Glossary extracted starting with automatic seeds, with BOW for the domain bio and language EN

outcrop	Area of exposed bedrock at the Earth's surface with no overlying deposits of soil or regolith.
continental slope	the sloping sea bottom of the continental margin that begins at a depth of about 100 to 150 m at the shelf edge and ends at the top of the continental rise or in a deep-sea trench
polygamy	both sexes mating with more than one other individual
heuristic	problem analysis based on informal judgment or experience versus data manipulation; a guideline or rule of thumb that is normally effective in dealing with a given situation
temperate deciduous forest	A biome located throughout midlatitude regions where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large, broad-leaf deciduous trees.
synbiotic	an appropriate synergistic combination of pre- and probiotics
f-prime	An extrachromosomal F-plasmid that carries a fragment of chromosomal DNA.
magenta	reddish purple color
internesting	as it pertains to marine turtles, the interval between a successful nest and the next nesting attempt
start	A regulatory point in the yeast cell cycle that occurs late in G1
heterocercal	a caudal fin where the upper lobe is larger than the lower lobe
inner cell mass	Mass of cells on one side of a blastocystwhich will form the body of the embryo
recombinant technology	Procedures used to join DNA sequences from different sources
doppler shift	the change in the tone of a sound caused by the sound source moving away or towards the listener
tetraxon	in sponges, a spicule with four rays
children	Sibling
probability	The chance of observing a particular future event; a simple ratio of the number of observed events divided by the total number of possible events.
hapteron	a single branch within a holdfast
vertebrate	Any member of the chordate group Vertebrata, which are characterized by a spinal column or backbone.
acth	Abbreviation of adrenocorticotropic hormone.
antigen	A substance, usually a protein, that stimulates the body to produce antibodies against it.
ribosome	Particle composed of ribosomal RNAs and proteins
law of tolerance	the presence, number, and distribution of species in an ecosystem are determined by whether the levels of one or more physical or chemical factors fall within the range tolerated by the species
solute	A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
diurnal	active during the day light hours
geology	The field of knowledge that studies the origin, structure, chemical composition, and history of the Earth and other planets.
sula reef	a deep water Lophelia reef located on the Sula Ridge on the Mid-Norwegian shelf at depths of 200 - 300 m
pony bottle	a small, but independent alternate air supply for scuba divers, to be used in case of main air failure. It is a small scuba tank with an attached regulator
stratigraphy	Subdiscipline of geology that studies sequence, spacing, composition, and spatial distribution of sedimentary deposits and rocks.
primary male or female	a male or female that is genetically determined at birth or hatching and is not the result of sex change
monandrous	Where females mate with a single male.
backscattering	Portion of solar radiation directed back into space as a result of particle scattering in the atmosphere.
stakeholder	an individual or group with an interest in the success of an organization in delivering intended results and maintaining the viability of the organization's products and services
elastic limit	Maximum level of elastic deformation of a material without rupture.
race	a population differing from others; refers to a unit below the subspecies level which is not given a taxonomic name
virus	A group of particles that do not have a cellular structure and cannot replicate outside of a host cell
strict aerobe	An organism that can survive only in an atmosphere of oxygen, which is used in aerobic respiration.
subtree pruning and regrafting	A method for searching phylogenetic tree space whereby a new tree is generated from a starting tree by moving entire branches (along with subbranches) to a new position in the tree.
breeding value	The sum of the average effect of each gene
titration	Gradual increase or decrease of a drug dose until finding the dose that works best
nonpoint	not from a single, well-defined site
bleeding disorders	A group of conditions in which a person's body cannot properly develop a clot, causing an increased chance of bleeding.
ultramafic	Rock that is rich in magnesium and iron content.
linkage disequilibrium	Nonrandom associations between alleles at two or more genetic loci.
competition	a biological interaction that can limit population growth
medial moraine	Deposit of material found down the center of a glacier
recombination hot spot	A localized region with exceptionally high recombination rate.
lesion severity	the semiquantitative, subjective ranking of the degree of damage or extent of pathological change in the tissues of an organism
chromosome	normal females carry two X chromosomes.
gap phases	the phases of the cell cycle known as G1 and G2, during which relatively less obvious cellular activity is visible
genealogical species	A group of individuals for whom the genealogies at all loci in the genome are reciprocally monophyletic
reef system	a cluster of reefs
fault zone	an area in which there are several closely spaced faults
argent	silvery color
gustation	pertains to the sense of taste
western blot	a technique used for analyzing a mixture of proteins to show the presence, size, and abundance of one particular type of protein.
molecule	Minute particle that consists of connected atoms of one or many elements.
nesting	the act of constructing a nest
mating types	A polymorphism in which individuals can mate only with a different type
arbuscular mycorrhiza	A distinct type of endomycorrhiza formed by glomeromycete fungi, in which the tips of the fungal hyphae that invade the plant roots branch into tiny treelike structures called arbuscules.
winogradsky column	a glass column with an anaerobic lower zone and an aerobic upper zone, which allows growth of microorgansims under conditions similar to those found in a nutrient-rich body of water.It is a simple device for culturing a large diversity of microorganisms
necrophagy	feeding on dead animals or carrion
newborn screening	Testing done within days of birth to identify infants at increased risk for a specific genetic disorder so that treatment can begin as soon as possible; when a newborn screening result is positive, further diagnostic testing is usually required to confirm or specify the results and counseling is offered to educate the parents
kure atoll	the most remote of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, and the northern-most coral atoll in the world, located at the extreme northwest end of the Hawaiian archipelago
heat shock proteins	a group of proteins that are present in the cells of all living organisms
downwelling	a downward current of surface water in the ocean, usually caused by differences in the density of seawater
lepton	a class of subatomic particles that constitute matter which have no measurable size and do not interact with the strong nuclear force
storm surge	a rise above normal water level on the open coast due to the action of wind stress on the water surface
labeled	to mark substances in a way that they can easily be identified
case controlled study	A study comparing persons with a given condition or disease (the cases) and persons without the condition or disease
insect	Relatively small and simple animals that have a rigid external skeleton, three body sections, three pairs of legs, and antennae
cave	A natural cavity or recess that is roughly positioned horizontally to the surface of the Earth.
dyne	A unit of force that creates an acceleration on a mass of 1 gram equal to 1 centimeter per second
false negative	an experimental outcome that incorrectly yields a negative result
cod	a measure of the chemically oxidizable material in water which provides an approximation of the amount of organic and reducing material present
reaction time	the duration between the beginning of stimulation and the initiation of a response
imprinting	a biochemical phenomenon that determines, for certain genes, which one of the pair of alleles, the mother's or the father's, will be active in that individual.
iconel tag	a metal tag that is attached to the trailing edge of a seaturtle's flipper to provide a means of unique identification
biochemical oxygen demand	the amount of oxygen taken up by microorganisms that decompose organic waste matter in water
rime	Deposit of ice crystals that occurs when fog or super cooled water droplets comes in contact with an object with a temperature below freezing (0° Celsius)
multivariate	a term that describes statistical, mathematical, or graphical procedures that involves two or more variables simultaneously
numericlature	an attempt to express the natural order (i.e
penniform	feather-shaped
degenerate character	a character, trait or structure that has evolved to a less developed state from its ancestral form or function
entropy	A quantitative measure of disorder or randomness, symbolized by S.
inner core	Inner region of the Earth's core
parity	The order in which children are born.
rip current	A strong relatively narrow current of water that flows seaward against breaking waves.
anteromesal	in the front and along the midline of a body
sandstone	A sedimentary rock composed dominantly of grains that are 0.02 to 2 millimeters in diameter
statistic	an estimate based on a sample or samples of a population, providing an indication of the true population parameter
alprazolam	A medication used to treat anxiety or insomnia.
isometry	change in overall size that maintains the same relative proportional shape
heterosis	The greater vigour in terms of growth, survival and reproductive performance of outcrosses, particularly crosses between highly inbred lines
norepinephrine	See noradrenaline.
ozone	a gaseous molecule that contains three oxygen atoms (O3), instead of the usual two (O2)
phenotypic variance	The variance of the phenotypic value, var(P)= VP.
stetson reef	a deep water coral site along the eastern Blake Plateau offshore South Carolina
taxonomic key	a tabulation of diagnostic characters of taxa in dichotomous couplets to facilitate rapid identification
additive tree	A phylogenetic tree in which the branch lengths are proportional to the evolutionary distance between nodes; also known as a phylogram.
principal investigator	The scientist or scholar with primary responsibility for the design and conduct of a research project
subsolar point	The location on the Earth where the Sun is directly overhead
satellite mapping	digital maps derived from satellite images
monomer	One of the component units of a polymeric molecule.
sipuncula	an animal phylum that contains the peanut or starworms
cross-flow filtration	A technique for filtering thick fluids by flowing the fluid across the filter
dormant	/DORE-mənt, -mant/ adj
relational database	a method of structuring data as collections of tables that are logically associated to each other by shared attributes
adeniform	gland-shaped; resembling a gland
cohort	A group of individuals of the same age, from birth until all are dead.
axis	An imaginary line passing through a body or organ around which parts are symmetrically aligned.
dissimilar	Not similar or alike; different in appearance, properties, or nature; unlike.
bedding plane	A layer in a series of sedimentary beds that marks a change in the type of deposits.
discrete probability distribution	a probability distribution is called discrete if its cumulative distribution function only increases in jumps; a probability distribution is discrete if there is a finite or countable set whose probability is 1
reef rubble	dead, unstable coral pieces often colonized with macroalgae
proton	A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom.
coercive cognitively impaired	Having either a psychiatric disorder or a development disorder that affects cognitive or emotional functions to the extent that capacity for judgment and reasoning is significantly diminished.
series	in taxonomy, the sample available for study
calathiform	cup-shaped
va	See additive genetic variance.
dysarthria	Slurred or otherwise impaired speech
paramagnetism	magnetic property in certain iron-bearing minerals that cause them to be weakly attracted to magnetic fields
monophagous	eating one kind of food only
tympanic membrane	Another name for the eardrum.
lay net	a stationary gillnet used in nearshore waters
sponge	the egg mass of a female crab, which she carries attached to long "hairs" on her pleopods
semelparity	the reproductive condition where individuals reproduce only once during their lifetime
buffer	A solution containing agents that maintain a constant pH during a biochemical reaction.
terri	a prefix meaning "earth"
dynamic equilibrium	A dynamic equilibrium occurs when a system displays unrepeated average states through time.
pmf	peptide mass fingerprinting
correlate	to show a relationship between entities
undercut bank	Steep bank found on the inside of stream meanders
irreducibly complex	A system that cannot function if any one of its components is missing.
innate	not established by conditioning or learning; "an unconditioned reflex"; a genetic behavior pattern
anticodon	a set of three tRNA bases that match (complement) a set of three mRNA bases.
vaginate	enclosed by a sheath
lek	An arena where males gather and are chosen as mates by females.
colony-stimulating factor	A treatment agent used to stimulate the production of certain blood cells in the bone marrow
nanobiology	biological studies at the extremely small to molecular levels
repetitive dive	any dive within a certain time frame after a previous dive
whorl	a ring; one turn of a spiral
cheliform	pincer-shaped
nocturnal	being primarily active at night
random sampling	a sampling technique where a group of subjects (a sample) is selected for study from a larger group (a population)
regression	A statistic that describes the relationship of two variables
low pressure	An area of atmospheric pressure within the Earth's atmosphere that is below average
amoeboid	Having no definite shape to the cell, able to change shape.
malignant tumor	A tumor that invades normal tissue and spreads throughout the body.
sphingomyelin	A phospholipid consisting of two hydrocarbon chains bound to a polar head group containing serine.
unpublished name	in taxonomy, any name which has not been printed and circulated to meet the criteria of publication as stated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
differential equation	An equation that gives the rate of change of a system as a function of its present state.
dopa	L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine.
rift valley	Steep sided valley found on the Earth's surface created by tectonic rifting.
north magnetic pole	Location in the Northern Hemisphere where the lines of force from Earth's magnetic field are vertical
soil-heat flux	The rate of flow of heat energy into, from, or through the soil.
stationary front	A transition zone in the atmosphere where there is little movement of opposing air masses and winds blow towards the front from opposite directions.
blog	basically a journal that is available on the web
surf	a collective term for "breakers"; the wave activity in the area between the shore line and the outermost limit of breakers
clinical trial	The evaluation in humans of the effectiveness of a new drug therapy
hematologist	A doctor who specializes in the treatment of blood diseases.
trial	Study
pediatric	Relating to children, childhood.
repeat masking	The method by which repeated sequences and low-complexity regions are hidden, usually used in searches by alignment and homology-searching programs.
isogamous	having haploid gametes that are similar in size, structure and motility
chi-square	a statistical technique whereby variables are categorized to determine whether a distribution of scores is due to chance or experimental factors
plexus	a group or network of intersecting nerves and/or blood vessels
lobe	A tongue-like extension of some material
counter-radiation	Redirection of the Earth's longwave radiation back to the surface because of the greenhouse effect.
neurons	N(Y)OOR-awnz/ Nerve cells (see diagram above); these gray or reddish cells are the fundamental units of the nervous system.
bathymetric map	a map which delineates the form of the bottom of a body of water by the use of depth contours (isobaths)
server	a computer which is designed to be accessed by many other computers
clostridium	a genus of Gram positive anaerobic spore-forming bacteria
darwinian fitness	A measure of the relative contribution of an individual to the gene pool of the next generation.
denticulate	having an edge with small projecting teeth
acantho-	a prefix meaning "with spines"
dystrophy	a disorder caused by defective ³nutrition² or metabolism.
naviform	boat-shaped
riparian	having to do with living or being located on the edges or banks of streams or rivers
hydrophobic	Not soluble in water.
supergene	a group of neighboring genes on a chromosome that tend to be inherited together and sometimes are functionally related
lophelia reef	a reef formed by Lophelia pertusa, a deep-sea coral found in all oceans except the Arctic Ocean
codominant	two genes that are neither dominant or recessive; neither masks the other, as in the case of red geraniums crossed with white geraniums yielding pink geraniums.
aperture	an opening in some structure
negative feedback	Change in the state of a system that counteracts the measured effect of the initial alteration.
hydrophilic	'likes water' (hydro = water; philic = like)
barb	a type of spine armed with teeth pointing backwards
specific name	the second name in a binomen and in a trinomen
blade	a leaf-like structure
game	See evolutionary game.
basalt plateau	Extensive continental deposits of basaltic volcanic rock.
zoospore	Flagellated spore occurring in chytrid fungi.
ultraviolet-c	UV with wavelengths less than 280 nm
synapomorphy	A shared derived character state that is indicative of a phylogenetic relationship among two or more operational taxonomic units (OTU).
polydactyly	A genetic abnormality that causes a person to be born with more than ten fingers and/or toes
endoplasmic reticulum	A network of membranous tubules in the cytoplasm of a cell; involved in the production of
gas hydrate	see "methane hydrate"
biological replicates	Biological replicates utilize independently collected samples.
bactericide	a substance that kills bacteria
coordinate taxon	in cladistics, a group within a monophyletic lineage at the same branching level as another
monsoon	A regional scale wind system that predictably change direction with the passing of the seasons
first revisor	the principle that the relative precedence of two or more names or nomenclatural acts published on the same date, or of different original spellings of the same name, is determined by the first reviser
downdraft	Downward movement of air in the atmosphere.
protected polymorphism	When each allele will increase from very low frequency, we say that the polymorphism is protected.
edentate	toothless
siberian high	High pressure system that develops in winter over northern central Asia.
lod score	logarithm of the odd score; a measure of the likelihood of two loci being within a measurable distance of each other.
bicentric distribution	the presence of a species (or other taxonomic unit) in two widely separated geographic areas
law	a description of how a natural phenomenon will occur under certain circumstances; a statement that summarizes the results observed in an experiment that is repeated many times by many different scientists
maximum parsimony	A principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts.
epistasis	A type of genetic interaction: the nonreciprocal interaction of nonallelic genes in which the expression of one gene masks the expression of another
discopodous	/də-SKAWP-pə-dəs, dis-/ adj
ancestor	In bioinformatics, this term refers to terms in a hierarchical controlled vocabulary like ones containing Gene Ontology (GO) terms
ion	An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge.
institution	A residential facility that provides food, shelter, and professional services (including treatment, skilled nursing, intermediate or long-term care, and custodial or residential care).
setose	bearing setae
zwitterion	A dipolar ion containing ionic groups of opposite charge.
limoniform	lemon-shaped
fishing mortality	deaths in a fish stock caused by fishing
caldera volcano	Explosive type of volcano that leaves a large circular depression
correlation coefficient	Statistic that measures the degree of linear association between two variables
proximal	the direction towards center of the body; opposite of distal
neurosecretory cell	A specialized nerve cell that releases a hormone into the bloodstream in response to signals from other nerve cells; located in the hypothalamus and adrenal medulla.
tropical storm	An organized group of thunderstorms often found over a tropical ocean that generates a cyclonic flow of between 64 and 118 kilometers per hour
partial pressures	The concentration of gases; a fraction of total pressure.
defloration	/dehf-lə-RAY-shən/ n
micron	a unit of length equivalent to a micrometer (µm), one-millionth of a meter or 0.00003937 inch
antagonistic pleiotropy	Describes alleles that increase one fitness component but decrease another
aneuploidy	The occurrence of a particular chromosome in an unusual number — for example, one or three copies per cell, when the usual number (as in humans) is two
proprioceptor	a specialized sensory nerve ending that monitors internal changes in the body brought about by movement and muscular activity
bathyal zone	region of the seafloor from the shelf edge (200m) to the start of the abyssal zone (2,000m)
barren zone	the region of a coral reef seaward of the lower palmata zone and just landward of the buttress or mixed zone
lophophore	A horseshoe-shaped or circular fold of the body wall bearing ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth.
ata	one (1) ata is the atmospheric pressure at sea level
divide	The topographic ridge that separates drainage basins.
parallel evolution	the development of similar forms by related but distinct phylogenetic lineages
conifer	A gymnospenn whose reproductive structure is the cone
wet deposition	The transport of gases and minute liquid and solid particles from the atmosphere to the ground surface with the aid of precipitation or fog
aqueous solution	a solution in which water is the solvent
organism	any form of unicellular or multicellular life; a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently
embryo	The structure that develops from the zygote.
corrugated	having a surface with alternating parallel ridges and grooves
chromophore	A functional group that absorbs light, giving rise to color.
groundwater seep	subsurface water flowing into a coastal body of water
mortality	Death or death rate
informed consent	An individual willingly agrees to participate in an activity after first being advised of the risks and benefits
mtdna	See mitochondrial DNA.
phenotype	all the observable traits a person inherits, as opposed to the genome, or all the traits inherited.
osseus	bony
colloid	a stable suspension of particles that, though larger than in a true solution, do not settle out
genic conversion	see: genetic conversion.
clean water act	an act passed by the U.S
zosterophyll	A type of early vascular plant that carried spores laterally along the stem.
dive table	dive tables present dive times for specific depths, adherence to which, the scuba diver can avoid contracting decompression sickness (the bends)
phylogram	A phylogenetic tree in which the lengths of the branches reflect the number of genetic changes that have taken place in a particular DNA or RNA sequence in the various lineages.
sister taxa	two taxa that are more closely related to each other than either is to a third taxon; monophyletic taxa that are each other's closest relatives, i.e., they share an immediate common ancestral species
other paralogues	Paralogues which are very far away from the other members of a paralogue family
swath	the area of Earth's surface or atmosphere measured by an instrument during a single satellite overpass; a path or strip
lithification	The process of cementation, compaction, desiccation, and crystallization of sediments into solid rock.
air compressor	an apparatus that compresses or pressurizes air for scuba tanks
branchial crown	in marine polychaete worms, a structure surrounding the mouth composed of ciliated, bipinnate filaments which function in suspension filter feeding and respiration
interstitial fauna	animals that live in the spaces within sediment particles (interstitial spaces)
adsorbtion	adhesion of an extremely thin layer of molecules to the surface of a solid with which they are in contact, as when charcoal adsorbs gases
hump	the raised area behind the head in certain fish species, usually mature adults or breeding males
parturition	The expulsion of a baby from the mother; also called birth.
sensory transduction	The conversion of stimulus energy to a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor.
isohyetal line	a line drawn on a map or chart joining points that receive the same amount of precipitation
feedback systems	Control mechanisms whereby an increase or decrease in the level of a particular factor inhibits or stimulates the production, utilization, or release of that factor; important in the regulation of enzyme and hormone levels, ion concentrations, temperature, and many other factors.
admedial	near the medial plane
insulin	A hormone that promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen
thermohaline circulation	the density-driven convective circulation system of the world's oceans
node	a knob or swelling; a branching point on a dendrogram (phylogenetic tree); any single computer connected to a network; in a geographical information system (GIS), a node is the beginning, connecting and ending point of an arc
odds ratio	A measure of relative risk that is usually estimated from case-control studies.
spatial summation	A phenomenon of neural integration in which the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell is determined by the combined effect of EPSPs or IPSPs produced nearly simultaneously by different synapses.
electromagnetic radiation	energy that travels through space in the form of waves
overturned fold	A fold in rock layers where one limb is pushed past the perpendicular
obtuse	blunt or rounded at the end
chemical weathering	Breakdown of rock and minerals into small sized particles through chemical decomposition.
hanging valley	A secondary valley that enters a main valley at an elevation well above the main valley's floor
tropical storm	a tropical cyclone with maximum winds less than 34 m/sec (75 mile per hour)
labial	pertaining to the lips
whole-exome sequencing	Also referred to as targeted exome capture
stenotele	a stinging nematocyst which contains a spirally coiled thread armed with spiral rows of projections
infrared radiation	Form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0.7 and 100 micrometers (µm)
natural occurrence	the presence of a substance in nature, as distinct from presence resulting from inputs from human activities
scientific method	the approach taken by scientists to make observations of and theories about the world around them, and beyond
global warming	A term used to describe a warming event that raises Earth's average temperature and causes an associated climate change.
cell	The basic unit of any living organism that carries on the biochemical processes of life
atom	The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
olfaction	the sense of smell
reef mining	the large-scale removal of living reef corals and fossilized limestone from shallow reef environments for domestic use as building materials, lime production and aggregate
terminal bud	Embryonic tissue at the tip of a shoot, made up of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes.
striated	marked with lines or grooves
beaufort wind scale	Descriptive system that determines wind speed by noting the effect of the wind on the environment
screening	The process of testing for disease in a person who does not show signs of having the disease (nonsymptomatic person)
intermittent spawning	spawning at intervals
helophilous	having an affinity for marshes
valence	the chemical combining capacity of an element or ion; the number of electrons that are used by an atom to form a compound
standard code	See canonical code.
dag	Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) refers to a way of arranging objects based on their relationships and allows a child to have multiple parents.
rhizaria	Another name for the kingdom of eukaryotes known as Cercozoa.
myocardial infarction	Heart attack
morphology	Shape, form, external structure, or arrangement, especially as an object of study or classification
comet	A large mass of ice and dust that has an orbit around a star.
dbsnp	The Single Nucleotide Polymorphism database (dbSNP) is a public-domain archive for a broad collection of simple (short) genetic polymorphisms
soil water	The water found occupying the pore spaces between soil particles.
diffusion	the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
bleach	to make or become white or colorless by means of chemicals, by exposure to solar radiation, etc
contraindicated	Should not be used
ultraviolet-b	UV with wavelengths 280 - 315 nm
spit	a stretch of sand, attached to the land at one end, and extending out into the sea
short-day plant	A plant that flowers, usually in late summer, fall, or winter, only when the light period is shorter than a critical length.
balancing selection	Natural selection that maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population (balanced polymorphism) .
single-masked design	Typically, a study design in which the investigator, but not the subject, knows the identity of the treatment assignment
branch	Portion of an evolutionary tree diagram connecting two nodes.
allo -	a prefix meaning other, or differing from the normal or usual
alternative hypothesis	in statistics, the hypothesis that is adopted when the null hypothesis is rejected
plant hormone	Member of a group of small molecules that coordinate the responses of plant tissues to environmental signals.
poisonous	an organism that contains poison in its tissues that can be harmful if the organism is ingested
mesopelagic zone	a layer (zone) of the ocean which lies just below the epipelagic zone
protoplasm	the substance inside a living cell, once thought to be simple, but now known to be a complex network of biomolecules, microscopic structures and molecular machines; includes the cytoplasm and (in eukaryotes) the nucleus.
hydrophobic molecule	A nonpolar compound that does not form favorable binding interactions with water, and is insoluble in water.
plenary power	in taxonomy, power of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to suspend articles of the Code to settle particular cases
estimator	An estimator is any value calculated from the sample data For example, the sample mean is an estimator of the population mean.
intralesional	into the cancerous area in the skin.
cell	the basic unit of life; the smallest basic part of every living thing that can function by itself
megasclere	a large spicule in sponges
b	Barrier method
mitosis	nuclear division.
macrotidal	coastal ocean or waterway with a high mean tidal range e.g., greater than 4 meters
axial swimming	the predominant swimming mode of fishes
hitchhiking	The increase in a neutral allele that happens to be associated with a selectively favorable allele at another locus
additive genetic variance	The total variance, VA, contributed by the additive effects of each gene (in other words, the variance of breeding values)
sagittal	relating to the sagittal plane, which extends through the midline of a bilateral animal, dividing it into two equal halves
vacuoles	Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal - Contains water solution - Contractile vacuoles for water removal (in unicellular organisms)
neural plate	Thickened strip of ectoderm in early vertebrate embryos that forms along the dorsal side of the body and gives rise to the central nervous system.
biogenous	produced by living organisms
sedentary	not moving
selection coefficient	The difference between two fitness values, representing a relative measure of selection against an inferior genotype.
unconfined aquifer	Aquifer that is not restricted by impervious layers of rock.
open coast	an unenclosed and exposed coastal margin
barrier to entry	a condition that makes it difficult for competitors to enter the market; e.g
lower mantle	Layer of the Earth's interior extending from 670 to 2,900 kilometers below the surface crust
inert	refers to unmoving or unchanging
furcate	to divide into branches; to fork
syndrome	a set of signs occurring together; the sum of signs of any diseased state
learning	A behavioral change resulting from experience.
decompression chamber	a hyperbaric steel enclosure used to treat victims of decompression sickness (the "bends") in which the air pressure is first gradually increased and then gradually decreased
acid precipitation	Rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.6.
hastate	spear-shaped
developmental response	morphological and physiological characteristics an organism developed in response to prolonged exposure to environmental conditions
protoplast fusion	Technique involving the merger of two cell types into a single cell.
soft dorsal	a dorsal fin containing only soft rays, or the soft-rayed hind part of the dorsal fin, if both spines and soft rays are present (as in squirrelfish)
system	A more complex organization formed from a combination of components.
epipsammic	attached to, or moving through, sand particles
gynandromorph	An individual in which one part of the body is female and another part is male; a sex mosaic.
physical change	a change from one state to another, as when water changes from ice to its liquid state
jetsam	objects that have been thrown overboard in order to lighten a ship when it is in trouble
tergum	the back of an animal
consolidated rock	tightly bound geologic formation composed of sandstone, limestone, granite, or other rock
salting out	The decrease in protein solubility that occurs when salts such as ammonium sulfate are present at high concentrations.
correlogram	a graph illustrating the auto-correlations between members of a time series (vertical axis) for different separations in time (horizontal axis)
adient	tending toward or approaching a source of stimulation
performance test	Obtaining a phenotypic measure on an individual for the purpose of assessing its genetic merit.
polar stratospheric clouds	High altitude clouds found in the stratosphere where the temperature is less than -85° Celsius
double-blind	Neither the subject nor physician can know what is being given
quadrat	a square or rectangular sampling unit of known area (e.g.,1 m2) within which organisms are counted or measured
pore water	water between the grains of a sediment; also called interstitial water
protractile	capable of being protruded or thrust out
cycloid	having a smooth-edged margin
multimedia	the use of computers to present video, sound, graphics, and text
dalton	A unit of mass equivalent to the mass of a hydrogen atom (1.66 x 10-24 g)
pedal disc	a disc at the aboral end of the body trunk used for attachment
phylocode	a proposed alternative to the Linnaean system of biological classification
stable atmosphere	Condition in the atmosphere where isolated air parcels have a tendency to sink
apical	relating to or located at the tip (an apex), or opposite to the base
interchromosomal effect	In heterozygotes, the effect of an inversion on recombination rates on other chromosomes.
sucking disk	a disk-like structure used by some fishes to attach itself to rocks or vegetation
farctate	a filled or solid structure, as opposed to one that is tubular or hollow
bank	a broad elevation of the sea floor around which the water is relatively shallow but not a hazard to surface navigation
association constant	The measure of the degree of association of a complex
stoichiometry	the area of mathematics that is concerned with numerical relationships of chemical formulas and chemical equations; determines the molar ratios of reactants and products in an overall chemical reaction
phase-contrast microscopy	A type of microscopy in which variations in density or thickness between parts of the cell are converted to differences in contrast in the final image.
cation	An ion carrying a positive atomic charge.
recurrence interval	The average time period that separates natural events of a specific magnitude
trauma	injury
borer	an invertebrate that bores into wood, stone, coral, or another animal's shell
bottom trawl	a method of fishing in which a large bag-shaped net is dragged along the bottom, behind the vessel
pure tone	a sound which consists of one single frequency
haplotype	One of the alternative forms of the genotype of a gene complex
morphospecies	the traditional way to distinguish one species from another is to use differences in morphology which could involve size, shape, body part proportions, or color of external and/or internal body structures
basalt	a dark, fine-grained igneous rock composed of minerals rich in ferromagnesian silicates
coprophagous	pertains to feeding on fecal matter
campanulate	bell-shaped
metamorphic rock	rock that has been altered physically, chemically, and mineralogically in response to strong changes in temperature, pressure, shearing stress, or by chemical action of fluids
mosaic evolution	The evolution of different features of organisms at different rates.
anther	In an angiosperm, the tern nal pollen sac of a stamen, where pollen grains with male gametes form.
agulhas ring	large pulses of warm and salty water of Indian Ocean origin which enter the Atlantic Ocean directly south of the Cape of Good Hope in the form of anticyclonic eddies
elongation	During protein synthesis, the growth of the polypeptide chain through the addition of
colonized hardbottom	a substrate formed by the deposition of calcium carbonate by reef building and other organisms
gill net	a net primarily designed to catch fish by entanglement in a mesh that consists of a single sheet of webbing which hangs between cork line and lead line, and which is fished from the surface of the water
trolling	a fishing method where lures or baits attached to lines are towed behind a slowly moving boat
agricultural land	land managed for crops, pasture, or other agricultural use
receptor potential	An initial response of a receptor cell to a stimulus, consisting of a change in voltage across the receptor membrane proportional to the stimulus strength
allometric equation	the general form of the allometric equation is y = bxa where y = measure/process in question, x is size, a is the allometric exponent (which tells you the relationship between x & y), and b = a constant (the allometric coefficient)
esker	Long twisting ridges of sand and gravel found on the Earth's surface
ifrs	International Financial Reporting Standards; Future EU: wide standards produced by the IASB
laparotomy	A procedure where a small cut is made in the stomach area, so a physician can look at the organs
matrilateral	Used by anthropologists for relatives on the mother's side of the family
ribosomes	Structure made up of proteins and RNA that are the sites of protein production in the cell
mild hemophilia	A categorical term used to describe someone with a factor VIII or IX level ranging from 5% to 40% of normal blood levels of factor.
medicare	A US federal medical insurance program for senior citizens and the disabled.
chemostat	Device for maintaining a bacterial population in the exponential growth phase by controlling nutrient input and cell removal.
peripheral nervous system	Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a term referring to the nerves that lie outside of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
algorithm	A computer program (or set of programs) which is designed to systematically solve a certain kind of problem
helical axis	If you imagine the two strands of a double helix wrapped around a wire core, this wire would represent the helical axis.
morphometric character	a measurement of a body part, e.g., head length or eye diameter
hypolithic	living on lower surfaces of rocks
eon	The largest division of geologic time
environmental deviation	The difference E between the expected trait value of a given genotype and its actual value.
gazetteer	a dictionary or index of geographical names with locations
bracycardia	Slow heartbeat
hydrocarbon	An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.
catheter	A flexible tube inserted into the body to transport fluids into or out of the body.
bootstrap	A statistical method for measuring consistency in datasets in which new simulated datasets are generated by sampling with replacement
scrotal circumference	Simple maximal circumference measured around the central portion of the paired testes.
ultraviolet-a	UV with wavelengths 315 - 400 nm
molecular recombination	The physical cutting and joining of DNA molecules.
contaminant	an undesirable substance not normally present, or an usually high concentration of a naturally occurring substance in the environment; a substance in water that might adversely affect the health and welfare of the biota
central chord	the central part of the axis of an octocoral composed of gorgonin or gorgonin permeated with calcareous material
echo sounder	an instrument for determining the depth of water by measuring the time of travel of a sound-pulse from the surface of a body of water to the bottom and back
monitoring	the systematic collection of data over time
variance	A measure of the spread of a distribution about its average value.
pelycosaur	Any member of a group of Permian synapsid vertebrates
refractometer	an instrument for measuring radiation energy
nitrogen narcosis	a hazardous condition that scuba divers may experience at depths usually in excess of 80 ft (24.38 m)
surrogate	A person or animal that functions as a substitute for another
ripple	Stream bed deposit found streams
micrometer	an instrument for measuring very small distances
n	In the results of a BLAST search, the number of HSPs that are present in the set that was assigned the lowest P-value is reported in the "N" column.
neuston	planktonic organisms associated with the air-water interface
canal	a groove, tube, or duct
freefloat	Proportion of a company's listed shares that is freely available for trading
diaphanous	thin and translucent; semi-transparent
halite	Sedimentary rock created by the chemical precipitation of sodium and chlorine.
interaction variance	The variance in a quantitative trait, VI, caused by epistatic interactions between loci
anthocyathus	the disklike crown portion of solitary stony corals that separates from the stalk (anthocaulus)
neurophysiology	the branch of neuroscience that studies the physiology of the nervous system
sikes act	passed in 1960, and amended several times, the Sikes Act authorizes the Secretary of Defense to develop cooperative plans for conservation and rehabilitation programs on military reservations and to establish outdoor recreation facilities
aragonite saturation horizon	a natural boundary in the oceans below which organisms such as stony corals cannot maintain calcium carbonate structures
mixed strategy	Where individuals play two or more strategies at random.
disputed island	formerly or currently considered U.S
allometry	Change in proportions with body size
current	generally, a horizontal movement of water; a body of air, water, etc
nuclear magnetic resonance	N(Y)OO-klee-ur/ A technique used in analyzing the atomic composition of chemical compounds
solvent	the liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution
complete flower	A flower that has sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
radiation	energy that comes from a source and travels through some material or through space
covariance	Measure quantifying the degree to which two characteristics vary together.
variance	The mean squared deviation from the average:
radial velocity	component of motion toward or away from a given location
remote sensor	Mechanical devices used to remotely sense an object or phenomenon.
dimeric	/die-MARE-ick/ adj
name	1
rebar	short for reinforcing bar
eukaryote	Organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and many specialized structures located within their cell boundary
neoteny	Reproduction by juveniles
pangaea	The supercontinent formed near the end of the Paleozoic era when plate movements brought all the landmasses of Earth together.
phenetic classification	classification based on degree of overall similarity
commissure	a juncture or seam; the juncture where two sides of a nervous system are joined
stem	The aboveground part of the axis of vascular plants, as well as anatomically similar portions below ground (such as rhizomes).
due diligence	the process by research is conducted to determine the value of an investment, licensing agreement, merger, or other similar activity.
macroevolution	Evolutionary change above the species level, including the appearance of major evolutionary developments, such as flight, that we use to define higher taxa.
bottlebrush branching	describes a branch with compact radial sub-branches
calamite	Any member of the lineage of giant horsetails, which belonged to the Sphenopsida, a group that also includes smaller plants
tropical rainforest	A terrestrial biome characterized by high levels of precipitation and warm temperatures year-round.
kilocalorie	A thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.
retro-	backwards
association analysis	A genetic variant is genotyped in a population for which phenotypic information is available (such as disease occurrence, or a range of different trait values)
isobath	a line on a map or chart that connects all points having the same depth below a water surface
ecomorph	a local population or group whose appearance is determined by ecological factors
unstable atmosphere	Condition in the atmosphere where isolated air parcels have a tendency to rise
rfu	Relative fluorescence units; a unit of fluorescence intensity measured by a real-time PCR detection system.
cod end	the terminal, closed end of a trawl net
stratosphere	Atmospheric layer found at an average altitude of 11 to 50 kilometers above the Earth's surface
conidium pl. conidia	A naked, asexual spore produced at the ends of hyphae in ascomycetes.
biomass	The mass of material produced by living micoorganisms, plants, or animals.
mean	a statistical measure of central tendency
monaxon	a linear spicule in sponges; a single rod or ray with a pointed, hooked, or knobbed end
transformation	The introduction of a fragment of DNA into a genome
quaternary period	the second period of the Cenozoic era containing the Pleistocene epoch and the Holocene epoch, and dating from 1.8 million years to the present
hematologist	A physician who specializes in blood disorders.
range	the range of a set of numbers is the largest value in the set minus the smallest value in the set
superorganism	an "organism" which consists of many organisms, such as coral or the Portuguese man-of-war (a superorganism appears to be one organism, but in fact is a number of colonial animals joined together); a social unit of animals where division of labor is highly specialized and where individuals are not able to survive by themselves for extended periods of time
colloid	A substance that contains components in different phases (e.g., minute solid particles within a liquid).
quadrat	a sampling unit used to measure the number of individuals within a specific area.
riverine environment	an environment created along permanent and semi-permanent streams because of the increase in soil moisture
frequency	the number of items occurring in a given category
gallium scan	The patient is injected with radioactive gallium and scanned with a detection machine 2-5 days later. The gallium moves towards sources of inflammation/infection. Detailed information.
lymphomas	A group of diseases of unknown cause, characterized by painless, progressive enlargement of the lymphoid tissue.
bank/shelf	deepwater area extending offshore from the seaward edge of the fore reef to the beginning of the escarpment where the insular shelf drops off to the deep, oceanic water
class interval	one of the ranges into which data in a frequency distribution table (or histogram) are binned
coulter counter	an instrument that measures particle size distribution from the change in electrical conductivity as particles flow through a small opening
law of stream lengths	Morphometric relationship observed in the cumulative size of stream segment lengths in stream channel branching
formal metadata	metadata that follows an FGDC approved standard
frequency distribution	a graphical, tabular, or mathematical representation of the manner in which the frequencies of a continuous or discrete random variable are distributed over the range of its possible value
expedited review	Review of proposed research by the IRB chair or a designated voting member or group of voting members rather than by the entire IRB
satellite	a small celestial body orbiting a larger one; a man-made object designed to orbit a celestial body; a subviral particle composed of a nucleic acid
resolution	The ability of a microscope to distinguish objects separated by small distances.
cyano-	a prefix denoting blue or dark blue
retronym	a word or phrase created because an existing term that was once used alone needs to be distinguished from a term referring to a new development; a modification of an existing word occasioned by a discovery or a new concept; as Atlantic herring in contrast to Pacific herring, acoustic guitar in contrast to electric guitar or analog watch in contrast to digital watch
chi-square distribution	The distribution of the sum of squares of a number n of normally distributed variables; written as .
aldehyde	an organic molecule containing a -COH group
overthrust fault	Fault produced by the fracturing of rock in a fold because of intense compression.
kingdom	in taxonomy, the highest ranked category in the taxonomic hierarchy
irb	Institutional Review Board, the institutional committee charged with reviewing research proposals to ensure that important rights and protections are afforded to persons participating in research.
translocation	(1) An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome
gait dysfunction	See postural instability
unilineal relationship	Collaterals are unilineally related when they are only connected through a single parent of one or both of them
intersexual	involving both sexes, male and female
exosphere	The outermost zone in the Earth's atmosphere
at	see ataxia telangiectasia.
nondegradable pollutant	a polluting substance that is not broken down by natural processes
front	a boundary or transition zone between two air or water masses of different properties
atrous	jet black color
red algae	red algae belong to the Division Rhodophycota
dot grid	a technique used to analyze a photograph of a quadrat (photo-quadrat), in which a grid of random dots is placed over an image of the photo-quadrat
dredge	a metal collar with an attached collecting bag that is dragged along the bottom to obtain samples of rock, sediment, or benthic organisms
sex chromosomes	The pair of chromosomes responsible for determining the sex of an individual.
distance matrix	A table showing the evolutionary distance between sets of operational taxonomic units (e.g., species or genes).
mortality rate	Proportion of individuals that die in a specific age class
chromosome	The DNA in a cell is divided into structures called chromosomes
countercurrent exchange	The opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss.
macroinvertebrate	an invertebrate having a body length greater than 2 mm
flux	the rate of flow of energy or particles across a given surface
verhulst's law	although individuals may benefit from the presence of conspecifics, population growth cannot go on forever without negative consequences. Eventually, an upper boundary is reached beyond which population density cannot increase
gmp	Good Manufacturing Practice defines quality standards set by the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) for the production of materials used in the clinical setting.
pinocytosis	A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.
geostationary orbit	Satellite that has an orbit that keeps it over the same point on the Earth at all times
biotic potential	Maximum rate that a population of a given species can increase in size (number of individuals) when there are no limits on growth rate.
manzamine a	a marine pharmaceutical, extracted from the marine sponge Xestospongia ashmorica, possessing anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antifungal, and anti-HIV-1 activity
recombineering	A term coined by Don Court to describe a method for vector construction based on homologous recombination in E
tidal range	the difference in water level between successive high and low tides
parallel computing	A computer programming model for distributing data processing across multiple processors, so that multiple tasks can be carried out simultaneously.
seine	a fish net that hangs vertically, with floats at the top and weights at the bottom
silcretes	Sedimentary rock created by the chemical precipitation of silica.
anode	The positive electrode of an electrophoretic system toward which anions migrate.
volcano	An elevated area of land created from the release of lava and ejection of ash and rock fragments from and volcanic vent.
total column ozone	A measurement of ozone concentration in the atmosphere.
basal ganglia	A region deep within the brain consisting of large clusters of neurons responsible for voluntary movements such as walking and movement coordination
gill raker	one of a series of knob- or comb-like projections on the front edge of the gill arch
allozyme	One of several variant forms of an enzyme coded by alternative alleles at a single genetic locus.
glacial uplift	Upward movement of the Earth's crust following isostatic depression from the weight of the continental glaciers.
ve	See environmental variance.
stereogastrula	a solid gastrula, lacking a gastrocoel
mitigation plan	a proposal to reduce or alleviate potentially harmful impacts
tubicolous	inhabiting a tube or tubular structure; tube dwelling, such as some marine polychaete worms
seepage lake	A lake that gets its water primarily from the seepage of groundwater.
degree heating week accumulation	accumulated thermal stress that coral reefs experience over a typical 12-week period
hybrid underwater vehicle	an underwater vehicle designed to help marine scientists with many research needs using a single tool which can operate as an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) or as a tethered remotely operated vehicle (ROV) during a research cruise, depending on mission needs
multivariate community analyses	statistical methods for analyzing physical and biological community data using multiple variables
c horizon	Soil horizon normally found below the B horizon and above the R horizon
porphyrin	A complex planar structure containing four substituted pyrroles covalently joined in a ring and frequently containing a central metal atom
u	Uptake
nonlinear equation	An equation that is not linear.
plankton	Mostly microscopic organisms that drift passively or swim weakly near the surface of oceans, ponds, and lakes.
heterotypic school	a well-defined group or school of several kinds of fishes
erosion	The removal of weathered sediment or rocks by the forces of wind, water, and ice.
papilliform	slender, elongate and pointed
coefficient of relationship	Denotes the proportion of genes that are held in common by two individuals as a result of direct or Collateral relationship.
unorganized territory	an unincorporated United States insular area for which the United States Congress has not enacted an organic act
genetic correlation	A correlation between the breeding values for different traits
cbc	Complete blood count - see Blood Count.
allelomimetic behavior	behavioral activities that have strong components of social facilitation, imitation, and group coordination; imitation of behavioral habits of another animal, usually of the same species; behavior in social animals in which each animal does the same thing as those nearby
mermaid's purse	an egg case of a shark or ray, usually oblong in shape with horns or tendrils
discoid	/DISK-oid/ adj
fungus	One of the achlorophyllous thallophytes whose somatic structures are usually filamentous and branched
lagoon	a warm, shallow, quiet waterway separated from the open sea by a reef crest
dhap	Dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
gene dosage	The number of times a gene occurs within a genome.
allele	One of two or more forms of a gene. Different alleles can result in different phenotypic traits.
biocoenose	an assemblage of diverse organisms inhabiting a common biotope
probability distribution	A distribution that specifies the chance of every possible outcome; it may be discrete or continuous.
macrosmatic	pertains to animals with a well developed olfactory (smell) sense
ergo	therefore; hence
acid	a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
precambrian	All geologic time prior to the Cambrian Period.
submerged cultural resource	an historical ship, aircraft, or other cultural artifact that has come to rest on the ocean bottom
impact	a change, caused by external sources, in the chemical, physical (including habitat) or biological quality or condition of a habitat or environment
diapause	a state of arrested development or growth, accompanied by greatly decreased metabolism
kyoto protocol	an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
query form	As used in ZFIN, a Query Form is a web page allowing users to retrieve information from the ZFIN database.
eutrophication	The dying off of organisms in a lake or pond due to an overabundance of algae which consume all of the dissolved oxygen in the water
disulfide bond	a chemical bond between the sulfur atoms of two different amino acids in a protein
electromagnetic spectrum	The entire spectrum of radiation ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer.
trophic	related to or functioning in nutrition
mesoscale convective complex	A cluster of thunderstorms covering an area of 100,000 kilometers or more
floodplain	Relatively flat area found alongside the stream channel that is prone to flooding and receives alluvium deposits from these inundation events.
mutation rate	Characteristic rate for which one allele mutates to an alternate form.
fluorescence	Light of a specific range of wavelengths that is emitted from a molecule previously excited by energy of a different range of wavelengths
protocol	The formal design or plan of an experiment or research activity; specifically, the plan submitted to an IRB for review and to an agency for research support
home range	the area over which an animal normally travels in its daily activities
transcribed	to make
cell	A cell is the basic unit of life in all organisms which can reproduce itself
cold desert	Desert found in the high latitudes and at high altitudes where precipitation is low
lowland	a general term for low-lying land or an extensive region of relatively low relief; usually applied to coastal regions that do not rise high above sea level
rheotaxis	orientation to water currents
anemometer	an instrument for measuring wind velocity
xiphoid	sword-shaped; also called "xiphiform"
sensor	a device that receives electromagnetic radiation and converts it into a signal that can be recorded and displayed as numerical data or as an image
vernal equinox	One of two days during the year when the declination of the Sun is at the equator
protista	Group, at the kingdom level, in the classification of life
exif format	EXIF stands for Exchangeable Image File Format, and is a standard for storing interchange information in image files, especially those using JPEG compression
heterogametic sex	The sex that has differently shaped sex chromosomes
mineralization	Decomposition of organic matter into its inorganic elemental components.
avicularium	a small bryozoan heterozooid in which the zooecium and operculum form a beak-like, snapping structure that deters small predators
sponges	Common name for members of the phylum Porifera, which are thought to be the earliest branching lineage of animals
visualization tool	a method of visually displaying data, such as a visualization theater, computer display, and map and chart
colloidal gold	Fine particles of gold (on the order of 5-20 nm diameter) that can be coupled to antibodies or other proteins, allowing the detection of the binding of the labeled proteins by electron microscopy.
median	The middle value in a set of numbers ordered in value from smallest to largest
outcrop	an exposure of bedrock that can be seen on the surface, i.e., that is not covered by soil or water
interstitial fluid	Extracellular fluid.
intensity	pertaining to sound, the average amount of sound power (sound energy per unit time) which is transmitted through a unit area in a specified direction
underdominance	Describes heterozygotes that have lower trait values (usually lower fitness) than either homozygote.
flower	The reproductive structure of an angiosperm.
nanometer	a unit of length equal to 0.001 microns (one thousandth of a micron), 0.000001 millimeters, or 0.000000001 meters; also called a millimicron
neuron	a nerve cell; a specialized cell that can react to stimuli and transmit impulses
incomplete flower	A flower lacking sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels.
trauma	Injury; wound
aureate	golden yellow in color
florida current	the segment of current between the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current and the Gulf Stream, from the Dry Tortugas to the southeastern tip of Florida, and confined by the 250 meter and 500 meter isobaths
parameters	Quantities such as selection coefficients or recombination rates that determine the behavior of a model but do not evolve with it
artesian water	groundwater confined in an aquifer and under pressure great enough to cause the water to rise above the top of the aquifer when it is tapped by a well
bioerosion	erosion of the physical/geological environment by organism activities such as boring, scraping, etching, etc.
barchan dune	Crescent shaped sand dune that has its long axis transverse to the wind and its crescent tips pointed downwind.
taphonomy	the study of everything that happens to an organism's body after it dies; includes probable cause and manner of death, movement of the body, chemical and physical alteration, burial, decomposition, diagenesis and fossilization
dilation	Expansion or stretching
emulsion	a suspension of small globules of one liquid in a second liquid with which the first will not mix
amplification	an increase in the number of copies of a specific DNA fragment.
crater	Circular depression in the ground surface created by volcanic activity or asteroid impact.
deciduous teeth	The first set of teeth, which are replaced during growth by permanent teeth.
random primed synthesis	a method for producing radioactive copies of a DNA clone
patrilateral	The paternal or father's side of the family
pathogenicity	the quality of producing or having the ability to produce pathologic changes or disease
structured coalescent	An extension to the coalescent process in which lineages move from place to place as they trace backward in time while they coalesce.
uvelloid	resembling a small cluster of grapes
durable power of attorney	The legal designation of a person responsible for managing another person's affairs if he/she becomes unable to do so
echiura	an animal phylum that contains the echiurans or spoonworms
science fiction	When people dream or write about what could be in the world of science, they call it science fiction
senescence	the aging process in mature individuals; the period near the end of an organism's life cycle
antibody	A protein, produced in response to a foreign substance in the immune system.
river	A long narrow channel of water that flows as a function of gravity and elevation across the Earth's surface
gene	Originally defined as the physical unit of heredity but the meaning has changed with increasing knowledge
deductive reasoning	an inference in which the conclusion about particulars follows necessarily from general theory
watershed	an area of land that drains downslope to the lowest point
intellectual property	intangible assets such as patents, trade secrets, trade names, etc.
tautomer	One of a set of possible alternative structures.
true north	Direction of the North Pole from an observer on the Earth.
depth contour	a line on a nautical chart connecting points of equal depth
pisciform	fish-shaped
asymmetric carbon	A carbon atom covalently bonded to four different atoms or groups of atoms.
dna typing	The analysis of sections of DNA for purposes of identification.
centimorgan	A measure of the frequency of genetic recombination
ccc	An abbreviation for "circular, covalently closed" DNA molecules.
false-discovery rate	The expected proportion of rejected null hypotheses that are false positives
transformation	Process by which genes are transferred from one bacterial strain to another in the form of soluble fragments of DNA.
clinical trials	Organized medical studies that test the effectiveness of various treatments, such as drugs or surgery, in human beings.
locus	A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located.
grade	The speed at which a type of Non-Hodgkin's develops
photometry	the quantitative measurement of visible radiation, primarily intensity (brightness), from light sources
bedrock	Rock at or near (beneath soil and regolith) the Earth's surface that is solid and relatively unweathered.
nucleus	the cell structure that houses the chromosomes.
hla	see Human Leukocyte Antigen
earth albedo	Is the reflectivity of the Earth's atmosphere and surface combined
sun	Luminous star around which the Earth and other planets revolve around
pruritus	Itching
national monument	a protected area of the United States that is similar to a U.S
lappet	a sensory structure in some jellyfish (Scyphozoa), associated with a rhopalium, which responds to touch (pressure); a fleshy lobe
vertigo	Dizziness; light-headedness
prisoner’s dilemma	A game in which both players have a lower fitness when they play the ESS than when they both play the alternative.
brood pouch	a sac-like cavity in the parent's body in which eggs are deposited and fertilized and larvae develop, such as in seahorses; marsupium; brood chamber
consequences	Result or effects
notopodium	a lobe of the parapodium closer to the dorsal side in polychaete worms
social darwinism	The idea that, by analogy with natural selection, societies evolve through competition between individuals or groups.
threatened species	A species that is considered likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future.
central limit theorem	A theorem that states that the sum of a large number of independent variables tends toward a normal distribution.
buoy	a floating platform for navigational purposes or supporting scientific instruments that measure environmental conditions
nhgri	National Human Genome Research Institute.
algorithm	A series of steps defining a procedure or formula for solving a problem, that can be coded into a programming language and executed
microscope	An instrument consisting essentially of a tube 160 mm long, with an objective lens at the distant end and an eyepiece at the near end
black body	Is a body that emits electromagnetic radiation, at any temperature, at the maximum possible rate per unit surface area
o	Obviate
suspended load	Portion of the stream load that is carried almost permanently suspended in flowing water.
metanephridium	In annelid worms, a type of excretory tubule with internal openings called nephrostomes that collect body fluids and external openings called nephridiopores.
photon	A quantum, or discrete amount, of light energy.
restriction point	A regulatory point in animal cell cycles that occurs late in G1
growth inhibitor	Any substance inhibiting the growth of an organism
clinical trials	Research studies that involve patients
mirna	a category of novel, very short, non-coding RNAs, generated by the cleavage of larger precursors (pri-miRNA)
colonial	Condition in which many unicellular organisms live together in a somewhat coordinated group
versus	against; in contrast to
radioisotope dating	See radiometric dating.
membrane potential	The charge difference between the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid in all cells, due to the differential distribution of ions
biological navigation	the ability of certain animals to navigate by instinct to specific sites
minimal risk	When the probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the proposed research is not greater (in and of themselves) than those ordinarily encountered in daily life
gradient	In a thermal cycler, a controlled, incremental temperature differential across a reaction block.
elicitor	A molecule that induces a broad type of host defense response.
dolichol	n
epidural	A type of local anesthesia to decrease or eliminate pain
dendrite	a sensory branch of a neuron that carries a nervous inpulse to the cell body
wastewater	water that is a mixture of water and dissolved or suspended solids carrying wastes from homes, businesses and industries
noncompetitive inhibitor	An inhibitor of enzyme activity whose effect is not reversed by increasing the concentration of substrate molecule.
replicative dna transposon	A DNA-based transposable element that moves itself to a new place in the genome and also leaves a copy in the original location.
plication	a fold
eccentricity	Geometric shape of the Earth's orbit
taeniform	ribbon-like; elongate, compressed and deep-bodied
chemical bond	An attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms
ferruginous	rust color
chromosome	A structure that carries the heriditary information for an organism and consists of a long DNA molecule with associated proteins.
outrigger	a floatation device attached to one or both sides of the hull of a boat to help prevent a capsize
preclinical trial	Refers to the testing of experimental drugs in the test tube or in animals - the testing that occurs before trials in humans may be carried out.
relief	the difference in elevation between the high and low points of a land surface; changes in terrain; elevations or depressions in the land
snout	the portion of the head that is just anterior to the eyes
electromagnetic spectrum	The entire spectrum of radiation; ranges in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer.
ftp	File Transfer Protocol
desiccated	/DEH-sick-kate-əd/ adj
hydrophobic	refers to molecules that do not interact with water and are not soluble in water
cancroid	resembling a crab
tawny	brownish yellow color
hawser	a large rope for mooring or towing a ship
calice relief	the height of a corallite or corallite series
evagination	protrusion of some part or organ from its normal position; the act of turning inside out; an outgrowth or protruded part
directional selection	a type of natural selection that removes individuals from one end of a phenotypic distribution and thus causes a shift in the distribution
gamma ray	an electromagnetic wave or photon emitted from the nucleus
tabula	a horizontal partition (or floor) dividing the corallite skeleton; one in a series of horizontal plates traversing a coral with a massive calcareous skeleton
smooth	describes a surface without projections; glabrous
sonograph	a hard copy display of sound data generated either in real time or from recorded data
midpoint rooting	A method of rooting a phylogenetic tree in which the root is placed at the center of a branch connecting the pair of operational taxonomic units that are most distant from each other.
edema	Increased fluid in the tissues; swelling; puffiness
similarity	1
gene amplification	The selective production of multiple gene copies without a proportional increase in others.
spatial index	the ratio of reef surface contour to linear distance
base	A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
visible light	That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm.
austral	relating to or coming from the south; of the south temperate region, between the antarctic and tropical regions
open sea	that part of the ocean that extends outward from the continental shelf
caruncle	see: canthus.
circumpolar	Surrounding a terrestrial pole
fishery management council	a regional, quasi-governmental group with authority to manage fisheries in federal waters, generally from three to 200 miles offshore
ep	See early pressure.
mjo	a major perturbation of tropical convection which moves and completes a global circuit every 30 to 60 days
phylogenetic anchor	The use of the phylogeny of a gene to infer the organismal source of a small piece of DNA
idl	a commercial array-oriented language with numerical analysis and display features, first released in 1977
tidal delta	a delta formed at both sides of a tidal inlet
geochemistry	the study of the chemical elements, their isotopes, and related processes with respect to the abundance and distribution of materials within the Earth's waters, crust, and atmosphere
periodic table	Table that describes some of the chemical properties of the known elements.
lineage	a genetically continuous line of evolutionary descent
synoptic scale	Scale of geographic coverage used on daily weather maps to describe large scale atmospheric phenomenon (for example, mid-latitude cyclone, air masses, fronts, and hurricanes).
signal saturation	Signal saturation is an optical effect that occurs when some pixel values for highly expressed genes or proteins exceed the upper detection threshold of the scanner software (216 – 1 = 65, 535 for 16-bit images).
organ-pipe coral	the organ-pipe coral, Tubipora musica, is a reef-building (hermatypic) octocoral
reef front	a synonym of reef slope
polycarpic	refers to plants that have repeated periods of reproduction; iteroparous
perisarc	the chitinous outer coat of common tissue connecting individuals in some colonial hydrozoans
proxy data	Data that measures the cause and effect relationship between two variables indirectly.
coulombmeter	an instrument for measuring electric charge
lunate	crescent-shaped
knob	a circular, rounded projection or protuberance that sticks out from a surface; a projecting structure on the reef margin or reef front wherein the upper surface flares outward, giving the surface a greater diameter then the basal section
nonredundant database	A database in which redundant entries have been noted and merged.
via	By
bicornate	having two horns or horn-shaped structures
vertical classification	classification which stresses common descent and tends to unite ancestral and descendant groups of a phyletic line in a single higher taxon, separating them from contemporaneous taxa having reached a similar grade of evolutionary change
tide gauge	a device for measuring the height (rise and fall) of the tide; especially an instrument for automatically making a continuous graphic record of tide height versus time
neuron	A nerve cell that receives and conducts electrical impulses from the brain.
centimorgan	A distance on the genetic map that corresponds to a 1% recombination rate
platform	Horizontal sedimentary deposits found on top of continental shield deposits.
morgan	see: centimorgan.
resonator	a structure that fills with sound and acts as a natural amplifier
vermilion	bright red color
abient	avoiding or turning away from a source of stimulation
collinear	lying on the same line
compensation	Payment or medical care provided to subjects injured in research
ultrasonic	sound waves that have frequencies higher than what humans can hear, usually greater than 20,000 Hz
specific heat	Is the heat capacity of a unit mass of a substance or heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram (g) of a substance 1 degree Celsius.
integrated ecosystem assessment	a critical tool to enable NOAA's ecosystem approach to management
radarsat	Satellite program established by the Canadian Space Agency for the purpose of remotely sensing the Earth's resources
dehiscence	The opening of an anther, fruit, or other structure to permit the escape of reproductive bodies.
scientific advisory board	a group of esteemed scientists and business professionals, independent from management that provides objective feedback and guidance on a company's progress and goals.
ocean.us	Ocean.US, the National Office for Integrated and Sustained Ocean Observations, was established by the Congressionally-created National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP)
lake	A body standing water found on the Earth's continental land masses
elastic	capable of returning to an initial form or shape after deformation; resilient
egg case	the leathery case which contains the developing embryo in hagfishes, sharks, rays, skates and chimaeras; also called a "mermaid's purse"
vas deferens	a duct that carries spermatozoa away from a testis
photogrammetry	The science of using aerial photographs and other remote sensing imagery to obtain measurements of natural and human-made features on the Earth.
semipermeable membrane	a thin membranous barrier that permits passage of particles up to a certain size or of a special nature; also referred to as a 'differentially permeable membrane'
race	a distinguishable group of organisms of a particular species that is geographically, ecologically, physiologically, physically, and/or genetically distinct from other members of the species
easting	First measurement of a grid reference used to specific the location of a point on a rectangular coordinate system
cdna	complementary DNA to a particular RNA fragment.
parent	1
ocean trench	Deep depression found at the edge of the ocean floor
interphase	the period of cell growth between divisions.
hereditary	The transfer of a gene from parent to child
dip	One of the directional properties of a geologic structure such as a fold or a fault
dendrite	A branching process of a neuron that transmits impulses to the body of the neuron.
bulbous	a rounded or swollen shape
back reef	the shoreward side of a reef, including the area and sediments between the reefcrest/algal ridge and the land
holocene epoch	an epoch of the Quaternary period dating from the end of the Pleistocene approximately 8,000 years ago until the present
risk	Used as a term for a danger that arises unpredictably, such as being struck by a car.
arthropathy	joint disease
sulfate aerosol	Type of solid compound commonly found in the atmosphere
sickle cell anemia	an hereditary, chronic form of hemolytic anemia characterized by breakdown of the red blood cells; red blood cells undergo a reversible alteration in shape when the oxygen tension of the plasma falls slightly and a sickle-like shape forms.
least squares	a statistical criterion for the estimation of the goodness of fit in correlation analysis
precautionary approach	measures intended to reduce risk to a biological resource and its environment
doc	a measure of the organic compounds that are dissolved in water
in situ data	measurements made at the actual location of the object or material measured, in contrast to remote sensing
classification	a system of nested hierarchical categories used to efficiently store information about biological diversity
archaebacteria	an ancient group of prokaryotes, over 3.5 billion years old; sometimes this group is placed into a separate kingdom, the Archaea
geothermal vent	a submerged feature consisting of a vent of hot, mineral-rich waters on the ocean floor; geothermal vents are generally located on or near spreading oceanic ridges or on the continental margins of subduction trenches
mhc	Abbreviation of major histocompatibility complex.
incidence	Number of times something happens
allozymes	Enzymes differing in electrophoretic mobility as a result of allelic differences at a single gene (cf
effort	the amount of time and fishing power used to harvest fish
authority	in taxonomy, the name of the author of a taxonomic name, cited after the name
diffused solar radiation	Solar radiation received by the Earth's atmosphere or surface that has been modified by atmospheric scattering.
fluid	Substance, gas or liquid, that has the property of flow.
nomograph	A graph that allows a third variable to be measured when the values of two related variables are known.
cryptogenic	of obscure or unknown origin
parathyroid gland	Any o{ {our smarr encfocrine glands, embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland, that secrete parathyroid hormone
target joint	A particular joint that has experienced repeated bleeds or at least four bleeds into one joint within a six month period.
longshore transport	The transport of sediment in water parallel to a shoreline.
lyon hypothesis	see sex chromatin.
la niña	a phenomenon characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the eastern Equatorial Pacific, compared to El Niño, which is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the eastern Equatorial Pacific
postzygotic isolation	Reproductive isolation that acts after production of a hybrid zygote through hybrid inviability or sterility.
turbulent flow	Movement of water within a stream that occurs as discrete eddies and vortices
pedigree	a diagram representing family relationships of individuals.
dysequilibrium	Unsteadiness or balance problems
nuclear energy	Energy released when the nucleus of an atom experiences a nuclear reaction like the spontaneous emission of radioactivity, nuclear fission, or nuclear fusion.
neuroscience	the scientific disciplines concerned with the development, structure, function, chemistry, pharmacology, clinical assessments and pathology of the nervous system
branchial cleft	a gill slit, such as is found in sharks, skates, and rays
fisherman	a person, male or female, who harvests fishes or shellfish
cycad	Any member of a group of seed plants with somewhat cone- or leaf-like reproductive organs and leaves that superficially resemble those of some palms
fringing reef	a shelf reef that grows close to shore
microfilament	A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction.
skerry	a low-lying rocky island or reef, often without terrestrial vegetation, and frequently swept by waves
sill reef	a synonym of ribbon reef
stamen	The part of the flower producing pollen, composed of an anther and filament.
d	Data Cleaning
stipule	One of a pair of appendages at the base of the leaf stalk.
long line fishing	a commercial fishing method which uses hundreds to thousands of baited hooks hanging from a single line, which may be kilometers in length
bird	Group of warm blooded vertebrate animals whose body is covered with feathers.
ochre	yellowish or yellow-brown color
circumesophageal commissure	the major commissure (junction) of the nervous system of many invertebrates to which are connected anteriorly and posteriorly directed nerves and nerve chords
indigenous	native to a particular country or area
frictional drag	the molecular (viscous) retarding force on an object, such as air, as it moves across the earth's surface
inbred	Produced by mating between relatives.
pluripotent	Capable of developing into a considerable range of different cell types
weather	temperature, precipitation, and wind speed and direction that occur on a daily basis
gene complex	A number of apparently functionally or evolutionarily related loci that are genetically closely linked
seston	minute particulate material moving in water that is composed of both living organisms, such as plankton, and non-living matter such as plant debris and suspended soil particles
coastal waterway	a body of water situated on or near a coast, with some association with the ocean
gracile	Graceful, slender, and delicate
dextrorotatory	/decks-troh-ROTE-tə-tore-ee/ adj
holocene epoch	Period of time from about 10,000 years ago to today
blood-brain barrier	A specialized capillary arrangement in the brain that restricts the passage of most substances into the brain, thereby preventing dramatic fluctuations in the brain's environment.
genetic background	The set of genes with which a gene of interest is associated
ocean acidification	the decrease in the ocean's pH and the resulting increase in acidity as the oceans absorb carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by human activities
mya	an acronym for "million years ago"
dominant lethal	See lethal.
multifactorial disease	Polygenic disease, i.e
zoanthina	an oval larval form of Zoanthidea with a girdle of long cilia near the oral pole
darwin point	the latitude at which reef growth just equals reef destruction by various physical forces
tissue	a group of interconnected cells forming a structure or performing a particular function in a multicellular organism.
hydrogen bond	a relatively weak chemical bond consisting of a hydrogen atom between two electronegative atoms (e.g., oxygen or nitrogen), with one side being a covalent bond and the other being an ionic bond
pixel	abbreviation of picture element
transmissometer	an instrument for measuring transmission of light through a fluid
fluorescence	the emission of light from a substance caused by exposure to radiation from an external source
oligopotency	A degree of differentiation that is less than multipotent and describes progenitor cells capable of forming a small set of differentiated cell types.
thermal high	Area of high pressure in the atmosphere caused by the area having warmer temperatures relative to the air around it.
erosion	the wearing away of the land surface naturally by wind or water, but is often intensified by human's land-clearing practices
polypoid	polyp-shaped
cation	An ion with a positive charge.
elevator pitch	a short, typically less than two-minute, summary used to quickly describe a business to investors
hydrocaulus	the main stem of a colonial hydrozoan which consists of a cylindrical tube of living tissue (coenosarc) covered by a thin outer membrane (perisarc)
bond energy	The quantity of energy that must be absorbed to break a particular kind of chemical bond; equal to the quantity of energy the bond releases when it forms.
ontology	The creation of a systematically ordered data structure that enhances exchange of information between computers and scientists
halo	in animal coloration, a circle of color around a spot of another color
cytoskeleton	The filamentous skeleton, formed in the eukaryotic cytoplasm, that is largely responsible for controlling cell shape.
dysmorphology	Comes from the Greek DYS - meaning abnormal, disease, faulty, impaired and MORPHOLOGY - meaning structure or form
antagonistic pleiotropy	The case in which a single loci has multiple effects, some advantageous and some deleterious; for example, when a gene causes higher fitness early in life, but decreased fitness at older ages.
epipelic	living on or in fine sediments, such as mud or sand
falculate	a shape that is curved and sharp-pointed, like a claw
aciculate	needle-like or having needle-like parts
all-or-none law	an action that occurs either completely or not at all, such as the generation of an action potential by a neuron, or the contraction of a muscle cell
gene therapy	Treatment that consists of introducing into a patient a normal copy of one or more defective genes
just-so stories	Untestable explanations for adaptations.
nitrogen	NĪ-trə-jen/ Chemical element; atomic number 7, atomic mass 14.00674; colorless, odorless, tasteless; makes up 78% of earth's atmosphere by volume
strike-slip fault	Fault that primarily displays horizontal displacement.
idiosyncrasy	specific (and usually unexplained) reaction of an individual to e.g
decompression dive	any dive where the scuba diver is exposed to a higher pressure than when the dive began
dendrogram	A phylogenetic tree in which the branch lengths are constrained to all be equidistant from the root; also known as an ultrameric tree.
waterspout	A vortex of rapidly moving air over water that is associated with some thunderstorms.
marine snow	dense concentrations of particulate organic detritus and living organisms whose downward drift appears similar to a snowfall
standard atmospheric pressure	A pressure of 101.32 kilopascals or 1013.2 millibars.
spinate	spine-like or composed of spines
shape file	a set of files that contain a set of points, arcs, or polygons (or features) that hold tabular data and a spatial location
belau	traditional (native) name for Palau (Republic of Palau)
mass spectrometer	An instrument that determines the exact mass of charged particles or ions by measuring the flight path through a set of magnetic and electric fields
position-specific weight matrix	(PWM)
dalton's law	the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures that would be exerted by each of the gases if it alone were present and occupied the total volume
radii	inconspicuous septal elements which connect septa with the columella
ion-exchange resin	A polymeric resinous substance, usually in bead form, that contains fixed groups with positive or negative charge
chromomere	One of the serially aligned beads or granules of a eukaryotic chromosome, resulting from local coiling of a continuous DNA thread.
hydrolysis	A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water.
dry weight	the moisture-free weight of a biological sample obtained by drying at high (oven-drying) or low (freeze-drying) temperatures for an time sufficient to remove all water
signature sound	a unique sound that is associated with a specific sound source
excitotoxicity	Overstimulation of nerve cells by nerve impulses
entropy	A quantitative measure of disorder
photosynthesis	The process by which cells harness energy from sunlight and synthesize glucose from CO2 and water.
necromass	the weight of dead organisms, usually expressed per volume of water or per unit of land surface or volume
relapse	Return or reappearance of a disease
juxtaposed	placed near together
re-entrants	A prominent indentation in an escarpment, ridge or shoreline.
hermatypic coral	a reef-building coral with zooxanthellae in its tissues
phenotype	The outward appearance of the individual
anther	Structure which produces and releases pollen.
green revolution	Name given by William Goud to the dramatic increase in crop productivity during the third quarter of the 20th century, as result of integrated advances in genetics and plant breeding, agronomy, and pest and disease control.
maillist	a system that allows people to send e-mail to one address, whereupon their message is copied and sent to all of the other subscribers to the maillist
ova	Meiosis involves two divisions and results in four daughter cells, each containing only half the original number of chromosomes--23 in the case of humans.
mean	The mean of sample is calculated by taking the sum of all data values and dividing by the total number of data values.
epicotyl	In an angiosperm embryo, the embryonic axis above the point of attachment of the cotyledon(s).
tunic	the outer covering of a tunicate (Urochordata)
ngo	a non-profit group or association organized outside of institutionalized political structures to obtain particular social objectives (such as environmental protection) or serve particular constituencies
aground	touching, resting or lodged on the bottom of shallow water
sol	a liquid colloidal dispersion; a cytoplasmic phase (the other phase is a gel)
calorimetry	measurement of the amounts of heat absorbed or given out; measurement of heat flow
bulliform	blister or boil-shaped
allele	alternative form of a gene, e.g
blue ventures	a not-for-profit organization (UK) which facilitates projects and expeditions that enhance global marine conservation and research
embryo sac	This is the mature female gametophyte
syndrome	a recognizable pattern or group of multiple signs, symptoms or malformations that characterize a particular condition; syndromes are thought to arise from a common origin and result from more than one developmental error during fetal growth.
display	in animal behavior, visual messages or body language, used by animals primarily to communicate anger, fear, and other basic emotions
energy	The capacity to do work by moving matter against an opposing force.
allele	Alternate form of a gene possessing a unique nucleotide sequence
sill	Horizontal planes of igneous rock that run parallel to the grain of the original rock deposits.They form when magma enters and cools in bedding planes found within the crust
primer	A structure that serves as a growing point for polymerization
children	Parent
mean high tide	the level to which the water rose on an average day over a previous period of time (years or decades); the average of all the high tides as calculated over a long period of time
disjunct distribution	the discontinuous or separated geographical distribution of a species or other taxonomic unit
contractile vacuole	A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain cells.
asthenosphere	a layer of soft but solid, mobile rock comprising the lower part of the upper mantle from about 100 to 350 km beneath the Earth's surface
battery	a group of nematocysts on the tentacles of hydras and some other hydroid polyps
sporangium	A structure containing spores.
verruca	a wart-like projection; a small cylindrical projection arising from the corallum that contain calices
electron tomography	A method used to generate three-dimensional images by computer analysis of multiple two-dimensional images obtained by electron microscopy.
tremor	Involuntary, uncontrollable, rhythmic movements (fast or slow) that may affect the hands, head, voice or other body parts
robust	a large or heavily built body or body part
symptomatic	1
parsimony	the principle that the simplest explanation, the one that requires the fewest hypotheses, is the one most likely to be correct; same as Occam's Razor: the simplest of two competing theories is to be preferred
co-management	the sharing of authority, responsibility, and benefits between government and local communities in the management of natural resources
tetrasporophyte	diploid phase in the life cycle of red algae which produces haploid tetraspores.The tetrasporophyte is the site of meiosis, more specifically, the tetrasporangia where haploid tetraspores are produced
deism	The view that God works through fixed laws of nature; that is, that events occur without supernatural intervention.
sandflat	a flat expanse of sand on the coast or in an estuary
caliculate	cup-shaped
biogeography	The study of the past and present distribution of species.
data cleaning	Computational processing to remove noise and artifacts from digital data prior to storage.
stridulation	to produce a sound by rubbing two body parts together
population density	Number of individuals of a particular species found in a specified area.
spinal cord	Part of the vertebrate central nervous system; consists of a thick, dorsal, longitudinal bundle of nerve fibers extending posteriorly from the brain.
odds ratio	A measure of relative risk or effect size that is usually estimated from case-control studies.
petrochemical	a chemical derived from petroleum or natural gas
antihelmintic	a chemical agent used to combat parasitic worms, such as roundworms and tape worms
amino acid	A molecule containing both amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) groups
robustness	In regards to methods of analysis, a measure of how dependent a result is on the assumptions of the method being used to obtain the result.
microatoll	a circular colonial corallum up to 1 m height and 4 m diameter
feldspar	A group of common aluminum silicate minerals that contains potassium, sodium, or calcium.
osmotic pressure	A measure of the tendency of a solution to take up water when separated from pure water by a selectively permeable membrane.
loss-of-function mutation	Neomorphic Mutation
complex	Containing multiple macromolecules in an organized structure
diel	a 24-hour period that usually includes a day and its adjoining night; pertaining to the day-night cycle
bed	Sedimentary structure that usually represents a layer of deposited sediment.
rubble zone	the shallowest part of a reef crest landward of the palmata zone
hypocotyl	In an angiosperm embryo, the embryonic axis below the point of attachment of the cotyledon(s) and above the radicle.
relative humidity	The ratio between the actual amount of water vapor held in the atmosphere compared to the amount required for saturation
municipal sewage	wastes (mostly liquid) originating from a community; may be composed of domestic wastewaters and/or industrial discharges
entropy	A measure of the disordered, degraded energy that is unavailable for work.
sulu-sulawesi seascape	an area of approximately 900,000 square kilometers (about 347,492 square miles) that includes the Sulu and Sulawesi Seas, in the national waters of three independent nations of the Southeast Asian Region: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines
falcate	scythe-shaped
stratigraphy	the branch of geology that deals with the origin, composition, distribution and succession of strata
mimetics	Compounds that mimic the function of other molecules via their high degree of structural (conformational) similarity, and hence physio-chemical properties.
physical geography	Field of knowledge that studies natural features and phenomena on the Earth from a spatial perspective
cephalization	the localization of neural coordinating centers and sensory organs at the anterior end of the body
biomass	The weight of living tissues usually measured per unit area over a particular time interval
coefficient of determination	Statistic that measures the proportion of the variation in the dependent variable that is associated with the statistical regression of an independent variable
controlled study	Research that involves at least two groups: one that receives the intervention being evaluated, and the other that receives either a placebo or another intervention
accession number	The unique identifier assigned to new sequence information submitted to a major database.
weight belt	a belt worn during scuba diving that contains lead weights, either solid masses or as shot in pouches
first degree relative	A relative who is a person’s biological mother, father, full sibling, or child
micrometer	A unit of measure in the metric system
census	the enumeration of all the individuals in a population
annular	ring-shaped
pore space	openings between geologic material found underground; also referred to as void space or interstices
meso-	a prefix meaning 'middle'
molecular genetic testing	(synonyms: DNA testing, DNA-based testing, molecular testing) Testing that involves the analysis of DNA, either through linkage analysis, sequencing, or one of several methods of variant detection
raita bank	one of several submerged banks in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
vasculature	the network of blood vessels in an organ or body part; tissue consisting of cells joined to form tubes for transporting fluids through a body
narrow-sense heritability	See heritability.
polarity	A lack of symmetry
lateral line system	a series of sense organs that detect pressure or vibrations along the heads and sides of cyclostomes, fishes, and some amphibians
geoid	True shape of the Earth, which deviates from a perfect sphere because of a slight bulge at the equator.
nucleus	The brain of the cell
electron	A particle with a single negative charge; one or more electrons orbit the nucleus of the atom.
hydrolysis	The cleavage of a molecule by the addition of water
herpes viruses	Viruses which can affect the skin and central nervous system, includes Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster, and Cytomegalovirus.
nectary	A gland that secretes a sweet fluid (nectar), commonly but not exclusively found in insect-pollinated flowers.
structured population	See population structure.
stock	Unit of an exploited species that is employed in stock assessment
linkage	The association of genes (or genetic loci) on the same chromosome
soil permeability	The rate at which water and air move vertically through a soil.
generic drug	the version of an approved drug produced by a competitor after a pioneer firm's patents expires.
heuristic algorithm	A programming strategy based on trial-and-error methods and feedback evaluation.
ocean	A body of saline water found occupying all or part of the Earth's ocean basins
wave crest	The curved tops or ridges of an oscillating wave.
essential nutrient	A substance that an organism must absorb in preassembled form because it cannot be synthesized from any other material
micelle	The structure formed by amphipathic molecules in solution that places the polar group toward the solution and the hydrophobic group toward the interior.
merged feature	A chromosomal feature that was once annotated as a distinct entity, but that has now been subsumed by another feature
inversion	An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or from mutagens; reattachment in a reverse orientation of a chromosomal fragment to the chromosome from which the fragment originated.
gem	Genetically engineered micro-organism.
respiratory tree	a respiratory organ of sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea-Echinodermata)
continental shelf	Shallow submerged margin of the continents that lies between the edge of the shoreline and the continental slope
morgan	The unit of distance on the genetic map
spectrometer	an instrument for measuring wavelengths of light of a spectrum
henry's law	the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid at a given temperature is almost directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas
bimodal curve	a frequency curve characterized by two peaks
territoriality	the defense of a given area
mitochondrial dysfunction	Mitochondria are the "power plants" of the cell, generating energy needed for cell activity
photic zone	the vertical zone in the ocean extending from the surface to that depth permitting photosynthetic activity
tissue	A group of similar cells that are organized into a structure with a specific purpose.
hydrophobic interaction	A type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude the water.
gene therapy	Treatment that consists of introducing into a patient a normal copy of one or more defective genes responsible for the patient's disease
parent	Sibling
recombination rate	The proportion of recombinant gametes.
buttress zone	the seaward-sloping area of a coral reef (just beneath the algal ridge) that consists of alternating ridges and furrows
köppen climate classification	System that uses monthly precipitation and temperature data and total annual precipitation data to classify a location's climate into one of five main categories: Tropical Moist Climates; Dry Climates; Moist Mid-latitude Climates with Mild Winters; Moist Mid-Latitude Climates with Cold Winters; and Polar Climates
jugular	pertaining to the throat area
distribution	the area where a species is known to occur
point intercept transect	a linear transect protocol where a tape is secured at each end of the transect with the tape draped over the reef in between
morphology	the form or structure of an organism; anatomy.
heat-shock protein	A member of a highly conserved group of chaperone proteins expressed in cells exposed to elevated temperatures or other forms of environmental stress.
abyssal plain	the ocean bottom offshore from the continental margin , usually very flat with a slight slope
test animal	an individual used for experimental research purposes
cement	the chemically precipitated calcium carbonate present in spaces within skeletons or between grains of internal sediment
conodont	Any member of a group of worm-like, vertebrate organisms common from the Ordovician to the Triassic
chromosome	Structure composed of DNA and proteins representing the basic hereditary unit
continuous variation	Variation where characters are divided by small differences in metric or quantitative values across a continuum, not by counts in broadly specified classifications such as coat colors.
panmictic	Describes a population in which every individual has the same chance of mating with every other: in other words, where there is no population structure.
average heterozygosity	The percent, on average, of a population's loci that are heterozygous in members of the population.
syngamy	The union of two genomes, which leads to a doubling of ploidy level.
angstrom	a unit of length equal to one ten-thousandth of a micron (10-4 micron) or 10-10 of a meter
tetanus	The maximal, sustained contraction of a skeletal muscle, caused by a very fast frequency of action potentials elicited by continual stimulation.
oceanic island	an island in the ocean formed by breaking away from a continental landmass, volcanic action, coral formation, or a combination of sources
tau	the third charged lepton (in order of increasing mass), with electric charge -1
tki	(Tyrosine
scientific method	The approach science uses to gain knowledge
heterosphere	The upper layer in a two part classification of the atmosphere based on the general homogeneity of chemical composition
pressure gradient	a graded change in the level of water or air pressure that occurs over distance
limnology	the study of the physical, chemical, meteorological and biological aspects of fresh waters
antiparkinsonian medication	A medicine used to treat Parkinson's disease. For more information see what patients on our Patient Council have to share on the topic of medication.
apex	the tip, top, point, or angular summit of anything
transpiration	The evaporative loss of water from a plant.
centimorgan	A measure of distance between two genes based on the frequency with which they are inherited together
monera	the Kingdom composed of prokaryotic organisms
paliform lobe	an upright skeletal rod or plate at the inner margin of septa formed by upward growth of the septum
chromosomal mutation	change in the number or structure of chromosomes in a cell.
joint probability	the probability of two or more things occurring together
precambrian	Span of geologic time that dates from 4.6 billion to 570 million years ago
hydrocarbon seep	an area where hydrocarbons seep slowly from the sea floor
pacific plate	the largest of the tectonic plates of the earth's crust
spatial index	as pertaining to coral reef ecosystems, the ratio of reef surface contour distance to linear distance
statistical analysis	the application of probability theory to quantified descriptive data
velocity	The speed of movement of an object in one direction.
nucleus	The structure in the center of each cell that holds chromosomes.
actiniform	ray-like; star-shaped
polymorphism	The coexistence of two or more distinct forms in the same population.
carinate	shaped liked a keel or ridge
natural logarithm	The logarithm (log) to base e where e ≈ 2.718
till plain	Extensive flat plain of till that forms when a sheet of ice becomes detached from the main body of the glacier and melts in place depositing the sediments it carried.
polar nuclei	In angiosperms, the two nuclei of the central cell of the female gametophyte; they fuse with a sperm nucleus to form the triploid (3n) endosperm nucleus.
dynamic optical demarcation	in animal behavior, a special signalling device used by an animal in a stereotypical movement, as for example, the waving of a fiddler crab's claw to attract the attention of other members of its species
fret	Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
patterned ground	Term used to describe a number of surface features found in periglacial environments
extrinsic	not forming an essential part of a thing; arising or originating from the outside
fishery stock	A group of individuals exploited in a particular area or by a specific method
bedrock	the solid rock of the earth's crust that lies under the soil and other unconsolidated earth materials
dichopatric	pertains to allopatric populations with non-contiguous ranges
infiltration rate	Rate of absorption and downward movement of water into the soil layer.
phenotype	Appearance; entirety of features resulting from interactions of genetic information
color card	the CoralWatch program (University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia) developed a method of coral health monitoring which uses simple color charts, like paint color matching charts
thermocline	the region below the surface layer of the ocean or lake, where the temperature gradient increases abruptly (i.e
spectrophotometer	An instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution.
gastric pouch	in scyphozoans (jellyfish), one of four sacs is which food in digested
axial corallite	a corallite which forms the tip of a branch
exotic species	a non-native species that is introduced into an area; also referred to as alien or invasive species
dendrogram	A branching tree-like diagram that illustrates the hierarchical relationships among items in a dataset; for example, the relationships among protein sequences of different organisms can be represented by a dendrogram.
cohort	individuals all of the same age
half-life	The number of years it takes for 50% of a sample of an isotope to decay.
geographical coordinate system	System that uses the measures of latitude and longitude to locate points on the spherical surface of the Earth.
dyspepsia	/dis-PEP-see-yə/ n
lambert	unit of brightness of light
dejecta	/də-JEK-tə, dee-/ n
recombinant line	a new combination of DNA fragments formed by cutting DNA segments from two sources with restriction enzyme fragments and then joining the fragments together with DNA ligase
hydrophilic	having a strong affinity for water; tending to dissolve in, mix with, or be wetted by water -
harmonic mean	An average defined byIt gives greatest weight to small values
hemipenis	a hemipenis (plural hemipenes) is one of a pair of copulatory organs of male snakes, lizards, and amphisbaenians
ctenophore	a member of the animal phylum Ctenophora
gps	Global Positioning System - a system that utilizes satellites and a handheld device to pinpoint one's exact location on the Earth.
prisoner	An individual involuntarily confined in a penal institution, including persons: (1) sentenced under a criminal or civil statute; (2) detained pending arraignment, trial or sentencing; and (3) detained in other facilities
normal distribution	A common probability distribution displayed by population data
scleroseptum	one of many radiating calcareous partitions in the skeletal cup (corallite) of stony corals
foramen	an opening in a structure
temperate deciduous forest	Forested biome found in the mid-latitudes and dominated by deciduous vegetation.
uv radiation	the region of the electromagnetic spectrum consisting of wavelengths from 1 to 400 nm
turbinate	resembling an inverted cone
hybrid zone	A region where two related populations that diverged after becoming geographically isolated make secondary contact and interbreed where their geographical ranges overlap.
interstitial water	water in the pore spaces of soil or rock
proliferation	to reproduce or increase rapidly and repeatedly
radioactive isotope	An isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy
trihedral	with three surfaces, e.g
marine toxicology	a broad field of study encompassing the production, fate, and effects of natural and synthetic harmful chemical substances, such as pollutants, in the marine environment
christmas tree coral	a recently discovered (2002) deep water black coral (Antipathes dendrochristos) observed on deep rocky banks off southern California.The species, which was described in 2005, forms bushy colonies that grow up to to three meters in height and width, and resembles ornamented Christmas trees
life expectancy at birth	The predicted average length of life at birth.
cell	The basic unit of all organisms
pleopod	one of the five paired abdominal appendages used for swimming by shrimps; used for attachment of eggs by female shrimps, lobsters and crabs; also called a swimmeret
vortex	A rapid spiraling motion of air or liquid around a center of rotation.
dacryocystitis	/dack-ree-oh-sist-TIGHT-əs/ n
cortex	the outer portion (layer) of an organ
algorithm	An explicit computational procedure that uses a precise sequence of simple operations to perform a complex operation
radioactivity	the spontaneous decay of the nucleus of an element
greenhouse effect	The warming of planet Earth due to the atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide, which absorbs infrared radiation and slows its escape from the irradiated Earth.
function	the role that a biological structure or feature plays in survival, reproduction or other activities of an organism.
mri	Abbreviation for "Magnetic Resonance Imagin." MRI is a procedure in which radio waves and a powerful magnet linked to a computer are used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body
migration rate	The rate at which subpopulations exchange migrants per generation
cumulonimbus cloud	A well developed vertical cloud that often has top shaped like an anvil
visible radiation	energy at wavelengths from 400 - 700 nm that is detectable by the human eye
axial cortex	the layer around the central core of the axis of an octocoral
ems	Ethyl methanesulfonate (methanesulfonic acid ethyl ester)
geographic information system	a database that uses spatial and geographic information to create detailed maps
refugium	an area that remains unchanged while areas surrounding it change markedly; hence the area serves as a refuge for species requiring specific habitats
div	See defective interfering virus.
biome	; found near the equator in South America and Africa; characterized by thin soils, heavy rainfall, and little þuctuation in temperature.
accuracy	the closeness by which a set of measurements approaches the true value
punctate	describes a surface stippled with tiny pores
flaring corallite	a corallite with expanding, trumpet-like curves to the outer corallite wall
melanic	very dark or black color
negative binomial regression model	a useful empirical methodology when data are overdispersed, that is, when the variance of the distribution is considerably larger than the mean
double helix	The form commonly taken by DNA (and also by double-stranded RNA
query form	A Query Form is a web page allowing users to retrieve information from a database.See also:
endothecal dissepiment	one of many horizontal partitions across the corallite within the corallite wall
edge wave	A wave of water that moves parallel to the shore
particulate matter	Particles of dust, soot, salt, sulfate compounds, pollen, or other particles suspended in the atmosphere.
plain	uniformly colored or unadorned with structures or other features
immune response	The reaction of the body to substances that are foreign or treated as foreign
average excess	The difference between the average trait value of individuals who carry a particular allele and the average of the population
unincorporated territory	a United States insular area in which the United States Congress has determined that only selected parts of the United States Constitution apply
visible wavelengths	wavelengths approximately 400 to 700 nm
selective permeability	A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.
secondary pollutant	Atmospheric pollutants that are created chemically in the atmosphere when primary pollutants and other components of the air react
solar constant	A term used to describe the average quantity of solar insolation received by a horizontal surface at the edge of the Earth's atmosphere
amh	See anatomically modern human.
cay	a small, low coastal island or emergent reef of sand or coral; flat mound of sand and admixed coral fragments built upon a reef flat or just above high tide level
structural landform	Is a landform created by massive Earth movements due to plate tectonics
biogeography	the study of the geographical distribution of species.
torpor	a dormant state
leave-one-out analyses	Studies of a microbial community that lacks one of its constituent microbial taxa.
growth rate	Increase in mass per unit of time
coccoid	spherical in shape
infiltration capacity	The ability of a soil to absorb surface water.
flotsam	wreckage or discarded material, e.g
degeneration	a process by which tissue deteriorates, loses functional activity, and may become converted into or replaced by other kinds of tissue; deterioration which causes some degree of loss of original function; the process of declining from a higher to a lower form
prevailing winds	winds that blow consistently from one direction; the typical winds for a particular region and time of year
balanced design	A common term for a dye balanced design, meaning that each sample, or each group of samples of the same treatment, is labeled equally often with both the red and the green dye.
metabolic pathway	a set of oriented reactions interacting under given physiological conditions via simple or apparently simple intermediates
aliquot	a portion of a sample; a subsample
degradation	the breaking down of a substance into smaller or simpler parts
v. et.	see also (vide etiam)
tubiform	a shape resembling a tube
canopy	the more or less continuous cover of branches and foliage formed collectively by the tops, or crowns, of adjacent trees
marine iguana	the marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) inhabits the Galapagos Island, an archipelago on the Equator, 800 kilometers west of the Ecuadorian coast
cis-regulation	Refers to the regulation of when and where a gene is transcribed by DNA sequences that lie to either side (5′ or 3′) of the gene or within the introns of the gene.
stony coral	a synonym of hard coral
displacement behavior	a behavioral response that is appropriate for one situation appears in another situation, for which it is inappropriate
canaliculus	a very small canal
precision	the ability of an instrument to measure a variable and to repeatedly obtain the same result
tonsils and adenoids	Prominent oval masses of lymphoid tissues on either side of the throat.
sequestration enabling reagent	A reagent that sequesters starting materials or reaction by-products, in order to simplify removal from a reaction mixture.
locus	The site in a linkage map or on a chromosome where the gene for a particular trait is located
restrictive conditions	The particular environmental conditions which do not allow growth of a conditional lethal mutant but result in the expression of the mutant phenotype.
stevensine	a bioactive alkaloid isolated from a number of marine sponges
algorithm	A sequence of computational tasks or actions that carry out a specific function.
overland flow	The topographic movement of a thin film of water from precipitation to lower elevations
bermuda high	High pressure system that develops over the western subtropical North Atlantic
floriform	flower-shaped
burkitt's lymphoma	A type of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that most often occurs in young people between the ages of 12 and 30
undefined medium	A growth medium in which not all the components have been identified
arthroscopy	a surgical procedure to examine the inside of a joint
plantae	Group, at the kingdom level, in the classification of life
k-means clustering	A clustering approach that searches for a specific number of clusters (k) maximizing a global target function
exclusion	A DNA test result indicating that an individual is excluded as the source of the DNA evidence
yoctomole	One septillionth mole; 10-24 mole.
rubbery	a tough, resilient mass
wet collection	a museum collection of specimens that are stored in ethanol, isopropanol, formalin or other liquid preservatives
dicynodont	A member of a group of Permo-Triassic herbivorous pig-like terrestrial vertebrates
succession	Directional cumulative change in the types plant species that occupy a given area, through time.
flora	the entire group of plants found in an area
molecular weight marker	A DNA fragment of known size used as a standard for comparison when estimating the size of unknown DNA fragments following gel electrophoresis
hot spot	A volcanic area on the surface of the Earth created by a rising plume of magma.
fault	a crack or fracture in the Earth's crust accompanied by a displacement of one side of the fracture
petabyte	a measure of data size
dorsum	/DORE-səm/ adj
simple	not divided or branched
buoyant density	The density possessed by a molecule or particle when suspended in an aqueous salt or sugar solution.
differential centrifugation	A method used to separate the components of cells on the basis of their size and density.
tumor	Any abnormal proliferation of cells.
hypertext	Text displayed electronically with embedded links to other text or to images, sounds, movies or other multimedia content
research	A systematic investigation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge
carposporangium	a single-celled structure in red algae that produces diploid carpospores on the carposporophyte
led	a very small light often used in electronic instrumentation
s	See selection differential.
chert	Very fine grained silica (SiO2) that forms layers or nodules in sequences of sedimentary rocks.
cation	a particle that carries a positive electrical charge
outgroup	A species or group of species that is closely related to the group of species being studied, but clearly not as closely related as any study-group members are to each other.
positive selection	See directional selection.
bipectinate	having two margins which are toothed, like a comb; descriptive of the gills (ctenidia) of aquatic mollusks
monocyte	A type of blood cell involved in inflammatory reactions.
dry line	A boundary the separates dry and moist air in the warm sector of a mid-latitude cyclone wave
posterior odds ratio	A ratio of the probability of a hypothesis given a particular set of data relative to the probability of another hypothesis given the same data (Prob(H1\|D)/Prob(H2\|D))
cerulean	dark blue color
fetch	the uninterrupted distance over which the wind blows (measured in the direction of the wind) without a significant change of direction
retractable	capable of being drawn or pulled back
solum	Part of the soil that is capable of supporting life.
placental mammals	See eutherian mammals.
chromosome	An organized structure of DNA containing many genes that is wrapped around proteins found in cells
seepage	the movement of water through a porous medium
game theory	See evolutionary game.
mgi	Houses a database that provides integrated access to data on the genetics, genomics, and biology of mouse (Mus musculus).
joint bleeds	bleeding into joints that can cause joint disease and is treated by infusion of clotting factor
paralysis	Permanent or temporary loss of sensation or voluntary motion
diffusion	The spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area.
continental drift	The gradual movement of the Earth's continents that has occurred over hundreds of millions of years.
deflation hollow	A surface depression or hollow commonly found in arid and semiarid regions caused by wind erosion
topology	The study of the deformability of intact structures.
official index	in taxonomy, a list of names or works suppressed or declared invalid by action of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
organ of corti	The actual hearing organ of the vertebrate ear, located in the floor of the cochlear canal in the inner ear; contains the receptor cells (hair cells) of the ear.
benthic organism	an organism whose habitat is on or near the bottom of a stream, lake, or ocean
apomorphy	a relatively derived or advanced or unique character state
mercury barometer	Type of barometer that measures changes in atmospheric pressure by the height of a column of mercury in a U-shaped tube which has one end sealed and the other end immersed in an open container of mercury
calorie	a unit of measurement defined as 4.184 absolute joules or the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 15 to 16 degrees Celsius (or 1/100th the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water at one atmosphere pressure from 0 degrees C to 100 degrees C)
commensal	having benefit for one member of a two-species association but neither positive nor negative effect on the other
allele	a number of alternate forms of a gene occupying a given locus on a chromosome
thermal equator	Continuous area on the globe that has the highest surface temperatures because of the presence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone.
kinetics	the study of acceleration, motion, or rate of change
isometric growth	growth that occurs at the same rate for all parts of an organism so that its shape is consistent throughout development
essential fish habitat	under the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, those waters and substrates that fishes require to spawn, breed, feed, or grow to maturity
apheresis	Collection of peripheral blood cells, especially stem cells, by a device similar to a dialysis machine
big crunch	Collapse of the Universe into its original form before the Big Bang
ozone shield	the ozone (O3) layer in the stratosphere that gives protection to the Earth's surface because of intense absorption of harmful solar ultraviolet radiation by the gas
vestimentum	a short region immediately behind the head of a vestimentiferan tube worm.The front part of the vestimentum forms a collar
gymnosperms	Non-flowering seed plants, for example, pine.
glutinous	sticky
pineal gland	A small gland on the dorsal surface of the vertebrate forebrain that secretes the hormone melatonin.
iteroparity	the reproductive condition in which individuals reproduce several times during their lifetime
hypothermia	a condition when the body temperature is colder than normal (37 degrees C/98.6 degrees F in humans)
tumid	swollen, inflated.
median	Statistical measure of central tendency in a set of data
selfing	See self-fertilization.
haploid	A cell with half the usual number of chromosomes, or only one chromosome set
tetrahedron	Silicon atom joined by four oxygen atoms (SiO4)
serotonergic	a term that means "related to the neurotransmitter serotonin"
intermediate grade	A grade of Non-Hodgkin's denoting usually moderate growth
calipee	a fatty, gelatinous substance in green turtles, traditionally used in the preparation of green turtle soup
download	transferring data (usually a file) from one computer to another
pennatulacea	an order of soft corals which includes the sea pens and sea pansies
bayhead beach	An extensive deposit of sand and/or gravel in the form of a beach at the back of a bay.
electric field	the region extending outward in all directions from an electrically charged material that affects other electrically charged objects; the area around an electrified object where other charges are affected
artisanal fishing	fishing which is typically a small-scale operation that uses simple fishing methods; fishing for subsistence by coastal or ethnic island groups using traditional methods; fishing with the purpose of catching/collecting aquatic products for sale
fluorescence-activated cell sorter	An instrument that sorts individual cells on the basis of their fluorescence intensity.
field capacity	The water remaining in a soil after the complete draining of the soil's gravitational water.
millimeter	A unit of measure in the metric system
pool	Scoured depression found on the bed of streams
bryozoan	Common name for any member of the phylum Bryozoa
range	the geographical area inhabited by a species or other group; may be continuous or discontinuous
thigmotactic	responding to touch or outer surface contact
gif	a bit-mapped digital image graphics file format suitable for efficiently importing image data into computer files or for transmitting or displaying the formatted image on a computer monitor or printing it out
subsidence	a gradual sinking of land with respect to its previous level; the slow sinking of air, usually associated wit high-pressure areas
sinemet	The brand name of the most commonly prescribed version of the drug levodopa, consisting of a combination of levodopa and carbidopa. For more information see what patients on our Patient Council have to share on the topic of medication.
receptor mapping	The use of the known 3-D structure of a ligand to predict features of the complementary structure of the receptor
long-branch attraction	A phenomenon in phylogenetic analyses when taxa or OTUs that lie at the end of long branches are inferred to be closely related, regardless of their true evolutionary relationships.
malaise	Feeling bad; a feeling of bodily discomfort, feeling sick
branchiocardiac groove	in decapod crustaceans, a groove on each side of the carapace which separates the branchial and cardiac regions
involute	rolled inwards fom the edges
abundance	the number or amount of something, e.g., the number of organisms per unit of habitat space or number of individuals in a stock or a population
malesian floral subkingdom	a botanical subkingdom of the Paleotropical Kingdom which encompasses the islands of Southeast Asia and the malay peninsula, extending as far east as New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanatu
aciniform	resembling a cluster of berries
character state	The particular form that a character trait takes (e.g., a three-chambered vs
igneous rock	Rocks formed by solidification of molten magma either beneath (intrusive igneous rock) or at (extrusive igneous rocks) the Earth's surface.
standard deviation	Square root of the variance; a measure of the typical magnitude of a random fluctuation.
paleoenvironmental proxy	an environmental remnant of the past (pollen grains, tree rings, lake sediments, pack rat middens, ice cores, coral skeletons) used to assist researchers in deciphering past climatic conditions
jugostegalia	a basket-like structure formed midventrally by overlapping branchiostegals in some families of eels
efficacy	The power or ability to produce an effect.
technology	the creation of products and processes for the purpose of improving human chances for survival, comfort level, and quality of life
altimeter	an instrument for measuring altitude
annotation	Note added to a document or image to provide additional needed information
canadian high	High pressure system that develops in winter over central North America.
synonymous mutation	The alteration of a codon into a different form that is synonymous with the original.
glucocorticoid	A steroid produced by the adrenal gland that acts to stimulate production of glucose.
tissue microarrays	Arrays consisting of tissue specimen cores.
windward passage	a channel between eastern Cuba and western Haiti that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Caribbean Sea
plankton	small aquatic organisms whose direction is controlled by water movements
transient aggregation	an aggregation characterized by individuals that migrate over long distances and over a short reproductive season
teal	greenish blue color
cardinal points	The four main navigational directions (North, East, South, and West) found on a compass or a map.
asperity	a peak or projection from a surface; pertains to roughness of a surface
phosphorite	A sedimentary rock rich in phosphate.
heterodont	a type of dentition where the teeth are not all similar
parasite	An organism that lives in or on a host organism and uses it as a source of food and shelter, to the detriment of the host.
refractory	Not yielding (at least not yielding readily) to treatment.
exponential	Growing at a constant rate r, so that numbers increase with ert.
cyclomorphosis	cyclical changes in form such as seasonal changes in morphology, as seen in some planktonic crustaceans
homologous structures	Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry
fluorescence	The emission of electromagnetic radiation following absorption of shorter wave length light.
type 1 error	A false positive, or the rejection of a true null hypothesis
cementation	the process of deposition of dissolved mineral components in the interstices of sediments or coral skeletons
dolioform	barrel-shaped
interradial	in fishes, between the rays (or spines), e.g
thorax	the central region of a crustacean body
interference competition	competition in which one species prevents another from having access to a limiting resource
first stage regulator	attached to the scuba tank, the first stage regulator reduces the high tank pressure to an intermediate pressure of 100 to 150 psi above the surrounding water pressure
trait	A particular aspect of the phenotype that can be measured or observed directly, e.g
montiform	mountain-shaped
stigma	The tip of a gynoecium, which provides a surface for pollen grains to attach to and germinate
indeterminate cleavage	A type of embryonic development in deuterostomes, in which each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo.
hydrostatic pressure	the pressure exerted by the weight of fluids
cell	basic unit of structure and function in living things.
antilles current	one of the currents of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre flowing along the northern side of the Greater Antilles
suspension	Erosional movement of sediment continually held in the transport medium of air, water or ice.
gene dosage	The number of copies of a gene within an individual.
lithosphere	Is the solid inorganic portion of the Earth (composed of rocks, minerals, and elements)
saltation	Transport of sediment initiated by moving air or water where particles move from a resting surface to the transport medium in quick continuous repeated cycles.
zoning	a process in which a marine protected area is divided into discrete zones and particular human uses of each zone are permitted, often with conditions such as gear limitations in fishing and waste discharge prohibitions in tourism
ocean basin	Part of the Earth's outer surface that is comprised of the ocean floor, mid-oceanic ridges, continental rise, and continental slope
osmotic pressure	the pressure that is needed to counteract the osmotic passage of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane into the more concentrated solute
convergence precipitation	The formation of precipitation due to the convergence of two air masses
gene name	A "gene name" is a word or phrase that uniquely identifies a gene
thunderstorm	A storm several kilometers in diameter created by the rapid lifting of moist warm air which creates a cumulonimbus cloud
ovule	the structure in a seed plant that develops into a seed after fertilization.
attomole	One quintillionth mole; 10-18 mole.
cloning	The process of making genetically identical copies.
kettle hole	Depression found in glacial deposits
scotoscope	an instrument for detecting objects in darkness
venture capitalist	an individual who invests in start-up companies with the intent of making a large return on investment.
detritivore	An organism that feeds on dead organic debris.
brush	a cluster of bristles
deposition	The taking and recording of testimony of a witness under oath before a court reporter in a place away from the courtroom before trial.
conopeptide	a family of molecules found in the venom of species of marine cone shell snails (Conus sp) that can act as an analgesic and alleviate pain.One particular group, the omega-conopeptides, blocks channels on nerve cells that transport calcium ions and thereby interfering with the production of neurotransmittors
stage	The elevation of the water surface in a stream channel.
buffer zone	the region near the border of a protected area; a transition zone between areas managed for different objectives
polymerase chain reaction	A method for repeatedly duplicating trace amounts of DNA in order to provide detectable quantities for analysis
mole	the mass of a compound in grams numerically equal to its molecular weight
sex inversion	change of sex naturally or after steroid hormone application; also called "sex reversal"
dynein	A large contractile protein forming the side-anns of microtubule doublets in cilia and flagella.
hypomorphic mutation	Neomorphic Mutation
osmosis	The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
descent with modification	Darwin’s term for evolution.
ventral fin	a synonym for pelvic fin
ratchet	an anti-dilution provision where an investor is granted additional shares of stock without charge if the company later sells the shares at a lower price.
occluded front	A transition zone in the atmosphere where an advancing cold air mass sandwiches a warm air mass between another cold air mass pushing the warm air into the upper atmosphere.
mutation	A permanent alteration to a gene where part of the DNA within the gene is different from what it should be. There may be an extra or missing part for example. Mutations may affect the proper growth or development of a person
receptacle	The base of a flower; the part of the stem that is the site of attachment of the floral organs.
variegated	A plant with yellow or white blotches or streaks on the green leaves and stems, as well as on flower buds and flowers.
hypomorphic mutation	Loss-of-function Mutation
gnathic	pertaining to the jaw
antisymmetry	a pattern of deviation without a side bias
brittlestar city	a huge assemblage of brittlestars on the Macquarie Ridge seamount
stream gradient	The change in elevation from a stream's headwaters to its mouth expressed in degrees, percentage, or as a distance ratio (rise/run).
no take zone	a marine protected area that is completely (or seasonally) free of all extractive or non-extractive human uses that contribute impact (some exceptions may be permitted for scientific activities); also called "marine reserve" or "fully protected area"
small nuclear rna	A nuclear RNA ranging in size from 50 to 200 bases.
mrca	Most recent common ancestor.
molarity	A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute in 1 L of solution.
karyokinesis	the cellular process of nuclear division
ectoderm	The outer germ layer; gives rise to tissues that include the skin and nervous system.
surface creep	The sliding and rolling movement of soil particles on the Earth's surface because of wind
conidium	A spore formed asexually, usually at the tip or side of the hypha.
c-card	a scuba diving certification card from scuba certifying agencies, such as NAUI, BSAC, NOAA, PADI, etc.
subpolar glacier	Glacier in which the ice found from the its surface to base has a temperature as cold as -30° Celsius throughout the year
water consumption	The complete removal of water from some type of source, like groundwater, for some use by humans
phase change	A shift from one developmental phase to another.
expressivity	The degree to which an inherited characteristic is expressed in a person
alluvial	relating to mud and/or sand deposited by flowing water
posting	a single message entered into a network communications system
brevilingual	having a short tongue
second law of thermodynamics	each time energy is converted from one form to another, some of the energy is always degraded to a lower-quality, more dispersed, less useful form; no system can convert energy from one form to another useful form with 100 percent efficiency; energy cannot be transferred spontaneously from a cold body to a hot body
anthesis	Flowering, time when male structure within an inflorescence is mature and pollen is shed.
mou	an interagency agreement defining the role and responsibility which each agency has in dealing with particular issues
mixing ratio	The ratio between the weight (mass) of water vapor (or some other gas) held in the atmosphere compared to the weight of the dry air in a given volume of air
mean	Usually refers to the arithmetic mean: for n values, z1, ..., zn, = (Σizi)/n
saturation	in diving, the degree to which a gas is dissolved in the blood or other tissues
deceased	Recently dead
gill chamber	in fishes, the cavity containing the gills on each side of the rear of the head, enclosed by the operculum and the branchiostegal membrane
regional metamorphism	Large scale metamorphic modification of existing rock through the heat and pressure of plutons created at tectonic zones of subduction.
gas hydrate	Frozen deposits rich in hydrocarbons that occur in the deep ocean basins.
heat of vaporization	The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.
coliform bacteria	bacteria whose presence in water is an indicator of pollution and of potentially dangerous contamination
green turtle	one of seven extant species of marine turtles
closed circuit scuba	a diving apparatus which allows divers to re-breathe exhaled air after removal of carbon dioxide and addition of supplemental oxygen
odds ratio	See posterior odds ratio.
bubblegum coral	a deep water gorgonian, Paragorgia arborea, found in the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans at depths that may exceed 1400m
join point.	The site where two DNA molecules are connected
magnetic north	the direction a compass needle points when there are no local interfering influences
segregating sites	Sites that are polymorphic in a sample of sequences.
poacher	a person who hunts or fishes illegally; a family (Agonidae) of small bottom-dwelling cold-water marine fishes
morphogenesis	Developmental changes in the inner structure and outer form of an organism.
chaetognath	Any worm of the phylum Chaetognatha, commonly called an arrowworm
redox couple	An electron donor and its corresponding oxidized form.
mesoproterozoic	Division of time from 1600 to 1000 Mya.
levee	Ridge of coarse deposits found alongside the stream channels and elevated above the floodplain
chlorophyll	a green pigment present in green plants and cyanobacteria
tumor board	A group of specialists who meet regularly to discuss management of individuals who have cancer.
biogenic	refers to things which came about as a result of the activities of living organisms
reject	in taxonomy, to set aside the name of a taxon in favor of another name
applet	a small Java program that can be embedded in a web page to create special effects
eye	Area in the center of a hurricane that is devoid of clouds.
tract	A group or bundle of nerve fibers with accompanying connective tissue, located within the central nervous system.
ornamental	a non-food species that is produced and maintained solely for exhibit purposes in home or public aquaria, or in ornamental garden ponds
vermiculation	a worm-like marking
dentary	/DENT-er-ee/ n
ventral disk	a "sucking disc " formed by the uniting of the pelvic fins in some fishes; for example, clingfishes
diploid	Having two sets of chromosomes (2n), one inherited from each parent, where (n) represents the number of chromosomes.
agglutinate	clumped together, as if by glue
triangulation	the use of three or more fixed points, such as receiver buoys or satellites in orbit around the earth, to pinpoint the location of an object
blood-brain barrier	A semipermeable membrane that controls diffusion of molecules into the cerebrospinal fluid.
articulating	united by means of a moveable joint
cyclonic	refers to a region of low atmospheric sea level pressure; or, the wind system around such a low pressure center that has a clockwise rotation in the Northern Hemisphere and a counterclockwise rotation in the Southern Hemisphere
informed consent	legally required procedure to ensure that a patient knows about the potential risks and benefits of a treatment before it is started.
mode	a statistical measure of central tendency
continental divide	The elevated area that occurs on a continent that divides continental scale drainage basins.
p	In the results of a BLAST search, the lowest P-value given to any set of HSPs found in a database are listed in the "P(N)" column.
element	Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance.
x-ray crystallography	A method in which the diffraction pattern of X-rays is used to determine the arrangement of individual atoms within a molecule.
dna chip	a small piece of glass or silicon that has small pieces of DNA arrayed on its surface
nimbostratus clouds	Dark, gray low altitude cloud that produces continuous precipitation in the form of rain or snow
coastal wetland	Wetland habitat found along a coastline and is covered with ocean salt water for all or part of the year
ghost net	a lost or abandoned fishing net that drifts through the oceans posing a danger to fishes and other marine life
aculeiform	having a sharp point; needle-shaped
hydrophilicity	(lit
genotype	Reannealing Reformation of double-stranded DNA from dissociated single strands.
haplotype	A way of denoting the collective genotype of a number of closely linked loci on a chromosome.
dactyloid	finger-like
sonar	SONAR is an acronym for "sound navigation and ranging." Active sonar describes an apparatus that transmits high frequency sound waves in water and registers the vibrations reflected back from an object
ribbon falls	Spectacular narrow waterfalls that occur at the edge of a hanging valley.
eye-in-the-sea	a video camera capable of operating in deep water (up to 3,000 ft) for days at a time
ir radiation	earth-emitted radiation over thermal wavelengths: 3-15 micrometers
serosa	a serous membrane
dnasei-sensitivity quantitative trait loci	(dsQTL)
branchial siphon	the incurrent siphon in some mollusks
reproductive assurance	The assurance that an individual can fertilize its eggs or ovules by selfing.
pectoral	pertaining to the chest area
bract	A modified leaf that often subtends reproductive structures.
abalone	a univalve mollusk (class Gastropoda) of the genus Haliotis
precipitable water	Amount of water potentially available in the atmosphere for precipitation
stream	A long narrow channel of water that flows as a function of gravity and elevation across the Earth's surface
apogee	the point in the orbit of the Moon or man-made satellite farthest from the Earth; the point in the orbit of a satellite farthest from its companion body
abbreviate	shortened
alkaline phosphatase	See “Bacterial Alkaline Phosphatase.”
algaecide	a chemical agent specifically designed and used to kill or inhibit the growth of algae; also called 'algicide'
universal genetic code	See canonical code.
gas	a major state of matter consisting of freely moving atoms and molecules with no definite shape or volume, like air
invert	to turn inward; turn inside out or upside down
power	The term power has quite a few different meanings
discoidal	disc-shaped; flat and round shape
frequency of recombination	the number of crossover events observed between two linked loci expressed as a proportion of the total number of meioses sampled
mri	See Magnetic Resonance Imaging
brain	The master control center in an animal; in vertebrates, the brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system.
thermal infrared radiation	Form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 3 to 14 micrometers (µm).
cleavage divisions	First 4 to 6 divisions of the young embryo, multiplying the number of cells without increasing the size.
coefficient of variation	in statistics, it refers to the standard deviation of a distribution divided by the distribution's mean, providing a standardized measure of the variation in a distribution, which does not increase simply because the mean itself increases or because the units of measurement change
protein histochemistry	1
cytology	the study of the structure and function of cells
hygroscopic water	Water held within 0.0002 millimeters of the surface of a soil particle
labium	any lip-like structure
sampling error	the variability of a statistic from sample to sample due to chance
nitrogen fixation	The assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by certain prokaryotes into nitrogenous compounds that can be directly used by plants.
flow field effect	A technology utilized in the design of microfluidics systems that utilizes field effects to control flow.
coral bleaching hotspot	a region of sea surface temperature (SST) that exceeds the climatological maximum for a region by 1 deg C or more
rainshadow effect	Reduction of precipitation commonly found on the leeward side of a mountain
captive breeding	raising animals (or plants) in controlled conditions to produce stock for subsequent release into the wild
capillary action	Movement of water along microscopic channels
ligand	Recessive A term applied to one member of an allele pair that is not expressed when the other, dominant, member of the pair is present.
extra-	outside, beyond
ri plasmid	see plasmid RI.
aristotle's lantern	a highly developed chewing apparatus used for feeding in some sea urchins
allele	Alleles are the different types of a single gene
all-or-none event	An action that occurs either completely or not at all, such as the generation of an action potential by a neuron.
coral rubble	fragments of hard coral
growth	an increase in cell size or cell number, or both
confined aquifer	Aquifer between two layers of relatively impermeable earth materials, such as clay or shale.
gene gun	A method of gene delivery, also known as a biolistic gun, that uses high-pressure helium gas to blast microscopic particles of gold coated with the material of interest into skin tissue; a method used to deliver DNA vaccines
fibrillation	Irregular heartbeat
bajada	Consecutive series of alluvial fans forming along the edge of a linear mountain range
cenozoic	the current geologic era, which began 66.4 million years ago and continues to the present
brackish	mixed fresh and salt water
normalization	A database refinement process that organizes a database so that results obtained from queries to the database are always unambiguous.
hierarchical clustering	A greedy clustering approach in which pairs of genes or clusters are sequentially connected until they form a tree-like structure.
bathymetry	the science of measuring ocean depths to determine the topography of the sea floor
adnate	joined together
evaporative cooling	The property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state.
johnson-sea-link submersible	the Johnson-Sea-Link (JSL) I and II submersibles are owned and operated bythe Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution
archi-	a prefix meaning primitive, original, or ancestral
lobate	lobe-shaped
downstream	in the direction of the water movement
ovigerous	carrying eggs or modified for carrying eggs
island model	The simplest model of population structure
branchial chamber	in crustaceans, the area between the body and carapace which encloses the respiratory organs (gills)
reductionism	The doctrine that complex systems can be completely understood in terms of its simplest parts
apobiosis	the local death of a part of an organism
p	Pancytopenia
wave height	the vertical distance between the crest and adjacent trough of a wave
iron fertilization	see "ocean iron fertilization"
progradation	The natural extension of a shoreline seaward.
gro-luxtm	A wide-spectrum fluorescent lamp suitable for plant growth purposes.
gradient	The steepness of a slope as measured in degrees, percentage, or as a distance ratio (rise/run).
diffusion approximation	A mathematical approximation that describes diffusion using a differential equation
mutational heritability	The ratio, VM/VE, between the mutational variance and the environmental variance.
biological species concept	Definition of species as groups of individuals that can successfully interbreed with each other in nature but that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
sea-level	The average surface elevation of the world's oceans.
quadratic selection gradient	See selection gradient, quadratic.
matrix	The inner mitochondrial space.
polyphydont	a type of dentition where the teeth are continuously replaced
metastasis	Spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another
emarginate	a notched margin, but not so deeply as to be forked
social dominance	A hierarchical pattern of social organization involving domination of some members of a group by other members in a relatively orderly and long-lasting pattern.
imitation	a behavior that occurs when an animal immediately mimics the actions of another animal while they are in each other's presence
phylogenetic tree	a branching tree-like diagram (dendrogram) used to represent the evolutionary history of a set of taxa, with the leaves (or terminal branches) representing contemporary taxa and the internal branches representing hypothesized ancestors
risk	The probability of harm or injury occurring as a result of participation in a research study
avogadro's number	a large constant used in chemistry and physics
suspension feeder	an organism that feeds by capturing particles suspended in the water column
absorptive feeder	an animal, such as a parasitic tapeworm, that absorbs digested food products through the body wall
water vapor	the water present in the atmosphere in gaseous form
equilibrium centrifugation	The separation of particles on the basis of density by centrifugation to equilibrium in a gradient of a dense substance.
mud	A defective derivative of phage Mu
biotic potential	the maximum rate a population can increase under ideal conditions
feeder cells	A convenient way to grow ES cells in the laboratory is via co-culture with feeder cells
parataxonomist	a field-trained biodiversity collection and inventory specialist recruited from local areas
variables	Quantities that describe the state of a system and that evolve through time
ophthalmic	Pertaining to the eye
zonation	the occurrence of single species or groups of species in recognizable bands that might delineate a range of water depth or a range of height in the intertidal zone
antimetabolite	A substance that prevents utilization of a metabolite.
cm	See centiMorgan.
landmark	A point of reference for orientation during navigation.
photometric	of or relating to photometry; a more precise measurement of the brightness (intensity) of light, which can be digitized and calibrated
newton	A unit of force that creates an acceleration on a mass of 1 kilogram equal to 1 meter per second with no friction and under the conditions of a vacuum.
actinotroch	a larval form found in the Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
wetland	Natural land-use type that is covered by salt water or fresh water for some time period
transformation	The application of a specific mathematical function so that data are changed into a different form
suprapsammon	organisms which swim just above sand and are dependent upon it as a food source
deduction	Inference in which the conclusion about particulars follows necessarily from general theory
biotechnology	A set of biological techniques developed through basic research and now applied to research and product development
genetic counseling	Provides patients and their families with education and information about genetic-related conditions and helps them make informed decisions.
mesocyclone	A cylinder of cyclonically flowing air that form vertically in a severe thunderstorm
shy-drager syndrome	See multiple system atrophy
equinox	Two days during the year when the declination of the Sun is at the equator
ecology	The study of the factors that influence the distribution and abundance of species.
deconvolution	An algorithm-based method for eliminating noise and improving the resolution of digital data
degrees of freedom	in statistics, the number of independent comparisons that can be made between the members of a sample; in a contingency table it is one less than the number of row categories multiplied by one less than the number of column categories
evidence	Something that can help identify the persons responsible for a crime, items used to establish an element of crime or to reconstruct crime events or link crimes.
dormancy	a period of suspended growth and metabolic activity
neuromast	a sensory cell with a hair-like process capable of detecting motion or vibrations in water
cyanobacteria	A group of single-celled Bacteria (formerly called blue-green algae)
glacial drift	A generic term applied to all glacial and glaciofluvial deposits.
vesiculate	thin and bladder-like
kindred	Archaic name for 'blood' relatives.
flood tide	the phase of the tide between low water and the subsequent high tide; a rising tide
complement	A complex series of blood proteins whose action "complements" the work of antibodies
hydrogen ion	an individual atom of hydrogen which is not attached to a molecule and therefore has a positive (+) charge
hypha	The unit of structure of the fungi; a tubular filament.
ion	An atom or molecule with a positive or negative electrical charge
species aggregate	a group of species that are morphologically similar and therefore difficult to identify
daylight savings time	The setting of time so it is one hour ahead starting in the spring and one hour back beginning in the fall in the Northern Hemisphere
dyne	/DINE/ n
nursery	an area favored for birth or egg deposition and where juveniles and immature members of a community feed and grow
micelle	An aggregate of lipids in which the polar head groups face outward and the hydrophobic tails face inward; no solvent is trapped in the center.
floodplain	a lowland along a riverbank, lake, and coastline which is subjected to periodic inundation
zooid	of the distinct individuals forming a colonial invertebrate animal, such as a hydrozoan
neonate	a newborn animal
molecular replacement	A method for solving biomacromolecular structure based on the use of a model derived from a related, previously solved structure.
associate	In Colleague information, "Associate" refers to coworkers or collaborators.
exopinacoderm	the unicellular external surface of a sponge (ectosome composed of pinacocytes)
interpolated name	in taxonomy, a name placed within parentheses (after a generic name to denote a subgenus; after a genus-group name to denote an aggregate of species, or after a specific name to denote an aggregate of subspecies
parapatric	pertains to the ranges of species that are contiguous but not overlapping; adjacent but non-overlapping distributions
vd	See dominance variance.
sibling	A person who shares the same mother or father
gonosome	a collective term for all reproductive structures of a colonial hydrozoan
rhomboid	diamond-shaped
coenocytic	Referring to a multinucleated condition resulting from the repeated division of nuclei without cytoplasmic division.
seaward	Positioned or located away from land but towards an ocean or sea.
venture capital	money invested by venture capitalists in startup companies in exchange for equity.
day/night sst	observations of sea surface temperature obtained during both daytime and nighttime orbits from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on NOAA's polar satellite
stenosis	Narrowing of a duct, tube, or blood vessel
expected number	Prediction of the number of observations occurring for an event based on the probability of the event given the hypothesis being tested and the total number of observations in the sample.
stratocumulus clouds	Low altitude gray colored cloud composed of water droplets that has a patchy appearance
progressive supranuclear palsy	Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is a movement disorder that can be mistaken for Parkinson's disease
tropical disturbance	an organized mass of thunderstorms with a slight cyclonic wind circulation of less than 20 knots
competence	Technically, a legal term, used to denote capacity to act on one's own behalf; the ability to understand information presented, to appreciate the consequences of acting (or not acting) on that information, and to make a choice.
downstream	In the direction of the 3' end of a DNA strand.
translational research	Science directed at clinical application.
homozygote	A diploid individual that carries the same allele at a genetic locus.
pinnacle reef	a nearly cylindrical reef with vertical sides; may be up to 200 m diameter and 50 m in height
baffling	to impede the force or movement of flowing water, such that sediment particles may settle from suspension
metadata	information about data or other information
dyne	unit of force to accelerate 1 gram to 1 cm per second per second
endangered species	under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), an endangered species is one that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range
oceanic crust	Basaltic portion of the Earth's crust that makes up the ocean basins
beach	an aggregation of unconsolidated sediment, usually sand, that covers the shore
cell	A cell is the smallest self-functioning unit found in living organisms
dextral	right, as opposed to sinistral, or left
iteration	A single round of data processing
spine	a sharp hard bony structure on the skeleton or skin
olfactory dysfunction	A reduced or impaired ability to detect odors, which can be an early sign of Parkinson's disease
crust	Earth's outer most layer of solid rock
anthropogenic	made by people or resulting from human activities
star	A large and very massive, self-luminous celestial body of gas that illuminates via the radiation derived from its internal source of energy.
score	To determine the presence or absence of a phenotype by testing for growth under different conditions (e.g., plus and minus an auxotrophic supplement or permissive and nonpermissive conditions)
eleutherobin	a marine pharmaceutical initially isolated from the soft coral Eleutherobia sp
side effect	Secondary effect caused by cancer treatment.
calorie	The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C; also the amount of heat energy that I g of water releases when it cools by 1°C
ssm	See slip-strand mispairing.
categorical excusion	a category of actions that do not individually, collectively, or cumulatively have a significant effect on the environment and that have been found to have no such effect in procedures adopted by a federal agency in implementation of these regulations and for which, therefore, neither an environmental assessment nor an environmental impact statement is required
determinate growth	A type of growth characteristic of most animals and some plant organs, in which growth stops after a certain size is reached.
sea-level pressure	Average atmospheric pressure at sea-level
intrasexual	involving only one of the sexes, male or female
dinosaur	Member of an extremely diverse group of ancient reptiles varying in body shape, size, and habitat.
evidence	Something that can help identify the responsible persons, establish an element of crime, reconstruct crime events or link crimes.
coral reef watch	see CRW (Coral Reef Watch) Program
knoll	a small reef within the lagoon or on shallow shelves
episome	An extrachromosomal DNA fragment, such as a plasmid.
otolith	a calcareous structure of the inner ear of some animals, such as fishes, that functions in the detection of changes in gravitational forces relative to orientation
dna	the abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid
gill	A localized extension of the body surface of many aquatic animals, specialized for gas exchange.
color	a quality of light, depending on its wavelength
instability	Atmospheric condition where a parcel of air is warmer that the surrounding air in the immediate environment
zoned reserve	An extensive region of land that includes one or more areas undisturbed by humans surrounded by lands that have been changed by human activity and are used for economic gain.
systematics	Biological classification and nomenclature.
denticles	/DENT-ə-kəls/ n
royalty	the payment of a percentage of sales as compensation to product developers, patent licensors, or even investors.
stop codon	A UAG, UAA
species	A group whose members possess similar anatomical characteristics and have the ability to interbreed.
microprocessor	An integrated electronic circuit designed to carry out a specific set of operations.
dextrocardia	/decks-troh-KARD-ee-yə/ n
compressed air	air compressed to a pressure higher than the surrounding atmospheric pressure (ambient pressure)
confocal microscopy	A light microscope technique that constructs an image from information derived from point-by-point scanning of a field.
basidium pl. basidia	A reproductive appendage that produces sexual spores on the gills of mushrooms
produced water	water associated with oil and gas reservoirs that is produced along with the oil and gas; also called "brine" (and may contain high mineral or salt content) or "formation water"
ascus pl. asci	A saclike spore capsule located at the tip of the ascocarp in dikaryotic hyphae; defining feature of the Ascomycota division of fungi.
parathesia	Numbness, prickling or tingling feeling
hemophilia treatment centers	A group of federally-funded hospitals that specialize in treating patients with coagulation disorders
zip	a compressed file format (.zip); to compress a file using a zip utility
agricultural pollution	the liquid and solid wastes from all types of farming, including runoff from pesticides, fertilizers and feedlots; erosion and dust from plowing, animal manure, carcasses, crop residues and debris
gene ontology	an ontology is a controlled vocabulary of terms that have logical relationships with each other and that are amenable to computerised manipulation
bullate	describes a blistered or puckered surface
warm desert	Desert found in the subtropics or interiors of continents at the middle latitudes where precipitation is low and surface air temperatures are high.
hydrology	the science dealing with the properties, distribution and circulation of water and snow
solar system	The collection of celestial bodies that orbit around the Sun.
cruciate	cross-shaped
metapopulation	A collection of discrete demes
organic molecule	a molecule that contains one or more carbon atoms
fire coral	a species of hydroid (Millepora sp.) that frequently is brownish to orange-yellow in color and forms encrusting colonies that can assume the shape of its support structure
langley	unit of solar radiation
strand vegetation	vegetation growing on sandy beach and dune areas
patronym	a taxonomic name derived from the name of a person
pinniped	an aquatic mammal in the order Carnivora, such as seals, sea lions and walruses, whose front limbs have evolved to become "flippers"
cytogenetic marker	1
cf	an abbreviation for the Latin word 'confer', meaning "compare"
cranial nerve	A nerve that leaves the brain and innervates an organ of the head or upper body
distal tubules	of the
calyciform	goblet or cup-shaped
competitive advantage	an advantage that a firm has relative to competing firms; may be in the form of intellectual property, expertise, partnerships, assets, etc.
culture	The ideas, customs, skills, rituals, and similar activities of a people or group that are passed along to succeeding generations.
arborescent colony	a coral colony with a tree-like growth structure
dugong	/DOO-gawng/ n
vertical aerial photograph	Photograph taken from a overhead or near overhead angle from a platform in the atmosphere.
solar radiation	Electromagnetic radiation that originates from the Sun
megapascal	A unit of pressure equivalent to 10 atmospheres of pressure.
divergence	The acquisition of differences after evolutionary separation (e.g., of species).
abyssal zone	the deep sea region below 2,000 meters (some consider it to be the region below 4000+ meters)
topical	Applied directly to the skin.
angstrom	A unit of measurement that was widely used until recently to describe molecular dimensions, but the unit nanometer (nm) is now more commonly used
free	unconstrained or not chemically bound in a molecule or not fixed and capable of relatively unrestricted motion
deposition nuclei	Six-sided microscopic particle that allows for deposition of water as ice crystals in the atmosphere
accommodation	The automatic adjustment of an eye to focus on near objects.
local extinction	the disappearance of a population from a local area
meteorite	A meteorite is a part of a meteor from outer space that enters the earth's atmosphere
base flow	Rate of discharge in a stream where only the throughflow and groundwater flow from subsurface aquifers contribute to the overall flow.
parentage testing	(synonyms: maternity testing, paternity testing) The process through which DNA sequences from a particular child and a particular adult are compared to estimate the likelihood that the two individuals are related; DNA testing can reliably exclude but cannot absolutely confirm an individual as a biological parent
insolation	Direct or diffused shortwave solar radiation that is received in the Earth's atmosphere or at its surface.
protocols	the selections of methods and how they are used to gain data and information at a site
flood	Inundation of a land surface that is not normally submerged by water from quick change in the level of a water body like a lake, stream, or ocean.
principal component analysis	a technique for simplifying complex, multi-dimensional datasets to a reduced number of dimensions, the principal components
helix	Twisted shape in the form of a spiral, coil or screw
polymerase chain reaction	A technique to make large quantities of a specific fragment of DNA
immature	describes an animal that has not reached sexual maturity, regardless of size or age
cat scan	see Computerized Tomography
ovule	The female gamete in a flowering plant
troglobite	an obligate cave dweller
neuron	A nerve cell; the fundamental unit of the nervous system, having structure and properties that allow it to conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across its cell membrane.
oceanic crust	Along with continental crust, the outermost layer of the solid earth, colder and more solid than the mantle and core
convection current	a movement of air or water caused by changes in density or thermal gradients
gene name	In ZFIN, a "gene name" is a word or phrase that uniquely identifies a gene
updraft	Upward movement of air.
ribbon reef	a large offshore linear reef, seaward of a fringing reef, which is linear but does not form a barrier to the land
washu	Each member of the set of Olson-Riles clones (generated at Washington Univ.) not only has an ATCC number associated with it, but also a WashU number, which is crosslinked with the ATCC number in the SGD database.
distyly	A polymorphism with two different arrangements of anther and stigma that promotes outcrossing.
stipe	A stemlike structure of a seaweed.
apoptosis	A programmed or controlled form of cell death characterized by the loss of cell junctions and microvilli, condensation of the cytoplasm, margination of the nuclear chromatin, and fragmentation of the nucleus.
fission	The separation of a parent into two or more individuals of approximately equal size
ganglion	A cluster (functional group) of nerve cell bodies in a centralized nervous system.
acrocentric chromosomes	Are those with the centromere very close to the outer tip, giving the chromosome a ‘V' shaped appearance
acerate	needle-shaped
oceanic	associated with sea-water environment seaward of the shelf-slope break
tab-delimited	A text file with data fields separated by "tab" characters
dropsy	/DRAWP-see/ n
spatulate	spoon or broadly blade-shaped
taino	Pre-Columbian indigenous inhabitants of the Bahamas, Greater Antilles and the northern Lesser Antilles
prion	An infectious form of protein that may increase in number by converting related proteins to more prions.
greenhouse gases	atmospheric gases, primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide restricting some heat-energy from escaping directly back into space
plesiomorphy	an ancestral character state
cmo	Contract manufacturing organization
cyclone	Area of low pressure in the atmosphere that displays circular inward movement of air
lmc	See local mate competition.
preimplantation diagnosis	see PDG.
intrathecal	Into the spinal fluid.
tidal flat	a marsh or sandy or muddy coastal flatland which is covered and uncovered by the rise and fall of the tide
natural selection	An adaptation refers to both the current state of being adapted and to the dynamic evolutionary process that leads to the adaptation
buffer	A substance that consists of acid and base forms in solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.
bladder	any sac or cavity used to store liquids or gases
milankovitch theory	Theory proposed by Milutin Milankovitch that suggests that changes in the Earth's climate are cause by variations in solar radiation received at the Earth's surface
hotspot charts	charted regions that highlight sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies that are greater than 1 deg C above the maximum monthly climatological SST
bosselated	covered with small, knob-like projections
principle of segregation	the principle, first noted by Gregor Mendel, that explains why children dont always directly inherit their parents characteristics.
superior	the anatomical term for "above" (e.g., the head is superior to the shoulder)
compression	in information technology, decreasing the size of stored information by reducing the representation of the information without significantly diminishing the information itself, usually by removing redundancies
geo	Genetically engineered organism
emissivity	The ratio of total radiative output from a body per unit time per unit area at a specific temperature and wavelength to that of a black body under the same environmental conditions.
heatmap	Heatmap consists of small cells, each consisting of a colour, which represent relative expression values
diauxic growth	Biphasic growth on a mixture of two carbon sources in which one carbon source is used up before the other one
agents	Independent, autonomous, software modules that can search the Internet for data or content pertinent to a particular application, such as a gene, protein, or biological system.
r	Radiotherapy
wind ripples	Wind ripples are miniature sand dunes between 5 centimeters and 2 meters in length and 0.1 to 5 centimeters in height
clade	A group or lineage of organisms whose members are descended from a single common ancestor.
shelf-edge reef	a synonym of ribbon reef
guardian	An individual who is authorized under applicable state or local law to give permission on behalf of a child to general medical care
latitude	Latitude is a north-south measurement of position on the Earth
longitude	an imaginary great circle on the surface of the Earth passing through the north and south poles at right angles to the equator; "all points on the same meridian have the same longitude"
calicle	one of the small cuplike cavities, often with elevated borders, covering the surface of most corals
summit	the highest part or point; the top
tidal period	Time it takes for one tidal cycle.
trimix	a breathing gas mixture of helium, oxygen, and nitrogen
trimerophyte	Member of an early group of vascular plants.
inversely proportional	Cause and effect relationship between two variables where a positive or negative change in the quantity of one causes a predictable opposite change in quantity in the other.
granulocyte	A type of blood cell involved in inflammatory reactions.
cold front	in meteorology, a mass of cold air moving toward a mass of warm air
differentiation	The movement from less specialized cellular forms to more specialized ones
resilient	resumes the original shape after deformation; elastic
star genealogy	A genealogy in which all lineages coalesce in a common ancestor at the same time
sigma	an informal name for the standard deviation
cape	a piece of land that that projects out into a large body of water
corymbose	describes coral colonies with horizontal interlocking branches and short upright branches
crateriform	cup-shaped
polyspermy	Fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm.
elimination/reference samples	A term used to describe a sample of known source taken for comparison purposes.
water withdrawal	The removal of water from some type of source, like groundwater, for some use by humans
pirna	Piwi-interacting RNA
oceanodromous	used to describe organisms that migrate only within the ocean, usually from spawning grounds to feeding grounds
turbidimeter	an instrument for measuring turbidity of liquids
environmental gradient	Spatial gradient where abiotic and biotic factors vary.
null hypothesis	In statistical analysis, a hypothesis proposing that there is no statistically significant difference between the observed results of an experiment and the expected results.
sample	A collection of individuals or measurements obtained from a larger aggregate
cnidosac	a sac located in a ceras of a nudibranch gastropod which contains undischarged nematocysts (obtained through feeding upon cnidarians) passed from the slug's digestive system
equilibrium	the state in which the action of multiple forces produces a steady balance, resulting in no change over time
viscosity	a measure of resistance to flow in a liquid
d	DHHS
midocean ridge	an uplifting of the ocean floor that occurs when convection currents beneath the ocean bed force magma up where two tectonic plates meet at a divergent boundary
desert pavement	A veneer of coarse particles left on the ground after the erosion of finer particles by wind.
genome	Total DNA of an organism (genes, genetic signalling structures as well as additional DNA sections)
real time	time in which reporting of events or recording of events is simultaneous with the event
salinity	Concentration of dissolved salts found in a sample of water
platform technology	a technique or tool that enables a range of scientific investigations
mesoderm	The middle of the three germ layers of an embryo that forms the connective, musculoskeletal, and vascular tissue.
population density	The number of individuals of a population per unit area or volume of living space.
chromosome	The structure in the cell nucleus that contains all of the cellular DNA together with a number of proteins that compact and package the DNA.
sewage	the total of organic waste and waste water generated by residential and commercial establishments
firth	a partly land-locked arm of the sea
geohab	a joint SCOR-IOC Program of international cooperative research on harmful algal blooms (HABs) in marine and brackish waters
agonistic behavior	A type of behavior involving a contest of some kind that determines which competitor gains access to some resource, such as food or mates.
myalgia	Muscle aches
aeration	the addition of air to a liquid
allele	A particular form of a gene.
prosopinacoderm	in sponges, a surface lined with prosopinacocytes
fore reef slope	a sand covered, gradual or sharply descending slope; the next-to-deepest part of the fore reef
field guide	a pocket-size book or a CD containing taxonomic keys for identification, illustrations and/or photographs of organisms, distribution maps, and some natural history notes
red blood cell count	Measurement of the number of red blood cells in a sample of blood.
androgenesis	male parthenogenesis, i.e., the development of a haploid embryo from a male nucleus
calyx	the upper or open end of the corallite or coral polyp cup; the central body of entoprocts (goblet worms) or crinoids (sea lilies and feather stars)
hypermorphic mutation	Loss-of-function Mutation
oceanography	the study of the earth's oceans and their interlinked ecosystems and chemical and physical processes
benthic carbon dioxide flux	the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) released from a unit area of sediment over a specific time interval, during the decomposition of organic matter
h2	See heritability.
depilate	/DEP-ə-late/ v
chromosome	A specific arrangement of genes and other DNA
tree	A large woody plant that has a trunk which supports branches and leaves.
induction	Inference of a generalized conclusion from particular instances
lymphomatoid papulosis	A rare skin disorder that appears to be cancer but is actually benign in most cases. More Information.
half-life	The average time required for the disappearance or decay of one-half of any amount of a given substance.
heat of vaporization	The amount of heat required to change a given amount of a liquid into a gas; 540 calories are required to change 1 gram of liquid water into vapor.
cumulative distribution	The probability that a random variable will be less than a given value is called its cumulative distribution.
dysphagia	Difficulty in swallowing.
insulin	A small protein hormone that regulates glucose levels in the body
heterogametic	Containing one each of the two forms of the sex chromosome.
3' utr	3' Untranslated Region
parapatric	A geographic distribution in which different types are found in different places and meet only in a narrow zone.
ultraviolet radiation	Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0.1 and 0.4 micrometers (µm).
hydrophobic	Literally means 'water hating'
family health history	A record of medical information about an individual and their family members, as well as information about the eating habits, activities, and environments the family shares.
latent heat of vaporization	The amount of heat energy required from the environment to change the state of a liquid to a gas
pattern formation	The ordering of cells into specific three-dimensional structures, an essential part of shaping an organism and its individual parts during development.
ibd	See identity by descent.
hft lysate	A lysate from a lysogenic phage that includes a substantial proportion of transducing fragments
holliday junction	The cruciform structure formed as an intermediate in homologous genetic recombination.
continental drift	A theory, originally proposed by Alfred Wegener, that the continents were once part of a single land mass and have since moved across the Earth to their present locations
biogeochemical cycling	Cycling of a single element, compound or chemicals by various abiotic and biotic processes through the various stores found in the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
cognitive map	A representation within the nervous system of spatial relations between objects in an animal's environment.
immunology	Study of all phenomena related to the body's response to antigenic challenge.
extrapolation	a conjecture based on the assumption that a phenomenon or trend observed in the present can be extended into the past or future.
magmatic hotspot	in geology, a hotspot is a location on the Earth's surface that has had volcanism for a long period of time
isozymes	Multiple forms of an enzyme that differ from one another in one or more of the properties.
bilaterian	Member of the group that includes the majority of animal phyla and includes all animals with bilateral (left/right) symmetry.
haploid	a cell having half the usual number of chromosomes, e.g
tropical	region in which the climate undergoes little seasonal change in either temperature or rainfall
chromatids	in each cluster during
leeward	Downwind side of an elevated area like a mountain
double helix	That is, for a certain length the two strands of the double helix become disconnected, and then later they reconnect
gall	A tumorous growth in plants.
oligotrophic	refers to water bodies with low concentrations of nutrients
caruncle	a fleshy outgrowth
dew	Condensation of water on the Earth's surface because of atmospheric cooling.
angstrom	A unit of measure used to measure inter-atomic distances within molecules equal to 10-10 meter.
penultimate	the one before the last; the second from the end
database	a structured file of information or a set of logically related data stored and retrieved using computer-based means
payoff matrix	A matrix showing the payoff that is won by each possible strategy when played against each other strategy.
polycystic kidney disease	a group of conditions characterized by fluid filled sacs that slowly develop in both kidneys, eventually resulting in kidney malfunction.
adaptive landscape	See fitness landscape.
informed consent	A term used to describe the responsibility of doctors or researchers to ensure that patients or people being researched have an understanding of the relevant facts regarding their care or participation in research
amplification efficiency	A measure of how closely the majority of PCR cycles in a given run approximate perfect doubling of product
biennial plant	Plant species that completes its life in two growing seasons.
precambrian	the geological time in Earth’s history before the beginning of the Cambrian period (about 540 million years ago).
frost	Deposition of ice at the Earth's surface because of atmospheric cooling.
plagioclase feldspar	A type of feldspar that is rich in sodium and calcium
true south	Direction of the South Pole from an observer on the Earth.
zenith	the point of the celestial sphere which is directly overhead
agglomerate	to group or gather together in a dense cluster
data	Factual information (as measurements or statistics) used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation
neap tide	Tide that occurs every 14 to 15 days and coincides with the first and last quarter of the moon
innate releasing mechanism	In ethology, a circuit within an animal's brain that is hypothesized to respond to a specific stimulus, setting in motion, or "releasing," the sequence of movements that constitute a fixed action pattern.
continental crust	The outermost layer of the solid Earth
gelatinous	having the the consistence of jelly
informed consent	The ethical practice of obtaining consent to undergo a medical procedure or participate in a medical study while respecting individual choice and protecting an individual from harm.
medusa bud	one of the buds of a hydroid, destined to develop into a gonophore or medusa
mafic magma	Magma that is relative poor in silica but rich in calcium, magnesium, and iron content
heterogametic	Producing two types of euploid gametes with respect to chromosomal content
ribbed	describes a surface with a series of ridges
papilliform	nipple-shaped
glacial lake	A natural impoundment of meltwater at the front of a glacier.
tinctorial	relating to staining or coloring
rainsplash	Soil erosion caused from the impact of raindrops.
adambulacral	pertains to structures situated along the ambulacral grooves of echinoderms
density-gradient centrifugation	A method of separating particles by centrifugation through a gradient of a dense substance, such as sucrose or cesium chloride.
finished sequence	Sequence produced to an accuracy of no more than 1 error in 10,000 bases
load	See genetic load.
reflected light	Incident illumination (cf
cell adhesion	adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells
density-independent factors	Any factor influencing population regulation that acts to reduce population by the same percentage, regardless of size.
icriforum	the official web site of the International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI)
confidence interval	the probability, based on statistics, that a number will be between an upper and lower limit
trench	a deep steep-sided depression in the ocean floor caused by the subduction of oceanic crust beneath either other oceanic crust or continental crust
bursa	a sac or sac-like cavity
correlation coefficient	a measure of the relationship between variables
upper air westerlies	Consistent winds that exist in the upper troposphere that flow east to west from about 20° of latitude to the poles.
genetic management	The incorporation of information on the levels and distribution of genetic variability into management programmes, with the overall aim of conserving genetic resources (levels of allelic diversity and associated genotypic variance in ecologically significant traits).
rnase protection	A method of detecting the presence of a specific RNA in a sample
concordance	Presence of the same characteristic in both members of a pair of twins (or set of individuals)
leaf	The main site of photosynthesis in a plant; consists of a flattened blade and a stalk (petiole) that joins the leaf to the stem.
climap project	Multiuniversity research project that reconstructed the Earth's climate for the last million years by examining proxy data from ocean sediment cores.
flabelliform	fan-shaped
duct	any tubular structure
amoebozoa	One of the major kingdoms of eukaryotes
k	Karyotype
circa	about; around
clavate	club-shaped
reasoning	in argumentation- statements that link the evidence to the claim, showing why the data counts as evidence to support the claim
arcims	ESRI software that allows for centrally hosting and serving GIS maps, data, and applications for use on the Internet
genealogy	The tree-like ancestral relationship that connects a set of genes at a single genetic locus.
total body irradiation	Radiation aimed at the entire body to destroy cancer cells
bloodworm	a marine polychaete worm used as bait in angling
multiple use mpa	often employed over larger areas, multiple-use areas allow for integrated management of complete marine ecosystems, usually through a zoning process
subsea permafrost	Form of permafrost that exists beneath the sea in ocean sediments.
revolution	See Earth revolution.
equator	Location on the Earth that has a latitude of 0°.
allelic	Two variants are allelic if they are alleles at the same genetic locus.
trace evidence	Physical evidence that results from the transfer of small quantities of materials (e.g., hair, textile fibers, paint chips, glass fragments, gunshot residue particles).
solid phase extraction	A sample purification method based on the affinity of either the desired or undesired components of a reaction mixture for a solid material and subsequent filtration of the solid material from the reaction.
argument from design	The argument that the order seen in the living world implies that it was created by a divine power.
three-hybrid system	A technique for the detection of complexes that involve three proteins; also used to refer to a technique for the detection of RNA-protein interactions.
database	Any file system by which data gets stored following a logical process. (see also relational database)
condensation nuclei	Microscopic particle of dust, smoke or salt that allows for condensation of water vapor to water droplets in the atmosphere
genetics	for example, a purely statistical definition of the term doesn't imply anything in particular about actual biochemical interaction between genes
syntype	in taxonomy, each specimen of a type series from which neither a holotype nor a lectotype has been designated
burrower	an animal that makes a hole or burrow in the substratum and lives in it
genome	The entire number of genes in an organism
voluntary	Free of coercion, duress or undue inducement
recombination	Transfer of information from one DNA molecule to another
species	the taxonomic rank below genus; there are many definitions of this word, all of which are controversial to some extent, but the most common definition used for sexually reproducing organisms is “a group of interbreeding organisms that is reproductively isolated from other such groups.”
fore reef escarpment	a slope or cliff seaward of the fore reef terrace, at a depth of about 25-30m
dependent variable	A measurable characteristic who's value is conditioned on the value of a second variable (the independent variable) and who's value may be predicted from the relationship with the independent variable.
mendelian	1
fractal geometry	a method to study shapes that are self-similar over many scales
prosthesis	Artificial body parts, such as arms, legs, hips
urban area	an area in which a majority of the people are not directly dependent on natural resource-based occupations
cerebral	The brain, of the brain
riffle	Bar deposit found on the bed of streams
marsupial	Any member of the mammalian group Metatheria
volcanic pipe	A dyke reaches the surface of the Earth
permutation test	A statistical test in which the data are randomized many times to determine the statistical significance of the experimental outcome.
data stewardship	a subset of data management and consists of the application of rigorous analyses and oversight to ensure that data sets meet the needs of users
trunkfish	any fish species in the family Ostraciidae (order Tetraodontiformes)
spyhopping	behavior of a whale when raising the head vertically out of the water, usually while stationary, then sinking below the surface without much splash
imbricate	with overlapping parts, such as scales
macerate	to disintegrate tissues by means of cutting, soaking or enzymatic action to obtain a cell dissociation
greenhouse effect	The greenhouse effect causes the atmosphere to trap more heat energy at the Earth's surface and within the atmosphere by absorbing and re-emitting longwave energy
inflated	swollen or expanded
petaflop	A theoretical measure of computer speed that corresponds to a thousand trillion (1015) floating point operations per second.
throughflow	The roughly horizontal flow of water through soil or regolith.
mole	The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules.
fissure	Opening or crack in the Earth's crust.
fluctuation test	An experimental approach designed by Luria and Delbruck to determine whether mutations are random or directed, and to measure mutation rates (see http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/~smaloy/MicrobialGenetics/topics/mutations/fluctuation.html).
abraded	worn or frayed
spicule	minute, hard, needle-like or sharp-pointed processes or projections
megabase	A unit of DNA length corresponding to 1 million bases.
bone marrow suppression	Decreased growth of blood cells
noctilucent clouds	High altitude clouds composed of ice crystals that appear to glow silver or bright blue shortly after sunset.
swash	A thin sheet of water that moves up the beach face after a wave of water breaks on the shore.
natural climate record	a record of climatic events found by examining the natural environment (e.g., coral growth bands, tree rings, layers of ice in glaciers)
natural theology	A theology based on reason and ordinary experience instead of on special or supposedly supernatural revelation.
entrainment	the synchronisation of one biological rhythm to another or to a zeitgeber cycle, e.g
pristine	an area having its original purity, not contaminated or corrupted by human intervention; the original or pure condition or state of something; unspoiled
olfactory	pertaining to the sense of smell (olfaction)
development	The progressive production of the phenotypic characteristics of a multicellular organism, beginning with the fertilization of an egg.
sarcoplasmic reticulum	A specialized endoplasmic reticulum that regulates the calcium concentration in the cytosol.
multiplex	This word is mainly used as 'multiplexing', thus referring to a method by which many parameters are simultaneously tested and processed.
autumnal equinox	the equinox at which the sun approaches the Southern Hemisphere and passes directly over the equator
addorsal	close to, but not on the middle of the dorsal surface
trait	See character.
helicoid	spiral-shaped
sequence	As a noun, the sequence of a DNA is a buzz word for the structure of a DNA molecule, in terms of the sequence of bases it contains
tip	The terminal node on a phylogenetic tree.
bow	the front part of a vessel
urbanization	Expansion of cities into rural regions because of population growth
parsing	The use of algorithms to analyze data into components.
nucleotide repeat expansion	A type of mutation in which a set of tandemly repeated sequences replicates inaccurately to increase the number of repeats
induced fit	The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate.
angiosperms	Flowering seed plants.
octopus	in scuba, a backup second stage regulator connected to the first stage, intended for the benefit of other scuba divers in case their air supply should fail
lithothamnion ridge	a synonym for algal ridge
radiometer	an instrument for measuring radiation energy
geometric mean	An average defined by the nth root of the product of n values:
nadp reductase	An enzyme that transfers electrons from ferrodoxin to NADP+, yielding NADPH.
non-calcareous alga	a fleshy macroalga versus a calcareous form
parallel analysis	Simultaneous analysis of thousands of samples.
chiton	a marine mollusk of the Subclass Polyplacophora, which contains about 600 species of sedentary animals commonly known as chitons.They are found from shallow waters to depths of about 400 m
morphogen	A substance, such as bicoid protein, that provides positional information in the form of a concentration gradient along an embryonic axis.
heuristic	A method based on empirical information that has no explicit rationalization.
de bruijn graph	A directed mathematical graph that uses a sequence of letters of length k to represent nodes
java	a programming language created by Sun Microsystems which allows the user to create programs which run well in a networked environment (such as the World Wide Web)
sex chromosome	One of the two chromosomes that specify an organism's genetic sex
turbidity flow	a flow of dense, muddy water moving down a slope due to a turbidity current
cloning	the process of producing a genetically identical copy (clone).
genotype	Entirety of genetic features
earth rotation	Refers to the spinning of the Earth on its polar axis.
extended phenotype	The phenotype of all the individuals affected by a gene.
monk seal	an endangered species of seal (Monachus schauinslandi) normally found on the leeward (southwest) sides of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, and occasionally sighted in the Main Hawaiian Islands
day length	Period of time for a location on the Earth when insolation from the Sun is being received.
antibody	A blood protein produced in response to an antigen (any substance capable of producing antibodies) in the body
gene map	the linear arrangement of mutable sites on a chromosome as deduced from genetic recombination experiments.
eradicate	Get rid of
conjunctivitis	Red, itchy eyes; eye infection
multivariate analysis of variance	an analysis of variance with two or more dependent variables
bray-curtis similarity coefficient	a similarity coefficient used to determine site similarities based on organism abundances
swamp	a type of wetland that is dominated by woody vegetation
sex chromosomes	One of the two chromosomes that specify the sex of an organism
homogeneous	of similar or uniform structure or composition throughout; refers to anything which displays a uniform or consistent composition
monsoon	a periodic wind caused by the effects of differential heating, with the largest being the Indian monsoon found in the Indian Ocean and southern Asia
linear regression	regression in which the relationship is linear
aeolid nudibranch	a type of nudibranch (order Nudibranchia) in which the mantle is extended into long finger-like projections, the cerata (sing: ceras), rather than a feather-like external gill on the dorsal surface
sequence id	Sequence accession identifier
colonial coral	a coral composed of many individuals
j curve	a J-shaped growth curve that depicts exponential growth
digitiform	finger-shaped
gulf	a portion of an ocean or sea that extends into the land; a partially land-locked sea, e.g., the Gulf of Oman
condensation	See Dehydration synthesis.
pedigree index	Evaluation of an individuals genetic merit based solely on the genetic evaluations of its parents ( the average of parent evaluations).
coastal margin	the boundary line between land and sea
tera	a metric prefix meaning 10 to the 12th power, or one trillion
arcview	desktop geographical information system (GIS) software developed by ESRI used to do some basic GIS operations and print maps
loculus	the calcified area or fiber-filled space within the axis of a gorgonian or an interseptal space within the gastrovascular cavity of an anthozoan; a small cavity or space within an organ of a plant or animal
cytoplasm	on structures called ribosomes.
sea snake	a member of the family Hydophiidae
peat	Extensive deposits of undecayed organic material formed primarily from the wetland moss Sphagnum.
chloramphenicol	An antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50s ribosomal subunit and blocking the peptidyltransferase reaction
species richness	the number of species in an area or biological collection
azooxanthellate coral	a coral which does not have symbiotic zooxanthellae in its tissues
hyposaline	referring to water with a salinity lower than that of natural seawater
reproductive isolation	The separation of distinct gene pools, as a result of genetic differences that prevent successful interbreeding.
aquifer	a subterranean layer of porous water-bearing rock, gravel, or sand capable of storing and conveying water to wells and streams
thrombolite	a microbial sedimentary structure characterized by a macroscopic clotted mesostructure; a microbialite having of a clotted mesostructure
biogrid	BioGRID (General Repository for Interactions database) is a database of genetic and physical interactions developed by the Tyers Group at Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
macrophotography	photography of a subject where the image is recorded in the same or larger than actual size; type of photography employing the use of special lenses or attachments allowing close-range photos of a given subject
estuarine conditions	refers to saline and tidal conditions which occur due to tidal ebb and flow in a region where fresh and marine waters mix
range	A statistical measure of the dispersion of observation values in a data set
tidal channel	a channel that dissects the tidal flat surface
spouse	Husband or wife.
vermiform	worm-shaped
crawl	tracks and other signs left on a beach by a seaturtle
intrinsic value	a value placed on the inherent qualities of a species, independent of its value to humans
galeiform	helmet-shaped
mri	Magnetic Resonance Imaging (see above)
supermale	a male which does not change sex and is the principal spawner
phylogram	A phylogenetic tree in which the branch lengths are proportional to the evolutionary distance between nodes
geomorphology	The field of knowledge that investigates the origin of landforms on the Earth and other planets.
open circuit scuba	a diving apparatus in which exhaled air is expelled into the water as bubbles; no part is rebreathed by the diver
log ratio	The logarithm, usually to the base 2, of the ratio of the measured signal intensities in the two channels of a two-colour microarray experiment
radiometric dating	A method of dating samples based on analysis of radioactive isotopes and the products of their decay.
node	The point in a phylogenetic tree where one branch splits into two.
autapomorphy	A derived character state unique to a particular taxon.
post-emergent nest	a seaturtle nest in which the majority of hatchlings have emerged through the surface of the sand
shortwave radiation	Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0.1 and 0.7 micrometers (µm)
work	in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, any text whether published, unpublished, or carrying a disclaimer containing a name or other information bearing on nomenclature
rock–paper–scissors game	A game in which strategy A beats B, B beats C, and C beats A.
fixation probability	See probability of fixation.
bulb	A modified bud with thickened leaves adapted for underground food storage.
ctenoid	comb-shaped; with a comb-like margin
red queen	Continual coevolution between two species (e.g., between host and parasite).
homodont	type of dentition where the teeth are all similar, indicative of a uniform diet
groundwater recharge	The replenishment of groundwater with surface water.
cloud computing	The abstraction of underlying hardware architectures (for example, servers, storage and networking) to a shared pool of computing resources that can be readily provisioned and released.
dna annealling	the reformation of double stranded DNA from thermally denatured DNA
fra	a designated area, within a Fisheries Management Area (FMA), where certain specified fish harvesting activities are prohibited
rangeland	Land-use type that supplies vegetation for consumption by grazing and browsing animals
tissue	A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.
groundfish	fishes, usually of commercial value, that live on or near the bottom; also called "bottom fish"
source species	a species whose births exceed deaths in an area
cold spot	Sites within a gene (or genome)Êat which mutations occur with much lower frequency than at other sites.
moderate hemophilia	A categorical term used to describe someone with a factor VIII or IX level ranging from 1% to 5% of normal blood levels of factor.
restriction enzyme	Enzymes that can cut DNA into strands at specific places along its length.
oral pinnule	arms of feather stars (Echinodermata-Crinoidea) bear numerous pinnately arranged branches called "pinnules ." Those pinnules closest to the disk are the proximal, or oral pinnules
vep	Ensembl Tool that allows users to provide a list of variants and export a results file containing consequence types.
chromosome	A rodlike structure in the cell nucleus, along which the genes are located
embryonic germ cell	EG cell
metamorphic rock	A rock that forms from the recrystallization of igneous, sedimentary or other metamorphic rocks through pressure increase, temperature rise, or chemical alteration.
adult	a fully developed and sexually mature animal, physically capable of reproducing under appropriate physiological, ecological and sociobiological conditions
dura mater	/D(Y)ER-ə MADE-er/ The tough, fibrous outer membranous sheath of the brain and spinal cord.
bivalve	A mollusk with a soft body enclosed by two distinct shells that are hinged and capable of opening and closing.
hemimetabolous	Developing directly through a series of nymphal stages with a similar morphology to the adult (e.g., as in grasshoppers and bugs)
social group	a small population in which the individuals are bound together in relatively stable patterns of interaction and in some ways depend upon each other for its survival
shore reef	a synonym of fringing reef
heat island	The dome of relatively warm air which develops over the center of urbanized areas.
standard deviation	a measure of the spread or dispersion of a set of data
crust	the outermost layer of the Earth, consisting of relatively low-density rocks
carrion	the dead and rotting body of an animal; carrion is food for scavenging animals
genital bursa	an invagination at the base of an arm of a brittle star
eusocial	Fully social organisms in which only one or a few individuals in a colony reproduce.
altimetry	a technique to measure the height of the sea surface from radar pulses transmitted from a satellite
carbon dioxide	Common gas found in the atmosphere
maternal half sib	Brother or sister having the same dam but different sires.
alternate paternity	(synonyms: false paternity, nonpaternity) The situation in which the alleged father of a particular individual is not the biological father
low complexity region	Regions of biased composition including homopolymeric runs, short-period repeats, and more subtle overrepresentation of some residues
craterform	massive shape with a broad base and a large, central depression
temporal summation	A phenomenon of neural integration in which the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell in a chemical synapse is determined by the combined effect of EPSPs or IPSPs produced in rapid succession.
fungi	Group, at the kingdom level, in the classification of life
spatial data	information about the location and shape of, and relationships among, geographic features, usually stored as coordinates and topology
meio-	smaller; less than
n-terminus	The end of a polypeptide chain that has a free amino acid (-NH2) group.
photo-quadrat	a quadrat that is photographed for purposes of later analysis and permanent record for species monitoring or measurement
convergence	come together and meet at a point
rhyniophyte	Member of an early group of vascular plants.
reconnaissance survey	a brief survey of a study area before the collection of field data
pedigree	A medical drawing that includes all of a person’s close relatives, the relationship between family members, and health information
arcmap	a component of ESRI's ArcGIS developed as client software specifically for the Microsoft Windows environment to enable more intuitive processing and presentation of ArcGIS data
cellular component	Refers to subcellular structures, locations, and macromolecular complexes
smog	Generic term used to describe mixtures of pollutants in the atmosphere
executive order	one of a number of official documents, numbered consecutively, through which the President of the United States manages the operations of the Federal Government
intestacy	Dying without leaving a will.
algal bloom	a sudden spurt of algal growth that can indicate potentially hazardous changes in local water chemistry
sample	A sample is a subset group of data selected from a larger population group
berm	a low, incipient, nearly horizontal or landward-sloping area, or the landward side of a beach, usually composed of sand deposited by wave action; a mound of earth formed to control the flow of surface water; a sloped wall or embankment used to prevent the inflow or outflow of materials into/from an area
independent variable	Variable in a statistical test that is thought to be controlling through cause and effect the value of observations in another dependent variable modeled in the test.
saltwater intrusion	The invasion of saltwater into freshwater aquifers in coastal and inland areas
nanoplankton	minute phytoplankton organisms with a body diameter between 0.2 and 20 micrometers
gamma distribution	The sum of a number of independent, exponentially distributed variables (e.g., the time taken for a number of independent events to occur) follows a Gamma distribution.
hydrophobic	'fears water' (hydro = water; phobic = fear)
background level	the concentration or level of a substance or other factor in an environment that is not the result of human activities, e.g., background levels of chemicals, light, sound, etc
neutron	An electrically neutral particle (a particle having no electrical charge), found in the nucleus of an atom.
mutation rate	Number of mutations (alteration of a DNA sequence) arising in an individual per gene or per nucleotide site per unit time (for example per generation).
speed of light	Velocity of light in a vacuum
substantia nigra	From the Latin for "black substance," the substantia nigra is a part of the basal ganglia that is rich in dopamine-producing nerve cells and the black pigment neuromelanin
bifurcation	A node in a tree that connects exactly three branches
alliance	agreement between two or more companies to cooperate in some way.
starch	Complex carbohydrate composed of thousands of glucose units
zooecium	the skeleton of a bryozoan zooid
reflection	When light strikes a surface and then leaves at the same angle
chromosome	to another without altering the number of chromosomes
extensible markup language	A set of specifications for formatting web documents that allows the creation of custom data tags that enable flexible transmission of data between applications and servers.
corticocyte	in octocorals, a cell that secretes gorgonin, which forms the axis of a gorgonian
electron microscopy	A type of microscopy that uses an electron beam to form an image
chd	Coronary heart disease, heart disease
actinophore	a pterygiophore and its associated fin ray
quanta meter	an instrument used to measure the number of photons
pedunculate	having a stem or stalk
strobe	pertaining to underwater photography, an artificial light device or flash device used to restore wavelengths of light filtered out by water
roll cloud	A dense, cigar shaped cloud found above the gust front of a thunderstorm
allelopathic substance	a substance produced by one organism that adversely affects another organism
longitude	Longitude is a west-east measurement of position on the Earth
quality of life	The overall enjoyment of life
locally-managed marine area	an area of nearshore waters actively being managed by local communities or resource-owning groups, or being collaboratively managed by resident communities with local government and/or partner organizations
published name	in taxonomy, any name which is printed and circulated, i.e., meets the criteria of publication as stated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; it may be available, unavailable, valid or invalid
muskeg	Poorly drained marshes or swamps found overlying permafrost.
pair bond	the temporary or permanent association formed between a female and male animal during courtship and mating
root	The most ancient branch in a phylogenetic tree.
dna polymerase	Enzyme that catalyzes the production of DNA.
denitrifying bacteria	anaerobic bacteria in soil or water that use the nitrate ion as a substitute for molecular oxygen during their metabolism
regression analysis	a statistical technique applied to data to determine the degree of correlation of a dependent variable with one or more independent variables, in other words, to see if there is a strong or weak cause and effect relationship between things; a statistical process for fitting a line through a set of data points
catch per unit effort	the number of fish caught by an amount of effort
plate	One of the large, rigid pieces of Earth's crust that move as the result of circulation in the underlying mantle.
incipient	beginning to exist or appear; beginner; beginning, starting, coming into existence
fermentation	Decomposition and breakdown of organic matter by anaerobic means.
centigrade temperature scale	a thermometric scale in which 0 degrees C (Celsius) marks the freezing point of water and 100 degrees C indicates the boiling point of water at sea level
valence	The bonding capacity of an atom, generally equal to the number of unpaired electrons in the atom's outermost shell.
subcutaneous	Under the skin
force	Process that changes the state of rest or motion of a body.
neuron	A nerve cell used to transmit information within the central nervous system
hydrophobic	A molecule or portion of a molecule that does not readily dissolve in water.
commission	refers to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)
lagoon slope	the back reef on a barrier or atoll reef
nudibranch	a opisthobranchiate mollusk (sea slugs), having no shell except while very young
type 2 error	A false negative, or failing to reject a false null hypothesis
out-of-africa model	The hypothesis that modern humans evolved recently in Africa and spread from there, replacing archaic hominins
do	the concentration of free oxygen dissolved in water and readily available to aerobic organisms
relief map	a contour map: a map having contour lines through points of equal elevation
littoral drift	The sediment that is transported by waves and currents through beach drift and longshore drift along coastal areas.
environmental impact assessment	detailed studies which predict the effects of a development project on the environment
biological survey	collecting, processing, and analyzing a representative portion of the resident aquatic community to determine its structural and/or functional characteristics
ubiquitous	having a worldwide distribution; common to abundant in a given area
socmon guidelines	SocMon is a set of guidelines for establishing a socioeconomic monitoring program at a coastal management site
multiplexing	A laboratory approach that performs multiple sets of reactions in parallel (simultaneously); greatly increasing speed and throughput.
critical entrainment velocity	Velocity required to entrain a particular sized particle into the moving medium of air or water.
ribosomal rna	The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins forms the structure of ribosomes
neonate	A newborn infant, especially one less than four weeks old
mantle	the middle layer of the Earth, lying just below the crust and consisting of relatively dense rocks
ectomycorrhiza	A type of mycorrhiza in which the mycelium fonns a dense sheath, or mantle, over the surface of the root
odontophore	a tooth-bearing structure found in most mollusks, except bivalves
amorphous	lacking a distinct form or shape
periphery	the outermost part or region within a precise boundary
spin-off	separating a smaller unit from an established company, permitting each company to retain focus while shielding the parent from risk and granting the spin-off the administrative benefits of small size.
estimator	in statistics, an estimator is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter
stratify	Arrange in groups by age, sex, etc., for analysis
neural	Brain or nerves
metanephridium	a type of excretory tubule in annelid worms
gluconeogenesis	The synthesis of glucose.
mutator	An allele that causes an increased mutation rate.
organized territory	a United States insular area for which the United States Congress has enacted an organic act
gram-negative organism	Any prokaryotic organism that does not retain the first stain (crystal violet) used in Gram's staining technique
infarct	Death of tissue due to loss of blood flow
evolution	of the many meanings of this word, three are used here: (1) change over time; the fact that most of the organisms alive today are different from organisms that existed in the past; (2) universal common descent; the hypothesis that all organisms are modified descendants of a single common ancestor in the distant past; (3) the mechanisms of biological change; the hypothesis that natural selection acting on random variations has been the principal cause of modification.
hla	Abbreviation for human leukocyte-associated antigen.
phytoplankton	microscopic green plant component of the plankton which is responsible for most of the photosynthetic activity in the ocean
hypocenter	the point under the earth's surface where the energy of an earthquake is first released
carbonation	Is a form of chemical weathering where carbonate and bicarbonate ions react with minerals that contain calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium.
mini-atoll	a ring-shaped patch reef with a central area (lagoon) containing sand
thematic map	Map that displays the geographical distribution of one phenomenon or the spatial associations that occur between a few phenomena
unipotency	Capable of making only a single type of cell
leaf drip	The rain water that fall to the ground surface from plant leaves after it has been intercepted by these structures.
raw sewage	untreated domestic or commercial waste water
eddy	a circular movement of water formed on the side of a main current
pod	a group of aquatic mammals
isolated	An abnormality that occurs in the absence of other systemic involvement
convectional precipitation	Is the formation of precipitation due to surface heating of the air at the ground surface
catadromous species	a species that spawns in the ocean but lives parts of its life in fresh water, e.g., American eel
lungfish	Common name for members of the Dipnoi subdivision of Choanichthyes, fishes that date back to the Devonian
cost-benefit analysis	an assessment of the short-term and long-term costs (losses) and benefits (gains) that arise from an economic decision
postulate	a statement accepted without proof; a fundamental assumption
tumor	A mass that forms within otherwise normal tissue, caused by the uncontrolled growth of a transformed cell.
groundwater flow	Underground topographic flow of groundwater because of gravity.
injection	use of a syringe and needle to deliver medications to the body (also called a "shot").
symptomatic	showing outward signs of a condition
pangaea	Pangaea is the name given to the lands of the earth at the time when they came together to form one continent millions of years ago
ecosophy	ecological philosophy; a set of ethics related to ecological and environmental matters; It refers to philosophies which have a predominant ecocentric or biocentric perspective
cell	Life's fundamental unit of structure and function.
population	a group of individuals of one species, found within a particular area.
pressure	Is defined as the force acting on a surface from another mass per unit area.
core	The core is a layer rich in iron and nickel found in the interior of the Earth
primary pollutant	Air pollutants that enter the atmosphere directly
troposphere	Layer in the atmosphere found from the surface to a height of between 8 to 16 kilometers of altitude (average height 11 kilometers)
discovery rights	selling only research findings while keeping rights to all the knowledge that is uncovered along the way.
balanced polymorphism	A type of polymorphism in which the frequencies of the coexisting forms do not change noticeably over many generations.
coral reef	Ridge of limestone found generally below the ocean surface
sister chromatid	The two copies of a chromosome after it has been replicated.
variance	the population variance of a random variable is a non-negative number which gives an idea of how widely spread the values of the random variable are likely to be; the larger the variance, the more scattered the observations on average
osteoclast	A mononucleate macrophage that breaks down the bone matrix and plays a role in bone remodeling.
cymbiform	boat-shaped
kame terrace	A long flat ridge composed of glaciofluvial sediment
evolvability	Ability to generate heritable variation that can be exploited by selection.
ovaries	Female sex glands that release the egg cells
bootstrap	A type of statistical analysis that is generally used for measuring the reliability of a sample estimate.
genetic determinism	Determinism is the doctrine that all acts, choices and events are the inevitable consequence of antecedent sufficient causes
threatened species	Species that is still plentiful in its natural range but is likely to become endangered because of declining population numbers.
cosmopolitan	having a global distribution
shield	A large stable area of exposed very old (more than 600 million years) igneous and metamorphic rock found on continents
genome	The entire number of genes
anteroposterior axis	the longitudinal axis of an animal, from head to tail
geologist	A geologist is someone who works in the field of geology, which is another word for the study of the earth
consexual	of the same sex
rehabilitation	the recovery of specific ecosystem components in a degraded ecosystem or habitat
rugose	having a rough or ridged surface
sex chromosomes	the chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism
mosaic	A situation where some cells have an abnormal or unusual genetic or chromosomal makeup while the rest of the cells in the body have the usual genetic or chromosomal constitution
cusp	a point or projection on a tooth
compass	Navigation instrument that uses the Earth's magnetic field to determine direction.
statistical bias	in statistics, a difference between the expected value of an estimator and the population parameter being estimated
simple-sequence repeat	Member of a class of repeated DNA sequences consisting of tandem arrays of thousands of copies of short sequences.
enu	Ethylnitrosourea
tide tables	tables which give daily predictions of the times and heights of high and low waters
equinox	either of the two times during a year when the sun crosses the celestial equator and the length of day and night are equal
plate like	resembling thin, flat sheets of uniform thickness
plenary powers	in taxonomy, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Commission) is empowered by use of its Plenary Powers to prevent the application of a rule of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Code) where such application in a particular case would disturb the stability or universality or cause confusion in zoological nomenclature
bar and spit	a low accumulation of sand or sediments forming an intertidal or subtidal extension of a reef islet
specific heat	The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature 1°C.
galaxy	An assemblage of millions to hundreds of billions of stars.
doppler radar	radar that can measure radial velocity, the instantaneous component of motion parallel to the radar beam (i.e., toward or away from the radar antenna)
aggregate	a collection of units or particles forming a body or mass (noun); to form such a body or mass (verb)
temporary threshold shift	in mammals, a temporary increase in the threshold of hearing (minimum intensity need to hear a sound) at a specific frequency that returns to its pre-exposure level over time
numerical aberration	A change in the number of chromosomes from the wild-type number in the absence of any chromosome rearrangement.See also:
karyotype	A display of the chromosomes of an individual, showing number and morphology.
storm track	The path taken by a storm (thunderstorm, mid-latitude cyclone or hurricane) or the average path taken by storms.
inoceramid	Any member of a group of oyster-like, large, bivalved mollusks abundant during the Jurassic and Cretaceous.
diurnal	/die-ERN-əl/ adj
dacryagogue	/DACK-ree-ə-goag/ n
nddsa	The National DNA Database of South Africa, established in terms of section 17H of the South African Police Service Act.
climax community	Plant community that no longer undergoes changes in species composition due to succession.
gross photosynthetic rate	the total rate of CO2 fixation with no allowance for the CO2 simultaneously lost during respiration
richter scale	a logarithmic scale that measures the amount of energy released during an earthquake on the basis of the amplitude of the highest peak recorded on a seismogram
epitoky	a mode of reproduction unique to polychaete worms in which the worm undergoes a partial or entire transition into a pelagic, sexually reproductive form, known as an epitoke
double helix	the structure of DNA
groundwater	Water that occupies the pore spaces found in some types of bedrock.
cell	The basic unit of any living organism
analysis of covariance	an analysis of variance in which the data are adjusted or controlled for the presence of one or more other variables
monopectinate gill	in mollusks, refers to having gill lamellae on one side of the ctenidial axis
cenozoic	Geologic era that occurred from 65 million years ago to today.
epithet	the second name of the binomial given to a species; the species name or second part of a Latin binominal
shear stress	Stress caused by forces operating parallel to each other but in opposite directions.
computed tomography	An X-ray procedure that uses a computer to produce detailed 3-dimensional or cross sectional pictures of the body
front	Transition zone between air masses with different weather characteristics.
megafauna	refers to animals greater than 20 cm in size
holothurian	a sea cucumber in the echinoderm class Holothuroidea
conserved name	in taxonomy, a name otherwise unavailable or invalid that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, by the use of it Plenary Power, has enabled to be used as a valid name by removal of the known obstacles to such use
territory	an area over which an animal establishes jurisdiction
undercurrent	a current below another current, or beneath the surface
punctuated equilibrium	an evolutionary model in which change occurs in relatively rapid bursts, followed by little or no discernible change in a lineage (stasis)
bioinformatics	the application of information technology to manage and analyze the vast amounts of data generated from biological research.
mosasaur	Any member of a group of large, extinct, predaceous marine reptiles that appeared late in the Cretaceous and became extinct at the end of the period
embryo sac	The female gametophyte of angiosperms, formed from the growth and division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure with eight haploid nuclei.
gladiate	sword-shaped
complexity	The term "low complexity sequence" may be thought of as synonymous with regions of locally biased amino acid composition
hydrophilic	Having an affinity for water.
bifurcate	a coral branch that divides into two equal branches
alleles	Alternative forms of a genetic
phase i clinical trials	Establish the best way to give a new treatment to humans after it has been studied in the laboratory
hormone	A substance produced in particular cells (for example, in a gland) that can travel to other parts of the body and (often in very small quantities) influence those other parts
marine sanctuary	as defined by the U.S
mammalogy	the scientific study of mammals
allele	A different form of a gene at a particular locus
mud	a fine sediment often associated with river discharge and buildup of organic material in areas sheltered from high-energy waves and currents
collection	an assemblage of specimens compiled and maintained for purposes of study and/or display
heterozooid	a specialized non-feeding bryozoan zooid
character	In the context of evolution and development, a "character" refers to a more or less discrete trait (feature) of an organism at any level of observation, from the molecular to the visible
neutrino	a lepton with no electric charge
homonym	in taxonomy, each of two or more identical but independently proposed names for the same or different taxa
hereditary disease	A condition that is genetically passed down from parent to child.
principal component analysis	Visual and numerical analysis of collinearity among variables
dmso	Dimethyl sulfoxide.
feral	existing in a wild or untamed state.The term is often used to describe an animal which has reverted to such a state from domestication
metric character	Characteristics that are measures not counts (e.g., height of an individual)
allosteric interaction	See allostery.
climate	long-term characteristics of weather
legally authorized representative	A legally authorized representative as an individual or judicial or other body authorized under applicable law to consent on behalf of a prospective subject to the subject?s participation in the procedure(s) involved in the research.
sex-linked genes	Genes which are present on the sex chromosomes.
icelandic low	Subpolar low pressure system found near Iceland
reflected wave	A water wave that reflects off the shore or another obstacle and is redirected towards the sea or lake.
world conservation union	the name of the IUCN used since 1990
cytoskeleton	Filamentous structures which are responsible for cell shape
decomposers	See: saprophyte.
pleomorphic	variable in size and shape; polymorphic, occurring in more than one morphological form
labyrinthulid	Member of a phylum of eukaryotes in the heterokont kingdom.
continental crust	Granitic portion of the Earth's crust that makes up the continents
atmospheric pressure	the pressure of the atmosphere at any given altitude or location; it is synonymous with barometric pressure
seamount	a submarine mountain, usually conical in shape and volcanic in origin, that rises 1000 meters or more above the sea floor
occlusion	Closing, obstruction, blockage
insulin	A hormone that promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen.
falsifiability	A measure of whether the results of a method allow one to determine if assumptions used have been violated.
hyoid	having a "U" shape
dna marker	A gene or other fragment of DNA whose location in the genome is known.
glossary	an alphabetical list of technical terms, with brief definitions for those terms, in some specialized field of knowledge
taro	a tropical food plant whose potato-like root is the basis for poi, a staple of Polynesian cooking
somnolence	Sleepy
achelate	lacking a claw or pincer-like structure
ctene	the locomotor structure of ctenophores (comb jellies) made up of cilia arranged into flattened plates
cerebrospinal fluid	Blood-derived fluid that surrounds, protects against infection, nourishes, and cushions the brain and spinal cord.
allele	an alternative form of a gene; any one of several mutational forms of a gene.
grade	Group of animal species that share the same level of organizational complexity
frequency spectrum	The distribution of allele frequencies.
bicuspid	having two cusps or points
pre-initiation complex	However, more recent research is showing that the word "general" is a misnomer; these factors can be more or less specific, playing different roles with different genes, or different classes of genes
snowball earth hypothesis	The hypothesis that glaciers covered the planet's landmasses from pole to pole 750-570 million years ago, confining life to very limited areas.
polar-orbiting satellite	a satellite traveling in a near-polar orbit around the globe; civilian satellite program managed and operated by NESDIS
cnidoglandular band	the distal rim or free margin along a cnidarian mesentary
ultrasound	The use of sound waves for visualizing body tissues and structures
hydrolysis	The rupture of a chemical bond by a reaction that involves water.
in syn.	in synonymy (in synonymis)
euchromatin	Chromatin in its less condensed, more open and accessible, and (often) more actively transcribed state, typically richer in genes
telomere	the terminal part of a eukaryotic chromosome
prostomium	the anteriormost, presegmental region of the body of an annelid worm, sometimes bearing eyes and antennae; the portion of the head in annelids that is situated anterior to the mouth
coelozoic	living in the lumen of a hollow organ, such as the intestine, gall bladder, urinary tract, etc
notochord	A longitudinal, flexible rod that runs along the dorsal axis of an animal's body in the future position of the vertebral column.
platform reef	a large reef of variable shape lacking a lagoon, seaward of a fringing reef and/or a barrier reef, for which the width is more than half its length
production efficiency	The fraction of energy stored in food that is not used for respiration.
cell	The smallest living unit
plica	a small fold in the skin
akinesia	Inability to move ("freezing") or difficulty in initiating or maintaining a body motion
sex chromosome	Chromosome associated with the determination of sex.
multiplex families	Families in which two or more individuals are affected by the same disorder.
diotic	/die-AWT-ick/ adj
wall	the reef slope, which may suddenly drop off into deeper water, forming a nearly vertical wall
littoral zone	In a lake, the shallow, well-lit waters close to shore.
convergence	The process by which features with no common ancestry become similar as a result of selection.
carbonate platform	a broad, flat, shallow, submarine expanse of carbonate rock
congruence	Agreement among data or data sets.
exponential distribution	A continuous distribution with density λ exp(λx)
preformation	The view that an embryo develops through the unfolding of preexisting form
mutagens	substances which increase the likelihood of mutations.
acumen	the pointed tip of the rostrum in decapod crustaceans
nuclear magnetic resonance	The absorption of electromagnetic radiation (radio waves), at a specific frequency, by an atomic nucleus placed in a strong magnetic field; used in spectroscopy and in magnetic resonance imaging.
heterauxesis	disproportionate growth of a structure in relation to the rest of the body
orgasm	Rhythmic, involuntary contractions of certain reproductive structures in both sexes during the human sexual response cycle.
duct	/dəkt/ n
cell	Fundamental structural unit of all life
indolent	Slow growing
selection response	The change in mean trait value over one generation.
restoration monitoring	the systematic collection and analysis of data that provides information useful for measuring restoration project performance at a variety of scales (locally, regionally, and nationally), determining when modification of efforts is necessary, and building long-term public support for habitat protection and restoration
hair cell	A type of mechanoreceptor that detects sound waves and other forms of movement in air or water.
immune response	The immune response is the reaction of the body to substances that are foreign or treated as foreign
quasi	as if; seemingly; in a manner
hard bottom	a substrate formed by the deposition of calcium carbonate by reef building corals and other organisms or existing as bedrock or volcanic rock usually of minimal relief
volcanic vent	An opening on a volcano through which lava is released and rock fragments and ash are ejected.
tidal inlet	a waterway from the open ocean into a lagoon
antidote	A substance that counteracts the effects of a poison.
milky way galaxy	Aggregation of about 400 billion stars in a flattened, disk-shaped structure in space
seawifs	Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor carried on the SeaStar satellite
splenomegaly	Enlargement of the spleen.
terminal velocity	Maximum speed that can be achieve by a body falling through a fluid like water or air.
aerobic respiration	a form of respiration in which molecular oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide and water are produced
antennae	Long, paired sensory appendages on the head of many arthropods.
benthic chamber	an open-bottom container (usually constructed of acrilic) that encloses an area of sediment/substratum and overlying water
proteinaceous	any structure composed of proteins
empowerment	Having the right to make one's own choices and having the ability to act on them.
telomere	A specialized structure at the ends of linear chromosomes in eukaryotes
directional asymmetry	a pattern of deviation with a side bias
ambush predator	a predator that hides and waits for prey to pass in close proximity rather than actively hunting for it
quantitative analysis	the analysis of a phenomenon that uses environmental variables represented by numbers or ranges, often accomplished by numerical modelling or statistical analysis
erosional landform	Is a landform formed from the removal of weathered and eroded surface materials by wind, water, glaciers, and gravity
meltwater	Water produced from the melting of snow and/or glacial ice.
greenhouse effect	The tendency for certain gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, to trap heat at the Earth's surface by reducing outgoing long-wave radiation
limbic system	A group of nuclei (clusters of nerve cell bodies) in the lower part of the mammalian forebrain that interact with the cerebral cortex in determining emotions; includes the hippocampus and the amygdala.
dacryorrhea	/dack-ree-oh-REE-ə/ n
tornado watch	A forecast issued to the public that a tornado may occur in a specified region.
dermal	pertaining to or affecting the skin
guard cells	The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore,
bilateral symmetry	Characterizing a body form with a central longitudinal plane that divides the body into two equal but opposite halves.
congression	The uptake of more than one transforming DNA fragment by a single competent cell (occurs most often when a high concentration of transforming DNA is available).
intersexual selection	Selection whereby individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from individuals of the other sex; also called mate choice.
prophyll	A leaf formed at the base of a shoot, usually smaller than those formed subsequently.
twinning	see gemellity.
molar	a large flat or ridged-topped tooth adapted for crushing or grinding
anticyclone	an area of high pressure
triaxon	in sponges, a spicule with three rays
proximal	Near; close to the center of the body;
encryption	a process that transforms plain text or data and makes it unreadable to an outside party
morbidity	Sickness/illness; undesired result or complication
t-tests	Statistical tests that are used to determine a statistically significant difference between two groups by looking at differences between two independent means.
ribosome	A particle composed of RNA and proteins that is the site of protein synthesis.
binding	the ability of molecules to stick to each other because of the exact shape and chemical nature of parts of their surfaces
earth revolution	Refers to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun
nascent	commencing development; immature; coming into existence; emerging
kegg	The
fresh water	Water that is relatively free of salts.
articular	pertaining to a joint
plastic deformation	Irreversible change in the shape of a material without fracture as the result of the force of compression or expansion.
kin selection	A phenomenon of inclusive fitness, used to explain altruistic behavior between related individuals.
icosahedral	a many sided, three dimensional, hexagonal shape made up of many small triangles
movement disorders specialist	A neurologist with specific training in the subspecialty of movement disorders
photoperiod	The duration of the daylight period.
dl	Deciliter.
'blood' relatives	Relatives that have a true genetic relationship, and are either related directly or through recent common ancestors.
pollutant	A substance that has a harmful effect on the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms.
translation	protein synthesis; the conversion of information from mRNA into a protein.
mss	a scanner system that simultaneously acquires images of the same scene in various wavelength bands
monoclonal antibody drugs	An antibody preparation which is genetically homogenous and may be directed at a specific feature of the cancer cell.
bilateria	group containing all multicellular animals with bilateral symmetry; the name has no taxonomic status
endoscopic	Examination of the inside of the body with a lighted tube
drupella	a genus of Indopacific muricid gastropod that preys almost exclusively on living coral tissues
placodont	Any member of a group of aquatic reptiles from the Triassic
ma-plot	MA-plot is used to detect artefacts in the array that are intensity dependent
multiple-hypothesis testing	Testing more than one hypothesis within an experiment
dispersion	The distribution of individuals within geographical population boundaries.
institutionalized	Confined, either voluntarily or involuntarily (e.g., a hospital, prison, or nursing home)
styliform	having the shape of a pointed rod
dvd-ram	a high-capacity, high-performance optical disk that allows data to be read, written, and erased
mismatch distribution	The distribution of numbers of differences between random pairs of sequences sampled from a population.
epoch	The fourth largest division of the geologic time scale, subdivision of a period
hygroscopic coefficient	Maximum limit of hygroscopic water around the surface of a soil particle.
columnar colony	a coral colony formed into one or more columns
tactile	pertaining to information, interpretations, and behavior derived from the sense of touch
marsh	a soft, wet area periodically or continuously flooded to a shallow depth, usually characterized by a particular group of grasses, cattails and other low plants
water strider	an insect (a bug) in the order Hemiptera
paralogy	The relationship of any two homologous characters that arose by a genetic duplication
microfauna	animals which are invisible, or nearly so, to the naked eye
era	a division of geologic time next smaller than the eon and larger than a period
biorocktm	Biorock Technology, or mineral accretion technology is a method that applies safe, low voltage electrical currents through seawater, causing dissolved minerals to crystallize on structures, growing into a white limestone similar to that which naturally makes up coral reefs
wildcard	A wildcard is a character that may be used in a search term to represent one or more other characters.
cluster analysis	a multivariate statistical technique for solving classification problems
flabellate	fan-shaped
fishery closure area	a fishery which is closed or restricted by a government entity
nictitating eyelid	a movable eyelid found in sharks that can be closed over the eye to protect it from damage
muon	a charged lepton about 200 times more massive than an electron; an elementary particle with a negative charge and a half-life of 2 microsecond; decays to electron and neutrino, and antineutrino
histosol	soil with a high organic content
panmictic	refers to random-mating populations; one in which all members are equally likely to interbreed
basement rock	a complex of metamorphic and igneous rocks that underlies sedimentary deposits
polytene chromosome	A chromosome that consists of large numbers of parallel DNA strands, making their structure clearly visible.
efficacy	Effectiveness; how well something works
stratus clouds	Low altitude gray colored cloud composed of water droplets
jaundice	A yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes
isogamous	Producing a single kind of gamete.
violet	bluish purple color
bristle	a stiff, coarse, hair-like structure
analysis of variance	a statistical technique for testing for differences in the means of several data populations
flower	In an angiosperm, a short stem with up to four sets of modified leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction
flipper	the phenomenon in which the sex of the offspring is determined by environmental factors
herbicide	a weed killer used in the production of crops.
kinetic energy	The energy of motion, which is directly related to the speed of that motion
caecum	a blindly ending sac arising from the gut or some other hollow organ
tus	transcriptional units
ice age	A period of time during which glaciers expand and cover more of the Earth's surface
tessellated	a checkered appearance
subterminal	located some distance away from the end
extratentacular budding	an asexual form of reproduction where daughter corallites grow from the outside wall of the parent corallites
nodule	a swollen, knob-like structure
ethics/ethical behaviour	Code of behavior considered correct; especially that of a particular group, profession or individual.
amural form	a coral growth form in which the corallite walls are partially or wholly lost; the septa stay unreduced
standard deviation	Measure of variability, obtained as the square root of the variance
type series	in taxonomy, the series of specimens which either constitutes the name-bearing type (syntypes) of a nominal species or subspecies or from which the name-bearing type has been or may be designated
drought	Climatic condition where water loss due to evapotranspiration is greater than water inputs through precipitation.
decibel	unit for measuring sound intensity
urban area	Geographic area with a high density of people over a limited area
sex-linked genes	Genes located on one sex chromosome but not the other.
psammon	organisms growing on, in, or moving through sand; interstitial organisms
pallidotomy	A surgical procedure in which lesions are produced in the globus pallidus region of the brain in an effort to lessen Parkinson's symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia
chronometer	an instrument for measuring time
stellate	star-shaped
fimbriate	a structure that is fringed at the margin
threatened species	Species that are likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of their range.
achromic	unpigmented; without color
coalescent process	A model in which as one moves back in time, each pair of lineages coalesces at a rate 1/2Ne.
surge	A large, destructive ocean wave caused by very low atmospheric pressure and strong winds
cell	The basic structural and functional unit of life. As humans, we are made of approximately 50 trillion cells!
reef	A ridge of rocks found in the tidal zone along a coastline
vermivore	an animal which feeds upon worms and worm-like animals
diplophase	/DIP-low-faze/ n
kettle moraine	An area of glaciofluvial influenced moraine deposits pitted with kames and kettle holes.
regolith	the layer of loose rock, resting on the bedrock, that constitutes the surface of most land areas
dyad	/DIE-ad/ n
atresia	an abnormal condition in which a normal opening or tube in the body is closed or absent
cyclone	an area of low pressure
microhabitat	a smaller part of a habitat that has some internal interactions allowing it to function self-sufficiently within a generally larger habitat, such as a patch reef in a lagoon
nucleotide bases	or "letters"
approximate	in morphlogy, placed close together
taxon	A classification category for a group of organisms.
remote sensing	the collection of information about an object or event without being in physical contact with the object or event
subpopulation	a well-defined set of interacting individuals that compose a proportion of a larger, interbreeding population
serehd	the serehd or Pohnpei Lory (trichoglossus rubiginosus) is a small, brightly colored parrot indigenous to Pohnpei Island in the Federated States of Micronesia
hybrid rescue allele	An allele that alleviates hybrid sterility or inviability.
sex determination	the mechanism in a given species by which sex is determined; in many species sex is determined at fertilization by the nature of the sperm that fertilizes the egg.
rejected name	in taxonomy, a name which, under the provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, cannot be used as a valid name and which is set aside in favor of another name
night sweats	Profuse sweating during the night.
glutamate	A neurotransmitter that is normally involved in learning and memory
florida reef tract	the third largest barrier reef in the world, running from the Miami area southwest to the Dry Tortugas
isoamyl alcohol	A chemical used in organic extractions to reduce the foaming of reagents, making it easier to detect the interface between the organic and aqueous phases.
split spawning	spawning occurring over consecutive nights or consecutive lunar cycles within a reef
nonvascular plant	a plant which lacks tissues to conduct water and nutrients
science	a method of learning about the physical universe by applying the principles of the scientific method, which includes making empirical observations, proposing hypotheses to explain those observations, and testing those hypotheses in valid and reliable ways; also refers to the organized body of knowledge that results from scientific study
seismic wave	Successive wave-type displacement of rock usually caused by an earthquake.
phyllosoma larva	a larval stage of a spiny lobster
ionizing radiation	The emission of alpha or beta particles or gamma rays from radioisotopes
phylogeography	The principles and processes governing geographical distributions of genealogical lineages, especially at the intraspecific level.
cellular immunity	Immune protection provided by the direct action of immune cells (as distinct from soluble molecules such as antibodies).
acidic	having a pH of less than 7
simulation	An emulation of biological systems with predictive value for research; a virtual biological system.
capillary action	the means by which liquid moves through the porous spaces in a solid, such as soil, plant roots, and capillary blood vessels due to the forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension
iridescent	exhibiting rainbow colors
convertibles	Securities (usually bonds or preferred shares) that can be converted into common stock.
neurofilament	A type of intermediate filament that supports the axons of nerve cells.
null hypothesis	The hypothesis that is being tested in a statistical test
primary germ layers	The three layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) of the late gastrula, which develop into all parts of an animal.
cirrocumulus clouds	Patchy white high altitude cloud composed of ice crystals
compound	a material made up of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio
standing stock	the total mass of organisms comprising all or part of a population or other specified group or within a given area; measured as volume, mass, or energy; biomass
climograph	Two dimensional graph that plots a location's air temperature and precipitation on times scales that range from a 24 hour period to a year.
fatigue	a lack of energy, general tiredness.
5 x 10^-8	is generally used to claim statistical significance
papilla	a raised bump or nipple-like projection on a tissue surface; a cellular outgrowth
morgan	Recombination distance of 100 percent
polymorphism	The existence of more than one form of a genetic trait.
heritability	In the 'narrow sense', the ratio of the additive genetic variance (differences that will be inherited consistently by the offspring) to the total phenotypic variance.
zooxanthellate coral	a coral that has zooxanthellae in its tissues
dyspnea	/disp-NEE-yə/ n
s	See selection coefficient.
papillose	covered with papillae
eutrophic lake	Lake that has an excessive supply of nutrients, mostly in the form of nitrates and phosphates
inflorescence	Structure including flowers in the angiosperm.
drainage wind	A wind common to mountainous regions that involves heavy cold air flowing along the ground from high to low elevations because of gravity
effective population size	An estimate of the size of a population based on the numbers of females and males that successfully breed;
fragmentation	A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals
intersex	an organism which possesses a mixture of male and female characteristics
tandem repeats	A series of repeated sequences, arrayed next to each other.
high-resolution satellite sst climatology	9 km monthly or yearly averages of satellite-derived (see AVHRR) sea surface temperatures obtained over periods of 10 years or longer
hormona	A substance produced by a tissue and conveyed by the bloodstream to another to affect the physiological activit.
alien species	a species which does not naturally occur within an area and which has usually arrived as a result of deliberate or accidental human intervention
groin	a solid structure built at an angle from a shore prevent erosion from currents, tides and waves, or to trap sand
ostium	in sponges, a microscopic pore through which water enters the sponge body
trawler	a fishing vessel that tows an open-mouthed fishing net drawn along the sea bottom or in the water column
pdf	a file format created by Adobe, initially to provide a standard form for storing and editing printed publishable documents
biotite	Rock forming mineral of the mica group.
purse seine	a fishing net used to encircle surface schooling fish
infusion	A means of delivering treatment to people with bleeding disorders intravenously
latitude	the angular distance between an imaginary line around the Earth, or any spherical body, parallel to its equator and the equator itself; an imaginary line around the Earth parallel to the equator
dissepiment	a horizontal partition within or outside of a corallite
generate	To propagate or (mass) proliferate
endangered species act	an Act of Congress passed in 1966 that establishes a federal program to protect species whose survival is threatened by habitat destruction, overutilization, disease, etc.
gnathostome	Member of the vertebrate subgroup possessing jaws.
noise	unwanted sound
orogenesis	The process of mountain building through tectonic forces of compression and volcanism.
spot	a circular area of pigment
gain-of-function mutation	Hypermorphic Mutation
heterozygosity	The state of being heterozygous.
composite volcano	Volcano created from alternate layers of flows and exploded rock
marae	in the Marquesas, a Polynesian sacred enclosure or a place of worship
correlation coefficient	A statistical measure of the degree of linear relationship between two variables that indicates the strength of that relationship
tentacular sheath	one of the two cavities in the sides of the body of ctenophores (comb jellies) into which the tentacles can be withdrawn
menisciform	crescent-shaped
isozymes	Two or more enzymes capable of catalyzing the same reaction but varying in their specificity due to differences in their structures and hence their efficiencies under different environmental conditions.
amplification	The strengthening of stimulus energy that is otherwise too weak to be carried into the nervous system.
h	See gene diversity.
interoperability	the ability of two or more systems to exchange and mutually use information
insolation	the amount of solar radiation received on a given body or in a given area
ozone	Tri-atomic oxygen that exists in the Earth's atmosphere as a gas
ecto-	a prefix meaning 'outside'
fahrenheit temperature scale	a thermometric scale on which the freezing point of water is at 32 degrees F (Fahrenheit) above the 0 degree (F) mark on the scale, and the boiling point of water is at 212 degrees F
upwelling	the process by which warm, less-dense surface water is drawn away from a shore by offshore currents and replaced by cold, denser water brought up from the subsurface
full thickness	in histopathology, a lesion, wound or process that involves all layers of tissues in a structure
radiocarbon age	the age of plant or animal remains, determined by measuring the remaining activity of the 14C atoms in the sample: A=A0 e-t where A is the measured activity, A0 is the initial activity, e is the decay constant, and t is the sample age
crypsis	protective camouflage coloration where the individual resembles its backgound
directed fishing	fishing that is targeted at a certain species or group of species
reduction principle	If selection is the only process acting, then the recombination rate will tend to decrease.
kilobase	A unit of DNA length corresponding to one thousand bases.
embryoid body	EB
collateral relationship	Individuals who are only related through common ancestors, e.g
spectroscopy	The study of molecular or atomic structure of a substance by observation of its interaction with electromagnetic radiation.
bitmap	a format for storing graphics in an uncompressed manner
onomatophore	in taxonomy, a specimen which acts as the name bearer; a nomenclatural type (holotype, syntype, lectotype, neotype)
glume	A leaf- or bract-like structure; specifically one of the two bracts at the base of the spikelet in grass flowers.
diffusion	/də-FYOO-shən, diff-/ n
prezygotic isolation	Reproductive isolation that stops production of an F1 zygote by preventing cross-mating.
karst	a limestone terrain characterized by sinks, caverns, abrupt ridges, protuberant rocks and drainage characteristics due to greater solubility of limestone in natural waters than is common
lycophyte	Any member of the spore-bearing vascular plant group Lycophyta
polarized light	light waves which vibrate in one plane only as opposed to the multi-directional vibrations of normal rays
permeable	having pores or openings that permit liquids or gasses to pass through
time zone	a region of the Earth that has adopted the same standard time, usually referred to as the local time
fusiform	a shape that is tapered at both ends; spindle-shaped; torpedo-shaped, like a mackerel
coagulation	blood clotting.
covariance	Like correlation, covariance is a measure of the degree to which variables vary together or a measure of the intensity of association.
distributional limit	Spatial boundary that defines the edge of a species geographical range.
growth	An increase in cell size or cell number, or both, resulting in an increase in dry weight.
technology	The application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose.
drag	the frictional impedance (retarding force) acting on an object moving through a fluid parallel and opposite to the direction of motion
neural stem cell	A type of stem cell that resides in the brain that can make new nerve cells (neurons) and other cells that support nerve cells (glia)
cytoplasmic streaming	A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells.
cultural evolution	Change in culture (i.e., information passed on by learning and imitation rather than by biological inheritance).
velarium	a structure that resembles a hydrozoan velum In scyphozoan medusae, but has a different embryonic origin
conditional mutant	A mutant that can grow under one set (permissive) of environmental conditions but cannot grow under different (restrictive or nonpermissive) conditions
flange	a projecting rim
booties	short "boots" usually made of neoprene, worn inside open-heeled fins
reef	A ridge or mound-like structure, usually of calcium carbonate, built by the accumulation of skeletons of sessile marine organisms, dominantly corals in the present day
spongistatin	a marine pharmaceutical, extracted from the marine sponge Hyrtios erecta, which has broad-spectrum antifungal activity
tentacle	a finger-like evagination of the body wall
ring species	A chain of interbreeding populations whose ends overlap without interbreeding.
glaucus	A surface with a waxy, white coating
sibs	An abbreviation for siblings.
vestigial structure	an incompletely or ineffectively developed structure which is greatly reduced from the original ancestral form and is no longer functional
algal reef	a reef, usually exposed to wave action, composed of coralline algae and vermatid gastropods
bigeminal	occurring in pairs
dysneuria	/dis-NUHR-ee-yə/ n
balancing selection	Selection that maintains polymorphism.
baseline data	a quantitative level or value from which other data and observations of a comparable nature are referenced
milliammeter	an instrument for recording very small electrical currents
phs	Public Health Service
cordate	heart-shaped; in the form of two rounded lobes
rdna	See ribosomal DNA.
sclerocyte	a cell in sponges that produces spongin or spicules
dtmp	Thymidine monophosphate.
allele	one of the variant forms of a gene at a particular locus, or location, on a chromosome
species	in sexually reproducing organisms, a species is a group of genetically related organisms, usually similar in physical appearance, that actually or potentially interbreed and are reproductively isolated from other groups
suspension-feeder	An aquatic animal, such as a clam or a baleen whale, that sifts small food particles from the water.
chaparral	A type of plant community common to areas of the world that have a Mediterranean climate (for example, California and Italy)
upstream	the direction toward the 5’ end of a nucleotide sequence.
calice	the oral surface of the corallite
competition	Interaction between members of the same population or of two or more populations using the same resource, often present in limited supply.
interstices	the openings or pore spaces in a rock, soil, and other such material
distinct	clearly defined and easily recognized
endothelium	The innermost, simple squamous layer of cells lining the blood vessels; the only constituent structure of capillaries.
piebald	with two colors irregularly arranged, usually black and white
cerebral ganglion	in invertebrates, one of a pair of ganglia (or fused median ganglion) situated in the head or anterior portion of the body;also called the the "dorsal ganglion" or " cerebroganglion"
structural complexity	as pertaining to coral reef ecosystems, a measure of the amount of coral surface area in relation to linear area
dynamic instability	The alternation of microtubules between cycles of growth and shrinkage.
volant	flying or capable of flying
aposematism	conspicuous warning coloration
dobson unit	the unit of measure for total ozone or other gases
fila	a thread-like structure, a filament
data	multiple facts (usually but not necessarily empirical) used as a basis for inference, testing, models, etc.; the word is plural (sing
percolation	Vertical movement or infiltration of water from the Earth's surface to its subsurface
quantum	the smallest ‘unit' of energy
joule	A unit of energy: 1 J = 0.239 cal; 1 cal = 4.184 J
dolomite	a sedimentary rock, similar to limestone, composed largely of calcium magnesium carbonate (CaMg (CO3)2)
chemical equilibrium	In a reversible chemical reaction, the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
subset	in mathematics, a subset of a given set is a collection of things that belong to the original set
jaccard distance	a statistic which measures dissimilarity between sample sets
dispersal	The distribution of individuals within geographic population boundaries.
isoline	a line on a surface connecting points of equal value
homeotic genes	Genes which determine the shape of the body along the antero-posterior axis of the embryo
non-mendelian	1
refractory	Not responding to treatment
depressed	a body shape which is flattened dorso-ventrally, e.g., a ray, skate, monkfish
neural tube	The embryonic structure which forms into nervous system including the spinal cord and brain.
helix	A spiral structure with a repeating pattern.
genotype	Adjective: phenotypic.
branch length	The length of a particular branch in an evolutionary tree
triple response	A plant growth maneuver in response to mechanical stress, involving slowing of stem elongation, a thickening of the stem, and a curvature that causes the stem to start growing horizontally.
adenose	glandular
selection coefficient	Difference in relative fitness.
white hole	an area along the spur and groove system (zone) where the sand channel widens considerably
informed consent	Voluntarily agreeing to do something after receiving and understanding all of the relevant information
global environment facility	an independent financial organization that provides grants to developing countries for projects that benefit the global environment and promote sustainable livelihoods in local communities
cirrostratus clouds	High altitude sheet like clouds composed of ice crystals
winter	Season between fall and spring
hydraulic gradient	The slope of the water table or aquifer
auxotroph	A mutant that cannot grow on the minimal medium on which a wild-type member of the same species can grow.
tblastx	A BLAST program that translates the query nucleotide sequence in all six possible frames and compares it against the six-frame translations of a nucleotide sequence database
bitmap image	also called raster or paint images
velocity centrifugation	The separation of particles based on their rates of sedimentation.
population dynamics	the study of the factors that affect the growth, stability, and decline of populations, as well as the interactions of those factors
bleaching index	index based on the strength and duration of local HotSpots to monitor bleaching events
acerose	having a sharp, rigid point
fjord	a deep-water inlet, carved out by glacial action and usually surrounded by mountains or steep slopes
darwin	A unit for the rate of change of morphology
sm protein	A protein that belongs to a group of seven core proteins that are common to the splicing small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (except for U6 and U6atac, which have Sm-like proteins)
allele	Any of several alternative forms of a gene located at the same point on a particular pair of chromosomes
otu	See operational taxonomic unit.
wright–castle estimator	A method for estimating the number of genes that influence a quantitative trait
mammalian dive reflex	the physiological responses, including bradycardia and shutdown of the peripheral circulation, which occurs during dives by an air-breathing vertebrate
sbt	See shifting balance theory.
autozooecium	a tube that encloses a bryozoan autozooid
antipodal	diametrically opposite; located on the opposite side
genotypic variance	The variance of the genotypic value: var(G)= VG.
incisiform tooth	a chisel-shaped tooth used for cutting
water table	the level below the earth's surface at which the ground becomes saturated with water
hypothesis	A tentative assumption that is made for the purpose of empirical scientific testing
offshore wind	a wind blowing seaward from the land in the coastal area.
rare	a U.S.-based conservation organization that works globally to equip people in the world's most threatened natural areas with the tools and motivation they need to care for their natural resources
microsmatic	pertains to animals with a poorly developed olfactory (smell) sense
transcript profiling	see transcripomics
evolutionary tree	a lineage designed to show the evolutionary history of relationships among groups of organisms
quadrate	square-shaped
disaccharides	n
population	A group of individuals residing in a given area at a given time.
logarithmic phase	the steepest slope of the growth curve of a culture; the phase of vigorous growth during which cell number doubles every 20-30 minutes; also called 'log or exponential growth phase'
positive allometry	allometric relationship in which the slope of the line comparing two variables is greater than unity
malacology	the scientific study of mollusks
category	in taxonomy, any rank within the classification hierarchy, e.g., family, subfamily, subspecies
climate variability	changes (variability/trends) in the long-term characteristics of weather
polymorphism	Difference in DNA sequence among individuals that may underlie differences in health
gel	a jelly-like substance formed by the coagulation of a colloidal liquid; a cytoplasmic phase
decibel	a logarithmic scale used to denote the intensity (loudness), of a sound relative to the threshold of human hearing
onshore	a direction landward from the sea
basic research	aimed at gaining more comprehensive knowledge or understanding of the subject under study, without specific applications in mind
codon	"Words" of the genetic code consisting of three successive nucleotide bases, or "letters"
chromosome	A rod-like structure found in the cell nucleus
p-value	The probability, were the null hypothesis true, of obtaining results that are as discrepant or more discrepant from those expected under the null hypothesis than those actually obtained.
mesotrophic lake	Lake with a moderate nutrient supply
reef crest	the sharp break in slope at seaward margin or edge of reef flat
insight learning	The ability of an animal to perform a correct or appropriate behavior on the first attempt in a situation with which it has had no prior experience.
cytoplasmic genes	DNA-containing bodies in the cell but external to the nucleus
step relatives	Non-blood relatives brought in as a result of remarriage
ct scan	computerized series of x-rays
methane	Methane is very strong greenhouse gas found in the atmosphere
membrane	A membrane is a thin, film-like structure that separates two fluids
caldera	A large circular depression in a volcano.
style	The long structure between the stigma and ovule in a flower
viral inactivation	methods that kill viruses in clotting factors
stem cell collection	See Apheresis.
peri	a prefix meaning "around"
reflex	An automatic reaction to a stimulus, mediated by the spinal cord or lower brain.
fish	Group of vertebrate animals that inhabit aquatic habitats.
axial	refers to the head and trunk of an individual
environmental impact statement	a key component of an environmental impact assessment
outlying area	the term 'outlying area' refers to the United States Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
third party defense motion	A motion filed by the prosecution to preclude the defense from asserting that DNA evidence is derived from a third party, possibly a relative of the accused.
flocculation	Chemical processes where salt causes the aggregation of minute clay particles into larger masses that are too heavy to remain suspended water.
cell	The basic unit of any living organism.
game species	species of animals that are hunted or fished, for purposes of sport, recreation, and food capture
chela	a pinching claw of a decapod crustacean, composed of a moveable finger, the dactylus, and a fixed finger, a distal extension of the propodus
probability density	The probability that a random variable is in a small interval of size δx is equal to the probability density multiplied by δx.
allele	Any of several alternative forms of a gene.
dbs	Abbreviation for "Deep Brain Stimulation." For more information see what patients on our Patient Council have to share on the topic of DBS and late stage treatments.
reef	a ridge of rocks, sand, or coral that rises to or near the surface of a body of water; to partially lower a sail so that it is not as large
bathymetry	the study and mapping of sea floor elevations and changes in water depth due to structures that rise up into the water column.
chi-square test	a statistical test based on the comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution
velum	a circular shelf of tissue attached to the underside of the umbrella in a hydrozoan mesusa
stalked eye	an eye carried on the end of a stalk or peduncle
central nervous system	Central nervous system (CNS) is a term referring to the brain and spinal cord.
dermographia	/DERM-ə-GRAF-ee-yə/ n
convection precipitation	precipitation which occurs from convective clouds
wind	Air moving horizontally and/or vertically.
receiving waters	water bodies that receive treated or untreated waste waters
rapacious	grasping, predatory
gunwale	the upper edge of the side of a ship
messenger rna	a single strand of RNA that directs protein production.
tritoniid	a member of a family of nudibranchs (tritoniidae) which feed on soft corals, gorgonians, and other anthozoans
genus	A taxonomic category above the species level, designated by the first word of a species' two-part scientific name.
linkage	The frequency of coinheritance of a pair of genes and/or genetic markers, which provides a measure of their physical proximity to one another on a chromosome.
hydroxylamine	NH2OH
expected value	in statistics, the mean value calculated for a statistic over an infinite number of samples
antigens	A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody
mucus cell	a cell which secretes mucin, which, when mixed with water forms mucus
complementary resources	a pair of resources for which consumption by the consumer of one resource reduces its requirement for the other
consent	Approval or acceptance of something done or proposed by another
dam	n
genotypic value	The average trait value G of individuals with a particular genotype.
wild type	the form of a trait most commonly found in nature; Also, The most common allele for a particular gene in a population of organisms
methane	an odorless gas produced by the decomposition of organic matter
threshold model	A model that states that a discrete trait is present only when the quantity of an underlying continuous trait is greater than some threshold.
amp	Abbreviation of adenosine monophosphate.
database management system	A collection of computer programs that allow storage, modification, and extraction of information from a database
isoline	Lines on a map joining points of equal value.
environmental impact	a positive or negative effect of any action upon a give area or resource
vertical transmission	See vertical inheritance.
cuttle bone	the internal calcified shell remnant of cuttlefish
non-significant risk device	An investigational medical device that does not present significant risk to the patient or research subject, taking into account all of the risks inherent in the study
gamodeme	a deme forming a more or less isolated local intrabreeding community
public domain	a work is said to be in the public domain if it is not protected by copyright, or if the copyright for it has expired
disciform	round or oval-shaped
magma	Molten rock originating from the Earth's interior.
dttp	Thymidine triphosphate.
potable water	water that is safe for drinking by humans
convectional lifting	The vertical lifting of parcels of air through convective heating of the atmosphere
phanerozoic	Geologic eon that occurs from 2500 million years ago to today
possession	equivalent to 'territory.' Although it still appears in Federal statutes and regulations, "possession" is no longer current colloquial usage
grid south	The direction south as measured on the Universal Transverse Mercator grid system.
environmental sex determination	the phenomenon in which the sex of the offspring is determined by environmental factors
directional selection	Selection which acts on individuals showing a phenotypic distribution in such a way that those individuals towards, or at the end of, the distribution are favoured.
radial corallite	a corallite on a side of a branch as opposed to an axial corallite on the tip of the branch
particulate organic matter	particulate material of biological origin that is suspended in water
hydrophobic	Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.
epigenetic alteration	A heritable change that does not affect the DNA sequence but results in a change in
breaker	a wave that approaches shallow water, causing the wave height to exceed the depth of the water, in effect tripping it
retina	The innermost layer of the vertebrate eye, containing photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) and neurons; transmits images formed by the lens to the brain via the optic nerve.
grassroots	people or society at a local level, rather than at the center of major political activity
origin	The arbitrary starting point on a graph or grid coordinate system
western blot	Similar in principle to a Southern blot, but where the species adsorbed to the nitrocellulose filter is a protein, and the detection makes use of specific antibodies.
ne	See effective population size.
section	a thin slice of some biological material for examination under a microscope
buoyancy	the tendency of object to float or sink when placed in a liquid
distal	/DIS-təl/ adj
isoelectric point	The pH of a solution in which a protein has no net charge and does not migrate in an electric field.
regression line	a line fit to a set of data points (scatterplot) using least-squares regression; a graph of the mathematical relationship between two variables
atrichous	in Cnidaria, lacking spines or barbs
ablation	the experimental removal or killing of some part of an organism
t. c.	in the volume cited (tomus citate)
supernatant	the soluble liquid fraction of a sample after centrifugation or precipitation of insoluble solids
ichno	a prefix meaning "trace"
climate change	the long-term fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, wind, and all other aspects of the Earth's climate
penicillate	brush-like; having or resembling a tuft or brush of fine hairs
mass coral bleaching	coral bleaching extending over large distances as a result of anomalously high water temperatures
kinetic energy	energy associated with motion
allele	One or more alternative forms of a gene or a locus, each possessing a unique nucleotide sequence
light	A humanly visible form of electromagnetic radiation
nummiform	NƏM-ə-form, NƏM-yə-ler/ Circular, oval, coin-shaped.
criterion	a standard rule or test on which a judgment or decision can be based.
volcano plot	Volcano plot is used to look at fold change and statistical significance simultaneously
response element	By definition, a "response element" is a portion of a gene which must be present in order for that gene to respond to some hormone or other stimulus
massive	having a large compact structure without a definable shape
information technology	a very general term referring to the entire field of Information Technology - anything from computer hardware to programming to network management
frequency	Proportion of observations occurring for an event.
tumor suppressor genes	Mutated forms of these genes are believed to be responsible for about half the cases of inherited breast cancer, especially those that occur in younger women
wave of advance	A favorable allele advances behind a moving cline, known as a wave of advance.
cleft lip/palate	congenital condition with cleft lip alone, or with cleft palate; cause is thought to be multifactorial.
explosive eruption	Volcanic eruption where high-viscosity granite-rich magma causes an explosion of ash and pyroclastic material
ahermatypic coral	a coral that lacks zooxanthellae and does not build reefs
egg chamber	a cavity or chamber in the sand, excavated by a nesting seaturtle, into which eggs are deposited for incubation
contiguous gene split	Paralogues where one of them has been split partway along, but where the fragments of the gene are within 1Mb of each other on the same chromosome strand.
decompression diving	scuba diving that requires in-water stops during ascent to the surface to allow off-gassing of nitrogen
environmentalism	advocacy for, or work toward, protecting the natural environment from destruction by human activities
gyre	a large water-circulation system of geostrophic currents rotating clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere or counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere
striations	Grooves of scratches found in surface rock that are the result of glacial abrasion.
sleep disorders	Chronic troubles with the amount, duration or quality of sleep an individual experiences
processed food	Any food product that has undergone physical or chemical treatment resulting in a substantial change in the original state of the food.
hyperpolarization	An electrical state whereby the inside of the cell is made more negative relative to the outside than at the resting membrane potential
ribosome	A structure consisting of small and large ribonucleoprotein units that is the site of intracellular protein biosynthesis.
placebo	a mock-treatment used in single-blind or double-blind experiments to eliminate bias from experiment subjects or administrators, respectively.
sp	abbreviation for species, singular and plural
dysfunction	Doesn't work properly
clod card	cards or balls made of plaster of Paris (calcium sulfate hemi-hydrate) or alabaster (calcium sulfate dihydrate)
neighbor joining	A recursive distance-based phylogenetic reconstruction algorithm that takes as its input a distance matrix and produces an unrooted phylogenetic tree.
allele	One of the variant forms of a gene at a particular locus, or location, on a chromosome
boss	a columnar, flat-topped coral-algal growth or erosion structure usually found on the upper surfaces of spurs and buttresses
acaudal	lacking a tail
jaccard index	a statistic used for comparing the similarity and diversity of sample sets; also known as the Jaccard similarity coefficient
logarithmic scale	a constant ratio scale in which equal distances on the scale represent equal ratios of increase
great plate count anomaly	A phenomenon in which the number of cells from natural environments that can be grown in culture is much less than what can be seen through a microscope
leaf trace	A small vascular bundle that extends from the vascular tissue of the stem through the petiole and into a leaf.
hamular	hook-shaped
xantho-	a prefix meaning yellow
seaward slope	the area of a barrier reef or atoll from the reef crest
dorid nudibranch	a type of nudibranch (order Nudibranchia) possessing a feather-like external gill on the back and a rhinophoral sheath
polymorphic species	species which have a variety of morphological types
ozone layer	Atmospheric concentration of ozone found at an altitude of 10 to 50 kilometers above the Earth's surface
infauna	animals that inhabit the sandy or muddy surface layers of the ocean bottom, i.e., those that live buried or dig into the substrate
protected species	species which are protected by federal legislation such as the Endangered Species Act, Mammal Protection Act, and Migratory Bird treaty Act
uniplanar	occurring in one plane
small circle	A circle on the globe's surface that does not bisect the center of the Earth
nothosaur	Any member of a group of aquatic reptiles of the Triassic
b chromosome	An extra chromosome that is not required for normal function in either sex and is present in only some individuals.
great circle	An imaginary circle drawn on the Earth's surface that has its center synchronize to the center of the planet
delta	Large deposit of alluvial sediment located at the mouth of a stream where it enters a body of standing water.
schreckstoff	a chemical alarm substance (a pheromone) produced by the skin of some groups of fishes when injured
fore reef terrace	the uppermost portion of the fore reef; a flat plain beginning at the base of the buttress or mixed zone, at a depth of about 60 m
patent	A declaration issued by a government agency declaring someone the inventor of a new invention and having the privilege of stopping others from making, using or selling the claimed invention.
striatum	The largest component of the basal ganglia, the striatum controls movement, balance, and walking
geostationary satellite	satellite whose orbit around the equator equals that of the Earth's rotation, making it possible for them to view the same disc of Earth's surface below continuously
cytoplasmic determinants	The maternal substances in the egg that influence the course of early development by regulating the expression of genes that affect the developmental fate of cells.
parthenogenesis	Literally, “virgin birth”; the activation of an unfertilized egg cell to a dividing state
ion	An atom, molecule or compound that carries either a positive (cation) or negative (anion) electrical charge.
towfish	an instrument, e.g., a side scan sonar, towed behind a ship
visible spectrum	that part of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the human eye is sensitive, between about 0.4 and 0.7 micrometers
gridding	Gridding is used for locating the centers and bounding boxes of each spot.
doldrums	Area of low atmospheric pressure and calm westerly winds located at the equator
membrane filter	a thin microporous material of specific pore size used to filter bacteria, algae, and other very small particles from water
balance view	The view that genetic variation is mostly maintained by balancing selection
unigene	UniGene is an experimental system for automatically partitioning GenBank sequences into a non-redundant set of gene-oriented clusters
antagonist	Molecule that bond to the receptor site of a protein
length	The number of amino acids in, for example, a protein.
sclerodermite	the basic unit of coral skeletal microstructure
ephemeral	short-lived, transitory
white blood cell	They are a very important part of the body's defense against bacterial infection
complementary nucleotide	a member of the pairs adenine-thymine, adenine-uracil, and guanine-cytosine that have the ability to hydrogen bond to one another
palliative treatment	Treatment, the sole aim of which is to remove or lessen the debilitating effects of, for example cancer.
lgt	See lateral gene transfer.
input traits	Traits introduced into crop plants with the aim of lowering the cost of production and improving the performance of the crop in the field
arc/info	geographical information system (GIS) software developed by ESRI that is used to do more robust GIS operations
dextrose	n
bioinformatics	The acquisition, storage, arrangement, analysis, display and communication of information related to the biology of living things, generally assisted by the use of computers.
columella	any small column-like structure in various plants and animals, often forming the central axis of development for the organism as a whole, or an anatomical structure; the thickened axial pillar around which the whorls of gastropods are constructed; the central axis of a corallite; the central structure of the calyx formed by fusion of the septa
micromanipulator	Instrument used with a microscope for manipulating small instruments and specimens.
confidentiality	In genetics, the expectation that genetic material and the information gained from testing that material will not be available without the donor's consent.
thermosphere	Atmospheric layer above the mesosphere (above 80 kilometers) characterized by air temperatures rising rapidly with height
mud mound	accumulations of biogenic carbonate sediment that are common in the geological record; carbonate mud-dominated deposits with topographic relief and few or no stromatolites, thrombolites or in place skeletons; carbonate mud mounds can be organic and/or inorganic in origin
tristyly	A polymorphism with three different arrangements of anther and stigma
biradial symmetry	a body plan in some cnidarians that has two planes of symmetry rather than the several planes of a radially symmetrical animal, or the single plane of a bilaterally symmetrical one. Both planes of symmetry are longitudinal and are at right angles to each other. Both include the aboral-oral axis, which is the axis of symmetry
grid north	The direction north as measured on the Universal Transverse Mercator grid system.
obesity	a medical term describing a condition where body fat has accumulated to levels which may negatively impact on the health of the individual.
electric potential	The difference in the amount of electric charge between a region of positive charge and a region of negative charge
environmental genomics	See metagenomics.
side scan sonar	sonar designed to look sideways and at a downward angle from both sides of a towed unit, called a towfish. The bottom and any objects in the water above the bottom reflect sound waves back to the towed array
coagulation disorders	a large group of disorders in which a person experiences excessive bleeding or alternatively, clotting.
bifacial	having like opposite surfaces; describes plates which have corallites on both sides
sedimentary rock	rock formed from sediments in ancient oceans, e.g., sandstone, limestone, and chalk
pluralism	The belief that there are multiple opinions about an issue, each of which contains part of the truth, but none that contain the whole truth.
hexamerous	having six parts, or parts in multiples of six arranged radially, as found in anthozoans in which the tentacles and mesenteries are in multiples of six
pin	Type of distylic flower possessing a long style and short anthers.
core	the innermost layer of the Earth, consisting primarily of pure metals such as iron and nickel
swimmeret	one of several flat, fringed, and usually bilobed, paired appendages on the ventral surface of the abdominal somites of decapod crustaceans, used for swimming and reproduction
associative learning	The acquired ability to associate one stimulus with another; also called classical conditioning.
half-life	The time required for the disappearance of one half of a substance.
coelobite	an organism that lives in pores and spaces within a reef
anion	An ion with a negative charge
virtual image	An image (as seen in a plane mirror) formed of points from which divergent rays (as of light) seem to emanate without actually doing so
hadalpelagic zone	the deepest zone of the ocean, extending from about 6000 meters to the very bottom (10,911 meters in the Mariana trench off the coast of Japan)
supernumerary	superfluous or extra
nucleus	The central cell structure that houses the chromosomes and DNA.
varve	A thin yearly deposit of sediment found on the bottom of a lake
dntp	Abbreviation for a deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate when the exact deoxynucleotide (typically dATP, dTTP, dGTP, or dCTP) is unspecified or unknown.
saharan dust	large quantities of dust, originating in the Sahara desert of Africa, are blown across the Atlantic Ocean each summer, and may be a contributing factor for the declining health of Caribbean coral reefs
substitution load	The total loss of mean fitness caused because favorable alleles substitute gradually by selection rather than instantaneously
host	A cell or organism used for growth of a virus, plasmid or other form of foreign DNA, or for the production of cloned substances.
erg	unit of work measuring force of one dyne applied over one centimeter
action potential	Nerve impulses that travel along axons.
sex chromosome	A chromosome that is inherited differently by the two sexes
biosphere	the thin region surrounding the Earth that is capable of supporting life
optical oceanography	the subdiscipline of oceanography concerned with the propagation and interaction of radiation, typically at wavelengths between about 350 and 750 nm, with seawater
stream bed	the stream bottom or surface over which a stream flows
amorphic mutation	Antimorphic Mutation
anthropomorphism	attributing a human characteristic to an inanimate object or a non-human species
evolutionarily stable strategy	A strategy that cannot be displaced by any alternative
ultracentrifuge	A high-speed centrifuge that can attain speeds up to 60,000 rpm and centrifugal fields of 500,000 times gravity
pileated	having a cap or crest
vertical evolution	See vertical descent.
granite	Granite is a coarse-grained, usually light-colored, igneous rock that cools deep under the Earth's surface
sand	coarse sediment typically found in areas exposed to currents and wave energy
inversion	An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from reattachment in a reverse orientation of a chromosomal fragment to the chromosome from which the fragment originated.
pfge	See Pulsed field gel electrophoresis.
null model	See null allele.
nearest-neighbor exchange	A method for searching phylogenetic tree space whereby a new tree is generated from a starting tree by swapping neighboring branches in the starting tree.
interception	Is the capture of precipitation by the plant canopy and its subsequent return to the atmosphere through evaporation or sublimation
diabetes mellitus	An endocrine disorder marked by inability to maintain glucose homeostasis
continental margin	the water-covered edges of continents consisting of the continental shelf, the continental slope, and the continental rise
cold glacier	Glacier in which the ice found from the its surface to base has a temperature as cold as -30° Celsius throughout the year
easterly wave	Atmospheric disturbance in the tropical trade winds
follicle	Ovarian structure that stores the ovum and secretes female hormones.
theory	a comprehensive explanation of a given set of data that has been repeatedly confirmed by observation and experimentation and has gained general acceptance within the scientific community
meteorology	the science that deals with atmospheric phenomena, especially weather and weather conditions
metamorphosis	A change of form, especially the conversion of a larval form to an adult form.
multiple testing	If many significance tests are carried out, then some will reject the null hypothesis just by chance
divergence	Horizontal outflow of wind from an area
laminar flow	Movement of water within a stream that occurs as uninterrupted parallel flows
linear relationship	a situation in which the best-fitting regression line is a straight line
cohort	A cohort is a group of people who participate in a research study in which participants' health is monitored over time.
molecule	A group of atoms arranged to interact in a particular way; one molecule of any substance is the smallest physical unit of that particular substance
aspergillosis	a widespread fungal infection of Caribbean soft corals
direct selection	See selection, direct.
covariance	A measure of association between two variables (x, y)
active continental margin	a continental margin that is characterized by tectonic activity, which results from the collision of two tectonic plates, for example, the subduction of an oceanic plate under a continental plate.
phospholipid	See the section of the course on Cell Membranes and specifically phospholipids.
lodicule	One of a pair of tiny scales in a grass floret, between the lemma and the fertile parts of the flower.
network	a wide variety of systems of interconnected components; two or more computers connected together so that they can share resources
habituation	in animal behavior, the temporary waning or disappearance of an innate response when it is elicited many times in succession
negative phototropism	the tendency to move away from a light source
att site	See attachment site.
pressure melting point	Temperature at which minerals deep within the Earth and ice below the surface of a glacier are caused to melt because of the introduction of pressure.
zulu time	one of several names for the 24-hour time period
sporadic parkinson's disease	The most common form of Parkinson's disease, accounting for upwards of 95 percent of cases, and arising from causes likely to include a combination of genetic and environmental factors
endopodite	in crustaceans, the inner branch, or ramus, of a biramous appendage; the main shaft of that appendage; also called "endopod"
threshold potential	The potential an excitable cell membrane must reach for an action potential to be initiated.
disseminated	Widely spread
sea	a subdivision of an ocean
supportive care	Care given to improve the
wave height	Vertical distance between a wave's trough and crest.
griseous	blue-grey color
recharge area	The area on the Earth's surface that receives water for storage into a particular aquifer.
carpel	A leaf-like structure that encloses the ovules and is the defining character of angiosperms
nanozooid	a small zooid in tubuliporid bryozoans which bears a single tentacle and a reduced alimentary sac
dinghy	a small open boat
curvilinear relationship	a situation that is best represented by something other than a straight line
ribosome	the small cellular structure where RNA translates the genetic code into proteins.
genecology	the study of the genetic basis of ecological differentiation; the study of the genetic composition of populations in relation to their habitats
charismatic megafauna	large animals (usually vertebrates) that evoke sentimental support from the general public, for example, porpoises,seals and sea lions, marine turtles, and manatees
uniformitarianism	Charles Lyell's idea that geologic processes have not changed throughout Earth's history.
thamnasteroid form	a coral growth form in which the septa of adjacent corallites are confluent, often sinuous and twisted
reinforcement	The strengthening of prezygotic isolation through selection against cross-matings that produce unfit hybrid offspring.
brainstem	The hindbrain and midbrain of the vertebrate central nervous system
turbidity current	a current of of rapidly moving, sediment-laden water moving down a slope through air, water, or another fluid
annual composite hotspot map	a map that composites all of the average monthly HotSpot (see HotSpot) images for a given year
iptg	An abbreviation for isopropyl-ß-D-thiogalactoside
animal communication	animals use several ways to communicate with one another
designated use	classification specified in water quality standards for each waterbody or segment describing the level of protection from perturbation afforded by the regulatory programs
s	SAMHSA
ground water	underground water that is generally found in the pore space of rocks or sediments and that can be collected with wells, tunnels, or drainage galleries, or that flows naturally to the earth's surface via seeps or springs
osmoregulation	How organisms regulate solute concentrations and balance the gain and loss of water.
morphogen	A substance, such as Bicoid protein, that provides positional information in the form of a concentration gradient along an embryonic axis.
bulwark	the side of a ship above the deck
blood brain barrier	An assembly of partially permeable membranes separating the brain from the rest of the body.
long-term memory	The ability to hold, associate, and recall information over one's life.
natant	swimming or floating
bootstrapping	a statistical technique based on repeated random sampling with replacement from an original sample to provide a collection of new pseudoreplicate samples, from which sampling variance can be estimated
wave crest	the top of a wave
convergence	Horizontal inflow of wind into an area
emea	European Medicines Evaluation Agency - European agency for the evaluation of medicinal products; Official website
infrasubspecific	in taxonomy, a category below the subspecies level
reciprocal altruism	Altruistic behavior between unrelated individuals, whereby the current altruistic individual benefits in the future when the current beneficiary reciprocates.
gene ontology	A set of controlled vocabularies used to describe biological features within a specified domain of biological knowledge
port	the left side of a vessel to someone facing the bow or front
poisson distribution	a probability distribution of random occurrences in which one occurrence has no influence on any other occurrence
remote sensing	The gathering of information from an object or surface without direct contact.
sensation	An impulse sent to the brain from activated receptors and sensory neurons.
continental slope	the area of the sea floor that stretches from the edge of the continental shelf (~200 m) to the abyssal plain (~4000-6000 m)
index contour	Contour line that is accentuated in thickness and is often labeled with the appropriate measure of elevation
evapotranspiration	Combined loss of water to the atmosphere via the processes of evaporation and transpiration.
statistical power	The chance that the null hypothesis will be rejected when the data are generated by a different model.
metamorphosis	change of body shape, e.g., the change from a larval form to a juvenile or adult form
albugineous	white colored
neural tube	Primitive, hollow, dorsal nervous system of the early vertebrate embryo; formed by fusion of neural folds around the neural groove.
brainstem	Collection of structures in the adult brain, including the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata; functions in homeostasis, coordination of movement, and conduction of information to higher brain centers.
broad-sense heritability	See heritability.
point source pollution	origin of a pollutant discharge from a discrete conveyance, such as an effluent from the end of a pipe
masked/blinded study design	Study designs comparing two or more interventions in which either the investigators, the subjects, or some combination thereof do not know the treatment group assignments of individual subjects
globular	globe-shaped; having the form of a sphere, or nearly so
chlorofluorocarbons	gases that can be dissociated by solar radiation, which release chlorine, which in turn destroys ozone
reef complex	the entire reef structure, including reef surface lagoon deposits and off-reef deposits
novel variant	A distinct gene alteration that has been newly discovered; not the same as a 'new' or 'de novo' variant
firn	Névé on a glacier that survives the year's ablation season
deciduous	periodically shed
nodular	having small knobs, protuberances or nodule-like projections
animal models	Normal animals modified mechanically, genetically or chemically, used to demonstrate all or part of the characteristics of a disease
gypsum	Sedimentary rock created by the chemical precipitation of calcium, sulfur, and oxygen.
portunid crab	any member of the crab family Portunidae (order Decapoda, class Malacostraca)
nautical mile	the length of a minute of arc, 1/21,600 of an average great circle of the Earth
bar-built estuary	an estuary formed when a barrier island or sand bar separates a section of the coast where fresh water enters
initial public offering	the initial sale of shares of a private company on public markets, turning it into a publicly-traded company.
molecule	a group of atoms arranged to interact in a particular way; one molecule of any substance is the smallest physical unit of that particular substance.
sand	Mineral particle with a size between 0.06 and 2.0 millimeters in diameter
buffer	a solution or liquid whose chemical makeup neutralizes acids or bases without a great change in pH
fathometer	an instrument for measuring underwater depth using sound
classical conditioning	A type of associative learning; the association of a normally irrelevant stimulus with a fixed behavioral response.
thanatocoenosis	an assemblage of organisms or their parts brought together after their deaths, as for example, by flowing water; 'death assemblage'
mixed layer	near-surface waters subject to mixing by the action of wind and waves
electrochemical gradient	The diffusion gradient of an ion, representing a type of potential energy that accounts for both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and its tendency to move relative to the membrane potential.
trisomy	Having three copies of a particular chromosome in each somatic (body) cell instead of the normal two copies
nomenclature	the description of new taxa or alterations to the concept of previously described taxa which involve changes in the names of taxa
recumbent fold	A fold in which the axial plane is almost horizontal.
tympaniform	drum-shaped
azygospore	A zygospore that develops parthenogenetically (development of sexual reproduction from the female gamete alone).
density-dependent factor	Any factor influencing population regulation that has a greater impact as population density increases.
histone deacetylase	HDAC is a transcription-regulating enzyme that is responsible for enhancing the growth and division of tumor cells.
pheromone	A hormone-like substance that acts as an attractant.
coastal flooding	flooding that occurs from storms where water is driven onto land from an adjacent body of water
open design	An experimental design in which both the investigator(s) and the subjects know the treatment group(s) to which subjects are assigned
phosphorimaging	The detection of radioactivity using "phosphor" compounds that emit visible light when exposed to radiation
declination	Location (latitude) on the Earth where the Sun on a particular day is directly overhead (90° from horizon) at solar noon
cosanguine	Related by a common ancestor.
digital versatile disc	an advanced type of CD-ROM that holds a minimum of 4.7 gigabytes (unit of storage) to a maximum of 17 gigabytes of information
millipore filter	a thin membrane composed of cellulose fibers that is used, for example, as a filter in the bacteriological examination of water
double helix	Describes the coiling of the antiparallel strands of the DNA molecule, resembling a spiral staircase in which the paired bases form the steps and the sugar-phosphate backbones form the rails.
phreatic water	water below the level at which all voids in the rock are completely filled with water
heterokont	One of the kingdoms of eukaryotes
braided stream	Shallow stream channel that is subdivided into a number of continually shifting smaller channels that are separated by bar deposits.
microvillus	any of the minute hairlike structures projecting from the surface of certain types of cells
deimatic behavior	defensive postures or other visual displays, including color changes, that function to intimidate or frighten another animal
fire wall	a combination of hardware and software that separates a network into two or more parts for security purposes
neutrality	The state of being free from the effects of selection.
reef top	the area comprising the reef flat and reef crest
antimorphic mutation	Hypermorphic Mutation
latent heat flux	Latent heat flux is the global movement of latent heat energy through circulations of air and water
trophosome	a collective term for all nonreproductive structures of colonial hydrozoans; a structure in beard worms (Polychaeta-Siboglinidae)that harbors commensalistic chemosynthetic bacteria in cells called bacteriocytes
chromosome	A structure composed of DNA, found in the cell nucleus, on which genes are arranged in a linear order.
primary growth	Growth initiated by the apical meristems of a plant root or shoot.
windward	Upwind side or side directly influenced to the direction that the wind blows from
priority	in taxonomy, the seniority of a taxonomic name fixed by the date of publication; the earliest published name has priority
repeatability	Measure of the degree of association between repeated measurements for the same trait obtained on the same individual
ice pellets	A type of precipitation
concordance	Phenotypic similarity
global taxonomy initiative	initiative established by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to address the lack of taxonomic information and expertise around the world
calm	the condition of the water surface when there are no winds, waves or swell
dead zone	hypoxic (low-oxygen) areas in the world's oceans and in some large lakes where all or most life forms are unable to survive
distinct population segment	"population," or "distinct population segment," are terms with specific meaning when used for listing, delisting, and reclassification purposes to describe a discrete vertebrate stock that may be added or deleted from the list of endangered and threatened
conventional therapy	Standard treatment
genome imprinting	Children with Angleman syndrome typically also have small heads, experience seizures, have pronounced speech impairment, are hyperactive, and have balance disorders.
axial skeleton	in a vertebrate skeleton, the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
cross-fertilization	Fusion of gametes formed by different individuals; as opposed to self-fertilization.
sex chromosome	One of the pair of chromosomes responsible for determining the sex of an individual.
levee	a raised embankment along the edge of a river channel
cortex	Ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a root or dicot stem.
jetty	a structure extending into the ocean to influence the current or tide in order to protect harbors, shores, and banks
freezing rain	A type of precipitation
scleractinian	Any member of the cnidarian group Scleractinia, or "hard-rayed" corals
gamma radiation	A type of ionizing, electromagnetic radiation that readily penetrates the body tissues of organisms
zoanthella	an elongate larval form of Zoanthidea with a ventral band of very long cilia
allele	One of a series (of at least 2) forms of a gene, differing in genetic sequence and resulting in observable differences in heritable character (phenotype).
regulator	a regulator is a piece of scuba equipment that reduces the high pressure of air in a scuba air tank to a pressure level that is usable by the diver
paleoproterozoic	Division of time from 2500 to 1600 Mya.
hla complex	Another name for the MHC in humans; refers to the "Human Leukocyte Antigen" complex located on chromosome 6.
dermal	/DERM-əl/ adj
verrucose	having a warty appearance
cytoplasm	The cellular substance outside the nucleus
confidence interval	Estimated range of values (calculated from a given set of sample data) that is likely to include an unknown population parameter.
exclusivity	a temporary FDA-granted monopoly, distinct from patent or other intellectual property protection
emergent	Describes a property of a system that is not predictable from the starting conditions.
metabolic gas	a gas which is released by the body as a result of metabolism
apical meristem	Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.
retrovirus	A type of virus
lacriform	tear-drop shaped; also called "dacriform"
acontium	a thread-like part of a coral polyp's or anemone's digestive system and employed as defensive or aggressive structures when extruded
wind vane	A mechanical device used to measure the direction of wind flow
retrorse	bent or turned backward or downward
hookah	"hookah" refers to diving where the diver is supplied with breathable air from the surface via an air compressor and an airline (hose)
landsat satellite	U.S
hidden-markov model	A statistical model consisting of states that represent an aspect of a sequence and transitions between states, and are used to label bases in a sequence with the modelled property
radial symmetry	Characterizing a body shaped like a pie or barrel, with many equal parts radiating outward like the spokes of a wheel; present in cnidarians and echinoderms; also can refer to flower structure.
diffusion	Spreading due to the cumulative effect of small random movements.
vapor pressure	Pressure exerted by water vapor molecules in a given quantity of atmosphere.
incident command system	a management system used to organize emergency response
t	Tachycardia
macula	a dark spot, blemish; the small, highly sensitive area (of the human eye) which is located in the center of the retina
fine sediment	a sediment composed of fine-grained materials, such as clay or mud particles
support group	Group of individuals who meet on a regular basis to exchange mutual support, often focusing on a shared area of difficulty
transient	Short-term; brief
supercooled water	Cooling of water below 0° Celsius without freezing
biophotonics	Biological applications of photonics, a technology that utilizes light and other forms of radiant energy in which a quantum unit is the photon.
polar vortex	High pressure system located in the upper atmosphere at the polar regions
hydrophobic core	A portion of a protein that avoids dissolution in water and is composed of a set of hydrophobic amino acids.
scientific law	a statement of a scientific fact or phenomenon that is invariable under given conditions
euchromatin	The more open, unraveled form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available transcription
diffusion equation	An equation that describes how a probability distribution spreads out with time; it applies when random fluctuations are small.
erythema	Redness of the skin.
reciprocal discovery	Some jurisdictions enable a prosecutor by motion to request that the defense provide specific discovery material to the prosecution.
tree of life	Darwin’s metaphor for the history of life, which portrays all living things (the tips of the branches) as modified descendants of a single common ancestor (the root or trunk).
uncinate	hooked at the tip
random sample	Sample of individuals drawn without regard to any specific criteria e.g., phenotype, genotype or relationship to other individuals.
sense	1
micropyle	The part of the ovule where the pollen tube accesses the embryo sac.
probability	Frequency of an event in an number of repetitions of an experiment.
bycatch reduction devise	equipment attached to commercial fishing equipment to reduce the amount of bycatch taken
power	This is classically defined as the probability of rejecting a null hypothesis that is false.
placental mammal	Any member of the mammalian group Eutheria
water mass	a large body of water whose density characteristics are distinct from the surrounding aquatic environment because of inherent temperature or salinity differences
genetic stock	A reproductively isolated unit* that is genetically different from other stocks
abyssalpelagic zone	the pelagic environment from a depth of 4000 m to 7000 m.The water temperature in this zone is constantly near freezing; also called the "abyssopelagic zone"
senior synonym	in taxonomy, the older name of two synonyms
recurrence	The return of cancer after a period of being diagnosed cancer free (in remission).
pcr	a method of creating copies of specific fragments of DNA
boyle's law	if the temperature is kept constant, the volume of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to the absolute pressure
bed load	Portion of the stream load that is carried along the stream bed without being permanently suspend in the flowing water.
antigen	Foreign substance stimulating antibody production; binding partner of antibody
dimorphism	Displaying two separate growth forms.
coloumb	unit of electrical charge of one ampere over period of one second
carboxyl terminus	A term that identifies one end of a protein molecule
hydrothermal plume	a cloud of hot, mineral-rich water that flows out of a hydrothermal vent and disperses into the ocean, usually several hundred meters above the seafloor vent site
metadata	Information about data that facilitates access and use of the data.
hurricane	An intense cyclonic storm consisting of an organized mass of thunderstorms that develops over the warm oceans of the tropics
biological amplification	Increase in concentration of toxic fat-soluble chemicals in organisms at successively higher trophic levels of a grazing food chain or food web because of the consumption of organisms at lower trophic levels.
mesolamella	a collagenous layer that separates the choanochambers of hexactinellid sponges (glass sponges)
plateau basalt	An accumulation of horizontal flows of basaltic lava
advanced	new, unlike the evolutionary ancestral or primitive condition
leachate	a liquid which has percolated through a soil and which carries substances in solution or suspension
porphyrous	purple color
palustrine	pertaining to swamps or marshy habitats
zygocardiac ossicles	triangular plates, usually bearing denticles, which project into the cavity of the cardiac stomach in decapod crustaceans, such as shrimps,crabs and lobsters; part of the gastric mill
reflected infrared radiation	Form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0.7 to 3.0 micrometers (µm).
nociceptor	a sensory receptor which responds to potentially harmful stimuli; produces a sensation of pain
tectal	pertaining to the roof of a structure, e.g
u	a common replacement for the Greek letter µ as a symbol for the micron or micrometer
radial symmetry	a basic morphological plan of organisms that have their body parts arranged around a central axis
ascocarp	The fruiting body of a sac fungus (ascomycete) .
polyphyletic	Pertaining to a grouping of species derived from two or more different ancestral forms.
obligatory	obligate or required
oceanic reef	a reef that develops adjacent to deeper waters, often in association with oceanic islands
major histocompatibility complex	A group of genes that control several aspects of the immune response
null hypothesis	the statistical hypothesis that states that there are no differences between observed and expected data
meandroid form	a coral growth form in which the corallites are arranged in multiple series within the same walls
evaporation fog	A type of fog produced from the advection of cold air over warm water or warm or moist land
reticulate	resembling or forming a network
game theory	An approach to evaluating alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends not only on each individual's strategy but also on the strategies of other individuals; a way of thinking about behavioral evolution in situations where the fitness of a particular behavioral phenotype is influenced by other behavioral phenotypes in the population.
absorbance unit	the unit of absorbance, as used in UV spectroscopy.
suspension feeder	An aquatic animal, such as a clam or a baleen whale, that sifts small food particles from the water.
ectoprocta	an animal phylum synonymous with the phylum Bryozoa, the "moss animals"
marble	Metamorphic rock created by the recrystallization of calcite and/or dolomite.
gust front	A boundary found ahead of a thunderstorm that separates cold storm downdrafts from warm humid surface air
molecular recognition	The binding of two molecules though noncovalent bonds in which the shape of the molecules plays a key role in the strength of binding.
de facto	in fact; in reality; existing but not officially recognized or legally established
geocoding	The conversion of features found on an analog map into a computer-digital form
bar	unit of pressure of one million dynes per square centimeter
fall	Season between summer and winter
motor unit	A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls.
mudstone	Fine grained sedimentary rock composed of lithified silt and clay particles.
motor neuron	A nerve cell that transmits signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands.
preprint	an article printed especially for private distribution in advance of the actual publication
brackish	Environment that is influenced by seawater with a salinity less than 35 parts per thousand (usually caused by the presence of an inflow of fresh water).
threshold value	A relative fluorescent unit (RFU) value that must be exceeded to make an allele call
snrnp	Abbreviation for Small Ribonuclear Particle.
selection index	Procedure used to find appropriate weights for records (one or more traits) of an individual and its relatives and to combine information into a single value to rank individuals for selection.
coancestry	A measure of the relatedness of two individuals
buffer	A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.
nucleus	The structure within the cell that contains the chromosomes
dehydration synthesis	/də-HIGH-dray-shən, dee-/ The linking of monomers into a polymer by removing a molecule of water from each.
exothecal dissepiment	a horizontal partition outside of the corallite wall
e	Echocardiogram
vascular bundle	A strand of vascular tissues (both xylem and phloem) in a stem or leaf.
polariscope	an instrument for detecting polarized light
stoss	Side of a slope that faces the direction of flow of ice, wind, or water
evaporation	The removal of heat energy from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules
knowledge mining	The extraction of useful knowledge from data patterns that have been rendered meaningful by the integration of information derived from external sources.
second law of thermodynamics	This law states that heat can never pass spontaneously from a colder to a hotter body
buddy	a scuba diving partner
protostome	Member of one of two large groups of bilaterian animals including ecdysozoans and lophotrochozoans (see deuterostome)
orange book	also known as the Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, the Orange Book contains detailed information on all approved drugs and must list all extant patents.
rigidity	Abnormal stiffness in a limb or other body part
decaliter	/DEK-ə-LEET-er/ n
biosphere	The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.
effective population size	Effective number of individuals passing on gametes to the next generations
telomere	The protective structure at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome
barometer	Instrument that measures atmospheric pressure.
aging	A decrease in survival or reproduction with age
carbonate	a mineral composed mainly of calcium (Ca) and carbonate (CO3) ions
heading	the direction in which a vessel is pointed at any given moment
reef check	a volunteer, community-based monitoring protocol designed to measure the health of coral reefs on a global scale
bioassay	an assay for the activity or potency of a substance that involves testing its activity on living materials
cuticular pore	a minute pore opening at the surface of the cuticle
geographical range	The geographic area in which a population lives.
dendrobatidae	/den-droh-BAT-ə-die, -dee/ n
facultative	able to exist under more than one set of environmental conditions
intubate	The placement of a tube into the airway to help a person breathe
type ii error	the error of not rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false
calypto	a prefix meaning "covered"
catheter	A tube placed in the body to remove or introduce fluids into the body; a tube that moves liquids in or out of the blood; a plastic tube placed in a vein or under the skin to withdraw or introduce fluids in the body
lumen	unit of luminous flux
genome	They may occur in immediate succession, or with other sequences interspersed between them, and may also occur in inverted ("turned around end for end") form
coccolith	Any member of a group of primarily single-celled, photosynthetic organisms that originated in the Jurassic
arenaceous	a condition of skeletal architecture in sponges in which sand and/or foreign spicule debris partly or completely replaces native spicules within the sponge skeleton; resembling or containing sand; or growing in sandy areas
random segregation	During meiosis, the two chromosomes of a pair are distributed randomly to the gametes, each gamete having an equal chance of receiving either chromosome.
centrum	a center or central mass
g	Gaps (affine gaps)
palindrome	An arrangement of symbols that reads the same backward as forward.
asco	a prefix meaning "sack"
microsclere	a small spicule in sponges
axis	the internal, usually calcium carbonate skeletal rod of sea fans (Gorgonacea) and sea pens (Pennatulacea)
ester	a chemical compound formed by the reaction of an organic or inorganic acid with an alcohol, with the elimination of water
spiniform	spine-shaped
estuary	a partially-enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open ocean
eluviation	Movement of humus, chemical substances, and mineral particles from the upper layers of a soil to lower layers by the downward movement of water through the soil profile
correlation	Standardized measure of the degree of association between two characteristics.
neoadjuvant therapy	Treatment given as a first step to shrink a tumor before the main treatment, which is usually surgery, is given
innovation	A change to a preexisting feature.
zoarium	the form of a bryozoan colony
appeasement behavior	any conciliatory behavioral display
ebb tide	that period of tide between a high water and the succeeding low water; falling tide
subspecies	a taxonomic group that is a division of a species
dendriform	having a structure that resembles a tree or shrub
centrioles	structures in the cytoplasm from which the spindle apparatus forms.
dust dome	Dome of air that surrounds a city created from the urban heat island effect that traps pollutants like particulate matter.
emesis	Vomiting
lanciform	lance-shaped
aquarius	Aquarius is an underwater ocean laboratory located in the NOAA Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
subsequent	Another, next
coordinate system	In Ensembl, the term "coordinate system" or "coord_system" identifies which level of the assembly we are working on
hurricane	an intense tropical cyclone in which winds tend to spiral inward toward a core of low pressure, with maximum surface wind velocities that equal or exceed 33.5 m/sec (75 mph or 65 knots) for several minutes or longer at some point
independent variable	In an experiment, when one factor is manipulated, a second factor responds
reptile	Group of terrestrial vertebrate animals that includes turtles, tortoises, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and alligators.
replication	The process of synthesizing a copy of a DNA molecule from nucleotides using information contained within one strand of a template DNA molecule
graben fault	This fault is produced when tensional stresses result in the subsidence of a block of rock
uv reactivation	A phenomenon in which survival of an ultraviolet-irradiated phage is greater upon infecting a host that has also been irradiated with UV than upon infecting a host that has not been irradiated with UV
irb	Institutional Review Board (see above)
ribosome	A cellular particle which is involved in the translation of mRNAs to make proteins
rastrate	rake-like
oogamous	characterized by reproducing by the fusion of small motile male gametes and large nonmotile female gametes
da	Dalton unit.
demography	The study of statistics relating to births and deaths in populations.
icosahedral symmetry	The symmetry displayed by a regular polyhedron that is composed of 20 equilateral triangular faces with 12 corners.
off-reef	a synonym of reef slope
water table	the level or depth below the ground that is saturated with water
accretion	growth by virtue of an increase in intercellular material
thermal circulation	Atmospheric circulation caused by the heating and cooling of air.
adp	Abbreviation of adenosine diphosphate.
tautra reef	one of the world's shallowest deep-water coral reefs, located in Norwegian waters at only 39 meters water depth
m	Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
apopinacoderm	in sponges, a surface lined with apopinacocytes
prime meridian	an imaginary line running from north to south through Greenwich, England, used as the reference point for longitude
russet	reddish brown color
acoelomate	A solid-bodied animal lacking a cavity between the gut and outer body wall.
thrombosis	A blood clot in a blood vessel
isopleth	a general term for a line connecting points of equal value of some quantity
equity investment	an investment buying partial ownership of a company.
dorsoventral	an axis extending from the dorsal to ventral surface of an animal body
continuum	a continuous set of data for which each data point is related to the adjacent point; a gradual or imperceptible intergradation between two or more extreme values
direct sun	refers to a measurement based only on direct radiation from the sun's disk and excluding indirect radiation from the remainder of the sky
mitochondria	These structures or organelles in the cell are the main energy source: they are often called the powerhouse of the cell
taxon	a group or category of biological classification at any level (plural: taxa).
truncation selection	Selection that eliminates those with the largest (or smallest) trait values.
autosome	A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex, as opposed to a sex chromosome.
personalized medicine	Use of information on an individual’s genotype to improve its health.
allele	Alternative form of a genetic locus; a single allele for each locus is inherited from each parent (e.g., at a locus for eye color the allele might result in blue or brown eyes).
population genetics	The study of the distribution of genes in populations and of how the frequencies of genes and genotypes are maintained or changed over time.
nucleus	The structure within eukaryotic cells that contains chromosomal DNA.
nutrient cycle	The cycling of a single element by various abiotic and biotic processes through the various stores found in the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
type i error	the error of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
polar front	Weather front located typically in the mid-latitudes that separates arctic and polar air masses from tropical air masses
bel	unit of noise intensity equal to ten decibels
eutrophication	Death of organisms in a lake or pond due to an overabundance of algae that consume all of the dissolved oxygen in the water
holdfast	a root-like structure for attachment that anchors attached seaweeds, other algae, and octocorals to the substratum
phenotype	Phenotype is how a person looks (on the outside and inside the body) due to his or her genes and the environment (for example, having a certain eye color, being a specific blood type, or being a certain height)
interface	the common boundary between two substances such as a water and a solid, water and a gas, or two liquids, such as water and oil
pungent	sharp, biting or acrid sensation, especially in taste or smell
reciprocal cross	If a cross is made between A males and B females, then the reciprocal cross is between B males and A females.
bias	a tendency or preference towards a particular perspective or result; in statistics, an inadequacy in experimental design that leads to results or conclusions not representative of the population under study; the consistent or systematic underestimation or overestimation of a true value, because of preconceived notion of the person sampling the population
binomial	Consisting of or pertaining to two terms.
deliquesce	/del-lə-KWESS/ v
lumbar puncture	Also called a spinal tap - involves the removal of the fluid in the spine for examination. Can cause headache afterwards.
geologic time scale	a relative time scale based upon fossil content
genetic banking	The deposit of an individual's genetic information to a database that enables the individual to control access.
cavate	cave-like
superinfection	The secondary infection by a phage in a cell already harbouring the same phage.
data processing	Data processing is defined as the systematic performance of operations upon data such as handling, merging, sorting, and computing
api	A series of routines that applications can use to make the operating system request and carry out lower-level services.
minamata disease	mercury poisoning of humans from eating contaminated seafood
polymer	a molecular chain, ring or web formed of units of smaller molecules, often repeating in an ordered pattern.
pectiniform	comb-shaped
orthology	The relationship of any two homologous characters whose common ancestor lies in the most recent common ancestor of the taxa being considered
post	After
nutrient cycle	the cyclic conversion of nutrients from one form to another within biological communities
neuromuscular junction	The junction between an axon terminal of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber innervated by that motor neuron; the axon terminal of a motor neuron is typically branched, forming neuromuscular junctions with a number of different muscle fibers.
controlled experiment	An experiment in which an experimental group is compared to a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.
scute	an external horny, chitinous or bony plate or scale, such as those on the shell of a turtle
catastrophism	General theory that suggests that certain phenomena on the Earth are the result of catastrophic events
oncogene	A gene that is a mutated (changed) form of a gene involved in normal cell growth.
epoch	a division of geologic time next shorter than a period
determinate cleavage	A type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early.
lesion	any pathological or traumatic discontinuity of tissue, or loss of function of a part
biomass	an estimate of the amount of living matter per some unit volume or area
parturition	the process of giving birth
cell proliferation	The increase in cell number due to growth and division.
decadal	refers to a climatic process that re-occurs every decade or once every few decades
pavement	rock exposed at the Earth's surface in the form of a more or less horizontal surface, usually with crevices or joints
relative quantification	A type of real-time PCR data analysis used to calculate differences in a target concentration across different samples
dorsal fin	in fishes, one or more fins situated on the midline of the back, having spines or rays, sometimes both; excludes the adipose fin found in some fishes, such as catfishes and salmon
trough	An elongated area of low pressure in the atmosphere.
aromatic	a type of hydrocarbon, such as benzene or toluene, with a specific type of ring structure
sunset	Moment of time when the Sun's edge completely disappears below the Earth's horizon.
ribosome	Cellular structure composed of RNA and protein that is responsible for protein synthesis.
dna ladder	A set of synthetic DNA fragments that differ in length.
bergschrund	A deep crevasse commonly found at the head of an alpine glacier
syngameon	a group of discrete morphological units (semispecies) that are interfertile; a cluster which comprises several morphospecies, i.e., "all of species or semispecies linked by frequent or occasional hybridization in nature
law of segregation	Genetic factors appear in pairs within an individual
inductive reasoning	A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.
arenicolous	living in sand
circadian	being, having, characterized by, or occurring in approximately 24 hour periods or cycles
luminous	emitting light.
translation	The production of a protein from mRNA
paradox	a statement that seems self-contradictory, yet may nevertheless be true
senescence	See aging.
misspelling	in zoological nomenclature, a citation of a name in the literature that is incorrectly spelled
mucus	a gelatinous material secreted by specialized mucous cells
biology	The scientific study of life.
gfp	See Green Flourescent Protein.
principle of allocation	The concept that each organism has an energy budget, or a limited amount of total energy available for all of its maintenance and reproductive needs.
acid	A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
dioxin	a chlorinated organic chemical byproduct (dibenzo-p-dioxins), released into the environment from incineration and during industrial processes that use chlorine
bay-mouth bar	A narrow deposit of sand and/or gravel found across the mouth of a bay.
heat shock	1
complementary therapy	Techniques or approaches often used in addition to standard treatment
heterostyly	Specific flower morphology in which stamens and styles are of unequal lengths, thereby promoting cross-pollination.
random sample	a sample in which each individual in a population has the same chance of being selected as any other
vocalization	a sound intentionally produced by an animal
gulf stream	the warm ocean current of the North Atlantic
calibrate	to check or adjust the graduations of a quantitative measuring instrument
resect	Remove or cut out surgically
cro	Contract research organization
ph	A trial which could lead to registration of the investigated drug
microsatellite marker	See SSLP.
imaging	Any method used to produce a picture of internal body structures.
ovoviviparity	the reproductive mode where the eggs hatch and develop in the female's reproductive tract (or a specialized pouch in the males of some species), are not nourished in any way by the female, and are free-swimming when released from the parent
cell	The smallest component of life capable of independent reproduction and from which DNA is isolated for forensic analysis.
insular	relating to, or characteristic of, or situated on an island
pleiotropy	the phenomenon of variable phenotypes for a number of distinct and seemingly unrelated phenotypic effects.
chromosome	A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus
benign variant	(synonym: polymorphism) An alteration in a gene distinct from the normal, wild-type allele that does not appear to have a deleterious effect
margin	a boundary, edge, or border of a structure
manubrium	the proboscis of a jellyfish: a tubular structure that connects the mouth to the digestive cavity
species at risk	an extirpated, endangered or threatened species or a species of special concern (formerly called "vulnerable")
dyad symmetry	Property of a structure that can be rotated by 180° to produce the same structure.
thrum	Type of distylic flower possessing a short style and long anthers.
universe	All of the observable phenomena in the celestial cosmos.
bilateral surgery	Surgery performed on both sides of the brain.
spring tide	Tide that occurs every 14 to 15 days and coincides with the new and full moon
infra-	a prefix meaning "below"
solution	a liquid mixture in which the minor component, the solute, is uniformly distributed within the major component, the solvent
plesiotype	of the same sex as the holotype
counter current	a secondary current flowing in a direction opposite to that of the main current
allele	An alternate version of a gene, e.g., Gregor Mendel's pea plants have flowers with two colors: white and reddish-purple
syntax	The rules that determine how words combine to make phrases and sentences.
cure	in the case of lymphoma, the term used when there is no sign of disease present in the body and adequate time has passed so that the chances of recurrence are small.
low grade	Low grade is associated with indolent, or slow growing cancers. NHL types that are low grade (indolent) are small lymphocytic, small cleaved cell follicular, mixed follicular, small cleaved cell diffuse, intermediately differentiated diffuse and cutaneous T-cell (mycosis fungoides).
hyper-	above, exceeding, higher, more than, abnormally increased
blizzard	Winter severe weather condition characterized by strong wind, blowing snow, and cold temperatures.
knot	The unit of speed used in navigation that is equal to 1 nautical mile (6,076.115 ft or 1,852 m) per hour
reticulate	net-like
everted	turned inside out
ground truthing	measurements conducted on the ground or at sea to calibrate, compare or verify observations made from satellites or aircraft
chronology	the age-depth relationship in ice, sediment, or another deposit
antimorphic mutation	Gain-of-function Mutation
scleractinia	an order of Cnidaria, usually producing calcareous skeletons with hexameral symmetry
heterogeneous	consisting of dissimilar elements, parts or forms; having non-uniform structure or composition
hamulus	a small hook-like projection
isotonic contraction	a muscular contraction in which tension is constant while the length of the muscle changes
euphotic zone	the layer of the ocean that receives sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis
pneumatophore	a modified aerial root rising above ground that may function as a respiratory organ in plant species such as mangroves, which are subjected to inundation or soil saturation
macroscopic	A term that describes characteristics large enough to be perceived without magnification; in forensic hair examination, this typically applies to unmounted hairs.
mass	Refers to the amount of material found in an object (usually of unit volume).
affinity chromatography	A column chromatographic technique that employs attached functional groups that have a specific affinity for sites on particular proteins.
equilibrium	A state of balance in which there is no net change.
proxy	in climate research, a proxy variable is something from which a variable of interest can be obtained
corallimorpharia	an order of the subclass Zoantharia (Hexacorallia) of the phylum Cnidaria
era	Geologic time unit that is shorter than an eon but longer than a period.
placental mosaicism	see: confined placental mosaicism.
induced pluripotent cell	a type of pluripotent cell made directly from a somatic (from the body) cell
ocean	the salt water surrounding the great land masses, and divided by the land masses into several distinct portions, each of which is called an ocean; the entire body of salt water that covers more than 70 percent of the earth's surface
secondary production	the production of living material per unit area (or volume) per unit time by herbivores
research_interest	In the Colleague information section, Research_interest refers to the broad areas of study the colleague is pursuing
cladogram	A phylogenetic tree in which the only information given is about the relationships among taxa (i.e., the length of the branches is not meaningful).
decimorgan	/DES-ə-MORE-gən/ See: Morgan unit.
gas chromatography	a method of separating chemical components of a mixture, which involves the passage of a gaseous sample through a column having a fixed adsorbent phase
hereditary disorders	A pathological condition due to changes in individual genes, or groups of genes or in sections of chromosomes or whole chromosomes
violaceous	violet color
baldwin effect	a hypothesis in which a characteristic, such as individual learning, significantly affects the evolution of the species with respect to that characteristic
northeast trade winds	See trade winds.
cerebrum	The dorsal portion of the vertebrate forebrain, composed of right and left hemispheres; the integrating center for memory, learning, emotions, and other highly complex functions of the central nervous system.
perigee	the point in the orbit of the Moon or man-made satellite nearest to the Earth; the point in the orbit of a satellite nearest to its companion body
stator	a stationary part of a machine that remains fixed while other parts rotate around it.
prior odds	A ratio of the probability of one hypothesis relative to the probability of another hypothesis ((Prob(H1)/Prob(H2)), prior to observing any data.
orographic precipitation	Is precipitation that forms when air is forced to rise because of the physical presence of elevated land
trochophore	Larval type characteristic of many protostomes including annelids and many mollusks.
relative frequency	the number of items of a certain type divided by the number of all the numbers being considered
regeneration	Restoration of tissue by repair or regrowth.
trabeculum	in corallites, one of many rods or axial structures composed of fibrous tufts (sclerodermites), which form teeth along the upper septal margin
high grade	A grade of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma denoting fast growth.
hypermorphic mutation	Hypomorphic Mutation
gene cloning	The production of multiple copies of a gene.
annotation	Analysis and commentary added to sequence data in databases
risk assessment modification	Alteration of the assessment of an individual's genetic risk based upon previously unknown information about the family history or upon the results of genetic testing; depending on the nature of the new information, risk may be either increased or decreased
brunneous	dark brown color
value-added traits	Modified crops produced with traits such as improved taste, nutritional value, or utility to provide value for the consumer.
phenylketonuria	A hereditary disorder that results in reduced production of the liver enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
binomen	a two-part name given to a species in which the first part is the name of the genus and the second is the specific name
a priori	Deduced from first principles; without prior knowledge.
rnai	RNA-interference
hydrogen sulfide	a toxic gas formed by the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter
punctule	a minute dot, pit or aperture
albicant	whitish color
photoreceptor	a nerve ending, cell, or group of cells specialized to sense or receive light
scatter diagram	a two-dimensional histogram showing the joint probability density of two variables within a data sample; it is used to interpret data by graphically displaying the relationship between two variables
sympatry	Coexistence in the same place.
exotic stream	A stream that has a course that begins in a humid climate and end in an arid climate
greenhouse effect	the heating that occurs when gases such as carbon dioxide trap heat escaping from the Earth and radiate it back to the surface
antagonist	A substance that tends to nullify the action of another.
investigational new drug	an application to pursue clinical trials with an experimental drug that has passed pre-clinical trials.
fulvous	dull yellow color
potential energy	Is the energy that a body possesses by virtue of its position and that is potentially transformable into another form of energy.
null allele	inactive form of a gene.
source	The origin of the variation data (e.g
counterselection	A condition that prevents growth of the donor in a genetic cross.
hormone	A chemical substance made in one cell and secreted so as to influence the metabolic activity of a select group of cells located at other sites in the organism.
growth curve	See growth phases.
isomer	One of several organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties
barometer	an instrument for measuring air pressure
westerlies	Dominant winds of the mid-latitudes
branchial aperture	the exterior opening of a gill chamber
buttress	see spur and groove
microarrays	Ordered sets of DNA fragments fixed to solid surfaces
polyphyletic	Pertaining to a taxon whose members were derived from two or more ancestral forms not common to all members.
umbilical cord-derived stem cells	Undifferentiated cells taken from umbilical cord blood
gram atom	the quantity of an element whose weight in grams is numerically equal to the atomic weight of the element; represents the mass in grams of Avogadro's number of atoms of the element
carbon sink	a reservoir that can absorb or "sequester" carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
allee's principle	there is a positive relationship between individual fitness and either the numbers or density of conspecifics
articulated	jointed, as in for example, the soft fin rays of fishes
craggy	a surface which is rocky and steep
phylogeography	Inference of population history from the genealogy that connects genes sampled from different geographic locations
geo-referenced data	refers to data with geographic location information included, such as latitude and longitude
ekman layer	the thin horizontal layer of water riding on top of the ocean that is affected by wind
silt	Mineral particle with a size between 0.004 and 0.06 millimeters in diameter
debriefing	Giving subjects previously undisclosed information about the research project following completion of their participation in research
polynesia	scattered islands of the central and southern Pacific Ocean roughly between New Zealand in the southwest, Hawaii in the north, and Easter Island in the southeast
dissect	/də-SECT or DIE-sect/ v
chromatophore	a cell whose cytoplasm contains pigment granules that can be rapidly concentrated or dispersed, producing an overall effect of altering the color, color pattern or tone of the whole or part of an animal
edge	as in networks
petiole	The stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.
macro lens	in photography, a lens with the ability to focus from infinity to extremely close, allowing it to capture images of very small objects in frame-filling, larger-than-life sizes
pareiasaur	Any member of a group of herbivorous anapsid reptiles from the Permian.
histogram	A graphic representation of a frequency distribution.
decubital	/də-KYOOB-ə-təl/ adj
boundary current	a large-scale water stream in the upper ocean which separates water masses
oak foundation	a group of charitable and philanthropic organizations established in various countries
fermi	unit of length equal to one quadrillionth of a meter
esthete	a light sensitive organ in a minute vertical canal in the upper layer of the shell plate of a chiton
population size	Number of individuals in a population (census population size).
batholith	A large mass of subsurface intrusive igneous rock that has its origins from mantle magma.
toponym	a place name
frost point	Is the temperature at which water vapor saturates from an air mass into solid usually forming snow or frost
v	Varices
international zoological congresses	the legislative bodies responsible for the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and for authorization of the activities of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
spiny lobster	a crustacean of the Family Palinuridae; it lacks large claws and has a flexible, leathery tail fan
dredging	a method for deepening streams, swamps or coastal waters by scraping and removing solids from the bottom
discrimination	differential response to different stimuli
biolimiting	relating to the environmental factors determining or restricting the growth of a particular life form
vertebra	one of the bony segments of the vertebral column of vertebrate animals; in brittlestars (Echinodermata-Ophiuroidea), a vertebra is one of the many articulated ossicles that join together along the length of the arms
flagella	Long, flexible, helical protein structures that extend from the surface of the cell
curvilinear regression	the relation between variables when the regression equation is nonlinear
style	Part of the pistil arising from the ovary , and through which the pollen tube passes.
lobe-finned fish	Common name for members of the class Sarcopterygii
case-control study	A form of association study in which “case” individuals with, for example, a disease are compared with “control” individuals without it.
specific gravity	The ratio of the mass of a body to the mass of an identical volume of water at a specific temperature.
glycolysis	The catabolic conversion of glucose to pyruvate with the production of ATP.
boundaries	The perimeter or border surrounding potential physical evidence related to the crime.
remuneration	Payment for participation in research
gene therapy	A treatment in which functional genes are introduced into the patient.
neural tube	A tube of cells running along the dorsal axis of the body, just dorsal to the notochord
consistency index	A measure of how well the character states for a specific character trait map on a phylogenetic tree
informed consent	Permission given by an individual to proceed with a specific test or procedure, with an understanding of the risks, benefits, limitations, and potential implications of the procedure itself and its results
alpha foetoprotein	see AFP.
omim	Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
tachyauxesis	rapid growth; a part or structure that grows at a quicker rate than the organism as a whole
nuchal organ	a sense organ on upper side of head in many branchiopods; photoreceptor-like sensory cells in the nuchal region (posterodorsal region of the head) of some cephalopods; paired chemosensory structures in some annelids
morphometry	The measurement of shape
solar day	Time required for the Earth to complete one rotation relative to the Sun.
dissection	/die-SEX-shən, də-/ n
genetic distancing	a measure of the genetic similarity between any pair of populations
conditional lethal mutant	A mutant that can grow under one set (permissive) of environmental conditions but dies under different (restrictive or nonpermissive) conditions.
colorimeter	an instrument for measuring and determining color
biome	Largest recognizable assemblage of animals and plants on the Earth
rain shadow	an area of reduced precipitation on the wind-sheltered lee side of a mountain range caused by warming of air and dissipation of cloudiness as air descends the mountain barrier
lymphomatoid granulomatosis	A B-cell lymphoma that is now called pulmonary angiocentric B-cell lymphoma.
gas laws	laws that predict how gases will behave with changes in temperature, pressure, and volume
empathy	Understanding another person's feelings by remembering or imagining being in a similar situation.
cariniform	keel-shaped
placental mammal	A member of a group of mammals, including humans, whose young complete their embryonic development in the uterus, joined to the mother by a placenta
balanced polymorphism	A stable polymorphism maintained by balancing selection.
cancellous	possessing a spongy or porous surface
perianal	near or surrounding the anus
heliotropism	an orienting response to the sun
uniformitarianism	The assumption that the same natural processes acted in the past as are observed to operate now.
reef block	a large, isolated rock section that has been displaced from the reef platform, reef margin, reef front zones or the non-calcium carbonate bedrock, usually resulting from storm waves
endosymbiont	an organism which lives within the body of another organism as part of a symbiotic relationship
circinate	ring-shaped
medical device	A diagnostic or therapeutic article that does not achieve any of its principal intended purpose through chemical action within or on the body
conchiform	shell-shaped
amplification plot	The graphical representation of changes in relative fluorescence units (RFU) per real-time PCR cycle.
benign	Not malignant or threatening, usually without serious consequence
muscovite	Rock forming mineral of the mica group.
compressed	a body shape which is flattened laterally, bringing the right and left sides closer together, e.g., a butterfly fish or a flounder
needle biopsy	A sample of tissue is taken with a needle and looked at under a microscope.
evolutionary game	An interaction between individuals in which the payoff depends on the strategy played by each of them.
double-stranded rna	Speaking very generally, it's the form you get when you take two cords and twist them together, so that each one spirals around the other.
aquiferous system	water circulatory system in sponges composed of choanoderm, pores and chambers
glutamate	an amino acid neurotransmitter that acts to excite neurons
squall	a brief sudden and violent wind storm, often accompanied by rain or snow
dispersion	The pattern of spacing among individuals within geographic population boundaries.
branchial plume	a respiratory structure or external gills, usually located on the dorsal side toward the posterior of dorid nudibranchs
interstitial	refers to the interstices or pore spaces in rock, soil, or other material subject to filling by water; fluid-filled spaces between cells in tissues
biocycle	a subdivision of the biosphere, e.g., a biochore
algal galls	a response of gorgonia (Pseudoplexaura spp.) to tissue invasion by the algae, Entocladia endozoica, in Florida and Caribbean waters
circum	a prefix meaning "around"
forage	to search for food
federal waters	generally waters from 3 - 200 miles offshore
cold front	A transition zone in the atmosphere where an advancing cold air mass displaces a warm air mass.
biparental	the situation where the young are raised by both parents
carbon cycle	Worldwide circulation and reutilization of carbon atoms, chiefly due to metabolic processes of living organisms
peptide bond	the bond between two amino acids formed when a carboxyl (-COOH) group of one amino acid joins an amino (-NH2) group of another amino acid, releasing water in the process
basal body	A structure similar to a centriole that initiates the growth of axonemal microtubules and anchors cilia and flagella to the surface of the cell.
igneous rock	a rock formed by the cooling and crystallization of molten magma
illecium	a "fishing rod-like" appendage on the head of some fishes, usually a modified dorsal fin spine
nucleotide diversity	The chance that two randomly chosen copies of a nucleotide site will carry different bases
actinobiology	the study of effects of radiation upon living organisms
degrees of freedom	Number of independent parameters required to describe some component
dilution	the decrease in relative ownership among existing investors as additional shares are issued.
nerve ring	the center of the nervous system of some higher invertebrates that encircles the esophagus.It is composed largely of nerve fibers and associated ganglia; also called the "supraesophageal commissure"
national benthic inventory	a quantitative database on benthic species distributions and a corresponding taxonomic voucher collection of preserved benthic specimens obtained from studies conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and partnering institutions in estuarine and other coastal areas of the United States
cuneiform	wedge-shaped
oblong	elongated (stretched) from a square or circular shape
perforation	Puncture, tear or hole
microtidal	coastal ocean or waterway with a low mean tidal range, e.g., less than 2 meters
alee effect	the social dysfunction and failure to mate successfully when population density falls below a certain threshold
mudflow	Form of mass movement where fine textured sediments and soil mix with water to create a liquid flow.
law of the minimum	This biological law suggests that organisms are normally limited by only one single physical factor that is in shortest supply relative to demand.
palate	roof of the mouth cavity
gbrowse	Developed by the Generic Model Organism Database (GMOD) project, GBrowse is an interactive genome browser that can be customized to show selected chromosomal features as well as display user provided annotations.
heterogeneity	The variable appearance of a condition; the heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease refers to the fact that its symptoms and appearance vary widely from patient to patient
spermatophore	a packet containing sperm cells which is produced by the male genital system for transfer to the female
patent	A grant made by a government that allows the creator of an invention the sole right to make, use, and sell that invention for a set period of time.
biological rhythm	an overt, measurable activity generated by some internal oscillator (or ‘clock')
tsc	A non-profit foundation to provide public SNP-related information available to the public without intellectual property restrictions.
mixed zone	the populous region of most bank/barrier reefs seaward of the lower palmata zone
wedge shaped	a form that is thick at one edge and tapered to a thin edge at the other
allele	Is one member of a pair or series of different forms of a gene.
blue gene	A massively parallel supercomputer with 1 million processors that is under construction and will be capable of 1 petaflop floating point operations/sec
aplastic	Incomplete growth or development of a structure.
length	The number of base pairs in, for example, a transcript.
spectrophotometer	an instrument for measuring speed of different parts of light spectrum
fungi	A large group of non-flowering plants that include mould and yeasts as well as mushrooms and toadstools.
ph	Scale used to measure the alkalinity or acidity of a substance through the determination of the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution
marl	fine-grained carbonate-rich mud; a calcareous clay which contains approximately 30 to 65 percent calcium carbonate
isochromosome	A chromosome in which the arms (‘p' and ‘q') are of equal length and the information in each of the two arms is genetically identical.
competitive inhibitor	A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.
cladogram	A dichotomous phylogenetic tree that branches repeatedly, suggesting a classification of organisms based on the time sequence in which evolutionary branches arise.
f-pilus	A filamentous appendage encoded by the F-plasmid
high score	In the results of a BLAST search, the scores of the highest-scoring HSP found with each database sequence is listed in the "high score" column.
convergence	The endpoint of an iterative or recursive algorithm
institutional review board	A specially constituted review body established or designated by an entity to protect the welfare of human subjects recruited to participate in biomedical or behavioral research
similar	Of the same substance or structure throughout; homogeneous; having a marked resemblance or likeness; of a like nature or kind.
appendage	any body part that extends from the main axis or trunk or cephalized portion of an organism
allele	Alternative form of a genetic locus; a single allele for each locus is inherited from each parent (e.g., at a locus for eye color the allele might result in blue or brown eyes)
desmopressin acetate	a drug used to treat mild hemophilia A and von Willebrand disease that doubles or triples factor VIII levels in the blood
dd	Dideoxy-.
hypersaline	referring to water with a salinity higher than that of natural seawater
empirical	based on experience or observations, as opposed to theory or conjecture
character	An observable heritable feature.
supercoiling	Higher-order twisting of DNA strands.
potential evapotranspiration	Is a measure of the ability of the atmosphere to remove water from the surface through the processes of evaporation and transpiration assuming no limitation on water supply.
atomic weight	The total atomic mass, which is the mass in grams of one mole of the atom.
actinoporins	a group of proteins, derived from extracts of the tentacles of sea anemones, which are characterized by their ability to spontaneously interact with biological membranes
carrier	An individual who possesses an unexpressed, recessive trait.
intraspecific competition	competition between individuals of the same species
overwash	a deposit of marine-derived sediments landward of a barrier system, often formed during large storms; transport of sediment landward of the active beach by coastal flooding during a tsunami, hurricane, or other event with extreme wave action
junior synonym	in taxonomy, the younger name of two synonyms
periodic table	a chart of the known chemical elements, arranged according to their atomic numbers
climatology	Scientific study of the Earth's climate over long time spans (greater than several days)
ascii	American Standard Code for Information Interchange
partim	in part
archaic human	A hominin that does not have the modern anatomy of Homo sapiens
homogeneity chi-square	Chi-square test used to individually test several data sets for fit to an expected ratio or to determine whether different sets of data are homogeneous (give the same results) so that the data sets may be pooled.
distal	Toward the end, away from the center of the body
neotype	in taxonomy, a specimen selected as type specimen subsequent to the original description in cases where the original holotype, or lectotype, or all paratypes, or all syntypes are lost or destroyed, or suppressed by the Commission (Zoology)
microtubule	Cytoplasmic structure consisting of the protein tubulin and involved in cellular structure and movement.
emergent vegetation	plants growing in water but emerging from it, usually at the water's edge
sagittiform	arrow-shaped
petaloid septa	primary septa which have a tapered or curved shape because they are enclosed by other septa
mutation	Change in the structure of a gene or chromosome.
continental drift	Theory that suggests that the Earth's crust is composed of several continental plates that have the ability to move
hominin	All taxa closer to humans than to chimpanzee
fluting	grooves in the shaft of a column
target joint	a joint where bleeds tend to occur
pyriform	pear-shaped
unequal crossover	The outcome when two tandemly repeated sequences do not pair correctly
pileiform	umbrella-shaped
nonpolar	Lacking in polarity; characterized by an even distribution of positive and negative charges.
t-test	a statistical procedure for testing the difference between two or more means
ph	A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14.
biological species	A population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed.
angler	a person catching fish or shell fish with no intent to sell; includes people releasing the catch
windlass	a winch used to raise a ship's anchor
absorption spectrum	The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light.
homologous structures	Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
replica plating	A technique for transferring an identical pattern of bacterial colonies from one petrie plate (the master plate) to a series of other plates containing different media
anabolic steroids	Synthetic chemical variants of the male sex hormone testosterone; they produce increased muscle mass but also suppress testosterone production, leading to shrinkage of the testes, growth of the breasts, and premature baldness; long-term use increases the risk of kidney and liver damage and of liver cancer.
horse latitudes	two belts or regions of subtropical high-pressure areas, located between 30-35 degrees north and south, in which the wind is light and varied and weather is hot and dry
serial spawning	spawning more than once in a season
citreous	lemon color
fluorescent pigment	a pigment that absorbs light at one wavelength and emits it at a different wavelength
fragile	easily broken
electrogenic	capable of generating electric currents and a painful electric shock, as in electric rays
wave length	the distance between two successive wave crests or troughs
cost of natural selection	See substitution load.
investigational device exemptions	Exemptions from certain regulations found in the Medical Device Amendments that allow shipment of unapproved devices for use in clinical investigations
book lungs	Organs of gas exchange in spiders, consisting of stacked plates contained in an internal chamber.
basidium	A reproductive appendage that produces sexual spores on the gills of mushrooms (club fungi).
wetland	an area that, at least periodically, has waterlogged soils or is covered with a relatively shallow layer of water
phylum	A group or category used in the taxonomic and/or phylogenic classification of organisms
gonophore	a sexual zooid produced as a medusa bud upon a hydroid, sometimes becoming a free hydromedusa and sometimes remaining attached
chi-square test	Statistical procedure used to test degree of association or agreement between observed results and those results expected based on the hypothesis being tested.
subcutaneous	Under the skin.
cross-licensing	agreement in which two or more firms with competing and similar technologies strike a deal to reduce the need for legal actions to clarify who is to profit from applications of the technology.
sustainable development	An approach to development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
hertz	unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second
solution	A homogeneous, liquid mixture of two or more substances.solvent The dissolving agent of a solution
toxicity	Harm; problem; poisoning; unwanted side effect
directional selection	Selection favoring one allele over another or favoring increased values of a quantitative trait
cooperativity	A phenomenon by which the binding of a ligand to one site of a receptor or enzyme alters the affinities of the other sites.
phyllopod	any of various branchiopod crustaceans having swimming and respiratory appendages that resemble leaves
family history	The genetic relationships and medical history of a family; when represented in diagram form using standardized symbols and terminology, usually referred to as a pedigree
catamaran	a type of boat consisting of two hulls joined by a frame
convergence	The end-point of any algorithm that uses iteration or recursion to guide a series of data processing steps
geostrophic current	a flow that sustains a balance between Coriolis deflection and a pressure gradient
unzip	a method for uncompressing files on a PC after downloading them from the Internet
cm	see centimorgan.
nephelometer	an instrument for measuring the turbidity of a fluid by measuring the scattering function of particles suspended in the fluid
slice	The term "slice" in Ensembl refers to a length of DNA sequence
north star	Polaris, the North Star, is visible in the northern hemisphere and indicates the direction of north
trait	A feature that is genetically controlled.
north pole	Surface location defined by the intersection of the polar axis with Earth's surface in the Northern Hemisphere
amorphic mutation	Gain-of-function Mutation
hidden markov model	A joint statistical model for an ordered sequence of variables. The result of stochastically perturbing the variables in a Markov chain (the original variables are thus "hidden"), where the Markov chain has discrete variables which select the "state" of the HMM at each step
crystal structure	Term used to describe the high resolution molecular structure derived by x- ray crytallographic analysis of protein or other biomolecular crystals.
canine tooth	a pointed, conical tooth that is located at the front or edge of the jaw
mosaic teeth	the series of rows of flat teeth found in rays,skates and some sharks
backwash	The return water flow of swash
holter monitor	Portable machine for recording heartbeats
triturate	to grind or masticate
nape	the area behind the head of a fish, extending from the back of the skull to the origin of the dorsal fin
fissure	a deep and narrow depression cutting across the reef front with origins relating to jointing planes in the reef limestone or non-limestone bedrock
juvenile	a young animal that has not reached sexual maturity
thalamus	A mass of gray matter (nerve cells) located deep in the brain that is responsible for motor control and serves as a relay center for sensory signals.
experiment	A controlled investigation designed to evaluate the outcomes of causal manipulations on some system of interest.
glass sponge	a hexactinellid sponge, found at deeper depths, with a skeleton made of four and/or six pointed silaceous spicules
breeding value	Value of an individual in a breeding program
morphospecies	A species defined by its anatomical features.
nucleus	The structure in a cell which contains the chromosomes.
ontology	As used by researchers interested in the representation of biological knowledge by computer programs and databases, "ontology" refers to a controlled vocabulary, or set of such vocabularies, used to describe biological features within a specified domain of biological knowledge.
spermatangium	the male gamete-producing reproductive organ in certain algae
mass extinction	a catastrophic, widespread perturbation where major groups of species become extinct in a relatively short time
analysis of variance	The separation of the variance into a sum of components, a widely used statistical technique that is the basis for quantitative genetics.
tornado	A vortex of rapidly moving air associated with some severe thunderstorms
query	A request for information submitted to a computerized database
prenatal	Before birth
gale	a storm with wind speeds between 34 to 40 knots
genetic code	This term has many meanings both legitimate and illegitimate
necrolysis	the decomposition of an organism's body after it dies
magnetic field	The space influence by magnetic force
compact of free association	the status of free association recognizes an island government as a sovereign, self-governing state with the capacity to conduct foreign affairs consistent with the terms of the Compact
nanomole	One billionth mole; 10-9 mole.
jordan's rule	In general, closely related species do not have identical ranges, but often their ranges are not very far apart
arciform	bow-shaped
medline uid	The "Medline" tag that appears within the listed information for a paper contains the Medline unique identifying number (UID) for the paper; the first 2 numbers usually (but not always) indicate the year of publication.
isostatic rebound	The upward movement of the Earth's crust following isostatic depression.
water pik method	a laboratory technique which uses a water pik to separate tissues from the skeletons of hard corals or remove zooxanthellae from coral polyp tissues
rural area	an area in which most residents depend on agriculture or the harvesting of natural resources for their livelihood
bioaccumulation	the buildup of chemical substances in the cells or tissues of an organism
swell	the persistence of a wind-formed wave after the wind ceases
saturation diving	the situation where a diver is at a depth or pressure for a long enough period of time (12 hours or longer) to have the partial pressures of the dissolved gases in the body at equilibrium with the partial pressure of the gases in the surrounding environment
paliform crown	a circle of paliform lobes that surround the columella
bridge loan	a short-term, high-interest loan provided by venture capitalists to companies in dire need of cash.
frictional force	Force acting on wind near the Earth's surface due to frictional roughness
perennial plant	Plant species that lives for more than two years.
clinical status	Current state of health
dioecious	having separate sexes
surface tension	A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
numerical prediction model	a computer program designed to represent, in mathematical terms, processes that occur in nature
foliaceous	leaf-like; also foliose
heiau	a traditional Hawaiian place of worship; a religious shrine
wastewater treatment plant	a facility containing a series of tanks, screens, filters and other processes by which pollutants are removed from water
coevolution	The mutual evolutionary influence between two different species interacting with each other and reciprocally influencing each other's adaptations.
albedo	the ratio of the amount of light reflected by an object and the amount light falling on it (incident light); a measure of the reflectivity or intrinsic brightness of an object (a white, perfectly reflecting surface would have an albedo of 1.0; a black perfectly absorbing surface would have an albedo of 0.0)
partial profile	DNA evidence that does not yield identifiable results in all loci under analysis.
detrivore	/DET-trə-vore/ n
bond strength	The strength with which a chemical bond holds two atoms together; conventionally measured in terms of the amount of energy, in kilocalories per mole, required to break the bond.
chemical bond	An attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell elctrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms; the bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.
nitrogen	gas in the atmosphere that is a component of proteins.
nitrous oxide	Gas found in the atmosphere that contributes to the greenhouse effect
tkis	(Tyrosine
living tag	a type of tagging method for marine turtles in which a small piece of tissue is taken from the white plastron of a hatchling and implanted in one of the dark scutes of the carapace
parameters	User-derived values used to set the boundaries of an algorithm.
dacriform	tear-drop shaped
trna	Transfer RNA, cool 3D structure
radiation	The emission of energy from an object in the form of electromagnetic waves and photons.
tusk	an enlarged tooth
bit	the smallest unit of information that a computer can store and process
radionuclide	any radioactive isotope
sedimentary rock	Rocks formed by the deposition, alteration and/or compression, and lithification of weathered rock debris, chemical precipitates, or organic sediments
antigen	Substance capable of inducing the production of antibodies.
artesian well	a well tapping a confined aquifer. Water in the well rises above the top of the aquifer under artesian pressure, but does not necessarily reach the land surface; a flowing artesian well is a well in which the water level is above the land surface
polyandrous	Describes females that mate with many males.
w	Waive
thermal low	Area of low pressure in the atmosphere caused by the area having cooler temperatures relative to the air around it.
anoxic	the absence of free oxygen
icosahedron	A regular geometric polyhedron with 20 equilateral trangular faces and 12 corners
rutherford	unit of radioactive decay equal to 1 million disintegrations per second
proof of principle	demonstration of the commercial potential of a discovery or invention.
assay	In general, the qualitative or quantitative analysis of a substance
shakedown dive	a practice scuba dive to make sure that the equipment works and the divers understand procedures
snorkel	a breathing device that allows a swimmer to breathe while face down in the water
kinesis	A change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus.
electron	A sub-particle of an atom that contains a negative atomic charge.
cis	Arrangement of two noncarbon atoms, each bound to one of the carbons in a carboncarbon double bond, where the two noncarbon atoms are on the same side relative to the double bond.
biochore	a group of similar biotopes
thromboctyopenia	A low number of platelets/thrombocytes in the blood
foliose coral	a coral whose skeletal form approximates that of a broad, flattened plate
sensory bias	An innate preference for particular male traits, which did not evolve as a result of the sexual selection caused by that preference.
diffusion	The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lesser concentration as a result of random movement.
run aground	to take a boat into water that is too shallow for it to float in, i.e., the bottom of the boat is resting on the ground
enzyme unit	a unit to measure enzymatic activity in cells
p-value for blast	In a BLAST search, a P-value refers to the probability of obtaining, by chance, a pairwise sequence comparison of the observed similarity given the length of the query sequence and size of the database searched
reproductive guild	a group of unrelated fishes with a similar form of reproduction
sexual dimorphism	pertains to systematic differences between males and females
intelligent design	The argument that organisms are irreducibly complex and so must have been created by an intelligent designer
desiccation	/deh-sick-KAY-shən/ n
weak interaction	a force between atoms that is less strong than the force involved in a covalent bond
basilar	forming a foundation
neutropenia	Decrease in a type of white blood cells
bilateral symmetry	a bilaterally symmetric organism is one that is symmetric about a plane running from its frontal end to its caudal end (head to tail), and has nearly identical right and left halves
hts	High throughput screening
scutiform	shield-shaped
chromosome	A specific arrangement of genes
tropical disturbance	An organized group of thunderstorms often found over a tropical ocean that generates a slight cyclonic flow of less than 37 kilometers per hour
meniscus	The curved top surface of a column of liquid.
spermatogenesis	The continuous and prolific production of mature sperm cells in the testis.
evolutionary significant unit	a group of organisms that has undergone significant genetic divergence from other groups of the same species
molar solution	an aqueous solution that contains one mole (gram-molecular weight) of solute per liter
epigenesis	A cartilaginous flap that blocks the top of the windpipe, the glottis, during swallowing, which prevents the entry of food or fluid into the respiratory system.
bacterial bleaching	loss of zooxanthellae with resultant bleaching caused by a specific bacterial infection, as opposed to environmental stress
ramifying	branching, dividing
orbit	a bony or cartilaginous eye socket
aphrioid form	a coral growth form in which the septa are reduced at their outer ends so neighbouring corallites are united by a zone of dissepiments (horizontal partitions within or outside of a corallite)
mercator projection	Map projection system that presents true compass direction
therapy	Treatment
aggregate	a group of species, other than a subgenus, within a genus, or a group of subspecies within a species
industrial smog	Form of air pollution that develops in urban areas
monogamy	a male and a female mating only with each other
imposex	the imposition of male characteristics on female organisms, as caused by some pollutants
benthic region	the bottom layer of a body of water
epitheca	a layer of calcium carbonate that grows outside corallite walls
differentiation	The acquisition of specialized structural and functional features by unspecialized cells.
method	a description of how data and information are collected
hyaline	translucent or transparent
intertropical convergence zone	the zone of low pressure near the equator where the trade winds converge and create heavy convectional precipitation; also known as "intertropical front (ITF)
chemocline	a sharp gradient in chemical concentration
endocrine	A gland that synthesizes and secretes hormones directly into the circulatory system.
photophilous	thriving in conditions of strong light
continental margin	The area between a continent's shoreline and the beginning of the ocean floor
meteorology	The scientific study of the atmosphere and its associated phenomena.
clathrate	resembling an open latticework; a chemical substance consisting of a lattice of one type of molecule trapping and containing a second type of molecule
strategy	A general term used in game theory
brine	water that contains a high concentration of salt
sand dune	A hill or ridge of aeolian sand deposits with a minimum height of less than one meter and a maximum height of about 50 meters
axis epithelium	the layer of ectodermally-derived cells which consists of corticocytes, which produce the axis, and desmocytes, which attach tissues to the axis
rugosity	an important coral reef parameter that describes the amount of "wrinkling" or roughness of the reef profile
flow cytometer	An instrument that measures the fluoresence intensity of individual cells.
biocriteria	as defined by the U.S
surge channel	a deep channel in the windward side of a coral reef through which water moves in and out of the reef
children	In MGI, this term refers to terms in a hierarchical controlled vocabulary like ones containing Gene Ontology (GO) terms
endosperm	A tissue, found in flowering plants, which is generated by the fusion of the central cell of the megagametophyte and a sperm
veefer	see "REEFER"
anaglyph	a stereoscopic picture consisting of two images of the same object, taken from slightly different angles, in two complementary colors
differential interference-contrast microscopy	A type of microscopy in which variations in density or thickness between parts of the cell are converted to differences in contrast in the final image.
outer slope	a synonym of reef slope
reef base	the area below the consolidated slope extending up to 1 km but no deeper than 50 m
endorphin	Any of several hormones produced in the brain and anterior pituitary that inhibits pain perception.
solution	A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
arch-	a prefix meaning 'ultimate beginning'
effluent	a discharge of pollutants into the environment, partially or completely treated or in its natural state
gaussian distribution	a bell-shaped distribution of results from a normal sample population; a normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a variance of 1
climograph	A plot of the temperature and precipitation in a particular region
positive feedback	Change in the state of a system that enhances the measured effect of the initial alteration.
dermal flap	a small skin flap
anisogamy	Differentiation of gametes into two (or more) sizes.
acentric	not centered
prehensile	capable of or adapted for grasping, such as the prehensile tail of a seahorse
ultrametric tree	A phylogenetic tree in which the lengths of the branches reflect measurements of geologic time.
occam’s razor	The general principal that if all else is equal, the simplest explanation is best
illuviation	Deposition of humus, chemical substances, and fine mineral particles in the lower layers of a soil from upper layers because of the downward movement of water through the soil profile
coefficient	a number expressing the amount of some change or effect under certain conditions
control	A standard of comparison by which experimental results are evaluated
matter	Anything that takes up space and has mass.
point bar	Stream bar deposit that is normally located on the inside of a channel bend.
moniliform	contracted at short, regular intervals like a string of beads; bead-like
hydrocarbon	an organic molecule, such as methane (CH4), which consists only of carbon and hydrogen atoms
cytometer	an instrument for counting cells
solar wind	Mass of ionized gas emitted to space by the Sun
numerical taxonomy	study of the relationships of taxa by the application of numerical similarity values to characters so as to rank into categories based on degree of overall similarity
flagelliform	whip-shaped
metagamy	pertains to a reproductive cycle that alternates between sexual and asexual phases
chance	the characteristic of lacking any discernible pattern or direction, with more than one outcome being possible in a given set of circumstances.
rectilinear	straight-lined
plasmogamy	The fusion of the plasma membrane between a male and a female gamete.
dehydration	Not enough fluids
bailer	an exopod of the maxilla of decapod crustaceans, such as lobsters, that functions in regulating the flow of water in the gill chamber
carina	any elevated ridge or keel-like structure
ribosomes	Small cellular particles made up of ribosomal RNA and protein
metazoa	Multicellular animals with a nervous system and tissues.
pinnule	a side branch structure on the tentacle of soft corals, giving them a feathery appearance
imagery	visible representation of objects and (or) phenomena as sensed or detected by cameras, infrared and multispectral scanners, radar, and photometers
osmole	a unit of osmotic pressure used in cell biology and physical chemistry
rna	abbreviation of ‘Ribonucleic acid‘.
nitrogen cycle	Model that describes the movement of nitrogen in its many forms between the hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.
bradytelic	an exceedingly slow rate of evolution manifested by slowly evolving lineages which survive much longer than would be expected
family medical history	Information about the medical conditions that affect your family members
guard cell	A specialized epidermal plant cell that forms the boundaries of the stomata.
gdnf	Abbreviation for "Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor." GDNF is part of a family of naturally occurring human growth factors (also known as trophic factors) known to nourish and foster the growth and development of dopamine-generating neurons
mesopause	Thin boundary layer found between the mesosphere and the thermosphere
cluster	The grouping of similar objects in a multidimensional space. Clustering is used for constructing new features which are abstractions of the existing features of those objects
continental shelf	the zone of the sea floor that stretches from the continent to the continental slope where there is a steep slope to deep water.
pyroxene	A group of single chained inosilicate minerals whose basic chemical unit is the silica tetrahedron (SiO4)
passive integrated transponder	a small microprocessor enclosed in glass which is injected into the shoulder muscle or flipper of sea turtles as a method of identifying individuals
allele	An alternative form of a gene
tissue	An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.
absolute zero	the temperature at which all motion will cease (0 degrees Kelvin or -273.15 degrees C)
random walks	A sequence of random changes; the total change is the sum of all the random steps.
lithosphere	the outer solid part of the earth, including the crust and uppermost mantle
polaris	see North Star
tubercle	any small, usually hard, knobby excrescence or lump
windward	refers to the side of an island or reef that faces the prevailing wind
heavy chain	The heavier of the two types of immunoglogulin chains.
freeze-thaw action	Processes associated with daily and seasonal cycles of freezing and melting.
fixed	When all copies of a gene carry the same allele, that allele is said to be fixed.
carbon cycle	Storage and cyclic movement of organic and inorganic forms of carbon between the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
slug	a pulmonate or opisthobranch gastropod in which the shell is absent, or reduced and buried within the mantle
reflexed	bent or turned backwards
processed transcript	Transcripts that don't contain an open reading frame (ORF) and cannot be placed in one of the other categories.
breeding season	that period of a year in which organisms are sexually active
hinge	the elastic part of a bivalve (Mollusca) shell that unites the valves along the top of the shell
protocol	The plan or set of instructions that tells an investigator (generally a physician) how to conduct a clinical trial.
coelenterata	an older name for the phylum Cnidaria
overbank flow	Movement of flood waters outside a stream channel during period of high discharge.
solitary coral	coral polyps can be solitary or colonial
fibrillose	covered with or containing fibrils
sampling bias	the tendency of a sample to exclude some members of the sampling universe and over-represent others
meter	a unit of length which constitutes the basis of the Metric System
genotypic value	Value of a genotype measured for a single locus as the phenotypic value associated with the genotype minus the average phenotypic value of the two homozygotes.
strategic plan	a document used by an organization to align its organization and budget structure with organizational priorities, missions, and objectives
habitat patch	an area distinguished from its surroundings by environmental discontinuities
epistasis	a gene interaction where one gene masks another one
ocean color	a term that refers to the spectral dependence of the radiance leaving a water body
launch	to start up any computer program by clicking on its icon or selecting it from the Start menu
acuminate	a shape which gradually tapers to a point
dissolved oxygen	the concentration of oxygen dissolved in water, expressed in mg/l or as percent saturation, where saturation is the maximum amount of oxygen that can theoretically be dissolved in water at a given temperature and pressure
grounding	a ship's striking a shoal or reef
arccatalog	similar to Windows Explorer, ArcCatalog was designed by ESRI to transfer ESRI and other database documents without corrupting their file structure
tom.	volume (tomus)
canalization	The buffering of development such that the same form is produced despite genetic and environmental perturbations.
x-over	An abbreviation for cross-over.
microwave radiation	Form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0.1 to 100 centimeters.
l	Lactating
coral holobiont	see "holobiont"
darwin medal	the most prestigious award given by the International Society for Reef Studies (ISRS), presented every four years at the International Coral Reef Symposium
terminal moraine	Moraine that marks the maximum advance of a glacier.
dip net	a small mesh bag, sometimes attached to a handle, shaped and framed in various ways
extremophile	An organism that grows optimally in extreme conditions, including extreme temperature, pressure, pH, ionic concentration, and pressure.
cacophonous	having a harsh, unpleasant sound
allometry	study of the relative growth relationships between different parts of an organism; mathematically expressed by the allometric equation y = mx + b, where y = predicted size of body part; x = observed body weight; m = slope acquired; and b = the value of y where it intercepts the vertical axis
mesocosm	an experimental apparatus or enclosure designed to approximate natural conditions, and in which environmental factors can be manipulated
coelenteron	the gastrovascular (digestive) cavity of a cnidarian or ctenophore
nomen oblitum	in taxonomy, a forgotten name; an unused senior synonym rejected under the provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
sign	Any objective aberration or manifestation of disease indicated by change in structure.
direct solar radiation	Solar radiation received by the Earth's atmosphere or surface which has not been modified by atmospheric scattering.
von willebrand's disease	A bleeding disorder in which a blood protein called von Willebrand factor is either missing or does not function properly
cinclide	one of many blister-like openings in the lower part of the body column of some anemones, through which the animal expels long, thread-like acontia
backshore slope	Sloping bank landward of the shore
automatic selection	The increase in frequency of an allele that increases the rate of selfing
burrows–wheeler transform	This reorders the characters within a sequence, which allows for better data compression
laterite	Hard subsurface deposit of oxides of aluminum and iron found in tropical soils where the water table fluctuates with seasonal changes in precipitation.
extrusive igneous rock	Igneous rock that forms on the surface of the Earth
constitutive	Referes to a gene that is always expressed.
harmonics	pertaining to sound, harmonics are multiples of the fundamental frequency (a single sine wave)
picture element	in a digitized image, this is the area on the ground represented by each digital value
holothurin	a toxic substance released by some holothuroids (sea cucumbers)
melanistic	dark or blackish
body plan	the basic symmetry and architecture of an organism; the distinctive anatomical arrangement of fundamental structural elements such as the skeleton or shell; circulatory, respiratory and nervous systems; digestive tract; and appendages.
pluton	A large body of intrusive igneous rock that crystallizes below the Earth's surface.
resident	a permanent, non-migratory inhabitant
reagent	Substance used in research and diagnostic applications
social evolution	The study of the evolutionary consequences of interactions between individuals.
cns	Abbreviation for "Central Nervous System," a term referring to the brain and spinal cord.
variance	Measure of the degree of dispersion associated with a characteristic
variance component	A contribution to the phenotypic variance due to a specific kind of variation
incross	Outcross
protoplasm	the complex colloidal substance which constitutes the living matter of cells and performs the life process functions
molecule	a small particle composed of two or more atoms
gonad	; produce spermatozoa and male
component of variance	See variance component.
carrier	an individual who is heterozygous for a recessive trait.
precipitate	Solidification of a previously dissolved substance from a solution.
greenhouse climate	A period of globally warm climate thought to result from the trapping of heat at the Earth's surface by high concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, or water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere.
coefficient of kinship	See coancestry.
hurricane surge	a rise in the sea surface on an open coast, often resulting from a hurricane
dependent variable	Variable in a statistical test whose observation's values are thought to be controlled through cause and effect by another independent variable modeled in the test.
efficiency	A measure of the speed at which a method performs.
ectoderm	The outer layer of cells in embryonic development; gives rise to the skin, brain, and
hypothesis	a tentative assumption made for the purpose of empirical scientific testing
fide	on the authority of, according to, with reference to a publication or to a cited published statement
reproductive isolation	The existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile hybrids.
species of concern	species about which NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) has some concerns regarding status and threats, but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the Endangered Species Act
peer support	Structured relationship in which people meet in order to provide or exchange emotional support with others facing similar challenges.
alpha animal	in animal behavior, the individual that takes a lead role and occupies the dominant position in a group
sand sheet	Deposit of sometimes stratified less well sorted sand that almost resemble dunes
epimeletic behavior	behavioral activities associated with care-giving or help to other individuals
g	Gastrointestinal
radiocarbon time	regular known rates of radiocarbon decay that are used to determine the exact ages of carbon-based life
phaceloid coral	a coral that has corallites of uniform height which are adjoined toward their base
control subjects	Subjects used for comparison who are not given a treatment under study or who do not have a given condition, background or risk factor that is the object of the study
typhoon	a hurricane that forms in the western Pacific Ocean
metamerism	in biology, the division of the body into a series of more or less similar segments (metameres), as in an annelid worm or a lobster
belt transect	a linear or circular transect with the observation area being a specified distance on either side of the transect line
dalton	A unit of molecular mass approximately equal to the mass of a hydrogen atom.
radioactive isotope	an unstable isotope of an element that decays or disintegrates spontaneously, emitting radiation
nautical chart	a chart used to navigate bodies of water
syngameon	A botanical term, referring to a cluster of taxa that are morphologically distinct and yet exchange genes.
nuchal	pertaining to the neck
first revisor	in zoological nomenclature, the person who first selects one of two or more simultaneously published names that he or she believes represent the same taxon, or who selects which one of two or more taxa the name will apply to for which identical names have been simultaneously published; also applies to first selection of multiple original spellings
sign stimulus	the effective part of an action or object that triggers a highly stereotyped innate behavior (or fixed action pattern) in an animal by means of a hypothetical neural pathway called the innate releasing mechanism (IRM)
tropical depression	a mass of thunderstorms and clouds generally with a cyclonic wind circulation of between 20 and 34 knots
gaussian distribution	See normal distribution.
drumlin	A hill shaped deposit of till
background noise	noise coming from sources other than the noise source being monitored
plasma cell	A derivative of B cells that secretes antibodies.
wild	living in a natural state; living in nature
autoinducer	A chemical used in quorum sensing that is secreted by cells and then used to quantify cell density.
lobe	a rounded projection
carbon-14	a radioactive isotope of carbon with a half life of 5,730±40 years that is particularly useful for dating carbonaceous materials; also called 14Carbon or radiocarbon
shelf reef	a reef that forms on the continental shelf of large land masses
q. v.	which see (quod vide)
line intercept transect	a linear transect protocol where a tape is secured at each end of the transect with the tape draped over the reef in between
megalops larva	the larval stage in brachyuran crabs that follows the zoea larval stage
biosci	BIOSCI is a set of internet newsgroups and e-mail lists for biologists
wind vane	an instrument used to determine wind direction
soil porosity	The volume of water that can be held in a soil
discomfort	Pain, uncomfortable feeling
reciprocal translocation	When a pair of chromosomes exchange exactly the same length and area of DNA
screen	To determine the presence or absence of a phenotype by testing for growth under different conditions (e.g., plus and minus an auxotrophic supplement or permissive and nonpermissive conditions)
carbonate compensation depth	the depth in the ocean below which material composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is dissolved and does not accumulate on the sea floor
slip-face	The lee side of a dune where material accumulates and slides or rolls downslope.
serious adverse event	Any untoward medical occurrence in human drug trials that at any dose results in: death, is life-threatening; requires inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, or is a congenital anomaly/birth defect.
solar year	The time it takes the Earth to make one orbit around the Sun
unavailable name	in taxonomy, a name which does not meet all mandatory provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and thus has no status in nomenclature
cephalopodium	in cephalopods (octopi, squids) the head region, consisting of head and tentacles; a muscular mass enabling the mollusk to move, with brain and sense organs at the front end, which evolved into a foot for gastropods and bivalves, or into tentacles and funnel for cephalopods
epoch	Geologic time unit that is shorter than a period.
paleoclimatology	Scientific study of the Earth's climate during the past.
cyberspace	the whole range of information resources available through computer networks
normal distribution	The bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of the sum of a large number of independent variables.
suborbicular	nearly circular
cavitation	Process of intense erosion due to the surface collapse of air bubbles found in constricted rapid flows of water
locally stable	An equilibrium is locally stable if any sufficiently small perturbation decreases in magnitude
tidal current	a horizontal movement of the water caused by gravitational interactions between the Sun, Moon, and Earth
data warehouse	A collection of databases combined with a flexible data extraction system.
galápagos archipelago	a group of volcanic islands about 600 miles off the west coast of Ecuador, South America.
roentgen	unit of x-radiation or gamma radiation
sargassum	brown algae (Sargassum muticum) with rounded bladders that forms dense floating masses in tropical Atlantic waters, as in the Sargasso Sea
supraorbital	an area above the eye
fingerprint	Any technique that enables the identification of substances by the comparison of patterns
meridional	Movement of wind or ocean waters in a direction that is roughly perpendicular to the lines of latitude.
nearly isogenic line	A line produced by continued crossing of one line back to another, combined with selection
data warehouses	Vast arrays of heterogeneous (biological) data, stored within a single logical data repository, that are accessible to different querying and manipulation methods.
paraphyletic	Describes a group of organisms or genes that share a common ancestor to the exclusion of all other entities but in which some members of the group are excluded.
period	in the geologic time scale, a unit of time less than an era and greater than an epoch
pelvic fin	the paired fin located ventrally beneath, in front of, or behind, the pectoral fin
ultramarine	deep blue color
photoaffinity label	A label with a photoactivatable group that forms a covalent link with an adjacent protein upon illumination.
compound	A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.
homozygote	Two identical alleles at a genetic locus.
resolution	A measurement of how well the smallest details of an image can be discerned
fixed	In population genetics, a gene is said to be fixed when it has a frequency of 100%.
micron	A unit of length equal to 10-6 meter.
in situ reporter	RNAse protection
population	a group of individuals of one species in the same geographical area.
fusion	a surgical procedure in which a joint is removed and the cut ends of the bones are held together with screws or clamps
faq	documents that list and answer the most common questions on a particular subject
antennule	a small antenna, especially the first pair of antennae in crustaceans
adaptive dynamics	A method for finding which phenotypes will invade a population; related to game theory
hydrophobic	Literally means "water hating"
sex chromosomes	The chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism
dependent variable	the variable being measured
c	Capacity (to make decisions)
sampling universe	the largest entity to be described, of which the sample is a part
dichotomous key	a tool to help identify taxa
pluralism	The belief that there are multiple opinions about an issue, each of which contains part of the truth but none contain the whole truth.
diploid	A cell in which all the chromosomes occur in pairs. All cells in the human body are diploid, and carry 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total number of 46, with the exception of the mature sperm and egg cells, which are haploid.
fdr	The False Discovery Rate (FDR) is a multiple-hypothesis testing error measure indicating the expected proportion of false positives among the set of significant results
blind test	a method of testing or experimentation, in which an independent observer records the results of any test, drug, placebo, or procedure without knowing the identity of the samples or what result might be expected
plumage	the collective term for all the feathers that cover a bird's body
suppression	The restoration (or partial restoration) of a wild-type phenotype by a second mutation
cetacean	a marine mammal of the Order Cetacea
competition	Interaction where two or more organisms in the same space require the same resource (e.g., food, water, nesting space, and ground space) which is in limiting supply to the individuals seeking it
dnp	2,4-dinitrophenol.
umbo	the earliest part of a bivalve or brachiopod shell; in bivalves, it is the most dorsal section of the shell, while in brachyopods, it is the most posterior
bootstrap	starting a business with little or no external funding.
humidity	A general term used to describe the amount of water vapor found in the atmosphere.
nucleus	The central cell structure that houses the chromosomes.
hectare	a metric unit of measure for area, equal to 2.47 acres
sst	the temperature of the layer of seawater (approximately 0.5 m deep) nearest the atmosphere
pesticide	A chemical that kills pests.
crenulate	a shape in which the edge is slightly scalloped
conservative dna transposons	A DNA-based transposable element that moves itself to a new place in the genome but does not leave a copy in the original location.
silicate	Group of minerals that have crystal structures based on a silica tetrahedron (SiO4).
period	Geologic time unit that is shorter than an era but longer than a epoch.
homoplasy	A similarity of traits that is not due to homology but instead to convergence or parallel evolution.
omega-conotoxin mviia	a marine pharmaceutical extracted from the cone snail, Conus magnus
antrum	a hollow space or cavity
fingerprinting	In genetics, the identification of multiple specific alleles on a person's DNA to produce a unique identifier for that person
infusion	Putting a substance into the body, usually into the blood
real-time data	data collected by automated instrumentation and telemetered and analyzed quickly enough to influence a decision that affects the monitored system
hereditary disorder	A pathological condition due to changes in individual genes, or groups of genes or in sections of chromosomes or whole chromosomes
expectation	The average value of a function g(x) of a random variable x is called its expectation,where f(x) is the probability density of x.
elevation	the height of a geographic location above a fixed reference point, often the mean sea level
n	Nasogastric tube
synchronous breeding	a breeding system in which all members of the population tend to breed at the same time
x fragile	see Fragile X.
orthology	Paralogy
burn rate	The rate at which an unprofitable company is going through its available money.
contour	on a map or chart, a line connecting points of equal surface value
seed plant	Any member of the land plant group Spermophyta
hydrophilic molecule	A polar compound that forms hydrogen bonds with water and dissolves easily in water.
non-clastic sedimentary rock	Sedimentary rocks that are created either from chemical precipitation and crystallization, or by the lithification once living organic matter.
interoperability	Ability of different types of databases, applications, operating systems, and platforms to function in an integrated manner.
isthmus	a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land masses, such as the isthmus of Panama
apiculate	ending in a short, sharp point
recovery plan	a plan which lists the actions that must be taken and the objectives that must be reached before an organism is no longer endangered or threatened and may be removed from the list of endangered and threatened species
laser line scan	an electro-optic imaging technique which provides the efficiency and spatial coverage of a remote survey system, at an image resolution approaching that of visual observations
ionosphere	A region in the atmosphere above 50 kilometers from the surface where relatively large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist
heterogametic	The sex that carries distinct sex chromosomes
gravitational water	Water that moves through soil due to gravitational forces
i	Immunosuppressive
spandrels	Triangular spaces formed where two arches intersect
crepuscular	most active at low light levels during dusk and dawn
macro	a text file containing a sequence of commands that can be executed as one command.
cerebral cortex	The surface of the cerebrum; the largest and most complex part of the mammalian brain, containing sensory and motor nerve cell bodies of the cerebrum; the part of the vertebrate brain most changed through evolution.
fish kill	the sudden death of fishes due to the introduction of pollutants, toxic blooms, or the reduction of the dissolved oxygen concentration
marginal zone lymphoma	A term used to encompass indolent B-cell lymphomas that are either MALT or monocytoid B-cell lymphoma
maternal effect	Effect on progeny performance associated with the maternal environment provided by the maternal parent.
meiobenthos	benthic organisms whose shortest dimension is less than 0.5 mm but greater than or equal to 0.1 mm
mode	Statistical measure of central tendency in a set of data
cephalization	An evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment on the anterior end of the body.
ice shelf	Large flat layer of ice that extends from the edge of the Antarctic ice cap into the Antarctic Ocean
precocial	born or hatched in a fully-developed state; relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching; the opposite of altricial
deep water	the water beneath the permanent thermocline that usually has a low and uniform temperature
parent population	any population considered as the source or origin for the population under study or analysis
limnetic	Occurring in the deeper open water of lakes or ponds.
observing system	a collection of one or more sensing elements (human and/or instrument) that reside on fixed or mobile platforms; directly or indirectly measuring environmental parameters on a defined basis meeting data user objectives
siphuncle	a tubelike structure in the body of a shelled cephalopod, such as the chambered nautilus, extending through the partitions of each chamber of the septate shell; the term is also used to describe tubular structures that direct water flow, or as a feeding siphon of several different kinds of invertebrates
matter	Is the material (atoms and molecules) that constructs things on the Earth and in the Universe.
booby	the common name for large, streamlined sea birds of the family Sulidae
corallum	a complete coral colony; a coral head
carrier	An individual who possesses one copy of a mutant allele that causes disease only when two copies are present
hyperlink	text or images on a Web page that, when clicked with a mouse, causes the browser to load another page of HTML
non-permissive conditions	Growth conditions not allowing a conditionally lethal mutant to survive.
circadian rhythm	the regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities
buccal siphon	in tunicates, the opening through which water enters into the pharyngeal basket
bamboo coral	an octocoral found in both warm, shallow-water and cold, deep-water marine habitats throughout the world's oceans
double helix	The form taken by DNA (and also by double-stranded RNA
meiosis	Adjective: mitotic.
exploratory system	Systems that shape initially random variation so as to produce a well-coordinated functional outcome.
genomics	Analysis of composition and interaction of genetic information
regime	a regular pattern of occurrence or action
author	in taxonomy, the person(s) to whom a work, a scientific name, or a nomenclatural act is attributed
plane of the ecliptic	Hypothetical two-dimensional surface in which the Earth's orbit around the Sun occurs.
eon	a unit of time equal to 1 billion years
bathypelagic zone	a layer (zone) of the ocean which lies just beneath the mesopelagic zone
marine managed area	see: Marine Protected Area
solar noon	Point of time during the day when the Sun is aligned with True North and True South.
intertidal zone	The shallow zone of the ocean where land meets water.
attendant male	a male fish which is not a member of a spawning pair, but hovers close by; often a sneaky male
ccd camera	A camera that uses CCD (charge coupled device) chips to convert photons to electrical or digital information.
zinc finger domain	A type of DNA binding domain consisting of loops containing cysteine and histidine residues that bind zinc ions.
band	a thick, pigmented vertical marking that encircles the circumference of an organism's body
warm front	A transition zone in the atmosphere where an advancing warm air mass displaces a cold air mass.
hydrologic cycle	Model that describes the movement of water between the hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.
molecular biology	The interpretation of biological events in terms of the physics and chemistry of molecules within cells.
nitrogen dioxide	A gas produced by bacterial action in the soil and by high temperature combustion
kirchoff's law	This law suggests that good emitters of radiation are also good absorbers of radiation at specific electromagnetic radiation wavelength bands
c	Carboxyl group
brooding	parental care of young
cutaneous	pertaining to the skin
db_info	Identifies the database source of information.
watch and wait	A period of using no treatment or little treatment and seeing how the lymphoma progresses
helix	a structure with a spiral shape
internal fertilization	Reproduction in which sperm are typically deposited in or near the female reproductive tract and fertilization occurs within the tract.
deme	/DEEM/ n
neuroprotective	Providing protection to or stimulating the regrowth of any part of the body's nervous system
conule	an empty, somewhat conical elevation on the surface of some sponges
cardinal	deep scarlet red color
solid	A state of matter where molecules where the mass of the substance does not have the property of flow.
remission	The complete disappearance of cancer cells and symptoms
seawall	a massive structure built along the shore to prevent erosion and damage by wave action
underwater db	the unit used to measure the intensity of an underwater sound
immersed corallite	a corallite that is embedded in the surrounding coenosteum
coarse sediment	a sediment made up of coarse-grained materials, such as sand or gravel particles
nonionizing radiation	radiation that carries enough energy to excite an atom or molecule, but not enough energy to remove an electron from the atom or molecule
gaia hypothesis	The Gaia hypothesis states that the temperature and composition of the Earth's surface are actively controlled by life on the planet
serotonin	A brain neurotransmitter that may be deficient in some cases of depression and whose potential role in Parkinson's disease is under investigation.
fucoid	seaweed-shaped
poisson distribution	A statistical test developed by Simeon Poisson
ratite	Member of the group of flightless birds.
idiogram	An idealized drawing.
powerpoint:	a program in the Microsoft Office suite which allows users to create presentations and handouts
heritability	The fraction of phenotypic variance that is inherited
chromatin	For examples of their action, see under chromatin remodeling.
haldane’s rule	When in the offspring of two different animal taxa, one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is the sex with heterozygous sex chromosomes
coefficient of correlation	Statistical measure of resemblance, at the population level, between two individuals for the same character, or the covariation between two characters in the same individual.
allele	Name for different forms of a gene
temperature inversion	Situation where a layer of warmer air exists above the Earth's surface in a normal atmosphere where air temperature decreases with altitude
insecta	a class of arthropods characterized by a body divided into three parts (head, thorax, and abdomen); the head has compound eyes and the thorax has three pairs of legs.
biotechnology	Biological techniques applied to research and product development.
icon	a small picture displayed on a computer monitor that identifies a command or file.
supraesophageal ganglion	in arthropods, worms, and other invertebrates, the supraesophageal ganglion forms the brain, which typically contains integrative centers for the major senses
developed country	describes nations or countries with social, cultural, industrial and technological advancement
fibrous	Like scar tissue
euchromatin	The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription.
coral	a general term used to describe a group of cnidarians; indicates the presence of skeletal material that is embedded in the living tissue or encloses the animal altogether
accession id	A unique alphanumeric character string that is used to identify unambiguously a particular record in a database
base	a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
chory	a suffix meaning plant dispersal by a specified agency (animals, wind, water, etc)
strict anaerobe	An organism that cannot survive in an atmosphere of oxygen
dermatology	/derm-ə-TAWL-ə-jee/ n
aciculum	a chitinous basal seta or rod supporting the parapodial lobes in polychaete worms
chromosome aberration	changes in chromosome structure or chromosome number
cutaneous	Relating to the skin
investigative behavior	the sensory inspection of the environment
nucleolus	A spherical structure visible in the nucleus during interphase
rill	A very small steep sided channel carrying water
intratentacular budding	a type of asexual reproduction where daughter corallites grow from the inside wall of parent corallites, usually by division of the parent corallite
nucleolus	A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes.
placebo	A chemically inert/inactive substance like a sugar pill
salt marsh	a marsh periodically flooded by marine water
distend	Stretch, expand, bloat
striae	a thin, narrow groove or channel, or a thin line or band especially if several of them are parallel or close together
rampart	a narrow ridge, 1-2 m high, built by waves along the seaward edge of a reef flat
circum-pacific belt	A zone circling the edge of the Pacific Ocean basin where tectonic subduction causes the formation of volcanoes and trenches
ganglion	a cluster of nerve tissue primarily composed of cell bodies of neurons, usually located outside of the central nervous system; a knotlike swelling of an invertebrate's nerve cord that contains a concentration of coordinating nerve cells
somatic	Referring to an area of the body.
carriers	Individuals who are heterozygous with respect to some recessive trait.
sex ratio	the relative number of males and females in a population.
efferent	moving or carrying outward or away from a central part
emersed	rising above the water surface
poly	a prefix meaning "many"
silicate magma	Magma that is felsic in composition.
gene signature	The genes that are consistently expressed in samples of a given tissue type.
flat	very shallow and still water, usually with a sand or mud bottom
interneuron	An association neuron; a nerve cell within the central nervous system that forms synapses with sensory and motor neurons and integrates sensory input and motor output.
lanceolate	shaped like a lance head
cryptogenic species	species whose endemic or alien status is unclear
pinnate	having side branches
reach	an arm of the ocean extending into the land
map scale	Ratio between the distance between two points found on a map compared to the actual distance between these points in the real world.
neutral atmosphere	Condition in the atmosphere where isolated air parcels do not have a tendency to rise or sink
bottom trawler	a fishing vessel that uses an open-mouthed fishing net drawn along the sea bottom
dna segment	1
dry deposition	The transport of gases and minute liquid and solid particles from the atmosphere to the ground surface without the aid of precipitation or fog
dysphagia	Difficulty swallowing
ionic bond	A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
grid	a network of uniformly spaced parallel lines intersecting at right angles
power	See statistical power.
normalization	The process by which microarray spot intensities are adjusted to take into account the variability across different experiments and platforms.
noaa diving program	the NOAA Diving Program is administered by NOAA and is headquartered at the NOAA Diving Center in Seattle, WA
allele	An alternative form of a gene.
water pressure	the force per unit area exerted by the weight of water
interglacial period	a warm period between glacial epochs
body wall	the layers of tissue (epidermis, mesoglea, and gastrodermis) that make up the body of a cidarian polyp
anastomosis	the union or connecting of branches forming a meshwork or a network
phenetic species	a concept of species in which a species is a set of organisms that are phenotypically similar to one another
antigen	Any substance that stimulates the production of antibodies in the body
antibiotic resistance	the ability of a microorganism to avoid the harmful effects of an antibiotic by destroying it, transporting it out of the cell, or undergoing changes that block its effects.
levene model	A model of a structured population in which individuals from a single gene pool spend part of their lives competing within small patches.
uremia	Kidney failure
mono-	a prefix meaning one
phytotoxin	a substance similar in its properties to an extracellular bacterial toxin
itcz	the region near the equator where the trade winds of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres converge
nil	See nearly isogenic line.
lander system	a scientific instrument system designed for temporary deployment on the sea floor in order to monitor environmental parameters
ingroup	In a cladistic study of evolutionary relationships among taxa of organisms, the group of taxa that is actually being analyzed.
lower palmata zone	the part of a reef crest that is seaward of the palmata zone
fluorography	The detection of radiation or of a fluorescent compound by secondary light that was generated by the excitation of a "fluor" or a screen by light, a beta particle or a gamma ray.
subduction	the process in which one lithospheric plate collides with, and is forced down under another plate
nacre	the irridescent innermost layer of a molluscan shell that is secreted by the mantle
anhydrobiosis	The ability to survive in a dormant state when an organism's habitat dries up.
q	QID
hypural plate	in fishes, the flattened bony plate at the posterior end of the vertebral column
clinical research	Research that uses patients and healthy volunteers as study subjects.
palmata zone	the region of a reef crest of a bank or barrier reef that is closest to the water surface
appendicular	relating to the appendages, as opposed to axial, which refers to the trunk and head of an organism
upper mantle	Layer of the Earth's interior extending from the base of the crust to 670 kilometers below the surface
cone of depression	Cone shaped depression occurring horizontally across a water table
kilobase	One thousand bases, or pairs of bases (1000 b or 1000 bp)
mareano	a Norwegian program to survey and perform basic studies of the seabed's physical, biological, and chemical environment and to systematize the information in a marine area database that will cover Norway's coastal and marine region
monofilament	a single large filament or threadlike structure of a synthetic fiber, such as a monofilament fishing line
midlittoral zone	the portion of the intertidal zone that is covered and uncovered by water each day
genus	A group in the classification of organisms
montreal protocol	Treaty signed in 1987 by 24 nations to cut the emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) into the atmosphere
ice wedge	Wedge-shaped, ice body composed of vertically oriented ground ice that extends into the top of a permafrost layer
fog	Fog exists if the atmospheric visibility near the Earth's surface is reduced to 1 kilometer or less
echinoid	common name for any member of the class Echinoidea, typified by sea urchins
microarray	Arrangement of miniaturised test sites on a small surface; spot sizes are usually less than 250µm
transformation	Change in the genetic structure of an organism by the incorporation of foreign DNA.
osmotic pressure	The pressure generated by the mass flow of water to that side of a membrane-bounded structure that contains the higher concentration of solute molecules
mean sea level	the level of the surface of the sea between mean high and mean low tide
repeat sequences	The length of a nucleotide sequence that is repeated in a tandem cluster.
center line	the imaginary line running from bow (front) to stern (rear) along the middle of a vessel
edema	Swelling of a body part caused by an abnormal buildup of fluids.
cosexual	Producing both male and female gametes
recombinant dna	the new DNA resulting from combining two or more types of DNA.
autosome	A chromosome that is inherited in the usual Mendelian way, in contrast to sex chromosomes and mtDNA.
succession	See Ecological succession.
diagnosis	identifying the nature or cause of some phenomenon; in pathology, (1) the act or process or deciding the nature of a disease by examination and observation, (2) a careful investigation of the facts to determine the nature of a thing, and (3) the decision resulting from either of these
dimorphic	Having two forms.
superfund	money collected from a special tax on chemical feedstocks and raw petroleum
transcript id	Ensembl transcript identifiers are unique for each splice variant.
halocline	the boundary where there is a marked change in salinity between surface fresh water and underlying saltwater in a stratified coastal environment
inconclusive	A situation in which no conclusion can be reached regarding testing done due to one of many possible reasons (e.g., no results obtained, uninterpretable results obtained, no exemplar/standard available for testing).
zoosemiotics	the study or analysis of animal communication
mantle	Layer of the Earth's interior composed of mostly solid rock that extends from the base of crust to a depth of about 2,900 kilometers.
major transitions	Identified by Maynard Smith and Szathmáry as major changes in the way hereditary information is transmitted
mgi	Mouse Genome Informatics
normal lapse rate	Average rate of air temperature change with altitude in the troposphere
mareogram	a graphic representation of the rise and fall of the sea level, with time as abscissa and height as ordinate, usually used to measured tides; may also show tsunamis; also called 'marigram'
solvolysis	a reaction with a solvent involving the rupture of one or more bonds in the reacting solute
navicular	boat-shaped
gap analysis	a Geographic Information System (GIS) methodology to identify the distribution of biodiversity over large spatial areas
permanent environmental effect	Non-genetic effect which influences all observations on an individual for the same trait, hence causing an additional covariance between the repeated measures.
subspecific name	the third term of the trinomen, a subspecies
alate	winged
vicariance	The fragmentation or fusion of a species range as a consequence of processes such as plate tectonic or glacial movements.
thoracic	pertaining to the chest area
suborbital	an area below the eye
theistic evolution	A view in which religious teachings are seen as compatible with biological evolution
systemic	a condition or process that affects the body as a whole, not localized to one area or system
picomole	One trillionth mole; 10-12 mole.
discoplacental	/DISK-oh-plu-SENT-əl/ adj
xeric	arid; characterized by dry conditions; requiring only a small amount of moisture
holoeuryhaline	pertains to organisms that inhabit fresh, brackish and marine waters
paleoclimate	Climatic conditions in the geological past reconstructed from a direct or indirect data source.
plume	in hydrodynamics, a plume is a column of one fluid moving through another; a long, feather-shaped cloud of steam or gases; a volume of a substance that moves from its source to places farther away from the source; the fluid formation that is created as hydrothermal vent waters are injected into the ocean from the sea floor; an area of chemicals in a particular medium, such as air or groundwater, moving away from its source in a long band or column; the anterior portion of the body of a vestmentiferan tube worm which extends out of the tube into the water
dtdp	Thymidine diphosphate.
flushing	the exchange of water between an estuary or coastal waterway and the ocean
spawning	in corals, the release of gametes into the water
genetic load	Average number of lethal alleles per individual in a population.
notochord	A flexible rod-like structure that forms the main support of the body, a primitive backbone.
consistency	A measure of whether, given sufficient data, a method will generate a correct answer.
coacervate	an aggregate of colloidal droplets held together by electrostatic forces
anonymous ftp	A method of sharing files on the Internet
recessive lethal	See lethal.
posit	a proposition that is accepted as true in order to provide a basis for logical reasoning; take as a given; assume as a postulate or axiom
valley fog	Fog formed by the movement of cooler, more dense air from higher elevations to the warm valley bottom.
megabyte	a measure of storage space
reverse fault	This vertical fault develops when compressional force causes the displacement of one block of rock over another.
supratidal	above the level of high tide; a terrestrial environment that is influenced by proximity to the sea
thermodynamics	The branch of physics dealing with the transformation of energy, especially of heat and other forms of energy.
atv	An application (Java tool) for the visualisation of phylogenetic trees
coenosteum	the common surface of corallum between calices
mitigation	the act of making less severe or intense; measures taken to reduce adverse impacts on the environment
polyandry	A polygamous mating system involving one female and many males.
fluctuating asymmetry	a pattern of small, random deviations between sides in the size of a given trait - the random component of bilateral asymmetry, i.e., subtle random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry
congenital	A condition or characteristic that is present from birth.
motility	The ability to move
nonsymbiotic mutualism	Mutualistic interaction where the mutualists live independent lives yet cannot survive without each other
deciliter	/DES-ə-LEET-er/ n
daughter cells	The cells produced by division of a single parent cell.
unaltered fossil	a fossil which retains much or all of its original chemical and structural composition
high tide	the tide at its fullest extent, when the water reaches its highest level
xanthochromic	yellow or golden color
apomorphy	A derived character state.
two-dimensional electrophoresis	A technique used for the separation of complex protein mixtures
svedberg unit	The unit used to express the sedimentation constant (S = 10-l3 sec)
nudibranch	N(Y)OOD-ə-BRANK/ A member of the gastropod suborder Nudibranchia, marine opisthobranchs lacking shells
endogenous	Arising from internal structures or functional causes.
anchialine cave	a coastal cave formed in limestone or volcanic rock that is flooded with seawater
percutaneous	Through the skin
neurotoxin	a toxic substance which interferes with the electrical activities of nerves and inhibits, damages or destroys the tissues of the nervous system, especially neurons (nerve cells)
reef slope	the portion of a reef seaward of reef crest
hexaxon	in sponges, a spicule with six rays
nomen illegitimum	in taxonomy, an illegitimate name; a validly published name that must be rejected for the purposes of priority in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
dmf	Dimethylformamide.
rich medium	A growth medium in which not all the components have been identified
atoke	the anterior, nonreproductive part of a marine polychaete worm, as distinct from the posterior, reproductive part (epitoke) during the reproductive season
in vitro packaging	Synthesis of infective phage particles from a preparation of phage capsid proteins and a concatamer of phage DNA molecules
cheliped	one or more pairs of thoracic legs of decapod crustaceans that terminate in a chela, or claw
subsidence	Lowering or sinking of the Earth's surface.
microtransponder	Cube-shaped (~100µm), miniature radio-frequency transmitters out of silicon
surface interval	the length of time that a scuba diver spends on the surface between two consecutive dives
melon	a lens-shaped fatty deposit lying in the facial depression of many toothed whales, such as the bottle-nosed dolphin
tributyltin	a component of antifouling paints used on the hulls of vessels which may pose a threat to coral reefs
tumor burden	The amount of cancer cells that are present in the body.
solar year	the time it takes the Earth to make one orbit around the Sun; approximately 365.2422 days
discicristate	A kingdom of eukaryotes
protected area	a legally established land or water area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives
proximate	immediate or nearest; closest in degree or order (space or time); very close in space or time
aerial root	a root which grows out from the stem above ground level
tdt	See transmission disequilibrium test.
micron	A unit of measurement equal to 0.001 mm or approximately 1/25,000 of an inch.
gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer	an instrument that identifies the molecular composition and concentrations of various chemicals in water and soil samples
hydropic	having an excess of water or watery fluid
nerve fiber	A filamentous process extending from the cell body of a neuron and conducting the nerve impulse; an axon.
encrustation	a crustlike deposit or growth over a substratum
tinnitus	Ringing in the ears
bipectinate gill	in mollusks, refers to having gill lamellae on both sides of the ctenidial axis
altricial	born or hatched undeveloped; requiring maternal care after birth; as opposed to precocial
sigmoid growth	a growth rate trend characterized by an elongated S–shaped, or sigmoid curve
dodecandrous	adj
genome size	The size of a single haploid genome
technology transfer	the transfer of discoveries made by basic research institutions, such as universities and government laboratories, to the commercial sector for development into useful products and services.
position-specific scoring matrix	(PSSM)
sovereign	an independent or non-independent jurisdiction which itself possesses or whose people possess in their own right the jurisdiction's supreme authority, regardless of the jurisdiction's or people's current ability to exercise that authority
sampling variation	Chance differences in statistics describing a set of observations that occurs when repeating the experiment with a new sets of observations.
subplocoid form	a coral growth form in which the corallites are sometimes separated by coenosteum
evolutionary psychology	A field that applies evolutionary principles to understand universal human traits
centrifugation	the spinning of a mixture at very high speeds to separate substances of different densities
convergent evolution	the appearance of similar characteristics in two or more taxa by independent lines of descent.
biogeochemical cycle	the chemical interactions among the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere
vm	See mutational variance.
captaculum	a filamentous tactile organ with an adhesive, sucker-like end near mouth of a tusk shell (mollusks in the class Scaphopoda).The captacula are used to gather small particles of food in the sand and pass them to the mouth
density-gradient centrifugation	Separation of molecules and particles on the basis of buoyant density, by centrifugation in a concentrated sucrose or caesium chloride solution.
confirmatory test	A simplistic method for estimating genotype frequency by direct counting of the number of times a genotype is observed in a database.
isauxesis	equality in growth; isometry
controlling interest	ownership of more than 50 percent of a company's voting shares.
free dive	diving without the assistance of any breathing apparatus, such as scuba
planula	a ciliated planktonic larval form produced by some anthozoans
standard deviation	A statistical measure of the dispersion of observation values in a data set
lacuna	a cavity ("little lake") in a matrix-like substance
carriers	Substances or particles that can transfer genes into a cell
mismatch repair	A repair system that removes mismatched bases from newly synthesized DNA strands.
siphonophore	siphonophores are "colonial jellyfish" which have swimming bells at the top, and tentacles with stinging cells below that help them to catch their prey
deposit	material left in a new position by a natural transporting agent, such as water, wind, ice, or gravity, or by human activity
aculeate	bearing a sharp point
density	The number of individuals per unit area or volume.
partial pressure	the pressure exerted by a single component of a gas within a gas mixture, or dissolved in a liquid
denial	A process of automatically blocking awareness of painful realities, thoughts, or feelings in order to protect oneself from emotional distress.
serrate	saw-like; notched
ovoid	egg-shaped
cloning	the process of making genetically identical copies.
mammal	Group of warm blooded vertebrate animals
convection	The mass movement of warmed air or liquid to or from the surface of a body or object.
accuracy	The reliability of a procedure; freedom from making mistakes.
alkaline	having a pH of more than 7
unrooted tree	A phylogenetic tree in which the root is not shown (frequently because it is not known).
advection	the transport of substances in a fluid by the flow of that fluid
serial homology	representative or repetitive relation in the segments of the same organism, as in the lobster, where the parts follow each other in a linear series; repeated structures within an organism that have similar developmental origins
partial pressure	A measure of the concentration of one gas in a mixture of gases; the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases (for instance, the pressure exerted by oxygen in air).
local mate competition	Competition for mates within a local group (e.g., between fig wasps within a single fig).
ultrameric tree	A phylogenetic tree in which the branch lengths are constrained to all be equidistant from the root
osteichthyan	Member of a vertebrate subgroup with jaws and mostly bony skeletons.
nicotine	An alkaloid (nitrogen-containing chemical) made by the tobacco plant or produced synthetically that is one of the major chemicals in cigarettes
upload	transferring data (usually a file) from the computer you are using to another computer
texture	The relative quantities of the different types and sizes of mineral particles in a deposit of sediment
hardy-weinberg theorem	The principle that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work.
cytogenetic	Refers to the correlation of genetic and cytological information through the microscopic analysis of stained preparations of chromosomes, including those from individuals carrying mutations.
neuralgia	noo-RAL-zhə/ Sharp, shooting pain along the length of a nerve.
isostatic depression	Large scale sinking of the crust into the asthenosphere because of an increase in weight on the crustal surface
mhc	See major histocompatibility complex.
phenotype	the form of a trait that an organism shows
artifact	an object made by human workmanship, usually for some practical purpose
e	Electronic Northerns
carboxyl group	the -COOH functional group, acidic in nature, found in all amino acids; the acid group of organic molecules
parenchyma cell	A relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into a more differentiated cell type.
dewlap	a fold of loose skin
confidence interval	The range of parameter values that do not deviate significantly from a null hypothesis.
gain-of-function mutation	Hypomorphic Mutation
phytoplankton monitoring network	a NOAA outreach program with the ultimate goal of linking laboratory scientists to the general public
nivation hollow	Ground depression found in periglacial areas that is created by nivation.
transformation	(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell
intrusive igneous rock	A mass of igneous rock that forms when magma from the mantle migrates upward and cools and crystallizes near, but not at, the Earth's surface
central nervous system	In vertebrate animals, the brain and spinal cord.
dolastatin 10	a marine pharmaceutical extracted from the marine sea hare (a snail) Dolabella auricularia
sensory receptor	A specialized structure that responds to specific stimuli from an animal's external or internal environment; transmits the information of an environmental stimulus to the animal's nervous system by converting stimulus energy to the electrochemical energy of action potentials.
molariform	shaped like a molar tooth, being rounded and flattened
delta plain	a nearly horizontal portion of a delta which during low tide is largely exposed to the atmosphere
abdominal fin	a term used to describe the location of the pelvic (ventral) fins when they are inserted far behind pectorals
lotic	refers to a flowing or running body of fresh water, i.e., streams and rivers
generative nucleous	One of the two male gametes in the pollen tube of angiosperms.
convection	vertical air circulation in which warm air rises and cool air sinks, resulting in vertical transport and mixing of atmospheric properties; transfer of heat by the movement of air or water; the rise of an air mass caused by warming over land or sea that often causes the formation of clouds
wet-bulb thermometer	Thermometer on a psychrometer that has a moisten wick on its reservoir bulb
celsius scale	A temperature scale (°C) equal to 5/9 (°F – 32) that measures the freezing point of water at 0°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C.
group selection	Selection of traits that increase survival and proliferation of groups of individuals.
langley	Unit of the intensity of radiation measured per minute and equal to one calorie.
fore reef	the portion of a reef seaward of reef crest
maritime climate	a climate strongly influenced by an oceanic environment, found on islands and the windward shores of continents
calculus	a stone-like structure formed within the body, particularly in the gall bladder (gallstone), bladder (bladder stone) and kidneys (kidney stone); the branch of mathematics that is concerned with limits and with the differentiation and integration of functions
temperature	A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
rhizome	a horizontal stem
ploidy	refers to the number of sets of chromosomes
pistil	Female floral structure comprised of the ovary, style and stigma.
government document	a publication produced by a government agency
adobe acrobat	Acrobat Reader is a software product from Adobe, designed to view .pdf (portable document format) documents downloaded from the World Wide Web
gentamicin	A type of aminoglycoside antibiotic
beche-de-mer	commercially harvested sea cucumbers (Class Holothuroidea)
soil erosion	Transport of soil mineral particles and organic matter by wind, flowing water, or both
in silico	(Lit
online	a general term for when one computer is interacting directly with another computer
nucleus	Membrane-bound structure found in all eukaryotic cells that contains DNA for the cell in the form of chromatin.
solute	the chemical substances dissolved in a solution, such as salts in seawater
deae	Diethylaminoethyl cellulose.
monitor	Check on, keep track of, watch carefully
trap	a portable, enclosed device with one or more gates or entrances and one or more lines attached to surface floats; also called a pot
membrane potential	The charge difference between a cell's cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid, due to the differential distribution of ions
heterocyst	A specialized cell that engages in nitrogen fixation in some filamentous cyanobacteria.
renal	Pertaining to the kidney
anonymous work	according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a published work that does not state the name of the author(s)
uv absorbance spectroscopy	A method for measuring the concentration of a compound by determining the amount of ultraviolet radiation absorbed by a sample.
molt	to shed part or all of a coat or outer covering, such as, shell, feathers, cuticle or skin, which is replaced periodically by a new growth
discodactylous	/DISK-oh-DAK-təl-əs/ adj
intrinsic	belonging to a thing by its very nature; the essential nature or constitution of a thing; inherent; in and of itself
solar radiation	the amount of radiation or energy received from the sun at any given point
tetrapod	a vertebrate animal with four legs or leg-like appendages.
scrotum	Skin and associated tissues surrounding the testes.
skewness	A measure of the degree to which a distribution is asymmetrical
school	a social group of fishes (and some other aquatic animals), usually of the same species, which tends to orient and move in the same direction
learning	The process that leads to modification in individual behavior as the result of experience.
poisson model	A probability distribution that is often used to model the number of random events in a fixed interval
sign stimulus	An external sensory stimulus that triggers a fixed action pattern.
allotopic	refers to species with overlapping ranges but do not occupy the same space
tit-for-tat	The winning strategy in the repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma game.
orthogenesis	An inherent tendency for lineages to change in a particular direction.
passive remote sensing	Form of remote sensing where the sensor passively captures electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted by an object.
monophyletic group	a group of organisms descended from a common ancestor
constitutive	Produced in a constant amount, not subject to regulation
brachy-	a prefix from the Greek, meaning "short"
centrad	toward the center or interior
creel survey	a survey of anglers in a particular area to discover the types and numbers of fish caught
synapse	the site where neurons communicate with each other
hemimethylation	Double stranded DNA in which only one strand is methylated at a particular site
kenozooid	a small bryozoan heterozooid that strengthens and supports the colony, as well as fill spaces; long, branching, tubular, transparent stolons which extend above the substratum and to which the feeding individuals (autozooids) are attached
replicator	Any entity that can replicate
germ layer	The most primitive level of tissue organization
microdictyon	a genus of non-calcareous, fleshy green macroalgae which can form green mats or turf on the substrate; also an extinct "armored worm" known from the Early Cambrian Maotianshan shale of Yunnan, China
estimate	the best guess arrived at after considering all the information given in a problem
splenectomy	Surgical removal of the spleen
photosynthetic capacity	the maximum photosynthetic rate per unit of biomass
lee	Side of a slope that is opposite to the direction of flow of ice, wind, or water
neupogen	See Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)
papahanaumokuakea marine national monument	the Hawaiian name for the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument
arcuate	crescent-shaped
base	One of a set of nitrogenous compounds attached to the sugar-phosphate backbone in a nucleic acid
dart	a structure of an invertebrate animal that pierces or wounds; a small, narrow-pointed missile that is thrown or shot
signal-to-noise ratio	the difference between the source level of a sound signal from a source and the source level of the background noise
pitch	A function of a sound wave's frequency, or number of vibrations per second, expressed in hertz.
data mining	The automated or semi-automated search for relationships and global patterning within data
amino group	The -NH2 group, a weakly basic group found in organic molecules.
bit score	The bit score is derived from the raw alignment score in which the statistical properties of the scoring system used have been taken into account
imprinting	A type of learned behavior with a significant innate component, acquired during a limited critical period.
deciduous	/də-SID-joo-əs/ adj
phenotypic value	The actual value P of a quantitative trait, which is made up of contributions from both genotype and environment (P = G + E).
metal shadowing	An electron microscopic technique in which the surface of a specimen is coated with a thin layer of evaporated metal.
antillean z trap	a common type of fish trap used widely in the Caribbean and elsewhere
white blood cell count	Measurement of the total number of white blood cells in a sample of blood
asymmetry	the lack or absence of balanced proportions between parts of a thing; without symmetry
evapotranspiration	The evaporation of water from soil plus the transpiration of water from plants
programmed cell death	A normal physiological form of cell death characterized by apoptosis.
pyrolysis	the destruction of a chemical compound by heating or burning
clay	Mineral particle with a size less than 0.004 millimeters in diameter
circle of illumination	A line that bisects areas on the Earth receiving sunlight and those areas in darkness
truncate	having the end squared off
nitrox	any mixture of nitrogen and oxygen that contains less than the 78 percent nitrogen as found in ordinary air
glacial milk	Term used to describe glacial meltwater which has a light colored or cloudy appearance because of clay-sized sediment held in suspension.
gynetype	a female type specimen
passive transport	The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane.
low-complexity region	A region in the sequence with a biased composition (i.e
capsule	(1) A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some prokaryotes, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces
locus	The physical site or location of a specific gene on a chromosome
carbonate bank	a narrow, fairly flat, shallow, submarine plateau (measured in tens of meters) of composed of limestone (carbonate rock), e.g., the Bahama Banks
hormone	A signaling molecule produced by an endocrine gland that acts on cells at distant body sites.
telocentric	A chromosome with the centromere in the middle.
children	In bioinformatics, this term refers to terms in a hierarchical controlled vocabulary like ones containing Gene Ontology (GO) terms
rectangular coordinate system	System that measures the location of points on the Earth on a two-dimensional coordinate plane
organic act	the body of laws that the United Congress has enacted for the government of a United States insular area; it usually includes a bill of rights and the establishment and conditions of the insular area's tripartite government
trunk	the body of a vertebrate animal excluding the head, limbs and tail.
atomic number	The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol.
protein secondary structure	The interactions between amino acids within a protein chain to form an a helix and b sheet structure.
neutral evolution	Evolving without the influence of natural selection.
ultraviolet radiation	The part of the invivible electromagnetic spectrum (just below violet) with wavelengths between about 100-400 nm.
affinity index	a measure of the relative similarity of the composition of two samples
cloning	The process of producing a genetically identical copy
controlled experiment	a scientific experiment, in which results from an experimental group with variable conditions, is compared with a control group with nonvariable conditions
brachial	pertaining or belonging to the arm
hydrostatic pressure	Force caused by water under pressure.
optic chiasm	The arrangement of the nerve tracts of the eye such that the visual sensations from the left visual field of both eyes are transmitted to the right side of the brain and the sensations from the right visual field of both eyes are transmitted to the left side of the brain.
hydrophobicity	(lit
evolution	All the changes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity that characterizes it today
apopyle	the opening of a choanocyte chamber of a sponge into an excurrent canal
pyranometer	an instrument that measures the amount of radiation.
analysis of variance	A statistical test for determining differences in mean values between two or more groups.
tautomerization	The spontaneous isomerization of a nitrogen base from its normal keto (or amino) form to an alternative hydrogen-bonding enol (or imino) form.
formalin	formaldehyde gas dissolved in water
amplification	An increase in the number of copies of a specific DNA fragment; can be in vivo or in vitro
deductive reasoning	A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.
cartography	Field of knowledge that studies map construction
benefit	A valued or desired outcome; an advantage
nuclear magnetic resonance	A spectroscopic technique used to determine the 3-D structure of small- to medium-sized proteins
seawater	The mixture of water and various dissolved salts found in the world's oceans and seas.
soniferous	sound producing
fulvous	dark yellow, orange-yellow
decalcification	the loss of calcium salts from living tissues
decubitus	/də-KYOOB-ə-təs/ n
ethics	Ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with morality
assemblage	a group or association of interacting populations of organisms in a given area or volume
stipitate	body mass supported by a long stalk or stipe
ballast	a weight at the bottom of the boat to help keep it stable
ground ice	General term used to describe all bodies of ice in the ground surface of the permafrost layer
kleptoparasitism	stealing from one animal by another; also called "piracy"
mortality	the death rate; the ratio of the total number of deaths to the population of a specified area in a given time period
circadian rhythm	A physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotic organisms and that persists even in the absence of external cues.
dgva	The Database of Genomic Variants archive is a repository that provides archiving, accessioning and distribution of publicly available genomic structural variants, in all species.
anther	The male reproductive organ where pollen is produced in a flowering plant.
central nervous system	The brain and spinal cord
conchology	the study of shells
endangered taxa	taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if causal factors continue operating
autonomous underwater vehicle	an unmanned, battery or fuel cell-operated underwater robot or vehicle which can operate at depths greater than 6000 meters
plesimorphy	An ancestral character state.
correlation	a relation between a variable and one or more related variables
f	Fingerprint
osteogenesis imperfecta	a condition also known as brittle bone disease; characterized by a triangular shaped face with yellowish brown teeth, short stature and stunted growth, scoliosis, high pitched voice, excessive sweating and loose joints.
exponent	an expression of the number of times that a base is used as a factor
tabulate	having a flat surface
median	a statistical measure of central tendency
basic research	research conducted with the sole goal of obtaining knowledge; in contrast with applied research
hereditary	Something that is passed on from a parent to the child, usually through the genes.
inorganic matter	chemical substances of mineral origin which contain no organically produced carbon
database management system	a set of computer programs for organizing the information in a database
lesion	An area of cell damage or cell death.
spectrophotometry	The determination of the structure or quantity of substances by measuring their capacity to absorb light of various wavelengths.
aerenchyma	a specialized parenchymous tissue in seagrass leaves that has regularly arranged air spaces or lacunae
sos box	The operator sequence recognised by the LexA repressor protein.
plug-in	a small piece of software that adds features to a larger piece of software
parts per million	number of parts of a substance found in one million parts of a particular gas, liquid, or solid
heliox	a breathing gas mixture for scuba divers that contains only oxygen and helium, used for deep diving to remove the narcotic effect of nitrogen
cladistic distance	the number of branching points between any two nodes on a phylogenetic tree
turriform	tower-shaped
axial sheath	the coenenchyme which surrouds the axis on the Gorgonacea and Pennatulacea
structure	See population structure.
zootoxin	any poisonous or venemous substance produced by an animal
genetic locus	See locus.
secondary sex characteristics	Characteristics of animals that distinguish between the two sexes but that do not produce or convey gametes; includes facial hair of the human male and enlarged hips and breasts of the female.
cirrus clouds	High altitude cloud composed of ice crystals
ebris flow	A type of mass movement where there is a downslope flow of a saturated mass of soil, sediment, and rock debris.
delta notation	the absolute abundance of an isotope is difficult to measure with accuracy
septate shell	a shell divided into smaller chambers, as in the chambered nautilus (Cephalopoda-Mollusca)
common name	a colloquial or vernacular name
autapomorphy	an apomorphy (derived character differing from the ancestral condition) possessed by a species or clade that is shared with no other species or clade, i.e., a derived character found only in a terminal taxon
ichnologist	a scientist whose area of study and research is ichnology
wavelength	The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.
capillary action	The movement of water or any liquid along a surface; results from the combined effect of cohesion and adhesion.
exponential growth	In populations, the increasingly accelerated rate of growth due to the increasing number of individuals being added to the reproductive base
cytoplasm	Substance that surrounds the nucleus of the cell.
telomere	The terminal part of a linear chromosome
tundra	High latitude biome dominated by a few species of dwarf shrubs, a few grasses, sedges, lichens, and mosses
artificial classification	in taxonomy, classification based on convenient or conspicuous diagnostic characters without attention to characters which indicate phylogenetic relationship; often a classification based on a single arbitrarily chosen character, rather than an evaluation of the totality of characters
southeast trade winds	See trade winds.
mesoderm	the middle of the three germ layers of a triploblastic embryo that gives rise to the skeletal and support, muscular, blood vascular, urogenital and reproductive systems, and contributions to some glands
r2	See coefficient of determination.
independent variable	a variable controlled by the experimenter
ethnographic research	Ethnographic research, also called fieldwork, involves observation of an interaction with the persons or group being studied in the group's own environment, often for long period of time
arc	in a geographical information system (GIS), an arc is a line that begin and end with a node
cellular component	One of the three categories used by the Gene Ontology project, cellular component encompasses subcellular structures, locations, and macromolecular complexes
autosomal recessive	A pattern of inheritance where copies of the gene that do not work properly are needed in order to have the condition, and the condition affects males and females equally.
biotechnology	Application of biological methods in technical processes and industrial production
lateral display	a type of threat or reproductive behavior exhibited by many species of fishes, in which two male fish align beside each other, spread their dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins, and intensify the coloration of their bodies
parent	In BioCyc, this term refers to terms in a hierarchical controlled vocabulary such as those containing Gene Ontology (GO) terms
baroceptor	a sensory organ perceiving changes in pressure; also called "baroreceptor"
basalt	A dark colored fine grained igneous rock formed from mafic magma.
ada	The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 gives civil rights protections to individuals with disabilities and guarantees equal opportunity for individuals with disabilities in public accommodations, employment, transportation, state and local government services, and telecommunications.
metric system	a decimal system of measures and weights with the meter and the gram as bases
caridean shrimp	caridean shrimps can be distinguished from other shrimp-like creatures by the way in which the plate of the second abdominal segment overlaps the segments both in front and behind, forming a saddle
probability	Chance
artesian pressure	hydrostatic pressure of artesian water, often expressed in terms of pounds per square inch; or the height, in feet above the land surface, of a column of water that would be supported by the pressure
anterior	morphologically, toward the head or front end of an individual, or proximal portion of a bodily part
zone	a large-scale physical feature within the ecosystem
biogenic reef	a mound-like layered structure built by and predominantly composed of organic remains such as shells and skeletons of sedentary organisms
genetic code	The genetic code is written in 'words' of three letters in DNA (such as ATG, CCG, TAA and so on)
ecosystem approach	a strategy or plan to manage ecosystems to provide for all associated organisms, as opposed to a strategy or plan for managing individuals
growth band	a band formed yearly on coral by the secretion of CaCO3; one yearly growth band contains two smaller bands representing winter growth and summer growth
bioinformatics	The field of endeavor that relates to the collection, organization and analysis of large amounts of biological data using networks of computers and databases (usually with reference to the genome project and DNA sequence information)
lee	sheltered
backscatter	the deflection of acoustic radiation in a scattering process through an angle greater than 90 degrees
pyramid of numbers	Graphical model describing the number of organisms that exist at each trophic level in a community or an ecosystem
doubling time	the length of time required for a population to double in size
hydrophilic	Soluble in water.
photolithography	Selective masking generates light patterns that direct chemical transformations to specific areas of photosensitive surfaces
diploid	a cell or organism that has two complete sets of chromosomes, as opposed to haploid, or those with only one member of each pair of the same chromosomes.
dominant	Term for an allele that masks the presence of an other allele, with respect to phenotypic expression, when occurring together in a heterozygous individual.
degree heating week	the NOAA satellite-derived Degree Heating Week (DHW) is an experimental product designed to indicate the accumulated thermal stress that coral reefs experience
seldi	Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionisation invented by T
gonochoric	having separate sexes
brady	a prefix meaning "slow"
trypsin	A proteolytic enzyme that cleaves (cuts) peptide chains next to the basic amino acids arginine and Iysine.
bioenergy	energy made available by the combustion of materials derived from biological sources
conductivity	a measure of a substance's ability to conduct heat or transmit electrical current
apomorph	a derived character differing from the ancestral condition
operational taxonomic unit	a terminal taxon; a group of organisms used in a taxonomic study without designation of taxonomic rank
flower	The reproductive structure of angiosperms; a complete flower includes sepals, petals, stamens (male structures), and carpels (female structures).
blowout depression	Saucer shaped depressions created by wind erosion
carbon sequestration	the process of removing atmospheric carbon (carbon dioxide), either through biological processes (e.g., uptake by plants during photosynthesis),or geological processes through storage of carbon dioxide in underground reservoirs
interactome	a more or less comprehensive set of interactions between elements within cells
proportional	Cause and effect relationship between two variables where a positive or negative change in the quantity of one causes a predictable similar quantity change in the other.
allele	Abbreviation of allelomorph, meaning alternative form of a gene at the same locus resulting from mutation.
cross contamination	The undesirable transfer of material between two or more sources of physical evidence.
exclusive economic zone	the sovereign waters of a nation, recognized internationally under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the SEA as extending out 200 nautical miles from shore
clinical trial	A clinical trial is a research study in human volunteers to answer specific questions about vaccines or new therapies or new ways of using known treatments
subduction zone	Linear area where tectonic subduction takes place.
fathom	is a unit of length often used to measure depth of water and is equivalent to 6 feet or 1.8 meters
reniform	kidney or bean-shaped
similarity	Sequence identity between two nucleotide sequences
query	A request for information submitted to a computerized database.
repeat sequences	the length of a nucleotide sequence that is repeated in a tandem cluster.
ultimate	last or farthest
communication network	telecommunications infrastructure that transfers data from observing systems to data centers, and then to end users
balanoid	acorn shaped
anthropocentrism	Anthropocentrism is a view that regards humans as the central element of the universe
sql	Structured Query Language
population bottleneck	Type of genetic drift that occurs as the result of a population being drastically reduced in numbers by an event having little to do with the usual forces of natural selection.
heterozygote	The presence of two dissimilar alleles at a given genetic locus.
maximum likelihood	The statistical principle of estimating a parameter by finding the value of the parameters that maximizes the likelihood function.
supergene	A cluster of tightly linked genes, which allow distinct alternative morphs to be maintained as a polymorphism within one population.
dendrochronology	/den-droh-krə-NAWL-ə-jee/ n
phylogram	a phylogenetic tree that depicts inferred historical relationships among entities
morphological species	a typological species distinguished solely on the basis of morphology; also called "morphospecies"
meridian	A circular arc that meets at the poles and connects all places of the same longitude.
regenerative medicine	A term applied to new medical advances in which damaged body parts or body tissue is replaced or the body is encouraged to heal itself
pill-rolling	Alternating movements of the thumb and forefinger that give the appearance of rolling a small object between the fingers; a characteristic slow tremor in the fingers of Parkinson's patients.
osmosis	the passage of water through a semipermeable membrane from a solution with a lower concentration of solute to one with a higher concentration of solute
setiform	bristle-like; brush-like
port	A small plastic or metal container surgically placed under the skin and attached to a central venous catheter inside the body. Blood and fluids can enter or leave the body through the port using a special needle.
starboard	the right side of a vessel to someone facing the bow or front
tubules of cuvier	eversible toxic or sticky tubules associated with the bases of the respiratory trees of some sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea-Echinodermata)
ingroup	A set of operational taxonomic units for which the phylogenetic relationships are being determined relative to an outgroup.
outfall	the place where a sewer, drain, or stream discharges
dominance variance	The variance in a quantitative trait that is caused by dominance
interradial membrane	in fishes, the tissue between the fin rays or spines
lanceolate	spear-shaped, tapered at both ends
stroke	The death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head.
sic	thus
ecosystem based management	EBM integrates knowledge of ecological interrelationships to manage impacts within an ecosystem
vermetid tube	the "tube" of the worm-shell snail
vg	See genotypic variance.
energy	The ability to bring about changes or to do work.
global warming	the gradual increase in global temperatures caused by the emission of gases that trap the sun's heat in the Earth's atmosphere (greenhouse effect)
clinical trial	Research conducted with volunteer patients, usually to evaluate a new treatment under strictly controlled conditions
runoff	water that has been on land and moves seaward as a result of rain, flooding, irrigation or flushing
gene	A section of DNA molecule that produces a functional RNA molecule
p-value	in a statistical hypothesis test, the P value is the probability of observing a test statistic at least as extreme as the value actually observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true
orographic uplift	Uplift of an air mass because of a topographic obstruction
similarity	How well one sequence matches another determined by calculation by an alignment program of identical and conserved residues.
reproductive rate	The number of progeny produced by a parent per unit of time as per year.
threshold	The point that must be exceeded to begin producing a given effect or result or to elicit a response.
surface feeder	an organism, usually a fish, that takes its food from the air/water interface, or feeds just below the water surface, e.g., a needlefish
uv irradiation	Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light (200-390 nm)
one-tailed statistical test	Is an inferential statistical test where the values for which one can reject the null hypothesis are located entirely in one side of the center of the probability distribution.
angel investor	wealthy individual who personally provides startup capital to very young companies to help them grow.
tendriliform	having the form or shape of a tendril
lepospondyle	Any member of an extinct subclass of amphibians, Lepospondyli, that gave rise to modern salamanders and frogs.
dimethylformamide	/DIE-meth-əl-FORM-ə-mide/ A common solvent; a colorless liquid, miscible with water and most organic liquids.
immigration	The influx of new individuals from other areas.
informed consent	A term describing the responsibility of doctors or researchers to ensure that patients or people have an understanding of the relevant facts regarding their care or participation in research
reticulate evolution	The fusing of previously separated branches on an evolutionary tree.
dilution quenching	The reduction of the luminescence of a sample by dilution.
particulate	a very small solid suspended in water
efflux	an outward flow; flux of water, elements or gases out of an ecosystem or ecosystem component
sedimentary rock	Rock formed from sand and mud that once settled in layers on the bottom of seas, lakes, and marshes
continental margin	the zone of the sea floor reaching from the continents to the abyssal plain, including the continental shelf, the continental slope, and the continental rise.
ptychocyst	a type of cnida used in tube construction by tube anemones (Ceriantharia)
pollen tube guidance	In order to deliver immotile sperm cells to the female gametophyte in flowering plants, the pollen tube carrying the sperm cells grows towards the unfertilized female gametophyte
exponential growth	growth in the size of a population in which the rate of growth increases as the size of the population increases; change in a population growth rate that is proportional to the size of the population
bipinnaria larva	an early starfish larva with ciliated bands running about the periphery
viable infant	When referring to a delivered or expelled fetus, the term "viable infant" means likely to survive to the point of sustaining life independently, given the benefit of available medical therapy
intellectual property	A term that refers to the content of the human intellect, or the result of intellectual effort, which is considered to be unique and original and have value in the marketplace, and therefore requires legal protection and ownership
subordinate	in taxonomy, belonging to a lower or inferior taxonomic rank
costa	the extension of the septa outside the calyx into the coenosteum
i	Idiotype
obliquity	Tilt of the Earth's polar axis as measured from the perpendicular to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun
hyperpolarization	An electrical state in which the inside of the cell is more negative relative to the outside than at the resting membrane potential
heterostyly	A polymorphism for distinct arrangements of anther and stigma.
replicase	An enzyme that copies any form of genome (i.e., in the origin of life, the genome may not have been DNA or RNA based).
antibody	A specific protein that interacts with a foreign substance (antigen) in a specific way.
adhesion	the molecular force of attraction between two unlike materials that acts to hold them together
parkinson's disease	A degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's motor skills and speech.
sequence	1) (noun) the structure of a DNA molecule in terms of the sequence of bases it contains
official list	in taxonomy, a list of names or works which have been conserved or declared valid by action of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
dms	Dimethyl sulfate.
growth rate	the increase in mass per unit of time
phenotypic polymorphism	The existence of two or more distinct morphs (discrete forms), each represented in a population in high enough frequencies to be readily noticeable.
convergent lifting	The vertical lifting of parcels of air through the convergence of opposing air masses in the atmosphere
muciferous	producing or containing mucus
zone of saturation	Groundwater zone within the Earth's bedrock where all available pores spaces are filled by water
dibasic	/die-BASE-ick/ adj
incross	Intercross
l	"Lab on a chip"
denticle	a little tooth
megafauna	the largest size category of animals in a community
primitive character	in evolution, an attribute of taxonomic group which all members of the group possess, i.e., the more common shared characters of a given group of organisms
magma	molten rock that forms naturally within the Earth
eon	Longest geologic time unit.
infundibuliform	funnel-shaped
bayh-dole act	provides the statutory basis and framework for federal technology transfer activities, including patenting and licensing federally funded inventions to commercial ventures.
interorbital	the space between the eyes
agricultural run-off	the drainage of water from agricultural land
aggregate	A clumping of proteins inside cell bodies in the brain, which may be toxic
institutional review board	an independent committee of scientists, physicians, and lay people that oversees clinical trials.
weather	The state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place.
totipotency	The ability of embryonic cells to retain the potential to form all parts of the animal.
shower	precipitation that is intermittent in time, space or intensity
base level	The subterranean elevation below which a stream cannot vertically erode sediment
trade-off	A situation where one trait cannot be increased without decreasing another
rotation	See Earth rotation.
environmental system	A system where life interacts with the various abiotic components found in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.
prevailing wind	Dominant direction that a wind blows from for a location or region.
cessation	To stop doing something
interference	One crossover event inhibits the chances of another crossover event
phenotype	The physical manifestation of a genetic trait such as shape, color, and blood type.
malesia	a biogeographical region that includes the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, the Philippines and New Guinea, based on a shared tropical flora derived mostly from Asia but also with numerous elements of the Antarctic flora
density-dependent selection	Selection that occurs when relative fitness depends on population density.
phenotype	Your appearance based on your genotype i.e what you look like.
harvesting	removing tissue or cells from a donor and preserving them for transplantation
lateral	refers to the side or flank of an animal
topographic map	a map containing contours indicating lines of equal surface elevation (relief)
laser	A device that emits an intense coherent monochromatic light beam.
zeptomole	One-sextillionth mole; 10-21 mole.
derived trait	A synapomorphy.
mid-latitude cyclone	Cyclonic storm that forms primarily in the middle latitudes
regression equation	Equation using regression to predict the value of a dependent variable from a known value of the independent variable.
rubinstein-taybi syndrome	condition with multiple congenital anomalies including: mental deficiency, broad thumbs, small head, broad nasal bridge and beaked nose.
give-up reef	a coral reef which is not growing fast enough to keep up with sea level rise
hydrate	a compound produced when certain substances chemically combine with water; as a verb, it means to supply water to something that absorbs it
gemmule	an asexual, spore-like reproductive unit in sponges, capable of overwintering and developing into an adult sponge the following summer
bond	a physicochemical association between atoms
fossa	a hole or cavity in the coral skeleton
abiogenic	refers to things not involved with or produced by living organisms
ocular	pertains to the eye
southern cross	a small conspicuous constellation in the southern hemisphere in the Milky Way near Centaurus
mean	Statistical measure of central tendency in a set of data
monohybrid	A hybrid individual that is heterozygous for one gene or a single character.
ess	See evolutionarily stable strategy.
confluent	joined together
recessive	a gene that is phenotypically manifest in the homozygous state but is masked in the presence of a dominant allele.
campaniform	bell-shaped
mineral	In nutrition, a chemical element other than hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen that an organism requires for proper body functioning.
villi	see : chorionic villi sampling.
orthographic projection	Map projection that presents the Earth's surface in two-dimensions as if it were being observed from a great distance in space
sibling	1
biotoxin	any poisonous or venemous substance produced by any living organism
celsius scale	A temperature scale (OC) equal to 5/9 (OF - 32) that measures the freezing point of water at O°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C.
oprs	Office for the Protection of Research Subjects
cm	See centimorgan.
hydrophobic	Literally, "water-fearing"; nonpolar compounds that are immiscible with water
heavy metal	a metal having a specific gravity of 5.0 or greater
col	Saddle like depression found between two mountain peaks
buffered solution	a chemical solution that resists changes in pH despite the addition of small amounts of acids or bases
surface water	an open body of water, such as a stream, lake, reservoir or wetland
chromosomal fusion	See fusion, chromosomal.
barrier island	a long, usually narrow accumulation of sand, that is separated from the mainland by open water (lagoons, bays, and estuaries) or by salt marshes
environmental variance	The variance of the environmental deviation, var(E) = VE.
controlled vocabulary	A restricted set of defined terms allowing the representation of complex information in a database
sex chromosomes	The X and Y
ampullae of lorenzini	small vesicles and pores around the head of a shark that form part of an extensive subcutaneous sensory network system that detects weak magnetic fields produced by other fishes, at least over short ranges
hyalinization	a form of tissue degeneration in which the tissues develop a homogeneous and glassy appearance
uep	See unique event polymorphism.
inhibitor	A chemical compound that has the effect of blocking or slowing an enzymatic reaction.
listserv ®	the most common kind of maillist found on the internet
marine reserve	an area in which some or all extractive activities are prohibited
dependent variable	In an experiment, the dependent variable is the factor that responds when another factor is manipulated.
fluid-feeder	An animal that lives by sucking nutrient-rich fluids from another living organism.
contour interval	Difference in elevation between two successive contour lines
global temperature	an area-weighted mean of temperatures recorded at ground and sea surface -based observation sites around the globe, supplemented by satellite or model-based records in remote regions; usually referring to sea surface temperature
frontal lifting	Lifting of a warmer or less dense air mass by a colder or more dense air mass at a frontal transitional zone.
sql	a specialized language for sending queries to databases
mesotidal	coastal ocean or waterway with a moderate mean tidal range, e.g., between 2 and 4 meters
product	A compound formed as a result of an enzymatic reaction.
component of fitness	See fitness component.
savanna	a tropical and subtropical grasslands biome characterized by drought-resistant vegetation dominated by grasses with scattered trees and brush
graupel	A type of precipitation that consists of a snow crystal and a raindrop frozen together
south pole	Surface location defined by the intersection of the polar axis with Earth's surface in the Southern Hemisphere
precautionary principle	A guiding principle in making decisions about the environment, cautioning to consider carefully the potential consequences of actions.
precursor rna	see pre-messenger RNA.
secondary male or female	a male or female that is the result of sex change
ecological resilience	a measure of resistance to ecological disturbance and the speed of return to the equilibrium state of an ecosystem; also called "ecosystem resilience"
cladist	a systematist who attempts to classify life forms according to their evolutionary relationships, not just overall similarity
deposition	/DEP-ə-ZISH-shən/ Accumulation by sedimentation, chemical precipitation, or evaporation of a suspending solute.
taxonomy	Ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences, leading to a classification scheme; the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life.
submarine groove	a troughlike depression with vertical to overhanging walls which cut across the reef front at right angles
polar nuclei	The central cell inherits two haploid nuclei, which localize to the micropylar pole of the cell and are called polar nuclei
tm	Melting temperature
1000 genomes project	The goal of the 1000 Genomes Project is to find most genetic variants that have frequencies of at least 1% in the populations studied using a light sequencing approach in many individuals
heat capacity	Is the ratio of the amount of heat energy absorbed by a substance compared to its corresponding temperature rise.
tm	The melting point for a double-stranded nucleic acid
geotiff	a file format that embeds image registration information directly into a raster file; an industry-neutral raster file format widely used and recognized by all of the major GIS software vendors
sandstone	A type of sedimentary rock that contains a large quantity of weathered quartz grains.
hereditary	passed from parent to child
ovum	The mature female gamete often called the egg.
half-life	The time that it takes for half of the activity of a molecule to decay.
demoid	/DEM-oid/ adj
blue coral	the blue coral, Heliopora coerulea, is an octocoral that has a massive aragonite skeleton and is an important reef builder in some areas
light year	Distance that light travels in the vacuum of space in one year
mass-to-charge ratio	The ratio of the mass of an ion being analyzed to its charge.
nonseptate	lacking cross walls (septa); also termed "aseptate"
plasmodium	A single mass of cytoplasm containing many diploid nuclei that forms during the life cycle of some slime molds.
cytology	The study of cells, their origin, structure, function, and pathology.
putative gene split	Paralogues where one of them has been split partway along, but where the fragments are more than 1Mb apart, or on different chromosomes or strands.
optimum	a state that is the best fit for the current situation
spectrum	Is a graph that describes the quantity of radiation that is emitted from a body at particular wavelengths.
perception	The interpretation of sensations by the brain.
basin	A topographic rock structure whose shape is concave downwards.
severe hemophilia	A categorical term used to describe someone with a factor VIII or IX level below 1% of normal blood levels of factor.
tandem ms	A mass spectroscopic method used for high-throughput analysis of protein sequence
standards	A group of reference points with known properties
confidential	Information that will not be divulged to others without permission
pustule	a pimple- or wart-like projection; a bump or raised knob on the outside surface of a mollusk shell
polyphyletic group	a group of species that resemble each other but are evolved from different ancestors
aeolian	pertaining to the erosion, transport, and deposition of materials by wind
water column	the water mass between the surface and the bottom
mesophyte	Plants that have moderate water requirements.
corpus luteum	Structure that forms in the follicle if ovulation has occurred
flavescent	yellowish color
taxon	a taxonomic group or entity
delta	the fan-shaped area at the mouth or lower end of a river formed by eroded material that has been carried downstream and dropped in quantities larger than can be carried off by tides or currents
rudistid clam	Any member of an unusual group of clams that evolved in the Cretaceous
røst reef	the world's largest known deep-water Lophelia coral complex
hospice	A program designed for caring for terminally ill patients and their families.
saturation mixing ratio	Mass of water vapor that a kilogram of dry air can hold at saturation
loess	Deposits of silt laid down by aeolian processes over extensive areas of the mid-latitudes during glacial and postglacial times.
cancriform	crab-shaped
psychosis	Serious mental disorder
crinose	hairy
cast net	a circular net with weights attached to the perimeter
standard curve	A quantitative research tool used to determine the concentration or copy number of an unknown substance
c-value	See genome size.
clinical trial	Clinical trials test the effectiveness of new drugs or treatments
allele	A variant form of a given gene that occupies a specific chromosomal locus.
polar easterlies	Winds that originate at the polar highs and blow to the subpolar lows in a east to west direction.
ethics	the study of fundamental principles which defines values and determines moral duty and obligation.
morgan	unit of inferred distance between genes on a chromosome
paired-end reads	Sequencing reads from each end of the same DNA molecule
recur	Happening again or come back
phylliform	leaf-shaped
riprap	large pieces of rock (usually 6 to 30 inches in diameter) which have undergone only primary crushing and sizing, or larger, uncrushed pieces
terete	round in cross-section and tapering
mass spectrometry	an analytical technique where ions are separated according to their ratio of charge to mass
expected heterozygosity	See gene diversity.
serpulid worm	a marine polychaete worm in the family Serpulidae which secretes and lives in a rigid calcareous tube
segregrate	See segregration below.
secondary structure	The arrangement of a protein chain into regular hydrogen-bonded structures such as a helix or b sheet.
bcd	the BCD is a mandatory piece of equipment for SCUBA diving
moss	A small, herbaceous nonvascular plant that is a member of the phylum Bryophyta.
lead line	a line with a lead weight on the end used to measure depth
epicenter	the point on the earth's surface directly above the hypocenter, where the energy of an earthquake is first released
heat	The total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter
landsat	Series of satellites launched by NASA for the purpose of remotely monitoring resources on the Earth
plate	a rigid part of the Earth's crust and part of the Earth's upper mantle that moves and adjoins another one along a zone of seismic activity
formenkreis	a group of related allopatric species or subspecies
biotechnology	biological techniques used in applied research research and product development
microbenthos	benthic organisms whose shortest dimension is less than 0.1 mm
global warming	Warming of the Earth's average global temperature because of an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases
phase iii	Part of clinical development which is performed on a large number of patients to test the safety, efficacy and optimal dosage of an investigational new drug in the context of a complete therapy
sponge	a multicellular animal (metazoa) below the tissue grade of construction
neuroregenerative	See neuroprotective
biomass	The dry weight of organic matter com: prising a group of organisms in a particular habitat.
risk assessment	Calculation of an individual's risk, employing appropriate mathematical equations, of having inherited a certain gene variant, of developing a particular disorder, or of having a child with a certain disorder based upon analysis of multiple factors including family medical history and ethnic background
key factor analysis	a statistical treatment of population data designed to identify factors most responsible for change in population size
anchialine pool	a land-locked brackish body of water that displays tidal fluctuations but has no surface connection to the sea
client	a software program that is used to contact and obtain data from a server software program on another computer, often across a great distance
beaufort scale	a scale used to classify wind speeds, devised in 1805 by Admiral Francis Beaufort of the British Navy
subadult	an individual similar to the adult in appearance but not yet capable of reproducing
abaxial	away from, or distant from the axis
adrenocorticotropic hormone	A hormone, produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, that stimulates the production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex.
territory	An area or space occupied and defended by an individual or a group; trespassers are attacked (and usually defeated); may be the site of breeding, nesting, food gathering, or any combination thereof.
markov chain	Any multivariate probability density whose independence diagram is a chain.The variables are ordered, and each variable "depends" only on its neighbors in the sense of being conditionally independent of the others. Markov chains are an integral component of hidden Markov models.
chromatography	The separation of a mixture of substances by charge, size, or other property by allowing the mixture to partition between a moving phase and a stationary phase.
leading eigenvector	Small deviations {x1, x2, ...} from equilibrium grow exponentially at a rate given by the leading eigenvalue λ and have the form xi = eiexp(λt)
volcanism	the set of geological processes that result in the expulsion of lava, pyroclastics, and gases at the Earth's surface
emission	any substance that is discharged into the soil, air or water
chinook wind	The name of a North American wind that occurs on the leeward side of mountains
agroforestry	a land-use system combining agriculture and forestry where trees and crops are interplanted
umbraculiform	umbrella-shaped
age class	a group of individuals of a species all of the same age
terabyte	a measure of data size
base	A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
ocean current	Large scale horizontal flow of ocean water that is persistent and driven by atmospheric circulation.
intrafamilial variability	Variability in clinical presentation of a particular disorder among affected individuals within the same immediate or extended family
institution	Any public or private entity or agency (including federal, state, and local agencies)
chromosome aberration	1
alternation of generations	A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants and some algae.
stream channel	Long trough-like depression that is normally occupied by the water in a stream.
parenchyma	Thin-walled cells, varying in shape, size, and function.
probability	the long term frequency of an event relative to all alternative events, and usually expressed as decimal fraction.
radioactive decay	natural decay of the nucleus of an atom where alpha or beta and/or gamma rays are released at a fixed rate
sister-group	The group or lineage of organisms that are the closest relatives of the lineage under consideration
intercross	Outcross
subpopulation	Subgroup of individuals isolated from other member of the larger or total population.
h	Hematocrit
transformation frequency	The relative proportion of cells in a population that are transformed in a single experiment.
monera	Group, at the kingdom level, in the classification of life
electrocyte	a cell that generates electricity
two-tailed statistical test	Is an inferential statistical test where the values for which one can reject the null hypothesis are located either side of the center of the probability distribution.
guyot	a flat-topped submarine mountain
luminous flux	the rate of flow of light energy
habitat distribution	the structure and spatial characterization of all habitat types in a specified area
random drift	The random change in genotype frequency caused by random variation in individual reproduction
photomosaic	an assemblage of photographs, each of which shows part of a region, and put together in such a way that each point in the region appears once and only once in the assemblage, and scale variation is minimized
vulnerable species	a species that is particularly at risk because of low or declining numbers, a small range, or for some other reason, but is not threatened or endangered
para	a prefix meaning "beside"
double helix	The twisted-ladder shape that two strands of DNA form.
piliform	hair-shaped
benchmark	a measurement or standard that serves as a point of reference by which process performance is measured
resolution	the ability to distinguish closely spaced objects on an image or photograph
f-factor	An E
viable	having the capacity to live, grow, germinate or develop; capable of life or normal growth and development
erythema	abnormal reddening of the skin due to the dilation of capillaries
shelf break	nearshore bathymetry characterized by rapid and substantial increases in depth that are continuous with the deeper parts of the ocean
photobiology	The study of the effects of light on living systems.
haltere	Sense organs found in Diptera on the second thoracic segment, evolutionarily derived by modification of the wings
oxygen isotope ratio	an expression for the ratio of the 18O to 16O atoms in a sample relative to a standard, defined as: δ18O = (18O/16O sample - 18O/18O standard)/ 18O/16O standard
foreground intensity	Foreground intensity is an overall measure of the intensity of the spot.
white matter	Tracts of axons within the CNS.
dacryelcosis	/dack-ree-el-KOH-səs/ n
home page	the first page that a browser opens when accessing a Web address (URL)
dissociation	the temporary or reversible chemical process in which a molecule or ion is broken down into smaller molecules or ions
pfu	Abbreviation for plaque forming unit.
vernacular name	the colloquial or common name of a taxon, i.e., in any language or form other than that of biological nomenclature
scale	the degree of resolution at which ecological processes, structures, and changes across space and time are observed and measured
copulation	the physical act of mating; sexual intercourse
deviation	in statistics, the difference between an actual observation and the mean of all observations
veneer reef	a reef with very little calcium carbonate accretion
coevolution	a change in the genetic composition of one species (or infraspecific group) in response to a genetic change in another, i.e
sex	Production of offspring that are a mixture between two different parental genotypes.
european commission	a group, appointed by the agreement of the governments of the European Union, which initiates Union action and safeguards its treaties.
null hypothesis	A hypothesis that is presumed true and against which alternative hypotheses are tested statistically.
evolutionary character state reconstruction	See character state reconstruction.
bipolar disorder	Depressive mental illness characterized by swings of mood from high to low; also called manic-depressive disorder.
homocercal	a caudal fin with upper and lower lobes that are approximately equal in size; characteristic of most bony fishes
character trait	Particular parts or properties of an organism
genetic mutation	a change in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule
magnetosphere	Zone that surrounds the Earth that is influenced by the Earth's magnetic field.
leeward	referring to the side of an island or reef that faces away from the prevailing wind
steroids	Compounds that are derivatives of a tetracyclic structure composed of a cyclopentane ring fused to a substituted phenanthrene nucleus.
variance	A statistical measure of the dispersion of observation values in a data set
homeosis	Evolutionary alteration in the placement of different body parts.
sinistral	left, as opposed to dextral, or right
protista	earliest evolved eukaryotic kingdom
historical data	data sets from previous studies
strike	One of the directional properties of a geologic structure such as a fold or a fault
gause's principle	See Competitive exclusion principle.
rhyolite	A fine grained extrusive igneous rock that is rich in quartz and potassium feldspar
ramus	a branch
virology	the study of viruses
sex hormone	that stimulates
hidden markov model	A statistical model in which internal states are not visible but the outputs of these states are, and the outputs can therefore be used to infer the internal states
dicot	/DIE-cawt/ n
snow	A type of solid precipitation that forms in clouds with an air temperature below freezing
zonal	Movement of wind or ocean waters in a direction that is roughly parallel to the lines of latitude.
vasiform	vessel-shaped
afferent	refers to a structure that leads to or toward a given position
adsorbent	the solid substrate material onto which a substance is adsorbed
kinetochore	A structure that attaches laterally to the centromere of a chromosome; it is the site of chromosome tubule attachment.
bootstrap	Recalculation of results with randomly rearranged datasets to exclude the possibility of artefacts in data clustering.
jackknifing	A statistical method in which new data sets are generated by resampling an original data set without replacement.
cirrus	a slender, flexible appendage or part of an organism, usually having a tactile function
phloem	from one part of a plant to another, with the direction of movement depending on the pressure gradients between source and sink regions.
linear transect	a line of specified length laid out within a study site
polymer	A long or larger molecule consisting of a chain of many repeating units, formed by chemically bonding together many identical or similar small molecules called monomers.
miller cylindrical projection	Map projection that mathematically projects the Earth's surface onto a cylinder that is tangent at the equator
ocellus	an eye-like spot, usually surrounded with a ring of a lighter color, e.g
byte	a memory and data storage unit composed of contiguous bits, usually eight
gencode	The aim of GENCODE as a sub-project of the ENCODE scale-up project is to annotate all evidence-based gene features in the entire human genome at a high accuracy
endo-	a prefix meaning 'inside'
barotrauma	an injury that results from rapid or extreme changes in pressure
human geography	Field of knowledge that studies human-made features and phenomena on the Earth from a spatial perspective
polytomy	A portion of a phylogenetic tree in which more than two branches emerge from a single node
giesma	in a histological preparation, a stain which contains both basic and acidic dyes
microwave	any electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the approximate range from one millimeter to one meter, the region between infrared and short-wave radio wavelengths
saccate	sac-like
peptidoglycan	The main component of the bacterial cell wall, consisting of a two-dimensional network of heteropolysaccharides running in one direction, cross-linked with polypeptides running in the perpendicular direction.
ethics	A branch of philosophy that deals with morality
population structure	Any deviation from the ideal state of a single panmictic population
subthalamic nucleus	Subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a nerve center near the substantia nigra
covariance matrix	An n × n matrix giving the covariances between a set of n variables
expressivity	The amount someone is affected by one of their genes. For example
long-day plant	A plant that flowers, usually in late spring or early summer, only when the light period is longer than a critical length.
seismic	Shaking displacement usually caused by an earthquake.
phototype	in taxonomy, a photograph of the type or a photograph serving as the type
pygmy goby	the pygmy goby, Eviota sigillata, has the shortest life span of any known vertebrate on Earth, with a maximum life expectancy of 59 days
flagellum	A hair-, whip-, or tinsel-like structure that serves to propel a motile cell.
m	Map unit
amelioration	The process in which DNA that has been acquired by lateral gene transfer changes in composition (e.g., G + C content and codon usage) to resemble the genome in which it resides.
hydrology	Field of physical geography that studies the hydrosphere.
eustatic	pertains to world-wide change in sea level, such as that caused by tectonic movements or expansion or contraction of glaciers
dermad	/DERM-ad/ adv
sex hormones	. Male gonads in mammals. Singular, testis. Paired organs that contain
anthoblast	in stony corals, a young sessile polyp producing an anthocyathus, the disklike crown that separates from the stalk (anthocaulus)
bifid	divided or cleft into two parts or lobes
stem cells	Cells that have the potential to multiply indefinitely and become many different cell types.
parts per thousand	number of parts of a substance found in one thousand parts of a particular gas, liquid, or solid
volume	The occupation of space in three dimensions
orogenic belt	A major range of mountains on the continents.
ankylose	to fuse together
transcription	and it serves to identify the start site for transcription.
fertility	The ability to have children
cytomegalovirus	A type of virus that can cause unapparent infections in healthy individuals but is dangerous to immunosuppressed patients
diastasis	/die-AST-ə-səs/ n
gene	a hereditary unit that occupies a certain position on a chromosome; a unit that has one or more specific effects on the phenotype, and can mutate to various allelic forms.
microvilli	Thin fingerlike protrusions from the surface of a cell, often used to increase absorptive capacity or to trap food particles
apert syndrome	a condition caused by the premature closure of the sutures of the skull bones, resulting in an altered head shape, with webbed fingers and toes
coeloblastula	a larval form associated with oviparous development, with a cytologically undifferentiated central region, and an even distribution of small flagella
pleiotropy	The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects.
topography	pattern of elevation of the Earth's surface including the ocean bottom
public policy	a set of action guidelines or rules that result from the actions or lack of actions of governmental entities.
intranet	a private network inside an organization that uses the same kinds of software found on the public internet, but which is only for internal use
anomaly	the deviation of a particular variable (e.g., temperature) from the mean or normal over a specified time
circumesophageal nerve ring	anterior concentration of nervous tissue in several invertebrate groups, such as mollusks, annelid worms, sipunculids (peanut worms), and echiurans (spoon worms or innkeeper worms)
competency	The combination of demonstrated knowledge, skills, and abilities.
nasopalatine	NAY-zō-PAL-ə-teen/ Pertaining to the nose and palate.
oblique aerial photograph	Photograph taken from a non-perpendicular angle from a platform in the atmosphere.
neurones	Nerve cells, the structural and functional unit of the nervous system
photomicrograph	a photograph taken through a microscope
geothermal energy	Heat energy derived from the Earth's interior.
uniformitarianism	Is a theory that rejects the idea that catastrophic forces were responsible for the current conditions on the Earth
population density	the number of organisms per unit area or volume
midnight zone	the layer of the ocean beneath the twilight zone, extending from 1000-4000 meters
association	a group of species living in the same place at the same time
teraflop	A measure of supercomputer speed equivalent to 10 to the power of 12 floating point operations per second.
echolocation	the sonar-like ability used by bats, dolphins, some whales, and two groups of cave-dwelling birds to detect objects in their environment
percentile	one of the division points that divides a set of ranked data into one hundred equal points; a value on a scale of zero to one hundred that indicates the percent of a distribution that is equal to or below it
exponential phase	The period of an amplification reaction during which the product accumulates exponentially, approximately doubling with every cycle
greenhouse effect	The warming of planet Earth due to the atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide, which absorbs reflected infrared radiation and re-refJects some of it back toward Earth.
explanate coral colony	a colony that spreads horizontally as the branches fuse into a solid or near solid plate
filiform	thread-shaped
paternal half sib	Brother or sister having the same sire but having different dams.
kelvin scale	an absolute scale of temperature in which each degree equals one kelvin
myxopterygium	the copulatory organ or clasper of sharks, rays, skates and chimaeras
manf	Abbreviation for "Mesencephalic Astrocyte-derived Neurotrophic Factor." MANF is a trophic factor that is still in the beginning stages of preclinical study
collinear points	three or more points on the same line in a plane or in space
kinetic energy	The energy due to motion.
breast	in fishes, the anterior ventral surface under the head
dactyl	/DAKT-əl/ n
linguiform	tongue-shaped
map unit	A unit of genetic length derived from recombination frequency
imprimis	in the first place
anterior	Referring to the head end of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.
leptocephalus larva	a long, ribbon-like larval form that is characteristic of eels, tarpons, and bonefishes
oligotrophic lake	Lake with a low supply of nutrients in its waters
follicle-stimulating hormone	A tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the production of eggs by the ovaries and sperm by the testes
industrial revolution	Major change in the economy and society of humans brought on by the use of machines and the efficient production of goods
magnification	The height of the image divided by the height of the object
trigonotarbid	Member of an order of extinct terrestrial spider-like animals (order Trigonotarbida).
transfiguration	The act of transforming; a change in appearance or character or circumstances.
teratology	The science concerned with malformations and monstrosities or serious deviations from normal structure
genealogy	Record of descent tracing genetic relationships of individuals.
avirulent	A term describing a pathogen that can only mildly harm, but not kill, the host plant.
stereoisomer	A molecule that is a mirror image of another molecule with the same molecular formula.
bimodal	a distribution in which the frequency curve has two peaks
neuropharmacology	The branch of health science concerned with the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system.
geodesy	The science that measures the surface features of the Earth.
twilight zone	the term, "twilight zone" represents a transition from a region that receives sunlight during the daylight hours, to a region that remains in perpetual darkness
analgesia	the absence of pain in response to stimulation that would normally be painful
ranked data	data for which the observations have been replaced by their numerical ranks from lowest to highest
amniote	Any member of the Amniota, a group of vertebrates that includes all mammals, reptiles, and birds
congruency	A measure of how similar are different phylogenetic trees containing the same operational taxonomic units (OTUs).
nephelometric turbidity unit	unit of measure for the turbidity of water
acid rain	the precipitation of sulfuric acid and other acids as rain
sample size	Number of individuals drawn from a larger pool of individuals.
beta animal	in animal behavior, the subordinate or second animal in a social group
perihelion	It is the point in the Earth's orbit when it is closest to the Sun (147.5 million km)
population genetics	"Population genetics is a field of biology that studies the genetic composition of biological populations, and the changes in genetic composition that result from the operation of various factors, including natural selection
basalt	A hard, black volcanic rock with low silica content
shelf escarpment	the edge of the bank/shelf where depth increases rapidly into deep oceanic water
radiation	The emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero.
runoff	The topographic flow of water from precipitation to stream channels located at lower elevations
isothermal layer	Vertical layer in the atmosphere where temperature remains unchanged
areolate	appearance of a surface characterized by circular spots of tissue or areolae
mound	an elongate offshore ridge of unconsolidated substrate; rocky remnants of eroding headlands (bars; shallow masses of limestone deposited by corals and coralline algae (shallow reefs)
freely associated state	an "associated state" is used to describe a free relationship between a territory and a larger nation
critical value	in statistics, the value of a test statistic at or beyond which the null hypothesis is rejected
ozone hole	Is a sharp seasonal decrease in stratospheric ozone concentration that occurs over Antarctica in the spring
anthropocentrism	A view that regards humans as the central element of the universe
cephalic	pertaining to the head
chi-squared test of association	Comparison of the observed frequencies with the frequencies that would be expected if the null hypothesis of no association were true.
elastic deformation	Change in the shape of a material as the result of the force of compression or expansion
tidelands	the zone between the mean high water and mean low water lines
wildlife refuge	an area designated for the protection or replenishment of wild animals, within which hunting and fishing are either prohibited or strictly controlled
nucleus	The cell structure that houses the chromosomes.
cumulus cloud	Puffy clouds with relatively flat bases
pellucid	transparent
decubation	/deck-you-BAY-shən/ n
exopodite	in crustaceans, the outer branch, or ramus, of a biramous appendage; also called "exopod"
polar molecule	A molecule (such as water) with opposite charges on opposite sides.
mass spectrometry	It is an analytical technique that measures the mas/charge ratio of the ions formed when a molecule or atom is ionized, vaporize and introduced into a vacuum.
cell	the smallest unit of living matter
octocorallia	a subclass of the Anthozoa that contains the sea pens, sea pansies, sea fans, whip corals, and pipe corals
desalinization	the removal of salts from saline water to provide freshwater
sustainable development	those efforts to guide economic growth in an environmentally sound manner with an emphasis on natural resource conservation
propagule	Structure that develops into a plant.
radiation therapy	Treatment with high-energy radiation from X-rays or other sources of radiation (like radioisotopes).
acetyl coa	Acetyl-coenzyme A, a high-energy ester of acetic acid that is important both in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and in fatty acid biosynthesis.
nervous system	All the nerve cells of an animal; the receptor-conductor-effector system; in humans, the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system.
handicap	A trait that signals a male’s genetic quality
meteor	A body of matter that enters the Earth's atmosphere from space
riverine	associated with a river and the area adjacent to it; includes all wetlands and deepwater habitats contained within a stream channel
chi-square distribution	a distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with a mean of zero and a variance of one
festination	An involuntary quickening of steps and shuffling after starting to walk
geomorphic threshold	The amount of slow accumulated change a landform can take before it suddenly moves into an accelerated rate of change that takes it to a new system state.
red blood cell	Blood cell that carries oxygen to the cells of the body and removes carbon dioxide.
dermis	the layer of the skin beneath the epidermis
autotomy	the voluntary shedding of an appendage by snapping it off the base; in corals, some, reproduce asexually by autotomy (fragmentation), for example, Fungia sp
standard treatment	Treatment that has been proven effective and is commonly used.
larva	A free-living, sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult in morphology, nutrition, and habitat.
drowned reef	a coral reef that grew too slowly and became covered by deeper and deeper water until the reef received too little light to support reef growth altogether; see "give-up reef"
piezometer	an instrument for measuring pressure or compressibility
dehydrate	/də-HIGH-drate, dee-/ v
dactyloid	/DAKT-əl-oid/ adj
ecozone	an area at the earth's surface representative of large and very generalized ecological units characterized by various abiotic and biotic factors
arcgis	a group of geographic Information System (GIS) software product lines produced by the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI)
high pressure	An area of atmospheric pressure within the Earth's atmosphere that is above average
raw format	A format in which the nucleotide sequence appears without headers or comments
gorgonian	an anthozoan of the subclass Octocorallia, commonly called sea fans and sea whips
tank	a hollow steel or aluminum cylinder, used to contain compressed air or other breathing gas mixtures used by scuba divers for an air supply; also called a cylinder or bottle
salinity	a measure of the salt concentration of water
decompression	a change from one ambient pressure to a lower ambient pressure as the scuba diver ascends
multinational corporation	Corporation operating (with offices, factories, headquarters) in more than one country
ambient pressure	the pressure surrounding an organism
gene imprinting	The differential expression of a single gene according to its parental origin.
branchiform	gill-shaped
microfluidics chips	The chips contain very tiny channels in which the movement of fluids can be controlled
alpha particle	a particle emitted from the nucleus of an atom, containing two protons and two neutrons, identical to the nucleus (without the electrons) of a helium atom
utricle	A chamber behind the oval window that opens into the three semicircular canals.
molecule	the smallest unit of any chemical substance that has an independent, separate existence and that still retains the properties of the chemical substance
biosphere	Part of the Earth where life is found
multituberculate	Any member of the extinct mammalian group Multituberculata
phenogram	A branching diagram that links entities by estimates of overall similarity.
dermatologic	Pertaining to the skin
brine pool	concentrations of water on the ocean floor which have an extremely high salinity relative to the surrounding water
non-invasive	Not breaking, cutting or entering the skin
toxicant	any substance which is potentially toxic
connectivity	a term from graph theory, which indicates the number of connections between nodes or vertices in a network
permeability	A measure of the ability of soil, sediments, and rock to transport water horizontally and vertically
passive search	a feeding strategy where the predator remains more or less stationary and ambushes the prey animal when it comes within range
sundarbans	the world's largest mangrove forest located in Bangladesh at the edge of the delta where the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna Rivers come together
informatics	The study of the application of computer and statistical techniques to the management of information.
anatomy	The study of the structure of an organism
cost of meiosis	See cost of genome dilution.
beta particle	a high-speed particle, identical to an electron, emitted from an atomic nucleus
510 device	A medical device that is considered substantially equivalent to a device that was or is being legally marketed
weather map	Map that displays the condition of the physical state of the atmosphere and its circulation at a specific time over a region of the Earth.
contour interval	the difference in surface values between contours
incidence	The number of new cases of a condition detected annually, per unit of the population
habitat diversity	the number of different types of habitats within a given area
cloning	The process of making identical genetic copies
topical	Put on the skin, like a cream or lotion
anatomically modern human	A member of the human lineage that is recognized by anthropologists as having essentially the same anatomy as present-day Homo sapiens.
hydrophilic	Literally, "water-loving"; polar or charged compounds that are soluble in water.
temperate bacteriophage	A bacterial virus that may become incorporated into the host-cell chromosome.
medline	Medline is the National Library of Medicine's database of biomedical papers; it contains all citation information for each paper, as well as abstracts for most of the papers.
siltstone	Fine grained sedimentary rock composed of lithified silt particles.
desert	A terrestrial biome characterized by very low precipitation.
dengue virus	an acute viral disease of humans charaterized by fever, rash, prostration, and lymphadenopathy; transmitted by the mosquito (Aedes aegypti)
linear acceleration	the rate of change of velocity in a linear direction (along a straight line) with respect to time
major histocompatibility complex	A group of genes that controls several aspects of the immune response
actinometer	an instrument for measuring incident radiation
action potential	changes in membrance potential that characterize a nerve impulse; essentially the depolarization of a neuron.
mytiliform	in the shape of the mussel shell (genus Mytilus)
seep	a small area where water that may be of a different temperature and density flows from below the seafloor and rises slowly into the ocean; a spot where water that is flowing below the earth's surface slowly oozes out to form a small pool or a spring abov
electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry	A method for the solution ionization and mass analysis of macromolecules and small polar molecules.
watercourse	a natural channel for water
sahel	the transition zone in Africa between the Sahara Desert to the north and tropical forests to the south
character	Either the genome as a whole can be in view, or a particular gene (allele), or combinations of genes
inquiry	The search for information and explanation, often focused by specific questions.
sustainability science	a multi-disciplinary approach to science that recognizes the limitations of traditional scientific inquiry in dealing with the complex reality of social institutions interacting with natural phenomena
omega animal	in animal behavior, the animal which has the lowest social rank in its linear hierarchical group
alopecia	Loss of hair, be it on the head or all over the body
isotope	Form of an element where the number of neutrons in its atomic nucleus is different than the number of protons.
photogenesis	light production
vascular plant	Any member of the land plant group Tracheophyta, which have specialized tissues (xylem and phloem) for conducting fluid through the stem
downwelling current	Ocean current that travels downward into the ocean because of the convergence of opposing horizontal currents or because of an accumulation of seawater.
condensation	The change in state of matter from vapor to liquid that occurs with cooling
wild type	The form of an organism that occurs most frequently in nature.
savanna	A tropical grassland biome with scattered individual trees, large herbivores, and three distinct seasons based primarily on rainfall, maintained by occasional fires and drought.
antibiotic	A substance that interfers with a particular step of cellular metabolism, causing either bactericidal or bacteriostatic inhibition; sometimes restricted to those having a natural biological origin.
baud	unit of data transmission speed of one bit per second
diverticulum	a blind sac branching off a cavity or canal
intermittent stream	A stream that flows only for short periods over a year
counter-illumination	a condition in which an animal has bioluminescent structures concentrated on its ventral surface so as to increase the effect of countershading
abatement	reducing the degree or intensity of, or eliminating
sponsor-investigator	An individual who both initiates and actually conducts, alone or with others, a clinical investigation
riluzole	Glutamate antagonist approved in the united states to treat patients with ALS.
intellectual property	The content of the human intellect, or the result of intellectual effort, which is considered to be unique and original and have value in the marketplace, and therefore requires legal protection and ownership
photometer	an instrument for measuring light intensity
solstice	either of the two times of the year when the sun is the greatest distance from the celestial equator, occurring about June 22 and December 22
relief	The range of topographic elevation within a specific area.
transverse	crosswise
eddy	A localized chaotic movement of air or liquid in a generally uniform larger flow.
action potential	A rapid change in the membrane potential of an excitable cell, caused by stimulus-triggered, selective opening and closing of voltage-sensitive gates in sodium and potassium ion channels.
topographic map	Map that displays topography through the use of elevation contour lines
inductive reasoning	the process of observing data, recognizing patterns, and making generalizations from the observations; reasoning from particular facts to a general conclusion
summary statistics	A numerical summary of some aspect of an experiment, typically an estimate of a parameter.
sunrise	Moment of time when the Sun's edge first appears above the Earth's horizon.
population viability	the probability that a population will persist for a specified period across its range despite normal fluctuations in population and environmental conditions
turbidity	cloudy water, usually caused by the suspension of fine particles in the water column
cucumiform	cucumber-like form
stylet	a needle-like structure; in cnidarians, when a cnidocyte is fired, it is inverted and a stylet pierces the skin of the prey allowing toxins to be injected; a piercing structure in in some invertebrate mouthparts; also called "lancet"
transition state	A high energy state through which substrates must pass during the course of an enzymatic reaction.
cephalothorax	the region of the body in decapod crustaceans that is covered by the carapace, with the boundary between the fused head and thorax indicated by the cervical groove
bone marrow harvest	The removal and collection of bone marrow, usually done prior to a bone marrow transplant, but sometimes done as a preventative measure in case of relapse.
neurosurgeon	A doctor who operates on the brain and central nervous system.
return on investment	profit (or loss) on an investment, often expressed as a percentage.
ovum	The female gamete; the haploid, unfertilized egg, which is usually a relatively large, nonmotile cell.
trace evidence	Physical evidence that results from the transfer of small quantities of materials (e.g., hair, textile fibers, paint chips, glass fragments, gunshot residue particles) which may link an offender with a scene if they can be identified as having originated in the same place or as being from the same source.
dew point	Dew point is the temperature at which water vapor saturates from an air mass into liquid or solid usually forming rain, snow, frost or dew
z dna	An alternative, left-handed form of the double helix.
sens. lat.	in the broad sense (sensu lato)
infiltration	The absorption and downward movement of water into the soil layer.
gas	A state of matter where molecules are free to move in any direction they like
x-ray diffraction	The scattering of x-rays from a crystal, resulting in an interference pattern used to determine the structure of the crystal.
p-wave	A seismic wave that moves material in push-pull fashion in the direction of its travel
postencephalitic parkinsonism	A Parkinson's-like illness, cases of which followed the worldwide flu epidemic of 1918; also called von Economo encephalitis.
reciprocally monophyletic	Two groups for which, at every locus, all genes within the group are more closely related to each other than they are to any organisms outside the group
messenger rna	A type of RNA involved in protein production
distal	the direction away from the midline of the body; the opposite of proximal
asymptomatic	showing no outward signs of a condition
tight junction	A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells.
siliceous	composed of silicon or primarily of silicon
homunculus	A “little man” that was supposedly introduced into a fertilized egg by the sperm and that guided its development
foliform	leaf-shaped
linear equation	An equation of the form y = a + bx, where the variable x does not appear as a power or special function.
pharynx	An area in the vertebrate throat where air and food passages cross; in flatworms, the muscular tube that protrudes from the ventral side of the worm and ends in the mouth.
ct	See threshold cycle.
argo project	Argo is a global array of 3,000 free-drifting profiling floats that measures the temperature and salinity of the upper 2000 m of the ocean
arcscene	a 3D visualization application designed by ESRI that allows one to view GIS data in three dimensions
horst fault	A fault that is produced when two reverse faults cause a block of rock to be push up.
hypotension	Low blood pressure
spur and groove	a system of shallow ridges (spurs) separated by deep channels (grooves) oriented perpendicular to the reef crest and extending down the upper seaward slope
calcareous algae	algae which deposit calcium carbonate in its tissues
neurologic	Involving the nerves or nervous system.
filamentous	slender and/or threadlike
walking shark	a small, slender-bodied, bottom-dwelling epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium sp), one of the carpet sharks, that uses its pectoral fins to "walk" across the seafloor
differential diagnosis	see "diagnosis, differential"
pedal laceration	a type of asexual reproduction in some sea anemones in which parts of the pedal disc break off and are left behind as the anemone moves
hormone	A substance formed in a specialized gland or group of cells that has regulatory effects on another gland or group of cells
darwinian medicine	The application of evolutionary principles to medicine.
summer	Season between spring and fall
contiguous	sharing an edge or boundary; touching; neighboring; adjacent
amoeboid	amoeba-like
genetic profile	A collection of information about a person's genes.
signal to noise ratio	A measure of signal strength relative to background noise.
propagule	a structure for mangrove reproduction
epizootiology	the study of the factors which determine frequencies and distributions of infectious diseases among non-human animals
deep scattering layer	a thin sound-reflecting layer of zooplankton and nekton that ascends toward the surface at night and descends each day (diurnal vertical migration) in response to changing levels of light
coevolution	The coordinated evolution of two or more species that interact and exert selective pressures on each other that can cause each species to undergo associated adaptations
labyrinthodont	Common name for any member of the extinct superoder Labyrinthodontia
frequency-dependent selection	Selection that occurs when relative fitness depends on genotype frequencies.
glia	Supporting cells that are essential for the structural integrity of the nervous system and for the normal functioning of neurons.
multiple alignment	A Multiple Alignment of k sequences is a rectangular array, consisting of characters taken from the alphabet A , that satisfies the following conditions: There are exactly k rows; ignoring the gap character, row number i is exactly the sequence s I ; and each column contains at least one character different from "-"
helix	spiral in form.
turquoise	blue green color
nare	nostril; an opening, external and internal, of the nasal passage
molarity	A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
theoretical probability	the chances of events happening as determined by calculating results that would occur under ideal circumstances
work	in physics, the transfer of energy from one object or system to another by applying a force over a distance
var	See variance.
histogram	a bar graph in which the area over each class interval is proportional to the relative frequency of data within this interval
alima	a larval stage of a mantis shrimp
descendants	Your parent's descendants are their children (including you!) and their children's families
ecological efficiency	The ratio of net productivity at one trophic level to net productivity at the next lower level.
net photosynthetic rate	the total rate of photosynthetic CO2 fixation minus the rate of loss of CO2 during respiration
nyctalgia	nick-TAWL-zhə/ Nocturnal pain.
immunosuppression	Suppression of the immune response.
parasite	an organism that lives in or on the living tissue of a host organism
bimaculate	having two spots
applied research	aimed at gaining knowledge or understanding to determine the means by which a specific recognized need may be met
growth ring	Any of the rings that can be seen in a cross-section of a woody stem, such as a tree trunk
sand flat	sandy areas found in depressions and gullies in a coral reef, or between patch reefs, or in deeper areas below or beyond the reef
valve	the shell or shells of certain organisms, such as clams, oysters, and snails
spermatium	a non-motile male gamete produced by a spermatangium in red algae
coalescence time	The time back to when two genes share a common ancestor.
soleiform	slipper-shaped
faginism	cannibalism by adults on their young
percolation	the movement of water through the openings in rock or soil
watt	A metric unit of measurement of the intensity of radiation in Watts over a square meter surface (W/m2 or W m-2).
palea	The smaller of the two bracts (the other being the lemma) that encloses the stamens and pistil in a grass floret.
endopinacoderm	in sponges, a surface lined with endopinacocytes
truncation	To shorten
hydrological cycle	the movement of water in all of its phases (gas, liquid, solid) from the Earth to the atmosphere and back to the Earth
sill	the lowest point on a submarine ridge or saddle at a relatively shallow depth, separating a basin from an adjacent sea or another basin
fetch	The distance of open water in one direction across a body of water over which wind can blow.
tropical depression	An organized group of thunderstorms often found over a tropical ocean that generates a cyclonic flow of between 37 and 63 kilometers per hour
fin	a rubber or plastic shoe-like device attached to the feet to increase surface area for greater thrust while swimming; they may be open heeled or full-footed
mesozoic era	between 225 and 185 million years ago
adpressed	pressed close to or lying flat against something; apressed
dryopithecine	/DRY-oh-PITH-ə-seen/ n
germinal epithelium	1
nucleus	The structure within the cell that contains the chromosomes.
community boundary	Spatial edge of a unique community.
genetic predisposition	Having some genetic factor(s) that may make an individual more likely to develop a particular condition than the general population.
trifurcate	dividing into three parts
alveolate	Member of Alveolata, one of the major kingdoms of eukaryotes
time lapse photography	a photographic process in which a series of photographs are taken of the same basic scene at regular, timed intervals from the same viewpoint
map	An abstraction of the real world that is used to depict, analyze, store, and communicate spatially organized information about physical and cultural phenomena.
ridge	a long, narrow, continuous elevation of the sea floor covered with shallow water which may support unconsolidated sediments, rocks, or shallow reefs
source region	Area where air masses originate and come to possess their moisture and temperature characteristics.
deep brain stimulation	Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that uses a surgically implanted, battery-operated medical device called a neurostimulator - similar to a heart pacemaker and approximately the size of a stopwatch - to deliver electrical stimulation to targeted areas in the brain that control movement, blocking the abnormal nerve signals that cause tremor and PD symptoms
denatured alcohol	ethyl alcohol (ethanol) to which a poisonous substance, such as acetone or methanol, has been added to make it unfit for consumption
nephrotoxicity	toxicity to the kidney.
variations	The deCODEme Complete Scan measures over one million genomic locations with single nucleotide variations (SNPs ).
monoculture	Cultivation of large land areas with a single plant variety.
nucleomorph	A highly reduced relic of a nucleus
dendrology	/den-DRAWL-ə-jee/ n
covalence	the number of pairs of electrons an atom can share with other atoms
axillary bud	A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch
philopatry	refers to the drive or tendency of an individual to return to, or stay in, its home area
nanometer	A unit of measure in the metric system
almost atoll	an atoll whose rim is less than 75 percent complete as a circle at low tide
palsy	Antiquated term for paralysis or an uncontrollable shaking of the body
mass spectrometry	Technique uesed to measure and analyse a substance in terms of the ratios of mass to charge of its components.
allostery	A change in the shape of a protein or ribozyme due to binding of a molecule at one site, which then changes activity at a distant site.
polymer	A large molecule (macromolecule) composed of multiple repeated units which are identical or similar.
rosette	rose-shaped in appearance; arranged in a fashion resembling a rose flower
prophylaxis	treatment to prevent bleeding episodes
drop net	a small, usually circular net with weights around the perimeter and a float in the center
pacific high	High pressure system that develops over the central Pacific Ocean near the Hawaiian Islands
telogen	The last phase of the hair growth cycle when the hair root becomes a bulbous shaped root.
bedded	stratified; deposited or arranged in horizontal layers, as in stratified rock
fimbriae	Thin, proteinaceous filaments that extend from the cell surface of microbial cells and facilate adhesion to solid surfaces or other cells.
mean low tide	the average altitude of all low tides recorded at a given place over a long period of time
imprinting	The ‘memory' held by a chromosome as to whether it was inherited from the mother or the father
retrose	turned backwards
internet service provider	a company or organization that provides access to the Internet
cathode	A negatively charged electrode.
phylogeny	The historical relationships among lineages of organisms or their parts (e.g
twilight	the time immediately before sunrise and after sunset when the sky remains illuminated
genetic map	An ordered list of genetic loci (genes or other genetic markers) along a chromosome.
schizophrenia	Severe mental disturbance characterized by psychotic episodes in which patients lose the ability to distinguish reality from hallucination.
falciform	curved like a long, narrow scythe
blat	An mRNA/DNA and cross-species protein sequence analysis tool to quickly find sequences of 95% and greater similarity of length 40 bases or more
multimodal distribution	a distribution with more than one mode
spathiform	resembling a rounded pole in form
ionizing radiation	Radiation consisting of high-energy particles that can strip electrons from atoms, thereby changing their chemical reactivity, which in turn can cause biological damage.
rivulated	marked by irregular streaks
dark-field microscope	a microscope that has a special condenser and objective with a diaphragm that scatters light from the observed object
restriction analysis	Determination of the number and sizes of the DNA fragments produced when a particular DNA molecule is cut with a particular restriction endonuclease.
virulence gene	Slang for a gene encoding a virulence factor.
azure	light or sky blue color
fieldwork	Behavioral, social, or anthropological research involving the study or persons or groups in their own environment and without manipulation for research purposes
sial layer	The part of the crust that forms the continents and is composed of relatively light, granitic rocks.
natural logarithm	The natural logarithm log(x) is the inverse of the exponential function: log(exp(y)) = y
mabthera	UK trade name for rituxan.
stereotactic	Refers to use of precise coordinates to identify deep structures of the brain
denitrify	to remove nitrogen from any substance or chemical compound
temperate	region in which the climate undergoes seasonal change in temperature and moisture
homosphere	The lower layer in a two part classification of the atmosphere based on the general homogeneity of chemical composition
fractal	the smallest part of a mathematical set of numbers which when repeated or scaled will maintain the primary permutation; an object which is self-similar at all scales
qualitative analysis	the analysis of a phenomenon to determine its qualitative characteristics versus its quantitative characteristics, i.e., characteristics for which precise numerical characterization is not appropriate
lux	unit of illumination equal to one lumen per square meter
genome	It may be cut from one place and moved to another — a recontextualization that may have profound functional effects — or it may be copied and inserted elsewhere, in which case it adds to the total content of the genome
sky	see: Spectral karyotype SKY.
monomorphic	occurring in only one form
mutation	Change in the number, arrangement, or molecular sequence of a gene
worldfish center	an autonomous, nonprofit organization which was established as an international center in 1977
fauna	the entire group of animals found in an area
remote sensing tool	an instrument used in remote sensing often combined with a geographic information system to provide synoptic and objective views and data of the environment
metastasis	Spread of cancer cells from the original site to other parts of the body.
correlation coefficient	The most commonly used measure of correlation between two variables (x, y)
chromogenic	Color-generating
ocean iron fertilization	the intentional introduction of iron to the upper ocean in order to increase the growth of phytoplankton blooms and to sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
loh	See loss of heterozygosity.
latent heat of condensation	The amount of heat energy release to the environment when a gas changes its state to a liquid
quiescent	Silent or inactive.
in litt.	in correspondence or communicated in writing; used for an unpublished source of information (in litteris)
non-extant	no longer existing
pinacoderm	the external surface of a sponge, lined with pinacocytes in a single cellular layer
central venous catheter	A plastic tube inserted in a vein under the skin of the chest to remove or introduce fluids into the body
drug discovery cycle	The cycle of events required to develop a new drug
mutation	The genetically inheritable alteration of a gene or group of genes.
descent with modification	Darwin's initial phrase for the general process of evolution.
dominance deviation	Deviation of the genetic value from the additive genetic value (breeding value) for genotypes at a single locus.
chromosome	A group of genes/DNA that are contiguous, a functional unit
subatomic particles	Extremely small particles that make up the internal structure of atoms.
neocotype	in taxonomy, a replacement syntype, q.v., designated in the absence of the original type or type series
sex ratio	The ratio of males to females in the population.
eddy diffusion	Mixing of the atmosphere by chaotic air currents.
depolarization	An electrical state in an excitable cell whereby the inside of the cell is made less negative relative to the outside than at the resting membrane potential
locus	The site in a linkage map or on a chromosome
south magnetic pole	Location in the Southern Hemisphere where the lines of force from Earth's magnetic field are vertical
body wave	Type of seismic wave that travels through the interior of Earth.
geoid	the hypothetical surface of the Earth that coincides everywhere with the mean sea level
myosin	A type of protein filament that interacts with actin filaments to cause cell contraction.
sex determination	The genetic specification of the sex of an individual by the genes of the X and Y chromosomes.
lycophyte	Member of a diverse group of early land plants including the lycopods and zosterophylls.
targeted mutagenesis	Deliberate change in the genetic structure directed at a specific site on the chromosome
microelectrodes	Thin metallic tubes inserted into the brain and guided by stereotactic methods
kin discrimination	The ability to distinguish between related and unrelated individuals.
cystid	the exoskeleton and body wall of the stationary trunk of bryozoans
equatorial current	an ocean current which flows westerly near the equator
stabilizing selection	Selection that favors intermediate trait values.
key	a small, low coastal island or emergent reef of sand or coral; flat mound of sand and admixed coral fragments built upon a reef flat or just above high tide level
arborescent	having a large tree-like appearance
oceanic crust	that part of the Earth's crust underlying the ocean basins
endozooic	living inside an animal
surface heat flux	Process where heat energy is transferred into land and ocean surfaces on the Earth
venturi	An increase in the velocity of a fluid or gas due to the constriction of flow.
paresthesia	abnormal neurological sensations which include: numbness, tingling, burning, prickling and hyperesthesia (increased sensitivity); one possible symptom of ciguatera poisoning
frameshift mutation	A mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the following nucleotides into codons.
pressure gradient force	Force due to spatial differences in atmospheric pressure
papahanaumokuakea	Hawaiian name for the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument
follicle-stimulating hormone	A protein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the production of eggs by the ovaries and sperm by the testes.
ex situ conservation	the preservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats, e.g., in zoos, aquaria, botanic gardens and gene banks
dumb money	funding from investors who cannot provide additional benefits such as guidance or networking.
filter feeder	an organism that feeds by capturing particles suspended in the water column
adaxial	situated on the side of, or facing toward an axis
gastrodermis	the epithelial lining of the gastrovascular (digestive) cavity of cnidarians and ctenophores (comb jellies)
lcm	Laser Capture Microdissection conceived and first developed as a prototype research tool at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
stele	The vascular tissue of a stem or root
configuration	(in software) The complete ordering and description of all parts of a software or database system. Configuration management is the use of software to identify, inventory and maintain the component modules that together comprise one or more systems or products.
gular	of, relating to, or located on the throat
telson	the terminal joint or movable piece at the end of the abdomen of crustaceans; middle piece of the tail fan
taper	decrease, reduce
water column	the entire depth of a water body, from its surface to the bottom.
carboxyl group	The acidic -COOH functional group found in organic molecules.
allele	An allele is an alternative form of a nucleotide sequence, a gene or a locus in the genome
outer core	Outer region of the Earth's core
binomial nomenclature	Naming scheme for species in which there is a genus name and a species name.
calcariform	spur-like
modifier	In the strict sense, an allele that has no direct effect on fitness but does have some other effect on the genetic system that may be indirectly selected
subgular	below the throat
radioactive decay	Natural decay of the nucleus of an atom where alpha or beta particle and/or gamma rays are released at a fixed rate.
f	Failed Therapy
determinate growth	A type of growth characteristic of animals, in which the organism stops growing after it reaches a certain size.
yearling	a one-year-old individual in its second year of life
sciophilous	thriving in conditions of low light intensity
nucleus	a comparatively large structure found in all eukaryotic cells
aphorism	a concise statement of a general truth; a short pithy instructive saying
evanescent	short-lived; temporary; soon disappearing
self-pollination	The transfer of pollen from anther to stigma in the same flower or to another flower of the same plant, leading to self-fertilization.
energy	the capacity for doing work
cross reacting material	See CRM.
precipitation	any form of water that falls from the atmosphere to the surface of the earth, i.e., rain, snow, sleet, and hail
pollen	the grains that contain the male reproductive cells of a seed plant.
diuretic	Medicine that makes you urinate, sometimes called a "water pill"
viable	The ability of an organism to grow and divide.
charles law	under conditions of constant pressure and quantity, there is a direct relationship between the volume and absolute temperature for an ideal gas
weigle reactivation	The increased survival of phage after UV irradiation if they infect cells that have previously been exposed to a lose dose of UV
plate tectonics	The mechanism by which the plates that make up the surface of the Earth interact with one another, including the formation and subduction of oceanic crust.
tide	the periodic rising and falling of the water that results from the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun acting on the rotating earth
box plots	Box plots consist of boxes with a central line and two tails
shale	Fine grained sedimentary rock composed of lithified clay particles.
incorporated territory	equivalent to Territory, a United States insular area, of which only one territory exists currently, Palmyra Atoll, in which the United States Congress has applied the full corpus of the United States Constitution as it applies in the several States
palmate	hand-shaped
helical flow	Movement of water within a stream that occurs as spiral flows.
osmosis	The diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane down the water potential gradient (from areas of high water potential to areas of low water potential)
allele	One of two or more alternative forms of a gene
gigabyte	a measurement of storage space equal to a thousand megabytes
zoogenic	pertaining to changes caused by animals or their activities
in-laws	Related by marriage
cteniform	comb-shaped
dominance deviation	The difference between the trait value of a genotype and the value expected with no dominance.
tisler reef	a deep water Lophelia reef located in the Skagerrak, the submarine border between Norway and Sweden, at depths of 74 to 155 m
northern blot	A technique for analyzing mixtures of RNA, whereby the presence and rough size of one particular type of RNA (usually an mRNA) can be ascertained
low tide	the lowest level of the tide; the minimum height reached by each falling tide
acanthaceous	being armed with spines or other pointed projections
anastomose	a term that refers to coral branches which grow back together after the initial division
electrophoresis	The movement of particles in an electrical field
last_update	"Last_update" in the GO annotations page indicates the most recent date that information was entered into the database for a given locus.
darwin mounds	two areas of hundreds of sand and cold-water coral mounds at depths of about 1,000 m, in the northeast corner of the Rockall trough, approximately 185 km northwest of the northwest tip of Scotland
url	a website address, such as: www.coris.noaa.gov
resonance	literally means "to vibrate with"
ncrna	Short non-coding RNAs such as rRNA, scRNA, snTNA, snoRNA and miRNA are annotated by the Ensembl ncRNA pipeline (see article)
ctenophore	Member of a major animal phylum of solitary gelatinous marine animals commonly called comb jellies or sea gooseberries (phylum Ctenophora)
linkage disequilibrium	Departure from the predicted frequencies of multiple locus gamete types assuming alleles are randomly associated
selection differential	The difference in mean trait value between those that reproduce and the original population.
flaviviridae	a type of virus
stream flow	The flow of water in a river or stream channel.
aspergilliform	brush-shaped
ion	a positively or negatively charged atom produced through loss or gain of one or more electrons
coalesce	to come together so as to form one whole; to fuse
ylid	A compound in which adjacent, covalently-bonded atoms, both having an electronic octet, have opposite charges.
normalizer	Used in both absolute and relative quantification studies to normalize quantitative results of test samples in such a way that the data becomes biologically meaningful.
tripton	the nonliving particulate matter in bodies of water
bank reef	large reef growths, generally having irregular shape, which develop over submerged highs of tectonic or other origin and are surrounded by deeper waters
genotype	The structure of DNA that determines the expression of a trait (phenotype).
earthquake	Is a sudden motion or trembling in the Earth
density-gradient centrifugation	The separation, by centrifugation, of molecules according to their density, in a gradient varying in solute concentration.
mutation	a change in the number, arrangement, or molecular sequence of a gene.
adh	Abbreviation of antidiuretic hormone.
escarpment	a steep slope or long cliff that results from erosion or faulting and separates two relatively level areas of differing elevations
dentate	having teeth or tooth-like points; serrate
case	A case is the biological unit under study; for example, one soybean, one mouse or one human.
survivorship curve	A plot of the number of members of a cohort that are still alive at each age; one way to represent age-specific mortality.
makatea	a fossil coral reef
regression	a statistical technique used to establish the relationship of a dependent variable and one or more independent variables
h	Hairpin
suborder	a taxonomic group that is a subdivision of an order
data mining	using computers to analyze masses of information to discover trends and patterns.
ostracode	Any member of the crustacean class Ostracoda, which have a shrimp-like body in a bivalved shell
set	in mathematics, a collection of things without regard to their order
polyphen	A tool which predicts the variation effect on protein function based on physical and comparative considerations
ribosome	Particle composed of ribosomal RNAs
saturation	Atmospheric condition where water is changing its phase to liquid or solid
supine	Lying on the back
chronograph	an instrument for recording the moment of an event
neuropodium	a lobe of the parapodium closer to the ventral side in polychaete worms
diploid	Possessing two sets of chromosomes — that is, possessing a pair of each type of chromosome, with one member of the pair inherited maternally and one inherited paternally
double helix	These paired bases form the "rungs" on the spiraling DNA "ladder", and the bases in each pair are nearly always complementary to each other
independent variable	A variable that influences the measure of a second characteristic (the dependent variable).
species group	a group of species considered together, often because they are difficult to differentiate without detailed examination, e.g., very similar species; a group of closely related species; a superspecies
character state reconstruction	A method used to infer ancestral and derived character states and traits.
hydrothermal vent	a sea floor fissure from which a spring of geothermally heated mineral and gas rich seawater issues
acre	an area equal to 43,560 square feet or 4,046.87 square meters
counter shading	protective body coloration where the dorsal surface (above) is dark and the ventral surface (below) is lighter
neap tide	a tide that occurs when the difference between high and low tide is least; the lowest level of high tide
epipelagic zone	the surface layer of the ocean (also called the sunlight zone) which extends from the surface to 200 meters
symplesimorphy	A shared ancestral character state.
secchi depth	the depth at which a Secchi disk disappears from view as it is lowered in water Secchi disk a white disk 20-30 cm in diameter, used as a qualitative way of measuring water clarity
adanal	located near the anus
keyword	A keyword is a word identified as particularly informative about an object