hold timber bar used for securing a door
vernacular	A type of building method common to a specific region, often build with wood indigenous to the area.
ushnīsha	a conventional
arccatalog	The data management component of the ArcGIS software suite.
senza	Without (Italian)
basalt	Igneous (fire formed) rock of volcanic origin.
obelisk	From the Greek, meaning a pointed pillar
stave	An archaic construction style; the walls of a stave building are composed of logs standing upright, rather than horizontally.
groin vault	A vault produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel (tunnel) vaults
land art	Earth art.
wormholes	A condition problem where pages of a book have holes that look like they were made by a worm crawling through
peel	originally a palisaded court
concave	A curve matching the inner surface of a sphere.
egg-oil emulsion	A painting medium.
sign	A fixture or area containing lettering or logos used to advertise a store, goods, or services.
hahc	The Houston Archaeological and Historical Commission.
sinking gauge	An adjustable tool which measures the depth of a recessed section of carving.
arcadia	a picturesque plateau region in Greece, reputed to be the home of pastoral poetry and commemorated by pastoral poets as an ideal landscape of peace and contentment, peopled by philosopher-shepherds.
chad	A continuous row of chisel cuts angled into a flat surface.
keystone	The unit at the center of an arch
syncopation	A deliberate disturbance of the normal metrical pulse, produced by shifting the accent from a normally strong beat to a weak beat.
kakemono-e	In Japanese art tradition, a print made as a substitute for a kakemono.
polished	Term used to describe the high gloss finish on a monument.
moto	Motion
roll	Moulding of semi-circular section.
chrism	holy oil; a mixture of olive oil and balsam used in Christian ritual.
mullion	Slender, vertical, non-supporting bars usually of masonry or wood forming a division between doors, screens, or lights of windows.
haunch	The middle section between the crown and the springing of anarch.
putlog	The horizontal poles of a scaffolding upon which rest the planks, or boards.
niche	A recess in a wall, usually to house a statue.
spandrel	Wall surfaces, basically triangular in shape, surrounding an arch.
etching	A printing method in which compound agents are used to deepen lines drawn onto a printing plate.
eclecticism	A system or method in which individual elements are selected or employed from a variety of sources, systems, or styles.
thule	Thule, pronounced "thoo-lee", was the northernmost part of the ancient world, usually an island, and often Iceland
conglomerate stone	Rock composed of large rounded pebble like particles
blind arch	An arch with no opening.
lock stile	The vertical member (stile) of a casement sash which closes against the surrounding frame.
energy star®	The ENERGY STAR program is a joint venture between the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the US Department of Energy (DOE) designed to encourage homeowners to purchase energy-efficient products
verdigris	A particular green pigment.
harmikā	a square platform surmounting the dome of a Buddhist stupa.
clapboard	A wood siding commonly used as an exterior covering on a timber-frame structure, laid horizontally and overlapped, with the thick edge of each board overlapping the thin edge of the board below it.
vary	See variation.
foxing	A condition problem that often afflicts old books, consisting of brown spots caused by high humidity, temperature extremes, and old inks.
enfilade	Connecting suites of rooms aligned along a single axis, an arrangement popular in Rococo architecture
surround	The ornamental frame of a door or window.
skene	in a Greek theater, the stone structure behind the orchestra
women's art	See feminism and feminist art and gender issues.
forum	the civic center of an ancient Roman city, containing temple, marketplace, and official buildings.
crow-steps	step-gabled end to a roof
theme	A musical idea that serves as a starting point for development of a composition or section of a composition.
pendentive	A triangular concave segment of wall bordered by arches, used to support the base of a circular dome.
window bar	See Muntin.
palladian window	A three-part window in which the center window is arched and larger than two smaller, often-rectangular windows flanking it on either side.
longitudinally planned building	A building developed along a horizontal axis
insulating glass	Double- or triple-glazing with an enclosed, dehydrated, and hermetically sealed air space between the panes; the space is commonly from 3/16" to ¾".
hawks beak	A type of moulding with a cross section like a hawks beak in profile, gothic.
serpentine	Furniture form characterized by a undulating, central, convex (protruding) surface with concave ends
herringbone	A method of placing bricks or stone, each course set at 45 degrees to the vertical, alternate courses leaning left and right.
nymphs	In classical mythology, female divinities of springs, caves, and woods.
half-timbering	A type of framing in which timbers carry the weight and the space between them is filled in with plaster or some other material.
muntin	The vertical, central part of a door between the panels. A muntin door is one that is hinged on either side and opens in the middle.
putlog	Beams placed in holes (beam-box or putloghole) to support a hoarding; horizontal scaffold beam
castrum doloris	A decorative structure arranged over the catafalque or bier, that signifes the prestige of the deceased
ribbed vault	a vault constructed of arched diagonal ribs, with a web of lighter masonry in between.
adobe	Unburnt brick dried in the sun, commonly used for building in the American Southwest, Spain and Latin America
prime sash	The balanced or moving sash of a window unit.
rood screen	Stone or, more usually, wooden screen dividing the nave from the choir
abbey	A monastic community ruled by an Abbot or Abbess.
serapaeum	a building or shrine sacred to the Egyptian god Serapis.
rostrum and tester	In a catholic church, the pulpit and overhead canopy
mensa	The upper surface, especially the top slab, of a consecrated Christian altar designed as a table or box-like element.
teleidoscope	A type of a kaleidoscope, a teleidoscope is a cylindrical optical instrument that is rotated so that when a person looks into it, the viewer sees a succession of radial designs produced by a carefully arranged set of mirrors reflecting constantly changing patterns made by mirrored images of a triangular section of whatever can bee seen through the other end of the instrument
decumanus	The east-west road in an Etruscan or Roman town, intersecting the cardo at right angles.
rib	an arched diagonal element in a vault system that defines and supports a ribbed vault.
cantilevered	A projecting structure, such as a beam, that is supported at one end and carries a load at the other end or along its length.
meander pattern	a fret or key pattern originating in the Greek Geometric
draughts	British name for the game of checkers.
steyned	Lined (like in a well).
triforium	intermediate stage in the elevation of a church wall, between the arcade and the clerestory, consisting of a blank arcading or a wall-passage.
ice & water shields	Prevent leaks and ice dams, which can wreak havoc on a home's roofing and walls.
stucco	A sturdy type of plaster used on exterior walls; often spread in a decorative pattern.
earth colors	Pigments, such as yellow ochre and umber, that are obtained by mining; usually metal oxides.
screen wall	a nonsupporting wall, often pierced by windows.
vellum	Fine parchment, originally calf-skin, used traditionally for manuscripts.
slake	The exothermic reaction between quicklime and water when combined, which converts quicklime (calcium oxide) into lime putty (calcium hydroxide) which is the main constituent in mortar and limewash
longitudinal ridge rib	See rib vault
sandblast	In general terms, a machine that mixes abrasive and air pressure in a controlled manner
billet	A chunky piece of wood (as for firewood)
rood	a great cross, or crucifix, placed on the rood-beam in the chancel arch.
minuet and trio	A form employed in the third movement of many classical symphonies, cast in a stately triple meter and ternary form (ABA).
wave	Sinuous moulding.
candelabrum	A candlestick with multiple branches allowing it to hold a number of candles
quoin	Taken from the French word coin, meaning corner, this term refers to the pattern along the edge of a building created by protruding masonry blocks (sometimes wooden imitations)
sgraffito	Decorative technique in which the overland surface is harrowed or cut through, so as to form the design from the contrasting ground underneath.
diamond-paned windows	Windows that are made up of many small, diamond-shaped panes of glass, common in Colonial and Colonial Revival buildings.
catherine wheel window	Circular window with radiating mullions.
scroll	(a) a length of writing material, such as papyrus or parchment, rolled up into a cylinder; (b) a curved molding resembling a scroll (e.g., the volute of an Ionic or Corinthian capital).
orientation	The geographical position of a building according to the points of the compass
arcading	A series or row of arches.
caddy	An English term deriving from the Malay word "kati", meaning a weight of slightly less than 1.25 pounds
hammer-dressed	Stonework, hammered to a projecting rock-faced finish, sometimes also known as bull-faced.
burl	A swirl or twist in wood grain, usually occurring near a knot
ambulatory	The ambulatory is a covered passage behind the altar, linking it with chapels at the east end of the church
church modes	A system of eight scales forming the tonal foundation for Gregorian chant and for polyphony up to the baroque era.
scroll	An ornamental design that resembles a partially rolled scroll; also a term used for the inscription plate on a bronze marker.
pulpitum	The actual stage or platform of a Roman theater.
morass	Marsh, swamp
lift rail	The part of the sash, the operator uses to raise or lower the window.
fanlight	A window above a door, usually semi-circular, with glazing bars radiating out like a fan
harmony	A composite sound made up of two or more notes of different pitch that sound simultaneously.
āmalka	a finial in the shape of a notched ring (derived from a fruit) atop a northern-style Hindu temple's shikhara.
uki-e	In Japanese art, a perspective picture.
sanguine	Confident and optimistic.It also means "bloodred" or consisting of or relating to blood
flebile	Sad, melancholy
drag	Flat toothed steel Stonemasons tool resembling a section of saw blade, used for final dressing of flat faces on soft limestone.
eaves	The edge of the roof that overhangs the exterior walls, sometimes with exposed rafters.
ground	in painting, the prepared surface of the support to which the paint is applied.
loggia	Italian name for a space within a building open to the outdoors; sometimes a free standing breezeway-like structure.
revetment	Retaining wall to prevent erosion; to face a surface with stone slabs.
hammer	See ballpein hammer, bush hammer, claw hammer, mallet, rivet, and tools.
parapet	the upper part of a wall, often used to hide roofs and decorated for architectural effect; e.g
world wide web	An interconnected network of electronic hypermedia documents available on the Internet
spiral balance	See Sash Balance.
circle top transom	See Fanlight.
parian	Of or relating to the island of Paros noted for its marble used extensively for sculpture in ancient times.
performance bond	Required of the winning bidder as a guarantee that the designer/vendor will complete the work as specified and will protect the client from any loss up to the amount of the bond as a result of the failure of the designer/vendor to perform the contract.
diocese	The district or churches under the jurisdiction of a bishop, also called a bishopric.
bracket	A building element (often a piece of wood or stone) used to support or strengthen an overhanging element, such as the eave of a roof; also, a decorative element that appears to be, but does not function as, a structurally supporting member.
pigment	Substances used as a coloring agent.
keystone	The central block of an arch.
parodoi	the large arched gateways, either side of the skēnē, through which an audience entered a theatre.
piecing–in	the action of inserting a replacement piece as a substitute to a missing or irreparable portion of material.
tone row	See "twelve-tone."
lancet windows	Tall narrow Gothic windows with sharply pointed arched tops.
fillet	Narrow flat band.
borneo	Borneo (including the Kalimantan provinces of Indonesia, Sabah and Sarawak of Malaysia, and Brunei) is the third largest island in the world
program music	Instrumental music associated with a nonmusical idea, this idea often being stated in the title or in an explanatory program note.
tufting	A process in which the pile yarn is punched through the backing with rows of needles, much like the method employed by a sewing machine.
admonition	cautionary advice about something imminent, especially imminent danger.
lethargic	sluggish, indifferent
corbel	A projecting block of stone built into a wall during construction; step-wise construction, as in an arch, roof, etc.
almuce	large cape, often with attached hood, of cloth turned down over the shoulders and lined with fur
whorl	A round, spinning motif, like a pinwheel
arena	the central area in a Roman amphitheater where gladiatorial spectacles took place.
scat singing	A jazz vocal style in which the singer uses nonsense syllables in the place of words.
jousting	Jousting began in 11th century France as a military exercise and soon spread throughout Europe
art song	A song of serious artistic intent written by a trained composer, as distinct from a folk song
electrolysis	Chemical change, especially decomposition, produced in an electrolyte, by an electric current.
schematic	diagrammatic and generalized rather than specifically relating to an individual object.
behemoth	Something of monstrous size or power
vibrato	A slight fluctuation in pitch that increases the "warmth" of a tone.
solar	Originally a room above ground level, but commonly applied to the great chamber or a private sitting room off the great hall; Upper living room, often over the great hall; the lord's private living room.
quoin	Cast Stone block used to make up a corner of a wall.
gauged	bricks shaped to fit together closely, as in an arch or head.
original finish	The first protective coating-including varnish, wax, polish, or paint-that was applied to a piece of furiture, or other object
exonarthex	The outer vestibule of a church.
after	A print is said to be made "after" an artist if the printmaker copied the image from a drawing or painting by that artist.
crayon	a stick for drawing formed from powdered pigment
chapter house	A room in which the chapter, or governing body of a Cathedral, meet.
casement window	A tall, narrow window that opens by swinging outward from the side.
quoin	The external angle or corner of a building, often decorated
prelates	general term applied to the leading members of the ecclesiastical establishment.
shiplap	A type of board lumber fabricated with overlapping edge rabbit joints; often used as a supporting member and siding found on the interior of historic wood frame houses.
recitative	A form of "singing speech" in which the rhythm is dictated by the natural inflection of the words.
mail or chain mail	flexible armour made of interlocking metal rings
lemon yellow	A particular yellow pigment.
murder holes	A section between the main gate and a inner portcullis where arrows, rocks, and hot oil can be dropped from the roof though holes
battlement	Fortified parapets (low walls along the topmost section of a fortification) with alternating solid and open sections designed for defensive maneuvers during an armed attack.
gable	The triangular section of a wall on the side of a building with a double-pitched roof.
louvre	opening in the roof of a room to let the smoke escape.
sliding sash	(Sliding Windows) A window which moves horizontally in grooves or tracks.
rune	Alphabet of twig-like signs used by both the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings
jamb extension	A board (wood or PVC) used to increase the depth of window frame jambs to fit any thicknesses of wall.
purlin	A horizontal timber laid parallel to the wall plate and ridge beam, providing extra support for common rafters.
lithichrome	A liquid that can be sprayed onto panels or carvings or into letters to enhance or change the natural contrast or color
de beranger	"His heart is a lute strung tight; As soon as one touches it, it resounds."from "Le Refus" (1831) by Pierre-Jean de Beranger, a French poet and song writer.
reliquary	A container for relics
transom	The horizontal member across the top of a door, or across the top or middle of a window
supplementary planning guidance	guidance which explains and amplifies the planning policies in the Council's Unitary Development Plan, and provides additional advice to applicants.
pax brede	a small plate or tablet (also known as an "osculatory"), with a handle on the back and with the image of Christ or of the Virgin on the front, to be kissed at mass by priest and congregation.
painterly	in painting, using the quality of color and texture,
effulgence	Brilliance, radiant splendor.
valley	The area formed between the ridges of two adjoined roofs.
elevation	A drawing of a face of a building with all the features shown, as if in a single vertical plane.
counter-reformation	See "Council of Trent."
cult statue	The statue of the deity that stood in the cella of an ancient temple.
watercolor	Watercolor paints are made with pigments dispersed in gum arabic and are characterized by luminous transparency.
vigils	in early monastic literature the term for Matins, i.e., the office sung during the watches of the night.
chinoiserie	17th and 18th century evocations of Chinese art and architecture.
dolmen	a prehistoric structure consisting of two or more megaliths
ignudi	nude figures (in Italian).
postulant	a person seeking admission to a religious order.
meurtriere	an opening in the roof of an entrance passage where soldiers could shoot into the room below
pen	A square or rectangular shaped space, usually measuring 16 by 16 feet or 16 by 18 feet, used as a basis for building and expanding the British house types of the Upland South culture.
spacer	An object placed between two or more pieces of glass which helps to maintain a uniform width between the glass, and prevent sealant distortion.
prior's lodging	Rooms set aside for use of the prior.
graveslab	A tombstone intended for laying flat on a grave
by grabs!	a mild oath for “by God.” “Three groans for the land syndicates, alien mortgagees, and the Western Pacific Railroad, by grabs! and to hell with ’em!” Francis Lynde, The Grafters.
di sotto in sù	Refers to the quadratura/anamoprphic technique that creates the perception of true space on a painted ceiling above the viewer
gdsc	The Giornale degli Scavi, which document many of the daily excavation accounts of the Soprintendenza Archeologica di Pompei.
inscription	Characters incised into a unit.
margins	Margins frame an opening. The collective name for the cill, jambs and lintel.
hip	The external angle created by the intersection of two roofs.
encaustic	a painting technique in which pigment is mixed with a binder of hot wax and fixed by heat after application.
vitruvian wave	A series of scrolls connected by a wave-like band; also called a wave scroll, or a Greek wave; common motif in classical ornament.
chancel screen	The chancel screen divides the chancel and the nave or crossing
electroplating	Invented in the 1840s, a silver-plating process that was faster and less costly than Sheffield plating
illustrator	Among those in art careers, a person who creates designs and pictures for books, magazines, or other print or electronic media
emakimono	In Japanese art tradition, a horizontal scroll painting to be unrolled by hand.
handrail	A rail attached firmly to a surface or supporting structure, designed to be grasped for added stability.
widow's walk	A small, railed observation platform atop a house
inhabited initial	an illuminated initial containing animals or human figures such as naked fighters
ferrotype	In photography, a positive image made directly on an iron plate varnished with a thin photosensitive film; also called a tintype
tremolo	Fast repeated notes.
cathedra	The cathedra is the bishop's throne within his cathedral
scallop	Ornament in the form of a shell, often found above doorways.
installation	a three-dimensional
chinking	The weatherproofing material placed between logs in a log home.
homoeopathists	Those who practice Homeopathy
pendentive	The curved and sloping surfaces beneath a dome that mark the transition from the circle of the dome (or its drum) to the square of the supports.
midwall shaft	A shaft dividing a window of two lights, which is placed exactly centrally in the wall.
lights	A sub division of a multiple window.
mudrā	a symbolic hand gesture, usually made by a deity, in Hindu or Buddhist art
harpsichord	A plucked stringed keyboard instrument in common use during the Renaissance and baroque periods
pentise	covered way, or small subsidiary building, with a sloping roof.
ferro-concrete	Another and perhaps better way of saying reinforced concrete because the word ferro indicates metal, in this case steel rods or mesh, used to give concrete greater tensile strength.
skene	Greek, "stage." The stage of a classical theater.
acoustic	Non-electric, as in an instrument that has its own sound box and can be heard without the use of an amplifier.
quadruple meter	A meter in which each measure has four beats.
entrails	Internal parts, usually the organs of a human body.
amatory	Of, relating to, or expressing sexual love.
modification	Any work to an existing improvement or landscape improvement other than (a) ordinary maintenance or repair; or (b) any Addition.
regular	Uniformly or evenly formed or arranged
cantino	A song or poem from the Middle Ages designated for singing outdoors
voussoir	the shaped bricks or stones over a window forming a head or arch.
shingle	A unit composed of wood, cement, asphalt compound, slate, tile or the like, employed in an overlapping series to cover roofs and walls.
quirk	V-shaped nick
article 14 direction	a power given to the Secretary of State to serve notice on a local planning authority preventing it from granting permission for a particular planning application while he or she considers whether the application should be "called-in".
laid down	In the field of paintings, this phrase refers to a work that has being mounted or glued to a board, which often harms the value of the painting if it was not done by the original artist.
sash window	A sash window is one consisting of two or more vertically sliding sashes
column	An upright vertical member that usually stands clear of the main body of a building. Usually circular in cross-section and is a common motif of Classic architecture.
tie rod	A metal tension rod connecting two structural members, such as gable walls or beams, acting as a brace or reinforcement; often anchored by means of a metal plate in such forms as an "S" or a star.
presbytery	The Part of the church occupied by the priests, usually the easternmost part of the church.
keystone	The wedge-shaped central piece of an arch
cathedra	the throne of a ruling bishop in a cathedral.
board-and-batten	A form of vertical siding composed of boards laid side by side, with the resulting joints covered by narrow strips of wood, or battens.
diaper work	decoration of squares or lozenges
quoin	a corner of a building defined by contrasting or exaggerated materials.
improvisation	The practice of "making up" music and performing it on the spot without first having written it down.
lintel	Horizontal member (wood, steel, or stone) over a window opening to support the weight of the wall above (See also Header).
octave	the eighth day, or the period of eight days counting inclusively, that followed a liturgical festival.
wont	As a noun, a wont is a habitual way of doing something
caduceus	A herald's wand or staff, especially in ancient times
mollified	Appeased
gothic top	The top of a monument that rounds gracefully to a peak on the exact centerline
monolithic	Made of one stone.
arts of the toilet	Originally, "toilet" was the act of dressing and grooming oneself
ambulatory	The walkway around an apse at a churchs east end.
hyperquizzitistical	It appears that Poe made this word up.
inglenook	A recess around a fireplace usually equipped with built-in seating to each side.
passing notes	Notes that don't belong to the underlying harmony but are part of the melodic line.
turned	Wood or other materials shaped by tools while revolving around a fixed axis, usually a lathe
texture	the visual or tactile surface quality of an object.
glaze	A term used in ceramics to describe a thin coating of minerals which produces a glassy transparent or colored coating on bisque ware
interlude	An instrumental piece played between the acts of a play
counterscarp	Outer slope of ditch.
kohl	A cosmetic preparation, such as powdered antimony sulfide, used especially in Egypt and other Middle Eastern countries as eye makeup
slype	passage.
solar heat gain	Heat from solar radiation that enters a building.
inner curtain	the high wall the surrounds the inner ward
gaze aerienne	Airy gauze
prêt-à-porter	A French term meaning "ready to wear," referring to garments that are not made to measure, but are sold off the rack in a variety of standard sizes.
module	a unit of measurement on which the proportions
orientalizing	The early phase of Archaic Greek art (seventh century BCE), so named because of the adoption of forms and motifs from the ancient Near East and Egypt.
bailor	One who entrusts his or her property to another — the bailee — for a limited period
dormer	a structure that extends outward from a roof, and contains a window
dew point temperature	The temperature at which water vapour in the air starts to condense in the form of liquid, or as frost.
cantabile	In a singing-like manner
cameo	A small-scale low relief in a stratified or banded material, usually a gemstone such as onyx or sardonyx, but also in calcite alabaster or shell or glass, in which the ground is of one color and the figure in relief in another color or colors.
six-foil	six-lobed
linenfold	Form of carved motif widely used in 15th and 16th century paneling which imitated vertical folds of drapery.
glazing bead	A molding or stop around the inside of a window frame to hold the glass in place.
kondō	the main hall of a Japanese Buddhist temple, where religious images are kept.
secular music	Non-religious music
judaica	Jewish art, especially objects associated with religious ceremonies or practices.
piano quintet	Usually, a work for one piano and strings
weep-hole	An opening normally in a masonry head joint at the bottom of a unit to allow any moisture behind it to escape.
papyrus	An ancestor to modern papers,
secular canons	the secular clergy serving a cathedral or collegiate church, as opposed to canons regular, who were clergy living under a monastic rule.
molding	A decorative strip of material placed atop a surface for ornamental or finishing purposes.
passage	A virtuoso section in a piece, or literally, a passage - a transitional section
masonry	Being of stone, brick, or concrete.
guidelines	statements that provide practical guidance in applying the Standards for the conservation of historic places
register	a
cyclic form	A unifying technique of long musical works in which the same thematic material recurs in succeeding movements.
catacomb	an underground complex of passageways and vaults, such as those used by Jews and early Christians to bury their dead.
caduceus	In ancient Greek mythology, a magical rod entwined with serpents, the attribute of Hermes (Roman, Mercury), the messenger of the gods.
cupola	Hemispherical armored roof
mihrāb	a niche, often highly ornamented, in the center of a qibla wall, toward which prayer is directed in an Islamic mosque.
benefice	an ecclesiastical living; an office held in return for duties and to which an income attaches
mantlet	mobile wooden protective shield on wheels
iecc	International Energy Conservation Code published by the ICC
wicket	Person-sized door set into the main gate door.
arcade	A series of arches supported by columns or other vertical elements.
spot	A sheet of plywood, or similar, placed on the scaffold deck, upon which is heaped mortar in readiness for its use.
engraving	(a) the process of incising an image on a hard material, such as wood, stone, or a copper plate; (b) a print or impression made by such a process.
fetish	An object believed to have magical powers, especially one capable of bringing to fruition its owner's plans; sometimes regarded as the abode of a supernatural power or spirit.
halt camp	a stop on a route, a train station
frieze	A continuous band of decoration across the top of a building, or the top of an internal wall between the ceiling and picture-rail
chapter house	A meeting place for the chapter or governing body of a monastery or a cathedral
grinshill	Honey coloured sandstone, very soft and easy to work, very high in silica.
hill fort	Bronze or Iron Age earthwork of ditches and banks
viewing stones	See suiseki.
hellenistic	The term given to the art and culture of the roughly three centuries between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 bce and the death of Queen Cleopatra in 30 bce, when Egypt became a Roman province.
dado	Paneling, usually wood, that is applied to the lower portion of a wall, above a baseboard.
queen anne style	Popular late 19th century revival style of early 18th century English architecture, characterized by irregularity of plan and massing and variety of texture.
musical	The popular development of the operetta (mainly American and British)
post-and-lintel system	A system of construction in which two posts support a lintel.
return	An external corner of a profiled unit.
mordent	An ornament consisting of the alternation of the written note with the one immediately below it
regency	The last ten years of the Georgian era, where bowed walls and bowed windows were used.
caoutchouc	Rubber, something made of or resembling rubber.
madrigal	A polyphonic vocal piece set to a short poem; it originated during the Renaissance.
paleolithic	The Old Stone Age.
hallenkirche	In Gothic architecture, especially popular in Germany, a church in which the aisles are as high as the nave; a hall church.
buttress	Wall projection for extra support; flying - narrow, arched bridge against the structure; pilaster - gradually recedes into the structure as it ascends.
apse	Semicircular vaulted niche in the wall of a building
pargetting	Ornamental work in plaster; also refers to a mixture with plaster used to coat walls and line chimneys.
lead tin yellow	A particular yellow pigment.
residential awning	Any awning on a residential building and any awning on a commercial or mixed-use building except for storefront awnings.
motif	A melodic or rhythmic nucleus serving as a basis for a movement or an entire musical piece
canopy	A small projecting roof above a door or other feature.
transposition	Transferring a melody from one key to another
chimney pot	A cylindrical pipe or brick made of terra cotta or metal; placed atop a chimney to extend it and thereby increase the draft.
pictograph	a written symbol derived from a representational image.
skene	in a Greek theater, the stone structure behind the orchestra that served as a backdrop or stage wall.
mare tenebrarum	"Sea of Darkness".
mansard ro	The wood, brick, stone or marble frame surrounding a fireplace, sometimes including a mirror above.
course	Level layer of stones or bricks.
warming-house	the only room in a monastery (apart from the infirmary and kitchen) where a fire was allowed.
crab	Hand wound winch used to hoist materials up scaffolding
aidenn	Arabic word for paradise or heaven.
weathertight	Sealed to prevent entry of air and precipitation into the structure.
choir	Structurally that part of the church in which singers have their place often inaccurately used for eastern arm.
idée fixe	A single, recurring motive; e.g., in Berlioz's Symphony fantastique, a musical idea representing the hero's beloved that recurs throughout the piece.
codetta	The closing theme of the exposition in a sonata-form movement.
limited edition	Artworks produced in a deliberately limited quantity
art nouveau	A style of art and architecture that came into prominence in Paris in 1895. It was a break away from past styles of decoration and drew inspiration from natural forms such as plants and waveforms. Its influence is visible in some Arts and Crafts and Edwardian buildings, particularly in terms of decorative glazing and interiors. The movement lost its momentum by 1914.
niche	vertical recess in a wall, often to take a statue
napoleons	French 20-franc gold coins.
silkscreen	a printmaking process in which pigment
contrapposto	The disposition of the human figure in which one part is turned in opposition to another part (usually hips and legs one way, shoulders and chest another), creating a counterpositioning of the body about its central axis
cove molding	Trim molding with a concave face.
classicism	Classicism represents a return to the formal idiom of Greek and Roman antiquity
kiln-sitter	A trademark of W.P
relief print	A process in which a print is produced from the relief carving on a metal plate or a wood or linoleum block.
octahedron	A polyhedron with eight triangular faces
isodomic courses	In First Style wall decoration, the horizontal slabs (usually 2-3 courses) that rest above the orthostats.
superposed	A term that refers to the stacking, or superposition, of the Orders of architecture.
guiting	Orange coloured Cotswold limestone
check	A cut or recess in the stone, normally on the top or ends; a rabbet-shaped cutting.
planted town	settlement type
gingerbread	Ornate scroll-sawn wood applied to gothic-revival homes.
shed dormer	A dormer window covered by a single roof slope without a gable.
vault	An arched structure of stone, brick or reinforced concrete forming a ceiling or roof over a wholly or partially enclosed space.
extrusion	A process by which a heated material is forced through a die to produce aluminum, PVC and other profiles or components used in the production of windows and doors.
detergent	A water-soluble wetting agent — cleansing substance — made from chemical compounds rather than the fats and lye used to make soaps.
conceptual art	art in which the idea is more important than the form
sleeper	Lowest horizontal timber (or low wall).
pedal point	A note sustained below changing harmonies.
gauntlet	armoured glove, often with long cuff
crick	A fissure through a block of stone, often invisible until the stone has been cut.
cubical content	Total number of cubic feet and inches in a piece of stone, cut or uncut.
hand-over-hand	A technique in which a teacher places his or her hand over a student's hand in order to teach a skill manually.
white spirits	See mineral spirits.
brickmould	A decorative border that runs along the entire perimeter of a window and is visible on the exterior.
encaustic	Ancient technique of painting with layers of melted wax and pigment
sexpartite vaulting	Another, shorter way of saying six-part ribbed vault.
cicero	Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 BC–43 BC) was a statesman of Ancient Rome, and is generally considered the greatest Latin prose stylist.
sunken relief	a style of relief sculpture in which the image is recessed into the surface.
rounds	Any stone edge rounded like the outside portion of a circle.
archivolt	An archivolt (or voussure) is an ornamental molding or band following the curve on the underside of an arch
relief	(a) a mode of sculpture in which an image is developed outward (high
loose knot	A knot in timber that is not sound and may end up becoming dislodged over time.
fat	Describes an oil paint having a high proportion of oil.
orchestra	An ensemble of instruments consisting mainly of strings, but also usually including woodwinds, brass, and percussion
generatrix	A geometric element that generates a geometric figure, especially a straight line that generates a surface by moving in a specified way
vihāra	Buddhist monks' living quarters, either an individual cell or a space for communal activity.
viewer	A person who gazes; an onlooker or spectator
post	A vertical structural element that supports a horizontal structural element (beam) laid across its upper ends.
fag end	A poor or worn-out end
magnetoesthetics	Poe made up this word
mansard	A roof of French origins such that each side is made up of two slopes, the lower slope steeper than the upper slope.
casing	Exposed moulding or framing around a window or door used to cover the space between the window frame or jamb and the wall
carpetbag	a traveler's bag made of carpet and widely used in the U.S
moat	A deep trench (in Europe usually filled with water) that surrounded a castle
coarse	Aggregate predominately retained on the No
unfeigned	Sincere, honest.
pantheistical	Doctrine that equates God with the forces and laws of the universe
narthex	Western compartment of church.
pallid	Pale, lacking color.
salle	Living area; main parlor.
mullion	A vertical element that divides a window into a separate lights or panes.
density	May refer to the variations perceived in the sight of objects near and far due to atmospheric variations — gases, moisture, dust, smoke, and temperature — as well as to seeing through such potentially translucent materials as glass and plastic
roll moulding	A type of moulding where the profile is circular.
n.a.	Member of the American honorary association of artists, the National Academy, or National Academy of Design
edition	a batch of prints
voussoir	One of the wedge-shaped stones used in constructing an arch
dressed stone	blocks of stone that have been cut and shaped to fit in a particular place for a particular purpose.
les os de mouton	Literally "Sheep's horn," this term refers to sinuous stretchers that are the quintessential element of Louis XIV furniture.
benedictine order	monastic order founded by St
choir	part of a Christian church, near the altar,
accidentals	The signs used to change the pitch of a note (flat, sharp) or to return it to its normal pitch (natural)
step	Part of a stairway, consisting of a tread (horizontal piece upon which one steps) and a riser (the vertical piece between steps).
rathas	In Hindu tradition, small, freestanding temples, perhaps sculptured as architectural models.
transept	a cross arm in a Christian church, placed at right angles to the nave.
opus sectile	Images or patterns composed of individually shaped pieces of durable material, usually stone or glass, which form the design or pattern
neoclassicism	In music of the early twentieth century, the philosophy that musical composition should be approached with objectivity and restraint
modulor	The outline of a male body with arm upraised representing Le Corbusier's system of proportions derived from the 2 meter-height of a typical person in combination with the Golden Section.
patrician	Aristocrat
fermata	(U) A notational symbol indicating that a note is to be sounded longer than its normal time value, the exact length being left to the discretion of the performer.
dowel	Round (usually non-corrosive) metal pin used in anchoring and aligning Cast Stone.
troper	a book of tropes, being the phrases or sentences added by a choir to embellish the mass.
sound-insulating glass	(Sound-Resistive Glass) Double glass fixed on resilient mountings and separated so as to reduce sound transmission.
skene	In the Greek theater the stage area
encaustic	a painting technique in which pigment
clerestory	Part of the church wall above the triforium or arcade usually containing windows.
cajuns	A corruption of the word Acadian, the term Cajun covers decedents of French Canadians who came to Louisiana after the great expulsion in the 18th century
beau ideal	A perfect embodiment of a concept.
romanesque	architectural style, 8th - 12th century with rounded arches
drawbridge	A heavy timber platform built to span a moat between a gatehouse and surrounding land that could be raised when required to block an entrance.
concertante	Orchestrated as a concerto
suburbia	settlement type
settle	a wooden bench with a high back and arms, typically incorporating a box under the seat
rood	The cross of Christ
weatherboard	An exterior horizontal wooden board applied with the lower edge overlapping the board below used to form exterior walls (wider and less shaped than a clapboard, although used for the same purpose).
obtuse angle	An angle greater than 90° but less than 180°
screens	Wooden partition at the kitchen end of a hall, protecting a passage leading to the buttery, pantry, and kitchen.
codex	pl
fixing	the use of a chemical process to make an image (a photograph, for example) more permanent.
lancet	a window or arch coming to a narrow point and much used in Gothic architecture.
archivolt	the ornamental band or molding
plenum	The space between a suspended ceiling and the floor above.
drawbridge	A mobile, heavy timber (wooden) bridge which was drawn up or let down at will denying or allowing access over a moat to the gatehouse
memorial	Technically, a structure that reminds us of a specific event or person
double windows	(Double Glazing) Two windows, such as a regular window plus a storm sash; also an insulating window with air space between panes.
sidelights	Vertical bands of windows on either side of a Greek Revival doorway.
mosaic	the use of small pieces of glass, stone, or tile (tesserae),
finger-joint	A toothed joint used to connect two pieces of wood end to end.
retro-choir	The retro-choir is the area of the apse located immediately behind the high altar.
canons regular	communities of clergy following a monastic rule, especially the Rule of St
pursy	fat, obese
development	In a general sense, the elaboration of musical material through various procedures
lantern	Small structure with open or windowed sides on top of a roof or dome to let light or air into the enclosed space below; A small circular or polygonal structure, with windows all around the base, which opens above a larger tower or dome.
bow	Term used for a curved wall or window.
shawl strap	a pair of leather straps fitted to a handle for carrying a rolled up shawl, steamer rug, parcel, or baggage
oenochoe	An ancient Greek wine pitcher.
putlog	Beams placed in holes to support a hoarding; horizontal scaffold beam Putlog Hole - A hole intentionally left in the surface of a wall for insertion of a horizontal pole.
dhyāna	see mudrā.
hard rock	A blues-based rock style popular in the 1970s and after that uses repeating riff patterns in the bass and fuzztone guitar timbres but that is not as powerful as heavy metal.
sergeant	A tenant on a nobleman's estate below the rank of a knight who owed military service to his lord by reason of the land he held from him
c.	Abbreviation for Celsius (after Anders Celsius), which is the same as Centigrade, a temperature scale on which the freezing point of water is 0°, and the boiling point of water is 100° under normal atmospheric pressure.
second-generation analysis	Analysis carried out by individuals who were not involved in the original data collection, normally at a later date.
tintinnabulation	The ringing or sounding of bells
vanitas	a category of painting, often a still life,
leitmotif	"Leading motive." A musical motive representing a particular character, object, idea, or emotional state
longitudinal ridge rib	A rib which runs down the apex of the vault in a longitudinal direction
credenzia	A side table or buffet with a flat surface for serving and cabinet space for storage
tertiary colors	See intermediate colors.
longitudinal section	an architectural diagram giving an inside view of a building intersected by a vertical plane from front to back.
crows foot	A forked joggle.
miter	The splicing of two Cast Stone profiles at an angle
merlon	The high segment of the alternating high and low segments of a battlement
mascaron	An architectural ornament representing a face or head
rondeau	A medieval French multi-verse polyphonic song
footings	bottom part of wall
accidie	term used in ascetical literature for spiritual sloth, boredom, and discouragement.
aquebajulus	a holy-water clerk.
casein	a light-colored, protein-based substance derived from milk, used in the making of paint, adhesives, etc.
pin knot	A knot smaller that one-half inch in diameter.
photoetching	A printmaking technique in which a light-sensitive metal plate is exposed to photographic film under ultraviolet light.
regulus of cobalt	Pure Cobalt was regulus of cobalt (CoAsS)
gallery	An upper story over the aisle which opens onto the nave or choir
gargoyle	Roof mounted spout directing rainwater away from the wall - usually found in Gothic architecture.
random match	A way to join veneer where no particular attention is paid to the color or grain of the material or the pattern in which it meets
euripus	An elongated pool, in Roman contexts often decorated with bridges, sculptures and fountains.
cable moulding	Moulding imitating twisted cord.
vertical	The direction going straight up and down; the opposite of (or perpendicular to) horizontal
crypt	An enclosure for a casket in a mausoleum or in an area entirely or partly underground; from the Latin word meaning “hidden.” In Europe the word refers primarily to burial places in or under churches.
rough back	The crudely cut back of the stone which is built into the thickness of the wall.
proprietary specification	Names the products and materials by manufacturer's name, model number, or part number.
altar	A stone or wooden table for the celebration of the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist
transepts	transverse portions, north and south, of a cross-shaped church.
clavichord	A stringed keyboard instrument in common use during the Renaissance and baroque periods
arch-brace	curved timbers inserted to strengthen other members in a roof.
tempo	The speed at which a piece of music moves.
venting	A natural hairline crack in the stone.
euphony	Pleasing or sweet sound
campanile	Italian name for a bell tower, usually one that is detached from the main building.
inscribed edition	A book that, in addition to the author's signature, also has a note personally written by the author to a particular person
deed of gift	A contract that transfers ownership of an object or objects from a donor to an institution
texture	In stone, texture is the characteristics of a rock given by the size and shape of its grains.
iconometer	An instrument with which to measure the size of or distance to an object by measuring its image (or icon)
tandem locks	Usually used in casement applications, where multiple locks are operated simultaneously from a single lever.
iron age	in Britain from c.600 BC to Roman period
cartouche	A decorated panel, often curvilinear in form, much like a frame.
scene	A subsection of an act in a play or opera.
venetian school	school of art which used warm tones and vivid color to emphasize images.
art nouveau	A period and/or style of decoration which first appeared in England in the 1880's and spread throughout Europe, particularly Belgium, France and Germany, in the early 1890s
pent roof	A narrow shed style roof placed above the first floor of a building to protect the doors, windows and lower walls, often covering all four sides of the building.
architrave	An Architrave is a horizontal beam that lies across the top of two vertical columns
cast iron	A type of iron, mass-produced in the nineteenth century, created by pouring molten iron into a mold; used for ornament, garden furniture, and building parts.
dowel	In woodworking, a cylindrical rod that fits into holes in two adjacent pieces to line them up and hold them together.
sepia	Warm, reddish-brown pigment produced from octopus or cuttlefish ink, used in watercolor and drawing ink
camelback	A shotgun type house with a two room, two story section at the rear above the back two rooms; associated primarily with New Orleans but occasionally found in Other areas.
chroma	see intensity.
hillfort	Bronze or iron age earthwork defenses of concentric ditches and banks.
décolleté	A low-neckline bodice of a blouse or dress
memento mori	Latin for "remember thy death" used to describe a skull (as a symbol for death) in a work of art
tie-beam	The main horizontal beam in a roof, connecting the bases of the rafters, usually just above a wall.
scintillating	brilliantly clever, stimulating, or witty
apse	semicircular or polygonal terminal of the chancel at its eastern end, terminating the chancel.
stall	Stalls are divisions within the choir, where clergy sits or stands during service
concerto grosso	A multimovement work for instruments in which a solo group called the concertino and a full ensemble called the ripieno are pitted against each other.
imitation	The repetition of a melodic phrase played by one part in another part.
crosshatching	a pattern of superimposed parallel lines (hatching
panel-tracery	see Tracery.
arch	a curved architectural member, generally consisting of wedge-shaped blocks (voussoirs
aleatory	Music in which some aspect is decided by performers or someone else other than the composer, guaranteeing that every performance of the work will be different from any other performance
edition	An edition of a print includes all the impressions published at the same time or as part of the same publishing event
tunica albuginea	The tough fibrous covering of the testicles or the dense, white fibrous tissue of the eye.
romanticize	to glamorize or portray in a romantic, as opposed to a realistic, manner.
monochromatic	having a color scheme based on shades of black and white, or on values
vignette	A display of furniture and furnishings in a store or showroom that is done to simulate an actual room.
glaze	(a) in oil painting,
die	The primary body portion of any monument whether large or small
agora	An open square or space used for public meetings or business in ancient Greek cities.
f皻e galante	a type of landscape painting made popular by Watteau that depicts outdoor gatherings (f皻es) of men and women, dressed in fashionable contemporary clothes and engaging in dance, flirtation, conversation, or music-making; the setting may involve architectural ruins.
movement	Independent section of a longer composition.
prevarication	To deviate from the truth.
salon des indépendants	An annual art exhibition held in Paris by the Société des Artistes Indépendents —
cloche	A tigh- fitting hat worn pulled down low onto the forehead; reached its greatest popularity during the 1920s.
elevation	Any one of the external faces of a building.
exedra	A semicircular or rectangular extension of a building forming internally a recess.
adyton	A separately defined space inside a temple, usually behind or at the back of the cella.
presto	A very fast tempo.
lunette	A crescent-shaped or semicircular area or opening on a wall surface.
web	in Gothic architecture, the portion of a ribbed vault between the ribs.
batrachomyomachia	The Battle of Frogs and Mice, a comic epic or parody on the Iliad.The word by itself means "a silly altercation."
pseudo-dipteral	Term used for temple where engaged columns around the cella give the false impression of a second, inner row of columns.
lining out	A way of leading Protestant hymn singing by having a leader, often the minister, sing or speak a line, which is then repeated by the congregation.
syllabification	The act, process, or method of forming or dividing words into syllables
load-bearing construction	a system of construction in which solid forms are superimposed on one another to form a tapering structure.
glazing	The glass or plastic panes in a window, door, or skylight.
public right-of-way	An area dedicated to the public for the passage of people or goods.
old master	Traditionally, a distinguished maker of pictures or sculptures who was active before 1700 — during the Renaissance, Mannerist and Baroque periods, especially Italian, Dutch and Flemish artists
sealant	A compressible plastic material used to seal any opening or junction of two parts, such as between the glass and a metal sash, commonly made of silicone, butyl tape, or polysulfide.
meerschaum	A tobacco pipe
arena	the central area in a Roman amphitheater
antiphon	a sentence, or versicle, from Scripture, sung as an introduction to a psalm or canticle.
azrael	The "Angel of Death" in Moslem and Jewish legend.Azrael is also the name of Gargamel's cat in the 1981 animated series, "The Smurfs".
jamb	A vertical member at the side of a window frame, or the horizontal member at the top of the window frame, as in head jamb.
cabinet	Small enclosed area at one or both ends of the rear gallery of a Creole house
crenel or crenelle	the space between merlons on a battlemented wall, also known as an embrasure
plinth	A base, usually projecting, upon which a pedestal, wall or column rests.
tertullian	Tertullian is a controversial figure in the history of Christianity
saturation	see intensity.
un peu	A little
cromlech	a prehistoric monument consisting of a circle of monoliths.
halo	a circle or disk of golden light surrounding the head of a holy figure.
ridge	Two sloping roofs join to create a ridge.
elevation	vertical stages by which the architecture of a wall is erected.
casemates	Artillery emplacements in separate protected (vaulted underground) rooms, rather than in a battery
alb	a full-length white linen garment, with sleeves and girdle, worn by the celebrant at mass under a chasuble.
baptistery	A building used for baptism in the Christian church
lamentation	See Pietà.
keystone	The central wedge-shaped voussoir (stone segment) located at the apex of an in arch or vault.
reveal	The side of an opening for a door or window between the frame and the outer surface of a wall, showing the wall's thickness.
baldacchino	A canopy usually constructed over important church furnishings or monuments such as altars, tombs and thrones to highlight or accentuate the object
design qualities	In art criticism, how well an artwork is ordered or put together.
egg and dart	A repetative decorative motif often used in classical antiquity and copied in the Middle Ages
ratio	The relationship between two or more similar things in size, number, or degree
dado	The lower portion of the wall of a room, decorated differently from the upper section, as with panels.
eyebrow dormer	A curved dormer with no sides, covered by a smooth protrusion from the sloping roof.
longitudinal barrel vault	a barrel (or tunnel) vault which follows the main longitudinal direction of the nave
perpendicular	A style of English Gothic architecture current between c
mounting	Preparing a painting or other image for display by affixing the image to a backdrop, such as a matte board, or by placing it within a wooden frame, as is done with oil paintings.
aqua regia	Aqua Regia is a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid
raster image	See bit-mapped image.
crotchet	A highly individual and usually eccentric opinion or preference
baldacchino	a canopy or canopylike structure above an altar
exonumia	Numismatic items such as medals, tokens, and other non-monetary coin-like objects; the study and/or collection of these objects
cemetery	Any area set aside for the burial of the dead; also stems from the Latin meaning of “sleeping place.”
chord progression	A particularly distinctive series of harmonies, or chords.
debubblizer	A chemical brushed on wax models to prevent bubbles from forming during casting.
tambourine	A single-headed drum with metal discs loosely set in the frame
broadsheet	An unfolded sheet of paper printed on one side only
tranquillo	Quiet
ppgs	Planning Policy Guidance Notes published by the Government.
saltire	Diagonal, equal-limbed cross
sable	An animal whose hair is used for making fine soft brushes.
opus	"Work." The term is usually followed by a number that identifies the particular work in the catalogue of music by a composer.
dado	A rectangular slot or groove (with 3 surfaces) cut across the grain of a wood member, into which another board is fitted
parchment	a paperlike material made from bleached and stretched animal hides, used in the Middle Ages for manuscripts.
glazing	The glass or plastic panes in a window, door or skylight.
baton	Conductor's stick.
impost band	A moulding that links the imposts of openings.
procuration	a customary payment extracted from incumbents in lieu of their obligation to entertain a visiting bishop, archdeacon, or other high ecclesiastic.
cost plus percentage mark-up	A design fee method that allows the design firm to add a specific percentage to the net cost of the merchandise being purchased by the client.
print matrix	an image-bearing surface to which ink is applied before a print is taken from it.
sand	Small, hard particles of sedimentary minerals
scriptorium	the room (or rooms) in a monastery in which manuscripts were produced.
crockets	an ornamental device, usually in the form of a cusp or curling leaf placed along the outer angles of pinnacles and gables
ambrotype	A photographic process popular from 1850 to the mid-1860s that consisted of one-of-a-kind glass negatives made positive by coating the backs with black lacquer.
lamassu	in Assyrian art, figures of bulls or lions with wings and human heads.
mezzotint	a method of engraving
concentric	Having two sets of walls, one inside the other.
suspension ring	A ring, usually of bronze, pinned to a garment with a fibula
ruminating	To go over in the mind repeatedly and often casually or slowly
sallied	Leaped, burst forth.
core shadow	A core shadow, sometimes called body shadow or mass shadow, is the area of an illuminated object that is fully turned away from the light source, on which light is cast from a single direction
rusticate	to give a rustic appearance to masonry blocks by roughening their surface and beveling their edges so that the joints are indented.
antechamber	Hall, lobby, reception room.
cymbals	Circular metal plates that can be hit together or can be suspended and hit with a beater
niche	a hollow or recess in a wall or other architectural element, often containing a statue; a blind niche
wan	Dim, faint, pallid, suggesting poor health.
dressing	Carved stonework around openings.
fête galante	An elegant and graceful outdoor celebration, such as those seen in the picnics and flirtatious games often represented in the works of Antoine Watteau (French, 1684-1721) and other Rococo painters of French aristocratic life.
springald	War engine of the catapult type, employing tension
west end	The structural elements built on the west end of a Christian church including the main fa溝de
iridized glass	Flat or blown glass sprayed with a vapor deposit of metal oxides for an iridescent finish
dissimulation	Hiding under a false appearance.
joist	One of the series of parallel beams used to support floor and ceiling loads.
covered way	protected communication all round the works of a fortress on the outer edge of a ditch, covered by earthworks from enemy fire
atempo	Return to the original tempo
gargoyle	A grotesquely carved figure that serves as a spout to carry water from a gutter away from the building.
spandrel	triangular surface area between the apexes of two arches.
baroque	A period in western architecture from ca
chaitya arch	a splayed, horsehoe-shaped curve derived from the profile of a barrel-vaulted chaitya hall;
neustadt	settlement type
exedra	an open or colonnaded recess, intended for conversation, often semi-circular, and furnished with seats or a long bench.
avarice	Greediness, excessive or insatiable desire for wealth or gain.
shading coefficient	TThe ratio of the rate of solar heat gain through a specific IG Unit, to the rate of solar heat gain through a single piece of 1/8" clear glass in the same situation
enceinte	The enclosure or fortified area of a castle
rheum	A watery discharge from the mucous membranes especially of the eyes or nose.
imbrication	An overlapping, as of tiles, shingles, feathers or scales for instance
half shaft	Roll-moulding on either side of opening.
tone cluster	A chord produced by playing a large group of adjacent notes on the piano with the flat of the hand
measured rhythm	Regulated rhythm in which precise time values are related to each other.
apocalypse	(a) a name for the last book of the New Testament, generally known as the Revelation of Saint John the Divine; (b) a prophetic revelation.
bargeboard	Strips of wood, often highly ornamented, that are placed along the sloping edge of a gable
meurtriere	An opening in the roof of a passage where soldiers could shoot into the room below
rubble	Walling made of random pieces of stone.
purlin	In timber roof construction, a secondary horizontal component parallel to the ridge and supported at each end by a rafter.
corrugated metal	Sheet metal that has been formed into parallel ridges to provide additional strength, usually made of aluminum or galvanized steel
aedicule	(a) a small building used as a shrine; (b) a niche
apostate	term used to describe a person who leaves religious orders after making solemn profession
nicholas klimm	Baron Ludwig Holberg (1684-1754) wrote a story about a voyage to the land of death and back.
corinthian	One of the classical Orders of architecture named after its supposed place of invention, Corinth in mainland Greece
sinfonia	A short instrumental introduction to a baroque choral work.
celadon	French name for a green, gray-green, blue-green, or gray glaze produced with a small percentage of iron as the colorant.
extrusive rock	The cooling of magma on the earth's surface creates an igneous rock.
cascade	a fall of water arranged in a succession of stages, either informally over a rock formation or more formally over a series of steps; a rustic arch often projects above the cascade, especially if the water emerges from a hillside.
gilding	A thin layer of precious metal, usually gold, that is applied to wood, stone, or plaster sculpture or furniture
ballett	A simplified version of a madrigal.
campanile	The Italian word bor a bell tower, often borrowed into English usage.
fanlight	A window, often semicircular, with radiating glazing bars suggesting a fan that is placed over a door.
chancel	The part of a church in which the main altar is placed; often expressed on the outside of the building in the form of an apse.
sodden	Dull or expressionless especially from continued indulgence in alcoholic beverages.
retable	A retable is a ledge on the wall behind, or a ledge attached to, the high altar, and used for the placement of ornaments.
canon tables	A table of concordance for two or more parallel texts of the Gospels, usually the one compiled by Eusebius of Caesarea in the fourth century.
cotopaxi	A volcano in Ecuador, at 5,897 meters (19,347 feet), the second highest in the country, and one of the highest active volcanoes in the world
mansard	A roof having a double slope on all four sides, the lower slope being much steeper
flying buttress	arch carrying the thrust of a roof from the upper part of a wall to a free-standing support.
dilapidations	payments due on the vacating of a benefice to make good any damage sustained by Church property during the previous incumbency.
counterguard	A long, near-triangular freestanding fortification within the moat
sullivan's island	Sullivan's Island is located at 32°45'48" North, 79°50'16" West (32.763456, -79.837911)Edgar Allen Poe was stationed there in Fort Moultrie from 1827 to 1828
impasto	the thick application of paint, usually oil or acrylic, to a canvas or panel.
prima donna	Italian for "first lady." the female star of an opera
efflorescence	Visually observable signs of saline discharge onto a portion of a masonry wall.
parting strip	The small member, usually wood and usually removable, that separates the upper and lower sash pockets in the jamb of a double-hung window.
illustration board	A bristol board made with a close weave
mullion	The vertical element that separates the lancets of a window; Vertical division of windows.
kouros	Greek, young man
voltaire	François-Marie Arouet (1694–1778), better known by the pen name Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, deist and philosopher
obelisk	a tall, four-sided stone, usually monolithic, that tapers toward the top and is capped by a pyramidion.
pyx	a vessel, usually a box, for holding the consecrated bread (the reserved Host).
impasto	A thick or lumpy application of paint, or deep brush marks (brushstrokes), as distinguished from a flat, smooth paint surface
abutment	Masonry mass designed to support and receive the thrust of arches, vaults, or trusses
full-size detail	A full size sketch of a monument or part of a monument, showing it exactly as it is to appear when finished.
dies irae	"Day of wrath." A chant melody from the Middle Ages that represents death in music.
cross section	a diagram showing a building cut by a vertical plane,
vituperate	Berate, scold, to use harsh condemnatory language.
cresting	Roof cresting is a lacy decorative fencing made of wrought iron, rimming the edge or peak of a roof, often seen in Second Empire (Mansard) style buildings.
clocher	A belltower on a church (from the French cloche, or bell).
damascening	The intricate technique of inlaying gold and silver into an iron or darkly oxidized steel background, most notably in Spanish-made weapons
calvary	A shrine, carved in wood or stone, placed in a church or at a roadside — often at a crossroads — representing Christ upon the Cross of Crucifiction, or sometimes just the empty Cross of Crucifiction.
baritone	A male voice or a musical instrument with a range below the tenor and above the bass.
lares and penates	(a) in ancient Rome, the tutelary gods of the household; (b) figuratively, one's most valued household possessions.
taffrail	The railing around a ship's stern.
villae mercatoriae	settlement type
humanism	philosophy which states that humans are the utmost important thing, even above god.
muntin grilles	Wood, plastic, or metal grilles.
coffer	Square or polygonal indentation for decorative purposes or to lighten the load on a ceiling.
cyma reversa	A cyma moulding having an upper convex curve and a lower concave curve.
mortar	A blend of cement, lime, sand, and water which is applied at a pliable consistency to bond masonry units.
mask head	A carved animal head used in decorative schemes sometimes in conjunction with interlace or foliage motifs.
radiating chapels	series of chapels projecting radially from an ambulatory or apse.
baclony	A balustraded platform with access from an upper floor level.
opaque	Something that cannot be seen through; the opposite of transparent, although something through which some light passes would be described as translucent.
abbot's lodging	Rooms set aside for use by the abbot.
base	The architectural element on which a column or pier rests
awning	A metal frame clad with fabric attached over a window, door, porch opening or storefront to provide protection from the weather.
miniature	Small musical piece
float glass	Smooth glass formed on the top of molten tin surface; a flat glass sheet.
introit	verses of Scripture, often from the psalms, sung at the beginning of the mass, varying according to the day of the year.
knickerbockers	Loose, full breeches that are gathered below the knee and fastened by a button or buckle
revel	A wild party or celebration.
pianoforte	An eighteenth- or early-nineteenth-century piano.
mouldings	A variety of decortive strips
terra	In painting, earth from which pigment can be made, as in terra vert.
chiromancy	The art of Palm Reading.
impasto	A painting technique where the material is applied in thick layers to wooden panels or canvas to create a textured effect.
steyned	Lined (like in a well)
sapwood	See heartwood.
antiphoner	a choir-book containing the liturgical chants used in singing the canonical hours.
opisthodomos	a back chamber, especially the part of the naos
parados	low wall in inner side of main wall, edging the
parallel	Two or more straight lines or edges on the same plane that do not intersect
casing	(Trim) Exposed molding or framing around a window or door, on either the inside or outside, to cover the space between the window frame or jamb and the wall.
glitter rock	A theatrical style of 1970s rock music that stressed glamorous outfits and androgynous dress by male performers.
meurtriere	Arrow loop, slit in battlement or wall to permit firing of arrows or for observation; An opening in the roof of a passage where soldiers could shoot into the room below.
came	A slender rod of cast lead, with or without grooves, used in casements and stained-glass windows to hold the panes or pieces of glass together.
regular clergy	clergy who are monks, living under a monastic Rule (regula), as opposed to secular clergy who live in the world and do not belong to a religious order.
cloister	Enclosed spaces composed of a garth (garden) and surrounding walkways, which are generally arcaded on the courtyard side (facing the garden) and walled on the other; usually found in Christian religious building complexes such as monasteries and used for contemplative purposes.
canvas scraper	A tool used to scrape oil or acrylic paint from a canvas
sanctuary	The part of a Christian church around the altar
gigue	A Renaissance and baroque dance with a fast tempo and, usually, a sextuple meter.
putto	A very young nude boy, sometimes with wings, often seen cavorting in renaissance style works
engraving	(a) the process of incising an image on a hard material, such as wood, stone, or a copper plate;
sun screen	See Shade Screen.
spina	the divider down the middle of a circus, finished with metae at either end
walk-through	A final inspection of the job to be sure that everything ordered is present, and that any omissions or damaged goods are noted.
garderobe	latrine; privy, normally set over a stone shaft or drain
tympanum	a lunette
fugato	A small fugue, a section in a piece written in the form of a fugue
cove	A concave molding
pagoda	a multistoried Buddhist reliquary
joist	Wall-to-wall timber beams to support floor boards
quieto	quietly
embattled	to have battlements
provenience	origin, derivation; the act of coming from a particular source.
scribe piece	Is an oversized piece of plastic laminate or wood that can be trimmed in the field to follow any minor irregularities of the wall.
string course	a horizontal band in a wall, usually raised and often moulded.
casting	a process in which liquefied material, usually metal, is formed by being poured into a mold; the mold is removed when the material has solidified, leaving a cast object in the shape of the mold.
altar screen	See: Reredos .
representational	representing natural objects in recognizable form.
through-composed form	A term applied to songs in which new music is used for each successive verse.
jerkinhead roof	a ridge roof with gable ends, in which the ends are slice off to give the appearance of a fold or turndown.
jamb	Side posts of arch, door, or window.
rake	The sloped edge of a roof over a wall.
journeyman	Itinerant stonemason.
stylobate	The substructure of a colonnaded structure, often in the form of a flight of steps.
interaxial or intercolumniation	The distance between the center of the lowest drum of a column and the center of the next.
garba griha	The cella or inner sanctum of the Hindu temple.
operable window	Window that can be opened for ventilation.
frame	The stationary portion of a window unit that is affixed to the facade and holds the sash or other operable portions of the windows.
fresco	Painting on wet plaster wall.
gal.	Abbreviation for gallon.
gouache	A opaque watercolor paint, or work so produced
spindle whorl	A round weight, used to make the spindle revolve more readily and smoothly in spinning with a hand distaflf.
magma	Liquid or molten rock material, it is called lava when it reaches the earth's surface.
hydrated lime	Lime produced by adding just enough water to quick lime as to make it slake, but leave it crumbly in texture.
fete	A lavish often outdoor entertainment, a large elaborate party.
clerestory	a row of windows at high level lighting the ground or principal floor; very common in churches where they are positioned over the aisles.
nave	Principal hall of a church, extending from the narthex to the chancel.
transom	A window set in the top of a window or door.
digitizer	Part of the computer program that can read the details of the drawing to put the design into a readable form prior to sending to the plotter or the printer for review.
roman shades	Pull up with a cord into accordion folds.
baroque	An elaborately ornamented style which was popular in Europe from approximately 1600 to 1750
centering	the temporary wooden framework used in the construction of arches, vaults,
bay	a part of a building or other structure marked off by vertical elements; an opening or recess in a wall; an extension or a building
phrase	A portion of a melody that can sound complete or incomplete
diatonic	A course written in the key's notes only, with no deviation to other notes - the complete opposite of chromatic
improver	Status for about three years after completion of apprenticeship.
saltire	Diagonal, equal-limbed cross.
mullion	a vertical piece of stone or timber dividing a window into sections.
chevron	A zigzag molding most often found during the Romanesque period.
aedes	the place where a god resides; most aedes also were temple buildings, although some, such as the Temple of Vesta, were not.
altar tomb	A tomb resembling an altar.
appetency	Appetite, having a fixed and strong desire.
puncheon	A large cask of varying capacity.
sedimentary	Rocks formed by the transformation of existing rocks by gravity, atmosphere and living organisms.
lauds	the service of the divine office immediately following Matins
infirmarian	officer of a monastery in charge of the infirmary.
transverse arch	Supporting arch which runs across the vault from side to side, dividing the bays
medium	(a) the material with which an artist works (e.g., watercolor on paper); (b) the liquid substance in which pigment is suspended, such as oil or water.
stucco	A coating for exterior walls made from Portland cement, lime, sand, and water.
significant landscape improvement	Any landscape improvement which is a character-defining element in its historic district, contributing to the special aesthetic and historic character for which the district was designated, and including but not limited to those landscape improvements identified as landscape features in the designation report.
isthmia	A sanctuary located on the Isthmus of Corinth that was in operation from as early as 700 BCE
minium	Red paint used to define incised letters on Roman inscriptions
ticking	A strong cotton or linen fabric used for pillow cases and mattresses.
transept	The transept is the architectural feature that makes a church cruciform; it is nominally aligned north-south
buttress	A wall support usually of stone or brick placed at the sides of a building, commonly seen on some Gothic Revival style churches.
cross vault	A tunnel or barrel vault intersecting at right angles
adaptive reuse	The use of a historic building for a purpose other than that for which it was constructed. Adaptive reuse sometimes involves physical changes to the historic building, especially on the interior.
barbican	The gateway or outworks defending the drawbridge; An outwork or forward extension of a castle gateway.
fanciful	Fantastic.
welded window	A window that has the ends of the master frame parts heated to several hundred degrees and pressed together during cooling so as to fuse the parts into one continuous piece
depict	To make an image of, in two or more dimensions.
mansard roof	A roof that has a double slope, with the lower slope steeper and longer than the upper one; a gambrel roof
a capriccio	Tempo and expression as performer wishes
rough opening	The framed opening in a wall into which a window or door is to be installed.
daguerreotype	mid-nineteenth-century photographic process for fixing
brocade	A rich, silk fabric with raised patterns.
radiating chapels	chapels placed around the ambulatory (and sometimes the transepts) of a medieval church.
rear-arch	Arch on the inner side of a wall.
sapping	Undermining, as of a castle wall
seriation	a technique for determining a chronology by studying a particular type or style
spandrel	Triangular shaped infill contained by the side of an arched opening.
avator	An old spelling of "avatar", an incarnation in human form
bays	The number of bays refers to the width of a building by counting the number of opennings including both doors and windows. A house with a center door and a window on either side has 3 BAYS.
measures	Units of time organization consisting of a fixed number of beats
dissonance	Grating on the ear, discordance in the combination of sounds in a certain interval (opposite of consonance)
foreground	the area of a picture, usually at the bottom of the picture plane,
spring	Level at which the springers (voussoirs) of an arch rise from their supports.
ashlar	An accurately cut and squared stone block.
rubato	"Robbed." A term indicating that a performer may treat the tempo with a certain amount of freedom, shortening the duration of some beats and correspondingly lengthening others.
curtain wall	Light weight wall, non-load bearing and hung from a frame.
psalter	a copy of the Book of Psalms in the Old Testament, often illuminated.
chancel arch	The chancel arch separates the chancel from the nave or crossing
rustication	Masonry cut in large blocks separated by deep joints, used to give a bold, exaggerated look to the lower part of an exterior wall, or to frame a door or window
cusp	Curves meeting in a point.
dog-tooth moulding	An ornamental 13th century moulding, consisting of a series of pyramidal projections, the sides of which are carved out to create leaf shapes.
illuminated manuscript	See illumination and manuscript.
storm sash	(Storm Window) An extra window on the outside to protect an existing window, but mainly to increase the thermal resistance of the window.
perspective	the illusion of depth in a twodimensional work of art.
drum	A circular or polygonal wall which supports a dome or cupola.
abbozzo	In painting, blocking in — the first sketching done on the canvas, and also the first underpainting
gablet	small gable, often for decoration only.
filliping	Flicking, striking or tapping with a quick motion.
notching	A rectangular cut across the grain of the wood member at the end of the board (See Rabbet).
atonal	Lacking a recognizable tonal center or tonic.
scarp	Slope on inner side of ditch.
vignette	A picture where the image fades off gradually into the surrounding paper, a short descriptive literary sketch, a brief incident or scene.
quoins	Finished stone or brick used to visually reinforce the exterior corners of a building.
phylactery	A scroll or roll (made of parchment), usually shown unfurled, sometimes containing lettering signifying the Word of God.
ballata	A medieval polyphonic form of Italian song and poetry
carving	creating an image by removing material from an original material.
daho	In Japanese art tradition, a calligraphy technique, literally the "pressing method."
shell niche	A type of niche, the head of which is ornamented with a shell motif.
hellenes	The name the ancient Greeks called themselves as the people of Hellas.
truss	A roof system that distributes weight to the ceiling joist.
single strength glass	Glass with thickness between 0.085 to 0.100" (2.16 mm to 2.57 mm).
rooftop addition	A construction or an installation of mechanical equipment and/or occupiable space situated on any structure's roof.
ferrous	Composed of or containing iron
coiffeuse	A small table topped with a mirror intended as a make-up and hairdressing table.
bousillage	A form of plaster made of mud, clay and moss used in poteaux-en-terre construction in French Colonial architecture, particularly in Louisiana.
stupa	in Buddhist architecture, a dome-shaped or rounded structure made of brick, earth, or stone, containing the relic of a Buddha or other honored individual.
quincunx	an arrangement of five objects, usually trees, with one at each corner of a rectangle and one at the center; this basic structural unit is often multiplied to create a larger pattern, and plantations of trees in this pattern may be identified by the same term.
relief	(a) a mode of sculpture in which an image is developed outward (high or low relief) or inward (sunken relief) from a basic plane; (b) a printmaking process in which the areas not to be printed are carved away, leaving the desired image projecting from the plate.
glazing rabbet	See Rabbet.
caponier	covered passage within a ditch
dint	By force of; because of
storefront	The first story area of the facade that provides access or natural illumination into a space used for retail or other commercial purposes.
doffed	To remove an article of clothing from the body
pesante	Heavy
reredos	a screen, usually carved and painted, behind and above the altar.
idealization	The representation of things according to a preconception of ideal form or type; a kind of aesthetic distortion to produce idealized forms
carving	The process of shaping stone to the desired effect; includes sandblast, sculptural, shape, line and hand carving.
screens	Wooden partition at the kitchen end of a hall, protectting a passage leading to the buttery, pantry and kitchen
procrustean	Marked by arbitrary often ruthless disregard of individual differences or special circumstances.
barium	An inert white mineral used to extend colors and as a base for dyes
archaic smile	The smile that appears on all Archaic Greek statues from about 570 to 480 BCE
baroque	a style associated with late Classical architecture, that evolved during the C17 and C18 and is characterised by exuberant decoration overlaid on classical architectural details.
mausoleum	Structure for a tomb.
trim	The framing or edging of openings and other features on the facade of a building or indoors
unison	Two notes that are the same pitch, or two or more instruments or voices producing the same pitches at the same time.
mullion	Vertical division of windows
nitre	Also spelled "niter"
cupola	A dome-shaped ornamental structure located on top of a larger roof or dome, often used as a lookout or to admit light and remove stale air.
cuneus	In ancient Greek and Roman theaters and amphitheaters, the wedge-shaped section of stone benches separated by stairs.
printing date	The date when a book was printed
louvre	opening in roof to allow smoke to escape from central hearth
ka	In ancient Egypt, immortal human substance; the concept approximates the Western idea of the spirit or soul
variegated	Marked with patches, spots, or streaks of different colors
truss	A rigid framework of structural members (as beams, bars, or rods) arranged in a triangle or combinations of triangles designed to support a load, such as a roof, over a wide space.
implied	Something that is suggested or inferred, rather than directly apparent.
traverse rib	See rib vault
peel	A small tower; typically, a fortified house on the border
wattle	A mat of woven (willow) sticks and weeds; used in wall and dike construction
head	The top or upper member of any element or structure; in windows, it refers to the top of the frame, as in Round Head Window
lento	A slow tempo.
wore motley	To wear the costume of a "motley fool" or a court jester
natural convection	A heat transfer process involving motion in a fluid (such as air) caused by difference in density of the fluid and the action of gravity
trumeau	Vertical architectural member between the leaves of a doorway
sound knot	A knot that is solid across its face, and remains intact.
transom	A horizontal bar of stone or wood that separates a window from a window below it or a fanlight from a door opening.
dead-ground	Close to the wall, where the defenders can't shoot.
sash stop	A molding that covers the joint between window sash and the jamb.
lekythos	an ancient Greek vessel with a long, narrow neck, used primarily for pouring oil.
pietà	an image of the Virgin Mary holding and mourning over the dead Christ.
postern	A small private entrance to a church.
roman town	settlement type
ra	Acronym for the Resettlement Administration, an agency of the U.S
wove paper	The commonly seen gridded, patterned texture produced by paper pulp pressing against wires on the mold screen as the paper is made
ashlar	Flat units square or rectangle in size, bonded and laid in mortar.
finial	a small decorative element at the top of an architectural member such as a gable
obelisk	a tall, four-sided stone, usually monolithic,
riser	The vertical board that spans that space between the stairs treads.
casement	A window sash that is hinged on the side.
modeling	(a) in two-dimensional art, the use of value
coade stone	An artificial, highly durable, stone-like material, capable of being molded into various shapes
espressivo	With expression
seamless flooring	A mixture of a resinous matrix, fillers, and decorative materials applied in a liquid or vicious form that cures to a hard, seamless surface.
woodcut	a relief printmaking process in which an image is carved on the surface of a wooden block by cutting away those parts that are not to be printed.
counterpoise	see contrapposto
state	one of the successive printed stages of a print, distinguished from other stages by the greater or lesser amount of work carried out on the image.
contrapposto	a stance of the human body in which one leg bears the weight, while the other is relaxed, creating an asymmetry in the hip-shoulder axis.
quoins	Large, prominent masonry units outlining windows, doorways, segments, and corners of buildings.
doggerel	Loosely styled and irregular in measure especially for burlesque or comic effect
still life	a picture consisting principally of inanimate objects such as fruit, flowers, or pottery.
firebox	The box or chamber containing the fire of a furnace or fireplace.
dead-ground	Close to the wall, where the defenders can't shoot; indefensible ground
astragal	A beaded molding used for edging or decoration.
effort	Mental or physical energy used to achieve a purpose; self-discipline
jamb	The vertical side surface masonry of a door, window or portal entranceway; often an ideal location for the setting of statuary.
mitre	Liturgical headdresses worn by bishops and abbots usually designed in a triangular format and often decorated with gold or silver embroidery or other ornamentation.
glare	A strong or annoying and unwanted light, such as reflected from glass covering a picture
offset printing	The printing process in which an inked image on a metal or paper plate is transferred to a smooth rubber cylinder and then to the paper.
ogee	arch with a steep projection at the apex.
facing	A covering applied to the outer surface of a building.
calendering	In papermaking, the process of pressing paper in order to give it a smooth surface, running it between rollers under strong pressure
domiciliary	Provided or taking place in the home
buttress	projecting mass of masonry, giving additional support to a wall.
oratorio	An extended choral work made up of recitatives, arias, and choruses, without costuming, stage action, or scenery.
beam-ends	Fallen over
podii	a low wall serving as a foundation
protestantism	Religions that "protested" against the Church of Rome (later called the Roman Catholic Church) during the Renaissance and broke away from it in what was called the Reformation.
oblique	Having a slanting or sloping position or direction; inclined, diagonal
blind opening	A term applied to windows, arches, balustrades etc that are applied to a wall for decorative purposes but are blocked with recessed stone, brick etc.
secular	Nonreligious
pycnostyle	Term used by Vitruvius to describe a row of columns where the intercolumniations (spaces between the columns) equal one and one half lower diameter of a column.
bongos	A pair of attached small drums that produce indefinite pitches.
plinth	the base of a column or wall.
provincial	or "provincial minister"; the superior in charge of a province of the Friars Minor; in the case of the Dominicans.
studium generale	a term of art, which appeared in the 13th century, denoting a school of universal status, used especially of universities
trio	Chamber music for three players.
oboe	A high-sounding woodwind instrument that uses a mouthpiece with a double reed.
lozenge	Diamond shape.
karma	In Buddhist and Hindu belief, the ethical consequences of a person's life, which determine his or her fate.
gainsayed	contradicted, opposed, declared to be untrue or invalid.
addition	New construction added to an existing building or structure.
samsara	In Hindu belief, the rebirth of the soul into a succession of lives.
cacophony	Grating, unpleasant music
manuscript	A handwritten book (codex) of either of ecclesiastical or secular subject matter developed during the Early Christian period and remaining typical of the period before the invention of the printing press.
sagacious	Having or showing keen discernment, sound judgment, and farsightedness
naive art	art created by artists with no formal training.
great tower	main tower of a castle, often containing a hall, private chambers and storerooms; also known as a keep or donjon
spacer	a small peg or ball used to separate metal, pottery, or glass objects from other objects during processes such as casting, firing,
col arco	Play with the bow - indicating the violinist to go back to playing with the bow after pizzicato (plucking)
fillet	Continuous raised lug at the top back edge of a window sill
besotted	Very drunk
planned town	settlement type
composition	A material used from the 1920s to the 1950s to make dolls, consisting of malleable wood pulp and paste, or rags that had been boiled and formed.
spacer	a small peg or ball used to separate metal, pottery, or glass objects from other objects during processes such as casting, firing, and mold-blowing.
quicklime	Lime, burnt lime, caustic lime
glazing	The material, usually glass, that fills spaces between sash members (rails, stiles and muntins), commonly referred to as panes or lights.
warming house	A communal room in the monastery where a fire was allowed.
entasis	the slight bulging of a Doric column,
board-and-batten	A wooden siding treatment in which wide, vertically oriented boards are separated by narrower strips of wood called "battens," which form the joints between the boards
blued	A term that describes the deepened color given to a monument by an abrasive used in sandblasting.
memoria	See: Confessio.
art	The Greek term for Art (τέχνη) and its Latin equivalent (ars) do not specifically denote the "fine arts" in the modern sense, but were applied to all kinds of human activities which we would call crafts or sciences
mendez ferdinando	Fernão Mendes Pinto was a Portuguese explorer and writer born in 1509
transom bar	A horizontal element that subdivides an opening, usually between a door and window.
spolvero	Transfer technique in which a design on transparent paper is perforated with a needle or pounce wheel, then pounced with crushed charcoal or chalk, leaving a dotted outline on the surface to be painted
quoins	The dressed stones at the corners of buildings, usually laid so their faces are alternately large and small
dressings	The stone or brick parts of a building which are distinct from plain walling; copings, jambs, sills, etc.
patera	A flat round decoration like a shield, or rosette, in bas-relief; the ornament often used in coffers.
bleed	Color penetrates through another coat of paint.
enceinte	a fortified enclosure
dome	A dome is a structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere
minnesingers	Medieval German poet-singers.
early english	The Early English style of church architecture is the first stage (13th century) of the development of English Gothic architecture, following the Norman and Romanesque styles and predating the Perpendicular style; it is characterized by narrow pointed windows and pointed arches
parallelogram	A four-sided polygon, all opposite sides being parallel to each other
justified type	In typography, words spaced so that the lines align both on the left and on the right.
caementa	irregular chunks of stone or terracotta used as a aggregate in Roman concrete; by mixing caementa of different weights, domes (such as the Pantheon) could be constructed with heavy bases and lighter crowns).
e-plan tower house	tower house with a main block and at least two wings at right angles, dating from the 16th and 17th centuries
fanlight	A semi-circular (fan shaped) window placed atop a door, commonly seen in Federal and Colonial Revival style buildings.
nylon	The first commercially viable synthetic polymer, developed by DuPont in 1935
reredos	A highly carved and painted wall or screen positioned behind an altar; sometimes called an altarpiece
hardwood	Woods that come from broad-leaved trees such as oak, cherry, maple, or mahogany, often used in furniture making
scarp	Slope on inner side of ditch (side of the moat farthest from the besiegers)
treillage	Ornamental trellis or latticework used to support climbing plants
intercolumniation	The distance between columns relative to their own dimensions.
mosaic	The process of creating a design or picture with small pieces of glass, stone, terra cotta, etc.
chalk	A fine-grained limestone, or soft, earthy form of calcium carbonate, that can be used as a building material.
chilmark	Pale coloured limestone.
backbeat	The accentuation of beats two and four; usually found in the genres of rhythm and blues
depressed arch	A flattened arch, slightly pointed on top
stock	Any piece of rough, quarried stone from which a marker or monument is made; also the inventory of monuments held by a memorialist.
gate	A critical spot in any defensive system
processional	an office-book, giving the text of the hymns, psalms, and litanies used in ecclesiastical processions.
shin	move quickly
cupola	A cupola is a decorative, small, projecting tower at the top of the roof of a building, often square, round or ocatagonal in shape.
gun-loop or gun-port	opening in a wall for a gun
cubic capital	A very simple cube-like capital with bottom corners tapered
program	the arrangement of a series of images into a coherent whole.
halo	A nimbus
splay	A chamfer, usually on the jamb of a window.
gothic style	the arc, type of European architecture that developed in the Middle Ages, characterized by flying buttresses, ribbed vaulting, thin walls, and high roofs
tons burthen	The cargo capacity of the ship.
organza	A thin, transparent silk or nylon fabric.
counter-dance	An English dance (also transferred to France and Germany), in which couples would dance one facing the other
cne	A Certificate of No Effect as defined by section 25-306 of the New York City Administrative Code.
tonic key	The keynote
revetment	retaining wall
mezzotint	An intaglio printing process that produces areas of tone rather than clean lines.
sarcophagus	Coffin, particularly ones from ancient Egypt.
greek cross	a cross in which all four arms are of equal length.
ground bass	A bass line that constantly repeats a short melody.
edition	a batch of prints made from a single plate or print form.
monochromatic	having a color scheme based on shades of black and white, or on values of a single hue.
subject	In a fugue, the principal theme, introduced first in a single voice and then imitated in other voices, returning frequently during the course of the composition.
junto	a clique that seeks power through intrigue
piscina	Hand basin with drain, usually set against or into a wall
bargeboard	Board or other decorative woodwork fixed to the edges or projecting rafters of a gabled roof
bracket	Any projection from the face of a wall whose purpose is to support a structure or object.
latin cross	A cross in which the vertical member is longer than the horizontal member.
reinforced concrete	Concrete containing steel rods or metal netting to increase its tensile strength.
carving block	A squared off block left until last (when a piece of stone is being dressed) to accommodate a piece of carving to be added later
symmetry	the aesthetic balance that is achieved when parts of an object are arranged about a real or imaginary central line, or axis, so that the parts on one side correspond in some respect (shape, size, color) with those on the other.
eros	Greek god of love, where the word "erotic" comes from
placebo et dirige	the first words of the opening antiphons of Vespers and Matins respectively in the Office of the Dead; hence, in medieval usage a term denoting the entire Office of the Dead.
qt.	Abbreviation for quart.
quadriga	a four-horse chariot; a quadriga was at the apex of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
sacristy	Room close to an altar where sacred vessels and vestments were kept.
intersecting tracery	In windows where mullions split in Y shapes to form smaller arches
votive altar	An altar at the shrine of a saint, at which offerings are left as prayers or thanks for intercession
octave	An interval between two pitches in which the higher pitch vibrates at twice the frequency of the lower
relief print	A print whose image is printed from a design raised on the surface of a block
piano	A soft dynamic level.
creasing	þ-shaped mark on a wall, marking the pitch of a former roof.
louis heel	First named in the reign of the French King Louis XIV
cello	A large and fairly low-sounding member of the family of bowed string instruments
continuo	A bass line, usually in Baroque music, written to a keyboard instrument in an ensemble where the keyboard player creates chords above a given bass note by interpreting the numbers written under the slave
reveal	The side of an opening (as for a window) between a frame and the outer surface of a wall.
bas-relief	see low relief.
density	the number of habitable rooms per hectare (hrph) in a residential development.
scruples	Mental reservation; an ethical consideration or principle that inhibits action.
quart	A unit of liquid measurement (in the US) equal to 2 pints, or 32 ounces
overall projection	The greatest distance from the outside of the window to the inner most part of a bay or bow.
clerestory	the upper part of the main outer wall of a building (especially a church), located above an adjoining roof and admitting light through a row of windows.
low-e	A special coating that can be applied to one side of the glass to help reduce heat transference
folk-rock	Folk singing accompanied by amplified instruments and drums as they are generally used in rock music.
food and drink outlet	A term that I use to describe a Pompeian building (or part thereof) that used its premises for the preparation, retail sale, and consumption of 'ready to eat' food and drink.
acolyte	a clerk in minor orders whose particular duty was the service of the altar.
wall plate	Horizontal roof-timber on wall-top.
fichu	A small scarf or shawl worn draped around the shoulders and fastened with a brooch at the breast
apparitor	a summoner; an officer of an ecclesiastical court whose duty it was to cite persons to appear before it.
wet collodion	See collodion wet plate.
lattice	Laths or lines crossing to form a network
eucharist	(a) the Christian sacrament of Holy Communion, commemorating the Last Supper; (b) the consecrated bread and wine used at the sacrament.
sound-resistive glass	See Sound-lnsulating Glass.
buttress	Brick or masonary structure built againt a wall to add reinforcement.
loricate	wearing a cuirass, used to describe a statue in military dress, such as that of Augustus of Prima Porta.
nemes	a head cloth worn by the pharaohs of ancient Egypt.
kiss of death	When a paint brush is placed so that its brush-end is down, and it is abandoned long enough so that its bristles are permanently bent, it is often called the kiss of death!
line	An object or form whose actual or visual length greatly exceeds any actual width or depth it many have.
impunity	Freedom from any punishment, loss, or consequences.
surround	An encasement of an opening.
pallium	a yoke-shaped band of white wool, embroidered with crosses, worn by the pope and also by some archbirshops, symbolizing in the latter case the delegation to them of metropolitan jurisdiction over the other bishops of their province
ark of the covenant	The chest in which the Tables of Testimony were kept.
depression glass	American glassware mass-produced from about 1920 to 1940, around the time of the Great Depression
glazing bead	(Glass Stop) (Wood Stop) (Sill Bead) A removable trim that holds the glass in place.
grass cloth	a loosely woven fabric made with grass or vegetable fibers
photogravure	A printing process based on the production, by photographic methods, of a plate containing small ink-receptive pits.
hard-edge	Refers to a twentieth century movement in painting in which the edges of shapes are crisp and precise rather than blurred.
caputium	includes the hood and tippet or cape
rib vault	A masonry vault with a relatively thin web and set within a framework of ribs.
caricature	A drawing or other figure or description in which the peculiarities of a person or thing are so exaggerated as to appear ridiculous; a parody.
raised band	A running, raised strip on a monument that often contains the name and dates.
musique concrète	"Concrete music." A musical style originating in France about 1948; its technique consists of recording natural or "concrete" sounds, altering the sounds by various electronic means, and then combining them into organized pieces.
saltire	diagonal, equal-limbed cross
chevet	French term for the east end of a Gothic church, comprising the choir, ambulatory, and radiating chapels.
cassapanca	A carved wooden bench with a high and elaborately decorated back, often painted or carved with renaissance style ornament
linenfold	decorative motif in the form of a folded piece of linen cloth
objet d'art	A French term meaning art object; it is often used by English speakers to mean a work of art which is small in size, such as a miniature painting, netsuke, a statuette, or vase.
colonial windows	Windows with small rectangular panes, or divided lites, designated as 12-lite, 16-lite, etc.
deconstruction	A method of literary criticism that assumes language refers only to itself rather than to a reality outside of a text, that asserts multiple conflicting interpretations of a text, and that bases such interpretations on the philosophical, political, or social implications of the use of language in the text rather than on the author's intention.
cantilever	A structural member which projects beyond a line of support.
champlevà©	An enamelling technique, or an object made by that process, in which designs are carved into the surface, filled with vitreous enamel, fired and polished.
cantilever	A beam or other projection that is unsupported at one end.
earthworks	See earth art.
setting cushions	Used as spacers between joints when setting; most commonly made of plastic.
beat	Regularly occurring pulsations that create the basic units of musical time.
penuriousness	Stinginess, given to or marked by extreme frugality.
readability	In typography and any written text, the degree to which it is legible
cover recording	A recording made subsequent to the original recording of a particular song.
quoin	one of a series of stones laid at the exterior corners and angles of a building and consisting of contrasting material to that of the wall.
in pace requiescat	"Rest in Peace".
halftone art	Printed imagery in which shades of gray are represented by a minute pattern of dots of variable size.
sterling	A term created to describe the standard metal mix in the U.S
scriptorium	the room (or rooms) in a monastery
snuff-box	A small container for holding snuff, a preparation of pulverized tobacco to be inhaled through the nostrils, chewed, or placed against the gums.
supererogation	The act of performing more than is required by duty, obligation, or need.
art nouveau	A decorative style common in the Federation period
synthesizer	An electronic instrument that can duplicate almost any sound and can be used to create entirely new sounds.
contrabassoon	A very low-sounding woodwind instrument that uses a mouthpiece with a double reed.
admixtures	Chemicals used to improve the physical properties of Cast Stone.
predella	Box-like bases of large altarpieces, most often in Italy, decorated with images usually related to the figures of saints and other holy personages shown in the main panel
slope	In military architecture the slope was the steep stone incline at the base of the fortifications
chintz	A glazed, printed cotton fabric.
pocket sill	The bottom part of the window where the sill has no slope or angle to it
mural	wall
fresco secco	a variant technique of fresco
carotid	Heart-shaped
gilding	a decorative coating made of gold leaf or simulated gold; objects to which gilding has been applied are gilded
merchant	Anyone who is involved with the buying and/or selling of the kinds of goods with which he or she is dealing
beaverboard	a type of fiberboard used for partitions and ceilings.
astragal	A classical type of molding more frequently and descriptively called bead and reel.
glacis	A bank sloping down from a castle which acts as a defence against invaders; broad, sloping naked rock or earth on which the attackers are completely exposed
lachadive islands	Now spelled "Laccadive", a group of islands and coral reefs in the Arabian Sea off the southwest coast of India.
mandated art curriculum	The curriculum or guidelines an art educator is required to follow by a school district or state government
drapery	One of the most common types of window covering in residential and commercial interiors.
serpentine	Any surface or molding cut to resemble the S-like motion of a serpent.
squinch	a small single arch,
balance	A principle of design, balance refers to the way the elements of art are arranged to create a feeling of stability in a work; a pleasing or harmonious arrangement or proportion of parts or areas in a design or composition
tympanum	The panel, usually semicircular, located between the underside of an arch and the top of a doorway within the arch; also the triangular space enclosed by a pediment.
hanging	Mounting a sash in its frame.
buttress	a mass placed to support a wall, especially when the wall bears an arch or heavy weight
vedikā	a railing marking off sacred space in south Asian architecture, often found surrounding a Buddhist stupa or encircling the axis-pillar atop its dome anda.
trombone	A brass instrument that is played with a slide and produces a medium- to low-pitch range.
overture	The orchestral introduction to a musical dramatic work.
riposo	Calmly
latex	A rubbery substance used as binder in latex paints, as a cold cure molding compound, and also as the basis of certain adhesives
urushi-e	In Japanese art, a print with coloring thickened and made glossy with glue.
halcyon	Halcyon was a bird, now believed to have been the kingfisher
veneer	Decorative or prized wood cut very thin and applied to an inferior wood.
pate-sur-pate	A French phrase meaning "paste-on-paste" that refers to a method of decorating porcelain
hung window	Window with one or more hanging sashes.
egg and dart	a decorative molding consisting of alternating oval (egg) and downwardpointing (dart) elements.
squinch	An arch, or a system of concentrically wider and gradually projecting arches, placed at the corners of a square base to act as the transition to a circular dome placed on the base.
mtv	Cable Music Television.
dalmatic	a wide-sleeved vestment, slit on each side of the skirt, and marked by two stripes
d.b.a.e.	See discipline-based art education.
conduit	pipe or channel for conveying water.
filiation	a monastic organization that made each monastery responsible for supervising its daughter foundations; a group of abbeys linked in this way to a common mother-house; a system developed by the Cistercians.
plinth	A square or rectangular base for a pilaster or column.
epithet	Expression
greek-cross plan	See: Cruciform Plan.
weaving	The interlacing of long, thin materials, such as yarn or thread to make cloth (fabric) or baskets.
feng shui	The traditional Chinese practice of arranging objects in architectural and burial spaces in order to harmonize with the flow of chi (qi) —
joust	combat, put on for entertainment, in which two knights rode towards each other with lances
moresque	Having the characteristics of Moorish art or architecture.
consistory court	an ecclesiastical court, appointed by a bishop or archbishop, with jurisdiction extgending to both clergy and laity.
maniera greca	A formal Byzantine style that dominated Italian painting in the tweflth and thirteenth centuries
tenon	The projecting member of a piece of wood, which is inserted into a mortise to create a secure joint.
machicolation	In the architecture of castles, an opening in the floor of an overhanging gallery through which defenders dropped stones and boiling liquids on attackers.
matrix	A matrix is an object upon which a design has been formed and that is then used to make an impression on a piece of paper, thus creating a print
tau cross	Plain T cross with equal limbs
quatrefoil	A traceried opening made up of four cusps or lobes.
archdeacon	subordinate of a bishop with responsibility for supervising the diocesan clergy and holding ecclesiastical courts within hisarchdeaconry.
bay	a unit of space in a building, usually defined by piers, vaults, or other elements in a structural system.
concert overture	A one-movement self-contained orchestral concert piece, often in sonata form.
proportion	Is the relationship between one part of an object or composition and another part and to the whole, or between one element and another.
quatrefoil	A decorative form characterized by four lobes.
combination window	A combination of two or more complete windows attached together to add architectural appeal to a home.
chromatic	Designating melodic movement by half steps.
sacring	the consecration of the elements (hence "sacring bell" and "sacring torch").
chamfer	Surface made by smoothing off the angle between two stone faces
arrow-loop or slit	long, narrow and usually vertical opening in a wall or merlon, through which arrows were shot
lancet window	A tall, narrow, lance-like, window terminating in a pointed apex
leg it	to run
volta	An ending within a musical piece
configuration	The number, shape, organization and relationship of panes (lights) of glass, sash, frame, muntins or tracery.
loculus	a place for the deposit of valuables, especially a chamber in the podium of a temple, accessible from the exterior; the Temple of Castor and Pollux was ringed with loculi.
inhabited vinescroll	Type of ornament popular in Northumbria, in which birds and beasts are disposed in a panel of stylized vine ornament, often pecking or biting the fruit.
postlude	A piece played at the end of the vocal section
oilstone	A stone used for sharpening and honing metal cutting tools.
druidical	Like one of an ancient Celtic priesthood appearing as a magician or wizard.
sopraporte	A painted or bas-relief decorative panel set over a door, or a decorative piece that was originally intended for this purpose; Italian for overdoor.
attribute	an object closely identified with, and thought of as belonging to, a specific individual —particularly, in art, a deity or saint.
string quartet	A chamber ensemble consisting of a first and a second violin, a viola, and a cello; also, the form which is a sonata for these instruments.
altarpiece	a painted or sculpted work of art designed to stand above or behind an altar.
lattice	An openwork grill of interlacing wood strips used as screening.
gallon	A unit of liquid measurement (US) equal to four quarts, or to eight pints, or to 128 fluid ounces
precast	A concrete product not poured in place.
olite	Granular limestone.
calligraphy	handwriting designed to be beautiful; calligraphic
anthems	Sacred choral compositions.
flat carving	Any line carving on the surface of stone; also called “skin carving.”
pedestal	From the Latin word meaning “foot;” the base of any urn, statue, etc.
accession number	A control number unique to an object, used to identify it among the other objects in that collection
tracery	Arched ornamental work with interlacing, branching lines
refrain	Text and/or music that is returned to or repeated within a larger piece of music.
deckle	In papermaking, the upper frame that encloses the wet pulp on the mold
cornice	Any projecting ornamental molding that finishes or crowns the top of a building, wall, arch, etc.
pantone matching system	A color matching system developed by the Pantone, Inc
scale	Carving resembling overlapping fish scales
a piacere	Playing as the player wishes and according to his or her taste (like "ad libitum")
choir	A vocal ensemble consisting of several voice parts with four or five or more singers in each section
paver	A block of stone used in sidewalk or areaway paving.
bay window	Windows that project out from the wall and extend to the ground
palisade	A sturdy wooden fence usually built to enclose a site until a permanent stone wall can be constructed
simoom	A hot dry violent dust-laden wind from Asian and African deserts
mural	Wall (adjectival).
hammer beam	A short horizontal beam, usually made of wood, extending from the top of a masonry wall outward towards the center of the enclosed space, but not completely traversing it
apex	The highest, pointed part of a gable.
assai	Quite ..., rather ...
baroque	a style associated with late Classical architecture that evolved during the C17 and C18 and is characterised by exuberant decoration overlaid on classical architectural details.
centering	The wooden frame which support arches and vaulting during construction.
silicosis	Disease resulting from the inhalation of silica rich stone dust
infirmary	Hospital.
signage	Any lettering or logos in general, used to advertise a store, goods, or services.
beak-head	An ornamental motif resembling a bird's head with a prominent beak
transom	An opening over a door or window, usually for ventilation, and containing a glazed or solid sash, usually hinged or pivoted.
majolica	An opaque glaze, usually white, with a glossy surface
statuary marbles	Those marbles used for sculpture.
inside sill	See Stool.
farthingale	A series of hoops worn especially in the 16th century beneath a skirt to expand it at the hipline.
gallery	A long room, often on an upper floor, for recreation, entertainment or display of artwork.
dormer window	A window placed vertically in a sloping roof that has a tiny roof of its own
springline	The horizontal line below which the vertical support of an arch ends, and above which the sides of an arch or vault begin to curve inwards
palladium	A photographic process in which the image is produced by palladium crystals deposited on the paper.
peregrinations	Travels on foot, long walks.
gable	The triangular upper portion of a wall at the end of a pitched roof
roughcast	Plaster, mortar or stucco containing pebbles or coarse gravel to give a rough, knobbly texture to walls
tracery	Intersecting ribwork in upper part of window.
pedal	A sign indicating the use of the piano's right pedal (prolongs the sound)
obeisance	A gesture of respect, like kneeling or bowing before a king.
compound pier	see cluster pier.
westwork	from the German Westwerk, the western front of a church, containing an entrance and vestibule below, a chapel or gallery above, and flanked by two towers.
stucco	A decorative exterior wall coating usually made of lime, Portland cement, sand, water and other materials that add strength and flexibility; frequently applied over a metal or plastic mesh that helps the stucco bond to the wall material.
scale	Is the relative size of something as related to another element of known size.
spring	Level at which the springers (voussoirs) of an arch rise from their supports
antefixae	Ornamental blocks on the edge of a roof which conceal the ends of the roof tiles
lock	Used to secure a window or patio door when in the closed position.
ogee arch	An arch consisting of two opposing "S"-curves meeting in a point at the apex
mandorla	The almond-shaped halo or aura surrounding the head or body of a sacred figure
absorption	Percentage of moisture absorption by weight after immersion in water.
woodcut	A decorative printing technique used since the 9th century, accomplished by cutting wood with knives, chisels, or other sharp tools to create a design
aga	A closed iron range fueled by coke, oil, or gas.
act	A large section of a play or an opera
glaze	Glassy melted coating on a clay surface
strip pilaster	A pilaster which is flush or near flush with the wall, but is made out of differently finished stone to the wall.
lumber	Timber of logs dressed for use.
ambulatory	A semicircular or polygonal aisle. Usually an ambulatory leads around the east end of the choir; separating the choir from apses or chapels; Aisle round an apse.
jointing scheme	The jointing pattern shown on contract documents.
peplos	A simple long woolen belted garment worn by ancient Greek women.
grout	Liquid mortar for pouring into voids in a wall.
battering ram	large beam used to break down the walls or doors of a fortification Battlement - also known as
polychromatic	Having various or changing colors.
noncontributing structure	A building, structure, object or site that does not reinforce the cultural, architectural, or historical significance of the historic district in which it is located, and is identified as noncontributing upon the designation of the historic district in which it is located.
cresting	A decorative element, frequently of iron, usually located at the peak or edge of a roof.
jbig	In digital imaging, an international compression standard designed for images with very little color or gray scale, such as images of document pages.
bathstone saw	A handsaw used for sawing Bathstone
structural psf	A structural load test performed per ASTM guidelines and standards measured in pounds per square feet.
buttress	Pier-like vertical masonry elements built to strengthen or support walls or resist the lateral thrust of vaults.
constable	Chief officer of the royal household, with special military functions, or warden of a royal fortress or castle
chrysalis	A pupa of a butterfly
astragal	An interior moulding attached to one of a pair of doors, or side-hinged windows to prevent swing
efflorescence	A formation of white crusty material — crystals resulting from penetration of moisture through painted walls — especially brick, tile, or uncoated plaster
campanile	Italian term for bell towers usually designed as free-standing structures within a complex of ecclesiastical architecture usually formed by a cathedral, baptistry and bell tower (Pisa).
boss	A projecting stone at the intersection of the ribs of a vault, often the keystone and frequently carved; Central stone of arch or vault.
forest of dean stone	Grey sandstone with very even texture, very predictable to work.
patina	Mottled surface or sheen, either naturally occurring or simulated, which gives the look of age; verdigris; aerugo.
commode step	The bottom step of a flight of steps, the end of the step being curved.
unicameral	Single-roomed or -celled.
crescendo	Music gradually gets louder.
ashlar	building stone precisely cut and finished to a smooth finish
circumlocution	The use of an unnecessarily large number of words to express an idea.
caricature	a representation in art or literature that distorts, exaggerates, or oversimplifies certain features.
cyclopaean masonry	stone construction using large, irregular blocks without mortar.
genre	a category of art representing scenes of everyday life.
shell wall	the wall itself, as above, without the interior buildings
capital	The head or crowning feature of a column.
baptistery	a building, usually round or polygonal, used for Christian baptismal services.
strophic	Designating a song in which all verses of text are sung to the same music.
scissor gate	A security gate with a sideways retractable mechanism.
raised letters	A particular style of letter that is accomplished by removing the area around the letter and making it raised from the surface.
half-shaft	roll-moulding on either side of an opening
prepared piano	A piano with the sound altered by the insertion of items such as bolts, screws, pencils, cloth, and even paper on or between the strings.
decamped	Departed suddenly or secretly.
center	The mid-point between the intercolumniation or span and the top of the rise of an arch.
casing	The type of molding found around openings such as windows or doors
biomorphic	derived from or representing the forms of living things rather than abstract shapes.
prior	in an abbey the second-in-command or officer next in rank after the abbot; the superior of a religious house that did not have the status of an abbey.
half timbering	A method of construction in which the wooden frame and principal beams of a building are exposed, and the spaces between them are covered with plaster or masonry
groin vault	A shape of vault produced when two barrel vaults intersect at right angles producing groin-like creases where the intersections occur.
floriated	Decorated with flowers shaped ornamentation.
kunststückemachen	To juggle; and, more literally, to make a work of art.
disapprobation	Condemnation
cire-perdue	see lost-wax bronze casting.
ternary form	A musical form that consists of three sections, ABA, in which the final section (A) is a repetition of the first section (A), and the middle section (B) contrasts with A.
vivace	A fast and "vivacious" tempo.
calcagnolo	A claw chisel with two long points
whiting	Ground and dried chalk used in plate cleaning and in the preparation of gesso.
adit	A sloping tunnel or shaft driven through a hill or mountainside to reach beds of rock.
buttress	A wall support usually of stone or brick placed at the sides of a building, commonly seen on some Gothic Revival style churches.
weathering	Sloping surface to throw off rainwater
rhythm	The element of music that encompasses all aspects of musical time.
voussoir	Wedge-shaped stones in arch.
webbing or infilling	The vault surface between the ribs of a rib vault.
ogee	a double curve with the shape of an elongated "S"
guitar	A plucked stringed instrument with a fingerboard that exists in both acoustic and electric versions.
garderobe	individual lavatory in a medieval building.
cut	Assault tower
melody	A basic musical element consisting of a series of pitches of particular duration that sound one after another.
mudéjar architecture	A style of Spanish architecture employed by Muslims after the Christian reconquest
back band	Additional molding piece adhered to the outer edge of casing to create a more substantial appearance.
palladian window	A window with a central arched section flanked by two tall, narrow rectangular sections.
misericord	a special apartment in a monastery, for the use of monks receiving special indulgences in respect of diet and discipline; also a bracket on the underside of the hinged seat of a choir-stall, which, when the seat is turned up, gives some support to a person standing.
length	Usually refers to the longest dimension
archaic	The artistic style of 600–480 BCE in Greece, characterized in part by the use of the composite view for painted and relief figures and of Egyptian stances for statues.
eave	the edge of a roof that extends beyond the wall of the building.
meno mosso	With less motion
expressionism	An artistic school of the early twentieth century that attempted to represent the psychological and emotional experience of modern humanity.
pectoral muscles	Any of the muscles which connect the ventral walls of the chest with the bones of the upper arm and shoulder.
gutta	A gutta (Latin pl
sill	The horizontal lowest part of a window.
retable	An altarpiece, decorated with painting or sculpture which stands at the back of an altar.
pitch	The incline angle of a roof surface, given as a ratio of the rise (in inches) to the run (in feet).
casement	A window sash hinged on one of its vertical edges so as to open inwards or outwards like a door
horology	The science of measuring time, often used to refer to the art and craft of making clocks and watches.
benedictional	a liturgical book containing formulas for blessing of people and objects.
ancora	Repeat.
fenestration	The placement of window openings in a building wall; one of the important elements in controlling the exterior appearance of a building.
console	A table that stands against the wall and is usually supported by two, bracket-shaped legs.
gable	The triangular section of a wall to carry a pitched roof.
marimba	A percussion instrument with tuned wooden bars that produce a hollow sound when struck by mallets and resonators under each bar.
bronze d'ore	Gilded metal, especially cast brass or bronze gilded over fire with an amalgam of gold and mercury, used for furniture mounts and ornamental objects.
maestro	Conductor, a specialist artists
daub	A mud of clay mixture applied over wattle to strengthen and seal it
moat	a ditch around an enclosure, either filled with water or dry
mandala	Any of various radial geometric designs symbolic of the universe, traditionally used in Hinduism and Buddhism as an aid to meditation.
moline	Ends curling outward
monothematic	A Composition based on one theme
fascia	A flat, horizontal band or member between moldings.
satyr	In ancient Greek mythology, a creature that was part man and part goat, usually with a man's head and body, and a goat's ears, horns, and legs.
embellished	A musical line that has been decorated by added notes or ornaments.
jacketwall	See: Chemise
cire perdue	French for "lost wax," it is a method of casting bronze used from the Middle Ages to the early 18th century
refectory	communal dining hall
bourgeois	Originally related to burgher (i.e., a citizen of a burg) and now generally taken to mean a typical middle-class person with middle-class moral, economic and other values
fuging tunes	Psalm or hymn melodies that are sung as canons or written to contain imitation, popular in Britain and the U.S
plug and feathers	A highly efficient and deceptively easy system of steel folding wedges which are used in the splitting of large blocks of stone
newel staircase	spiral staircase.
parabola	A plane curve formed by the intersection of a right circular cone and a plane parallel to an element of the cone
inner curtain	The high wall the surrounds the inner ward
pulpitum	pulpit projecting from a wall
reflective glass	Window glass coated to reflect radiation striking the surface of the glass.
sash stop	A piece of vinyl used to stop the travel of the sash at the top and bottom of the window.
high altar	The primary altar in the church located in the main apse or hemicycle.
bait hut	An immensely important structure housing (usually) a couple of old chairs, several toolboxes, sundry waterproof coats and odd boots, jars of congealing coffee and dusty teabags, numerous chipped mugs and a kettle
ad libitum	In accordance with desire.
casemates	artillery emplacements in separate protected rooms, rather than in a battery
dunnage	Supports for air conditioning and other equipment above the roof of a building.
melisma	Several notes sung to a single syllable of text.
bucket handle	A tool, invariably home made from (believe it or not) an old bucket handle, for facing a pointed joint with a concave finish.
barrel vault	semicircular (barrel shaped) roof of stone or timber
conifer	A softwood tree type, with needles and cones rather than flat, broad leaves.
shading	decreases in the value
slit	a narrow opening in a wall for admitting light and for firing arrows
cylinder seal	a small cylinder of stone or other material engraved in intaglio
latticework	Thin strips of wood arranged in a netlike grid pattern, often set diagonally.
canon	a lawyer trained in canon law (the law of the Church).
intercept spacer	A roll formed "U" shaped spacer that offers much better thermal resistance in the IG unit than ordinary rectangular spacer
terminal	In computer terminology, a device, often equipped with a keyboard and a monitor, through which information or data can enter or leave a computer system.
rabbet	A groove along the window edge on the back of a frame
gablet	Small gable shaped termination to a buttress, etc.
antique	Generally speaking, an object of considerable age valued for its aesthetic or historical significance
mimesis	The imitation of life in art, refers to the concept of representing the natural world in art and literature
discant	An ancient form of accompaniment, from the Middle Ages (the 12th century)
derision	The use of ridicule or scorn to show contempt."...By pouring their derision upon anything we did And exposing every weakness however carefully hidden by the kids." -Pink Floyd
paten	A plate on which the eucharistic wafer was placed
chapel	A small section of the church, or a small building having its own altar.
semitone	One half step
pulvinar	Box that served as "seat" of honor for images of gods in a Roman theater, amphitheater, or circus
xerxes	The king of Persia (486-465), invaded Greece by bridging Hellespont
cannon-port	See: Loophole
eaves	The underpart of a sloping roof overhanging a wall.
porte-cochere	A porch at the door of a building for shelter, wide enough to allow access for a car.
asylum	also called Right of Sanctuary
fleur-de-lis	(a) a white iris, the royal emblem of France; (b) a stylized
cantor	monk or clerk whose liturgical function is to lead the choir.
ourang-outang	The modern spelling is orangutan
double bass	The largest and lowest-voiced member of the bowed string family of instruments
setts	Square blocks, usually of granite, forming a street surface. Setts are set on edge, close together, and tapered slightly towards the bottom. Sides are never quite smooth, and laying them to achieve a tight joint requires a high degree of skill.
ornament	A building element that is decorative rather than structural; may be used to conceal structural elements, indicate the function of a part of the building, or express a particular style or type of design.
hood mold	The projecting molding over a door or window.
waxwork	Modeling in wax
flat glass	(Window Glass) (Plate Glass) (Float Glass) (Rolled Glass) (Cylinder Glass) Glass sold in flat sheets and named according to the method used in its manufacture.
acrolith	An ancient Greek sculpture in which the head and arms and feet were made of marble or some other stone
fantastic	Sometimes used to indicate an imaginative, subjective world of inner expression that transcends mere fantasy or science fiction
machicolation	Where a parapet, gallery or section of wall projects and is carried on corbels. While machicolation on Gothic revival style buildings such as churches is decorative, machicolation originally had openings between the corbels through which missiles can be dropped as they were a defensive feature of castles, forts etc which was introduced in the Middle Ages.
confessional	In the Roman Catholic tradition, a paired booth within the nave, in which the parishioner and the priest sit privately and separately to make and hear confession.
armature	(a) a metal framework for a stainedglass
baroque/neo-baroque	An exuberant style of art and architecture prevalent in the 17th and 18th centuries, but largely confined to mainland Europe with very few examples in Yorkshire or indeed Britain. This style reappeared in England around 1900 and had a short-lived revival.
jam	The side of a door or window opening.
optical mixing	The process by wich the eyes blend bits of pure color placed next to each other in an image.
longhouse	A building with dwelling area and byre under the same roof-alignment, usually separated by a cross-passage
lintel	A flat horizontal member which spans the space between two columns or other supports
pieno	In its whole, full
occiput	The back part of the head or skull.
cope	a semicircular piece of silk or other cloth, worn by ecclesiastical persons in processions, at vespers and on other occasions.
pamphlet	A brochure or booklet; a small, thin book, either bound or unbound
streetscape	The appearance and relationship of a group of buildings and street furniture which stand on the same block.
eaves	The edge of a roof that projects beyond the face of a wall.
lavatorium	trough with running water where monks washed their hands before meals.
intermezzo	A short piece or comic interlude performed between movements or acts of the opera
foredoomed	A fancy way to say "doomed".
cyma recta	A cyma moulding having an upper concave curve and a lower convex curve
lintel	A horizontal structural element over an opening which carries the weight of the wall above it.
cunette	trench in the bottom of a ditch
aisle	lateral division of the nave or chancel of a church.
premium grade	Gives the highest level of quality in materials, workmanship, and installation.
gabardine	A fabric of closely woven cotton or wool twill.
erection	Setting of large stones usually with a crane.
dais	Raised area, usually by one step, upon which stands the altar.
highlight	in painting, an area of high value color.
minaret	a tall, slender tower attached to a mosque,
billet	The word derives from the term for a short, thick piece of wood
decorative motif	A repeated pattern, image, idea, or theme
melody	A tune, a sequence of ascending and descending notes (tones), as opposed to harmony
gaze	To see steadily, intently, and with fixed attention
rectilinear	consisting of, bounded by, or moving in, a straight line or lines.
drum	(a) one of the cylindrical blocks of stone from which the shaft of a column is made; (b) the circular or polygonal wall of a building surmounted by a dome or cupola.
cramp	Device (usually metal) for anchoring two stones together
première	The first or most eminent performance of a work.
cushion	Capital cut from a block by rounding off the lower corners.
bombé	A term I have borrowed from the French word used to describe the swelling bulge in a piece of furniture like a chest of drawers
spot	A spotlight of 500 watts or less
eschew	To avoid or shun, especially on moral or practical grounds.
mortar	A mixture of sand, water, and lime used to bind stones together; as opposed to drylaid masonry
plinth	Rectangular or square supporting elements or lower blocks for columns, pilasters, or door framing
recitative	A vocal style designed for the speechlike declamation of narrative episodes in operas, oratorios or cantatas, for the sake of telling a story or conversing in an opera
cusp	A pointed projection on the inside of an opening
cadaverously	Like a cadaver or a corpse.
market town	settlement type
arabesque	A European term used to describe Islamic art, which incorporated script with floral and geometrical motifs.
prebend	the revenues, whether from land or tithes, granted to an ecclesiastic as his stipend.
pre-1940 building	Any building in the Riverdale Historic District built, in whole or in part, prior to January 1, 1940 including buildings which have undergone subsequent remodeling and alterations.
altar	(a) any structure used as a place of sacrifice or worship; (b) a tablelike structure used in a Christian church to celebrate the Eucharist.
arcmap	The data display and analysis component of the ArcGIS software suite.
super-arch	larger arch, often blank, enclosing two or more smaller arches.
sharpers	Swindlers, cheating gamblers.
primary color	the pure hues
moisture content	Percentage of dry weight of material which is composed of water, such as in wood.
ordinal	a service-book, with instructions to the priest on the order of services through the ecclesiastical year.
english bond	A pattern of brickwork with alternate courses of headers and stretchers.
terminus post quem	Meaning "time after which," the term denotes the earliest possible date of an event or an object.
lintel	A horizontal beam spanning the opening, such as one made by a door or window.
archipelago	A group of islands.
wireframe	In digital imaging, a two-dimensional depiction of a three-dimensional object displayed as an interconnected straight-line segments — each edges of adjacent polygons
glacis	A bank sloping down from a castle which acts as a defence against invaders; broad, sloping naked rock or earth on which the attackers are completely exposed.
veranda	A porch that lines the exterior of a building on one or more sides, often partially enclosed by a railing and a series of columns or posts.
iconography	the analysis of works of art through the study of the meanings of symbols and images in the context of the contemporary culture.
ribbon window	A continuous band of windows.
butyl	A rubber material that seals the glass to the spacer, creating an airtight and water-tight insulated glass unit.
declamation	Reciting
baluster	A 3-dimensional turned object of alternating concave and convex forms, resembling the shape of a classical vase
circus	in ancient Rome, an oblong space, surrounded by seats, used for chariot races, games, and other spectacles.
half-timbering	A construction method in which vertical and horizontal timbers make up the frame of the wall, which is then filled in with plaster or brick
high-intensity discharge	Produce light by passing an electric current through a gas or vapor under high pressure.
lararium/a	A Latin term that has been applied by archaeologists to 'domestic' shrines found at Roman archaeological sites.
coping	The capping at the top of a wall for protection from weather elements.
mezzo piano	A moderately soft dynamic level.
interlace	A decorative motif consisting of threads passing aver and under each other like threads in lace.
erebus	In Greek mythology, Erebus, or Érebos was a primordial god, personification of darkness, offspring of Chaos
bow window	(Compass Window) (Radial Bay Window) A rounded bay window that projects from the wall in the shape of an arc; commonly consisting of five sash
commercial standard	A voluntary set of rules and regulations covering quality of product (or installation), method of testing, rating of the product, certification, and labeling of manufactured products.
tribune	A vaulted gallery which forms or covers the ceiling of an aisle.
kinesiologist	A scholar of motion who often uses photography to study the discrete phases of a particular movement
paragone	From the Italian for "comparison", this is a critical term referring to the debate begun in the 16th century and continued in the 17th about the relative merits of painting and sculpture.
shape of space	This phrase is used to describe the intelligible arrangement of structures and spaces within a built environment.
turning bridge	A drawbridge that pivots in the middle.
leacht	An outdoor altar made from a pile of stones, normally square, which may mark a special grave.
faience	a form of terracotta, usually white, with a glazed finish, used as a cladding for walls.
keystone	The central and highest stone (voussoirs) in an arch
dormer window	A window that projects from a roof.
pendentive	A spherical triangle which acts as a transition between a circular dome and a square base on which the dome is set
fortress church	A church built so that it might be used for defensive purposes.
laminated	Composed of layers bonded together for strength, thickness, or decorative effect.
jugate	Within the political collectibles trade, jugate refers to an image that consists of two side-by-side portraits, often of presidential and vice-presidential running mates, such as may be seen on campaign posters, buttons, and signs.
fanlight	Glazed area above a doorway, designed to brighten the hallway inside. A type of transom.
note	A symbol used to notate a pitch and its duration
chevet	A form of apse in which the aisle continues round the end of the presbytery and has chapels radiating from it
cusp	Curves meeting in a point
mandorla	an oval or almond-shaped aureola, or radiance, surrounding the body of a holy person.
planographic print	A print whose image is printed off a flat surface from a design drawn on a stone or plate using a grease crayon or with a greasy ink
satire	Irony, sarcasm, or derisive wit used to attack or expose vice, folly, or stupidity
star vault	A combination of decorative minor-ribs set in the peak of a vault which form a star-like formation
misericord	From the Latin misericordia = "mercy"
blockhouse	Small square fortification, usually of timber bond overlapping arrangement of bricks in courses (Flemish, Dutch, French, etc.)
visual scale	The size or proportion (scale) of elements or components of art or of architecture —
frontispiece	In a book or magazine, the illustration located on the page that faces, or immediately precedes, the title page.
bezel	A solid or pierced metal band soldered on edge to a backing and bent inward to secure a stone cut en cabochon.
in antis	In ancient Greek architecture, between the antae.
functionalism	a philosophy of design (in architecture, for example) holding that form should be consistent with material, structure, and use.
frig-bob	A large hand saw (usually 2 man) for sawing large blocks of soft limestone.
pizzicato	A performance technique in which stringed instruments, such as the violin, are plucked with the fingers instead of bowed.
r-value	A measure of resistance to heat flow of a material or construction; a higher value indicates a better heat insulating property
transverse walls	The crosswise walls dividing the interior of a shotgun house.
bidet	A sanitary fixture for cleansing the genitourinary area of the body.
balance shoe	This is the part that connects the balance to the sash through the use of the pivot bar
ear	In casting, a depression that receives a pin for aligning the pieces in a two-piece mold
soffit	Underside of an overhang.
ottava	Octave
picture window	A non-operational window without a sash.
federal furniture	In the field of American antiques, a highly valued style of furniture made in the period directly following the independence of the United States (1786) until about 1810, and featuring classical Greek and Roman motifs.
meeting rail	A sash rail in a double-hung window designed to interlock with an adjacent sash rail.
burin	a metal tool with a sharp point to incise designs on pottery and etching plates, for example.
hesper	The Hesperides were the Greek goddesses of evening or sunset
course	level layer of stones or bricks
general to particular	Refers to the typical progression in the development of both two- and three-dimensional compositions — beginning with the most general of shapes and forms — blocking in — progressing toward smaller shapes and forms, and increasing specificity of color, value, texture, etc
ovolo	A rounded convex moulding, often a quartersection of a circle or ellipse.
lozenge	A diamond shape sometimes with a raised surface to make it look like a cut gemstone.
column	A column in structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below
stucco	Any kind of plasterwork, but usually an outside covering of portland cement, lime, and sand mixture with water.
basso continuo	Continuous bass
collectible	A term that describes valuable objects less than a hundred years old, often distinguished from antiques, which as a rule are more than a hundred years old.
casement	A window sash which swings open on side hinges; in-swinging are French in origin while out-swinging are from England.
kinetic	Expressing movement
composition	the arrangement of formal elements
extrados	Outer curves or faces of arches or vaults forming a convex face
ravelin	In military architecture, an outwork composed of two faces, forming a salient angle whose gorge resembles a half-moon; often refers to any outwork near a fort.
stenographs	Colorful silk pictures by Thomas Stevens
crosier or crook	bishop's pastoral staff
ribbed vault	a vault
educed	Brought out
arch	a curved structure, normally in the vertical plane, that spans an opening
detritus	Loose fragments that nature or carving has worn away from rock
crossfigill	an ascetic exercise practiced by Celtic monks, which involved standing in prayer for long periods with the arms outstretched in the form of a cross.
tessera	A small piece of glazed clay used in mosaics
poussez	Up-bow
double doors	Two adjacent doors that share the same door frame, and between which there is no separating vertical member
lekythos	A flask containing perfumed oil; lekythoi were often placed in Greek graves as offerings to the deceased.
axiom	A statement accepted as true as the basis for argument or inference
sonata form	A musical form encompassing one movement of a composition and consisting of three sections—exposition, development, and recapitulation—the last often followed by a coda.
temperament	See artistic temperament and bias.
wall-walk	passage along the top of a castle wall; may be roofed
redan	outwork with two faces forming a salient angle
dharmachakra	see mudrā.
sforzato..............................sfz	Forcing, accented
chain mail	flexible armour made of interlocking metal rings
façade	The exterior face of a building, particularly one of its main elevations facing the public right-of-way, almost always containing an entrance and characterized by an elaboration of stylistic details.
demesne	that part of an estate that a landlord retains in his own hands and exploits directly, as opposed to portions of the estate that are leased to tenants.
calligraphy	handwriting designed to be beautiful; calligraphic writing or drawing can be expressive as well as beautiful.
vernacular	A term describing modest and unpretentious architecture, often constructed in a purely regional style and usually a hybrid of more high-style architectural precedents.
butcher block	A surface made from thick cubes or strips of hardwood used for cutting or chopping food items.
feroce	wildly
gallery	intermediate story in the elevation of a church wall, between the arcade and the clerestory.
waterscape	A painting of or including a body of water
refractory	Resistant to high temperatures
direct labor	The time the various employees spend directly involved in the generation of the revenues of the firm.
bell tower	a tall structure, either independent or part of a building, to contain one or more bells.
discordantly	In disagreement with, conflicted.
mouldings	Ornamental linear carved projections, either proud of, or recessed into, a surface.
curvilinear	composed of, or bounded by, curved lines.
entresol	a low storey within two high ones (mezzanine)
deuteranomaly	See colorblind, colorblindness.
fantasy	The creative imagination, or what it produces
balloon framing	A type of timber framing in which the studs are continuous, without a girt for second floor joists.
parapet	A low wall placed to protect any spot where there's a sudden drop, such as at the edge of a bridge or housetop.
pedestal	A construction, often decorated with sculptures or reliefs, that supports a statue, column, vase, etc.
saltbox roof	A gable roof whose rear slope is longer than its front slope
alle	To; used with other words, e.g
swammerdamm	Johann Jacob Swammerdamm, wrote "Historia Insectorum generalis" (1669), which was later translated into English as "The Book of Nature" or, "The History of Insects" (1758).
extension	fabric changes
creedence	A creedence is a table, niche, or shelf located within the chancel and used for holding the elements of the Eucharist prior to consecration.
trim	Visible molding surrounding a window opening
spandrel	The material that fills the space between the exterior of two arches from the apex at the top of the arch to the point at which they meet on the side
overflow	A pipe in bathtubs and lavatories used to prevent flooding
counterguard	A long, near-triangular freestanding fortification within the moat.
taxis	Greek for "arrangement, order." A rare term for the orderly division of a subject into its various components or attributes
registration	The combination of stops or registers chosen by an organist for the performance of a work.
awning	An overhang or covering placed on the exterior of a building, often above the upper edge of an opening or window; often functions to provide shade, filter light, or provide shelter from weather.
squint	A small aperture built into the inside of a churchs wall to afford an unobstructed view of the altar from pews in a transept or side aisle.
undecagon	A closed polygon bounded by eleven straight-line segments
column	A building element made up of a load-bearing base which supports a vertical shaft, topped with a capital
palette knife	A knife with a spatulate flexible blade, for applying or scraping off a plastic material
hung sash	See Hanging Sash.
retro-quire	chapel or part of a church east of the high altar, commonly used as the location for the shrine of a saint.
homeric	Relating to, or characteristic of the Greek poet Homer, author of the Iliad and Odyssey.
frieze	A decorated band along the upper part of an interior wall.
facing mix	Materials used for the portion of Cast Stone which is exposed to view after installed.
hoarding	Upper wooden stories on a stone castle wall; the living area; sometimes, a temporary wooden balcony suspended from the tops of walls from which missiles could be dropped; The use of covered wooden galleries (or hoards) erected on upper walls of a castle for defensive purposes.
cavea	Latin, hollow place or cavity
head grain	Stone, like wood, is grained
font	A receptacle for water, used for baptism.
clastic	Sediments formed from the breaking up of earlier rocks.
apse	A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a Roman basilica or at the east end of a church.
intaglio	a printmaking process in which lines are incised into the surface of a plate
eaves	The edge of the roof that overhangs the exterior walls, sometimes with exposed rafters.
sextet	Chamber music for six players.
linear perspective	a mathematical system devised during the Renaissance to create the illusion of depth in a two-dimensional image, through the use of straight lines converging toward a vanishing point
proscenium	In a Greek or Roman theater, the stage on which the actors performed
andante con moto	A tempo that is a walking pace, with a sense of motion (con moto).
ad libitum	Music to be played freely or even omitted depending on the performer's wishes.
buffing	Applying the final touch to the stone's polished surface.
giotto	Florentine painter who gave up the stiff Byzantine style and developed a more naturalistic style; the father of realism.
lancet	A narrow pointed window.
harrison ainsworth	William Harrison Ainsworth (1805-1882) was a British historical novelist
reredorter	Annex to monastic dormitory containing garderobes or latrines.
disconsolate	Downcast, dejected, cheerless.
futon	Padded mattress and quilt, which are pliable enough to be folded and stored out of sight during the day.
dogleg stair	Two flights of stairs parallel to each other with a half-landing in between.
tympanum	a lunette over the doorway of a church, often decorated with sculpture.
pillar	A column to support a structure or to serve as a monument; see column.
fixed light	(Fixed Sash) Window which is non-operative (does not open).
dorter	Monastic dormitory.
conservation area	an area of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance
academic	Having to do with the affairs or ways of academies, or works of art that were done according to established, traditional ways.
freestone	Any stone which can be cut with a chisel, as opposed to rough squaring with a hammer.
interval	The distance in pitch between any two tones.
oval top	Any monument or marker with the top arched as a segment of a circle.
flute	A high-sounding woodwind instrument that is played by blowing across a mouthpiece on the side of the instrument
glyptic art	the art of carving or engraving, especially on small objects such as seals or precious stones.
form	The aspect of music involving the overall structuring and organization of music.
rustication	Masonry cut in massive blocks separated by deep joints, used to give a rich, bold texture to an outside wall
terra-cotta	(a) an earthenware material, with or without a glaze; (b) an object made of this material.
moongate	A circular opening in the shape of a full moon
rafter	A structural member that rets on the top of a wall or other supporting surf ace and rises at a slope to the ridge or peak of the roof; a series of rafters supports the roof deck and eaves.
screen passage	service passage screened off at the service end of a hall
xylophone	A pitched percussion instrument with tuned wooden bars that produce a hollow sound when struck by mallets.
academy figure	Sometimes simply called an academy, an academic figure is a two-dimensionally drawn or painted figure of a nude model, about half-size, typically used for instruction and not considered a work of art at the time it was made
linear	a style in which lines are used to depict figures with precise, fully indicated outlines.
polyurethane	A paint and varnish resin that forms a protective coating on wood
reproduction	A copy of an original, openly advertised as being a copy.
andante	A moderately slow tempo: literally, at a "walking" pace.
uppercase	In typography, capital letters, which gained this alternative name from the standard location in which typesetters stored them
low-emissivity coating	Coating for glass surfaces which reflects radiant heat energy rather than allowing that energy to radiate through the glass surface
verso	The second or back side of any work on paper
siren	In ancient Greek mythology, a creature that was part bird and part woman.
dormer	Window placed vertically in sloping roof.
tomb	Another term for a burial place; from the Greek word meaning “to remember.”
transept	Cross arm of a cruciform church, normally running N-S.
proportion	The relationship of the size of parts of a building to each other and to the whole.
pianente	Softly, gently
ashlar	A block of stone with straight edges for use in building.
pah	G
acrylic	A water-soluble paint made with pigments and synthetic resin; used as a fast-drying substitute to oil paint.
ornamentation	To embellish a melody
flying buttress	An arch or half-arch that transfers the thrust of a vault or roof from an upper part of a wall to a lower support.
knee brace	A diagonal corner member for bracing the angle between two joined members such as a column and rafter
modal	In the character of a mode, either a church mode, or of a rhythmic mode
collage	a work of art formed by pasting fragments of printed matter, cloth, and other materials (occasionally three-dimensional
french horn	A medium-ranged, mellow-sounding brass instrument.
dovetail joint	A joint where a mortise and tenon combine to form a solid structure
kickwheel	A potter's wheel which is driven by kicking a revolving cement disk
grain	The stratification of wood fibers in a piece of wood.
villa suburb	settlement type
asymmetrical	characterized by asymmetry, or lack of balance, in the arrangement of parts or components.
bay	A vertical division of a building's exterior or interior
ormolu	Gilt (gold-leafed) bronze sculptural elements, commonly used as decoration in the 19th century on "Empire" style furniture, lamps, and interior ornament.
predella	the lower part of an altarpiece,
joist	timber stretched from wall-to-wall to support floorboards
poco	Slightly, a little beat
gearing	In kinetic sculpture, a means of transmitting motion from a power source to the moving parts of the sculpture, utilizing either levers or interlocking gear wheels.
etching	Most commonly referred to when drawing portraits or scenes on memorials
casement window	A window with a side-hinge sash that swings outwards from one side.
scale	Relative size
manumitted	To let go, send; To release from slavery.
egress	This refers to the size of open space in certain windows
banker	A heavy wooden workbench, which sculptors use to support work being carved or model
pebble mosaic	A mosaic made of irregularly shaped stones of various colors.
ha-ha	a sunk fence; that is, a ditch with one sloping side and one vertical side into which is built a retaining wall; a ha-ha creates a barrier for sheep, cattle, and deer while allowing an unbroken view of the landscape.
talent	An inherited or previously developed ability of significant quality for artistic or other achievement
stilted arch	Where an arch is carried by two vertical sections (not the jambs or imposts) which have the same moulding or archivolt as the arch.
bass	The lowest male voice, or musical instruments that are low in pitch.
trefoil	three-lobed
jatakā	a tale recounting an incident in one of the Buddha's lives, frequently depicted in Buddhist art.
asphaltum	A dark bituminous substance that is found in natural beds and is also obtained as a residue in petroleum refining and that consists chiefly of hydrocarbons
dressing	carved or smoothed stonework around openings or along edges
runic	Runes were characters of several alphabets used by the Germanic peoples until the 13th century
chipped	Means exactly what it says – small chips mar the edge of a stone.
satinato	See semi-matt.
triforium	in Gothic architecture, part of the nave wall above the arcade and below the clerestory.
advocate	lay protector and legal representative of a monastery.
basement window	(Basement Sash) (Cellar Sash) A wood or metal in-swinging sash that is hinged at either the top or the bottom.
deciso	In an emphasized rhythm
retabulum	A painted wooden reredos.
symposium	A social gathering at which there is free interchange of ideas
gable roof	A roof with a central ridge and one slope at each side.,
capping	Although it can occupy the same position as a moulding (e.g
greek revival style	Mid-19th century revival of forms and ornament of architecture of ancient Greece.
porticus	the side-chapels common at Anglo-Saxon minster churches, frequently used for the more important burials.
parallelogram	A geometric figure with sides that are parallel and equal
microtone	Interval smaller than the semitone
coffers	the recessed elements of a monumental ceiling or vault, e.g., the Pantheon or the Basilica Maxentius
pointing	the exposed mortar between bricks in a course and between the courses; usually finished flush with the face of the bricks or slightly recessed; colour can be varied for effect.
rosin	a crumbly resin used in making varnishes and lacquers.
vexillology	The study of flags.
baluster	One of a series of short vertical posts, often ornamental, used to support a rail.
breweriana	A subcategory of antiques and collectibles that refers to all things beer-related, including advertisements, mugs, trays, signs, and coasters.
pilgrim	People traveling along a designated route to visit specific churches as part of a penitential journey.
demolition	An act or process that destroys in whole or in part any building, structure, object or site.
three-dimensional	having height, width, and depth.
crf	A measurement that determines at what interior humidity level condensation will occur
pitch-faced	Hammer dressed stone with a rough triangular profile, like the pitch of a roof.
extrados	The outer portion of an arch.
triforium	in Gothic architecture, part of the nave
herod	"Herod the Great" was the King of Judea around the time of Christ's birth (0 BC)
fixture	An appliance or device attached to the facade (e.g., awning, sign, lighting fixture, conduit, or security gate).
half-timbering	A method of construction featuring walls built of timber framework with the spaces filled in by plaster or brickwork
canon	In art, the body of unquestionably important artists (DWMs —
fake	An object made or sold with the intent of misleading or deceiving the buyer into believing the object is authentic.
codex	sheets of parchment
cornice	Horizontal architectural moulding that projects from the top of a wall or section of a wall.
grilles	a metal grating used as a screen, barrier or decorative element as in a window or gateway
rath	Low, circular ringwork.
spandrel	A spandrel is the more or less triangular area of wall situated between any two adjacent arches
taper	The gradual decrease in thickness or width of a monument or marker
enceinte	The enclosure or fortified area of a castle.
erformance specification	A specification establishing product requirements based on exacting performance criteria
cat slide roof	A long roof which slopes to the side and is located at a front corner or over the entrance of a house.
locution	A word or expression characteristic of a region, group, or cultural level.
sight line drawing	A drawing representing an uninterrupted view from eye level.
granite	Extremely hard and durable igneous stone
bay window	A projecting bay with windows that forms an extension to the floor space or the internal rooms
abutment	the part of a building intended to receive and counteract the thrust,
realizations	Keyboard or lute parts that have been taken from figured bass lines to play basso continuo parts in baroque music.
glissando	Sliding from note to note smoothly by slipping
greek cross	A cross with four arms of equal length.
cement	Bonding agent used with sand to produce an adhesive mixture.
lintel	Horizontal stone or beam bridging an opening.
fortified residence	Seignorial dwelling which, although fortified, was not the centre of a fief or castellany
cross-and-orb	Modified cross slits to accommodate gunnery
stun	Any imperfection on the stone surface caused by a blow, which creates a below-the-surface fracture.
geo-referenced	Data that establishes the relationship between XY coordinates on a planar map and known as real-world coordinates.
cure	Maintaining the humidity and temperature of freshly poured concrete for a period of time to keep water present so the concrete hydrates or hardens properly.
piscina	The piscina is a is a basin located in the fenestella and used for carrying away the water used for rinsing the chalice
appliqué	A technique whereby pieces of fabric are layered on top of one another and joined with decorative stitches.
clapboard wood	Siding composed of horizontal, overlapping boards, the lower edges of which are usually thicker than the upper.
e.a.	The abbreviation for the French term épreuve d'artiste, meaning artist's proof.
hinged patio doors	A two panel glass door where one panel is stationary or fixed, while the other operates and swings either inward or outward.
iconolagny	Sexual stimulation from images (or icons)
grubenhaus	Sunken-floor hut popular in Britain and on the Continent in the pagan Saxon period, but continuing in use later.
rock	Any natural material formed of a single mineral or various minerals.
sacra conversazione	A grouping of the Madonna, Child, and saints in the same spatial setting, so that they appear to be conversing with one another
atrium	[n] - any chamber that is connected to other chambers or passageways (especially one of the two upper chambers of the heart) 2
tact	A musical measure
dilly	Portable beam mounted hoist.
motif	a recurrent element or theme in a work of art.
squinch	A small arch built at 45 degrees across the inner angle formed by two joining walls to support a structure such as a spire above.
reticule	A small handbag formed in any number of shapes (hearts, etc.), highly fashionable among ladies toward the end of the 18th century.
nonet	Chamber music for nine players.
tempered glass	Special heat-treated, high-strength safety glass which shatters into pebble-sized particles but not into slivers.
parquetry	The art of using pieces of differently shaded wood veneer to create decorative geometrical patterns on the surface of furniture.
piscina	Hand basin with drain, usually set against or into a wall.
acrylic	a fast-drying, water-based synthetic paint medium.
spandrel	the triangular area between (a) the side of an arch and the right angle that encloses it or (b) two adjacent arches.
asphodel	Various Old World usually perennial herbs of the lily family with flowers in usually long erect racemes.
mullion	a structural element separating two windows.
crannog	Celtic Scotland timber-built fortified lake village.
cartonnage	layers of linen or papyrus glued together and usually coated with stucco.
crypt	Area underneath a church.
hair stuffing	In furniture upholstery, the packing in a seat, usually of horse hair, that makes the seat soft and comfortable.
pictograph	a written symbol derived from a representational
sarcophagus	a stone coffin, sometimes decorated with a relief sculpture.
aisle	A section of the church parallel to the choir or nave, and divided from it by an arcade.
terra cotta	Fired clay commonly shaped in a mould and frequently glazed after firing.
gum arabic	A secretion of the acacia tree used on the surface of some antique hand-colored prints to add depth and texture to the image
pitching	The cutting or chipping away of rough stone to a predetermined and marked line.
cantata	Baroque sacred or secular choral composition containing solos, duets, and choruses, with orchestral or keyboard accompaniment.
rock faced	Stonework dressed in such a way to make it look natural.
pitch range	The span from low to high pitches that an instrument or a voice can produce.
leaded window	A window composed of small panes, usually diamond-shaped or rectangular, held in place by narrow strips of cast lead.
condensation	The deposit of water vapor from the air on any cold surface whose temperature is below the dew point, such as a cold window glass or frame that is exposed to humid indoor air.
order	one of the architectural systems (Corinthian, Ionic, Doric) used by the Greeks and Romans to decorate and define the postand- lintel system of construction.
vitreous	related to, derived from, or consisting of glass.
aa	When found on a tube or other container of paint, indicates the highest degree of color permanence
eave return	a roof edge that makes an acute inward turn for a short distance on the gable end of building
work songs	Rhythmic songs sung by African American workers while they worked
westwork	The structure built at the western ends of some Carolingian and Ottonian churches including an entrance vestibule, upper-level chapel, and towers
axis	an imaginary straight line passing through the center of a figure, form, or structure and about which that figure is imagined to rotate.
corbeled towers	a tower that is stepped outward and upward from a vertical wall
mausoleum	A building or structure for above-ground burial
ballpein hammer	A hammer which has one side of the head flattened for striking, and the other rounded for flattening rivets or forming a dome.
rehaussà©	a type of highlight created with gold leaf in trompe l'oeil work
flush deck	A continuous deck of a ship laid from stem to stern without any break.
custumal	a book setting out in detail the practice of a particular monastery, with instructions for the celebration of the divine office and for the other activities of the monastic day, compiled to supplement the general prescription of the Rule
stonemason	Tradesman who cuts, dresses and carves stone and builds stone buildings.
elevation	In architecture and drawing, a scale drawing of the side, front or rear of a structure
miniature	a representation executed on a much smaller scale than the original object.
pulpit	Stands for a speaker, especially the preacher of a sermon, often elevated for increased visibility and audibility, and often decorated with sculpted panels depicting religious scenes.
treasury	In ancient Greece, a small building set up for the safe storage of votive offerings.
battery	grouping of artillery
baptistery	A place where Christians are initiated into their faith; sometimes seperate from, but sometimes incorporated into, a church.
burg	German stronghold
flytower	Fly in this case means the tall space above the stage of a theater into which scenery not in use seems to "fly" up out of sight.
fenestration	The layout of windows on an elevation.
modeling	(a) in two-dimensional art, the use of value to suggest light and shadow, and thus create the effect of mass and weight; (b) in sculpture, the creation of form by manipulating a pliable material such as clay.
contrast	Generally, the exhibition of difference or juxtaposition of dissimilar elements in a work of art, as in the contrast of colors and textures
opus incertum	The type of facing of Roman concrete walls that consisted of irregularly-sized stones, placed in an irregular pattern
minster	Large church originally linked to a monastery
perpendicular	English architectural style (1330-1540)
hood	arched covering
axonometric projection	the depiction on a single plane
ravelin	outwork with two embankments forming a salient angle
cupola	A feature at the top of a roof, usually dome-shaped and opened by windows or columns.
top rail	See Rail.
lantern	the structure crowning a dome or tower, often used to admit light to the interior.
site plan	A drawing of the footprint of the subject building and immediate adjacent buildings indicating the location of the proposed work.
opus	A systematic method of numbering a composer's work, usually by order of publication (chronologically)
etching	(a) a printmaking process in which an impression is taken from a metal plate
crossing	The crossing is the area where the nave and transepts meet.
b	When found on a tube or other container of paint, indicates a color of less than permanent quality, though fairly durable.
escutcheon	An ornamental or protective metal plate that surrounds a keyhole, drawer pull, doorknob, light switch, etc.
dew point temperature	The temperature of the air at which the water vapor in the air starts to condense in the form of liquid or as frost.
virtuosity	The seemingly effortless skill or style employed by a virtuoso, or master.
wpa	Acronym for Works Progress Administration
rumford fireplace	A fireplace specially constructed to maximize heat output and minimizes smoke problems.
handbill	A single sheet — a circular or a flier — distributed by hand in public places or to homes or offices.
hinge	A movable joint that enables a window to swing open.
florilegium	One of Britain's greatest early music ensemble gives fresh and exciting performances of seventeenth and eighteenth century works
finish casing	(Finish Trim) Interior trim boards around a window unit.
bassoon	A low-sounding woodwind instrument that uses a mouthpiece with a double reed.
reglet	A continuous groove cast or cut into a Cast Stone unit to receive flashing.
bays	The number of bays refers to the width of a building by counting the number of opennings including both doors and windows. A house with a center door and a window on either side has 3 BAYS.
horseshoe arch	See Moorish Arch.
dust jacket	A paper cover used to protect the binding of a book from dust and wear, sometimes referred to as a "book jacket" or "dust cover."
tudor revival	The original Tudor period preceded the Jacobean period, and buildings in this style are similar but the Tudor revival buildings are plainer in their decoration than Jacobean revival buildings, but share details such as mullioned windows, coped gables, and kneelers.
doric order	The oldest of the five classical orders, characterized by a fluted column with no base and a plain capital.
greek key	An ornamental motif consisting of continuous bands arranged in rectilinear forms.
lintel	A horizontal supporting beam that spans the distance between an opening, often above a window or doorway.
porta regia	The central access route to the stage from the back stage in a Roman theater.
gouache	An opaque, water soluble, paint, often used for illustrations and maquettes.
pebble dowel	Literally a pebble inserted half into the joint of one stone and half into the joint of the adjoining stone to prevent lateral movement.
chamfer	A beveled or tapered edge made by cutting away of square edge on a monument.
choir	The architectural choir is the area of the chancel in which the human choir (quire) sits/stands, and where services are sung
vielle cour	"Old Yard"
awning	a moveable, fabric–covered, sloped surface that projects from a wall — usually over a door, window or storefront — to provide shelter from the weather
quartersawn	Lumber that has been cut so that the grown rings are at an angle of between 45 and 90 degrees to the board face.
sill band	See Cillband.
lintel	the horizontal cross beam spanning an opening in the post-and-lintel
ledger	A memorial stone laid prone and covering all or most of the grave.
melismatic	Designating a melodic phrase in which one syllable of text is spread over several notes.
crossing pier	In the interior of a building, a support that is placed at one of the corners of the crossing.
cantilever	Beam or structure supported at one end only.
ogee	A double curve, usually used to describe an arch or a moulding
treenail	A wooden peg made from dry compressed timber, made to swell when placed in its hold and moistened.
ambulatory	Semicircular or polygonal aisle which encloses an apse, often provided so that worshippers can walk round an altar or shrine.
finial	The finial is an architectural device, typically carved in stone and employed decoratively to emphasize the apex of a gable or any of various distinctive ornaments at the top, end, or corner of a building or structure
undercroft	Basement of a building.
marquee	A canopy usually in the form of a flat projection above an entrance way to shield it from the weather.
gambrel	A bilateral roof formation in which two slopes are used, the upper slopes shallow and the lower slope steep.
geometric	(a) based on mathematical shapes such as the circle, square, or rectangle; (b) a style of Greek pottery made between c
pine	As a verb, to yearn intensely and persistently especially for something unattainable.
tempered glass	The same as safety glass
limner	An old title for a painter of ornamental decoration, or manuscript illumination
pantile	a clay roofing tile with an 'S'-shaped profile.
bailey	In the architecture of a castle, the outer wall or the open area enclosed by this outer wall.
scalloped	capital Type of capital in which the semi-circular surface is carved into a series of truncated cones.
hospitium/a	A Latin term used conventionally by classical scholars to describe a Roman hospitality establishment.
joint	Gap between masonry units filled with mortar or backer rod and sealant.
pier	A mass of stonework or brickwork, usually of square section, which serves as a support instead of a column.
iconoscope	A sealed glass tube in early (1930s and 40s) video cameras in which light is converted into electric waves.
operator	Crank-operated device for opening and closing casement or jalousie windows.
arch	A curved or pointed structural element that is supported at its sides.
cross-and-orb	Modified cross slits to accommodate gunnery.
scallop	Carved in a series of semi-circles.
die	On a pedestal, the die is a rectangular block that separates cap from the base.
dresden lace	Lace that combines a number of embroidery techniques, including satin stitch, tambour (chain stitch), and pulled stitches to create a lace-like surface
anima soul	With deep feelings
color temperature	See also turbid medium effect.
top light	1) a window in a flat roof or
dogtooth	diagonal indented pyramid
pound sand	to engage in a futile activity; to go away
rehabilitation	The act or process of returning a building, structure, object or site to a state of utility that makes possible an efficient contemporary use while preserving those portions or exterior features that are historically, architecturally and culturally significant.
menages-humored	Domestically suited, domesticated.
mezzo	Half
sculpture	From the Latin word meaning “to carve;” shaping stone to any predetermined form.
basket	A term used by Paul Clement and his team to label each stratigraphic layer
orchestra	in an ancient Greek theater, a circular space used by the chorus.
parisian	Of or relating to Paris, France.
shifting house	building where gunpowder is checked and prepared
lapis lazuli	a semiprecious blue stone; used to prepare the blue pigment
meander pattern	a fret or key pattern originating in the Greek Geometric period.
image manipulation	Making changes (manipulation) to a digital image using image processing.
patina	(a) the colored surface, often green, that forms on bronze
close	an enclosed space, or precinct, usually next to a building such as a cathedral or castle.
minimally visible	Refers to any rooftop addition which when viewed from any public thoroughfare, projects into the maximum line of sight from such public thoroughfare by not more than 12 inches in height, or, due to its placement and size does not call attention to itself nor detract from any significant architectural features.
rabbet	A rectangular notch (consisting of two surfaces) cut parallel with the grain of wood along the edge
daub	A mud of clay mixture applied over wattle to strengthen and seal it.
fauces	Literally "jaws", the word is used to describe the entrance to a Roman house.
giclee	French term meaning "sprayed." A process by which an image is rendered digitally by spraying a fine stream of ink onto archival art paper or canvas
arch	An interdependant construction of wedge shaped elements so placed as to span a void using just their own weight to hold them in place.
trompe l'oeil	Literally, "fool the eye." (French)
vehicle	a term often used interchangeably with medium
joint	Any surface where one piece of stone has been dressed and cut to fit another
siteless survey	An approach to archaeological survey not designed primarily to discover sites, but rather to record and present evidence of artifacts and other information spread across the landscape.
beat	The basic time unit of a piece
crenellated	having a series of indentations, like those in a battlement.
spandrel	Area between top of a column or pier and the apex of the arch springing from it
marquetry	Decorative patterns formed when thin layers of wood (and sometimes other materials, such as ivory) are inlaid into the surface of furniture or other wood products.
clasping	Encasing the angle.
viewfinder	A small window cut in a piece of paper or card, that shows what will be in a picture's composition
polonaise	In Romantic music, a small piano piece based on the Polish dance form.
baptistry	Part of the church set aside for the sacrament of baptism.
intrados	The underside or interior curve of an arch; sometimes used to describe a curved vault or soffit.
clerestory	A row of windows located near the top of the wall of a nave or room or other space.
market centers	Concentrations of trade sources in one area of a city.
colonette	A small, column-like shaft.
squire	young man who served a knight, helping him with his horses and armour, who hoped to become a knight himself
bond	The positioning of stones or bricks so that they overlap those on the course below.
historiated	In architecture this term refers to a column capital that uses plants, animals, biblical figures, representations of humans, or mythological creatures to tell a story in addition to serving a decorative purpose.
underpainting	a preliminary painting, subsequently covered by the final layer(s) of paint.
vice	spiral stair
psalm	Sacred hymns or songs
triptych	A three-paneled artwork
wash	a thin, translucent coat of paint (e.g., in watercolor
ballade	A relatively large, free-form work
proctor	a legal representative of any person or bodies of persons able to act for them in ecclesiastical courts.
seatboard	The bottom board used in a bay or bow to connect all the windows together in a fixed location.
cadence	A melodic or harmonic (of chords) succession providing the sensation of conclusion
antae	The molded projecting ends of the walls forming the pronaos or opisthodomos of an ancient Greek temple.
galvanized iron	that has been coated with zinc to inhibit rusting.
arioso	A vocal style midway between recitative and aria
creole	As set forth by the Council on Development of French in Louisiana, "Creole means "homegrown, not imported."" At one time Creole meant offspring of French aristocrats born in the New World
jacob burckhardt	wrote about the italian renaissance, established the change of focus from god to man.
leaded glass	Glass that contains at least 20% lead oxide through a technique first developed by George Ravenscroft (1632-1683)
weephole	Small holes drilled along the bottom edge of storm sash or combination storm-screens to permit moisture condensation or wind-driven rain to drain away from the sill to the outdoors.
warm-edge technology	The use of low-conductance spacers to reduce heat transfer near the edge of insulated glazing.
fixed sash window	A picture window with an non-operable sash used to create matching sightlines in a operable window.
ultramarine	Blue pigment originally made from ground lapis lazuli
dormer	A building element that projects from a sloping roof surface, often inset with a window or vent to provide light and ventilation to a room or attic space.
school	A term used in art history to denote a group of artists working in a similar style or tradition.
apophyge	The concave curve at the top and base to the surface of Roman and Greek columns.
basilica	In ancient Roman times synonymous with a public court of law; in Christian religious terminology synonymous with a type of oblong church plan having a central nave flanked by one or more aisles.
pyramidal roof	A type of hipped roof with a square base and four sides that meet at a central peak.
lithography	A planographic printmaking process based on the repellence of oil and water and characterized by soft lines and blurry shapes.
lenten veil	covering pictures and crucifixes during Lent.
hallmark	A mark put on an article to indicate origin, purity, or genuineness
burr	in etching, the rough ridge left projecting above the surface of an engraved plate where the design has been incised.
hopper window	A bottom-hinged sash window that opens inward for ventilation.
georgian	A style that was dominant under the three King Georges, who reigned in England from 1714 to 1820, which embraced classical Greek and Roman styles to create light, simple and elegant architecture and furniture.
shingle	a small, thin sawn wooden board, thicker at one end, that is installed with overlapping edge as exterior siding or roofing
dog tooth	An ornamental motif consisting of a square, four-leafed figure, the center of which projects in a point
faïence	earthenware
stepped	Recessed in a series of ledges.
al-rashidon	The period of the first four caliphs.
flashing	Metal shields that keep water out of intersections of your roof as well as joints or valleys.
triple window	A term generally referring to any tripartite group of windows with square heads
paten	Christian liturgical plates, usually shallow in form, on which the Host is placed both before and after consecration.
addling	Confusion
deuteranopia	See colorblind, colorblindness.
oblate	a person given in childhood to a monastic community by his parents, to be brought up as a monk.
tinctured	Affected
pendant	A decorative device that hangs down, often used in conjunction with a finial.
abhaya	see mudrā.
picture stone	in Viking art, an upright boulder with images incised on it.
caster/castor	a small container with holes in the top, used for sprinkling sugar or pepper
ema	In Japanese art tradition, a votive painting.
net vault	A vault on which a complex of ribs gives a net-like appearance
mazurka	In Romantic music, a small piano piece based on the Polish dance form
fax	See facsimile.
hypocaust heating	A type of underfloor, central, heating used to heat buildings but raising the floor, usually on stacks of tiles and passing hot air through the cavity.
plebeian	One of the common people; a member of the Roman plebs
concertino	A short concerto
installation	a three-dimensional environment or ensemble of objects, presented as a work of art.
section drawing	A drawing representing a vertical plane cut through the structure.
vellum	a cream-colored, smooth surface for painting or writing, prepared from calfskin.
china paint	A low-temperature overglaze fired onto previously glazed and fired ceramic.
non-plussed	Perplexed
reveal	The part of the jamb which lies between the door (or glass, in a window) and the outer wall surface.
latch	(Catch) (Lock) A device which holds a window shut, such as the latch at the meeting rail of a double-hung window or one mounted on the stile of casement windows, often referred to as a lock.
vicus	a street of ordinary width with a relatively flat course
interpretation	The decisions made in performance that come from the performer rather than the composer
nosings	Used in two ways: on monuments, it refers to any cut or additional stone projecting out beyond the main surface line
nimbus	a bright or golden disk, surrounding the head of a divine or canonized person.
beresina	A river in Belarus, once part of the Soviet Union
hue	The pure state of any color.
uraeus	a stylized representation of an asp, often included on the headdress of ancient rulers.
spatial analysis	The measurement of properties and relations based, in part on the spatial location of the phenomena being studied
contrabass	Another term for a double bass, or bass viol
psychrometric chart	A chart which shows dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures used to determine the relative humidity of air and the dew point temperature
thermal conduction	Heat transfer through a material by contact of one molecule to the next
choir	The part of a cruciform church east of the crossing
norman	The Norman style of church architecture is the English version of the Romanesque style, developed by the Normans and employed in England following 1066; it is characterized by rounded arches and heavy pillars
eucharist	A sacrament and the central act of worship in many Christian churches performed during the Mass, which was instituted at the Last Supper and in which bread and wine are consecrated and consumed in remembrance of Jesus's death.
calando	Decrease both tempo and volume
crenellation	A regular series of gaps in the low wall at the edge of a roof.
elevation	One vertical side of a building or structure.
petit appareil	Small cubical stonework.
emerald green	A particular green pigment.
mandapa	a northern-style Hindu temple's assembly hall.
tactile defensiveness	Strong aversion to textures, material, or even human touch
diocletian window motif	A semicircular or segmented window divided into three lights.
lean-to roof	A roof that is built up against a vertical wall and has one slope only.
fascia	The broad, horizontal board over a shop-front that carries the name of the shop. Can be ornamental.
matins	the first office of the day, sung during the night about midnight, commonly called the Nocturns in medieval texts.
secularism	a doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations, the separation of church and state.
panel	A flat section of any monument that is set apart by raising, recessing or framing that is usually used to contain a name or inscription.
plate	(a) in engraving and etching, a flat piece of metal into which the image to be printed is cut; (b) in photography, a sheet of glass, metal, etc., coated with a light-sensitive emulsion.
curtain walling	a non-load-bearing wall applied in front of a framed structure, using metal, glass or thin masonry units to form the external finish to a building
hall	The main room in a medieval house.
end members	Horizontal series of moldings on the ends of a monument.
monastery	a religious establishment housing a community of people living in accordance with religious vows.
intervention	any action, other than demolition or destruction, that results in a physical change to an element of a historic place.
eisodos	Eisodos (or eisodoi) is a term used for Ancient Greek Plays in order to describe any of two passageways leading into the orchestra, between theatron and skenê (also known as the parodos).
palladium	A ductile, malleable, tarnish-resistant metal, resembling platinum, used primarily in silver alloys for jewelry.
dead ground	Close to the wall, where the defenders can't shoot.
extension jamb	(Jamb Lining) (Jamb Extender) A board used to increase the depth of the jambs of a window frame to fit a wall of any given thickness.
communion rail	The communion rail is a railing at which communicants kneel to receive Holy Communion, and which in historical-plan churches separates either the apse from the remainder of the chancel, or chancel from the nave; or which in lecture-hall-plan churches separates the chancel or stage from the nave.
choir screen	A screen, made of wood or stone, usually decorated with painting orsculpture, which separates the choir from the rest of the church.
interior mullion casing	The inside trim between adjacent windows
balance	See Sash Balance.
mausoleum	A building constructed as a burial chamber for a deceased person or persons.
knocked-down	Not assembled; parts for a window frame pre-manufactured for assembly at a later date on the job site.
fermatrecce	Spiral hair fasteners (Italian).
lunette	The half-moon shaped space framed by an arch, often containing a window or painting.
denim	A firm, durable twilled cotton fabric popularly used in blue jeans.
solid wood flooring	Solid wood flooring – Flooring that is constructed from solid wood boards, rather than laminated or veneered boards
aneurism	An aneurysm (or aneurism) is a bulge in a blood vessel caused by disease or weakening of the vessel wall
scriptorium	room in a monastery set aside for the use of scribes copying manuscripts.
quasi	As if, almost
export ware	A product made primarily for a foreign rather than a local market, usually referring to decorative objects made in Islamic countries, or in Vietnam, Japan, and China, for export to the West.
parget	Ornamental work in plaster.
shiplap	horizontal wooden siding that is installed with overlapping edges to shed rainwater, clapboard siding is similar
martyrion	See: Confessio.
nave	The central longitudinal space of a bascilican church
seigneurial	lordly, pertaining to a feudal lord.
baldachino	A baldachino is a heavy canopy built over the altar — St Peter's in Rome provides a good example.
lambent	Flickering
propylon	the monumental gateway to a religious sanctuary or defined space
austin	the English form of the name "Augustinian" as in "Austin Friars."
frame saw	A multiple straight bladed reciprocating mechanical stone saw capable of sawing several slabs at once.
compline	the last service of the day, being the final canonical hour, about 9 p.m.
precast concrete	Concrete components cast in a factory or on site before being placed in position.
rabbit skin	The source for glue size traditionally used in preparing a ground for oil painting.
earthenware	Ceramic ware with a permeable or porous body after firing (usually to a temperature of 1600°F to 1900°F).
flemish gable	A decorative gable form ,often seen in Flanders and the Netherlands, the sides of which drop in a cascade of right angles, also called a crow-stepped gable. Used as a decorative embellishment in Victorian era styles in the USA.
cure	cure of souls; the spiritual charge of parishioners (hence "curate").
skillion	See roof.
minorite	a Friar Minor or Franciscan.
unitary development plan	the statutory plan which sets out the Council's planning policies.
carathis	A character in "The History of the Caliph Vathek", a Gothic novel written by William Thomas Beckford
necromancy	sorcery: the belief in magical spells that harness occult forces or evil spirits to produce unnatural effects in the world; conjuring up the dead, especially for prophesying.
caa	Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology conferences [http://caa.leidenuniv.nl/]
close	an enclosed space, or precinct, usually next to a building such as a cathedral
ante chapel	Part of a chapel, usually the westernmost, screened off and often not consecrated.
composition	the arrangement of formal elements in a work of art.
crossing	The square space in a basilican church plan where the transept intersects with the nave just before the choir, often marked by a tower referred to as the crossing tower.
quick time	A compression scheme for moving and still digital images
greek cross	a plain cross, the four limbs of which are of equal length.
trompe l'oeil	illusionistic painting that "deceives the eye" with its appearance of reality.
g-clamp	A rounded metal clamp, a tool used to squeeze materials together by adjusting a screw thread, as when drilling, sawing, or gluing.
breccia	A clastic sedimentary rock with angular fragments.
rafter	A loping roof member
parsemage	A method of making an image by scattering dust from charcoal or colored chalk on water and then skimming the design off by passing a stiff paper or cardboard just under the water's surface
rough stock	Unfinished rock in the form which is delivered from the quarry.
norman	Style of architecture developed by the Normans which flourished in England after the Norman conquest to about 1200.
surcingle	A belt, band, or girth passing around the body of a horse to bind a saddle or pack fast to the horse's back.
vernacular revival	A late Victorian revival of the vernacular style that used motifs such as rows of mullion windows, kneelers, chamfered openings, dripmoulds, hoodmoulds and coped roofs.
basilica	(a) in Roman architecture, an oblong building used for tribunals and other public functions; (b) in Christian architecture, an early church with similar features to the Roman prototype.
belvedere	A small, square cupola that functions as a lookout tower, located at the top of a building
repoussé	A French word meaning "pushed out" used to describe a process for embossing silver
antiquity	Antiquity is a broadly applied term which refers to the history and culture of a period of Western civilization
bastle house	small tower house with a living room over a byre Batter - also known as
electrum	An alloy of gold and silver, pale yellow in color.
kamakura	A period in Japanese art history from 1185-1333
oriel window	projecting window in wall
knee braces	An inert, nontoxic gas used in insulating windows to reduce heat transfer.
lyric opera	A type of French Romantic opera that relied on beautiful melodies for its effect.
flemish bond	A brickwork bond with alernating headers (short side) and stretchers (long side) in each course (row).
advowson	the right of nominating or presenting a clergyman to a vacant living.
day for night	The common name for a cinematic filter used to make a daylit scene appear to be a nighttime dark one
perpendicular	A Gothic style of the 14th and 15th centuries (or a revival of) with an emphasis on the vertical element and right angles.
brio	Energetically, vividly
naples yellow	A particular yellow pigment.
malays	People of the Malay Peninsula, eastern Sumatra, parts of Borneo, and some adjacent islands.
minster	The church in a monastery; a church of major importance in the region.
rustication	An incision cast around the outer edges of a unit to produce a shaded affect.
triplet	Three notes fitted into the time in which only two of those notes would normally fit.
passes for amontillado	A dry sherry noted for its delicate bouquet, resembling the wine of Montilla, Spain, from which it derives its name
glaze	The thin, smooth, often decorative coating that waterproofs pottery and usually gives it color and sheen.
tournure	A woman's shape or figure; Any device used by women to expand the skirt of a dress below the waist; French bustle used to replace petticoats.
light	The framed part of a window opening. A window with two mullions would have three openings and would hence be called a three light window.
tufa	a porous, volcanic rock that hardens on exposure to air, used as a building material.
pseudo-gis environments	GIS environments that are not tied into the global reference system.
half-timbered	In early building, a wall constructed of timber with the spaces between the members filled With masonry (in French, colombage pierrotà©).
quadrilateral	A polygon bounded by four line segments, each of which can be of any length
operator	Crank-operated device for opening and closing casement awning windows.
width	The second dimension, after height
footings	Bottom part of wall
fanlight	A window, usually semi-circular over a door, with radiating muntins suggesting a fan.
hand-planned finish	A distressing treatment by which a new floor or board is scraped with blades by hand to give an undulating and worn effect.
ballista	Engine resembling a crossbow, used in hurling missiles or large arrows
casement	A window sash that opens outward by means of hinges.
lintel	A horizontal beam that carries the load above an opening, such as a window or door.
maquette	A small painting, sculpture, or model, created as a preparatory study for a large scale work
ionic column	A Greek-style column topped by a single scroll just below the top.
obstreperous	Marked by unruly or aggressive noisiness; Stubbornly resistant to control.
corredo	A set of grave goods (Italian).
keystone	the wedge-shaped stone at the center of an arch, rib, or vault that is inserted last, locking the other stones into place.
deacon	assistant to the priest and next under him in rank, being a member of the third order of the minstry.
double-reefed	To reef is to reduce the size of a sail by using ropes running through eyelets in the sail
raga	An ancient melodic pattern employed in Indian music.
transverse rib	a rib
pendentive	in a domed building, an inwardly curving triangular section of the vaulting that provides a transition from the round base of the dome to the supporting piers.
dormer window	A window projecting from a roof.
woof	The threads or strands of yarn that are woven over and under the warp threads to make a weaving
cherub	A winged celestial being, the second of the nine orders of angels, usually portrayed as a chubby rosy-faced child.
sedilia	seats for priests officiating at services, usually built into the wall on the south side of the chancel.
sagacity	Shrewdness
flashing	Strips of sheet metal bent to fit the angle between any two roof surfaces or between the roof and any projection, such as a chimney.
hand puppet	A small, hollow cloth figure, usually of a person or animal, that fits over and is moved by the hand.
tudor arch	A flattened arch with a center point above a door or window, commonly seen in Tudor Revival style buildings, (also called a 4 centered arch).
axis	An implied or visible straight line in painting or sculpture in the center of a form along its dominant direction
binder	The substance in a paint which holds together (binds) the pigment and makes the paint stick to whatever it's painted on
fuoco	Loud and fast
illumination	Ornamental or narrative paintings illustrating secular and religious manuscripts and sometimes early printed books.
jin	A Chinese dynasty which lasted 1115 - 1234
mansard roof	A four-sided hipped roof featuring two slopes on each side, the lower slopes being very steep, almost vertical, and the upper slopes sometimes being so horizontal that they are not visible from the ground
rayograph	an image made by placing an object directly on light-sensitive paper, using a technique developed by Man Ray.
rhythm and blues	A form of African American popular music that blends elements of jazz and the blues.
lintel	Horizontal stone or beam bridging an opening
oculus	A round, central opening or "eye" in a dome.
raku	The technique of rapidly firing low-temperature ceramic ware
wallpaper	Is available in a range of colors, patterns, textures, and materials for direct application to plaster or gypsum wallboard partitions.
chiaroscuro	This is an Italian term which literally means "light-dark." In paintings the description refers to clear tonal contrasts which are often used to suggest the volume and modeling of the subjects depicted
pressed glass	Glassware formed by squeezing molten glass in a metal mold using a metal plunger or "follower." Glass made this way, developed in the United States between 1820 and 1830, is sometimes called "mold-pressed." Pressed glass has an interior form that is independent of the exterior form, in contrast to mold-blown glass, whose interior shape echoes its exterior shape.
module	a unit of measurement on which the proportions of a building or work of art are based.
attack	The start of a note or a phrase
splayed	an oblique slope given to the sides of an opening in a wall so that the opening is wider at one face than the other
rhinestone	A lead crystal originally sifted from the Rhine River, or a faceted chunk of glass, usually backed with foil, often used to decorate jewelry or clothing.
figura serpentinata	a snakelike twisting of the body, typical of Mannerist art.
strophic	A song in which each verse uses the same melody
semi-dome	A half dome.
harmika	In Buddhist architecture, a square fence-like enclosure symbolizing heaven on top of the dome of a stupa
parapet	A low wall bounding the precipice of any surface, e.g., bridge edge or house-top.
asymmetrical	characterized by asymmetry, or lack of balance,
joiner	A carpenter, especially a cabinetmaker
french foot	A short, concave curve in a furniture leg, often found on case furniture, creating a light, graceful support.
aerial perspective	a technique for creating the illusion of distance by the use of less distinct contours and a reduction in color intensity.
tertiary color	a hue
linear perspective	a mathematical system devised during the Renaissance to create the illusion of depth in a two-dimensional image, through the use of straight lines converging toward a vanishing point in the distance.
tablet	A slab or plaque, as of stone or ivory, with a surface that is meant for or bears an inscription.
dormer	A window placed on the slope of a roof with a roof of its own above it.
nouvelle heloise	A romantic novel by Jean-Jacques Rousseau written in 1761
canopy	Literally means “to overhang” and refers to any roof-like outcropping
collect	a short prayer appointed for a particular day (hence "collect-books").
bond	the pattern in which bricks are arranged in a wall, e.g
vicar general	an ecclesiastical officer appointed by the bishop as his deputy in matters jurisdictional and administrative.
balance	Pictorial balance is arrangement of parts aimed at achieving a state of equilibrium between opposing forces or influences
uraeus	a stylized
traverse arch	See rib vault
rib	an arched
armature	A metal structural support for a rigid projecting sign
refectory	Dining halls of monasteries or other religious institutions usually lined with tables and sometimes containing pulpits for reading of religious texts during meal times
crenelation	Battlements at the top of a tower or wall.
acanthus	Ornamental design motif representing leaves of the acanthus plant, native to the Mediterranean.
niello	A decorative black enamel made of copper, silver, and lead sulphides; used as inlay on engraved or etched metal.
bailee	One to whom the property of another — the bailor — is entrusted for a limited period
light	(Lite) A window; a pane of glass within a window
analogous color	Hues that are next to one another on the color wheel
trefoil	An ornamental form which has three lobes or foils.
fine-art print	One of two general types of prints, the other being historical prints
herringbone	brick or stone laid diagonally
dante alighieri	an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)
enfilade	A series of architectural spaces all in a row.
lectionary	a book containing the lessons to be read in choir during Mass and the divine office.
tenor	A high, male voice, or an instrument that is lower than an alto and higher than a bass instrument.
apse	A semicircular termination to the chancel, chapel or aisle.
suspension bridge	a bridge in which the roadway is suspended from two or more steel cables, which usually pass over towers and are then anchored at their ends.
garderobe	Individual lavatory or privy.
jaggeree	Now spelled "jaggery", it is an unrefined brown sugar made from palm sap
latin cross	a cross in which the vertical arm is longer than the horizontal arm, through the midpoint of which it passes.
allee	(French - Pronounced "al-lay") A sheltered garden walk or drive.
semplice	Simple, the marked part will be played with no change - without ornamentation or rhythm changes
demur	Hesitation, (as in doing or accepting) usually based on doubt of the acceptability of something offered or proposed.
obverse	The principal side of any object, especially any two-sided object, such as a coin, a medal, a seal, or a panel which has a painting on each side
rubicund	Ruddy, having a healthy reddish color.
abstract	Design elements showing general forms instead of a detailed and realistic representation.
beetling	Projecting, jutting out.
atrium	A'tri·um noun ; plural Atria [ Latin , the fore court of a Roman house.] 1
portal	Another word for entrance, usually with a sculpted surround and used in reference to medieval churches.
gunwale	Upper edge or topmost planking of the side of a ship or boat
gambrel roof	A roof that has a double slope, with the lower slope steeper and longer than the upper one.
finial	a small decorative element at the top of an architectural member such as a gable or pinnacle, or of a smaller object such as a bronze vessel.
fresco	a technique (also known as buon fresco ) of painting on the plaster surface of a wall or ceiling while it is still damp, so that the pigments become fused with the plaster as it dries.
quoins	an exterior angle of a wall or other masonry; a stone serving to form such an angle - a cornerstone; a keystone
pendulous	Poised without visible support.
sheerlegs	Lifting apparatus comprising two or more upright beams anchored together at their tops and held with guy ropes, for use with lifting tackle.
brocken-back	The term applied to a roof which changes from a steeper pitch to a lower over an area such as a veranda.
shape	Is the unique characteristic of an object or space that defines it as distinct from adjacent objects or spaces.
wet-and-dry paper	Paper with a coating of silicon carbide, used as an abrasive; a type of sandpaper
ethereal	Heavenly
alabaster	A fine-textured, regularly white, gypsum that is easily carved and translucent when thin.
grain	The individual mineral pieces or crystals that make up a rock.
catacomb	an underground complex of passageways and vaults,
chaplet	A metal pin used in hollow-casting to connect the investment with the clay core.
steel-frame construction	see skeletal construction.
ultra-violet radiation	Extremely short wave length invisible radiation, which is a component of solar radiation, and merges into the visible spectrum; attributed as a source of skin sunburn and color fading of draperies and carpeting.
stock brick	a traditional clay brick commonly used in house construction; often called London stocks because of the frequency of use locally
basement	footings or foundation.
crypt	chamber underneath a church, usually at the east end.
loophole	Narrow, tall opening, wallslit for light, air, or shooting through.
fabricate	In general, to make; to create
etched glass	Glass decorated, carved, or otherwise marked by sandblasting or the use of hydrofluoric acid
acanthus	A leaf used in Classical ornament, particularly on Corinthian capitals (the tops of Corinthian columns); frequently found on furniture as carved decoration or cast bronze ornament, particularly from the French, Louis XVI period.
mannerist	architectural style
french	door, French window See casement.
light	Glazing; component part of window, divided by mullions and transoms.
burh	Saxon stronghold; literally a "neighborhood".
fauces	A Latin term used conventionally by classical scholars to describe the entrance to a Roman house.
hall	Principle living quarters of a medieval castle or house
festoon	a garland of leaves or ribbons suspended in a loop between two points; festoons are often painted or sculpted, the latter particularly in friezes of the Corinthian order.
staccato	"Detached." Indicating a style of performance in which each note is played in a short, crisp manner.
tessera	Small piece of stone, glass,etc
sacistry	In a church, a room for the storage of sacred objects and for the carrying-out of certain church activities.
kraken	Probably no legendary sea monster was as horrifying as the Kraken
stylus	a pointed instrument used in antiquity for writing on clay, wax, papyrus, and parchment; a pointed metal instrument used to scratch an image on the plate used to produce an etching.
overburden	The unusable rock and matter lying over the stone to be quarried.
idiophones	A general term for solid percussion instruments in world music that are struck together, shaken, scraped, or rubbed to create their sound.
vicissitudes	Natural changes or mutations visible in nature or in human affairs
party wall	a wall or fence that straddles a boundary between two or more properties or stands entirely on land in one ownership but used to separate two buildings in separate ownership/occupation.
obit	a memorial mass celebrated annually on the mind-day of a deceased person, usually the anniversary of his death.
altar stone	The altar stone was a slab of carved stone, hollowed out to contain a relic or the Host and chalice, and consecrated by a bishop
celesta	A keyboard percussion instrument that strikes tuned steel bars and looks something like a small upright piano.
burh	settlement type
placid	Tranquil, gentle, quiet, or undisturbed.
chanson	French for "song." A type of Renaissance secular vocal music.
tarashikomi	In Japanese art, a technique involving the use of wet pigments.
t.	Abbreviation for teaspoon.
oilette	A round opening at the base of a loophole, usually for a cannon muzzle.
oblong	A shape stretched out from a circle or square shape so that it is longer than it is wide.
acroterion	An ornamental projection at the corner or peak of a roof; or the base that supports the ornament.
earthenware	pottery that has been either airdried or fired
portamento	To slide smoothly from one note to another
flooring	Platform which formed the wooden floor of the drawbridge
naos	Alternative term for the nave.
fire	to prepare (especially ceramics
heraldry	the system of coats of arms used to identify noble families
gothic revival	A Victorian revival of the Gothic style of architecture dating from the 12th through 16th centuries
uv reflection	The percentage of ultraviolet rays being blocked rather than being transmitted through the window's glass unit
parody	A work that imitates the characteristic style of another work, either for comic effect or ridicule
purbeck marble	A hard limestone (not strictly a marble) which can be polished
colonial	An architectural style associated with an early American period; Early American style c
tyche	A Greek word meaning luck, used to describe the tutelary deity of a city, usually a female personification with a mural crown on her head representing the city's walls.
truss	A timber frame used to support the roof over the great hall.
groove	A long, narrow cut on the face of a wood member; a groove across the grain is a Dado; one parallel with the grain is a Plough
iconostasis	Large wall-sized screens in Byzantine churches located to separate the sanctuary including the high altar from the nave, usually pierced by three doors and sometimes covered with a number of individual icons.
solo concerto	A multimovement baroque work that differs from concerto grosso in that the concertino consists of only one instrument.
decrepitude	Wear from old age.
discomfited	Put into a state of perplexity and embarrassment
deoxidize	To remove oxides
full screen	A screen that covers the entire area of a window that has the possibility of opening.
bracket	an overhanging member that projects from a structure and is usually designed to support a vertical load
gambrel roof	A roof with a short sloping surface on either side of the ridge, followed by a longer, more steeply pitched surface that is often flared at the end
filigreed	Ornamental work especially of fine wire of gold, silver, or copper applied chiefly to gold and silver surfaces.
sash	Narrow pieces of material, (i.e.wood, metal, or plastic) often used to frame the glazing inset into an opening, such as in a window, capable of being fixed or moved.
rebus	the representation of words and syllables by pictures or symbols, the names of which sound the same as the intended words or syllables.
monastery	Complex of buildings used to house a community of monks or nuns, including a church and cloister, refectory for meals, dormitory for sleep and, usually, a hostelry for guests and a scriptorium for the production and copying of books (manuscripts).
sextuplet	Six notes played in the time of four notes of the same value
fouled our anchor	The anchor became entangled in the chain or rope that it was connected to.
concertino	See Concerto Grosso.
sealed unit	A combination of two or more lutes of glass separated by a sealed space.
labeled	In musical instruments, the term refers to having a paper label that bears the name of the maker
undercut	Carving to create an overhang; a recess or awkward angle in the surface or form of a three-dimensional object which would prevent easy removal of a cast from a mold
venetian window	A three light window where the central light is the tallest (or largest) of the three and usually has a round head.
epicurus	Epicurus was a philosopher from 300 B.C
carat	The common unit of measurement for precious stones and pearls
gable	Wall covering end of roof ridge.
vernissage	A private showing, preview, or opening of an art exhibition —
functional	see: applied
grunge rock	A punk-related style of rock music of the 1980s and 1990s based in Seattle, Washington.
grout	The discarded materials created while quarrying rock.
caduceus	the symbol of a herald or physician, consisting of a staff with two snakes twined around it and two wings at the top.
guilloche	An ornament or border of continuous, interlaced curving lines.
stupa	in Buddhist architecture, a dome
avoirdupois	A system of weights based on a pound containing 16 ounces or 7,000 grains
lacuna	An empty space or a missing part; a gap, a void
outside glazing	Glazing installed from the outside.
exposure	The exposed end of a shingle that sticks out from your roof.
works progress administration	An agency of the U.S
batter	A sloping part of a curtain wall
codex	sheets of parchment or vellum bound together—the precursor of the modern book.
hierarchy of abstractions	The atomizing of evidence into its constituent, abstract parts that are then reordered within a hierarchy according to their value in interpretation.
stile	The vertical-edge members of a window sash.
gif	Graphic Image File format
egyptian blue	A particular blue pigment.
grand opera	A type of Romantic opera that concentrated on the spectacular elements of the production.
aesthetics	the philosophy and science of art and artistic phenomena.
luminism	an American nineteenth-century art style emphasizing the effect of light on landcape.
quadruple stops	Bowed stringed instruments played to sound all four strings together.
black canons	a common name for
metamorphic	Rocks which changed from another rock by the action of heat, pressure, or both.
volume	Refers to the space within a form
art deco	An architectural style that was fashionable during the 1920s and 30s. The movement some times used modern materials such as cast concrete and the style suggested modernity, technology and motion. Stained and leaded glass was sometimes used and is often of a creative, geometric design.
funk	A polyrhythmic form of rock music in which rhythms are much more important than the melodies sung or played with them.
relocation	Any change in the location of a building, structure or object.
jalousie	A louvred window shutter.
falstaffian	Falstaff was a fat, convivial, roguish character in Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor and Henry IV.
southern rock	A 1970s style that stressed the blues, along with elements of country music and texts about pride in the American South.
death mask	A cast of the face of a dead person, a record of an important person's face for posterity
dogtooth	Diagonal indented pyramid.
aedicule	(a) a small building used as a shrine; (b) a niche designed to hold a statue
serenata	An 18th century dramatic cantata (vocal form)
harmikā	a square platform surmounting the dome
pendentive	in a domed building, an inwardly curving triangular section of the vaulting
column	A free-standing vertical load-bearing feature
opencast	The method of mining near the surface, by cutting into it from above rather than digging underground.
torpid	Numb
balance	A spring loaded device used to counter-balance the sash of a hung window, thereby holding it in the ‘up' position.
deaccession	To remove an artwork from a museum's collection, or the artwork that is removed
cadenza	A section integrated in a concerto, in which the soloist can demostrate his or her ability as a virtuoso
alabaster	Fine-grained marble-like variety of gypsum.
saw angels	Flat metal extensions which can be bolted to the sides of a saw table to increase its width.
albumen	Subtly toned photographs popular in the late 1800s that were made by adhering photographic chemicals to paper with egg whites — hence the name.
phrenologist	A person who studies the conformation of the skull based on the belief that it is indicative of mental faculties and character.
ringwork	A type of circular earthwork consisting of rampart and external ditch broken by an entrance
sanctuary	right of protection to fugitives within a church, or occasionally within the precinct of a monastery or cathedral.
epoxy	A thermosetting resin used as a strong adhesive to permanently attach two items together.
spanish colonial style	See: Mission Style.
wall-stair	Staircase built into the thickness of a wall.
quoins	The dressed stones at the corners of buildings, usually laid so their faces are alternately large and small.
empathy	Sympathy for another's situation, feelings, and motives
transom	Small, usually rectangular or fanlight window over a door
pink	fashionable, exclusive
crossing tower	The tower which sometimes occurs above the space at the intersection of the nave, chancel, and transept of a church.
ambulatory	The aisle around the east end of a church behind the altar
cantus firmus	A given tune
apprentice	Indentured trainee tradesman
infilling or webbing	The vault surface between the ribs of a rib vault.
texture	The tactile and visual quality of a surface other than its color.
efflorescence	A white powdery deposit on masonry or plaster caused by mineral salts migrating to the surface as a result of evaporation.
sate	An old spelling of "sat", past tense of "sit"
apse	The eastern or altar end of a basilica or church, usually semicircular in plan and vaulted with a half-dome.
kore	Greek word for maiden; an Archaic Greek statue of a standing female, usually clothed.
lunette	A crescent-shaped window framed by moldings or an arch.
contour	a line representing the outline of a figure or form.
marquee	a fixed horizontal structure that projects from a wall — usually over a theatre's entrance — to provide shelter from the weather
window frame	The fixed frame of a window, which holds the sash or casement as well as hardware.
crossing	the area in a Christian church where the transepts intersect the nave.
granite	Is an igneous rock with visible grains.
nepenthe	A potion used by the ancients to induce forgetfulness of pain or sorrow; Something capable of causing oblivion of grief or suffering.
panel	A portion of a flat surface recessed, or raised from the surrounding area, distinctly set off by molding or some other decorative device.
fretwork	Ornamental woodwork, cut into a pattern, often elaborate.
festivo	festively
low-fire glazes	Glazes – Low-temperature ceramic glazes, usually associated with bright, shiny colors.
mullion	A vertical member dividing a window into sections.
chancel	Within the historical church floor plan, the chancel is the front (eastern) part of the church, reserved to the clergy and those layman assisting in the conduct of the service
texture	In fabric, is the surface quality of a material.
contrapposto	a stance of the human body in which one leg bears the weight, while the other is relaxed, creating an asymmetry
conch	also known as an apse, a recess in a wall often highly decorated or containing a statue.
foliated	Carved with leaves.
half-timber	The common form of medieval construction in which walls were made of a wood frame structure filled with wattle and daub.
chimney	A vertical structure used to draw air into a combustion chamber such as a fireplace, stove, or furnace and then ventilate the resulting smoke and gases to the outside atmosphere; made up of a shaft ( single flue)or a stack (multiple flues).
cob	Unburned clay mixed with straw
balance	Harmony of design and proportion.
moultrie	William Moultrie was an American general in the Revolution
isometric projection	an architectural diagram combining a ground plan
galilee	chapel or vestibule, usually enclosing the porch at the west end of the church.
machtkunst	art used in the service of a military or other authority; literally, "power art" in German.
bailiff	An official with administrative authority under the Sheriff
shadow line	The shadow cast by the sun on the butt edge, making the panel look deeper from a distance
barrel vault	In architecture, a half-round ceiling made by placing a series of arches from front to back
rhythm	Is the repetition of elements in a regular patter.
degree-day	A measure of heating demand, based on the difference between the mean daily outdoor temperature and 65°F
chromatic scale	The scale containing all twelve tones within the interval of an octave.
meurtrière	alternative name for murder holes
pluto	The Roman god of the underworld.
folio	A printing term that refers to the largest standard size of a book, based on the folded sheets of paper that comprise it
rib	A projecting band on a ceiling or vault, usually structural but sometimes purely decorative, separating the cells of a groin vault.
repointing	Process of renewing mortar joints; see pointing.
truss	An assembly of members combined to form a rigid framework, interconnected to form triangles.
circa	A Latin word meaning "about" or "around." It is used in reference to dates when the exact age of something cannot be known but can be approximated
iconostasis	In the Orthodox Church, a screen bearing arrayed icons and separating the nave from the chancel
theme and variations form	A form based on a single theme and its subsequent repetition, with each new statement varied in some way from the original.
caryatid	A support or column in the shape of a female figure.
geometric	The style of Greek art during the ninth and eighth centuries BCE, characterized by abstract geometric ornament and schematic figures.
label moulding	A square-arched moulding above windows and doors.
springer	The stone which forms the base of an archs curve, literally, the point from which the arch springs.
organ	Originally a wind instrument in which sets of pipes are controlled by a keyboard that sends air from a blower into the pipes
keystone	The central wedge-shaped member of a masonry arch; also used as a decorative element on arches in wood structures.
candlepower	Is the unit of luminous intensity approximately equal to the horizontal light output from an ordinary wax candle.
sculpture in the round	freestanding sculptural figures carved or modeled in three dimensions.
tribune	(a) the apse
andantino grazioso	gracefully, moderately slow
rational	Consistent with or based on reason; logical
zaffre	Zaffre is a crude oxide of cobalt obtained by heating cobalt ore in a current of air
soprano	A high, usually female, voice
acmi	An acronym for the Art & Craft Materials Institute.
pinnacle	The uppermost section of an element.
lacunar	a panelled or coffered ceiling or soffit; derived from the latin word lacuna meaning hollow or recess
niche	A recessed space in a wall usually in a semi-circular form and sometimes intended to contain a statue.
frontispiece	In architectural terminology this word means the center of a façade, or main entrance section, whereas in books it means an illustration facing the title page
step pyramid	a pyramid constructed of mastaba
santero	An artist who creates santos.
triforium or triforium passage	A narrow passage in the thickness of the wall with arches opening onto the nave
hood	Arched covering; when used as umbrella, called
unequivocal	Unquestionable
springer	point from which an arch or vault is struck from a wall face
plate armour	armour made of jointed metal plates
throat	A concave section worked into the underside of an overhanging moulding to create a drip mould and prevent rainwater running down the face of the wall.
rowhouse	One of a group of an unbroken line of attached houses that share common side walls, known as party walls.
tenor	The drift of something spoken or written
allargando	Slow down
sash	In a window the wood or metal frame that holds the glass.
kirschenwasser	A cherry brandy manufactured chiefly in the Black Forest in Germany.
hyacinthine	Of the color of a hyacinth, either the gem or the flower
trabeated	constructed according to the postand-lintel
washer	A flat metal or rubber disk placed beneath a bolt head or nut which helps to secure the bolt and distribute its pressure, lessen friction, or prevent leakage.
birds nest	A small cup shaped application of mortar or clay to the face of a wall to act as a funnel for pouring grout into a narrow void or joint.
quatrefoil	A decorative element shaped in the form of four leaves.
nassau balloon	In 1837, Charles Green, Robert Holland, and Thomas Monck Mason really did take a balloon trip from London, England to Weilburg, Germany
chapter house	a meeting place for the discussion of business in a cathedral
vitreous	Clay fired to maturity, so that it is hard, dense, and nonabsorbent.
fillet	A narrow band with a vertical face
vaulted ceiling	In Roman, Classical, and Gothic architecture, a ceiling formed of a continuous arch, like a tunnel
hopper	Windows are hinged at the bottom and open inward.
call-in	a power given to the Secretary of State to enable him or her to decide a particular application in lieu of the local planning authority.
fixer mason	The stonemason who builds the stones into the building.
fresco secco	a variant technique of fresco painting in which the paint is applied to dry plaster; this is often combined with buon fresco, or "true" fresco painting.
reprise	An internal corner of a profiled unit.
stringcourses	decorative horizontal bands on a building.
ray	A thin line or narrow beam of light, or a representation of such a straight line
maquette	A small-scale model produced in preparation for making a finished sculpture, in order to visualize the object before money is spent to produce a full-sized work or art.
symposium	(a) a drinking party; (b) a social gathering at which there is a free exchange of ideas.
corbel	A projecting block that supports a parapet or sill
key	The tonal center of a composition
abacus	the flat slab that forms the topmost unit of a Doric column
temporal art	See performance art.
venice turpentine	Canada balsam, an oily resin or balsam obtained from conifers
headboard	The top wooden board used in a bay or bow to connect all the windows together in a fixed location.
acropolis	The Greek word meaning "high city." Ancient Greek builders chose to erect their towns around fortified hills upon which their main temples were placed
burl	Wood from an abnormal or diseased portion of a tree root or trunk (often caused by injury to the bark)
ellipsis	The omission of a word or phrase necessary for a complete syntactical construction but not necessary for understanding, or an example of such omission
transept	Transverse arms of a basilican church plan set at right angles to the nave
kiln	an oven used to bake (or fire
fan vault	A vault which consists of fan-shaped half cones which usually meet at the center of a vault
fan vaulting	One of the most beautiful expressions in Gothic architecture consisting of decorative stone ribbing forming intricate fanning patterns across a vault surface
a tempo	Return to the previous tempo.
cornerstone	The first stone laid at the intersection of two walls, forming the foundation of the building
chamfer	Narrow face created when the edge of a corner in stonework is cut at an angle, usually 45 degrees, but sometimes concave or convex. Where two corners of stonework have been cut away, a double chamfer is created.
italianate	A style of architecture that is an English romanticism of Italian architecture. Typical features are tall, often round-headed openings; shallow pitch, frequently hipped roofs to give the appearance of there being a flat roof.
american renaissance revival	An often-ornate style of furniture, popular from about 1865 to 1885, that used motifs popular in Renaissance Europe.
colonnette	a small, slender column, usually grouped with others to form cluster piers.
opera buffa	Italian comic opera.
sang de boeuf	A French phrase meaning "blood of the ox," it refers to the striking blood-red glaze first used by Chinese potters hundreds of years ago, and kept a secret from American and European potters until the 1920s.
palladian window	A three part window consisting of an arched central window flanked by smaller rectangular windows.
waterproof	Typically refers to colors or other materials which will not decay or distort with exposure to water
iconology	the study of the meaning or content of a larger program to which individual works of art belong.
arches	colonnades, classical columns and entablatures Smooth wall surfaces Delicacy of details Formal landscape; use of pools, fountains, sculpture within a central plaza ...
cantus figuratus	Singing with trills on each syllable (as in church music)
broch	Drystone freestanding tower with interior court, no external windows (which face into the court), spiral stair inside wall, typically iron age Celtic refuge in Scotland.
double hung window	A window with two sashes, one sliding vertically over the other.
monotone	Reciting text on one pitch
hatching	close parallel lines used in drawings and prints to create the effect of shadow on three-dimensional
chiaroscuro	The contrast of light and dark in a painting, used for dramatic effect.
parapet	low wall on outer side of main wall, edging the
longitudinal section	an architectural diagram giving an inside view of a building intersected by a vertical plane
bond	The arrangement of masonry that forms a regular pattern to provide strength, stability and in some cases decorative form.
weep hole	A small hole in the bottom butt edge of the vinyl siding panel, allowing condensation to escape.
chamfer	Surface made by smoothing off the angle between two stone faces.
chancel	The east end of the church, in which the alter is placed.
roman arch	The earliest and simplest form of arch, describing a semi-circle curve.
sanctuary	In a church, the area around the principal altar
centauromachy	In ancient Greek mythology, the battle between the Greeks and centaurs.
minaret	Tall, slender towers of a mosque used to summon the congregation to prayer.
chapter house	A building attached to the monastery in which the monks met to discuss the affairs of the monastery.
rencontre	A violent meeting
brackets	Ornamental supports, usually of wood or pressed metal, which appear at the cornice line of a building. They may be incised into a scrolled patten or be more simply molded and are common to all Italinate style buildings, but often appear with other styles as well.
opalescence	A white surface having iridescence
a cappella	Choral music without instrumental accompaniment.
archaeometry	a branch of archaeology that dates objects through the use of various techniques such as amino-acid and radiocarbon dating.
cella	the inner or main chamber of a temple
beam ceiling	A ceiling punctuated by wooden beams, evenly spaced across the width of a room.
sill	The bottom crosspiece on a window frame.
blockface	The portion of a block that abuts a street.
tripod	An ancient Greek deep bowl on a tall three-legged stand.
dome	a vaulted
variation	A modified version of something previously performed in which some elements of the original remain.
fenestella	The fenestella is a niche in the chancel wall holding the piscina and possibly the creedence.
qibla	a wall inside the prayer hall of a mosque
authorization to proceed	A letter from LPC notifying an applicant that the proposed HVAC (ONLY HVAC? OTHER WORK COVERED BY THIS?) installations have been found to be in conformance with the provisions of an approved Master Plan.
depth	The third dimension
non troppo	Not too much (Italian)
sfumato	the definition of form by delicate gradations of light and shadow.
deduction	Reaching a conclusion only when it follows necessarily from stated facts or proposals; reasoning from the general to the specific
apsidal	See glossary entry for apse
schola	Architectural structure of varying shapes used for the instruction of youth, for informal gatherings of small groups, or meetings of professional clubs.
linocut	A relief print process similar to woodcut
stylite	an ascetic who lived on top of a pillar.
oolite	The small round particles which make up a sedimentary rock
decorum	Conventions in matching a subject of an artwork to a style or tone appropriate to it
mullion	A thin upright member within a window or between adjacent windows.
beam	A structural member that caries a load
portraiture	the art of making portraits.
sgraffito	A technique used for the decoration of walls, where plaster is scratched to reveal a differently colored pattern beneath.
hallmark	The mark used by silversmiths and goldsmiths to identify who made a particular piece and to guarantee that it was made from a high-quality metal.
soliloquy	The act of talking to oneself
ring-chain	A type of ornament popular in Anglo-Danish times.
crypt	a chamber or vault
temperature	The intensity of heat as measured in degrees Fahrenheit or degrees Centigrade, also known as Celsius
lampwork	The technique of manipulating glass by heating it with a small flame
cartilaginous	Composed of, relating to, or resembling cartilage.
coloring	The process of (or material used for) tinting the hue of Cast Stone
cosmogony	A theory of the origin of the universe.
picture window	Large fixed windows; introduced in the 1940s.
butt hinges	Two metal plates joined with a pin, one being fastened to the door jamb or frame and the other to the door.
tau cross	Plain T cross with equal limbs.
sarcophagus	A stone coffin, often bearing sculpture, inscriptions, etc.
sight sing	Sing by looking at musical notation instead of having memorized the music in advance.
bebop	A jazz style that emphasizes small ensembles playing very active and complex music.
squinch	The lowest voussoir at the base of an arch, where the vertical support for the arch terminates and the curve of the arch begins; the triangular feature that results from placing a dome on top of a square building, using a series of arches
model	The positive shape that represents the final product
k	Abbreviation for degrees kelvin.
loophole	narrow, tall opening, in a wall slit for light, air, or shooting through
crypt	An underground chamber for relics or tombs
accede	To express approval or give consent; give in to a request or demand.
double-hung window	Window with two vertically moving sashes, each closing a different part of the window.
bell tower / belfry	The bell tower is the tower where the church bells are installed (the bell chamber) and worked (the ringing chamber)
under layments	Roofing paper that has been impregnated with asphalt
monolith	a large block of stone that is all in one piece (i.e., not composed of smaller blocks), used in megalithic structures.
cloister	A place or state of seclusion
trilithons	A term taken from the Greek word meaning three stones; applied to prehistoric structures consisting of two upright stones supporting a horizontal one.
fauces	The narrow passage from the mouth to the pharynx, situated between the soft palate and the base of the tongue; -- called also the isthmus of the fauces
crypt	Chamber beneath a church
watermark	In the making of paper, a translucent design impressed on it when still moist by a metal pattern, and visible when the paper is held before light (back-lit)
mullion	vertical bar dividing a window into lights.
absolute music	Instrumental music without any extra-musical association
display window	The large glazed portion of the storefront, and the associated framing, above the bulkhead and below the transom, extending from pier to pier
chattra	a royal parasol crowning the dome anda of a Buddhist stupa, symbolically honoring the Buddha.
flemish gable	A decorative gable form ,often seen in Flanders and the Netherlands, the sides of which drop in a cascade of right angles, also called a crow-stepped gable. Used as a decorative embellishment in Victorian era styles in the USA.
herringbone	Brick or stone laid in alternate diagonal courses.
exemption	a privileged status obtained by some monasteries which freed them from the jurisdiction of their local bishop and made them directly subject to the papacy.
semi-detached	A building attached to a similar one on one side but unattached on the other.
bills of lading	The form that the supplier provides to the truck driver to show what is being shipped and who has title to the goods.
facade	An exterior wall, or face, of a building
hessian	A German mercenary serving in the British forces during the American Revolution.
silkscreen	a printmaking process in which pigment is forced through the mesh of a silkscreen, parts of which have been masked to make them impervious.
chapter	the daily assembly of a monastic community at which a chapter of the Rule was read, faults were confessed, and business was transacted
chain	A stack of quoins.
crayon	a stick for drawing formed from powdered pigment mixed with wax.
kinesthetic	The sensory experience of the body's movement
bagtelle	Usually a short and light piano piece
oblation	an offering to Church funds.
teetotum	A small spinning top usually inscribed with letters.
diploma	technical term for an elaborate type of charter used in the early Middle Ages to confer land or privileges.
flat	A sign indicating to play the note to which it is attached a semitone lower
mass	The most solemn service of the Roman Catholic Church
ridge vents	A vent mounted along the entire ridge line of the roof to allow the passage of air through the attic or cathedral ceiling.
open specification	A bid specification written in such a way as to allow multiple numbers of products for the item being required.
retable	In a church, a decorative wall treatment or screen behind the altar; also called a reredos.
berm	level area separating a wall or tower and its moat
radiating chapels	chapels placed around the ambulatory
a	When found on a tube or other container of paint, indicates the standard degree of color permanence.
arrow-slit	See: Arrow loop
annular	ring-shaped, as in an annular barrel vault.
jettying	An upper storey of a building projecting slightly beyond the one below.
plain sawn	The most common way in which a log is cut, tangentially to the growth rings
deface	To destroy, disfigure, or mar a surface.
tarn	A bog or marsh
début de siècle	French for "beginning of the century."
foliated	Carved with leaves
reliquary	Containers for safeguarding or exhibiting the relics of a saint, varying in size from small boxes to large objects, often richly decorated and gilded, sometimes in the shape of the enclosed relic.
inhumed	buried, as in a grave.
niche	A semi-circular or square depression in a wall often arched at its top
mad trist	A "story within a story", apparently created by Poe in "The Fall of the House of Usher"
shell-keep	Circular or oval wall surrounding inner portion of castle; usually stores and accommodations inside the hollow walls.
fish-scale shingles	Overlapping wooden tiles used to clad exterior walls; may take various shapes such as fish-scales, diamonds or squares.
asahi ware	Pottery made at Uji, Kyoto Prefecture, since the 17th century
coal gas	A mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, produced by burning coal
stockade	Solid fence of heavy timbers.
barmkin	the small walled yard attached to a pele tower (generally Scottish)
tintype	An inexpensive photographic process popular from the 1860s to the 1880s that consisted of images exposed on black-lacquered iron.
post and beam	a method of constructing houses and other buildings relying on heavy timber posts supporting heavy timber beams.
plumb	Vertical
singerie	Decoration using monkeys in human costume, generally in humorous situations (French for "monkey trick") popular in Rococo ornamentation.
gregorian chant	A body of music to which the medieval Roman Catholic liturgy was sung, consisting of monophonic, single-line melodies sung without instrumental accompaniment.
coda	The concluding section of a musical work or individual movement, often leading to a final climax and coupled with an increase in tempo.
coved glazing beads	A contoured piece of vinyl that holds the glass in place within the sash and adds an elegant, finished look.
northern humanism	philosophy interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity, individualism, and humanism in terms of their own traditions and integrating modern philosophy with that of the medieval period.
l.	Abbreviation for liter.
back-waller	A deceptively simple and immensely strong knot used to attach a straight rope to a lifting hook.
petulantly	Rudely or insolently
stabulum/a	A Latin term used conventionally by classical scholars to describe overnight accommodation for people and animals.
gambrel roof	A ridged roof with two slopes at each side, the lower slopes being steeper than the upper slopes.
entasis	The slight tapering of a column; swelling towards the base.
transom	a horizontal glazing bar in a window.
ineffable	Indescribable
kelvin	A unit of absolute temperature often used in photography to measure the color temperature of a source of light
newel	Center post of spiral staircase.
incalmo	The glassblowing technique used to create horizontal or vertical bands of color by forming and connecting cylinders or colored glass.
cupola	A dome, usually refers to a small dome topped structure housing a bell.
mithuna	a loving couple, symbolizing unity, in ancient south Asian art.
diapason	Range - the range of sounds an instrument or singer can play or sing, from lowest to highest
keystone	The vertical wedge-like architectural piece set at the crown of an arch or vault, designed to lock the other pieces into position.
bonded glass	Glass pieces that have been adhered together by glue, resin, or cement.
formal elements	the elements of style
paradoxical	A paradox is a statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true.
slip	in ceramics, a mixture of clay and water used (a) as a decorative finish or (b) to attach different parts of an object (e.g., handles to the body of a vessel).
sequence	The repetition of a motive or melody at different pitch levels.
castrato	A male singer who was castrated before puberty so that his voice would remain high
precentor	a cathedral dignitary responsible for the choir and the liturgical functions in the cathedral church.
oubliette	A dungeon reached by a trap door; starvation hole
valley horizontal valley	The area formed by the parallel ridges of two roofs.
lettering	Drawing or creating letters used in words
soul music	A 1960s term for music based on African American gospel singing styles.
character pieces	Works portraying a single mood, emotion, or idea.
crossing	Part of a church where the transepts cross the nave.
drop	the amount of space between the highest and lowest point of the bevel or other parts of a monument.
details	The dimensions and contours of both the stationary and moveable portions of a window, and moldings.
tenebrae	the office of Matins and Lauds in the special form sung during the Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday of Holy Week, at which candles are extinguished one by one following each psalm.
viand	An item of food.
cruciform	shaped or arranged like a cross.
demur	Hesitation (as in doing or accepting) usually based on doubt of the acceptability of something offered or proposed.
insulated window	A window with multiple glazing that provides one or more air spaces between layers of glazing.
hypocritical	Being a hypocrite
au troisieme	French for "on the third," but the meaning is the fourth floor, because the count starts after the ground floor.
narthex	Enclosed passage between the main entrance and nave of a church; vestibule
palmette	Looped like a palm-leaf.
apse	A space, usually rounded on plan, projecting from a larger interior
mill bill	A tool comprising a club-like wooden handle with a chisel-like blade inserted at one end, used to dress millstones
elevation	One of the external faces of a building; also an architect's drawing of a façade, set to scale.
putto	a chubby male infant, often naked and sometimes depicted as a Cupid, popular in Renaissance art.
moorish arch	This style of arch is a Moorish or Islamic variation of the Roman arch
hauteur	arrogance, haughtiness
embrasure	The low segment of the altering high and low segments of a battlement
drypoint	an engraving
casement	A metal or plastic frame into which a plane of glass is inserted into a window construct or sash, where the panel is made operable by a set of hinges on one edge of the frame.
tectonic	of, or pertaining to, building or construction.
francs	French dollars.
investment	In hollow-casting, the final clay mold applied to the exterior of the wax model,
tonic	The tonal center
cam locks	The hardware that locks the sash to the frame of the window.
el greco	Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614)
spalted	Wood that contains areas of natural decay, giving it distinctive markings.
acrylic flow improver	A medium used with acrylic paints designed to improve their flow without diminishing the strength of its color.
qing	A Chinese dynasty (also called Ching and Manchu) which lasted 1644-1911
set back/off	Ledge on wall face.
facilis descensus averni	"The descent into Hell is easy", a quote from Virgil's "Aeneid", written around 20 BC
restoration	The process of returning, as nearly as possible, a building or any of its parts to its original form and condition.
rere-dorter	building containing the monastic latrines, so called because it was usually situated at the back or far end of the dormitory.
notice of compliance	A letter or notice from LPC that certifies that completed work complies with a permit.
trebuchet	War engine developed in the Middle Ages employing counterpoise.
manual	a handbook of directions to the celebrant for the administration of the sacraments.
oillet	A loophole, the rounded area at the head of an arrow slits in the walls of medieval fortifications; also applied to the small eyelets inserted into tracery ornament, sometimes varied as trefoils or quatrefoils.
pomerium	The sacred boundary of an ancient Roman city.
pentatonic	Of five notes
solomon de caus	Little is known about the life of Salomon de Caus (1576-1626)
plate height	The distance from the subfloor of a building to the top of the framed wall.
penwork	A style of decoration on japanned pieces, and designed to resemble etched ivory: detailed ornamentation that is applied with pen and ink to boxes, frames, tea caddies, and furniture
pergola	A structure composed of a pillars or posts supporting beams and latticework from which woody vines and foliage grow as a shading device for objects within its scope.
beakhead	Norman decorative motif consisting of a row of beast or bird heads pecking.
hipped roof	Pitched roof without gables, where all sides of the roof meet at an angle.
round raised letters	A particular style of lettering that is similar to the raised letters except that all edges are carved to leave a semi-circle (half-round) on the letter
simony	the offence of offering or receiving money to influence an appointment to ecclesiastical office.
chaitya hall	a U-shaped Buddhist structural or rock-cut chamber for congregational worship centered on a stupa.
immunes	Soldiers with special tasks, e.g
repousse	An ancient process in which sheet metal is hammered into contours from both the front and the back.
aumbry	recess to hold sacred vessels, often found in castle chapels
wall stair	Staircase built into the thickness of a wall.
gnomen	The metal (or wood) finger on a sun dial.
ormolu	any of several copper and zinc or tin alloys resembling gold in appearance and used to ornament furniture, moldings, architectural details, and jewelry
les six	A group of young French composers who in 1918 decided to react against the impressionism of Debussy and Ravel
caccia	Chase, hunt, a two-voice canon form in which the voices chase each other
cornice	the projecting horizontal unit, usually molded, that surmounts an arch
operetta	A short opera in a light style
interlock	A section of the window or patio door where two sashes meet, and one part of the first sash slips into a channel or groove on the second sash.
flamboyant	The Flamboyant style of church architecture is a later style of French Gothic architecture, and is analogous to the English Gothic Decorated style; it is characterized by an increased use of decoration.
lunette	semicircular opening in a wall to support arch-braces, struts and rafters.
bevel	See Chamfer.
psalter	A book (manuscript) containing the Psalms of the Bible.
saturation	A color's purity of hue; its intensity
antiques speak	Our glossary of the antique trade's most intriguing lingo
meno	Less
header	A brick laid in a wall so that only its end appears on the face of the wall
d.c. al coda	Play / sing from the beginning to the Coda.
menhir	a prehistoric monolith standing alone or grouped with other stones.
rapture	Ecstasy
plinth	(a) in Classical architecture, a square slab immediately below the circular base of a column; (b) a square block serving as a base for a statue, vase, etc.
relieving arch	An arch built inside the wall above the arch forming the opening of a window or door to relieve the load place upon the visible and lighter arch.
acute	1
naea	See National Art Education Association (NAEA).
arch	A rounded element that spans an opening is called an arch
garderobe	A small latrine or toilet either built into the thickness of the wall or projected out from it; ; projects from the wall as a small, rectangular bartizan
impression	An impression is a single piece of paper with an image printed on it from a matrix
cupola	A dome, especially a small dome on a circular or polygonal base crowning a roof or turret
bughole	An unacceptable air void in a finished surface.
glass	An elastic transparent material composed of silica (sand), soda (sodium carbonate), and lime (calcium carbonate) with small quantities of aluminum, boric, or magnesia oxides
yett	Iron lattice gate.
fashimite	A person who is a slave to fashion; a fashion addict.
sexpartite rib vault	A rib vault which is divided into six sections by three ribs.
nave	Main body of church, normally west of sanctuary, transept and choir.
temporalities	the landed estates and other properties belonging to a church or religious body, especially the estates of a bishopric, in respect of which the bishop owed secular duties to the king.
a pipe of	The Portuguese word for barrel is pipa
simulated divided lites	A decorative bar mounted on the exterior and interior of a sealed window unit, giving the illusion of multiple sealed units.
chevet	French type of east end of a church, comprising an apsidal chancel with ambulatory and radiating chapels.
saw-tooth	decorated with serrations like a saw.
clasping	Encasing the angle
panel	A sunken section of wall or door. Can have moulded edges.
convex	The opposite of concave; any cut matching the outer surface of a sphere.
volunteers	Museums depend on lots of people to donate their time to perform many jobs in the museum —
vestry	The vestry is the room, usually located adjacent to the chancel, in which the clergy and choir dress and the vestments are kept.
joggled	Keyed together by overlapping joints.
opus incertum	Roman walling of concrete faced with irregularly shaped stones.
media cavea	The seating area for spectators in a Roman circus, theater, or amphitheater that lies between the areas closest to and furthest away from the stage or the arena.
guilds	organizations of tradesmen, similar to a modern-day union, though the workers were mot members of guilds, only bosses.
unpack	In art criticism, the act of revealing hidden layers of meaning, as if removing the contents of a suitcase
intarsia	A type of pictoral inlaid panel simlar to marquetry, in which a main body of one species or color of wood, is cut out to receive the inlay of others to creat a pattern or dimentional image.
piano trio	Usually, a work for one piano with violin and cello
mambo	Modern Cuban popular dance music; an instrumental big band style
guardian	in the Franciscan Order the superior of a friary.
shading coefficient	A decimal value which is the solar gain of a window, divided by the solar gain for a clear single-glass window of the same size
parapet	Low wall on outer side of main wall.
scale	Carving resembling overlapping fish scales.
punch	A stonemasons pointed chisel for use with a hammer, used in roughly removing waste stone.
solo sonata	A sonata for one instrument with continuo accompaniment.
sett	a small block of hard stone, such as granite, used for paving.
tread	The flat part of a step.
trefoil	Three-lobed.
hedge up	to confine, obstruct
dome	A hemispherical vault.
fastoso	Gallant, magnificent
chevet	French term for the east end of a Gothic church, comprising the choir, ambulatory,
pitch	The slope/angle of your roof, this is determined by a ratio of rise to distance.
hieroglyphic	written in a script (especially in ancient Egypt) whose characters are pictorial representations of objects.
symbolism	A subtle French poetic style from the late nineteenth century that stressed the sound and color of the words and suggested rather than clearly outlined the meaning or story behind the text.
chance music	See "aleatory."
strata	Layers or beds of sedimentary rock.
putlog hole	A hole intentionally left in the surface of a wall for insertion of a horizontal pole.
imago	See imagines.
rere-arch	arch that supports the inner face of a wall above a door or window opening
joggle	Matching indentations cut in the meeting faces of two stones to produce a key between them and eliminate movement.
monoprint	A print produced by painting directly onto an already-etched surface and printing the image by hand onto the paper.
eaves	The edge of a roof
foyer	The entrance hall of a home.
atrium	The right atrium is the upper right chamber of the heart, where blood from the body enters before flowing to the right ventricle
scientific perspective	see linear perspective.
glassblowing	The process of gathering molten glass onto the end of a blowpipe and forming it into a variety of shapes by blowing and manipulating it as the glass is rotated.
type	a person or object serving as a prefiguration or symbolic representation, usually of something in the future.
jamb	straight side of a doorway or window.
veneer	Decorative effect accomplished by the application of thin layers of ornamental (and often exotic) woods to an underlying, structurally supporting surface.
quarry	An open pit or excavation from which stone is taken by cutting, digging or blasting
tracery	The ornamental intersecting stonework in the upper part of a window, screen or panel.
sacristy	A room, usually at the east end of a Christian church, for safekeeping the vestments of the priest, the holy sacraments, and the vessels for dispensing or displaying those sacraments.
microtones	Intervals smaller than a half step.
lean	When used to describe paint, signifies one with little oil in relation to pigment.
plein air	A French phrase meaning "open air," generally used to refer to paintings executed outdoors in a natural setting.
forecastle	That part of the upper deck forward of the fore mast
dormer	A window set vertically into a small gable projecting from a sloping roof.
monody	A type of accompanied solo song that evolved in Italy around 1600 in reaction to the complex polyphonic style of the late Renaissance
new orleans jazz	The first jazz to be recorded and, therefore, the root of later jazz styles.
french doors	Two adjacent doors that share the same door frame, and between which there is no separating vertical member
emblem	In art criticism, an object or a representation that functions as a symbol, or a picture associated with a verse or motto presenting a moral lesson
joggled	keyed together by overlapping joints
ridge	The peak where two sloped roof sections meet.
newel	centre-post of a spiral staircase
apse	a projecting part of a building (especially a church), usually semicircular and topped by a half-dome
tulle	A sheer, delicate silk.
limestone	General name for a type of sedimentary rock existing in many varieties, consisting primarily of calcite or dolomite
archivolts	Bands or mouldings (moldings, Am.) surrrounding an arched opening.
ideal	A theory or conception of something in its absolute perfection
cornice	the projecting horizontal unit, usually molded, that surmounts an arch or wall; the topmost member of a Classical entablature.
mission statement	A philosophical statement of what the firm sees as its role in the profession
dome	A method of producing a hemi-spherical structure using horizontal and circular courses of tapered stones or bricks
keystone	The wedge-shaped central stone in the curve of an arch that holds the other pieces in place.
sacristy	Rooms in or attached to churches where the sacred utensils and vestments are kept; used as robing and disrobing rooms for the clergy.
continuo	See "basso continuo."
mural	Wall (adjectival)
gavotte	A baroque dance in duple meter danced to a moderate tempo.
pellet	Circular boss
gallery	the second story of a church, placed over the side aisles and below the clerestory.
congellation	Derived from congeal, this obscure word signifies surfaces carved decoratively to resemble frozen water or icicles.
glass block	Two sheets of plate glass formed into a sealed hollow block that comes in a variety of sizes and patterns; is used in bathrooms as well as Modern and Art Deco style homes.
flambeau	A flaming torch.
bulkhead	The part of a storefront that forms a base for one or more display windows
corbel	A projecting stone or piece of wood (step-wise construction, as in an arch, roof, etc, built into a wall during construction) used to support floors, parapet walks etc
airspace	This is a component placed at the perimeter of an insulting glass unit to separate lites – or single panes – of glass.
sea-shell	A decorative element in the shape of a sea-shell.
galilee	A porch at the western end of the nave used as a chapel for women or penitents
formal analysis	analysis of a work of art to determine how its integral parts, or formal elements,
undercroft	vaulted room (often a basement) below a more important building.
elliptical arch	an oval arch
legato	"Linked, tied," indicating a smooth, even style of performance, with each note connected to the next.
polaroid transfer	A trademarked named for the process by which an image recorded by the camera's lens is reproduced directly onto a photosensitive surface, which functions as both film and photograph.
balustrade	Balusters set in a series along a horizontal or inclined surface, functioning as a barrier or protective boundary.
apotropaion	an object or device designed to avert, or turn aside, evil.
romance	A piece in a singing-like style
saxophone	A woodwind instrument that uses a mouthpiece with a single reed and is made of brass
great chamber	Lord's solar, or bed-sitting room.
timber hitch	A very simple knot used when raising boards (such as scaffold boards) using a gin wheel and rope.
tendentious	Marked by a strongly implied point of view
thrust	the lateral force exerted by an arch, dome, or vault, which must be counteracted by some form of buttressing.
porphyrogene	Poe may have created the form of the word for his poem
tracery	Curving bars which create a decorative shape within a Gothic window.
ecclesia	Among the many decorative features commonly found within Christian churches are symbols or allegories representing various persons or concepts
quoin	The stone blocks on the outside corner of a building that are usually differentiated from the adjoining walls by material, texture, colour, size or projection.
quietissimo	totally quietly
segmental or curved-head window	A window with a non-rectilinear sash or frame as illustrated and defined as a special window in Appendices A and C of Chapter 3 of these rules.
taste	A personal preference or liking
order	Classical classification of column: doric, ionic, corinthian, tuscan, composite.
opaque projector	A device using a bright lamp, lens and mirrors to project an enlarged image of an opaque image or object onto a flat surface, usually so that its image may be traced
shoe molding	A flexible trim piece that is used in conjunction with baseboard molding
leaded lights	Small panes of glass set in lead strips to form a window
aisle	a passageway flanking a central area (e.g., the corridors flanking the nave
ionic	One of the classical Orders of architecture named after its supposed inventors, the Ionian tribe of Attica, the Greek Islands, and the coast of Asian Minor
nihonga	Term coined during the Meiji period (1868-1911) for Japanese-style painting, particularly refers to polychrome paintings done with traditional dry pigments blended in a glue solution called nikawa.
pilaster	Vertical strip slightly projecting from the wall face.
symmetry	the aesthetic balance that is achieved when parts of an object are arranged about a real or imaginary central line, or axis,
shoulder	Any projection that rises above the surface; corresponds to "check" or "rabbet."
gable	The upper, triangular portion of an external wall at the end of adoubly pitched roof
story	A habitable floor level, including a basement but not including a cellar.
canopy	A projection or hood over a door, window, niche, etc.
plate-tracery	see Tracery.
rath	Low, circular ringwork
lecture-hall floor plan	In the lecture-hall floor plan the congregation sits in straight or curved rows of pews within the nave and facing the chancel
tondo	(a) a circular painting; (b) a medallion with relief sculpture.
seraphs	An order of angels; The 6-winged angels standing in the presence of God.
return	The part of a molding cornice, or wall surface that changes direction, usually at a right angle, toward the building wall.
eclat	Ostentatious display
largo	A very slow and broad tempo.
wall walk	Passage along castle wall; may be roofed; The area along the tops of the walls from which soldiers could defend the castle
enframement	A general term referring to any elements surrounding a window or door.
embattled	Battlemented; crenelated
hygroscopic	The ability to 'give off' and 'take on' moisture, as in wood exposed to changes in relative humidity of air.
grout	Mortar of pouring consistency.
print	An image made from an inked surface
mullion	An upright bar that vertically divides a window or other opening.
enharmony	Two notes or intervals' being identical but with different names
achromatic	Color having no chroma — black, white and grays made by mixing black and white
convection	See Natural Convection and Forced Convection
tooled finish	A finish obtained by texturing either the mold or the Cast Stone (ex
hall of hynds	Servants hall
ontbijt	A type of still life painting, Dutch for "breakfast piece."
cantilever	A beam projecting beyond a wall or column and supported by the rigidity of the connection from which it projects.
bacchanalian	The Bacchanalia were wild and mystic festivals of the Roman god Bacchus
mezzanine	in architecture, an intermediate, lowceilinged story between two main stories.
polyvinylchloride	See PVC.
and caning	A natural, fibrous weaving material used in the production of baskets and chair seats, and in wrapping the joints of wicker furniture
ninth	An interval of 9 steps in the scale (an octave and a second)
baldacchino	In architecture, an ornamental canopy on columns over a tomb, altar, or throne; sometimes portable.
shutter dogs	The metal attachments which hold shutters in an open position against the face of a building.
vault	An arched ceiling or roof of stone or brick, sometimes imitated in stucco, plaster or timber
hippodamian plan	A city plan devised by Hippodamos of Miletos ca
formal analysis	analysis of a work of art to determine how its integral parts, or formal elements, are combined to produce the overall style and effect.
board-and-batten	A form of sheathing for wood-frame buildings consisting of wide boards, usually placed vertically, whose joints are covered by narrow strips of wood over the joints or cracks.
clump	a cluster, usually of trees, planted for visual effect in a landscape garden in the picturesque style.
figured bass	A system of numbers that indicated the distance above the given bass note of other notes to be played
aisle	In a Christian church or basilica the vessel of space running parallel to a central nave.
guesthouse	Buildings set aside for visitors to the monastery.
hazardous	Describes materials or actions which can be dangerous
studding-sail	Light sails set outside the square sails, on booms rigged out for that purpose
storefront/shopfront	The lower story of the fa蓷de of a commercial building, containing the entrance and display windows.
ashrae	American Society of Heating, Refrigerating & Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E
song cycle	A series of art songs that tell a story.
transom light	A window above the horizontal transom of a door or window.
foreshortening	the use of perspective
nave	The central vessel of space in a Christian church or basilica.
weeping mortar	This decorative mortar appears to "drip" out between the exterior bricks in a home.
purlin	Longitudinal horizontal beam in a roof supported by the principal rafters.
ashlar	Squared blocks of smooth stone neatly trimmed to shape
butyl tape	See Sealant.
altar screen	A screen dividing the choir and the presbytery
aerophones	A general term for wind instruments in world music.
reeve	peasant appointed as supervisor of work on the lord's land
quadripartite vault	Another, shorter way of saying four-part ribbed vault.
beak moulding	Moulding shaped into a beak-like form.
eaves	The lower edge of a roof, intended to throw rainwater clear of the walls below
power	The quality of acoustic energy as measured in watts
newfoundland	Any of a breed of very large heavy highly intelligent black, black and white, or bronze dogs developed in Newfoundland.
damar	A coniferous resin used as a varnish, and sometimes as part of mixed media.
consort	A small group of Renaissance instruments
rockabilly	A 1950s rock style that combined elements of "hillbilly" country music with rock music
in sooth	In truth; In reality
abstract music	Instrumental music without any extra-musical association
column	Pillar (circular section)
prima donna	The lady singer in the opera performing the lead
fresco	A method of painting on fresh plaster with water based paints; the design is then absorbed into the plaster as it dries and becomes a permanent part of the surface
unity	The quality of wholeness or oneness that is achieved through the effective use of the elements and principles of design
cast iron	Iron made in a mold.
paradigm	An example that serves as a pattern, an exemplar, or a model.
rood arch	The rood arch is the arch at the point separating the nave from the chancel
gelatinous	Resembling gelatin or jelly.
head	The upper horizontal part of a window frame or window opening.
development brief	guidance published by the Council (as Supplementary Planning Guidance) for an individual site, indicating the kind of development the Council would support and encourage, as well as any specific requirements of the Council or other bodies.
gouache	A paint pigment with an opaque white filler mixed with water-soluble gum
texture	The relationship between the melodic and harmonic aspects of a piece of music
as is	A phrase often used by antique dealers to make clear to potential buyers that an object is damaged and is being sold "as is," without any guarantee or warranty.
monumental mason	A stonemason who specialises in cutting letters and the preparation and fixing of gravestones and memorials.
millefiore	An Italian word meaning "a thousand flowers" that refers to a Venetian glass-making technique
molding	A decorative raised surface along the edge of an architectural feature such as a window, column, door or wall.
lite	A single pane of glass.
girting	Surrounding, encircling
schematic design phase	Involves preliminary design decisions for plans and specifications.
lithography	a printmaking process in which the printing surface is a smooth stone or plate on which an image is drawn with a crayon or some other oily substance.
liriodendron tulipiferum	Family: Magnoliaceae (magnolia family)Common Names: tulip poplar, tulip tree, yellow poplar.This large, stately deciduous tree is fairly common in the eastern United States
reverse	the side of a coin or medal considered to be the back; opposite of obverse.
fortissimo	A very loud dynamic level.
clairvoyance	The power or faculty of discerning objects not present to the senses; for example the ability to see ghosts or spirits, to read minds, or predict the future.
canopic jar	a vessel in which ancient Egyptians preserved the viscera of the dead.
plastics	Artificial substances made of organic polymers that can be extruded or molded into various shapes, some of which have been adapted to windows
catalepsy	A condition of suspended animation and loss of voluntary motion in which the limbs remain in whatever position they are placed.
dent	A depression in a surface made by pressure or a hit.
buttress	A buttress is a projecting support or reinforcement built against a wall or tower
magenta	A color also known as fuchsia and hot pink; a moderate to vivid purplish red or pink, named after the town of Magenta, in northwest Italy
countervallation	A fortified line raised by the besiegers surrounding a stronghold against a wall
downbeat	The first, and often stressed, beat of a metric pattern of beats.
tripartite window	A window made up of three mullioned lights, often with a wider central light.
tatting	A lace fabric made with a shuttle that is distinguished by rings of knots.
beguiling	Leading by deception
jaggies	In digital imaging, picture elements that are so large that the viewer becomes aware of them as small squares, with edges looking like zig-zags.
mold	(Molding) A relatively narrow strip of wood used to conceal a joint or to emphasize ornamentation of a structure.
hip	An inclined section of the roof connecting two sloping roof planes that meet at the ridge.
chaitya arch	a splayed, horsehoe-shaped curve derived from the profile of a barrel-vaulted chaitya hall; used to frame doors, windows, and gables, and as a decorative motif in early south Asian architecture.
ha-ha	Sunken boundary permitting unobstructed view beyond a garden.
jamb	straight side of arch, door or window
chicago window	A three-part window the fixed and wider central section of which is flanked by narrower openings that can be opened.
primitivism	In music, the use of frenzied, irregular rhythms and percussive effects to evoke a feeling of primitive power, as in Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring.
fettling knife	A knife designed for working with clay
gilding	The decoration of surfaces with gold leaf
aquinaldo	A style of Puerto Rican folk music
monastic	Relating to monasteries or to monks or nuns
eaves	the overhanging edge of a roof
painted rug	In the rug industry, a term synonymous with "tinted" that refers to a rugs that have been doctored with a permanent dye or other color to hide wear
tin plate	The metal, made of thin sheets of steel plated with tin, that was used to create toys far lighter than the cast-iron ones they came to replace.
lintel	Horizontal wood or stone over a fireplace, door, etc.
course	A layer of masonry units running horizontally in a wall or over an arch and bonded with mortar.
lorenzo valla	wrote On Pleasure, and On the False Donation of Constantine, which challenged the authority of the papacy
beak head	An ornamental motif designed as a bird's head with a prominent beak, often found in Norman and English Romanesque architectural decoration.
fantasy	imagery that is derived solely from the imagination.
tactile	Of or relating to the sense of touch.
scaffolding	The temporary wooden frame work built next to a wall to support both workers and materials
quarrel	A short, heavy, square-headed bolt or arrow
yett	iron gate
stucco	A durable finish for exterior walls, usually composed of cement, sand, and lime, and applied while wet.
clerestory	Literally, a clear story
aperture	An opening or hole
abode	Living quarters or residence.
penitentiary	an ecclesiastical officer concerned with the administration of penance in the diocese.
triclinium/a	a Latin term used conventionally by classical scholars to describe a dining room, or the dining couch, in a Roman house.
vault	Stone roofing.
pen flourished initial	An ornamental initial characterized by abstract, rhythmic patterns, usually drawn in red or blue ink
batter	sloping part of a wall at ground level, particularly of a great tower
gargoyle	A grotesque decoration on or in a church, or a water-spout for draining a church roof, in all cases carved into the shape of a demon, monster or human caricature
king cophetua	an ugly legendary king who marries a pretty beggar maid and makes her his queen
rallentando	Decrease speed
dual pane	An insulted glass unit, comprised to two panes of glass built together using a sealant and a spacer bar.
freestone	High quality sand- or lime-stone
twisted ribbon	An ornamental motif of thin, continuous bands arranged in in a rectilinear fashion, and represented as if the bands were three dimensional.
cadence	A point of rest at the end of a passage, section, or complete work that gives the music a sense of convincing conclusion
soffit	The underside of a construction element, such as a roof eave.
acanthus	a Mediterranean plant with prickly leaves, supposedly the source of foliage-like ornamentation on Corinthian columns.
pediment	A pediment is a classical architectural element consisting of the triangular section found above the horizontal structure (entablature), typically supported by columns
qin	See Quin.
khutbah	In Islamic worship, a sermon and a declaration of allegiance to a community leader.
inside trim	See Inside Casing.
stertorous	characterized by a harsh snoring or gasping sound
elevation	A single face or side of a building or an informational drawing or diagram made to illustrate the face or side of a building.
duet	A piece of music for two players or singers.
bridge	(1) In a musical composition, a section that connects two themes
pane	A sheet of glass for glazing a window
tadmor	An ancient desert city mentioned in the Bible as being fortified by Solomon.
master mason	A stonemason at the very top of his career, basically a man capable of undertaking and supervising every single aspect of stonework
impact noise	Sound resulting from direct contact of an object with a sound barrier, can occur on any surface, but it generally occurs on a floor and ceiling assembly.
corbel	A projection from a wall which sometimes supports (or appears to support) a structural member such as a shaft; A projecting block of stone built into a wall during construction; step-wise construction, as in an arch, roof, etc.
keystone	the central wedge-shaped stone of an arch that locks the others together
trefoil	An ornament, symbol, or architectural form having the appearance of a trifoliate leaf.
sash	The secondary part of a window which holds the glazing in place; may be operable or fixed; usually constructed of horizontal and vertical members; sash may be subdivided with muntins.
intrusive	Igneous rock formed by the cooling of magma inside the earth's crust.
orant	A standing figure with arms raised, the conventional gesture of prayer in the Early Christian period.
batik	A method of applying dye to cloth that is covered, in part, with a dye-resistant, removable substance such as wax
gin wheel	A pulley wheel suspended at the top of a scaffolding, around which runs a hand operated rope for hoisting and lowering tools and materials.
baroque	The word itself is elusive; it does not accurately define or even approximate the meaning of the style to which it refers
porch	A raised, usually unenclosed platform attached to one or more sides of a building and used primarily as a sitting area, outdoor living space, or covered access to a doorway.
brushwork	Brush work or brush handling refers to the characteristic way an artist applies paint onto a support with a brush
cloister	in a monastery, a covered passage or ambulatory, usually with one side walled and the other open to a courtyard.
synthesis	the combination of parts or elements to form a coherent, more complex whole.
quarry block	The large rough block of stone as extracted from the quarry.
tooth-in	Stones removed (or omitted) to allow another wall to be bonded into it
quintet	Chamber music for five players.
molding	A strip of contoured wood applied to a wall or other surface, normally used to hide seams between materials or to add a decorative element to a wall or structure.
arch	A structure, usually curved and constructed of wedge-shaped blocks, forming the head of an opening and supporting the wall above
mortar	A mixture of sand, water, lime and cement used to lay bricks, stone, tile or concrete block.
girt	A heavy horizontal beam located above the posts in seventeenth-century framed homes
battering-ram	A large beam or log suspended from perpendicular beams
scutch	A hand held stonemasons tool similar to an ice axe.
imprimatura	A thin layer of colour or paint-tinted size, used to tint and/or reduce the absorbancy of the basic ground of a painting.
transept	The wing, or more properly the two wings, that intersect the main axis of a church at right angles thereby making the form of a cross.
palisade	timber defensive screen or fence
intrados	Inner curves or faces of arches or vaults forming the concave underside
chamfer	A bevelled edge.
pianissimo	A very soft dynamic level.
miguel de cervantes	Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616)
weep holes	Openings cut into siding or accessories to allow for water runoff.
sepulchre	A place of burial, usually a tomb.
al fine	To the end
voussoir	wedge-shaped stone forming part of an arch
chancel	The space surrounding the altar of a church.
mien	Air or bearing especially as expressive of attitude or personality; demeanor.
point	Is perceived when a two-dimensionally perceived object appears relatively small in relation to the plane against which it is seen.
casting	The process of pouring molten metal or glass, clay slip, etc
gigantomachy	In ancient Greek mythology, the battle between gods and giants.
consort	A small instrumental ensemble; the term was used in the 16th and 17th centuries
building	Any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or occupancy.
transverse rib	a rib in a vault that crosses the nave or aisle at right angles to the axis of the building.
intaglio	A technique of stylized engraving which is carved beneath the surface layer of a hard material, often stone or metal.
colonnade	a series of columns set at regular intervals, usually supporting the base of a roof structure.
lantern or louvre	Small structure with open or windowed sides on top of a roof or dome to let light or air into the enclosed space below
pilotis	A term devised by Le Corbusier to describe a support usually made of ferro-concrete and often columnar in shape.
deform	To distort or change form.
brewhouse	building or room where ale was brewed
burh	Saxon stronghold; literally a "neighborhood"
opisthodomos	a back chamber, especially the part of the naos of a temple farthest from the entrance.
spiccato	Staccato in string instruments
eyebrow dormer	A low dormer on the slope of a roof
repetition	Music is played again, or repeated.
plate	(a) in engraving
vitrified	Material reduced to glass by extreme heat.
con motto	In motion
prestissimo	Very fast, As fast as possible
gable	The upper portion of an end wall formed by the slope of a roof.
chorale prelude	An organ composition based on a German hymn.
oil paint	a slow-drying and flexible paint formed by mixing pigments with the medium of oil.
brasses	A term used to refer to the handles and other metalwork hardware on a piece of furniture.
gambrel roof	Although similar to a mansard type of roof, a gambrel would not necessarily have a double pitch on all sides
hammer beams	Right angled support beams projecting from wall tops to brace wooden roofs via vertical extensions known as hammerposts.
sculptural forms	Architectural elements that have the appearance of having been sculpted.
columnar	An orderly arrangement of single or double columns on a monument.
atrium	In a Roman villa - the inner courtyard; in a church – a forecourt, in which worshipers could cleanse themselves before entering the church (see basilica).
retirata	Improvised fieldwork to counter an imminent breach
benefit of clergy	a privilege enjoyed by members of the clergy, including tonsured clerks, placing them beyond the jurisdiction of secular courts.
form	the overall plan or structure of a work of art.
ashlar	Squared-off blocks of stone used in construction, laid adjacent to one another, allowing a very thin mortar joint.
archivolt	the ornamental band or molding surrounding the tympanum of a Romanesque or Gothic church.
canadian group of painters	See Group of Seven.
fanlight	Originally a fan-shaped window over a door or window
historical print	One of two general types of prints, the other being fine-art prints
kiln-forming	A glass-forming process that utilizes a kiln to heat glass in a refractory or heat-resistant mold, slump glass over a form, or fuse two or more pieces of glass together.
pillar	a support similar to a column, but of variable shape, such as rectangular or elephantine (a four sided pillar that widens toward its base).
pitch	Roof slope.
belts/slings	Nylon straps used for the lifting of memorials.
orangery	a building, usually with large and numerous windows, built to house potted orange trees during the winter; the trees are moved outside during the warmer months.
match	Either an exact or approximate replication
column	A supporting pillar consisting of a base, a cylindrical shaft, and a capital on top of the shaft
rechstadt	settlement type
corbel	In masonry, a projection, or one of a series of projections, each stepped progressively farther forward with height and articulating a cornice or supporting an overhanging member.
underpainting	The layer or layers of color on a painting surface applied before the overpainting, or final coat
topographical painting	a type of landscape painting that tends toward factual representation, particularly in views of royal and aristocratic residences and of prominent features of a particular countryside; this type of landscape stands in contrast to the more mythological, imaginary representations of nature in the landscapes of, for example, Claude Lorrain.
cone mosaic	a surface decorated by pressing pieces (usually colored and of conical shape) of stone or baked clay into damp plaster.
lias	Greyish rock which splits easily into slabs
tala	One of the ancient rhythmic patterns employed in Indian music.
macramé	Long cords knotted to form a pattern
flying buttress	A freestanding buttress that supports the wall by way of a semi arch.
signed edition	A book that the author has personally signed.
basilica	Church design characterized by a cruciform plan divided into a nave with two or more side aisles, the nave higher and wider than the aisle and lit by clerestory windows, the whole structure usually terminated by an apse
allure	Walkway along the top of a wall; also known as the wallwalk , it is the path running behind the parapet at the top of a wall or tower
nave	The area of the church, located between the narthex and the chancel, and flanked by the aisles, where the congregants gather for worship.
cellarium	store-house of a monastery.
fanlight	A semi-circular (fan shaped) window placed atop a door, commonly seen in Federal and Colonial Revival style buildings.
cinqfoil	A five-lobed ornamental shape.
spandrel	The roughly triangular surface between two adjacent arches
ambulatory	a vaulted
gambrel roof	a roof consisting of two planes on either side ending in a gable at both ends
syncope	Accentuation in unexpected places in the measure (particularly commonplace in jazz), in contrast to the metre
hip-on-gable	A roof structure in which the peak of a gable roof, instead of rising to a point, is clipped short and appears to turn downward
qiblah	In Islamic tradition, the direction (toward Mecca) in which Moslems face in prayer
jazz rock	Music played by rock bands that include horn sections that play in a swing jazz style.
cameo	A technique used on glass or stone to create a decorative effect of contrasting colors
tenon saw	A saw with a short, rectangular blade which is supported along the side opposite the cutting edge by a narrow metal grip
aluminum-clad window	A window with wood construction covered with aluminum sheet having a factory-applied finish (to provide a longer maintenance-free life).
ciborium	Roofed structures supported by four or more columns, often built of marble or bronze, built over an altar to focus attention on the center of ceremonial proceedings.
terra cotta	Hard fired clay, either glazed or unglazed, molded into ornamental elements, wall cladding, and roof tiles.
out of print	A term indicating that a book cannot be obtained new from the publisher.
con	with
kolinsky	Fur of the Siberian mink, hairs from which are used for the finest "sable" brushes.
window	A glazed opening in an external wall; an entire unit consisting of a frame, sash and glazing, and any operable elements.
maculate	Spotted; stained; blotched
city-states	ifferent sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers
ultima thule	The farthest and northernmost part of the habitable ancient world
tapping	Cutting a thread inside a drilled hole so it will accept a screw or plug in which a corresponding thread has been cut
andiron	Supports for log burning, known to have been made in silver, also called Fire-Dogs.
expedient	Suitable for achieving a particular purpose in a given circumstance.
bay window	A window in a wall that projects at an angle to another wall.
ligature	An arch above two or more notes, that combines them into one tone.
coping	Any low stone arrangement outlining the limits of a burial lot; also called curbing.
ennui	Boredom, a feeling of weariness and dissatisfaction.
tablespoon	A unit of measure of both liquid and dry quantities equal to half an ounce (US, fluid), or to three teaspoons
circumambulate	to walk around something, especially an object of worship or veneration.
gas fill	A gas other than air, usually argon or krypton, placed between window or skylight glazing panes to reduce the U-factor by suppressing conduction and convection.
ballista	siege engine taking the form of a giant crossbow, mounted on a stand
interdict	a sentence laid upon a territory or an establishment, ordering the administration of the sacraments and all liturgical rites to cease until such time as the sentence has been lifted
mordent	Ornamentation of a melodic note by playing the melodic note and adding a single rapid note a minor second below for a lower mordent and the note a minor second above for an upper mordent.
hemicycle	The group of columns, arranged in a semicircular formation, that divide the east end of a choir from the ambulatory.
scaena	the stage building of a theater, consisting of a raised stage and a decorated back wall
reveal	the area of masonry or frame visible between the outer face of a wall and a door or window which is set back from it.
drip edge	A metal strip that runs along the edge of the roof that sheds water away from eves or siding.
dais	A raised platform in a room for dignified occupancy; the high table, historically at the end of a dining hall.
crypt	Subterranean rooms or entire stories in churches, often serving as places of burial, especially for venerated persons and sometimes containing altars for ceremonial practices.
oil paint	a slow-drying and flexible paint formed by mixing pigments
fruit pickers s	S shaped hook for hanging a bucket from the rung of a ladder.
historiated initial	An illuminated initial containing a figure, a group of figures, or a narrative scene
segmental	Less than a semi-circle.
scenographic	From the Italian scenografia, meaning a stage-scenery like arrangement of receding columns and the like that enhance a sense of penetrating deeply back into space.
olla	Spanish for "pot," the term usually refers to one of the most common kinds of unglazed pot, known for its spherical body and wide mouth, made by the native peoples of North and Central America for hundreds of years.
quadripartite rib vault	A rib vault which is divided into four sections by two diagonal ribs
krater	a wide-mouthed bowl for mixing wine and water in ancient Greece.
battering ram	large beam used to break down the walls or doors of a fortification
acanthus	A Mediterranean plant
gable roof	a roof formed by the intersection of two planes sloping down from a central beam.
polyptych	a painting or relief, usually an altarpiece, composed of more than three sections.
great chamber	Lord's solar, or bed-sitting room
tester	The tester is a small flat canopy installed above the pulpit in some churches.
interior glazes	Glazing installed from inside of building.
tholos	(a) a circular tomb of beehive shape approached by a long, horizontal passage; (b) in Classical times, a round building modeled on ancient tombs.
mussulmans	Muslims
terra sigillata	A thin coating of colored clay or clays applied with a glaze
judge-delegate	a prelate commissioned by the pope to hear and determine an ecclesiastica case locally in its country of origin.
wheel window	circular window with radiating tracery resembling spokes.
rochet	a white-linen vestment, similar to a surplice.
vanishing point	in the linear perspective system, the point at which the orthogonals, if extended, would intersect.
gallery	An upper room extending over part of another room.
scriptorium	A place where manuscripts were copied.
revetment	Wall facings, usually decorative, laid over rough or unfinished surfaces of walls, often of marble or other decorative stone.
foliated	Carved with leave * Food (and receipes!) - The author Daniel Rogov is the restaurant and wine critic for the daily newspaper Ha'aretz as well as for the Israel version of the International Herald Tribune
palisade	A sturdy wooden fence built to enclose a site until a permanent stone wall could be constructed
sedition	Incitement of resistance to or insurrection against lawful authority.
vicar	the incumbent of a parish church which has been appointed to a monastery or some other ecclesiastical body which receives the great tithe
un poco	A beat, a little
scappled	Cut to a smooth face.
slate	A hard, brittle rock characterized by good cleavage along parallel planes; used as cut stone in thin sheets for flooring, roofing and panels.
vertex	The highest point; the apex or summit
architecture	Any structural remains of a built environment (see also 'vernacular architecture').
transept	A rectangular area which cuts across the main axis of a basilica-type building and projects beyond it
flemish bond	a pattern of brickwork in which the long side of the brick is laid alternated with the end of the brick
lattice	Laths or lines crossing to form a network.
bombard	Fire arm
sforzando..............................sf	Forcing, accented
arch	mechanical arrangement of building elements which are put together, generally along a curved line, in such a way that, supported by piers, abutments or walls, they carry the weight and resist the pressure.
helusion	Paradise
prodigious	Enormous, unusually large, causing amazement or wonder.
half-timbered	a construction method in which the spaces between posts and beams are plastered over without covering the timbers.
nourjahad	A reference to "The History of Nourjahad", written in 1767 by Frances Sheridan.
tunnel vault	see barrel vault.
symphonic	Music performed by a symphonic orchestra
wing	An extension or addition to an existing or main building.
opera seria	Italian opera with a serious (i.e., noncomic) subject.
chiton	A Greek tunic, the essential (and often only) garment of both men and women, the other being the himation, or mantle.
ferro-vitreous	It appears that Henry-Russell Hitchcock pioneered the use of this elegant term synonymous with iron-and-glass construction.
lithography	a printmaking process in which the printing surface is a smooth stone or plate
billet	ornamental moulding used in Norman architecture, consisting of raised cylindrical or rectangual blocks at regular intervals
adobe bricks	Bricks formed out of mud or clay, and baked in a kiln or under the sun
highlight	in painting, an area of high value
heterogeneous	Stone formed from several types of material.
round	A short vocal canon that can be repeated indefinitely; at the unison.
manchu	A Chinese dynasty (also called Ching and Qing) which lasted 1644-1911.
mihrab	A niche, chamber or slab on the wall of a mosque indicating the qibla or direction of mecca.
rubble	Fill; unsquared stone not laid in courses.
slant	Name for a marker with an extreme slant face and usually with a nosing at either the top or bottom, or both.
squint	Small windows, often obliquely cut, in the wall of a church, placed to offer a view of the high altar from the transept or aisles.
opisthodomos	In ancient Greek architecture, a porch at the rear of a temple, set against the blank back wall of the cella.
vault	An arched ceiling constructed of masonry materials; the undersurface, or soffit, is usually curved
retable	Painted or sculpted panels attached to the back of a Christian altar's mensa depicting religious figures and scenes.
rear-arch	Arch on the inner side of a wall
portal	the doorway of a church and the architectural composition surrounding it.
buttress	an external architectural support that counteracts the lateral thrust of an arch or wall.
quatrefoil	an ornamental "four-leaf clover" shape —i.e., with four lobes radiating from a common center.
gilt edges	In bookmaking, the term refers to edges of a book that are smooth and finished with a very thin layer of gold
jamb	The side elements of a firesurround supporting a mantel.
stud	An upright supporting member of a timber wall frame to which wall coverings and linings are fixed.
immutable	Not subject to change; permanent.
engraving	An intaglio printing process in which a design is incised into a metal plate
pyramidion	a small pyramid, as at the top of an obelisk.
orthogonals	the converging lines that meet at the vanishing point in the system of linear perspective.
site	The term is normally taken to mean a place where evidence of human activity has been discovered by archaeological means
espalier	a series of fruit trees trained on a framework of lines and stakes to form a hedge.
ravelin	Outwork with two faces forming a salient angle; like in a star-shaped fort.
front façade	The elevation of a building that is parallel to an adjacent public right-of-way, on a corner lot, or lot adjacent to more than one public right-of-way;also contains the main entrance to the building.
salt glaze	A glaze created during high-temperature firings
light	component part of window, divided by mullions and transoms
anthem	A song of praise or loyalty
ex libris	A Latin term meaning "from the library." In the trade, it often refers to a book that was once owned by someone whose ownership adds value, often someone famous
shrine	A shrine is a building or a place that is dedicated to one particular type of devotion, or that is limited to commemorating an event or a person
mitre	The straight line produced when two similarly profiled surfaces meet at an angle
color wheel	a circular, two-dimensional model illustrating the relationships of the various hues.
phrasing	Musical units consisting of several measures.
triple glazing	Three panes of glass with two air spaces between.
dutch gable	Term describes any gable that is curved.
romanesque	Style of architecture which was prevalant in Western Europe c
planning obligation	a commitment made by a landowner under Section 106 of the Town and Country Planning Act in conjunction with the granting of planning permission, either in the form of an agreement with the local planning authority or as a unilateral undertaking.
soffit	The underside or lining to an overhanging roof.
sonata da camera	"Chamber sonata." A baroque instrumental work, essentially a dance suite.
batten	a narrow vertical strip of wood, placed over joints of wider boards to protect the joints from the weather; the combination is called board–and–batten construction
gild the lily	A phrase meaning to add unnecessary ornamentation to something already beautiful."Gild the lily" is attributed to Shakespeare, but there is a catch — the phrase used in Shakespeare's play King John is actually "to paint the lily."
clerestorey	a row of windows at high level lighting the ground or principal floor; very common in churches where they are positioned over the aisles.
template	A type of model used to convey the pattern, shape, or profile to be used by the manufacturer in the molding process.
jamb extender	See Extension Jamb.
barrel vault	The barrel, tunnel, or Roman vault is the simplest form of a vault, consisting of continuous semicircular sections, and resembling half section of a pipe cut lengthwise.
secondary colors	hues
ogee	A double curve in the shape of an elongated "S.”
brocade	A rich silk fabric with raised patterns in gold and silver.
barracks	building or group of buildings used to accommodate soldiers
siding	The exterior wall covering or sheathing of a structure.
iridescence	A lustrous, pearly quality created on the surface of glass
electrolyte	A chemical compound that ionizes when dissolved or molten to produce an electrically conductive medium.
mullion	A vertical bar of a metal, wood, or stone that separates adjacent window units in a row of windows.
annexe	An addition to a building.
cupola	a small, domed structure crowning a roof or dome,
homophony	Music in which a single melody predominates, while the other voices or instruments provide harmonic accompaniment.
doppelstadt	settlement type
support	in painting, the surface to which the pigment
groined	Roof with sharp edges at intersection of cross-vaults.
bargeboard	Elaborately carved trim used around the edge of gables, most commonly found on gothic revival homes.
vehicle	a term often used interchangeably with medium to mean the liquid in which pigments are suspended but not dissolved and which, as it dries, binds the color to the surface of the painting.
libretto	The text of an opera or similar extended dramatic musical work.
mortuary	a customary levy, claimed by the priest, on the estate of a deceased parishioner.
decoration	Something which adorns or embellishes; an ornamentation.
tune	A melody, a sequence of ascending and descending notes
echinus	in the Doric Order, the rounded molding between the necking and the abacus.
baroque	artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized in sculpture by passion, in architecture by grandeur and the use of curved structures, and in painting by voluptuous figures, huge landscapes, and dramatic subjects.
imitation	The repetition, in close succession and usually at a different pitch level, of a melody by another voice or voices within a contrapuntal texture.
lost-wax process	A bronze-casting method in which a figure is modeled in wax and covered with clay; the whole is fired, melting away the wax (French, cire perdue) and hardening the clay, which then becomes a mold for molten metal.
gabion	a cylinder or wide mesh basket of wicker of woven metal to be filled with earth, rubble or stone blocks to form a wall or other solid feature.
mangonel	A form of catapult
squint	A hole through a pier or wall so that the high altar could be seen from a place where otherwise the view would be blocked.
arpeggio	A "broken" chord in which the tones are played one after another in rapid succession rather than simultaneously.
eaves	The projecting edge of a roof that overhangs an exterior wall to protect it from the rain.
missal	a book containing the complete order of mass, including both the "ordinary" (unvarying parts) and the "proper" (the parts that varied according to the liturgical calendar)
tracery	intersecting ribwork in upper part of window
alarum	An old spelling of "alarm"
white-ground painting	An ancient Greek vase-painting technique in which the pot was first covered with a slip of very fine white clay, over which black glaze was used to outline figures, and diluted brown, purple, red, and white were used to color them.
fosse	a ditch
reglet	A plastic or wood molding placed in a concrete or masonry opening to provide a uniform groove for a spline-type gasket to hold window glass
domus	A house which serves as the residence of a single, extended family
tubercles	small, abnormal discrete lumps in the substance of an organ or in the skin; especially the specific lesions of tuberculosis.
opus reticulatum	Roman walling of concrete faced with squared stones arranged diagonally.
choir	The part of a cruciform church east of the crossing.
pier	Free standing pillar used to support structures above.
town	settlement type
semi-dome	A half-dome often abutting a central dome acting as support.
cupola	A small dome, or hexagonal or octagonal tower, located at the top of a building
jamb figure	Sculptured figures located on the jambs, or vertical side elements, of a portal or doorway
parados	low wall on inner side of main wall
soffit	The underside of any architectural element (as of an overhang or staircase)
vitrify	To change materials into glass or a glass-like substance through heat fusion
sally-port	Small heavily fortified side door from which the defenders can rush out, strike, and retire.
clerestory	As its name indicates, this term applies to a building's upper storey, which usually has a clear, or uninterrupted, view from it.
ribands	Ribbons used as decorations.
counterfort	defence work of besieging force
truss	A wooden framework in the shape of a triangle, used to support timbers, such as those in a roof.
saltbox	This mainly North American term applies to roof lines that resemble in shape an old fashioned saltbox
stringcourse	Thin horizontal bands of masonry running along the face of a nave, transept or choir wall and in some instances continuing across piers or engaged columns; may be flush or projecting and may be flat surfaced, molded, or otherwise decoratively enhanced often with foliate designs.
lunette	(a) a semicircular area formed by the intersection of a wall and a vault;
cellerer	officer of a monastery entrusted with the general provisioning of the community.
jib door	A flush door, usually decorated as the wall, so as to be a hidden door.
gesso	a white coating made of chalk, plaster, and size that is spread over a surface to make it more receptive to paint.
apostle	in Christian terminology, one of the twelve followers, or disciples, chosen by Christ to spread his Gospel; also used more loosely to include early missionaries such as Saint Paul.
saltarello	An Italian triple meter cheerful, light dance
setting	Drawing which the Cast Stone manufacturer submits for approval detailing all aspects of the installation with piece markings and final locations of stones.
board and batten	Siding fashioned of boards set vertically and covered where their edges join by narrow strips called battens.
upbeat	One or more unaccented beats that precede the accented downbeat
fuzzy set theory	Fuzzy sets, in mathematical terms, are those whose elements have degrees of membership
watermark	A mark in handmade paper that usually identifies the paper maker, and the place and date of its making
bracket	A member often triangular in form, that projects from a wall or other vertical surface and supports another component, such as an eave.
english horn	A woodwind instrument with a pitch range between the oboe and the bassoon, and that uses a mouthpiece with a double reed.
dormer	a window set vertically in a small gable projecting from a slope in the roof
heterophony	Multiple voices that are not based on rules, and in which each performer changes the tune in order to diversify and ornament it, versus other performers
impasto	the thick application of paint, usually oil
egg and dart	A decorative pattern consisting of alternating shapes of ovoid and arrow, usually used for molding.
splay	Chamfer, or sloping face.
adyton	the most sacred inner part of a temple, usually at the end of the cella furthest from the entrance, often with restricted access to the initiated or priests.
plate tracery	Tracery which uses thick areas of stone to separate glozed areas
weep hole	An opening built into an exterior masonry wall, which allows water to pass from inside a wall system to the outside.
amice	a square of white linen, folded diagonally, worn by the celebrant priest, on the head or about the neck and shoulders.
karat	The common unit of measurement for gold
pilaster	The flat version of a column against a wall
cloister	in a monastery,
coffered ceiling	A ceiling in which the beams and cross-beams leave a regular pattern of square or multi-sided sunken panels, or coffers, each of which is often decorated with molded, carved and painted decoration.
dragoman	an interpreter, guide, diplomat, mediator
arriccio	the rough first coat of plaster in a fresco.
monody	An ode sung by one voice (as in a Greek tragedy)
piu	More
hopper light	(Hopper Vent) - (Hopper Ventilator) Inward opening sash hinged at the bottom.
arrow loop	a narrow vertical slit cut into a wall through which arrows could be fired from inside
nemo me impune lacessit	"No one provokes me with impunity"
howden	A college of secular priests.
variety	A principle of design that refers to a way of combining elements of art in involved ways to achieve intricate and complex relationships
paroxysms	Convulsions or fits
canon	a set of rules, principles, or standards used to establish scales or proportions.
jettied story	An upper story of a building that projects out over the story beneath it, common in Colonial American architecture.
ormolu	An alloy of copper, zinc, and tin that resembles gold and is used to decorate jewelry, furniture, and architectural details.
double window	Two windows separated by a mullion, forming a unit
triad	A three-note chord in which each note is the interval of a third from the next closest note.
skylight	A window set into a roof or ceiling to provide extra lighting
warp	In weaving, the vertical threads attached to the top and bottom of a loom, through which the weft is woven.
felicity	Happiness
hierarchical proportion or scale	the representation of more important figures as larger than less important ones.
cladding	The lightweight material used to cover the exterior surface of a load-bearing structure for aesthetic reasons or as a shield from the weather.
quoin	dressed stone at corner of building
flute	the curved vertical channel carved in a column.
transom light	A narrow window, sometimes hinged at the top, positioned over a doorway or larger window.
formalism	the doctrine or practice of strict adherence to stylized
lithography	A much-valued and popular printing process that came of age in the late 19th century
banker	A stonemasons bench, usually built out of scrap stone
bay	Internal division of building marked by roof principals or vaulting piers; A unit of interior space in a building, marked off by architectural divisions.
flying buttress	A free-standing buttress linked to the building by a section of arch to resist lateral stresses.
litterateur	A professional writer.
jukebox	In digital imaging, a stand-alone device that can hold several optical disks or magnetic tapes at a time, making it possible to switch among them at will.
apse	In a church, a semicircular or polygonal projection at the altar (usually east) end, beyond the sanctuary.
gable	The part of a wall immediately under the end of a pitched roof and above the level of the eaves, cut into a triangular shape by the sloping sides of the roof
lancet	A tall, narrow window with a two-centred arched head.
fault	A fracture within a rock mass where the rocks on one side have moved in relation to those on the other side.
entresol	a low storey within two high ones (
monument	A structure erected as a memorial; from the Latin word "monere,” meaning “to remind.” Technically, the monument serves as the memorial.
crepidoma	Crepidoma is an architectural term related to ancient Greek buildings
sill	The horizontal members at the bottom of the window or door frame.
porphry	A hard dark purplish-red rock, first quarried in ancient Egypt, containing relatively large crystals in a fine-grained igneous matrix
vergeboard	The vertical face board following and set under the roof edge of a gable, sometimes decorated by carving.
terreplein	In military architecture, the flat roof of a fortification, on which ordnance was mounted.
shift stock	A stonemasons adjustable tool for setting the angles of bevels and chamfers
tracery	Decorative open patterns in the stonework at the heads of Gothic windows, etc.
piscina	basin, usually set in the south chancel wall, for washing the chalice and paten at mass.
moat	A wide trench, usually filled with water, surrounding a building or a town, usually for defensive purposes.
engaged column	A half column that is set against a wall or into a wall.
reinforced concrete	concrete strengthened by embedding an internal structure of wire mesh or rods.
grain	The embossed pattern pressed into the vinyl, simulating wood grain or texture.
enamel	A hard, glassy element consisting of colored glass ground up fine in oil and applied as decoration to an object, typically either of metal or glass, and then fused on with heat.
chair rail	A molding that normally falls at a height of three to four feet and bands an entire room
barber surgeon	the monk who shaves faces and heads and performs light surgery.
ceramics	The art and science of forming objects from earth materials containing or combined with silica; the objects are then heated to at least 1300°F to harden.
cue sheet	Musical directions used by early film directors to tell musicians when to play what music in order to fit music to the actions in the film.
morceau	Morsel
iconostasis	In Eastern Christian churches, a screen or partition, with doors and many tiers of icons, that separates the sanctuary from the main body of the church.
baldacchino	a canopy or canopylike structure above an altar or throne.
mould	Templates used by stonemasons for working profiles onto stone.
open edition	A set of prints made in an unspecified or unlimited number of impressions
tread	The flat surface of a stair.
chinoiserie	a Western style popular in the eighteenth century, reflecting Chinese motifs
unruffled	Poised and serene especially in the face of setbacks or confusion
louver	One of a series of overlapping slats, for example in a window shutter, designed to allow ventilation while keeping out rain.
forte	A loud dynamic level.
quaff	to drink deeply
wire	A usually pliable metallic strand made in many lengths and diameters (gauges), sometimes clad or coated with insulation, as are electrical wires
lattice window	A window with diamond-shaped leaded lights or glazing bars arranged like an openwork screen; also, loosely, any hinged window, as distinct from a sash window.
verisimilitude	Appearing to be true or real.
lunette	A semi-circular (half moon) shaped area, ornament, or painting;
cad program	This is generally defined as a “Computer Aided Design” program
enamel	a vitreous coating applied by heat fusion to the surface of metal, glass, or pottery
chamfer	surface made by smoothing off the angle between two stone faces
geodesic dome	a dome-shaped framework consisting of small, interlocking polygonal units.
sin	Until the ..
half timber	The common form of medieval construction in which walls were made of a wood frame structure filled with wattle and daub.
conundrums	Intricate and difficult problems
canvas	Commonly used as a support
narthex	Enclosed passage between the main entrance and nave of a church; vestibule.
emerging artist	A hopeful label to signify a recent art school graduate or an exhibiting school age artist.
weatherboard	Wood siding consisting of overlapping boards usually thicker at one edge than the other.
palliative	Reducing the violence of a disease; easing symptoms without curing the underlying disease.
watch turret	Circular overhanging structure in the angle of a fortification (not to be confused with brattice)
chromatic	colored or pertaining to color.
cross section	a diagram showing a building cut by a vertical plane, usually at right angles to an axis.
gambrel	a ridged roof having two slopes on each side, the lower slope having the steeper pitch
conductor	A person who directs a musical ensemble and who is responsible for all aspects of the performance of the ensemble.
voussoir	One of the wedge-shaped masonry blocks out of which an arch or vault is composed
span	The distance bridged by an arch, or lintel, between its supporting masonry either side.
encaustic tiles	A type of fired clay tile used in flooring, usually decorated with an impressed design which is then filled with contrasting coloured material.
picture stone	in Viking art, an upright boulder with images incised
corbie gable	A gable with a series of steplike projections.
engaged column	A column standing proud of a wall to which they are attached.
imported wood	In the furniture trade, wood that is native to other countries and is brought in to sell in a home country.
fosse	Ditch.
nihility	Nonexistence; nothingness
conductus	A medieval polyphonic composition, whose source is not in the Gregorian chant but a different text, Latin songs of varied forms and content
chancel arch	The arch which separates the chancel (sanctuary or choir) from the nave of a church.
radiation	The transmission of energy through space without heating the air between, as in Solar Radiation.
battering wall	A wall whose outer face slopes gently back, usually to resist pressure from behind.
molding	A decorative strip of wood.
inner curtain	The high wall the surrounds the inner ward.
rubble	uncut or only roughly shaped stone, for walling
pedal board	The organ keyboard for bass lines played by the organist's feet.
cesspit	The opening in a wall in which the waste from one or more garderobes was collected.
artesian wells	Wells in which the water is under pressure and flows to the surface naturally
celestory	Windows or opening set high in a wall above the roof of a side aisle.
awning window	A top-hinged sash
palisade	A sturdy wooden fence usually built to enclose a site until a permanent stone wall can be constructed.
modulation	Gradual or rapid change from one key to another within a composition.
secondary colors	hues produced by combining two primary colors.
shot-hole	hole for firearms, generally smaller than a gun-port
necropolis	an ancient or prehistoric burial ground (literally "City of the Dead").
collegiate church	a church served by a corporation or college of clergy, of which a cathedral is one type.
lights	In a window, the openings between mullions; more generally called panes.
occulus	A small circular panel or window.
drum	The word in the singular means the vertical wall supporting the curving upper portion of a dome.
inclusions	Particles of metal, bubbles, etc., that occurs within glass or is added for decorative effect.
egress opening	The space between the top of the sill of the frame of an open window and the bottom part of the raised sash, times, the space between the jambs of the opening
impost	A capital that supports an arch.
clerestory window	A window (usually narrow) placed in the upper walls of a room, usually at an angle, to provide extra light.
cat	Assault tower
insulation	Construction materials used for protection from noise, heat, cold or fire
niche	A recess in a wall, often semicircular in the back and used as a place for statuary.
bird bath	A derogatory term used to describe a hollow cut inadvertently in a stones surface a classic apprentice blunder!
command	A work commands another when it dominates it either to watch or defend it
dome	A vault erected on a circular base, usually as a hemispherical roof or ceiling
empty shape	In an artwork a shape that is left bare instead of filled with lines or color.
oculus	a round opening in a wall or at the apex of a dome.
hydria	An ancient Greek three-handled water pitcher.
mansard roof	A roof with a double slope in which the top slope is shallower.
cross section	A diagram showing a building as if it had been cut at right angles to the ground plan.
drop arch	A pointed arch with radii less than its span.
tufa	Cellular rock; porous limestone
bhūmi	the stacked ridges the horizontally segment a northern-style Hindu temple's shikhara.
cornice	A decorative molding which forms the top piece of a window, a ceiling, or an exterior wall; the topmost member of the entablature.
cantilena	A little song or vocal piece
buttress	A projection from a wall to help support particular loads especially side thrusts from roofs.
refectory	a dining hall in a monastery or other similar institution.
slip match	A veneer method commonly used with quartered and rift-sawn material, where successively cut pieces are joined together to form a repeating pattern
aumbrey	A recess in a wall which could serve as a cupboard.
meeting rail	Used in single hung windows, it is a rail that connects both jambs at the middle of the window.
biff	a blow, slap, punch
tan-e	In Japanese art, a print with a dominant tone of orange-red.
techno	A highly electronic rock style that developed out of disco and hip-hop, popular during the 1980s and after.
inglenook	A recess for a bench seat or two next to a fireplace
moat	A deep trench usually filled with water that surrounded a castle.
expressionism	A trend in music of the early 20th century, particularly in Austria and Germany
mandorla	A gloriole or glory when it surrounds the entire figure of God, Christ, the Virgin Mary, or a saint with a large oval of radiant light
aqueduct	a man-made conduit for transporting water.
concave	A curved surface like the interior of a circle.
chordophones	A general term for stringed instruments in world music.
hard bop	A late bebop jazz style popular during the middle 1950s.
luster	A brilliant iridescent film used on a ceramic glazes; formed from metallic salts.
hammerbeam roof	late-medieval form of roof supported on horizontal beams (hammerbeams) projecting from the walls; it enabled the central span of the roof to be open
naos	the inner sanctuary
plate glass	A flat sheet of glass, such as may be inserted into a window or door.
shot saw	A straight reciprocating bladed mechanical stone saw whose blade, instead of having teeth, has a wavy cross section into which are poured steel shot which act as an abrasive.
gable	vertical triangular end of a building from the eaves to the apex.
accelerator	A substance which speeds up a chemical change
aedicule	an architectural elevation in miniature; a decorative niche, often housing an altar.
alcove	A (usually) semi-circular recess.
serialism	See "twelve-tone."
herringbone work	Stone, brick or tile work in which the components are laid diagonally instead of horizontally, forming a distinctive zigzag pattern along a wall face.
cresting	Roof cresting is a lacy decorative fencing made of wrought iron, rimming the edge or peak of a roof, often seen in Second Empire (Mansard) style buildings.
sacred music	Music that was written for use in religious services
gault brick	a light cream/yellow brick commonly made in East Anglia (hence Suffolk gaults).
scroll	A spiral having several concentric curves of increasing radii.
burin	a metal tool with a sharp point to incise designs on pottery and etching plates,
perpendicular	Style of English Gothic architecture which flourished in England c
frost	To remove the polish and leave a matte finish; also called "dust" or "skin."
guilloche	The word, taken from the French noun guillochis, stands for a type of curving, interlacing ornament often found sculpted on torus moldings.
brattice or hoarding	covered wooden gallery with holes in the floor, which was attached to the top of the external wall of a stone castle so that defenders could see and fire upon assailants at the base of the wall
satb chorus	A four-part group of singers that include sopranos, altos, tenors, and basses
creoles of color	These are Louisianans of mixed mainly French, African, Spanish, and Native American heritage
madrasa	In Islamic tradition, a combined school and mosque.
bed	A coating of sedimentary rock.
segmental arch	An arch that's in the form of a segment of a semicircle.
object	A material thing of a functional, aesthetic, cultural, historical or scientific value that may be moveable by nature or design, yet related to a specific setting or environment.
non-significant features	The interior architectural features of the designated interior that the LPC has determined do not contribute to the special historic, cultural, and/or aesthetic character for which the interior was designated
carrels	divisions of a chamber or cloister walk into individual study areas.
oil paint	Slow drying paint made when pigments are mixed with an oil, linseed oil being most traditional
cloister	Part of a monastery; a quadrangle surrounded by covered passages
miller	A small piece of wood which when placed beneath a large stone acts as a pivot allowing the stone to be rotated.
arcade	literally, a series of arches; in gardening, often a straight, tree-lined walkway, the trees forming the arched ceiling.
aluminum clad window	A wood window covered with extruded aluminum to provide a durable, easy to maintain seal.
modulation	A shift in the course of a piece from one key to another
orchestration	The arrangement of a musical piece for sake of its playing by an orchestra
member	A single element in a series of mouldings.
bleeding	Term used when the silver plating on Sheffield Plate wears through to expose the copper beneath.
landscape	a pictorial representation of natural scenery.
herringbone pattern	Brick or stone laid in alternate diagonal courses
mantel	The frame surrounding a fireplace, often with a shelf above the opening.
panel	A flat or raised surface, usually set into a frame.
sahn	an enclosed courtyard in an Islamic mosque, used for prayer when the interior is full.
lantern	Windowed superstructures crowning a dome, and serving to give light or air to the space below.
garth	An open space bounded by cloisters.
hood	The canopy overhanging a fireplace to increase the draft.
jataka	In Buddhism, tales of the lives the Buddha.
col legno del arc	A direction to the violinist to play with the bow's wooden backside (bow-stick)
arch	Curved structure supporting the weight of material over an open space such as a bridge or doorway.
aramaic	A northwestern Semitic language of the inhabitants of Aram in Mesopotamia
drip technique	a painting technique in which paint is dripped from a brush or stick onto a horizontal canvas or other ground.
sphendone	The semicircular end of a Roman circus.
iconology	the study of the meaning or content of a larger program
palladian form	Refers to a building having a central block connected by linking building on each side.
hardness	See Mohs Scale of Hardness.
points	ties, laces.
ambulatory	The passageway surrounding the apse or hemicycle located at the east end of a basilican church plan
head	the common form of an arch over an opening.
acetic acid	In graphics,
nashiji	In Japanese art tradition, the pearskin effect in oriental lacquerware, created by sunken scattered metal filings.
caryatid	a supporting column in post-andlintel construction carved to represent a human or animal figure.
contrast	Something different from what came before.
oil paint	A paint in which natural oil-usually linseed-is the medium that binds the pigments.
pitched	Sloping, especially referring to a roof.
beading	The process whereby decorative beads are sewn, glued, or otherwise attached to a surface.
stile	The side part of a sash that connects the lock rail and the lift rail.
parasang	an ancient Persian unit of distance, about four miles (six kilometers)
formal elements	the elements of style (line, shape, color, etc.) used by an artist in the composition of a work of art.
reredos	A decorated wall covering or screen behind the alter.
blind arch	A purely decorative arch within a wall or other flat surface without an actual opening.
cadavre exquis	See exquisite corpse.
picturesque	an artistic principle in both painting and gardening that emphasizes the rough and irregular, the surprising, the various, the commonplace, and the decaying or aged; picturesque gardening and painting were mutually influential.
batter	The inclined surface of a wall, most pronounced at the base.
caulking	A mastic compound for filling joints and sealing cracks to prevent leakage of water and air; commonly made of silicone- bituminous- acrylic- or rubber-based materials.
united inch	The measurement of the width of the window plus the height of the window
vermiculite	A product commonly used by gardeners, who mix it into soil in order to aerate the soil
mensa	term used for that part of a monastic estate that was allocated to the direct support of the community and to supplying its table.
wainscoting	Another way of saying wooden interior panelling.
symmetria	Greek for symmetry.
vivaccissimo	agitated
plinth	The base of a column (architecture) or wall (First Style), that rests upon the floor.
crosshatching	a pattern of superimposed parallel lines (hatching ) on a two-dimensional surface used to create shadows and suggest three-dimensionality.
viola	A bowed string instrument slightly larger and lower-sounding than the violin.
subdominant	The fourth scale on the key
claustral prior	the abbot's second-in-command, responsible for the internal life of the monastery.
dun or dum	An Iron Age fortified enclosure, built of dry-stone, often with galleried walls, dating from the 1st century AD
outre	Bizarre; Violating convention or propriety.
synodal	a customary payment made to the bishop by his lower clergy on the occasion of a visitation or a synod.
gazebo	a small building or structure such as a summerhouse, which is often open on one or more sides to give views.
course	acontinuous layer of building material, such as brick or tile, on a wall or roof of a building.
formalism	the doctrine or practice of strict adherence to stylized shapes or other external forms.
sealed double glass	Two panes separated by a sealed space
carotid	Heart-shaped.
salient	angle that points outward (opposite of re-entrant)
avoidance	the vacating of a benefice.
poligono	Spanish planning terminology - settlement type
whiteware	A generic term for white clay bodies.
batten	when exterior wooden boards are used vertically, a thin wooden strip, or batten, is used to cover the exposed seam between the boards
airbrush	a device for applying a fine spray of paint or other substance by means of compressed air.
protected landmark	A landmark whose owner has elected to permanently protect the landmark by foregoing the 90-day waiver certificate authorized by this article.
codetto	The intermediate coda at the end of the exposition in sonata form
kiblah	See qiblah.
insert	A metal device cast into a unit normally used for anchoring or handling.
oriel window	a window that projects out from the exterior wall
abjuration	renunciation, under oath, of heresy to the Christian faith, made by a Christian wishing to be reconciled with the Church.
monody	Sung monophonic music, a-cappella, or homophonic music in which there is a leading part and the rest serve as its accompaniment
form	Is the basic shape and configuration of an object or space.
pasquinaded	Publicly made fun of, lampooned
air infiltration	The amount of air leaking in and out of a building through cracks in walls, windows and doors.
pulpit	in church architecture, an elevated stand, surrounded by a parapet
radiate	See ray.
bond	arrangement of bricks in courses
septimius severus	Lucius Septimius Severus, Roman emperor (193-211 AD).
sample	The specimen submitted to represent the color and texture of Cast Stone
baptistery	A building or part of a church used for baptism.
catacomb	Subterranean burial chamber used during the Roman Empite
block	One or more lots, tracts, or parcels of land bounded by streets, easements, rights-of-way, or other physical features or a combination thereof.
cupola	a small structure built on top of a roof
sand casting	An ancient and still widely used casting method in which moistened sand is packed against a model to make a mold – usually for metal.
broch	A round tower-like structure, open in the middle, the double wall of dry-stone masonry being linked to form internal galleries at varying levels
socle	The (moulded) feature that projects from the bottom of a wall or other architectural structure.
chryselephantine	statuary in which the flesh is represented by ivory and the drapery of gold or gilded bronze; the cult statue in the Temple of Saturn is ivory.
conventuals	the name given to that section of the Franciscan Order that accepted the need to modify the practice of absolute poverty enjoined by St
kouros	Greek word for young man; an Archaic Greek statue of a standing nude youth.
bronze	a metal alloy composed of copper mixed with tin.
emotionalism	An aesthetic and critical theory of art which places emphasis on the expressive qualities
parapet	A low protective wall higher than the exterior wall of a building.
mensural notation	A system of notating the length of time a given note is to be held.
moulding	A contoured band used to decorate a wall or other surface
ushnīsha	a conventional identifying topknot of hair on an image of Shakyamuni Buddha, symbolic of his wisdom.
clunch	Hard chalky material
country rock	A rock style that began in the late 1960s that added country-styled vocals and instruments to what was otherwise a rock band.
pierced work	Decoration which consists mainly or partially of perforations.
purlin	A horizontal roof beam, usually supporting rafters.
visible spectrum	the colors, visible to the human eye, that are produced when white light is dispersed by a prism.
doric column	A Greek-style column with only a simple decoration around the top, usually a smooth or slightly rounded band of wood, stone or plaster.
landmarks preservation commission	The Commission acting in its agency capacity to implement the Landmarks Law.
quartzite	The metamorphic equivalent of a quartz sandstone, which has recrystallised into closely fitting granules.
meeting rail	(Lock Rail) One of the two horizontal members of a double-hung sash which come together See Check Rail.
assumptionists	An association of Christian monks originating in the French city of Nîmes
sybils	Women regarded as oracles or prophets by the ancient Greeks and Romans.
persian flaw	A small, deliberate flaw, left unrepaired by the artist: the expresson takes its meaning from the flaws intentionally woven into Persian carpets 'becasue only God can make something perfect.'
altar	church furnishing consisting of a table or rectangular box-like structure at which the celebration of the Eucharist or other religious services are performed
mihrāb	a niche, often highly ornamented, in the center of a qibla
wall-stair	Staircase built into the thickness of a wall
irregular	In romantic architecture, the term used for a freely asymmetrical yet balanced arrangement of several parts.
rooflight	a window fitted flush into a sloping roof
fetid	Having a heavy offensive smell.
ardor	Extreme energy or vigor
fanlight	An over-the-door window, semicircular or oval in shape, with bars separating and supporting the panes to form a fan-shaped design.
stage	In certain western charismatic churches where worship is theatrical and the congregation functions largely as a paying audience, the chancel is enlarged to accommodate performances and referred to as a "stage", as in a theater.
garderobe	A small latrine or toilet either built into the thickness of the wall or projected out from it; Projects from the wall as a small, rectangular bartizan.
feature	The distinction between a Feature and a Wall Segment is its architectonic value, often expressed by its verticality
sill	1.The lower horizontal part of a window frame or window opening; also the accessory member which extends as a weather barrier from frame to outside face of wall
lozenge	diamond shape
esri	Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc
hall house	a defensible two-storey building containing a hall above a basement
tuba	A large brass instrument with a low-pitch range.
key	A block, often used in a series, which projects beyond the edge of the enframement of an opening and is joined with the surrounding masonry
chain block	A geared manually operated chain hoist with integral clutch.
fossiloferous	A rock containing fossils.
thrust	the lateral force exerted by an arch, dome,
gibbous	Characterized by convexity; protuberant
concertino	The solo instrument group in a concerto grosso.
iconomancy	Divination using images (or icons).
stencil	A sheet of rubber material affixed to the stone onto which the design has been transferred and then cut out to expose portions of the stone for sandblasting.
crack perimeter	The total length of the crack around a sash through which outdoor air could leak into the room
repoussé	A French term for the method of making a design in relief in metalwork, commonly brass, by hammering from behind so that the decoration projects outward.
rood-screen	screen below a crucifix, usually at the west end of a church, so called because it was normally surmounted by a rood or crucifix.
fibula	A pin or brooch used in ancient times to attach or fasten male and female garments.
east end	Refers to the end of the church where the main altar is placed and where the main part of the service takes place
double hung window	A window having two balanced sashes, one sliding vertically over the other.
rune stone	in Viking art, an upright boulder with characters of the runic alphabet inscribed on it.
sext	the liturgical office sung or recited at the sixth hour of the day, i.e., about midday.
proportion	the relation of one part to another, and of parts to the whole, with respect to size, height, and width.
billet molding	A molding composed wholly or in part of a series of billets
gather	In glass-blowing, the glob of molten glass collected and to be blown on the end of a punty or pontil.
pound scots	Scottish unit of currency, worth 1s
water-leaf	Plain broad leaf moulding.
quirk	V-shaped nick.
gable	the triangular portion of an exterior wall that is formed by the slanted pitch of ridged roof
lias	Greyish rock which splits easily into slabs.
sling psychrometer	A measuring instrument with two thermometers (dry-bulb and wet-bulb) used for determining the dewpoint and relative humidity of air; its relation to windows is ascertaining the point at which moisture will condense on the inside surface of the glass
giornata	A day's work (from Italian).
dentils	A series of closely spaced ornamental rectangular blocks resembling teeth, used as moldings; most often found in continuous bands beneath the cornice.
corbel	Block of stone projecting from a wall, usually to support a beam, or some other feature.
abacus	the flat slab that forms the topmost unit of a Doric column and on which the architrave rests.
hanging arch	An arch which has, or seems to have, no vertical supports.
triple meter	A meter in which each measure has three beats.
sacred	Music that was written for use in religious services
curtain	A connecting wall between towers.
sacral-idyllic scene	A landscape depicting country life and idealized nature.
spandrel	The triangular space formed by the extrados of an arch and other wall elements.
architrave	Ar'chi·trave noun [ French architrave , from Italian architrave ; prefix archi- + trave beam, Latin trabs .] (Architecture) (a) The lower division of an entablature, or that part which rests immediate...
vouchsafed	To grant or furnish often in a gracious or condescending manner
minimalism	A late-twentieth-century movement that seeks to return music to its simplest, most basic elements
centrally-planned building	A building in which the sides are of equal length and in which the main space is symmetrical when bisected laterally and longitudinally
fosse	Ditch
quoins	Decorative blocks of stone or wood used on the corners of buildings.
demos	Greek, the people, from which the word democracy is derived.
vignette	A decorative design placed at breaks in an article, at the beginning or end of a book or chapter of a book, or along the border of a page
bruise	Means the same in stone as a bruise on the body - any marring of the surface of a stone by a blow; also called a stun.
allegro con brio	Fast, with vigor and spirit.
desco da parto	Italian for "commemorative birth tray."
psalms	The sacred poems from the book of Psalms in the Bible.
tithing	any group of ten persons; in early monastic usage, a group of ten monks supervised by a monastic officers called a dean
cottage window	A single hung or double hung window where the lower sash is taller than the upper sash (or IG unit)
board & batten	A style in which a narrow strip of siding appears to cover the seam between two wider boards
stucco	A thin coating of plaster applied over exterior walls.
colloquy	Conversation, dialogue, a high-level serious discussion.
gesticulation	A motion of the body or limbs in speaking, or in representing action or passion, and enforcing arguments and sentiments.
lantern	A windowed superstructure at the top of a roof or dome; a small cupola.
transom	A horizontal division of a window opening.
pastel	A crayon of ground pigment bound with gum or oil
springer	The bottommost pair of voussoirs, located directly above the springline
trebled	As a verb, treble means to grow to three times the size, amount, or number.
westwerk	From the German literally meaning the mass of architectural forms at the west, or entrance, end of a medieval church.
mosaic	Wall or floor covering composed of small pieces of colored stone (usually marble) or glass (tesserae) set in mortar and forming either abstract designs or figural scenes
ridgepole	The beam running the length of a building below the peak of the gabled roof.
objet trouvé	see found object.
color	The sensible perception of hue, value and saturation characteristics of surfaces of window components
aluminum	A lightweight, silver-colored metal used extensively in commercial applications, and occasionally by metal artists.
feretory	See reliquary.
dowel	A pin designed to hold two joints of stone together
candle	A formed mass of wax with one or more wicks that provides illumination when ignited
minstrels	Medieval wandering street musicians and entertainers.
damask	A fine, lustrous fabric with flat patterns and a satin weave.
nones	the liturgical office sung or recited at the ninth hour of the day, i.e., about 3 p.m.
reduplication	An act or instance of doubling or reiterating.
imitationalism	An aesthetic theory of art which places emphasis on the literal qualities
sow	A machine for undermining the wall and served as a cover for the manipulators also
burg	German stronghold.
altarpiece	religious images on, above, or behind the altar of a Christian church
batten	In weaving, a flat stick used to pack the weft threads into place.
descriptive specification	Describes, often in intricate detail, the materials, workmanship, manufacture methods, and installation of the obligatory goods.
pattern	Is the repetition of a decorative motif on a surface.
vienna secession	See secession.
segmental	Less than a semi-circle
limited edition	An edition of an art print or book that is limited in number
supplementary planning guidance	guidance which explains and amplifies the planning policies in the Council's Development Plan, and provides additional advice to applicants.
chase	A groove carved into a piece of masonry to receive lead flashing or similar.
lunette	Crescent-shaped or semicircular space, either recessed or projecting, on a wall or vaulted ceiling, framed by an arch or vault and sometimes used as a setting for sculpture.
romanticize	to glamorize or portray in a romantic, as opposed to a realistic,
bass clarinet	A large and low-sounding clarinet.
iconology	The branch of knowledge which deals with the subject of icons (or images); also the subject matter of this study, icons collectively, or as objects of investigation
revetment	Retaining wall to prevent erosion; to face a surface with stone slabs
cluster pier	a pier composed of a group, or cluster, of engaged column shafts, often used in Gothic architecture.
capitals	head of a column.
moiety	One of two equal parts
oratory	private chapel in a house
ballad opera	A dramatic work with spoken dialogue and popular songs that began in England during the middle 1700s
shellac	A purified lacquer in the form of thin yellow or orange flakes, often bleached white and widely used in varnishes, paints, inks, sealants, and formerly in phonograph records.
low-e argon	The same as Low-E, except that there is clear Argon gas in the insulated glass unit instead of air providing for a better R-Value.
drop finial	A finial that projects downward rather than upward
shrine	A structure of stone or metal in which a relic of a saint was placed.
architrave	The horizontal block between columns or piers that spans the area between them.
muntins	Dividing bars between panes of glass.
illuminated initial	In manuscript illumination, a highly ornamented letter, usually the first letter of a word
margin	The extreme outer portion of any stone piece, which is given a contrasting finish for effect
petrology	The study of rocks, their origin and what they are made from.
dissonance	A quality of an interval, chord, or harmony that gives a sense of tension and movement.
septet	Chamber music for seven players.
edokoro	In Japanese tradition, Bureau of Painters.
block plan	A drawing of a building's foot print within an entire block in simplified, non-detailed form.
akroterion	a decorative piece added to the roof of a temple at the apex and corners, usually made of clay or bronze and often in the form of a palm or statue, for example of Nike.
foundation	The lowest part of a building that serves to transmit the load from the larger structure directly to the earth below; usually below ground level.
stigmata	marks resembling the wounds on the crucified body of Christ (from stigma, "a mark" or "scar").
member	A component part of a window.
purloined	To take something wrongfully and often by a breach of trust
mandapa	In Hindu architecture, an assembly hall, which is part of a temple.
chasing	A technique used on silver that consists of a series of small punches that provide texture or lines that resemble an engraving.
keystone	Central wedge in top of arch.
asseveration	A strong and earnest statement or affirmation.
volition	The act of making a choice
gens	A clan or family united by common name and ancestry (Latin).
predella	the lower part of an altarpiece, often decorated with small scenes that are related to the subject of the main panel.
one-point perspective	A form of linear perspective in which all lines (describing straight edges that go from points nearer to points farther) appear to meet at a single point on the horizon.
print	a work of art produced by one of the printmaking processes—engraving, etching, and woodcut.
feet	See foot.
parure	Derived from a French term meaning "adornment," it refers to a matched set of jewelry consisting of three or more pieces.
buffoons	Clowns, ludicrous figures.
single-hung window	A window that is similar to a double-hung window except that the top sash is stationary.
chancel	Eastern part of the church in which the altar stands.
utility window	A window where the sash pulls into the house pivoting from the sill or from the header
justiciar	Chief political and judicial officer under Noman and early Plantagenet kings
ferrule	The metal or plastic device that that aligns and anchors paintbrush bristles or hairs in an adhesive
chantry	A chantry is a small chapel originally used as a place where masses or prayers would be said for the soul of the rich person who had pre-paid the clergy to do so.
references	A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (1992) by L
scenae frons	In the Roman theater this area is a highly developed archtectural backdrop.
plotter	The machine used to receive the drawing from the computer to show the details of the memorial layout for the client or to cut the stencil that will be used for the memorial.
sweep lock	A sash fastener located at the meeting rails of a double-hung window, which rotates and clamps the two rails closer together.
lintel	horizontal stone or beam bridging an opening
pedestal	A support or base for increasing the height of a column or statue.
mausoleum	Any above ground structure used for burials
crenelation	A wall at the top of a fortified building with regular gaps allowing defenders to shoot from
newel	Center post of spiral staircase
blind arch	An arch applied to a wall; A 'dummy' arch.
eaves	the lower, overhanging section of a pitched roof, intended to throw rain water away from the wall below.
lectionary	In Christian tradition, a list, often illustrated, of lections — selections from the Bible that are read in church services.
memorabilia	Objects that have a specific use at the time they are made, such as a baseball or a trophy, but which tend to gain value over time as a result of their associations and history, rather than for their original utility.
fettling	The process of cleaning and finishing the surface of a piece of clay or metal work, especially the edges, and in the case of cast work, the seam lines (flashing).
softwood	A botanical grouping of trees that displays needles and cones rather than broad, flat leaves.
allied board of trade	A national credit agency that specializes in the interior design industry.
effigy	A likeness or image, especially of a person
raconteur	A person who excels in telling anecdotes.
quadragesima	literally "the fortieth": the Latin term for Lent, a period of approximately forty days (in fact forty-six days) before Easter.
gesticulations	Expressive gestures made in showing strong feeling or in enforcing an argument.
krypton gas	An inert, nontoxic gas used in insulating windows to reduce heat transfer.
secular	Non-religious music
weal	See scarification
stained glass	windows composed of pieces of colored glass held in place by strips of lead.
glassine	A thin, dense, glossy-surfaced, translucent paper resistant to the passage of air and dirt
spiral staircase	A staircase whose steps wind around a central, vertical axis.
pend	an open ended passage through a building, at ground level
jerkinhead roof	a ridge roof with gable ends, in which the ends are sliced off to give the appearance of a fold or turndown.
banal	Boringly commonplace and predictable
girandole	Carved or glided sconces with mirrored backplates to reflect the candlelight
musicals	Dramas that are told through a series of songs, usually with spoken dialogue between the songs.
rebar	A deformed steel unit used for reinforcing Cast Stone.
isometric projection	an architectural diagram combining a ground plan of a building with a view from an exterior point above and slightly to one side.
loggia	A columned gallery that is attached to a larger structure and open on at least one side, often with a second story
jfif	JPEG File Format
art nouveau	(French) A phase of reaction against tradition, originating in France and Germany about 1900, in which designers glorified the curved line.
jamb	The vertical piece or surface that forms the side of an opening, such as a window, door or vault.
gouache	an opaque, water-soluble painting medium.
bloomers	Since the late 19th century, any loose, full, trouser-like garment that is gathered between the knee and ankle and worn under a long skirt.
alteration	Work which impacts any exterior architectural feature including construction, reconstruction, or removal of any building or building element.
monochrone	Having only one color.
aigrette	A feather-shaped piece of jewelry worn in the hair or on a hat
sojourn	A temporary stay.
tufa	Cellular rock; porous limestone.
spatial development strategy	planning strategy for London, being prepared by the Mayor of London.
azulejo	Painted and glazed ceramic tile, mainly in Portugal and Andalusia, Spain.
skin carving	Any shallow carving on the skin or surface of a monument that is executed by removing the polish; has no depth.
step pyramid	a pyramid constructed of mastaba forms of successively decreasing size.
movement	A self- contained piece within a larger work, each usually having its own tempo.
belfry	A room at or near the top of a tower which contains bells, and their supporting timbers.
d.s. al coda	Play / sing from the Segno to the Coda
chapel	Rooms, ancillary spaces or independent buildings that serve as sanctuaries or places of Christian worship usually containing an altar
floor plan	A scaled drawing showing the horizontal arrangement of one level of the building that typically indicates walls, doors and dimensions.
side drum	A drum with two heads, the bottom of which has snares or metal wires that can be tightened to rattle against that head when the upper head is hit
pitch	The slope of a surface, e.g., a roof.
forged	A blacksmithing technique, in which metal is shaped by hammering, usually while at red or white heat.
hoarding or brattice	covered wooden gallery with holes in the floor, which was attached to the top of the external wall of a stone castle so that defenders could see and fire upon assailants at the base of the wall
gable vent	Slated vent usually found near attics at the top of the home.
dolmen	a prehistoric structure consisting of two or more megaliths capped with a horizontal slab.
parekklesia	In Byzantine churches, the side chapels attached to the building of the main church.
figured bass	Basso continuo
eyecatcher	a structure, often an artificial ruin, built on a distant rise to catch the attention of a viewer and carry his or her eye out of the surrounding garden into the wider countryside.
ska	A Jamaican and British dance-hall music.
abc art	See Minimalism.
ledger lines	Short lines drawn underneath or above the staff for notes too high or too low to appear on the staff
nave	in basilicas and churches, the long, narrow central area used to house the congregation.
lethe	Forgetfulness
camaïeu	A painting technique, in which the painter creates a monochromatic image by employing two or three tints of a single pigment without regard to local or realistic color
cubiculum/a	A Latin term used conventionally by classical scholars to describe a small room in a Roman house
light	Glazing; component part of window, divided by mullions and transoms
bastle house	Small tower house with a living room over a byre
sidelights	A framed area of fixed glass, set vertically and flanking a door, usually made up of a number of small panes.
via	a broad public road; within Rome during the Republican period only two streets carried this designation, Sacra Via and Nova Via
plat band	A projecting stone string usually found between the floors of a building.
bow window	A combination window that projects out of the exterior, usually with four or more windows in a radial or bow formation.
bronze	A metal alloy consisting of copper and tin that sometimes contains small amounts of other elements, such as zinc or phosphorous
trammel	Stonemasons adjustable tool for applying lines parallel to an edge, similar to a carpenters gauge.
two-part commercial block	A commercial building containing a shop on its lower floor and a residence or residences (usually for the owner or merchant) on the upper floor.
crenellated	See Battlement.
pediment	the architectural structure above a window, door, or porch -- either triangular or segmental (an arc, or segment of a circle); an open pediment has the center of its top missing, and a broken pediment has the center of its base missing.
mosso	In motion
content	the themes or ideas in a work of art, as distinct from its form.
mortar mill	A machine for mixing lime and aggregate to produce mortar, consisting of a circular tub in which rotate heavy wheels and paddles.
huguenot	In the 16th and 17th centuries, the name of Huguenots came to apply to members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France
crown molding	A decorative molding used at the juncture of the wall and ceiling; it can be flat or sprung, plain or complex.
coping	The capping at the top of a wall for protection from weather elements.
market	In reference to designer resources, a term that many interior designers use to mean they are going to visit one of the annual shows held at the marts.
colonnade	a series of columns set at regular intervals
half-timber	Vernacular building technique in which the spaces between the heavy supporting timbers are filled with brick, wattle and daub, or other material.
atrium	in vertebrates and the higher invertebrates, heart chamber that receives blood into the heart and drives it into a ventricle, or chamber, for ..
transepts	Located to the north and south of the choir
satyrs	Deities in Greek mythology having the torso of a man and the body of a horse or goat (2 legs)
kneeler	Stone at the bottom end of the coping at the gable end of a roof that projects over the wall below. Usually moulded or carved.
header	Stone unit running horizontally over an opening in a wall
decagon	A closed two-dimensional polygon bounded by ten straight-line segments
consonance	A quality of an interval, chord, or harmony that imparts a sense of stability, repose, or finality.
desiccant	A chemical put onto the spacer of an insulated glass unit to help absorb moisture from inside the IG unit.
roll-down gate	A security gate with a mechanism that allows it to roll up and down.
cabochon	Polished gemstone of rounded, unfaceted form.
barrel	One of the elements which together may comprise the shaft of a column.
opera seria	A serious opera
cella	the inner area of a temple, usually rectangular and without windows, sometimes columned. Often subdivided into smaller rooms, the largest of which often housed a large cult statue to a particular deity.
vociferated	To cry out loudly, shout.
forza	With force
campshedding	facing of piles of boarding along a bank
equivocal	Uncertain
cantilanera	Singing without instrumental accompaniment
s.a.s.e.	S.A.S.E
madonna	Madonna is a medieval Italian term for a noble or otherwise important woman
pagoda	A tower structure, often rectangular or octagonal, with projecting roofs at each story
timbre	The characteristic tone quality of a musical sound as produced by a specific instrument or voice, or by a combination of instruments or voices.
bevel marker	A rectangular, angled or sloped-top marker.
capitular	of or pertaining to an ecclesiastical chapter.
aegipans	Centaurs with the bodies of goats instead of horses
oratory	Private in-house chapel; small cell attached to a larger chapel.
bay	an extension to the main building line, termed canted or splayed when angled back at the sides, and squared when perpendicular.
jazz	Improvisatory music based on African American musical traditions
hall	Principal room or building in complex.
outer curtain	The wall that encloses the outer ward
security gate housing	The container that houses the rolling mechanism of a roll-down security gate.
fenestration	Refers to the use of windows on a wall.
metonym	an allusion to a subject through the representation of something related to it or a part of it.
prefabrication	The manufacture of whole buildings or components cast in a factory or on site before being placed in position.
abacus	The flat plate on the top of a capitol on which the architrave rests.
gingham	A clothing fabric usually of yarn-dyed cotton in plain weave.
safety glass	A strengthened or reinforced glass that is less subject to breakage or splintering, such as glass for storm doors and some windows
main case	Mother mold.
harmony	A combination of musical tones heard simultaneously, as opposed to melody
aquatint	a print from a metal plate on which certain areas have been "stopped out" to prevent the action of the acid.
margin glazing	Narrow panes of glass incorporated into a window sash or door
print	a work of art produced by one of the printmaking processes—engraving, etching,
brattice	Timber tower or projecting wooden gallery; hoarding.
medallion	An ornamental block.
superinduced	To introduce as an addition over or above something already existing.
mullion	Vertical member between window units.
ringwork	Circular earthwork of bank and ditch
boxed mullion	A hollow mullion between two double-hung windows to hold the sash weight.
dormer window	A perpendicular window located in a sloping roof; triangular walls join the window to the roof
glutinous	Having the quality of glue; gummy
pontil	The solid metal rod, also known as a punty, that is usually tipped with a wad of hot glass and attached to the bottom of a glass vessel to enable handling while it is very hot and being shaped
bargeboards	Boards fixed at the gable ends of roofs to conceal and protect the ends of the roof timbers. They may project over the wall face and are frequently highly decorative.
string-course	projecting horizontal band of masonry set along a wall.
tempera	a fast-drying, water-based painting medium made with egg yolk, often used in fresco and panel painting.
acropolis	Greek, high city
hall crypt	A crypt in the form of a large space of uniform height subdivided by columns.
leaguer	the camp of a besieging army
dichroic glass	A thin metallic coating on any type of glass
u-factor	A value indicating the rate of heat flow through a building construction, expressed in units of 'Btuh per square foot of surface per degree F
fantasia	An improvised piece characterized by virtuosity in composition and performance; popular during the Renaissance and baroque eras.
jack arch	A structural element that provides support over an opening in a masonry wall (i.e., made of brick or stone)
absorption	Refers to the light absorbing behavior of some surfaces — various characteristics determine the degree to which surfaces absorb certain colors
carte de visite	French for "visiting card," and also known as CDV
water table	The architectural feature that consists of a projecting drip mold on the surface of a wall for the purpose of preventing moisture from creeping up the rear of the cladding surface
multivallate	hillfort with three or more concentric lines of defence
parallelepiped	A polyhedron with six faces, each a parallelogram, and each parallel to its opposite face
flute	A groove or channel, especially parallel groves used for architectural decoration.
diaconicum	In the Greek Church, the liturgical book specifying the functions of the deacon.
operetta	Short, small-scale operatic works popular during the 17th and 18th centuries.
chinoiserie	European furniture employing Chinese style decorations and ornamentation which was popular in the late 17th and 18th centuries
canto	The instrument or voice with the melody
brass	A metal alloy consisting of copper and zinc
nacreous	Pearlescent; lustrous; resembling nacre (mother of pearl).
castrum	Originally a temporary Roman camp
pitch pocket	An opening between growth rings that may contain resin or bark or both.
oblique	View in which a three-dimensional object is represented by a drawing (oblique drawing) in which the face, usually parallel to the picture plane, is represented in accurate or exact proportion, and all other faces are shown at any convenient angle other than 90°.
paviors	small brick-like paving units.
plinth	Projecting base of wall.
bedight	To dress or decorate especially in splendid or impressive attire.
memento mori	an image, often in the form of a skull, to remind the living of the inevitability of death.
squint	Observation hole in wall or room
stucco	a lime based render applied to the exterior of a building
concerto	A work for one or more solo instruments and orchestra.
triangle	A triangular-shaped metal percussion instrument that is struck by a metal bar to produce an indefinite pitch.
ambulatory	A curving or multi-sided aisle or corridor, usually surrounding the sanctuary of a church to facilitate pilgrims' access.
priory	A monastery governed by a prior or prioress.
glyptic art	the art of carving or engraving,
puddled	Made waterproof
buttery	chamber used for storing and preparing food and drink
letter space	In typography, letter space is the placement or retention of space between characters
flax	Flax fibres are amongst the oldest fibre crops in the world
coquetries	Flirtations.
break	Projection or recess from the general surface of the wall.
mummer	Actor, one who goes merrymaking in disguise during festivals.
board and batten	A type of siding for wood-frame buildings
double hung	A type of window with two sash, each sliding on a vertical track.
calotype	An early photographic process, it was patented in 1840 by William H.F
aquiline	Curving like an eagle's beak, or resembling an eagle.
e-mail	Computer-based personal communications carried over an intranet and/or the Internet.
muntin	(Sash Bar) (Window Bar) (Glazing Bar) a secondary framing member (horizontal, vertical, or slanted) to hold the window panes in the sash
woodcut	A relief printing process in which a picture or design is cut in relief along the grain of a wood block.
celsius	A centigrade scale of temperature measurement based on 0° as the freezing point and 100° as the boiling point of water
vitreograph	A print made from a glass plate that has been prepared by sandblasting or etching.
springer	The lowest voussoir on each side of an arch
shikhara	(literally "mountain peak"), a northernstyle Hindu temple tower surmounting a garbha griha, typically curved inward toward the top, with vertical lobes and horizontal segments (bhūmi), and crowned by āmalaka.
immolation	to be killed as a sacrificial victim.
lavatory / lavatorium	Trough where monks washed hands before meals.
ductus	Here used to describe the depth and width of an incision.
weathering	sloping surface to throw off rainwater
petit appareil	Small cubical stonework
auxiliary fort	Fort which housed the auxiliary troops of the Roman military
casement window	A window that is side hung to open outwards or inwards on hinges.
pentatonic scale	A five-tone scale
respond	Half-pier bonded into a wall and carrying one end of an arch.
bay window	A window that incorporates the use of 30° or 45° angle mullions when connecting the windows to each other
mazer	a bowl or drinking-cup.
raisonné	See catalogue raisonné.
hood	Arched covering; when used as umbrella, called hood-mould.
alternative rock	Late eighties and early nineties rock music that served as an alternative to the pop music commonly promoted on such places as MTV.
cell	A small room or hut for one person.
nom de plume	A "Pen Name", or a pseudonym adopted by an author for various reasons.
log-construction	A form of timber construction in which walls are made of tree trunks (or logs planed down to create flat or rounded sides) that are laid horizontally on top of each another.
concentric castle	castle with two or more rings of defences, one inside the other
modified-strophic form	A song structure that varies the regularity of the repeated melodies of strophic form by having some verses sung to a new melody.
tower	A tall structure generally set above the crossing of the church or the west front.
flemish bond	A pattern of brickwork in which each course consists of headers and stretchers laid alternately; each header is centered between the stretcher above and the stretcher below it.
idiosyncrasy	A peculiarity of temperament
apse	a projecting part of a building (especially a church), usually semicircular and topped by a half-dome or vault.
natural convection	A heat transfer process involving motion in a fluid (such as air) caused by difference in density of the fluid and the action of gravity This is an important part of heat transfer from the glass surface to room air
obedientiary	a monk in charge of one of the administrative departments of a monastery, such as the cellerer, the sacrist, or the infirmarian.
dyspeptic	indigestion or ill humor.
ghee	A clarified butter without any solid milk particles or water
baren	In Japanese printmaking tradition, a small, flat pad of woven bamboo bark used to impress a print from a wood block.
assemblage	a group of three-dimensional
mortise and tenon	the method by which beams were jointed to posts and to each other in post and beam construction
necking	a groove or molding
exultantenstdte	settlement type
plutonian	Relating to Pluto, the god of the underworld in Roman mythology.
percentage humidity	Weight of water vapor in air divided by weight of vapor contained in saturated air, expressed as a percentage.
hide hair and horns	completely
commissary	an officer representing the bishop in a part of his diocese and exercising jurisdiction there in his name.
fillet	A thin flat molding used as separation between or ornamentation for larger moldings.
marouflage	A Technique of fastening a canvas painting on to a solid support, such as a wall or ceiling, or a board.
barrel vault	a semicylindrical vault, with parallel abutments and an identical cross section throughout, covering an oblong space.
agora	the open space in an ancient Greek town used as a marketplace or for general meetings.
kufic	an early form of Arabic script in which letters are relatively uncursive; used later for headings and formal inscriptions.
inimitable	Not capable of being imitated
tree preservation order	an Order made by the Council to protect a tree or group of trees
buttress	A support projecting from a wall to stiffen it and counteract any movement, such as from roof load.
cyma reversa	The same as above, but with the curvatures reversed.
hogshead	A large cask or barrel
ethical standards	Define what is correct and incorrect in relation to the professional behavior of the members and even the practice of the profession.
dado	A square groove, cut, or depression.
lantern tower	A square tower, commonly extended above the crossing, illuminating the interior structure through its numerous windows.
ballista	Engine resembling a crossbow, used in hurling missiles or large arrows.
acknowledgments	The paperwork forms that the supplier sends to the designer to indicate what the supplier interpreted the designer's order to be.
canabae	Term used for small village which was established outside walls of fort, usually of a legionary fortress.
weltanschauung	See world-view.
art deco	An art movement popular between World War I and II that featured mass-produced objects with angular designs, ancient Egyptian motifs, and streamlined shapes of reminiscent of airplanes.
veriest	A typical example
firesurround	Shelf and side elements framing a fireplace
jacobean revival	Victorian revival of the grand, sumptuous style that appeared in the early 1600s. Typified by Dutch gables, mullioned windows, and ornate stonework.
frock coat	A long-sleeved, knee-length garment with tails, collars, reverse-buttoning, and back vents
bar hole	Horizontal hole for timber bar used as a door-bolt.
sextuple meter	A meter in which each measure has six beats.
louvers	Horizontal slats or fins, sometimes movable, which are set into an opening at a slant to admit light and air but keep out rain.
chattra	a royal parasol crowning the dome anda
liturgical colors	blue for Advent; white for Christmas and the octave of the Epiphany; blue or white for St
barbed quatrefoil	A four-lobed geometrical motif with a triangular projection at the intersection of two adjacent foils.
anthemion	A stylized representation of the honeysuckle flower, most often used in conjunction with palmettes in a frieze.
thermal window	Semicircular window type characterized by two vertical mullions
dormer	A window opening at the roof level, topped by a front gable or shed roof.
cost price	The price that the designer must pay for the goods.
tribune	Second stories in basilican churches above the nave arcade with substantial gallery passages located above the nave aisles
surcease	To put an end to; discontinue.
polyphony	Many voices
screen carving	A very old practice of using a screen to sandblast deep, symmetrical pits into a surface; also called lace carving.
monomania	Excessive concentration on a single object or idea.
clapboard	A narrow, horizontally laid board with one edge thinner than the other, attached to an exterior surface so that the wide edge of each board overlaps the thin edge of the board just below it
diaper	A pattern formed by small, repeated geometrical motifs set adjacent to one another, used to decorate stone surfaces in architecture and as a background to illuminations in manuscripts, wall painting or panel painting.
thermopolium/ia	a Latin term used conventionally by classical scholars to describe a Roman restaurant
recto	The front side of any work on paper
intaglio print	A print whose image is printed from a recessed design incised or etched into the surface of a plate
prestissimo	A tempo that is as fast as possible.
voussoirs	The wedge-shaped stones which form the curved portions of an arch or a vaulted ceiling
latin cross	A cross with three short arms and one long arm.
edge	Where two things meet
deësis	a tripartite icon
voussoir	one of the individual, wedge-shaped blocks of stone that make up an arch.
étude	A study piece concentrating on a single technical problem.
oppression	The act of oppressing; unjust and arbitrary use of power
darkroom	Light-tight room used for processing or printing photographic materials
magnum opus	Latin for a great work
chevet	This is a style of construction creating an ambulatory and radiating chapels at the chancel arm of a church.
latin-cross plan	See: Cruciform Plan.
reveal	The inward plane of a door or window opening between the edge of the external wall and the window or doorframe.
portico	A covered entry structure normally supported by columns.
pitch	The slope of a roof.
lintel	A unit spanning an opening and carrying the load of a wall above.
stoneware	A gray, red, or buff clay body that matures (becomes nonporous) between 1900°F and 2300°F.
hearth	The floor of a fireplace, usually extending out into the room.
voussoir	A wedge-shaped component of an arch.
pitch	roof slope
irene	Poe wrote a poem called "Irene" in 1831
phantasmagoric	A constantly shifting complex succession of things seen or imagined
occlude	To close to a tight enough fit, as do the pieces of a puzzle, or a lid onto a jar or box
loophole	narrow opening through which defenders could shoot
parapet	Low wall on outer side of main wall
martyrium	a church or other structure built over the tomb or relics of a martyr.
great chamber	lord's solar, or bed-sitting room
sill	(Sill Plate) (Inside Sill) (Outside Sill) The horizontal members at the bottom of the window frame; a masonry sill or sub-sill can be below the sill of the window unit.
cartulary	a book or register containing copies of the deeds or charters relating to the lands, churches and other properties of a monastery, or of any other establishment.
rococo	A curvaceous and highly ornate style of furniture and architecture developed by Parisian artists and designers in the early 18th century, which eventually supplanted the equally ornate but often ponderous Baroque style.
egg and dart	An ornamental band molding of egg forms alternating with dart forms.
lancet	Long, narrow window with pointed head
happening	an event in which artists give an unrehearsed performance, sometimes with the participation of the audience.
hemicycle	The semicircular space at the east end of a basilican church plan.
moulding	The shaped profile given to any feature that projects from the face of a wall.
ballad	A narrative poem set to music.
submediant	The sixth of a key or minor third below the tonic
ceramics	(a) the art of making objects from clay or other substances (such as enamel and porcelain) that require firing at high temperatures; (b) the objects themselves.
hold fast	a device used on a workbench to fix a work piece to the top or side of the bench while it is being worked
recherche	Exquisite, pretentious, overblown.
bay window	a large window or series of windows projecting from the wall of a building and forming a recess within
chord	3 or more notes played together.
air-entraining admixtures	Chemicals used to develop entrained air in wet cast units.
claw tool	A stonemasons chisel with replaceable toothed bits for its cutting edge.
fixed window	A window with no operating sashes.
decussis	the Latin numeral ten (X).
tierceron	A major rib in a complex rib vault Tiercerons spring from the main springers
guide line	Shallow, faint lines carved onto the Marble Plan to guide the carvers but not intended to be seen by anyone else.
mezzanine	A upper, balconyed, floor that looks out onto an inner couryard.
fusion	A style of jazz developed in the late 1960s that has been influenced by rock music through the inclusion of amplified instruments, short riffs (repeating melodies), and even beat subdivisions.
rubble brick	Rough-edged brick, often of variegated colors.
support	in painting, the surface to which the pigment is applied.
travertine	a hard limestone used as a building material by the Etruscans and Romans.
trill	A "curled" ornamentation between a note and its neighbor
kagle	A rough, highly abstracted African mask of the Dan people.
dixieland	A jazz style based on the original "hot" jazz from New Orleans.
archivolt	Molded, shaped or decorated bands around an arch which may be arranged in a series framing a tympanum
popina/ae	A Latin term used conventionally by classical scholars to describe a Roman restaurant.
medieval	The architecture of the Middle Ages.
apse	A semicircular or polygonal wing of a building, often at the east end of a church
ethnomusicology	The study of non-Western (or "world") music.
translation	in the case of a bishop, his transfer from one see to another, a change which in classical canon law could only be authorized by the pope
sarsen	a large sandstone block used in prehistoric monuments.
kouros	A Greek statue of a male youth who may have been a god or an athlete
corbeling	brick or masonry courses, each projecting beyond, and supported by, the one below it; the meeting of two corbels would create an arch or vault.
cresting	A highly decorative top border on a screen, wall or roof, often constructed of metal.
terrazzo	A sturdy flooring finish of marble chips mixed with cement mortar
china	A term first used by Europeans to describe the porcelain and other fine ceramics that were imported from China, the only country that made porcelain until the 18th century.
ocular	Having something to do with the eyes.
list price	Generally accepted to be the same as suggested retail price – a price to the consumer.
mullion	Upright member dividing the lights of a window.
relieving arch	Arch built up in a wall to relieve thrust on another opening.
benighted	lacking enlightenment or knowledge or culture; overtaken by the night.
oneiric	Of or pertaining to dreams.
kylix	an ancient Greek drinking cup with a wide, shallow bowl.
sacristy	a small building, usually attached to the chancel or transept of a church, in which vestments and sacred vessels were kept.
one-point perspective	a perspective
extrados	The curved outer surface of an arch.
squinch	Arches or corbelled transitional elements, sometimes arranged in concentrically wider arches, that span the interior corners of a square or polygonal base serving to support a circular or polygonal dome.
roll	Moulding of semi-circular section
bombé	French term for the outwardly curving shape of a piece of furniture, often a bombé chest.
single-strength glass	Glass with thickness between 0.085 to 0.100" (2.16 mm to 2.57 mm).
springing	(a) the architectural member of an arch
arris	The crisp edge between two flat dressed faces of a stone
indulgences	a commutation of a certain period of canonical penance, authorized by a bishop, enabling the penitent who had repented and confessed his sin to substitute for his penance Hymnary - a hymn-book, or hymnal.
treillage	Decorative timber trellis-work, often constructed to support vines or espalier plants.
outside casing	(Outside Facing) - (Outside Trim) - (Exterior Casing) - That portion of the window frame which is exposed to the outdoors, See Casing.
outer ward	The area around the outside of and adjacent to the inner curtain.
pilaster	In architecture, a flat, rectangular column (sometimes fluted) with a capital and base, that is attached to or set into a wall and which projects only slightly from that wall
prostyle	Characterized by free-standing columns that stand forward from a wall (contrasted with columns in antis).
insulated shutters	Insulating panels that cover a window opening to reduce heat loss.
fan vault	This is a complex and ornate type of vault consisting of fan-shaped half cones which meet at the centre of a vault.
colossal column	A column rising multiple stories in height.
dichromatic	Two-coloured, Usually applied to brickwork.
theatron	Greek, place for seeing
extrados	The outer curve or outline of an arch.
rubbing	The process of tracing the lettering and design on the face of a monument by rubbing crayon or the like over paper.
collar-beam	horizontal beam tying two rafters together above the level of the wall-top.
vermiculated	A tooling on the face of stone that appears as worm tracks.
cloister	Covered walk within a monastery or nunnery often looking onto a courtyard.
illusion	A deceptive or misleading image or idea.
lantern	A structure at the top of a dome or roof with windows in it to admit light.
eupatrids	One of the hereditary aristocrats of ancient Athens.
papyrus	(a) a plant found in ancient Egypt and neighboring countries; (b) a paperlike writing material made from the pith of the plant.
catharist	related to the dualist heresy of the Middle Ages which regarded the flesh and the world of physical phenomena as intrinsically evil.
terrace	An outdoor extension of a building, situated above the ground level, and open to the sky
open competitive selection	When clients such as government agencies advertise impending bids so that anyone interested in the project who meets qualifications may submit a bid.
intaglio	a printmaking process in which lines are incised into the surface of a plate or print form (e.g., engraving and etching).
jove	In Roman mythology, Jupiter (sometimes shortened to Jove) held the same role as Zeus in the Greek pantheon
in situ	Refers to archaeological discoveries, artifacts, or works of art which have been left in their original place of discovery, instead of being removed to museums, private collections, etc.
oculus	A round window, or an eye-shaped opening in the top of a dome.
water table	The course of Cast Stone that sits on the base course
mosque	an Islamic (Muslim) house of worship of two main types: the masjid
roofridge	Summit line of roof.
drypoint	an engraving in which the image is scratched directly into the surface of a metal plate with a pointed instrument.
curlicue	A spiral or looping line.
sugaring	A term describing the deterioration of stone caused by the breaking up or dissolving of the stone surface.
ballflower	decorative motif consisting of three petals enclosing a ball; common in the early fourteenth century.
bread-tackle	food and drink
nave	in basilicas
tracery	An ornamental arrangement of intersecting ribwork, usually in the upper part of a Gothic window, forming a pierced pattern.
fillet	narrow flat band
wings	Stones extending outward from the main body of a monument.
pomposo	Play majestically and magnificently
venerable	Calling forth respect through age, character, and attainments
nike	a winged statue representing Nike, the goddess of victory.
symmetry	The quality of exact balance of all parts of a design on each side of a centre line.
sarabande	A Renaissance and baroque dance that is fairly slow and in triple meter, often using dotted rhythms (long, short, long, short note values).
fine	The end
felts	Absorbent pads used to dry the sheets in papermaking
construction	The act of expanding an existing building, structure or object or the erection of a new building, structure or object on a lot, site or other property.
evanescent	Something that vanishes like vapor, passing especially quickly into and out of existence.
sibyl	a prophetess of the ancient, pre-Christian world.
accuracy	Correctness or exactness.
oratory	A chapel without an altar.
pan-hellenic sanctuary	The religious centres of the ancient Greek world, attracting members from all of the Greek city-states
one-point perspective	a perspective system involving a single vanishing point.
proper	The sections of the Catholic Mass that change with the church year
caen stone	Fine textured whitish limestone from Normandy.
deacon	A cleric ranking just below a priest in the Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, and Roman Catholic churches or Protestant layperson who assists the minister in various functions
trepidation	Fear, apprehension.
weaving	Is the traditional method of making carpet by interlacing warp and weft yarns.
suffragan	assistant (hence "suffragan bishop").
paddle	A flat piece of wood used to beat damp clay, to remove air pockets and consolidate the mass.
jamb	The side parts of a window frame or window opening, as distinct from head and sill.
architrave	• (n.) The group of moldings, or other architectural member, above and on both sides of a door or other opening, especially if square in form
hair rings	Spiral wire ornaments used to fasten and/or decorate hair.
interlace	a form of decoration composed of strips or ribbons that are intertwined, usually symmetrically about a longitudinal axis.
stepped	progressively staggered.
mandatory repair	A repair of a building or structure that is necessary to comply with Article IX of Chapter 10 of Houston Code of Ordinances as evidenced by an order of the hearing official or the building and standards commission or by a citation.
gallery	Long passage or room
sash and frame	A window and its casing frame.
monstrance	Container for eucharistic wafers which contains an opening through which they can be viewed
orthostates	In the context of classical Greek architecture, orthostates are squared stone blocks much greater in height than depth that are usually built into the lower portion of a wall
awning	Windows are hinged at the top and open outward.
achromatic	free of color.
secco	Dry, with no expression
faux	Not real; made to appear as something more exotic or expensive (French for 'false') as in faux marbre, faux fur
parapet	a low protective wall or railing at the edge of a roof, walkway, or embankment.
velcro ®	An adhesive of sorts, a trademark for a fastener consisting of two pieces of fabric, one with a dense layer of hooks and the other with loops, often used on outerwear, shoes, and luggage.
gauging trowel	A long gently tapering trowel with a round end.
ritornello	"Return." A characteristic form for the first and sometimes the last movement of the baroque concerto grosso
corrody	a pension, in the form of board and lodging or money, or both, granted to a lay person by a monastery, often at the request of the king or patron of the house, who billeted retired servants and retainers on the monastic establishment in this way.
machicolations	a stone structure that projected from the top of a wall with gaps through which defenders could drop heavy objects, such as rocks, onto attackers below
b and w	Abbreviation for black and white.
jamb	All of the vertical members at the side of the window frame.
caryatid	A female figure that functions as a supporting column
spolia	materials taken from an earlier building for re-use in a new one.
joist	A beam supporting a floor
casement	Windows are hinged at the sides.
lustrum	A period of five years
intonation	The degree of adherence to correct pitch
web press	In printing, a rotary press that prints on a long roll of paper.
hard bar	A vein of quartz, or hard material, running through a stone, not popular with the stonemason who will inevitably discover that it coincides with a tricky part of the detail he is carving!
steeling	Mending a vent (hairline) crack by cutting grooves on the reverse side of a slab of stone and inserting strips of metal.
millwork	Window sash and other wood products made in a wood-working plant.
piscina	A small stone dish built into the south wall near the chancel for washing communion vessels.
lantern	A small circular or polygonal structure erected on a dome or roof to let in light.
fresco	painting on wet plaster wall
bays	Compartments of a building, defined by columns or buttresses.
invention of hero	Hero (or Heron) of Alexandria (c.10–c.70) was a Greek engineer and geometer
sempre	All the time
vespers	the liturgical office of the evening, otherwise called Evensong.
sacellum	Small shrine, either free-standing or attached to a larger structure.
deesis	From the Greek word δεησις meaning supplication or beseeching.
board-and-batten	Wooden siding which takes its name from the pattern of vertical boards overlaid at the joints by thinner strips of protective wood called battens.
chancel	that part of a Christian church, reserved for the clergy and choir, in which the altar is placed.
louvre	Opening in roof (sometimes topped with lantern) to allow smoke to escape from central hearth
aumbry	Recess to hold sacred vessels; typically in a chapel.
orotone	A type of photographic print developed around the turn of the 20th century, created by printing a positive on a glass, backed with a gold-colored pigment mixed with banana oil (iso-amyl acetate)
farrago	A motley assortment or a medley; a jumble or conglomeration; a hodgepodge
sulphureous	An older spelling of "sulfurous"
orthostate	Row of vertical stone slabs at the bottom of a wall.
farm security administration	An agency of the U.S
block capital	A simple cube-like capital with bottom corners tapered
tongue-and-groove	A tight joint created by fitting together a tongue on one end of a board with a groove on the other end
range	The notes that a voice or musical instrument is capable of creating, from the lowest to the highest
pendant	A hanging architectural member formed by ribs
courante	A Renaissance and baroque dance with a moderate tempo and triple meter.
solar orientation	A building placed on a lot so that the long dimension faces south and a majority of the windows are south-facing.
gorgon	In ancient Greek mythology, a hideous female demon with snake hair
balance	an aesthetically pleasing equilibrium in the combination or arrangement of elements.
painterly	in painting, using the quality of color and texture, rather than line, to define form.
plate	In printing, a flat sheet of metal, usually copper, steel or zinc, used as a matrix for a print
prana	the fullness of life-giving breath that appears to animate some south and southeast Asian sculpture.
balloon frame	A structural system developed in the United States that became popular through the industrialization of lightweight manufactured wood, metal upright studs and horizontal joists
lexicon	A dictionary, especially of the terms of a particular profession or subject
taberna/ae	A Latin term used conventionally by classical scholars to describe a Roman shop.
sonata rondo	The form of a movement that shares characteristics of both the sonata and the rondo forms
structure	That which is built or constructed, an edifice or building of any kind, or any piece of work artificially built up or composed of parts joined together in some definite manner.
haunch	Part of an arch between it's pillar and highest point
expectorate	To spit; to eject from the throat or lungs by coughing or hawking and spitting.
premier etage	In Creole houses, the family's main living area
vector-based	Image or program in which spatial data area are expressed as mathematically defined lines and shapes.
trill	A musical ornament in which two adjacent notes quickly alternate between one another.
curtain wall	A nonstructural exterior wall, usually of glass and steel.
exacerbate	To make more violent, bitter, or severe.
beldame	An old woman.
penstock	sluice for regulating the flow of water through a channel.
cartoon	(a) a full-scale preparatory drawing for a painting; (b) in more modern usage, a comical or satirical drawing.
header	(Lintel) (Beam) Supporting member or beam above window opening which transfers building weight above to the supporting wall structure on each side of the window
trompe l'oeil	illusionistic
pileus or cap	the distinctive head-dress of doctors, round or square
caulk	To fill a joint with resilient mastic.
cornice molding	A decorative strip of wood running just below the eaves of a building
roof plan	A drawing showing the arrangement of fixtures on the roof.
claustral	pertaining to the cloister.
tribune gallery	A gallery, often quite deep, that runs around the interior of a church; the word tribune taken by itself also means a tall interior space usually with a walkway running around it at half height in emulation of the famous Tribuna room at the Uffizi.
truss	A number of wood planks framed together to bridge a space, such as a roof truss.
violin	A high-sounding bowed string instrument, the neck of which is held by the player's left hand, and the tail rests beneath the player's chin.
apron	A raised panel below a window or opening.
spandrel	a blank area between arch supports or below a window.
grissaille	Monochromatic (single color) painting, shapes are defined by variations of tone, usually grey and white
broch	Drystone freestanding tower with interior court, no external windows (which face into the court), spiral stair inside wall, typically iron age Celtic refuge in Scotland
rinceau	An ornamental motif of scrolls of foliage, usually vine.
cushion capital	A type of capital that bulges outward on four sides but is otherwise quite plain and often undecorated.
adze	A cutting tool with an arching blade at right angles to the handle, used in the shaping of logs.
faïence	earthenware or pottery decorated with brightly colored glazes (originally from Faenza, a city in northern Italy).
prostyle	Prostyle is an architectural term defining free standing columns that are widely spaced apart in a row
simonides	A greek poet from the 7th century B.C.
trysail	A small fore-and-aft sail hoisted abaft the foremast and mainmast in a storm to keep a ship's bow to the wind.
buffered	The delineation of areas (or buffers) around point, line or area features using a specific distance
crozier	A staff carried by a bishop, archbishop, abbot or abbess
vestige	A trace, mark, or visible sign left by something
insulated glass unit	The same as thermal glass
phthisis	A progressively wasting or consumptive condition; especially pulmonary tuberculosis.
figure	The pattern produced in wood by annual growth rings, rays, knots, color variation, and the manner in which the log was cut.
chatoyance	chatoyancy or 'cat's eye effect' is a reflectance or optical effect in certain woods and gemstones
steward	official in charge of running a lord's estate; managing work, keeping accounts, etc
sanctuary	The part of the church at the east end behind the alter rail.
fake	Having a deliberately false or misleading appearance; forgery, counterfeit; not authentic, not genuine
parterre	a level space in a yard occupied by an ornamental arrangement of flowerbeds
modern movement	A general name given to the trend which espoused functionalism, technology and the removal of ornamentation.
meter	The organization of rhythmic pulses or beats into equal, recurring groups.
osb	Oriented Strand Board, made from wood ground into thin wood strands
parapet	Protective wall at the top of a fortification, around the outer side of the wall-walk or main wall.
fap	Acronym for Federal Art Project, one of the "alphabet soup" of federal projects supporting New Deal art projects.
boudoir	A woman's dressing room, bedroom, or private sitting room.
gamelan	An Indonesian musical ensemble usually consisting of idiophones, metallophones, and sets of knobbed gongs
consequently crank	The condition of a ship that has not been loaded properly and leans to one side or can be tipped over easily.
hall	Principal room or building in complex
apse	Rounded and usually of a chancel or chapel.
three-quarter hollow	Moulding shaped by a three-quarter concave profile.
in situ	In its original position.
dripmould	A horizontal moulding of the side of a building designed to throw water clear of the wall. Used in vernacular and Gothic architecture.
suavity	Being smooth though often superficially gracious and sophisticated.
dog-legged	With right-angle bends.
tang	A projection cast with a metal figure or tool with which the cast can be attached either to a base or to a handle
architecture	The art or science of designing and building a structure or large groups of structures in keeping with aesthetic and functional criteria.
kush	See Meroitic art.
sill	See Cill.
atrium	in Roman domestic architecture, an inner court open to the sky and surrounded by the roof, now often used as a general term to describe large glazed sections in buildings.
mullion	An upright element which divides windows or doors occurring in series.
fuming	A vapor deposition process in which a thin film of metal (usually silver, platinum, or gold) condenses on the surface of a hot piece of glass or clay, resulting in an iridescent surface.
tile	Small, flat finishing units made of clay or clay mixtures.
pied de sabots	Hoof feet, typically found at the base of cabriole legs in Regence and Louis XV furniture
triforium	The part of wall of a cathedral above the arcade and below the clerestory.
atrium	A large, glazed area in an office building designed to let light into the lower floors (small ones formerly known as light wells!).Â
relative humidity	Weight of water vapor in air divided by the weight of water vapor in completely saturated air at the same temperature, expressed as a percentage.
cluster	Group of notes a second apart that are played simultaneosly
icc	International Code Council
transverse rib	The projecting bands which mark the transverse arches of a rib vault
knapped-flint	flint split for walling.
menhir	a prehistoric monolith
apse	A vaulted extension or projection, usually from a choir or chapel and generally circular or polygonal in shape; Rounded and usually of a chancel or chapel.
retable	an altar-piece; a painting, or frame holding sculptures, fixed to the back of an altar.
conglomerate	A rock composed of rounded fragments, anything from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.
ukiyo-e	In Japanese art, genre painting and prints, especially those of the Edo period.
interior finish	See Inside Casing.
mezzo soprano	A female voice between the ranges of soprano and alto.
glazing bars	Metal bars (traditionally wrought iron, more often nowadays stainless steel tipped) inserted into the window jambs and spanning a window aperture, for supporting the leaded lights which are then attached using copper wire ties.
opacity	The quality of being opaque
window	Dormer window
lintel	a structural beam above an opening, such as a window or door, which may be expressed externally as an architectural feature.
timpani	Tuned drums each of which has a single head stretched across a kettle-like body
petrary	A machine of much the same type and purpose as a mangonel (throwing stones)
ridge board	The horizontal beam at the central apex of a roof, to which the upper end of the rafters are attached.
ima cavea	The seating area for spectators in a Roman circus, theater, or amphitheater that is closest to the stage or the arena.
empower	To enable, to invest with power, as in giving recognition to artists who are members of marginalized groups.
cavea	spectator seating of a theater or amphitheater, usually divided by baltei into sections which were assigned to different social classes; these sectors were further divided into wedge-shaped cunei by vertical stairs (scalaria) which come down from the entrances (vomitoria) to the seating area.
mural	a painting on a wall, usually on a large scale and in fresco.
naiad	In Greek mythology, the Naiads were a type of nymph who presided over fountains, wells, springs, streams, and brooks.
hood	A projection that shelters an element such as a door or window.
8-bit image	A digital image, with eight bits allocated for the storage of each pixel, meaning 256 different colors are possible
ashlar	Stone that has been cut square and dressed.
key	Tonality; the relationship of tones to a central tone, the tonic.
glacis	A bank sloping down from a castle which acts as a defence against invaders; broad, sloping naked rock or earth on which the attackers are completely exposed *
recorders	A wooden end-blown flute-type instrument common during from the Middle Ages through the baroque.
transom window	A small hinged window above a door or another window.
patera	a shallow libation bowl, a badge of the pontifices of Rome and a common decorative motif in religious contexts
syllabic	Designating a musical phrase in which each syllable of text is given one note.
obscene	Offensive to accepted standards of decency or modesty
round	A contrapuntal technique in which a melody in one part is strictly imitated by another voice or voices
banco	A wet mud construction process akin to coil pottery
burgh	settlement type
shaft	A shaft is a mullion which is treated as a colonette or another member and is decorated in line with the overall style of the building.
casing	The decorative molding around an opening such as a window or door.
tinted glass	See Heat-Absorbing Glass.
skirt	A bottom finishing piece of fabric that hangs from the lower edge of an awning.
mausoleum	an elaborate tomb (named for Mausolos, a fourth-century-B.C
pelagian	relating to the heresy of Pelagius (c
minaret	the tower of a mosque, from which the Islamic faithful are called to worship.
erudition	Learning; extensive knowledge acquired chiefly from books.
sally-port	side gate for defenders to go out on an attack; the postern was often used for this purpose
crosswall	Interior dividing wall; structural.
abacus	The slab that forms the uppermost member of a column capital.
swing	A big-band jazz style particularly popular for dance music during the 1930s through the middle 1940s.
putloghole	A hole intentionally left in the surface of a wall for insertion of a horizontal pole or beam.
awning window	A top-hinged sash window that swings outwards from the bottom.
orientation	Traditionally, western Christian churches are oriented, that is to say they are built upon the ground in such a manner that the central axis of the building was aligned from west to east with the chancel located in the eastern end of the building
respond	Half-pier bonded into a wall to carry an arch.
shell-keep	Circular or oval wall surrounding inner portion of castle; usually stores and accommodations inside the hollow walls
transom	Horizontal division of window; crossbar.
naos	See cella.
double splayed	Embrasure whose smallest aperture is in the middle of the wall.
conch	Semicircular niches covered with a semi-dome in the form of a fluted conch shell (based on the spiral shell of gastropods).
solo-piece	projecting base for roof trusses, etc., at the level of the wall-top.Soul-scot - a mortuary, or offering made to the priest on behalf of a deceased parishioner.
lantern	the structure crowning a dome
glue	An adhesive.
obligato	Necessary, binding
pagan	A follower of a polytheistic religion, as in ancient Rome
knot	The portion of wood that displays an area of growth around a tree branch.
ram	See: Battering-ram *
heartwood	The wood that extends from the true center of the tree to the sapwood is referred to as heartwood
primary color	the pure hues—blue, red, yellow—from which all other colors can in theory be mixed.
ballflower	A globular motif often used in concave moldings of English Gothic architecture
boning boards	Two pieces of straight board placed across either end of a flat surface of stone in order that when viewed from one end any discrepancy is exaggerated.
skids	Short pieces of timber on which stones can be rested for stacking, etc.
ebonist	A cabinetmaker who works in ebony — a hard, heavy wood that is dark brown or black in color.
griots	African singers who memorized their tribe's history through their songs.
impasto	A thick, uneven surface texture achieved by applying paint with a brush or palette knife.
member	Any structural part of a window, such as a rail, stile, or lintel.
mastaba	a rectangular burial monument in ancient Egypt.
crosswall	Interior dividing wall; structural
eaves	The part of a sloping roof that overhangs the wall.
reveal	The flat area within the thickness of the wall between the frame of a window or door and the face of the wall.
campanile	Italian for bell tower, usually freestanding, but built near a church.
āmalka	a finial
chloral hydrate	a widely used sedative in the late 19th century; the composition of "knock out" drops [as Richard Wheeler notes below] used in Mickey Finns
familia	the household establishment of a bishop or abbot, consisting of his clerks and domestic servants.
consonance	Agreeable, satisfactory, a compatible combination of notes sounding together, which the ear finds as easy for listening
call size	Usually a four digit code used to describe the rough opening size of a window
fan light	A semicircular window with ribbed bars, normally found over a door or another window.
squinch	a small single arch, or a series of concentric corbeled arches, set diagonally across the upper inside corner of a square building to facilitate the transition to a round dome or other circular superstructure.
gold leaf	A thin layer of gold that is applied to the memorial usually to enhance the lettering or to accent a carving.
juxtaposition	The act or an instance of placing two or more things side by side.
evinced	Displayed clearly; revealed.
bar tracery	Tracery which is composed of thin stone elements rather than thick ones as in plate tracery The glass rather than the stone dominates when bar tracery is used
restoration	The act or process of accurately recovering the form and details of a building, structure, object or site and its setting as it appeared at a particular period of time by the removal of later work, or by the replacement of missing earlier work or both.
wooden shingles	Small, rectangular-shaped slats of wood that are nailed to an exterior surface, overlapping one another from top to bottom
jamb figures	Statues carved on the jambs of a doorway or window
rubble stone	Irregularly shaped, rough-textured stone laid in an irregular manner.
state-of-the-art banking change	A physical alteration to the bank interior that the applicant has determined to be necessary to accommodate changes in technology and/or banking practice.
gazebo	A small lookout tower or summerhouse with a view, usually in a garden.
golden mean	The desireable middle between two extremes as defined by the philospher Aristotle.
fort	fortification designed to protect defenders who did not usually live there
apsaras	celestial dancers seen in south and southeast Asian religious art.
crossbow	weapon with a bow arranged at a right-angle to a wooden stock; it was used to fire metal bolts
guglio	an obelisk -- that is, a tapering column of stone, square or rectangular rather than cylindrical, and topped by a pyramid -- often acting as a fountain.
fusion-welded	The process of joining materials by melting them together with extreme heat (in most cases over 500ºF), resulting in the materials combining into a one-piece unit.
piscina	handbasin, usually set in or against a wall, with drain
pier	a vertical support used to bear loads in an arched
doric	The largest of the three 'orders' of Ancient Greek Classic architecture, later used by the Romans and in British Classicism.
footings	Bottom part of wall.
flying buttress	A free-standing buttress attached to the main vessel (nave, choir, or transept wall) by an arch or half-arch which transmits the thrust of the vault to the buttress attached to the outer wall of the aisle.
cabinet of wonders	See Wunderkabinett.
emaciation	in a very thin state, wasted away.
column	A vertical support, usually supporting a member above.
stiff-leaf	foliage ornamentation consisting of many lobed shapes, common in the thirteenth century.
pitch	Roof slope
habiliment	Clothing
hipped roof	A roof structure in which all sides slope down from a central peak or ridge, and the sides also meet at ridges.
minor scale	A scale having a pattern of whole and half steps, with the half steps falling between the second and third and between the sixth and seventh tones of the scale.
cavea	the seated area of a theatre, usually built into a natural slope.
almoner	officer of a monastery entrusted with dispensing alms to the poor and sick.
spall	A chip broken from the edge of a face of a piece of masonry resulting from excessive localised pressure.
filigree	An intricate ornamentation made of thin, twisted wire, usually gold or silver, often seen in brooches and earrings, though it is used in other decorative arts as well.
wysiwyg	An abbreviation in computer graphics and digital imaging for "What You See Is What You Get," meaning that what you see on your monitor is what will be seen later — on other monitors, or printed, or on the World Wide Web (WWW), etc.
tell	an archaeological term for a mound composed of the remains of successive settlements in the Near East.
andirons	A pair of iron bars, usually decorated at the front end by a vertical member, placed at each side of the hearth and upon which the burning logs were supported
edakumi-ryo	In Japanese art tradition, Bureau of Painters.
truss construction	a system of construction in which the architectural members (such as bars and beams) are combined, often in triangles, to form a rigid framework.
prayer desk	See: Prie-Dieu
server	the celebrant's assistant at the altar during mass.
slate	A fine-grain metamorphic rock that is easily split into thin slabs, making it ideal for flooring as well as roofing.
painterly	A painting technique in which forms are created with patches of color, exploiting color and tonal relationships
spandrel	The roughly triangular wall space between two adjacent arches; Area between top of a column or pier and the apex of the arch springing from it.
stucco	A plaster used as a coating for walls and ceilings, and often used for decoration; it is common to many parts of the world, particularly to the Mediterranean region and to the regions of the United States once colonized by Spain (i.e., Florida and California).
astragal	A narrow convex molding often having the form of beading
crossing	The space in a church where the nave intersects with the arms of the transept.
argon	An inert, non-toxic gas used to insulate glass against the cold, and to reduce heat transfer to and from the interior of a home or building.
double hung	A window having two vertically sliding sashes, each designed to close a different half of the window.
pentimento	An underlying image in a painting, as an earlier painting, or original draft, that shows through, usually when the top layer of paint has become transparent with age.
segmental	less than a semicircle (e.g
parapet	A portion of wall that projects above a roof.
mortar	A building material with adhesive qualities, composed of sand and lime, or cement mixed with water, which gradually hardens when exposed to air and used as the bonding element for brick and stone work.
schooner-rigged smack	An English Fishing Smack was a wooden sailing vessel with two masts, and usually around 60 feet in length
proportion	That vital allocation of space on a monument which determines its final appearance; a harmonizing of spaces, lettering and ornaments.
metroland	settlement type
springer	A unit that is located at the spring line of an arch.
intonaco	The last mortar layer upon which a fresco is painted.
ragtime	A composed music of the 1890s, usually for piano.
cam-action lock and keeper	The mechanisms, which pull and secure the sashes together when placed in the locked position.
metaphor	A figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one kind of object or idea is used in place of another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them; for example, "All the world's a stage".
piece-molding	a complex technique for shaping pottery, metal, or glass objects between an inner core and an outer mold; especially suited to elaborate decoration.
concerto grosso	A piece for orchestra where a small group of soloists (concertino) interplay or contrast with a large group of instruments (ripieno)
gemmary	Pertaining to gems or jewels.
brickmould	Exterior wood moulding to cover the gap between a door or window and its frame.
fob	The shipper must assume that expense of loading the goods onto the truck as well the expenses and risk for shipping the goods to the FOB destination.
precinct	The close and buildings surrounding and including a Cathedral.
spawl	Any large piece of chipped rock that is normally thrown away.
tautology	Redundancy; needless repetition of the same meaning in what are merely different words.
earthwork	fortification made of earth mounds, banks and ditches
emery	Coarse corundum used as a powder or paste for the abrasion and polish of stone or metal.
diminuendo	Gradually softer (same as decrescendo).
rifling	Spiral grooves on the inside of a gun barrel that impart spin to the ammunition as it is fired, giving its path towards the target greater stability and accuracy than was generally possible with smoothbore gun barrels
apothegm	A short, pithy, and instructive saying.
swipe-beam	The lifting beam of a drawbridge.
evil eye	a malicious glance which, in superstitious belief, is thought to be capable of causing material harm.
niello	A technique of decorating metal, usually gold or silver objects and vessels, by engraving it with designs that are then filled with a black inlay.
ignes fatui	"Foolish Light"
classical	Music conforming to certain form and structure
hebrides	The Hebrides comprise a wide-spread and diverse group of islands off the west coast of Scotland
hammer-beam	horizontal beam projecting from the top of a wall to support arch-braces, struts and rafters.
frater	refectory.
voluminously	Having or marked by great volume or bulk
muntin	the metal or wood separating individual panes in window
german expressionism	See Expressionism.
varnish	A coating that lacks pigment, offering a transparent finish for a wood surface.
trumeau	a mirror set within a decorative, painted panel; or a similar panel placed over a window or door
altarpiece	A framed painting or fresco of some sacred subject positioned behind an altar , or a group of statuary on an altar; also sometimes called a reredos
gallimaufry	Decoration with a motley assortment of odds and ends; an eclectic collection (also a medieval English stew with bacon and mustard).
contrast	an abrupt change, such as that created by the juxtaposition of dissimilar colors, objects, etc.
offset	ledge in a wall followed by reduced thickness of the wall
motet	A polyphonic choral work set to a sacred text.
stereotomy	Stonecutting
muntin	A strip of wood that separates panes of glass in a window.
masonry	Brick, concrete, or stone construction.
tabard	a loose, usually sleeveless waistcoat, sometimes called a sclavine.
sfumato	A painting technique using an imperceptable, subtle transition from light to dark, without any clear break or line
super spacer	The linear object that separates and maintains the space between the glass surfaces of sealed units.
cella	The chamber at the center of an ancient temple; in a classical temple, the room (Greek, naos) in which the cult statue usually stood.
elegance	Refinement, grace, and beauty
fret	A decorative geometrical pattern of horizontal and vertical straight lines.
stucco	(a) a type of cement used to coat the walls of a building; (b) a fine plaster used for moldings and other architectural decorations.
porticus	A side chapel or chapels
vault	A burial chamber usually found underground.
baptistry	A space dedicated to the ritual act of baptism and containing a baptismal font
big band	A jazz band usually made up of 3 groups (brass, woodwind & percussion) that played music for dancing
open joint	Wide space between faces of stones.
dormer	A structure projecting from a sloping roof, usually housing a window.
scherzo	Literally, "joke." A sprightly, humorous instrumental piece, swift in tempo; developed by Beethoven to replace the minuet.
dormer	A vertical structure, usually housing a window, that projects from a sloping roof and is covered by a separate roof structure.
transom	horizontal division of window
asymmetry	The absence of symmetry.
stile	A main vertical member of a door or window.
curia	Building used for senate meetings.
monstrance	Christian liturgical vessel designed to display the Host to the congregation, either on an altar or in procession
tenunto	Playing while hilding the notes their whole duration (complete opposite of staccato)
commissioners	The 11 Commissioners, including the Chairman, as established by Section 3020 of the Charter
box vents	Vents on the pitch of a roof that come out horizontally from the attic.
perpendicular	English architectural style (1330-1540).
vallum	A bank
ashlar	Block-shaped building stones, cut and dressed, frequently with drafted margins.
bugaboo	An imaginary object of fear
antediluvians	People living before the great flood described in the Bible.
parclose	A screen separating a chapel from the rest of a church.
b.t.u.	An abbreviation for British Thermal Unit
post-and-beam	A simple type of construction system, composed of vertical structural members that support a horizontal structural member.
dabber	A soft pad holding the wax ground used in etching.
pastel	a crayon
ennuye	Bored, weary in spirits, emotionally exhausted.
madder lake	A particular red pigment produced with the synthetic coal-tar dye, alizarin.
polychrome	Ornamented in multiple colors.
gauge	To measure; or, a certain unit of measure
silver gelatin	A photographic process that uses silver halide crystals suspended within the photographic emulsion to produce the image
straight edge	A long, narrow tool made of either wood or metal, with a straight edge for testing or drawing straight lines.
beam	a principal horizontal structural member; also see joist.
permitted development	development that has been given "blanket permission" by statute and which therefore does not require a planning application to be made to the local authority.
.csv	Comma separated values file format.
pavilion roof	A roof that is hipped at either end.
prima vista	Playing a piece while reading the notes for the first time
rhythm section	In jazz or rock bands, the instruments that supply the harmonic and rhythmic accompaniment.
calendar painting	painting having pleasing subject matter, but rarely having lasting value as art.
easter sepulcher	a recess, or structure, on the north side of a chancel, used at Easter in the setting up of a representation of the burial of Christ; but often merely a temporary wooden erection.
dubbing	ceremony in which a monarch or high ranking lord gives another person the title of knight; usually involving tapping each shoulder with a sword
banausic	Predominantly suggestive of functional and practical usage rather than decorative or ornamental
pieter bruegel	Flemish painter of landscapes and peasant life
law of superposition	The 'law' that stratigraphic units, in our case Wall Segments, are overlain by progressively younger units.
underdrawing	Drawing preliminary to other work, and incorporated into it, thus deprived of independent artistic value
dominant	The fifth tone in the scale or the chord built on this tone
trefoil	A decorative form characterized by three lobes.
abbey	An independent and canonically erected monastery, ruled by an abbot if occupied by monks and by an abbess if occupied by nuns.
acute angle	An angle less than 90°
staff	A graph-like structure consisting of five lines and four spaces
gilding	a decorative coating made of gold leaf or simulated gold; objects to which gilding has been applied are gilded or gilt.
pane	A sheet of glass used for glazing a window
fascia	Any relatively broad, flat, horizontal surface of an architectural element or the finished surface of an exposed member.
tesselate	To form into a mosaic pattern, as by using small polygons of stone or glass.
tempera	a fast-drying, water-based painting medium
aniconic	The absence of figural representations of divine or religious figures; worship of objects or images symbolizing but not representing the likeness of a divine or religious figure
pavillion	A peaked tent or similar light ornamental building
wall-stair	also known as
tertiary color	a hue produced by combining a primary color and a secondary color.
trident	The three-pronged pitchfork associated with the ancient Greek sea god Poseidon (Roman, Neptune).
rayograph	In the work of Man Ray (American, 1890-1977), a photogram.
cloisonné	a multicolored surface made by pouring enamels into compartments outlined by bent wire fillets, or strips.
leat	a channel conveying water, usually to a mill.
glazing	The installation of glass in a window opening.
joists	Horizontal timbers to which flooring or ceiling is fixed
embrasure	In architecture, a splayed opening in a wall that enframes a doorway or a window.
naos	The inner room, or cult chamber, of a typical Greco-Roman temple
projected window	An awning-type window that swings either inwards or outwards at the top or the bottom
western jin dynasty	A Chinese dynasty from 265 - 316
plinth	From the Greek meaning “stone block.” A stone slab or block, usually square or rectangular, upon which a pedestal, column, tablet, screen or statue is placed.
apex	The highest point of a monument where the four sides are tapered together
mine	See: Undermine
edging	The hand tooling of the arris.
newel	Central post in a circular staircase.
nailing fin	Used to attach windows to a house in new construction applications.
vedikā	a railing marking off sacred space in south Asian architecture, often found surrounding a Buddhist stupa
polychrome	consisting of several colors.
ionic order	One of the classical orders characterized by a fluted column, a molded base and a capital decorated with volutes.
archivolt	Bands or mouldings surrounding an arched opening.
inlay	to decorate a surface by inserting pieces of a different material (e.g., to inlay a panel with contrasting wood).
louvre	A horizontal arrangement of overlapping and downward slanting timber or glass slats to admit air but exclude rain (often floor to ceiling in tropical climates)
caloric	Heat; A supposed form of matter formerly held responsible for the phenomena of heat and combustion
luminaire	A complete lighting fixture with all components needed to be connected to the electric power supply.
objectivity	Being influenced by facts instead of by emotions or personal prejudices
californian bungalow	Californian Bungalow style architecture is characterised by generally low, single-storey buildings which have two to three gabled roofs, with terracotta tiles and large pillars supporting a front verandah. Raesonably sized they were often constructed of dark brick and commonly used materials on the walls and columns included painted render, face brick, sandstone and pebbledash. They were common in Australia from 1915 to the 1940s.
double-hung sash window	A window having two panels (sashes), each of which is framed to hold one or more panes of glass, and both of which can be moved up and down.
gatehouse	A building at the entrance to the monastic grounds.
wall-plate	Horizontal roof-timber on wall-top.
ciborium	A box in which the Host (wafers or bread for the Eucharist) is kept; A canopy resting on columns over the altar.
void	Containing no matter, empty, negative space.
capriccio	a type of landscape painting that reflects the whim or caprice of the painter in placing particular works of architecture in an unusual setting, such as the Roman Colosseum in a pastoral landscape or St
penwiper	a cloth, or other material, for cleaning ink from a pen
chancel	part of a church to the east of the crossing, containing the main altar and choir.
approaches	Is said of undercover work by the besiegers to reach the fortress e.g
symmetrical	Having identical forms or masses on either side of an axial line.
pall	A heavy cloth draped over a coffin; an overspreading element that produces an effect of gloom
structure	The overall character of a rock.
thermal resistance	A property of a substance or construction which slows the flow of heat; one measure of this property is R-value.
allegro assai	Very fast and cheerful.
naos	the inner sanctuary of an ancient Greek temple.
stanchion	A vertical supporting beam.
niche	a hollow or recess in a wall or other architectural element, often containing a statue; a blind niche is a very shallow recess.
double-hung window	A window that has two vertical operating sashes.
ma	but
square	A measurement of roof area that equals 100 square feet (an area 10' by 10').
bass drum	A large, low drum that produces an indefinite pitch.
ballade	A medieval French poetic song
open grain	A wood grain where the annual growth rings are pronounced and there is an obvious difference between the pore size of springwood and summerwood
jamb	The sides of a door or window frame.
counterscarp	outer slope of a ditch
voussoir	The radiating wedge-shaped blocks forming an arch.
pagoda	a multistoried Buddhist reliquary tower, tapering toward the top and characterized by projecting eaves.
applied or engaged column	A column which is attached to a wall so that only half of the form projects from the wall.
left brain	Refers to a theory in which the left side of the brain is responsible for reading and verbal tasks, while the right brain is the creative side, responsible for art and spatial comprehension.
louvre	Opening in roof (sometimes topped with lantern) to allow smoke to escape from central hearth.
acropolis	Translated from the Greek, this word litterally means upper city, and usually applies to a series of structures on a hill top.
tribune	(a) the apse of a basilica or basilican church; (b) a gallery in a Romanesque or Gothic church.
magnitude	Greatness in size or significance.
summa cavea	The seating area for spectators in a Roman circus, theater, or amphitheater that is farthest away from the stage or the arena.
re-entrant	Recessed; opposite of salient.
gable	a decorative finish to the upper part of a wall designed to obscure the roof structure
uv	See ultraviolet (UV).
cella	the main inner room of a temple, often containing the cult image of the deity.
alla breve	two minim beats
dado	Lower part of an interior wall, often decorated with arcading.
transom	The horizontal crossbar over a door or window (also known as a lintel); also, a window above a door or other window, which rests upon and may be hinged to the transom.
fixed lite	A pane of glass installed directly into non-operating framing members; also, the opening or space for a pane of glass in a non-operating frame.
aphroditoi papyri	The city Aphroditopolis is located in Egypt, south of Memphis, on the eastern bank of the Nile
infirmary	part of a monastery, commonly situated to the east of the main complex, with its own dormitory, chapel, and refectory, which housed the monks who were sick or who were too old and infirm to take part in the normal monastic round.
joists	Horizontal timbers laid parallel to support floor and ceiling loads, which are themselves supported by larger members or bearing walls.
foreground	the area of a picture, usually at the bottom of the picture plane, that appears nearest to the viewer.
acanthus	A conventionalized representation of an acanthus leaf, that of a perennial herb in some of the warmer regions of the Old World
apse	circular or polygonal end of tower or chapel
lantern	Small structure with open or windowed sides on top of a roof or dome to let light or air into the enclosed space below.
leaded glass	Glass containing a percentage of lead oxide, which increases its density and improves its ability to refract and disperse light
atrium	A structure that provides lots of above light for plants
togate	describing a statue dressed in the toga, indicative of the subject's civilian status
harp	A plucked string instrument with strings stretched vertically in a triangular frame.
stockinet	A soft elastic usually cotton fabric used especially for bandages and infants' wear.
gutter	A shallow channel of metal or wood set immediately below and along the eaves of a building to catch and carry off rainwater.
zarzuela	A type of Spanish opera
diaper	A painted or carved pattern of squares, each containing a simple foliate device.
molding	A piece of trim that introduces varieties of outline or curved contours in edges or surfaces as on window jambs and heads
exposition	The first section in sonata form, containing the statement of the principal themes
ducal	Of or relating to a Duke.
pellet	Circular boss.
cleavage	The tendency of some rocks to split or break along smooth planes that are more or less parallel.
voussoir	Any one of the wedge shaped blocks used in building an arch
tower	A tall structure,either square or round in shape, rising higher than the rest of the building.
laminate	To build up a rigid surface over a framework by applying layers of material, adhering them to each other
drone	A long-held note or notes over or under which other music is played.
segmental	in the form of a segment, or divided into segments.
buttery	Next to the kitchen, a room from where wine was dispensed.
houri	One of the beautiful maidens that in Muslim belief live with the blessed in paradise
foliated	A leaf-like decoration (usually carved)
allure	Walkway along the top of a wall.
image processing	The alteration or manipulation of images that have been scanned or captured by a digital recording device
half-column	see engaged column.
wind ensemble	An orchestral type of concert band made up primarily of woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments
coated glass	A window glass with an outside surface provided with a mirror reflective surface; the shading coefficient ranges from 20% to 45%
glazing	A transparent pane, made of glass or plastic, which is set into a window sash or a door; often set into a groove within the frame and secured with triangular glazing points, putty or molding.
thermal conductance	Same as Thermal Conductivity except thickness is 'as stated' rather than one inch
waterleaf	broad, leaf-shaped motif with a tied-ribbon effect at the top; commonly used to decorate capitals in the twelfth century.
satyr	an ancient woodland deity with the legs, tail, and horns of a goat (or horse), and the head and torso of a man.
setting	The mason's process of installing and anchoring Cast Stone.
watteau	A name given to a dress style of the late 19th century that resembled dresses in early 18th-century paintings by Jean Antoine Watteau
data-flow	The path that information takes from its initial observation on site, through its analysis and interpretation, to publication, and into its use by future scholars.
condensation	Moisture that forms on glass surfaces due to cold temperatures, high humidity, or poor air flow
landmarks law	Refers to Section 3020 of the New York City Charter and Chapter 3 of Title 25 of the Administrative Code of the City of New York.
mansard	A roof with a double slope, the lower being steeper than the upper; named after François Mansart.
aumbry	a locker or cupboard of some kind, usually placed in the north chancel wall, for the safe-keeping of service-books and sacramental vessels.
abstract	in painting and sculpture, having a generalized or essential form with only a symbolic resemblance to natural objects.
setting pads	Non-corrosive pads used to set Cast Stone on in order to prevent the bed joint from compressing at the time of setting.
mission style	The Mission or Spanish Colonial style of church architecture is form utilized by Spanish missionaries throughout the former Spanish Empire in the Americas
mortice and tenon	In woodworking, a joint that consists of a square hole on one piece of wood filled by a square peg from another, creating a strong natural joint.
scimitar	A saber having a curved blade with the edge on the convex side and used chiefly by Arabs and Turks.
cassock	A garment resembling a long frock coat worn by the clergy of certain churches when officiating, and by others as the usually outer garment.
tooth-in	Stones removed (or omitted) to allow another wall to be bonded into it.
legenda	a legendary, or book of legends, concerning the lives of the saints.
bronze age	in Britain, c
vitrified	Material reduced to glass by extreme heat
idiom	An expression in the usage of a language that is peculiar to itself either grammatically or in having a meaning that cannot be derived from the conjoined meanings of its elements.
alto	A low, female voice (also called contralto), or an instrument that is lower than a soprano instrument and higher than a tenor instrument.
palisade	a wall of vertically-set poles for defense, often pointed at the top.
forced convection	A heat transfer process, aided by mechanical circulation of a liquid (such as water) or a gas (such as air)
vermilion	A particular red pigment.
carceres	The stalls behind the starting gates in a Roman circus.
burl	A dome-shaped growth on the trunk of a tree
patina	A surface coloring, usually brown or green, produced by the oxidation of bronze, copper, or other metal
binary form	A basic musical form consisting of two contrasting sections (AB), both sections often being repeated (AABB).
centering	Temporary construction, usually of wood, over which arches and vaults are constructed and kept in place until the arch or vault become self-supporting.
fibula	Brooch (Latin).
diorite	a type of dark (black or gray) crystalline rock.
garden city	settlement type
casting	a process in which liquefied material, usually metal, is formed by being poured into a mold; the mold is removed when the material has solidified, leaving a cast
barbican	The gateway or outworks defending the drawbridge.
piers	Mass of upright masonry supporting arches, a pillar.
ordinary	a high ecclesiastic, usually the bishop, entitled to exercise jurisdiction in his own right.
engaged columns	columns which are incorporated within a wall.
sill	The horizontal ledge at the bottom of a window frame; slopes away from the building to prevent water from entering.
vapor barrier	(Vapor Retarder) A membrane or coating which resists passage of water vapor from a region of high vapor pressure to low pressure, more accurately called a Vapor Retarder.
makeup	See cosmetic.
geodesic dome	A building that features a lightweight, domed frame covered with wood, plywood, glass or aluminum
com	When a designer uses a fabric on a special-ordered upholstered furniture item other than of the fabrics available from the furniture manufactured.
hinge	A movable joint enabling a window to swing open.
heating degree day	Term used by heating and cooling engineers to relate the typical climate conditions of different areas to the amount of energy needed to heat and cool a building
acetate color	Opaque, waterproof paint which doesn't crawl or peel when used on acetate, glass, foil, or other extremely smooth surface
fillet	Narrow flat band separating or decorating the surface of mouldings
light	A pane of glass; a window, or a compartment of a window.
ram	Battering ram
top light	1) a window in a flat roof or;
masonry	Construction made by the laying of units of substantial material such as brick, block and Cast Stone.
fascia	A horizontal piece (such as a board) covering the joint between the top of a wall and the projecting eaves of a roof.
supercilious	Proud, coolly and patronizingly haughty.
terra cotta	Cast and fired clay units, used as ornamentation.
council of trent	A series of meetings of leaders of the Roman Catholic Church (1545–1563) to discuss church reforms following the Reformation
lintel	the horizontal cross beam spanning an opening in the post-and-lintel system.
slide	The trombone's cylinder whose sliding in and out allows the player to alter sound pitch
actino-	A prefix (word beginning) meaning radial in form.
gallery	long passage or room
crannog	Celtic Scotland timber-built fortified lake village
apse	Rounded and usually of a chancel or chapel
complementary colors	hues
clerestory	An upper window level of a building adjacent to the roof.
bas-relief – literally	Raised or indented sculptural patterns that remain close to the surface plane.
wetting agent	A substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid, causing the liquid to spread across or penetrate more easily the surface of a solid, making anything that is water-soluble more quickly solved
chimes	A set of tuned metal tubes suspended vertically in a frame, and played by being hit with mallets
intemperance	Habitual or excessive consumption of alcohol
wash	a thin, translucent coat of paint (e.g., in watercolor).
namban	In Japanese art, a picture of foreigners.
emulsifier	A catalyst combining oil, water and varnish into media for painting.
shoddy	Small brick shaped stones, sawn on 5 sides and roughly pitched (leaving a fractured face) on the face
bead and reel	A decorative motif consisting of oval motifs alternating with round or elongated bead-shaped motifs
ecclesia	Personification of Church
volume	Relative degrees of loudness or softness.
mansardes	A mansard roof has two slopes on all sides with the lower slope steeper than the upper one
moisture barrier	(Vapor Barrier) A material which retards the passage of water vapor from one space to another
castilla	a Havana cigar
english bond	A pattern of brickwork in which rows of bricks set lengthwise (called stretchers) alternate with rows of bricks set with the ends facing out (called headers).
chancel	that part of a Christian church, reserved for the clergy and choir, in which the altar
parapet	A low wall that serves as a vertical barrier at the edge of a roof, terrace, or other raised area; in an exterior wall, the part entirely above the roof.
custodian	in the Franciscan Order, the head of a custody.
gothic revival	The architecture of the movement to revive the medieval Gothic style which began in 18th century England.
analogous hues	hues
urbs	settlement type
buttress	an external architectural support that counteracts the lateral thrust of an arch
register	a range or row, especially when one of a series.
web	in Gothic architecture, the portion of a ribbed vault
reproduction	A reproduction is a copy of an original print or other art work whose matrix design is transferred from the original by a photomechanical process
bivalate	a hillfort defended by two concentric ditches
desensitize	A process in which repeated sensory or cognitive stimulation results in a decreased awareness of those stimulations
counter tenor	A male singer who develops his high vocal range (falsetto range) to be able to sing parts otherwise appropriate for a castrato or a woman.
axial	Having an axis, i.e., an imaginary line dividing a plan or a facade into symmetrical parts.
pvc	(Polyvinylchloride) - An extruded or molded plastic material used for window framing and as a thermal barrier for aluminum windows.
rhine	A river in Europe, flowing from Switzerland to the Netherlands, bordering Austria and Germany.
terrazzo	A floor or wall finish made by setting marble or other stone chips into a layer of mortar and polishing the surface.
eyelid dormer	A half-elliptical decorative window placed in the roof surface, resembling the shape of an eye.
pipe rolls	annual accounts of sheriffs rendered to the king
chamfer	A sloping or beveled edge.
square	A tool used to assure that corners of stone are cut square.
feudalism	social system operating in the Middle Ages, according to which land was granted to nobles in return for services
chinoiserie	a Western style popular in the eighteenth century, reflecting Chinese motifs or qualities.
joist	A member directly supporting a floor, roof or ceiling
sash	A sub-frame component that surrounds a sealed unit
posteriori	Reasoning from observed facts.
portal	A prominent, monumental entrance on the fa溝de of a building designed to emphasize the importance of the entrance, sometimes decorated with elaborate sculptural programs representing Christian subjects.
chantry chapel	chapel attached to a church, endowed for the saying of masses for the soul of the founder or another person (i.e., a wife or husband) nominated by the founder.
crystal	A high-quality glass made with oxide of lead, rather than soda, making it harder, clearer, brighter, and easier to cut than ordinary glass.
guilloche	Geometric pattern.
campaniform	In the shape of a bell.
range	Block of buildings.
decrescendo	Gradually softer (same as diminuendo).
transom	(Transom Bar) - A horizontal member separating a door from a window panel above the door, or separating one window above another.
oubliette	dungeon or pit under the floor, reached by a trap-door, used for incarcerating prisoners
corinthian columns	The most decorative of the classical Greek columns, Corinthian columns feature indented sides topped with flowering, leaf-like structures.
check rail	(Meeting Rail) (Lock Rail) The horizontal members (of a double-hung window) which come together.
unique	One of a kind, an original.
glazing bar	See mullion.
street furniture	Utilitarian and/or ornamental items placed along the street. Examples include benches, street lights, clocks, planters, etc.
girandole	A composition or structure in radiating arrangement or form
hardware	The metal fittings of a building, such as locks, latches, hinges, handles, and knobs.
sequestrator	the diocesan official appointed to take charge of estates or other property on which dues were owed to the bishop.
cinquefoil	framing devices composed of five equal arcs or lobes, separated by cusps.
ripieno	The full ensemble in a concerto grosso.
iconoplast	A person who makes images (or icons).
veranda	An open area attached to a building with a roof supported by the building on one side and posts or columns on the other.
screen	A partition (of stone or wood)
lamentoso	Mournful
terra cotta	Low-fired ceramic ware that is often reddish and unglazed.
sash window	a window that slides vertically on a system of cords and balanced weights.
roof	The top, weather-proof construction of a building.
coenobitical	the term for monastic life in community, as opposed to the life of hermits.
battered	a feature, such as a chimney, with sloping faces or sides making it narrower at the top than at the bottom.
haunch	In architecture, the part of an arch (roughly midway between the springing and the crown) at which the lateral thrust is strongest.
orchestration	The arrangement of a musical composition for performance by an orchestra
peripteral temple	when all four external sides have columns.
mantilla	A large shawl worn by women, originally in Spain, covering only the head and shoulders.
stave church	The Stave style of church architecture was popular for the construction of mission churches in medieval Scandinavia beginning in the 10th century
confessio	A type of crypt which consists of a series of linked passages
tatami	A straw mat covered with woven rush, approximately 6' x 3', used as flooring material.
roof ridge	The horizontal intersection of two roof slopes at the top of a roof.
tenon	a projecting member in a block of stone or other building material that fits into a groove or hole to form a joint.
troppo	Too much
pluck	If a piece of stone too great for the chisel being used is cut, the fracture sent from the chisels cutting tip will, instead of being the controlled cut desired, dip below the intended line and leave a rough hollow in the finished piece.
choir	The space in a basilican church plan located between the crossing and the apse, reserved for choristers and clergy
rap	A style of contemporary popular music that employs a rhythmically spoken text delivered over a funk or related musical background.
scroll	(a) a length of writing material, such as papyrus
terra-cotta	(a) an earthenware
french patio doors	A two panel glass door where both panels operate and swing either inward or outward.
materials	In the antiques and collectibles business, the term refers to what an object is made out of, such as wood, clay or tin.
crossing	the area in a Christian church where the transepts
effects	Sound imitating sounds from nature (wind, rain, sea)
bow window	AA window that incorporates the use of small angle mullions usually 15° or less to connect anywhere from 3 to 7 windows together
garth	the open central space, normally a quadrilateral, enclosed by a cloister.
quiescence	Inactivity, repose, tranquility.
course	Level layer of stones or bricks
synagoga	Personification of Judiasm often shown as a female figure, blindfolded and holding the tablets of the law
sanctimonious	having a "holier-than-thou" attitude; excessively or hypocritically pious.
castrum	an ancient Roman fortress; a Roman encampment.
mechanics lien	A legal recourse related to the labor and materials payment bond
malachite	A green mineral used in jewelry, intarsia, and as a pigment
scaenae frons	The back wall of the stage in a Roman theater, usually two or three storeys tall and elaborately decorated with columns and statues.
acrid	Sharp and harsh or unpleasantly pungent in taste or odor.
astragal	An interior molding attached to one of a pair of doors or side-hinged windows in order to prevent swing through; also used with sliding doors to ensure a tighter fit where the doors meet; often found on older casements or swinging screens.
sanctuary	(a) the most holy part of a place of worship, the inner sanctum; (b) the part of a Christian church containing the altar.
nave	The main body of the church.
modello	A composition made on a reduced scale in preparation for a larger work; term commonly used in the fashion industry to describe a sample for a knitted garment
arrow loop	A narrow vertical slit cut into a wall through which arrows could be fired from inside.
egregious	Obviously bad
portrait	a visual representation of a specific person, a likeness.
grass marker	A small, flat piece of stone or metal set with or approximately with the level of the ground
kakejiku	In Japanese art tradition, a hanging scroll used for mounting pieces of calligraphy.
misericord	Decorated shelf placed on the under side of hinged seat in choir stall, to provide support against which to lean while standing.
idealized	Regarded or treated as ideal, or made or envisioned as ideal.
trabeated	constructed according to the postand-lintel method.
residenzstdt	settlement type
truss	roof-timbers framed together to bridge a space.
dente di cane	A type of claw chisel having six or so fine notches in its carving edge
mullion	A vertical post or other upright that divides a window or other opening into two or more panes
typology	the Christian theory of types, in which characters and events in the New Testament (i.e., after the birth of Jesus) are prefigured by counterparts in the Old Testament.
putlog	Beams placed in holes to support a hoarding; horizontal scaffold beam.
drum tower	A large, circular, low, squat tower built into a wall
octet	Chamber music for eight players.
fanlight	A semicircular or semielliptical window above a door, usually inset with radiating glazing bars.
seriation	a technique for determining a chronology by studying a particular type or style and analyzing the increase or decrease in its popularity.
proprietary church	a church in private ownership, the property of a landlord or of a monastery-the condition of most rural churches in the early Middle Ages.
open pediment	A pediment where the sides stop short of meeting at the apex or crown.
figurative	representing the likeness of a recognizable human (or animal) figure.
peculiar	term for a parish or other area not subject to the jurisdiction of the bishop within whose diocese it is situated, but subject to the jurisdiction of a bishop or some other ecclesiastical body in another diocese.
infirmary kitchen	Kitchen attached to the hospital.
freestone	soft, easily worked, high-quality sandstone or limestone
clunch	hard chalk used as a building material
came	The channeled lead strips used in producing stained glass
realia	Material culture, or objects from real life, in contrast to those objects typically included in a collection
gable roof	often with dormers Double-hung windows sometimes with shutters Palladian window Symmetrically placed windows, often in adjacent pairs or triple windows treated as a single unit ...
crossing	part of a church between the transepts.
princess line	A sleek-fitting dress line achieved by making a garment without a waist seam
volume	Is the true three-dimensional aspect of interior design because an object with volume is clearly perceived as a spatial form having length, width, and depth.
copo	A Latin term used conventionally by classical scholars to describe a person who managed a caupona.
rheumatism	Any of various conditions characterized by inflammation or pain in muscles, joints, or fibrous tissue; rheumatoid arthritis.
flying buttress	A flying buttress is a buttress built from a separate column and usually forming an arch with the wall it supports
chanson	A secular French song
digital imaging	Refers to the creation, manipulation, and production of images by use of computer technology, including software printers.
orthostats	In First Style wall decoration, the course of vertically standing (ortho-stat) painted slabs, just above the socle.
virtuoso	One skilled in the fine arts, in antiquities, and the like; a collector or ardent admirer of curiosities, etc
dovetails	A term for the interlocking wedge shapes used in woodworking as joints; they are both both strong and decorative.
hobnail	An affordable style of glassware popular during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by a bumpy decorative surface.
tower	A tall structure, usually square or round in plan, rising to a greater height than its surroundings
foolscap	A size of paper formerly standard in Great Britain, measuring 17.2 cm x 21.6 cm, or simply a piece of writing paper.
skeletal construction	a method of construction in which the walls are supported at ground level by a steel frame consisting of vertical and horizontal members.
death watches	Deathwatch beetles
cuneiform	a form of writing consisting of wedge-shaped characters, used in ancient Mesopotamia.
ashlar	Squared blocks of smooth stone neatly trimmed to shape.
cornice	The top course of a wall or architectural member (such as a doorcase) that is sometimes moulded and/or projects from the wall.
kilogram	A unit of weight measurement equal to 1000 grams
balteus	a broad passage around the cavea of a theater or amphitheater, dividing them into sections
gable	The vertical part of the end wall of a building contained within the roof slope, usually triangular but can be any 'roof' shape.
tolerance	Allowable deviation from specified dimensions.
sign band	The flat, horizontal area on the facade usually located immediately above the storefront and below the second story window sill where signs were historically attached
perpendicular	term applied to the style of Gothic architecture which flourished in England between about 1340 and about 1530.
half-timbered	A method of construction that uses timber frames (post and beam) for internal and external walls
molding	Any linear plane which deviates from a flat surface.
trefoil	Framing device featuring three equal arcs or lobes, separated by cusps.
floriated	decorated with flowery patterns.
transom	The horizontal division of a window constructed of wood or stone.
bucket knot	A half hitch knot with its tail left as a loop to be used as a quick release rip cord
laconic	Using or involving the use of a minimum of words; concise to the point of seeming rude or mysterious.
rafter	in timber roof construction, a principal sloping component that runs from the top of the wall to the ridge.
berm	Flat space between the base of the curtain wall and the inner edge of the moat; level area separating ditch from bank.
curtains	Like draperies, curtains use fabric, but they are usually hung with in the window frame and close to the glass.
summer beam	The largest beam spanning wall to wall, supporting the smaller floor joists in seventeenth-century timber-framed homes.
vinyl	See PVC.
metronome	A device allowing the beating of the tempo required, thus assisting a student keep the right speed
fused glass	Glass that has been heated in a kiln to the point where two separate pieces are permanently joined as one without losing their individual color.
geminate	Is said of objects grouped two by two but not touching each other
molding	a continuous contoured surface, either recessed or projecting, used for decorative effect on an architectural surface.
desmene	area of land reserved for a lord
intaglio	A printmaking process in which an image is created from ink held in the incised or bitten areas of a metal plate, below the surface plane
jamb depth	Width of the window frame from inside to outside.
screen	See Insect Screen.
fortnight	Two weeks.
gable roof	A roof with two slopes – front and rear– joining at a single ridge line parallel to the entrance façade
pediment	The enclosed triangular surface bound above by the members on the end of a pitched roof and below by the members of the entablature
atrium	The two upper chambers of the heart
nave	principal hall of a church, extending from the narthex to the chancel
art rock	Rock music that has some characteristics also common in classical music
margin lights	The smaller panes of glass found along the perimeter of some windows.
parchment	An ancestor to contemporary paper, parchment is a material on which to write or paint prepared from the skin of a sheep or goat
shutters	Pairs of solid or slatted window coverings, traditionally hinged to the exterior of a building to either side of a window, used to block light or wind from the interior of a building.
front line	In jazz bands, the instruments that carry the melodic material.
incubus	A nightmare
sunder	To sever
ontology	The branch of philosophy that studies the nature of being, the area of metaphysics relating to the being or essence of things, or to being in the abstract.
scaffolding	The temporary wooden frame work built next to a wall to support both workers and materials.
provincialists	A native or inhabitant of a province.
setback	A step-like recession in a wall.
bay	A compartment of a building between columns or buttresses
elevation	an architectural diagram showing the exterior (or, less often, interior) surface of a building as if projected onto a vertical plane.
orchestra	In the Roman theaters, this was the semi-circular floor in front of the stage
quadrant vaulting	vaulting whose arc is one-quarter of a circle, or 90 degrees.
sheffield plating	A technique invented in 1742 by Thomas Boulsover of Sheffield, England, whereby a sterling silver coating is fused to copper sheets in a furnace
interlace	General term to describe any one of a variety of decorative patterns, both painted and carved, composed of interweaving lines or bands
lintels	the horizontal beam that forms the upper member of window or door frame and supports part of the structure above it
jambs	the upright surfaces forming the sides of a doorway or window, often decorated with sculptures in Romanesque and Gothic churches.
spurious	False
feasibility studies	In-depth estimates of the cost of planning and specification of a project undertaken prior to any actual planning.
shallop	a small open boat propelled by oars or sails and used in shallow waters
paisley	A pattern or a fabric figured with a pattern of abstract, curved shapes
ogee	An edge or molding having in profile (as seen in the cross-section views seen here) a recessed or an S-shaped curve, the latter is also known as a Roman ogee
print matrix	an image-bearing surface to which ink is applied before a print
ridge rib	See rib vault
diaper pattern	All-over surface decoration of a repeated motif.
mullion	Bar of stone, or wood, separating a window or other opening into individual, usually glazed, areas called lights.
viga	A heavy rafter, most commonly a log, used for roof support in southwestern architecture.
sprechstimme	Literally, "speech voice." A vocal technique in which a pitch is half sung, half spoken
canopy	A metal frame clad with fabric that projects from a building entrance over the sidewalk to the curb where it's supported on vertical posts.
articulation	The type of attack and release or decay of the sound of an individual note or chord.
galloon	Braided trim of bullion thread, used as a type of passementerie on drapery or upholstery
pelta	A curvilinear shape, derived from that of a Roman shield.
tensile strength	the internal strength of a material that enables it to support itself without rupturing.
chamfort	Nicolas Chamfort (1741-1794), was a French writer who was famous for his sarcasm.
transverse vaulting	The use of ribs or arches to span the primary axis of an open area
butt	An exposed end of a shingle, larger than others.
derived image	In digital imaging, an image that is obtained from another one, usually by eliminating part of it
gallery	the second story of a church, placed over the side aisles
sill	An igneous intrusion that is more or less horizontal but forms into a single step shape.
soiree	(swa-ray) A party or reception held in the evening.
reveal pin	A small threaded jack which attaches to the end of a scaffolding pole
quoin	Quoins are the cornerstones of brick or stone walls
arch	A curved construction which spans an opening.
ptolemy hephestion	Apparently this person does not exist."..
vault	Arched ceiling or roof built of stone or bricks.
lock	A fastening device in which a bolt is secured and can be operated by a key
mansard roof	A roof with two slopes, the lower slope almost vertical to allow extra roof space for the attic rooms
development	See Stages of Artistic Development.
merlon	Part of a battlement, the square "sawtooth" between crenels; The high segment of the alternating high and low segments of a battlement.
dowry	in monastic use, a gift of land or an entrance fee, normally extracted by a nunnery as a condition of accepting a new member
stanchion	A vertical supporting beam, nowadays mainly of steel.
drum pier	Massive circular support.
chord	A combination of three or more tones sounded simultaneously.
cantata	A choral work, usually on a sacred subject and frequently built upon a chorale tune, combining aria, recitative, chorus, and instrumental accompaniment.
etching ground	a resinous, acid-resistant substance used to cover a copper plate before an image is etched on it.
abutment	the part of a building intended to receive and counteract the thrust, or pressure, exerted by vaults and arches.
vivo	Vivid, full of life
sans serif	In typography, a letter designed without serifs —
bon ton	Fashionable manner or style
palette knife	a knife with a flat, flexible blade and no cutting edge, used to mix and spread paint.
intensity	the degree of purity of a color; also known as chroma or saturation.
dissemble	Hide under a false appearance.
craquelure - craquelure	Craquelure (French: Craquelure, Italian: crettatura) is the fine pattern of dense "cracking" formed on the surface of materials
refectory	the dining hall of a monastery.
lintel	A wood or stone beam across the top of an opening such as a door or window that supports the weight above it.
de ploeg	A twentieth century European art movement.
chryselephantine	consisting of, or decorated with, gold and ivory.
sinciput	The forehead, or the upper half of the skull.
pier-and-spandrel motif	A wall treatment that emphasizes the play between vertical piers and horizontal spandrels.
crystallized	The stone forms into crystals.
pier	a vertical support used to bear loads in an arched or vaulted structure.
figured bass	A shorthand method of notating an accompaniment part
shading	decreases in the value or intensity of colors to imitate the fall of shadow when light strikes an object.
scarp	slope on inner side of ditch
nave	part of a church to the west of the crossing.
strut	A roof timber, either upright and connected to the rafter above it, or sloping, connecting another post to the rafter.
suspensura	Suspensura, the architectural term given by Vitruvius to piers of square bricks (about 20 cm X 20 cm) that supported a suspended floor of a Roman bath covering a hypocaust cavity through which the hot air would flow.
greek key	A simpler form of the fret type of molding
cresting	An ornamental ridge to the top of a wall or roof.
enterclose	a partition.
gradual	a book of antiphons.
vanishing point	in the linear perspective
scythe	A farming implement composed of a long curving blade fastened at an angle to a long handle.The Grim Reaper, the personification of death, is usually pictured as a cloaked skeleton holding a scythe.
pastophoria	Individual chambers in temples or churches
murrini	A small wafer of glass bearing a colored pattern
animato	Lively, in a vivid manner
horizontal sliding window	(Horizontal Slider) Windows which slide horizontally.
chi	The life force or essential energy of the universe
allegro	A fast tempo, faster than Allegretto.
manus dei	Literally 'the hand of God'
paradigm shift	When one era shifts into another, the habits of the earlier one are disrupted by new ones which eventually settle into a familiar routine
inlay	A type of surface decoration that is created by insetting into a solid base a pattern composed of colored woods or other materials such as ivory, mother of pearl or metals
outer curtain	The wall the encloses the outer ward.
early english	Term applied to the first part of the Gothic style of architecture which flourished c
clerestory	upper stage of church elevation, above the aisle roofs, usually pierced by windows.
toccata	A baroque keyboard piece full of scale passages, rapid runs and trills, and massive chords.
porcelain	A clay body that is white, strong, and hard when fired
steward	official in charge of running a lord's estate; managing work, keeping accounts, etc.
twins of leda	In Greek mythology, Castor and Pollux were twins born of Leda and fathered by Zeus, who disguised himself as a swan and seduced her
bivalve	Having a shell composed of two valves
leaf and dart	a decorative design consisting of alternating leaf- and dart-shaped elements.
catafalque	A raised platform or bier, which supports the casket, coffin, or body during a memorial service
farrago	A motley collection of a variety of miscellaneous things.
chancery	the secretarial office of a king or bishop.
suite	A series of instrumental movements, each based on a particular dance rhythm.
mortar	A mixture of sand, water, and lime used to bind stones together; as opposed to drylaid masonry.
memorial	A structure designed to perpetuate the memory of a person or event; from the Latin word “to remember.” “Memorial” is commonly used to refer to a gravestone or monument.
rubato	Freely, interruption of tempo in the form of free, flexible playing
architect	An individual, partnership, corporation or other legal entity licensed to practice the profession of architecture under the education law of the State of New York.
roof pitch	The slope of a roof surface expressed in inches of vertical rise per twelve inches of horizontal distance.
cornice	The molded projection placed at the edge of the top of the wall, entablature, or roof, thereby finishing, or crowning, the structure.
gable roof	a roof formed by the intersection of two planes
confessio	A type of crypt which consists of a series of linked passages sometimes containing altars and relics
gothic style	Gothic architecture developed in Europe during the medieval period, from about 500 CE to 1500 CE
serekh	a rectangular outline containing the name of a king in the Early Dynastic period of ancient Egypt.
synod	a council, or assembly, of the clergy.
ellipse	A plane curve, especially either a conic section whose plane is not parallel to the axis, base, or generatrix of the intersected cone, or the locus of points for which the sum of the distances from each point to two fixed points is equal
monumental	being, or appearing to be, larger than life-sized.
tetrachord	Four notes within the bounds of the perfect fourth
glebe	land attaching to a church and intended to supplement the incumbent's income.
cassock	a long coat reaching almost to the ground and fastened up the front, with fairly tight sleeves
heat transfer coefficient	(U-Factor) A value indicating the rate of heat flow through a building construction, expressed in units of 'Btuh per square foot of surface per degree F
heavy metal	A blues-based rock style popular in the 1970s and after that uses repeating riff patterns in the bass, fuzztone guitar timbres, and stage sets and performer images that stress power or horror.
hammer	Refers to the hand or pneumatic tool with a multi-pointed head
palette	(a) the range of colors used by an artist; (b) an oval or rectangular tablet used to hold and mix the pigments.
double-strength glass	Sheet glass with a thickness between 0.115 to 0.133 (3 to 3.38mm).
sphinx	in ancient Egypt, a creature with the body of a lion and the head of a human, an animal, or a bird.
lancet	Long, narrow window with pointed head.
gantry	A rigid framework which supports tackle for lifting heavy objects
hydria	an ancient Greek or Roman water jar.
curvature	The curvature of a DEM is a mathematically derived value which can be used to describe the shape of a surface on a cell-by-cell basis
utopia	a book by Sir Thomas More (1516) describing the perfect society on an imaginary island
box bay	A window that uses 90° mullion to connect the windows together
geodesic dome	a dome
cupola	a domed structure on the roof.
establishment	A manufacturing, commercial or retail business or profession.
pitched roof	see gable roof.
filiform	Thread-like, thin patterns, like filigree.
batter	To slope inward (receding from bottom to top), often almost imperceptibly, or such an inward slope of a wall
longbow	large, powerful wooden bow, used to shoot arrows, often over long distances
sunda islands	The Lesser Sunda Islands are a number of smaller islands between 800 and 1200 miles east of Jakarta (formerly Batavia), Indonesia.
cool jazz	A restrained, controlled jazz style that developed during the late 1940s.
stop	(Bead, Side Stop, Window Stop, Parting Stop) The molding on the inside of the window frame against which the window sash closes, or in the case of a double-hung window, the sash slides against the stop.
hairstyle	Also see anastole and portrait.
figured initial	an illuminated initial containing a figure, a group of figures, or a narrative scene
euthynteria	Euthynteria is the ancient Greek term for the uppermost course of a building's foundations, partly emerging from groundline
segno	Sign to indicate the beginning or ending of a section that is to be repeated
grotto	an underground passage, often decorated with crystals, bits of broken shells, and broken pieces of mirror, and involving running water in rills and pools; all of this is calculated to create a mysterious effect.
cravat	A necktie
relieving arch	arch built in a wall to relieve the thrust of another opening
use classes order	a statute that groups uses into various categories and which specifically states that permission is not required to change from one use to another within the same class.
hoarding	Upper wooden stories on a stone castle wall; the living area; sometimes, a temporary wooden balcony suspended from the tops of walls from which missiles could be dropped.
acanthus	A plant whose leaf is used to decorate the capital of the Corinthian order, also found in moldings.
miniature	Usually a book under 3 inches in any dimension
monolith	a large block of stone that is all in one piece (i.e., not composed of smaller blocks), used in megalithic
party wall construction	A method of construction in which neighboring buildings share the same side walls.
guerriero	In a warrior mood
scallop	Carved in a series of semi-circles
running dog	Memorable name given to the wave-like pattern of carving, also known less memorably as a Vitruvian scroll.
necropolis	A cemetery
chaurī	a royal fly-whisk, symbolically honoring the Buddha.
quoins	Stone blocks or bricks ornamenting the outside walls of a building.
meander or greek key	An ornamental motif consisting of continuous bands arranged in rectilinear forms.
tanka	A Tibetan Buddhist painting on fabric, usually portraying the Buddha or lamas
realgar	A particular red pigment.
crenelation	Battlements at the top of a tower or wall
pediment	The triangular end of a gable,or a triangular ornamental element resembling it
denatured alcohol	See alcohol.
declivity	A downward slope, as may be observed on a hill or a boss
seam	Any slight, almost unseen crack in a stone's surface.
horticulturist	A person who specializes in the art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, or ornamental plants.
denmark	See Danish art.
evangelists	Four of the followers of Christ - - Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John - - who authored the four New Testament gospel narratives describing the life of Christ.
flamenco	A style of music, dance, and singing that originated with the Gypsies in southern Spain.
choir	The part of the church occupied by the choir, often refers to the whole area east of the great screen.
charlatanerie	One making usually showy pretenses to knowledge or ability
gimlet	A small tool with a screw point, grooved shank, and cross handle for boring holes.
smorzando	Fading away
thurible	a censer; a vessel, usually of metal, for the burning of incense.
riftsawn	Wood that haws been cut so that growth rings are at an angle of 30 to 60 degrees to the board face.
hipped-roof	A roof which is pitched on all 4 sides from the ridge to the eaves
ossification	The natural process of bone formation; the hardening (as of muscular tissue) into a bony substance; a mass or particle of ossified tissue.
himation	An ancient Greek mantle worn by men and women over the chiton and draped in various ways.
makimono	A Japanese horizontal scroll.
ground plan	a plan of the ground floor of a building, seen from above (as distinguished from an elevation
varnish	A protective transparent finish applied in a liquid state to a surface
pigment	a powdered substance that is used to give color to paints, inks, and dyes.
mule	Heeled, backless bedroom slipper that has been popular since the 1940s.
caponnière	Low structure for artillery fire, used to flank the inside of a moat
functionalism	a philosophy of design (in architecture, for example) holding that form
column	a structural or decorative vertical element, usually circular, supporting or framing the upper parts of a building.
paten	a shallow circular dish, usually of silver, on which the consecrated bread is placed during the celebration of the Eucharist.
tracery	Intersecting ribwork in upper part of window
fluorescent	Contains a mixture of an inert gas and low-pressure mercury vapor.
curing	The process of hydrating the Portland Cement in Cast Stone to a specified age or compressive strength in a warm, moist environment.
heat-absorbing glass	(Tinted Glass) Window glass containing chemicals (with gray, bronze, or blue-green tint) which absorb light and heat radiation, and reduce glare and brightness. Shading coefficient of this glass varies from about 50% to 70%.
geometric	(a) based on mathematical shapes such as the circle, square, or rectangle; (b) a style
hymn	A song of praise or joy
astragal	a bar in a window, often wooden, between the panes
hillfort	Bronze or iron age earthwork defenses of concentric ditches and banks
hacksaw	A multi-purpose saw with a narrow blade fixed at each end in a rigid curving frame
aumbry	A recess to hold reliquaries or sacred vessels, often found in castle chapels.
aumbrey	Recess (cupboard) to hold sacred vessels; typically in a chapel.
nona	see: ninth
bay	A section of a building distinguished by vertical elements such as columns or pillars
con ottava	Play with the octave
repair	Any work done on any window to correct any deterioration or decay of or damage to a window or any part thereof and to restore same, as closely as may be practicable, to its condition prior to the occurrence of such deterioration, decay or damage
spalling	Flaking of the outer face of masonry, often caused by expanding moisture in freezing conditions.
chamberlain	Steward to a king or a great lord
awning window	A type of window that when the handle is cranked, the window will open out away from the house pivoting from the top of the unit.
riff	A short little passage of music that tends to repeat over and over, upon which other music can be played or composed
emulsify	To create an emulsion.
country-rock	CThe rock or rocks into which an igneous intrusion is placed.
flea bite	A slang term used to desribe a small or barely discernible chip in a piece of pottery or porcelain.
poop	A deck raised over the after part of the spar deck
rose window	A round window with radiating windows arranged around it like petals. Rose windows are often traceried.
memorial brass	an engraved metal plate used as a commemorative monument
unconscious	Not having awareness or sensory perception
new town	settlement type
lancet window	long, narrow window with pointed head
laminated glass	See Shatter-Proof Glass.
capitulary	a compilation of episcopal or other statutes.
ephemeron	Something short-lived or of no lasting significance.
bas-relief	Sculptural relief in which the projection from the surrounding surface is slight and no part of the modeled form is undercut.
improvement	Any building, structure, place, work of art, or other object constituting a physical betterment of real property, or any part of such betterment.
industrial rock	A 1980s and after rock style that expresses anger at an industrial society
pleasing match	A veneer method where attention is given to matching color and grain for a pleasing final effect.
base	(a) that on which something rests; (b) the lowest part of a wall or column
portland stone	Hard, white, high quality limestone from the Island of Portland
sealant	A compressible plastic material used to seal any opening or junction of two parts, such as between glass and a metal sash
ciborium	a chalice-shaped vessel, with a lid, for the consecrated bread (the reserved Host).
corrodian	lay person who had obtained the right to board and lodging in a monastery, usually by payment of a down payment at an earlier date.
collective improvisation	Several musicians improvising at the same time, creating a complex, polyphonic texture, often done in early New Orleans jazz.
cusp	a projecting point forming a leaf shape in the tracery of a gothic door-arch or window-head
gable roof	the end of a simple roof formed by two planes meeting at a ridge.
terminus ante quem	Meaning "time before which," the term denotes the latest possible date of an event or an object.
penitential	a treatise setting out the penances, or acts of satisfaction, appropriate to various sins, which a penitent was required to perform after he had repented and confessed his faults to a priest
slip	A mixture of fine clay and water used in ceramic decoration.
keystone/keyed	The large stone at the centre of the arch, often larger and decorated.
uv	The invisible rays of the spectrum that are outside of the visible spectrum at its short-wavelength violet end
auricular	"ear-like" a bizarre style of ornament that emerged in the early 17th century in the Low Countries that features skin-like folds
encaustic	A paint medium in which pigment is suspended in molten wax and resin
andante	at a moderate pace (literally, at a walking pace)
illustrate	To create designs and pictures for books, magazines, or other print or electronic media to make clear or explain the text or show what happens in a story.
quick lime	Calcium Oxide produced by burning limestone
stiletto	A high, narrow shoe heel that originated in Italy during the 1950s, it derives its name from a thin sword used for dueling.
canopic	relating to the city of Canopus in ancient Egypt.
kachina	Any supernatural being important in the religion of the Hopi and Zuni Indians of Arizona, USA, represented in painted figurines (kachina dolls) and in costumes of ritual impersonators wearing masks and costumes
drum	A cylindrical wall which supports a dome.
levigation	Reduction of material to fine smooth paste or powder
dogtooth ornament	Diagonal indented pyramid
sand box	A shallow box filled with sand in which round or unstable stones are placed to be held firm whilst being dressed on the banker.
word painting	Representation of the literal meaning of a text through musical means.
bonsai	The art of dwarfing trees or plants by growing and training them in containers.
alla prima	An Italian term meaning "first time," a method of oil painting in which a picture is completed by painting on the entire surface of the canvas all at once rather than traditional method which required a methodic building of the image piecemeal fashion with successive layers of paint.
conceptual art	art in which the idea is more important than the form or style.
ūrnā	in Buddhist art, a whorl of hair or protuberance between the eyebrows of a Buddha or other honored individual.
design development phase	Involves the preparation of all final plans, presentation graphics, and specifications required to explain design concepts to the client.
rector	in medieval canon law the incumbent of a parish who is entitled to receive the great tithe
torus	A classical type of molding with a bulging semicircular profile.
polytonality	The simultaneous use of two or more different keys.
mosaic	Patterns or pictures made by embedding small pieces (tesserae) of stone or glass in cement on surfaces such as walls and floors; also, the technique of making such works.
coda	Tail, an addition, the ending of a movement or a piece, in the form of a short supplementary musical section.
casuistry	a system of moral theology which takes full account of the circumstances and intentions of penitents and formulates rules for particular cases.
drainage holes	Openings drilled in any section of a monument or vase where it is necessary to carry off water.
dem	A Digital Elevation Model is a representation of (part of) the Earth's surface, normally including topographic features such as vegetation, with surface elevation theoretically readable at every point
fire-polished glass	Glass that is put in a hole in the side of a glass furnace to melt the surface and eliminate superficial irregularities or dullness.
comodo	Leisurely, with no stress, comfortably
epitaph	Any inscription or text on a monument in memory of the person or persons interred there
coir	A stiff coarse fiber from the outer husk of a coconut
refectory	Communal dining hall.
machicholation	A defensive structure in the form of a gallery projecting on brackets and built on the exterior of castle towers and walls, with openings in the floor through which to drop molten lead, boiling oil, and missiles on attacking forces.
centrally planned	radiating from a central point.
sedge	Any of a family of usually tufted marsh plants.
stamboul	Istanbul, historically Byzantium and later Constantinople, is Turkey's most populous city, and its cultural and financial center
quality	An inherent or distinguishing characteristic of a person or a thing
vertical joint	Any point at which two pieces of a monument meet vertically.
rebate	A recess cut in wood or stone to take the edge of another member that is to be secured in it.
tape balance	See Sash Balance.
parterre	In landscape gardening, a formal area of planting, usually square or rectangular.
surplice or super-pellicum	a loosely fitting white linen vestment, with wide sleeves.
hand hawk	A flat piece of board with a vertical handle attached to the centre of its underside
sacristy	The sacristy is the room or closet, usually located adjacent to the chancel, in which communion vessels, altar linens, and sacramental supplies are kept.
minaret	a tall, slender tower attached to a mosque, from which the muezzin calls the Muslim faithful to prayer.
creasing	�ed mark on a wall, marking the pitch of a former roof.
monolithic column	a column carved from a single piece of stone.
turcopoles	Syrians of mixed parentage (Turco-Greek) employed as auxiliaries in the Christian army
entasis	A slight convexity or swelling, as in the shaft of a column, intended to compensate for the illusion of concavity resulting from straight sides.
bronze	Habitually, an alloy of copper and tin generally used in casting
cloister	four-sided enclosure with a covered walk along each side connecting a church with the principal administrative and domestic buildings
louvers	A framed opening, as in a wall, door, or window, fitted with fixed or movable horizontal slats for admitting air and light and shedding rain.
finial	In cabinetmaking, a decorative element that adorns the top of a piece of furniture with drawers, usually consisting of a carved urn with a flame or spike rising from it.