Glossary extracted starting with automatic seeds, with BOW for the domain eng and language EN

remote	Remote electrical, gas, or water meter digital readouts that are installed near the front of the home in order for utility companies to easily read the home owners usage of the service.
artificial aging	An aging treatment above room temperature.
conversational programming	Method for using plain English to produce G-code file without knowing G-code in order to program CNC machines.
jominy	A hardenability test for steel to determine the depth of hardening obtainable by a specified heat treatment
oil stain	See Stains.
overheating	Process of heating a metal or alloy to such a high temperature that its original properties are impaired beyond restoration
peeling	A cutting process to produce a bright surface on, and remove surface defects from, round steel bar.
absorption	The process in which one substance permeates another; a fluid permeates or is dissolved by a liquid or solid
polished surface	The finish obtained by buffing with rouge or similar fine abrasive, resulting in a high gloss or polish.
surface grinding	Machining of a flat, angled or contoured surface by passing a workpiece beneath a grinding wheel in a plane parallel to the grinding wheel spindle
chrome	The indispensable ingredient of stainless steel, which requires a chrome content of at least 10.5%
drill pipe	Pipe used in the drilling of an oil or gas well
bar-in-coil	For convenience, light steel bars (up to 10 mm or a little heavier) whether round, square or hexagonal, are typically transported in coiled form, rather than in straight lengths.
analogue ouput	An analogue output is a continuous signal, from a transducer, given usually as a voltage or a current
die	The term die is most commonly used in
peak force	The point of maximum force.
truckload	In the United States the weight a truck can legally carry on the road – which is approximately 44,000 pounds
slack quenching	The process of hardening steel by quenching from the austenitizing temperature at a rate slower that the critical cooling rate for the particular steel resulting in incomplete hardening and the formation of one or more transformation products in addition to or instead of martensite.
charcoal iron	When moisture and volatile compounds in wood are driven off under pyrolysis (heating in the absence of oxygen) – the charcoal that is left is almost wholly carbon
deburring	A method whereby the raw slit edge of metal is removed by rolling or filing.
nosing	The projecting edge of a molding or drip or the front edge of a stair tread.
strip	A flat product, other than Flat Wire, up to and including 0.188" in thickness and generally furnished as follows:
alloying element	Element added to a metal to change its mechanical and/or physical properties.
brinell hardness	Arbitrary scale used to measure indentation hardness of steel representing kg/(mm^2).
inclusion	Steel impurity - most often an oxide or a sulphide - which can have a detrimental impact on mechanical properties
fusible alloy	Very low melting point alloy, e.g
finishing temperature	The temperature at which hot mechanical working of metal is completed.
buckle	A surface distortion of bulges and/ or hollows occurring along the length metal with otherwise flat edges.
esr	Electro slag refined
modulus of elasticity	(E) - The ratio of stress to strain when deformation is totally elastic; also the measure of stiffness of a material.
lamination or slivers	Imperfections aligned parallel to the surface of the sheet resulting from the presence of inclusions.
freecutting steels	Steels which have had additions made to improve machinability
floc	A tuft-like mass of particles formed in water treatment.
slab	A semi-finished steel product obtained by rolling ingots on a rolling mill or processed through a continuous caster and cut into various lengths
stress	Load on a specimen divided by the area through which it acts
duralumin	A term formerly applied to the class of age-hardened aluminum copper alloys containing manganese, magnesium, or silicon.
cold pressed	A paper surface with slight texture produced by pressing the finished sheet between cold cylinders.
caisson	a watertight, dry chamber in which people can work underwater
friction sawing	Sawing with a special band machine capable of achieving band velocities of 15,000 sfm or more
cyanide hardening	A process of introducing carbon and nitrogen into
shear plane	Plane along which the chip parts from the workpiece
foam	A polymer that has been made porous or spongelike by the incorporation of gas bubbles.
impeach	to charge (a public official) before a competent tribunal with misconduct in office
national	Futures Association – US self-regulatory organisation for the futures industry.
turpentine	A volatile oil used as a thinner in paints and as a solvent in varnishes
tensile strength	The value obtained by dividing the maximum load observed during tensile straining by the specimen cross-sectional area before straining
teco	Metal straps that are nailed and secure the roof rafters and trusses to the top horizontal wall plate
youngs modulus	see Modulus of elasticity
alloy	A substance having metallic properties composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal.
plate	Flat product which is usually thicker than 3 mm, mostly in a range of 5-80 mm (0.2 inch to 3 inch plus)
shaft furnace	A melting furnace used for direct reduction of iron and sometimes used for other metals.
grinding	A machining process:- (a) to shape components
drill center	A depression forged to aid the starting of a drill.
hyper-eutectoid steel	A steel that contains more than 0.83% carbon which with appropriate heat treatment consists of pearlite and cementite.
receptacle	An electrical outlet
flatness	The degree to which a surface of a flat product approaches a plane
chipping	One method of removing surface defects such as small fissures or seams from partially worked metal, If not eliminated, the defects might carry through to the finished material
tolerance limit	The permissible deviation from the desired value.
gamma iron	Face-centered cubic form of pure iron
fatigue	The effect on metal of repeated cycles of stress
nonmetallic luster	Luster that gives a substance the appearance of being made of something other than metal (e.g., glassy).
buster	A defect in metal produced by gas bubbles either on the surface or formed beneath the surface while the metal is hot or plastic
cancelled warrant	Cancelled warrants are important in that they represent the change in stockpiles of metal that may no longer be available at LME warehouses and is booked for removal or onward shipment
black tin	Mining term for cassiterite (tin ore).
alumina	Oxide of aluminium
midrex ®	Direct reduction process for converting iron ore into direct reduced iron (DRI) for iron and steelmaking
signature	A signature is a particular style or design element common to all the pieces by a designer.
abare	Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics
corrosion	Chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material, usually a metal, and its environment that produces a deterioration of the material and its properties.
plate	Carbon steel plate or flat rolled finish steel products within a size limitation.
shrink-fit toolholding	Method of holding a round-shank cutting tool in a toolholder
refractory brick	Heat-resistant brick
landfill gas	Gas that is generated by decomposition of organic material at landfill disposal sites.
vega	Denotes changes in the value of an option as influenced by volatility in the relevant market.
shaper tool	Single-point tool that traverses the workpiece in a reciprocating fashion to machine a desired shape.
taconite	A natural mineral containing less than 30% iron that is the primary ore used in blast furnaces.
grinding	A machining process:- (a) to shape components that are too hard to be machined by conventional methods such as hardened tool steels and case or induction hardened components
nickel	A slightly magnetic metal of medium hardness and high degree of ductility and malleability and resistance to chemical and atmospheric corrosion that is commonly used for electroplating or as an alloying agent.
zdt	Measures the internal fiber bond strength (z-direction tensile strength) of paperboard using an instrument that subjects a normal separation force to a 6.45-cm2 (1-in.2) specimen
nearby	A date/contract that is relatively close to the cash/spot/expiry date.
straddle	The simultaneous purchase (or sometimes sale) of put and call options at the same strike price
energy demand	The requirement for energy as an input to provide products and/or services.
weft	Yarns running across the fabric.
radiation	Energy transmitted from a heat source to the air around it
pci	Pulverised coal injection, a technique making it possible to use a proportion of non-metallurgical coal directly in a blast furnace, as a substitute for some of the more expensive coke providing the main source of reducing gas.
stretch reduction	Property of absorbing considerable energy before fracture; usually represented by the area under stress-strain curve, involving both ductility and strength.
pass	In a rolling mill one pass is equivalent to one individual reduction in gauge of the entire coil being processed
torsional modulus	AKA torsional modulus of elasticity, it is usually equal to the shear modulus. It is the modulus of elasticity of a material subjected to a twisting force.
scarfing	The cutting out of surface defects on steel with the use.
maraging	A process of improving the mechanical strength of certain ferrous alloys
quenching	Cooling rapidly by immersion in oil, water, etc.
notched bar	An ingot which has several deep notches along its length to enable it to be broken and allow precise amounts of metal or alloy to be added to the melt.
killed steel	Steel deoxidized with an agent such as silicon or aluminum to reduce the free oxygen content so that no harmful reaction occurs between carbon and oxygen during solidification.
finish feed	Feeding in small increments for finishing the part.
secondary hardness	An increase in hardness which sometimes occurs when hardened steel is re-heated
drawback	The refund of customs import duty on the re-export of the goods or export of products made from them.
melting point	The temperature at which a solid begins to melt.
ferritic stainless steels	The designation used for certain high chromium content steels that exhibit microstructures consisting mainly of ferrite at ordinary temperatures
tensile strength	A measurement of the maximum load per unit a steel test piece will achieve before fracturing.
carbide	A compound of carbon with one or more metallic elements.
galvanizing	Coating steel with zinc and tin (principally zinc) for rust-proofing purposes
whirl gate	Gating system in which the metal enters a circular reservoir at a tangent, and so whirls around, leaving dirt and slag behind before passing into the mold cavity.
beryllium copper	An alloy of copper and 2%-3% beryllium with nickel or cobalt, which shows remarkable age-hardening properties and good electrical conductivity; often used in electrical switches and springs.
upbound	from the Atlantic Ocean
hot dip	In steel mill practice, a process whereby ferrous alloy base metals are dipped into molten metal, usually zinc, tin, or terne, for the purpose of fixing a rust-resistant coating.
volatility	The propensity of a market or price to fluctuate widely and/or suddenly
tolerances	The amount of variation permitted on
energy services companies	ESCOs would be created in a deregulated, openly competitive electric marketplace. The Energy Services industry would be made up of power aggregators, power marketers and brokers, whose job is to match buyers and sellers, tailor both physical and financial instruments to suit the needs of particular customers, and to allow even the smallest residential customers to form buying groups or cooperatives that will give them the same bargaining power as large industrial customers.
high strength steels	Sheet steel calling for higher strength levels – usually customers order High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) in this category
seamless pipe	Method of manufacturing pipe where a billet is pierced and rolled over a mandrel to create a pipe with no longitudinal seam.
random lengths	Long products (bar, tube) supplied in lengths as they come off the mill
machinability rating	A relative measure of the machinability of a metallic work material under specified standard conditions
non magnetic steels	Austenitic steels such as the 14% manganese steels and the 303 type 18/8% chromium-nickel stainless steels.
blue brittleness	Brittlenesss exhibited by some steels after being heated to some temperature within the range of 300° to 650°F, and more especially if the steel is worked at the elevated temperature
imperfection	An anomaly in the pipe that will not result in pipe failure at pressures below those that produce nominal hoop stresses equal to the specified minimum yield stress of the pipe material.
trepanning	Type of boring that includes creating an inner diameter into a solid piece making a leftover core.
buffing	A mechanical finishing operation in which fine abrasives are applied to a metal surface by rotating fabric wheels for the purpose of developing a lustrous finish.
basis	(i) Jargon term for the difference between a futures price and the price of the underlying asset
stress relieving	A process of reducing residual stresses in a metal object by heating the object to a suitable temperature and holding for a sufficient time
joule	The SI derived unit of work, energy and heat
co22	Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change
tin	When present in steel it is an undesirable
broker	One who puts buyer and seller in touch with one another for a fee
malleability	The property that determines the ease of deforming a metal when the metal is subjected to rolling or hammering.
a.w.w.a.	American Water Works Association
steelworks	A plant melting iron and/or scrap to make steel
button cutter	Round insert that is able to spread the stresses generated by the cutting forces over a larger area than other insert shapes
abrasion	A roughening or scratching of a surface due to abrasive wear. On aluminum parts, also known as a rub mark or traffic mark.
blowhole	A hole produced during the solidification of metal by evolved gas which, in failing to escape, is held in the metal.
barrel finishing	Mass finishing process that involves low-pressure abrasion resulting from tumbling workpieces in a barrel (usually of hexagonal or octagonal cross section) together with an abrasive slurry
bend test	Tests used to determine steel ductility during which steel is bent either with or against the grain.
drawn over mandrel	Method of manufacturing pipe or tube where skelp is pulled over a mandrel to create pipe with extremely tight tolerances.
splash block	Portable concrete (or vinyl) channel generally placed beneath an exterior sill cock (water faucet) or downspout in order to receive roof drainage from downspouts and to divert it away from the building.
intangible transition charge	The amounts on all customer bills, collected by the electric utility to recover transition bond expenses.
scaling	The formation, at high temperatures, of thick oxidation product layers on a metal’s surface.
cast alloys	Alloys cast from the molten state
red shortness	See "Hot Shortness."
lap	A surface imperfection with the appearance of a seam, usually caused by hot metal fins or sharp corners being folded over and rolled or forged into the surfaces, without being welded.
ferrochrome	A common raw material in stainless steel production
snowpack	a seasonal accumulation of slow-melting packed snow See also: Compare Great Lakes Snow Melt: 1997-2000
special smooth i.d.	See Electric Resistance Welding Tubing.
block and tackle	A combination of two or more pulleys and a rope
mechanical properties	Properties of a material that reveal its elastic and inelastic behavior when force is applied, thereby indicating its suitability for mechanical applications; for example, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, elongation, hardness and fatigue limit.
work hardened steel	Steel which has undergone an enlarged amount of mechanical resistance.
eutrophication	the process by which a body of water becomes enriched in dissolved nutrients (as phosphates) that stimulate the growth of aquatic plant life usually resulting in the depletion of dissolved oxygen
warp	Yarns running along the length of the fabric.
recessing	A turning operation in which a groove is produced on the periphery or inside a hole of a workpiece
double extra heavy	Scheduled pipe size describing wall thickness relative to outside diameter
martensite	Formed during rapid cooling of austenite at the temperature rate higher than 500º F (260º C) per second
forging	The compression of a metal form to create a desired shape.
scale	The oxide that forms on the surface of stainless steel, after exposure to high temperature.
cobalt	An alloying element used in tool, magnet and heat resisting steels
air tabling	A process for sorting scrap from waste
blank	A piece from any wrought product intended for subsequent fabrication by such operations as forming, bending, cupping, drawing, and hot pressing.
spec	Specification
austenite	The solid solution of carbon in gamma (face centered cubic) iron.
sheared edges	The edges resulting from press shearing to final width and length
wheel flange	Metal plate inside the grinding-wheel hole that allows the wheel to be mounted on a spindle.
austenitic	A major class of alloy steel, especially stainless
square sheared metal	See Resquared Metal.
laurentian mountains	A mountain range located in southern Québec, north of the St
mid-weld	Often referred to as a -splice-, this is a method for connecting pieces of pipe where two ends of pipe are welded together to form a longer length of pipe.
hot rolled erw tubing	As welded electric resistance welded tubing made from hot rolled strip or sheet.
tare	To automatically subtract either the weight of a container, fixture or specimen, or the residual force being exerted by the specimen
toll processing	The act of third party processing (slitting, leveling, blanking, shearing, sawing, etc.) which is done for a fee.
hysteresis	When a material is cycled from zero stress to a peak stress and then back to zero again, the stress/strain curve follows a closed loop. This is because the material does not have perfect elasticity and is slightly stretched on the ‘up' stroke. The maximum difference between stress on the upward and downward strokes of the cycle is quoted as the hysteresis, normally in terms of %FSD.
powder metallurgy	A method of producing components by pressing or
cold sinking	Similar to cold drawing, except that the tube is drawn through a die, but without an internal mandrel, Usually used only for making heavy wall or small tubing, where drawing over a mandrel is impractical
specialty steel	Expression mainly used in USA to refer to higher-specification alloy steels.
boring head	Single- or multiple-point precision tool used to bring an existing hole within dimensional tolerance
sublime	A material which readily passes from the solid to the gaseous state without going through the liquid phase is said to sublime.
compressive strength	The maximum compressive stress that a material is capable of developing based on original area of cross section
light matte finish	Cold Rolled surface which has a profilometer range of 20-40 micro-inches
seam	On the surface of metal
house account	A proprietary trade by a futures broker (i.e
freight equalization	A common industry practice when a mill sells steel outside its geographic area; it will assume any extra shipping costs (relative to the competition) to quote the customer an equivalent price to get the business.
coils	Coiled flat sheet or strip metal- usually one continuous piece or length.
metric ton	Also called tonne, weighing 1,000kg or 2204.6 lb
air temperature profile	a record of the fluctuation of air temperature in the same location over a period of time.
aime	American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers.
basis	(i) The listed or starting point of a product price, from which discounts are deducted or extras and surcharges are added
rolling	A term applied to the operation of shaping and reducing metal in thickness by passing it between rolls which compress, shape and lengthen it following the roll pattern.
electrolyte	See electrolysis.
hyper-eutectoid	A steel that contains more than 0.83% carbon which
inclusion	Particles of impurities (usually oxides, sulfides, silicates, etc.) that are held mechanically or are formed during the solidification or by subsequent reaction within the solid metal.
symmetrical	The same shape on either side of a plane or line.
relief valve	A device designed to open if it detects excess temperature or pressure.
bevel	The angle formed between the prepared edge of the end of the pipe and a plane perpendicular to the surface of the member
hedge	To offset a position in one market with an equal and opposite position in another market
skelp	A piece or strip of metal produced to a suitable thickness, width and edge configuration, from which welded pipe or tube is made.
annealing	A process involving heating and cooling designed to effect: (1) softening of a cold worked structure by recrystallization or grain growth or both; (2) softening of an age hardened alloy by causing a nearly complete precipitation of the second phase in relatively coarse form; (3) softening of certain hardenable alloys by dissolving the second phase and cooling rapidly enough to obtain a supersaturated solution; (4) relief of residual stress.
intermediate annealing	An annealing treatment given to wrought metals following cold work hardening for the purpose of softening prior to further cold-working.
air hardening steel	Alloy steel that may be hardened by cooling in air from a temperature above the transformation range.
photovoltaic and solar thermal	Energy (as used at electric utilities) Energy radiated by the sun as electromagnetic waves (electromagnetic radiation) that is converted at electric utilities into electricity by means of solar (photovoltaic) cells or concentrating (focusing) collectors.
wiper	Metal-removing edge on the face of a cutter that travels in a plane perpendicular to the axis
abandon	If an option is not declared and exercised, it is abandoned.
aga	American Gas Association
hafnium	An exotic alloy usually obtained as a by-product of zirconium production with outstanding corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties
light-gauge stainless steel	A very thin sheet of stainless steel that has either been temper rolled or passed through a cold reduction mill.
wbms	World Bureau of Metal Statistics
sanitary sewer	A sewer system designed for the collection of waste water from the bathroom, kitchen and laundry drains, and is usually not designed to handle storm water.
open hearth furnace	Developed in the middle of the last century, the
continuous hot rolled plate	Heavy gauge coil from a continuous hot rolling line can be used as a substitute for discrete plate in some applications
planing	Machining operation that creates flat surfaces
process control	Method of monitoring a process
pig iron	(1) High-carbon iron made by reduction of iron ore in the blast furnace
open hearth furnace	A broad, shallow hearth to refine pig iron and scrap into steel
stainless steel	Highly alloyed steel grades giving good resistance to corrosion and oxidation.
heat treatment	A process where solid steel or components
precision grinding	The method of finishing steel plate by removing the surface with a surface grinding machine, to achieve tight tolerances
ldpe	Low Density Polyethylene resins range from 0.910 to 0.925 g/cm3 density
h1 steel	H1 steel is a stainless steel that is precipitation-hardened and contains nitrogen instead of carbon, which cannot rust.
orange peel	A pebble-grain surface which develops in forming of metals having coarse grains.
double option	An option – sometimes known as a straddle – which gives the buyer or taker of the option the right either to buy from or sell to the seller (or grantor) of the option at the basis price.
black dry	Term associated with pipe surface whereby the pipe will not only be coated with mill spray oil and all grease spots and cutting oil will be removed by washing.
low carbon stainless steel	Stainless steel containing less than 0.03% carbon.
through-hole	Hole or cavity cut in a solid shape that connects with other holes or extends all the way through the workpiece.
quenching	In the heat treating of metals, the step of cooling metals rapidly in order to obtain desired properties; most commonly accomplished by immersing the metal in oil or water
bichromate dipped finish	See “FINISH”
hair line seam	See "Seam."
skylight	A more or less horizontal window located on the roof of a building.
marine store dealer	The first operator on the scrap collection chain who has premises.
loading	In grinding, the wheel's tendency to accumulate workpiece material between its abrasive points
clerk	An assistant to an LME Ring dealer
hardening	Any process for increasing the hardness of metal by suitable treatment, usually involving heating and cooling.
casing	Casing is the structural retainer for the walls of oil and gas wells, and accounts for 75% (by weight) of OCTG shipments
bessemer process	A method of producing steel, first introduced in the last century, where air is blown under pressure through molten iron to remove the impurities by oxidation
tungsten carbide	A compound of tungsten and carbon, it is frequently imbedded in soft metals, such as cobalt.
blast furnace	A traditional iron-making furnace in the form of a tall column; a mixture of iron ore (which consists predominantly of oxides of iron), coke and small quantities of other materials is added continuously from the top of the column
geothermal energy	Energy that is generated by converting hot water or steam from deep beneath the Earth's surface into electricity.
ingot	A cast metal shape suitable for subsequent rolling or forging
saturated felt	A felt which is impregnated with tar or asphalt.
included angle	Measurement of the total angle within the interior of a workpiece or the angle between any two intersecting lines or surfaces.
proportional limit	The largest value of the stress for which Hooke's law can be used for a given material
residual stress	The stress which exists in an elastic solid body
centrifuge	Filtering device that uses a spinning bowl and the differences in specific gravities of materials to separate one from another
deferred cost	An expenditure not recognized as a cost of operation of the period in which incurred, but carried forward to be written off in future periods.
minimum load	The lowest load in a specific test or application. This is not necessarily zero load, but includes the weight of any fixtures which are attached plus any intentional pre-load which is applied.
gundrill	A type of drill used for deep hole drilling, usually having multiple flutes and coolant passages through the drill body enabling drill holes up to 120" long.
elongation	A test to measure the ductility of steel
abrasion-resistant steels	A family of steel products developed for those applications involved in sliding and/or impact abrasion.
non destructive testing	Those forms of testing that do not result in permanent damage or deformation to the part being tested
denier	Unit of Linear density equal to the mass in grams per 9,000 meters of yarn.
iron	The term iron refers to the chemical element iron or pure iron and is the chief constituent of all commercial iron and steel.
oxy-acetylene welding	A process for joining two pieces of metal in which
ferrous	Any steel, metal or alloy which is primarily made up of iron.
basic steel	Steel melted in a furnace with a basic bottom and lining and under a slag containing an excess of a basic substance such as a magnesia or lime.
gill nets	a flat net suspended vertically in the water with meshes that allow the head of a fish to pass but entangle it at withdrawal; invented circa 800 A.D
straits	a narrow passageway (usually narrow) connecting two large bodies of water
chrysolite	This term has created some confusion
center drilling	Drilling tapered holes for mounting workpiece between centers
cup fracture	A type of fracture in a tensile test specimen which looks like a cup having the exterior portion extended with the interior slightly depressed.
sheet metal work	All components of a house employing sheet metal, such as flashing, gutters, and downspouts.
hardening	Increasing the hardness by suitable treatment, usually involving heating and cooling.
tramp oil	Oil that is present in a metalworking fluid mix that is not from the product concentrate
wire nut	A plastic device (screw-cap) used to connect bare wires together.
mill edge	The edge of strip, sheet or plate in the as rolled state
bi	Chemical symbol for Bismuth
wire: drawn and/or rolled	The broad range of products produced by cold reducing hot-rolled steel through a die or series of dies, or through rolls to improve surface finish, dimensional accuracy and physical properties.
niobium	Chemical symbol Nb – often used in high-strength low-alloy steels for increased yield and tensile strength. Note: Columbium (Cb) was replaced by Niobium (Nb).
overfill	A defect in a rolled bar or other section which is an over-fullness on some part of the surface. Among the causes are worn rolls and extrusion into the clearance of the rolls.
triple spot test	A process for measuring the coating weight on coated sheet (galvanized, Galvalume, etc.) by taking three samples – one each 2 inches in from the edge and one dead center and then obtaining the average which determines the result (in simple terms it is the way to officially decide the actual coating weight on sheet steel).
face plate	Flat, round workholder with slots used to hold regular- or irregular-shaped stock
earthy luster	A luster giving a substance the appearance of unglazed pottery.
toolroom lathe	High-precision lathe built to hold tighter tolerances than regular, general-purpose lathes can hold
abrasive-wire bandsawing	Variation of bandsawing that uses a small-diameter wire with diamond, cubic boron nitride or aluminum-oxide abrasives bonded to the surface as the cutting blade
recarburizing	1
sheet	A flat rolled product up to and including 0.188" in thickness and over 20" in width.
incidental elements	Small quantities of non-specified elements commonly introduced into product from the use of scrap metal with the raw materials.
bi-metal	The result of the fusion – usually under pressure and heat – of strips of two different metals or alloys
cis	Commonwealth of Independent States.
stiction	Aka Static Friction.
modulus of rigidity	Ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain for shear stress below the proportional limit of the material
matrix	The mass or principal constituent (e.g
zurcon	A type of material used to make guide rings, wear rings, bearings or seals.
bioaccumulate	The net accumulation of a contaminant in an organism from all sources, including air, water and food
amv	Ammonium metavanadate
tests	1) Bend - A test sometimes made to indicate ductility or bending quality by bending a suitable specimen about a predetermined radius through a predetermined angle.
chromium	A hard, grayish white and corrosions resistant metal widely used as an alloying element is steel and for plating steel products.
alpha-beta brass	A series of copper-zinc alloys containing approximately 55% to 63% copper and the remainder mostly, if not all, zinc and composed of crystals or grains of both the alpha and the beta phases.
inclusions	Non-metallic materials (such as oxides, sulfides or silicates) in steel as cast.
efficiency	The ratio between the work input and work output, mechanical advantage divided by velocity ratio
backoff	Rapid withdrawal of the tool from the workpiece.
hard temper	See Temper.
sash balance	A device, usually operated by a spring and designed to hold a single hung window vent up and in place.
fault	a crack in the earth's crust where earthquakes often occur
closure torque testing	The act of measuring the turning force required to either apply or remove a closure on a container.
biwa pearl	The Biwa pearl was introduced in the 1930's and originally came only from Lake Biwa in Japan
nitriding	A process of case-hardening steels of appropriate composition with nitrogen to give superior results to case hardening with heat alone.
continuous annealing	The process where coils are unwound and run continuously through an annealing furnace at prescribed speeds and softening temperatures.
sand float finish	Lime that is mixed with sand, resulting in a textured finish on a wall.
roller straightening	A process involving a series of staggered rolls of small diameter, between which rod, tubing and shapes are passed for the purpose of straightening
bright drawn steel	Long products such as bar are sometimes drawn after rolling to achieve greater dimensional accuracy and a bright finish.
bur	Tool-condition problem characterized by the adhesion of small particles of workpiece material to the cutting edge during chip removal.
shale	a fossil rock that is formed by the consolidation of clay, mud, or silt, has a finely layered structure, and is composed of minerals essentially unaltered since deposition
fiber reinforcement	Strengthening or reinforcing of a relatively weak material by embedding a strong fiber phase within the weak material matrix.
kerb session	Trading session at the LME when all metals can be traded simultaneously
notch brittleness	Susceptibility of a material to brittle fracture at points of stress concentration.
dual phase steels	Carbon or stainless steel designed to be ductile enough for deep drawing but having superior strength thereafter.
burnishing	Finishing method by means of compressing or cold-working the workpiece surface with carbide rollers called burnishing rolls or burnishers.
i-beam	The shape the mouse pointer assumes when placed over text; the pointer arrow changes into an I-beam
end percentage	The allowance made for loss of rod ends.
gloss	The property of a surface related to its ability to reflect light.
quench cracking	Cracking resulting from stresses produced during the austenite to martensite transformation during heat treating (quench and tempering)
sewage	human and animal waste matter carried off by sewers
mushroom	The unacceptable occurrence when the top of a caisson concrete pier spreads out and hardens to become wider than the foundation wall thickness.
finish	The condition of the surface of the product, produced by normal or special mill procedures
reversing mill	A reversing mill is used to reduce material to gauge
spelter	Obsolete trade name for zinc
gauge	1) The instrument used to measure thickness or diameter
shaft furnace	A melting furnace classically used (i) for continuous melting of copper cathode as the first stage in the continuous casting and rolling of wire rod; (ii) for direct reduction of iron; (iii) sometimes used for other metals.
open interest	The cumulative number of contracts which have not been closed out or expired and therefore remain outstanding
open dies	Metal is not confined.
hydroforming	Innovative forming method in which pressurized fluid is used to form metal in a closed die
unkilled steel	Steel which has been insufficiently deoxidised and evolves gas during solidification with the formation of blow-holes.
endurance limit	The maximum stress that a metal will withstand without failure during a specified large number of cycles of stress
hdpe	High Density Polyethylene resins range from 0.941 to 0.965 g/cm3 density
soaking	Holding steel at a a predetermined temperature for a sufficient time to assure heat penetration and/or to complete the solution of carbides.
cyclical	repeating itself in some manner in space or time; following a cycle
rod mill	(1) A mill for fine grinding, somewhat similar to the ball mill, but employing long steel rods instead of balls as the grinding medium
cantilever	a projecting structure supported only at one end, like a shelf bracket or a diving board
silicon	An element that is present in all steels; known for high electrical resistance.
gauge plate	An alloy tool steel supplied in flat and square
high polymer	A solid polymeric material having a molecular weight greater than about 10,000 g/mol.
sulphur	Generally regarded as an impurity in steel as it can have detrimental effects on strength, ductility and weldability as well as producing hot and cold shortness
heat treatment definition	A combination of heating and cooling operations applied to metals and alloys in the solid state to obtain desired conditions or properties.
facing	Preliminary "cleanup" operation that provides a true reference surface before beginning another operation.
potential energy	Energy resulting from the position of a body
trifunctional mer	designating mer units that have three active bonding positions.
mild carbon steel	sheet steel usually with a carbon content between 0.005-0.010.
brinell hardness test	A test to determine the hardness of steel
traded option	An option contract based on standardised terms which can be traded to third parties or on an Exchange
foil	A term often applied to a thin flat rolled section usually 0.005" or less in thickness.
roughness	Irregularities on the surface of a workpiece caused by production process
debur	Process where the sharp edges (or Burr) are removed or reduced from the edge of a slit or cut edge of sheet steel.
arc weld	Welding technique where by an electronic arc creates heat to melt and fuse to pieces of metal together.
single random length	Pipe lengths ranging from 17- - 24-
eutectoid steel	Carbon steel with a 100 per cent pearlitic structure, which is the structure developed under normal conditions of hot working and cooling when the proportion of carbon is about .80 per cent
molybdenum	A strong carbide forming alloying element in steel
dividing head	Attaches to a milling-machine table and precisely indexes the workpiece
flex cracking	A cracking condition of the surface of rubber articles such as tires and footwear, resulting from constantly repeated bending or flexing in service
lap	A surface defect appearing in a seam, caused by the folding over of hot metal, fins, or sharp corners and by subsequent rolling for forging (but not welding) of these into the surface
hardenability	The property that determines the depth and
briquette	(i) In ferro-alloys a briquette is a granular form of the alloy held together with a binder and contains an exact amount of the alloying metal
otc	Over The Counter
whiskers	Thin hair-like growths on metal that are barely
blank	A processed steel sheet with highly restrictive width, length and diagonal tolerances.
transcrystalline	A term usually applied to a type of crack that passes through the grains as opposed to one that follows the grain boundaries.
credit	(i) The tolerance extended by a seller to the buyer for the time he takes to settle invoices
forging range	Temperature range within which the slug cut from wrought material should be heated to give optimum forging conditions.
springback	Condition that occurs when a flat-rolled metal or alloy is cold-worked; upon release of the forming force, the material has a tendency to partially return to its original shape because of the elastic recovery of the material
black bare	Term associated with pipe surface whereby the pipe will not be coated with mill spray oil and grease spots and cutting oil will not be removed.
bull position	One where the trader has bought metal with a view to selling it later after prices have risen to higher levels (i.e
stress	The internal reaction within a specimen to an externally applied load
loaded u-cups	Same as loaded lip seals
orange peel effect	An effect that arises on the surface of steel sheets when they are stretched beyond their elastic limit.
bark	Decaburized skin found just beneath the scale.
buffed surface finish	See Finish.
colour gamut	The entire range of colours that can be reproduced by a particular printer or display
hooke’s law	This states that “within the limits of elasticity the strain produced by a stress of any one kind is proportional to the stress”
hot top	See "Sinkhead."
patent leveling	See Straightening and Flattening.
scleroscope hardness	A method for measuring the hardness of metals; a diamond-pointed hammer is dropped from a fixed distance through a tube onto the smoothed metal surface and the rebound is measured
yield strength	The stress at which a material takes a permanent change in configuration
soaking	Prolonged holding of a metal at a selected temperature to homogenize its structure or composition.
incentive	A rebate or some form of payment used to encourage people to implement a given demand-side management (DSM) technology. The incentive is calculated as the amount of the technology costs that must be paid by the utility for the participant test to equal one and achieve the desired benefit/cost ratio to drive the market.
weatherization	Work on a building exterior in order to reduce energy consumption for heating or cooling
initial margin	The minimum amount of margin that a buyer or seller must place with the clearing house when a futures market position is opened
surface texture	Repetitive or random deviations from the nominal surface, which form 3-D topography of the surface
chromium	Chromium is a hard, malleable, glossy, gray, chemical element with an atomic weight of 24
p	Chemical symbol for Phosphorus.
arch bridge	a curved structure that converts the downward force of its own weight, and of any weight pressing down on top of it, into an outward force along its sides and base
noble metals	Metals such as gold, silver and platinum which are resistant to corrosion by all but the most powerful acids.
riviére necklace	Sleek and alluring, the rivière necklace is a long necklace style covered with a single strand of gemstones, usually diamonds.
pathogens	Disease-causing organisms.
construction manager	a person who coordinates the entire construction process -- from initial planning and foundation work through the structure's completion
warpage	Deformation other than contraction that develops in a casting between solidification and room temperature; also, distortion occurring during annealing, stress relieving, and high-temperature service.
call option	See option.
grain size	A measure of the size of individual metallic crystals usually expressed as an average
compression	The application of a force, the end result of which is to reduce the sample height. Applying pressure to a sample in order to deform or flatten it.
type 430 stainless steel	The most widely used ferritic (plain chromium stainless category) stainless steel, offering general-purpose corrosion resistance, often in decorative applications.
meehanite	A trade name applied to a certain type of cast
nitrogen	Nitrogen is a gas that forms approximately 79% by volume or 77% by weight of the atmosphere
dislocation	A discontinuity in the crystal lattice of a metal
bear spread	An option spread of either puts or calls whereby the holder of the position benefits when prices fall.
cold working	Mechanical deformation of a metal at temperatures below its recrystallization temperature.
interstitial-free	Interstitial-free (IF) steels have few solute interstitial elements, such as carbon and nitrogen
shuttle mechanism	Mechanism typically used to feed parts into an assembly machine in a back-and-forth motion, inserting a part at the end of each stroke.
finish	In the steel industry, refers to the type of surface condition desired or existing in the finished product.
drawing	The process of pulling metal wire, rods, or bars
draught	The depth of water necessary for a vessel to float without fouling the bottom.
light metal	One of the low-density metals such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium, beryllium, or their alloys.
incremental energy costs	The additional cost of producing and/or transmitting electric energy above some previously determined base cost.
hot isostatic pressing	Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) takes various forms:
septic system	An on site waste water treatment system
re-crystallisation	The re-arrangement of crystals in cold worked
expiration date	The date at which the buyer's rights under an option contract expire unless declared
eddy current testing	Non destructive testing method in which eddy current flow is induced in the test object
epoxy paint	paint with resin added that enables it to bond better to surfaces.
cementite	An iron carbide (Fe3C) constituent of steel
gas carburising	A heat treatment method used in the case- hardening of steel
hard chromium	Chromium deposited for engineering purposes, such as increasing the wear resistance of sliding metal surfaces, rather than as a decorative coating
discrete plate	Plate produced to size, usually in a reversing mill
die casting	Casting a non-ferrous metal (usually zinc or aluminium) into a closed steel die either by gravity pouring (gravity die casting) or injection under pressure (pressure die casting)
aging	In a metal or alloy, a change in properties that generally occurs slowly at room temperature and more rapidly at higher temperatures.
shear force	Also known as shearing force
etalon	a specialist term used in calibration for a measuring instrument, a measurement standard or a material measure
seam	On the surface of metal, an unwelded fold or lap which appears as a crack, usually resulting from a defect obtained in casting or in working.
rockwell hardness	Arbitrary scale used to measure indentation hardness of steel sub-categorized into three divisions (A, B, and C) relative to the softness of the steel.
black	Term associated with pipe surface
degradation	A term used to note the deteriorative process that occurs with polymeric materials
cladding	Application of a stainless steel coating to lower-alloy steel by means of pouring, welding, or coating to increase corrosion resistance at a lower cost than using steel exclusively.
sampling	Where a large tonnage of ore, metal or scrap requires assaying, perhaps at the port, representative samples must first be taken from the bulk
hardening	[botany] Hardening in botany is the process by which an individual plant becomes tolerant to the effects of freezing during a period of weeks to months
buying hedge	A hedge transaction involving the purchase of a futures contract to offset a short physical position and the risk of a rise in the metal price
chopping	Cable chopping or granulation is a process of preparing scrap cable without burning
mfl	An inspection technique in which a magnetic field is applied to a pipe section and measurements are taken of the magnetic flux density at the pipe surface
nonmetallic inclusions	Impurities held in metals mechanically during solidification or formed by reactions in the solid state.
fee	Sum of money paid for each transaction, either to an exchange or to a broker.
cold drawing	The process is effected without the metal being first heated to high temperatures
tempering	The segment of the continuous annealing process following the high temperature soak and quench
nap	Notional Average Price on the LME
notch sensitivity	A measure of the reduction in strength of a metal caused by the presence of stress concentration.
ultimate stress	This is a material property that indicates the maximum stress the material has been observed to sustain.
cold rolling	The rolling treatment for hot rolled coil that reduces the thickness of coil to the exact final desired dimensions, which can be as fine as 0.35mm (0.014inch)
credit risk	The risk a debtor will default by failing to repay principal.
chromium carbide	One of a number of compounds of chromium and carbon, with or without limited amounts of other metallic elements when occurring in steel, appearing as separated phase in chromium steels and stainless steels.
cut-to-length	Process to uncoil sections of flat-rolled stainless steel and cut them into a desired length
flat-rolled steel	Category of steel that includes sheet, strip, and tin plate, among others
sedimentary rock	rock formed from rock types that have weathered, cemented, and/or squeezed together
iso	International Standardization Organization, a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
flow rate	volume of gas or liquid flow per unit of time.
hsla	High strength low alloy
elevated temperature drawing	A process of drawing steel bars at elevated temperatures (normally 250-300oC) which under optimum conditions produce steels that have higher tensile and yield strengths than those cold drawn with the same degree of reduction
arbitrage	The simultaneous purchase and sale of similar assets in different markets to profit from a price discrepancy.
short ton	A ton of 2,000 lb, mostly used in the USA
aws	Abbreviation for American Welding Society.
semi-finished stainless steel	Stainless steel products such as blooms, billets, or slabs that are then rolled and processed into beams, bars, sheets, etc.
precipitation heat treatment	Any of the various aging treatments conducted at high temperature to improve mechanical properties.
cold working	Permanent deformation of a metal below its recrystallization temperature, which hardens the metal.
large diameter pipe	Definition in size terms varies but trade and other statistics frequently define large diameter pipe as over 16 inches (or 406.4mm) in diameter
yield point elongation	Refers to the non-uniform elongation of steel and the resulting susceptibility to strain lines (resembling cross-breaks)
tolerance	Minimum and maximum amount a workpiece dimension is allowed to vary from a set standard and still be acceptable.
os	Chemical symbol for Osmium
catalyst	A substance which has the capability of initiating or accelerating the speed of a reaction between two or more substances when introduced into their presence, normally in small quantities.
black pipe	Denotes lacquered OD finish (as opposed to bare or galvanized)
polymeric coating	paint made with polymers that provide superior adherence and protection from heat, chemicals, salt, and moisture.
coolant	Fluid that reduces temperature buildup at the tool/workpiece interface during machining
syndiotactic	A type of polymer chain configuration in which side groups regularly alternate positions on opposite sides of the chain.
color	Color is the most important aspect of a gemstone
crusher	As-mined rock is crushed to progressively smaller sizes on its way to milling and flotation
coating weight	The thickness of the zinc and or aluminum applied to the base substrate (hot rolled or cold rolled) in Galvanized, Electro-Galvanized, Aluminized and Galvalume sheet steel
warrant	Bearer document
film strength	Relative ability of a fluid to form a film between workpiece and tool, under the influence of temperature and pressure, to prevent metal-to-metal contact
counterboring	Enlarging one end of a drilled hole
fatigue strength	The maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without failure, the stress being completely reveresed within each cycle unless otherwise stated.
carat	Carat is a metric unit of weight used for precious gemstones
impact extrusion	The formation of a tubular closure by the rapid application of force through a punch on a metal blank, the metal flowing up around the punch to form the tubular section.
irrigation	to supply the land with water by artificial means
sulfur	A nonmetal element that is frequently found as a contaminant in steel
tamper-evident closure	A closure or liner system incorporating a feature that visually indicates if the closure has been removed or the product has been exposed
defect	A departure of any quality characteristic from its intended (usually specified) level that is severe enough to cause the product or service to not fulfill its anticipated function
warm working	Plastically deforming metal above room temperature but below the temperature at which the material undergoes recrystallization.
underlayment	A 1/4" material placed over the subfloor plywood sheeting and under finish coverings, such as vinyl flooring, to provide a smooth, even surface
volatiles:	As mined, coal is a complex mineral and some of the elements and compounds released on heating are highly reactive and even potentially explosive
spheroidizing	A form of annealing consisting of prolonged heating of iron base alloys at a temperature generally slightly below the critical range, followed by a relatively slow cooling
curve	sectional area of the test piece) is plotted against strain
r & d	Reamed and Drifted
case hardening	Generic term covering any of several processes applicable to steel that change the chemical composition or microstructure, or both, of the surface layer.
bloom	Steel semi for rolling into other semi-finished and finished products
silicon electrical steel	A type of specialty steel created by introducing silicon during the steelmaking process
nacre	Nacre is a silky substance secreted over a nucleus or other irritant during the formation of a pearl
creep	A metal failure caused by elongation due to continuous stress.
teeming	Pouring steel from the ladle to the molds.
micron	A unit of length equal to one millionth of a
charpy test	Impact test in which a V-notched, keyhole-notched or U-notched specimen, supported at both ends, is struck behind the notch by a striker mounted at the lower end of a bar that can swing as a pendulum
t-bar	A form of unwrought aluminium with a T-shaped cross section to facilitate handling by fork lift truck
mini-mill	A (relatively) small scale steelworks; usually applied to an EAF steelworks with its attached steel rolling and treatment circuits
alum	A chemical, aluminum sulfate, added to drinking water to neutralize negative charges on particles so that they will clump together and settle more rapidly; also added to wastewater to remove phosphorus by precipitation.
plasma cutting	A process used to cut stainless steel plate using a plasma torch
strike price	See Basis price.
ore	An ore is a material that contains a metal in such quantities that it can be mined and worked commercially to extract that metal
roll	(i) To transfer a market position in futures or options from one date (forward or backward) or one strike price (up or down) to another by a simultaneous purchase and sale
rotary attachment	Bolts to a milling machine to permit machining such shapes as circular T-slots and cams.
tumbling	Rolling in a revolving container to remove sharp edges and improve finish.
cementite	A compound of iron and carbon known as "iron carbide" which has the approximate chemical formula Fe3C and is characterized by an orthorhombic crystal structure.
high speed steel	The term `high speed steel’ was derived from the fact that it is capable of cutting metal at a much higher rate than carbon tool steel and continues to cut and retain its hardness even when the point of the tool is heated to a low red temperature.
electro-galvanized	Sheet steel which has a thin coating of zinc applied to the surface of the steel using an electric current and a electrolyte solution in a plating cell
erw	Electric resistance weld tubing (ERW) is a method of tubing production where slit coils of steel are put through a gradual cold forming operation until the two edges of the steel are joined together in a tubular form
fastmet	A process to directly reduce iron ore to metallic iron pellets that can be fed into an electric arc furnace with an equal amount of scrap
three-dimensional shingles	Laminated shingles
wafer board	A manufactured wood panel made out of 1"- 2" wood chips and glue
potassium feldspar	A feldspar with the formula KAlSi3O8.
performance based ratemaking	Regulated rates based on performances objectives, not actual costs.
crc	See coil.
jog key	The key, or control button on a test stand or control panel that enables manual movement of the crosshead at a factory set speed. Not normally latched ie
g-code programming	Programs written to operate NC machines with control systems that comply with the ANSI/EIA RS-274-D-1980 Standard
proof stress	The load per square inch of the original cross-sectional area which, when removed, has caused a permanent elongation not exceeding a defined amount (usually 0.0001 per inch of gage length)
ferrite	A phase in the steel with the smallest building block of atomic structure of 'body centered cubic' (bcc) i.e
buffing	The finishing of metal surfaces by rubbing with a compound applied to the pliable rim of a wheel usually consisting of a large number of treated or untreated muslin discs sewed together, and which rotates at high speed
cut edge	Edge of a hot rolled coil or hot band which is more defined and has tighter tolerances than a mill edge (open tolerances) coil
graphitising	An annealing process applied to cast iron and steels with a high carbon and high silicon content by which the combined carbon is wholly or in part transformed to graphitic or free carbon.
cast steel	A term originally applied to crucible steel and sometimes today used to describe tool steels
clarified	Having made water clear by reducing the number of particles. In water treatment, this is the sedimentation step. In wastewater treatment, this occurs in the primary clarifier and the secondary clarifier.
capacity release	A secondary market for capacity that is contracted by a customer which is not using all of its capacity.
gold washed	Products that have an extremely thin layer of gold, (less than .175 microns thick), applied by either dipping or burnishing the metal, but not plated.
a.p.i.	American Petroleum Institute
carbo-nitriding	A case-hardening process in which steel
limiting range of	The greatest range of stress that a metal can
leaded steels	When added to steel, lead does not go into
heavy structural shapes	A general term given to rolled flanged sections that have at least one dimension of their cross sections three inches or greater
quench hardening	A process of hardening a ferrous alloy of suitable composition by heating within or above the transformation range and cooling at a rate sufficient to increase the hardness substantially
fracture test	Breaking a specimen and examining the fractured surface with the unaided eye or with a low-power microscope to determine such things as composition, grain size, case depth, soundness, and presence of defects.
torsion	A twisting action resulting in shear stresses and strains.
limestone	A rock consisting of calcium carbonate and calcium-magnesium carbonate.
clad metals	These are metals whose surface characteristics have been changed by bonding a thin sheet of another metal to one or both sides by rolling pressure or even explosion
anelastic deformation	Time-dependent elastic (nonpermanent) deformation.
banded structure	A segregated structure of nearly parallel bands aligned in the direction of working.
baking	1
brazing	Joining metals by fusion of nonferrous alloys that have melting points above 800°F but lower than those of the metals being joined.
semi-continuous casting	See Continuous casting.
artificial	All gemstones and gem materials fall into one of main two categories: natural or man-made
cored forging	Regular die forging produced by a special technique which introduces a horizontal punch action in combination with the vertical action of a forging press
bulk modulus of elasticity	Ratio of stress to change in volume of a material subjected to axial loading.
estuary	a water passage where the tide meets a river current; especially : an arm of the sea at the lower end of a river
associate trade members	Members of the LME who are purely clients of broking members.
hot roll band	This is what a coil is called as it is removed from the hot mill downcoiler until it has received its first cold-rolling operation.
steel inspection	A municipal and/or engineers inspection of the concrete foundation wall, conducted before concrete is poured into the foundation panels
ton	A unit of weight measurement
steel service center inventories	End-of-period material stocks reported by the Metals Service Center Institute (MSCI).
v	Chemical symbol for Vanadium.
masonry	Stone, brick, concrete, hollow-tile, concrete block, or other similar building units or materials
embossing	Raising a design in relief against a surface.
fatigue limit	The maximum stress that a metal will withstand without failure for a specified large number of cycles of stress
ls	Limited Service pipe not meeting specification, usually rejected at the mill
austenite	A solid solution of one or more elements in face-centered cubic iron.
universal mill	A rolling mill in which rolls with a vertical axis roll the edges of the metal stock between some of the passes through the horizontal rolls.
fatigue	The tendency for a metal to break under conditions of repeated cyclic stressing below the ultimate tensile strength.
barrel plating	A method of plating small parts in which the parts are placed in a perforated barrel, which revolves partially submerged in a plating solution.
flow stress	The shear stress required to cause plastic deformation of solid metals.
tarnish	Surface discoloration on a metal, usually from a thin film of oxide or sulfide.
hard metal facing	A method of increasing the wear resistance of a metal by the deposition of a hard protective coating
homogenisation	Primarily used to equalise temperature in stock material prior to hot working, or to reduce excessive coring, which can occur in ingots and continuously cast alloys.
thickness ratio	The ratio of maximum thickness to the chord, expressed as a percentage.
fossil fuels	mineral resources formed in ancient times by the decomposition of dead plants and animals in the absence of air
hammer forging	Forging in which the work is deformed by repeated blows
fines	Ore or ferro-alloy which is in too small a particle size to make a good charge to the furnace and is therefore (see pellet) or transformed into briquettes.
nitriding	Introducing nitrogen into the surface layer of a solid ferrous alloy
ni	Chemical symbol for Nickel.
anti-dumping	Special tariff or other constraint on imports deemed by the importing country to be guilty of dumping.
rz	See Surface Roughness
eutectoid	A mixture of two or more constituents which forms on cooling from a solid solution and transforms on heating at a constant minimum temperature
cash and carry	An arbitrage transaction involving the simultaneous purchase of a cash commodity and the sale of a relevant futures contract
ge	Chemical symbol for Germanium.
countersink	Tool that cuts a sloped depression at the top of a hole to permit a screw head or other object to rest flush with the surface of the workpiece.
tapping machine	Production machine used for high-volume tapping
bear position	One where the trader has sold metal for forward delivery (i.e
pitting	Forming small sharp cavities in a metal surface by non-uniform electro-deposition or by corrosion.
flexural modulus of elasticity	Alternate term for modulus in bending
proportion	Proportion describes the relationship between the angles and measurements on a polished gem.
spot welding	An electric-resistance welding process in which the fusion is limited to a small area
merchant mill	A mill, consisting of a group of stands of three rolls each arranged in a straight line and driven by one power unit, used to roll rounds, squares or flats of smaller dimensions than would be rolled on the bar mill.
canning	A dished distortion in a flat or nearly flat surface sometimes referred to as "oil canning".
yellow goods	Heavy moving equipment such as bulldozers, earth-moving equipment, big mine vehicles, mobile cranes etc
air-hardening steel	Sometimes referred to as self- hardening steel
recrystallization	The formation of a new grain structure through a nucleation and growth process.
synthetic cutting fluid	Water-based chemical solution that contains no oil
vinyl ester	a resin used as an alternative to polyester or epoxy materials.
passivation layer	A passivation layer is an invisible, adamantine, non-reactive film that forms on the surface of steel and other materials in a caustic environment
post-and-beam	A basic building method that uses just a few hefty posts and beams to support an entire structure
roller flattening	The process in which a series of staggered rolls of small diameter is used to remove bow and waves from sheet. While passing through the roll, the sheet is bent back and forth slightly and is delivered approximately flat.
peel resistance	Another name for Bond Strength.
interval metering	The process by which power consumption is measured at regular intervals in order that specific load usage for a set period of time can be determined
nitriding	Process of surface hardening certain types of steel by heating in ammonia gas at about 935-1,000°F.
physical properties	Those properties discussed in physics (exclusive of those described as mechanical properties), for example, density, electrical conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion
natural pearl	A natural pearl is one formed through a process of an oyster/mollusk secreting nacre around an irritant that enters the shell naturally without artificial insertion
extra-spring temper	In brass mill terminology, Extra Spring is ten numbers hard or 68.55% reduction in thickness from the previous annealing or soft stage.
corrosion embrittlement	A loss of ductility in a metal due to a natural degradation, usually within the grain of the material and not visible.
flame hardening	Hardening process in which an intense flame is applied to the surfaces of hardenable ferrous alloys, heating the surface layers above the upper transformation temperature, whereupon the workpiece is immediately quenched.
iron	The term iron, as used in the chemical or scientific sense of the word, refers to the chemical element iron or pure iron and is the chief constituent of all commercial iron and steel.
browser	A computer program such as Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and Netscape Communicator, that allows you to see pages on the World Wide Web.
chamfer	(1) A beveled surface to eliminate an otherwise sharp corner
molecular weight	The sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in a molecule
large particle composite	A type of particle reinforced composite wherein particle-matrix interactions can not be treated on an interatomic level; the particles reinforce the matrix phase.
keshi pearl	The word Keshi comes from the Japanese for "poppy." It also refers to something being small and spontaneous
particle board	Plywood substitute made of course sawdust that is mixed with resin and pressed into sheets
retaining wall	A structure that holds back a slope and prevents erosion.
plot plan	An overhead view plan that shows the location of the home on the lot
newel post	The large starting post to which the end of a stair guard railing or balustrade is fastened.
dry film thickness	The thickness of the dry paint film on the surface of the steel.
feldspar group	Group of most common minerals of Earth’s crust
surface	A method of hardening the surface of steel to increase its
corrosion fatigue	Cracking produced by the combined action of repeated or fluctuating stress and a corrosive environment.
proof stress	Stress that will cause a specified permanent deformation.
gigajoule	A measure of energy
bend test	A test for determining relative ductility of metal that is to be formed, usually sheet, strip, plate, or wire, and for determining soundness and toughness of metal
powder metallurgy	A method of producing components by pressing or moulding metal powders which may be simultaneously or subsequently heated to produce a coherent mass.
grain size	Grain size is normally quantified by a numbering system
roll forming	An operation used in forming sheet.
nonrepeatability	Sometimes used to mean the same as repeatability.
turret ram mill	Variation of the vertical milling machine; has a movable ram mounted on a swivel base atop the column, providing positioning flexibility
mischmetal	see Rare Earths.
load loss	Any significant incident on an electric utility system that results in a continuous outage of 3 hours or longer to more than 50,000 customers or more than one half of the total customers being served immediately prior to the incident, whichever is less.
grantor	The person or firm that sells an option.
die shift	The impression of the top die not being in alignment with the impression of the bottom die, also, the amount of misalignment.
density	The mass per unit volume of a substance
diameter	The measurement of a straight line from one edge of a circle, through the radius, to another edge.
pearlite	A lamellar constituent of steel consisting of alternate
variable costs	Costs, such as fuel costs, that depend upon the amount of electric energy supplied.
duplex stainless steel	A fast-growing class of stainless steels; they are dual phase steels combining austenitic and ferritic phases, with intermediate nickel content
pricing-in	When a merchant agrees to buy a quantity of metal from, for example, an overbought consumer, both parties will agree in advance that the price basis will be the closing price of a specific ring or rings on the LME
lead time	(i) The interval between placing an order and material being delivered
plasma ironmaking	A high speed, low-energy ironmaking process.
immersed scanning	In ultrasonics, a planned, systematic movement of the beam relative to the object being inspected, the search unit being coupled to this object through a column of liquid
recyrstallization temperature	The approximate minimum temperature at which complete recrystallization of a cold worked metal occurs within a specified time.
quench hardening	The hardening of a ferrous alloy by quenching from a temperature above the transformation range
metallurgy	Science pertaining to the extraction of metals from their ores and the adaption and application of these metals.
fe	Chemical symbol for Iron
skelp	A piece or strip of metal produced to a suitable thickness, width, and edge configuration, from which pipe or tubing is made.
capped steel	Semi-killed steel cast in a bottle-top mold and covered with a cap fitting into the neck of the mold
holder	The purchaser of an option
hydrogen	A colorless, odorless gas that is the simplest and most common element in the universe.
gauge	The thickness of sheet steel
storm surge	(also known as wind set-up)
bainite	An acicular aggregate of ferrite and carbide particles formed when austenite is transformed on cooling at temperatures in the intermediate (200-450oC) range, i.e
capped steel	Semikilled steel cast in a bottle-top mold and covered with a cap fitting into the neck of the mold
prorated bills	The computation of a bill based upon proportionate distribution of the applicable billing schedule. A prorated bill is less than 25 days ore more than 38 days.
rolling mills	Equipment used for rolling down metal to a smaller size or to a given shape employing sets of rolls tie contours of which determine or fashion the product into numerous intermediate and final shapes.
embossed sheet	A sheet having a prominent, impressed texture or pattern on its surface(s)
shell molding	Forming a mold from thermosetting resin-bonded sand mixtures brought in contact with preheated (300° to 500°F) metal patterns, resulting in a form shell with a cavity corresponding to the outline of the pattern
primer coat	The base coat of paint in a typical two coat paint system.
pearlite	is the structure of annealed or soft steel.
overbought/oversold	A market analyst's opinion that the market has moved further or faster than justified by all the known factors.
tailored blanks	A section of sheet stainless steel that is cut to the manufacturer’s desire
adamantine	The term adamantine is used to describe any gemstone that has diamond-like luster
sx/ew	Stands for solvent extraction/electrowinning
gold filled	A piece of jewelry with a layer of gold mechanically applied to the surface of a base metal, (like brass or copper), can be called Gold Filled if the amount of gold equals one-twentieth of the total weight of the piece.
electrolytic galvanized	Cold Rolled or Black Plate to which a coating of zinc is applied by electro-deposition; used for applications in which corrosion resistance and paintability is a primary concern.
zinc	An element that is used as a coating for steel
decarburization	The loss of carbon from the surface of solid steel during heating, forging, hot rolling, etc.
yield point	The point at which the strain begins to increase very rapidly without a corresponding increase in stress
file	An assembly of information/data stored as a single block; e.g., a letter written and saved in "My Documents" becomes a file, with a given name and location
symmetry	Symmetry refers to the balanced alignment of facets on the surface of the stone
stress	The applied force per unit area, usually expressed as pounds per square inch (psi)
black ore	Colloquial term for wolframite (tungsten ore)
black hills gold	From the Black Hills of South Dakota, Black Hills gold jewelry blends yellow, rose, and green golds together, usually in a grape-leaf design or other natural motif.
aluminum	American spelling of aluminium.
work lead	A nonstandard term for workpiece lead.
basic oxygen furnace	a facility to produce steel by the metallurgical process of oxygen injection into a mixture of molten iron and scrap
waterjet cutting	Fine, high-pressure (up to 50,000 psi or greater), high-velocity jet of water directed by a small nozzle to cut material
tolerance	Permissible variation.
young’s modulus	Within the limits of elasticity, the ratio of the linear stress to the linear strain is termed the modulus of elasticity or Young’s Modulus and may be written Young’s Modulus, or E =(Stress/Strain) It is this property that determines how much a bar will sag under its own weight or under a loading when used as a beam within its limit of proportionality
wrought iron	A commercial iron consisting of slag (iron silicate) fibers entrained in a ferrite matrix.
time decay	Expression covering the passage of time while a position or option is open.
merchant	"Merchant" means the normal commercial quality
vibratory bowl feeder	Hopper/conveyor mechanism utilizing a vibratory motion in conjunction with a spring suspension system designed to deliver parts to an assembly machine at a specified rate and with proper part orientation.
core	In the case of steel this refers to a component that
contouring attachment	Handwheel-operated mechanism for holding and guiding the workpiece while sawing contours on a contour bandsaw.
average wall	See dimensions
stain	a discoloration on annealed material which may occur anywhere on the sheet, resulting from residue or oxidation during annealing.
reduction of area	A measure of ductility determined in a tensile test
drop earring	Also known as dangle earrings, drop earrings hang below the earlobe
option	An option is a contract which gives the buyer the right but not the obligation for a specified period of time to buy from (call) or sell to (put) the grantor or seller a specified quantity of metal at a specified strike price on a specified delivery date in return for payment of a negotiated premium
mil	A term used to indicate thickness of 0.001".
solution heat treatment	Heating an alloy to a suitable temperature, holding at that temperature long enough to allow one or more constituents to enter solid solution, and then cooling rapidly enough to hold the constituents in solution
cobalt	Chemical symbol Co
cap	A nonstandard term for the final layer of a groove weld.
nucleus	Protons and neutrons form the nucleus of an atom
galfan	A galvanized product coated with 95% free zinc, 5% aluminum and traces of mish metal in the coating; provides extra corrosion protection with lighter coating weight; has improved formability over regular free zinc coatings (hot dipped galvanized regular products).
mantle	the thick layer of very hot, melted rock between the crust and the core of the Earth
electrogalvanized	Zinc plating process whereby the molecules on the positively charged zinc anode attach to the negatively charged sheet steel
endurance test	See Tests
carbide	A compound formed when an element combines with carbon
parabolics	See Loopers
point load	A point where a bearing/structural weight is concentrated and transferred to the foundation.
viscosity	The ratio of the magnitute of an applied shear stress to the velocity gradient that it produces; that is, a measure of a noncrystalline materials resistance to permanent deformation.
crown	Edge to edge thickness variation in flat rolled products
fractography	The study of microscopic fractures in metal surfaces through the analysis of photographs taken of the actual "fracture surfaces".
amorphous	Not having a crystal structure; noncrystalline.
bloom	A semi-finished hot rolled product, rectangular in cross section, produced on a blooming mill for iron and steel, the width is not more than twice the thickness, and the cross-sectional area is usually not less than 36 sq
die stamping	Permanent markings stamped on pipe per certain specifications.
chemical brightening	See Bright Dip and Electrobrightening
spot	Physical market supplies, immediately available at a named location.
skelp	Steel or iron plate from which pipe or tubing is made.
slitting	Cutting a sheet of stainless steel into a smaller strip to meet customers demands.
gold electroplating	Process by which sheets of gold of at least 10 karats and no less than seven-millionths of an inch thick are electro-chemically bonded to another metal.
blister	A dome shaped defect sometimes found on or near the surface of metal, due to a gas expansion in the subsurface zone.
intergranular corrosion	A type of electrochemical corrosion that progresses preferentially along the grain boundaries of an alloy, usually because the grain boundary regions contain material anodic to the central regions of the grain.
magnetism	Commonly expressed as permeability which is the ratio of the magnetic induction to the magnetic intensity
jominy test	A method for determining the hardenability of steel
aging	The spontaneous change in the physical properties of some metals, which occurs on standing at atmospheric temperatures after final cold working or heat treatment.
tolerances	The amount of variation permitted on dimensions or surfaces
virgin metal	Primary metal produced from ore.
drawing quality	Terminology no longer used by the majority of the steel industry – see Drawing Steel (DS).
austempering	Quenching a ferrous alloy from a temperature above the transformation range, in a medium having a rate of heat abstraction high enough to prevent the formation of high-temperature transformation products, and then holding the alloy, until transformation is complete, as a temperature below that of pearlite formation and above that of all martensite formation.
substrate	The layer of metal underlying a coating, regardless of whether the layer is base metal.
quarter buckle	Undulation (wavy region) which occurs approximately at both quarter points across the width.
galling	Developing a condition on the rubbing surface of one or both mating parts where excessive friction between high spots results in localized welding with substantial spalling and a further roughening of the surface.
hardness	The hardness of steel is generally determined by testing its resistance to deformation
basis weight	The weight in pounds of a ream (500 sheets) of paper cut to a specified, standard size
nickel silver	Copper base alloys that contain 10%-45% zinc and 5%-30% nickel.
coalescence	The pooling or puddling of ink on inkjet output
reduction of area	A measure of the ductility of metals obtained from a tensile test
molecular weight distribution	The relative distribution of large, medium and small molecular chains in a polyolefin resin is important to its properties
hard metals	A group of materials more commonly known as cemented carbides
property survey	A survey to determine the boundaries of your property
savanna	a treeless plain
non-alloy steel	Steel which does not have any alloy elements.
demurrage	Penalties payable to a shipowner for delays if loading or unloading does not proceed at the rate laid down in the contract
blank weight	Weight of the finished, sawed and deburred slug or blank cut from wrought material.
green rot	A form of high-temperature attack on stainless steels, nickel-chromium alloys, and nickel-chromium iron alloys subjected to simultaneous oxidation and carburization
alloy selection	See the “Selection Guide for Aluminum Alloys and Tempers” Table in the Technical Manual section.
contract	A legal document setting out the respective responsibilities of buyer and seller or client and broker in relation to a transaction or series of transactions
temper	The condition produced in a metal by mechanical or thermal treatment and having characteristic structure and mechanical properties.
stair rise	The vertical distance from stair tread to stair tread (and not to exceed 7 3/4").
galvalume®	A proprietary corrosion-resistant rolled steel coated with an alloy of 55% aluminium 45% zinc for advantages of both galvanizing and aluminising.
steel elements	A steel element is a pure chemical substance defined by its atomic number (the number of protons in its nucleus).
man-hours-per-ton	The ratio of total hours worked by steelworkers to the tons shipped during a given period of time.
alloy steel	A steel containing more than one alloying element
rolling mill	Equipment that reduces and transforms the shape of semi-finished or intermediate steel products by passing the material through a gap between rolls that is smaller than the feedstock.
shape correcting	Levelers, edge trimmers, and temper mills reshape processed stainless steel to meet customers’ specifications
target market	A specific group of people or geographical area that has been identified as the primary buyers of a product or service.
scotch brite	Mechanical finish produced by applying scotch brite (registered trademark of 3M Co.) to the surface of the metal to give a fine scratch pattern appearance
crystal	(1) A physically homogeneous solid in which the atoms, ions or molecules are arranged in a three-dimensional repetitive pattern
service equipment	Main control gear at the service entrance, such as circuit breakers, switches, and fuses.
crucible	A ceramic pot or receptacle made of graphite and clay, or clay or other refractory material, and used in the melting of metal
hardening	Process of increasing the surface hardness of a part
inches per tooth	Linear distance traveled by the cutter during the engagement of one tooth
vermiculite	A mineral used as bulk insulation and also as aggregate in insulating and acoustical plaster and in insulating concrete floors.
commercial tolerance	A term sometimes used synonymously with “Standard Tolerance”
investment casting	(1) Casting metal into a mold produced by surrounding (investing) an expendable pattern with a refractory slurry that sets at room temperature after which the wax, plastic, or frozen mercury pattern is removed through the use of heat
abrasive machining	Various grinding, honing, lapping and polishing operations that utilize abrasive particles to impart new shapes, improve finishes and part stock by removing metal or other material.
anchor	in this case, an underground mechanical device that fixes a cable or wire firmly in place and resists the tension placed on the cable.
isotropic	Independent of direction.
progressive aging	An aging process in which the temperature of the alloy is continually increased during the aging cycle
leveling line	A machine that smoothes any physical deficiencies in the sheet before it is shipped to the customer.
pulley	A wheel that is used to change the line of application of a force
segregation	Non-uniform distribution of alloying elements, impurities or microphases.
network structure	A structure in which the crystals of one constituent are partially or entirely surrounded by envelopes of another constituent, an arrangement that gives a network appearance to a polished and etched specimen.
continuous inkjet	One of the first implementations of the inkjet concept in which drops are expelled continuously from the print head and the image is formed by an electrostatic mechanism, which selects those drops that are allowed to pass through the selector to reach the paper
molybdenum	A hard, tough metal that is very ductile and malleable when properly treated at high temperatures, deepens hardening, counteracts temper brittleness, enhances the corrosion resistance in stainless steel, and forms abrasion-resisting particles.
capacity creep	A steelworks will be established with a "name-plate" capacity or design capacity, which is an estimate of what can be produced annually in tonnes
alloy	Two or more chemical elements, of which one at least is metal.
coil	A length of flat rolled product wound into a cylindrical spiral.
martensite	A microstructural form found in steel when it has been cooled from its austenitic state to room temperature at a greater than the critical cooling rate of the steel
range 2	Pipe lengths ranging from 25- - 35-
break-even	(i) For a trader, a transaction that produces neither profit nor loss
pickled & oiled	Often referred to as HR P&O, pickled & oiled is a finish where hot rolled coil that has been descaled of oxide film by either a chemical method, mechanical method, or a combination of both and then oiled to help prevent corrosion after descaling.
carburising	The introduction of carbon into the surface layer of a steel that has a low carbon content
rerounding	The process of changing the dent depth and shape by internal pressure in the pipe
annealing	temperature
sbq	Special Bar Quality
stress	Usually used to denote the engineering stress. It is the load applied to a specimen, divided by the cross-sectional area of the specimen
hydrogen-induced cracking	Stepwise internal cracks that connect adjacent hydrogen blisters on different planes in the metal, or to the metal surface.
hollow ground	The surface of the blade is concave; if properly ground to a thin edge this is a very effective way of making a knife, is done by grinding the blade on a round surface (face of a wheel) and forming a hollow above the cutting edge and below the top edge of the blade.
scalped extrusion ingot	A cast, solid, or hollow extrusion ingot which has been machined on the outside surface.
alloy steel	A steel to which one or more alloying elements other
malleable iron	Iron castings which have been made less brittle by heat treatment
ph value	A method of expressing differences in the acidity or
flow lines	Texture showing the direction of metal flow during hot or cold working
on-offshore transport	littoral transport that is perpendicular to the shoreline
sewage ejector	A pump used to 'lift' waste water to a gravity sanitary sewer line
hardness	See Mohs' hardness scale.
forging	Used as a general term to describe the roiling, pressing or hammering of steel which displaces the metal under compression by a locally applied force, usually at hot working temperatures.
traceability	Traceability is the property of a measured result or value of a standard, whereby it can be related to stated references, usually national or international primary or secondary standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons and all having stated uncertainties.
matching	The process of allocating a buyer and a seller to a particular trade.
cover	The balancing of an open position by buying (if the original position was short) or selling (if the original position was long) on the market.
dynamic stiffness	Measure of a machining system's ability to dampen vibration from a forced input
chromium	A chemical element with the symbol Cr
tellurium	Its main use in the steel industry is as an additive in leadbearing freecutting steels to further improve their machinability
precision	The expression of how close multiple measurements of the same quantity are to each other. Not to be confused with accuracy.
terminal market	A formal market for trading commodities for forward delivery
bright annealing	An annealing process done in a protective atmosphere to prevent surface tarnish or oxidation
maturity	A forward or futures contract reaches maturity when its delivery date arrives.
g.o.b.	Good ordinary brand
stamping	A term used to refer to various press forming operations in coining, embossing, blanking, and pressing.
gunpowder	any of several low-explosive mixtures used as a blasting agent in mining and tunneling; the first such explosive was black powder, which consists of a mixture of potassium nitrate, sulfur, and charcoal
hot end	The section of a steelmaking complex from the furnace up to, but not including, the hot-strip mill.
drop hammer	A forging hammer that depends on gravity for its force.
network structure	A structure in which the crystals of one constituent are surrounded by envelopes of another constituent which gives a network appearance to an etched test specimen.
borescope	An optical device used for inspecting under low magnification the inside surface of tubes.
lchclearnet	The organisation that clears LME trades
precipitation heat treatment	Any of the various aging treatments conducted at elevated temperature to improve certain of the mechanical properties through precipitation from solid solution.
force majeure	The clause in an ore, metal, alloy or scrap supply contract which allows the seller not to deliver or the buyer not to take delivery of the contracted material because of events beyond his control
activation	The change a passive surface of a metal undergoes to become a chemically active state
welding rod	Filler metal, in wire or rod form, used in gas welding and brazing processes, and those arc-welding processes wherein the electrode does not furnish the filler metal.
seine nets	a large net with sinkers on one edge and floats on the other that hangs vertically in the water and is used to enclose fish when its ends are pulled together or are drawn ashore; used by Native American fishers, a precursor to gill nets
fire refining	The refining of crude metal by pyrometallurgy, e.g
basket setting	The basket setting is a fancy openwork setting with a lacy, basket-like appearance achieved through multiple holes or openings in its sides.
contamination	The addition of something that makes water, for example, impure or unsuitable for a particular use.
radon system	A ventilation system beneath the floor of a basement and/or structural wood floor and designed to fan exhaust radon gas to the outside of the home.
hot top	(1) A reservoir thermally insulated or heated, to hold molten metal on top of a mold to feed the ingot or casting as it contracts on solidifying to avoid having "pipe" or voids.
lot	The minimum amount of a commodity in which one may deal on a futures market
switch	A device that completes or disconnects an electrical circuit.
plating	Depositing a metal from a solution onto a component by passing an electric current through the solution.
critical pitting potential	The lowest value of oxidizing potential at which pits can form and grow
threading machine	Typically takes the form of multispindle, universal threading machines that use dieheads and thread chasers to cut threads, often automatically or semiautomatically
leveling line	A process to flatten any shape deficiencies (wavy edges and buckles)in the sheet, prior to final shipment. Most cold-rolled sheet initially has a crowned cross-section that, if such a shape is desirable to the customer, must be flattened in the leveling line.
engineered capacity	The theoretical volume of a mill or smelter, given its constraints of raw material supply and normal working speed.
stop	A limit on the number of trades which can be matched.
hooke's law	Stress is directly proportional to strain
t/c	Treatment Charge
calcium carbonate	Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound that is found in various forms
gauge	A measurement of wall thickness of the steel
critical point	Point at which a change will start or be complete in the crystal structure, phase or physical properties of a material due to incurring temperature or pressure.
piercing	Punching holes in sheet or strip, or walls of shells.
solution heat treatment	Heating a metal to a high temperature and maintaining it long enough for one or more constituents to enter the solid solution
boring bar	Essentially a cantilever beam that holds one or more cutting tools in position during a boring operation
strain energy	(1) The work done in deforming a body
inclusions	Particles of nonmetallic impurities, usually oxides, sulphides, silicates, which are mechanically held in metals and alloys during solidification.
platineve™	Platineve™ (Plat eh NEVE) is an exclusive process to Jewelry Television that contains platinum and other precious metals clad over sterling silver
grain size	Average diameter of grains in the metal under consideration, or alternatively, the number of grains per unit area
hardness	There are several scales providing a standardised basis for measuring the resistance of a steel to indentation (which has implications for the strength of the steel), among them Vickers, Brinell and Rockwell.
binder	The boring agent in ceramic slurry or sand.
electroplating	See electrolysis.
transverse bow	Curvature across the width of sheet or coil.
keyseating	Milling or grinding an internal keyway
continuous casting	Casting technique in which a cast shape is continuously withdrawn through the bottom of the mold as it solidifies, so that its length is not determined by mold dimensions
thermal fatigue	Fracture resulting from the presence of temperature gradients which vary with time in such a manner as to produce cyclic stresses in a structure.
machinability	The relative ease of machining a metal.
boring	Enlarging a hole that already has been drilled or cored
segmental lining	Tunnel lining method using individual precast concrete segments
masp	Monthly Average Settlement Price
porosity	Unsoundness caused in cast metals by the presence of blowholes or shrinkage cavities.
ductile rupture	A type of failure that occurs when the plastic deformation, in a machine part that exhibits ductile behavior, is carried to the extreme so that the member separates into two pieces
grind	A process for rough finishing parts by means of a revolving abrasive wheel.
coated abrasive	Flexible-backed abrasive
lean manufacturing	Companywide culture of continuous improvement, waste reduction and minimal inventory as practiced by individuals in every aspect of the business.
finishing	Any of many different processes employed for surface, edge and corner preparation, as well as conditioning, cleaning and coating
s	Chemical symbol for Sulphur
martensite	The hard constituent produced when steel is
scaling	Surface oxidation caused on metals by heating in air or in other oxidizing atmospheres.
controlled atmosphere	A gas or mixture of gases in which steel is heated to produce or maintain a specific surface condition
pinholes	Microscopic imperfection of the coatings, that is, microscopic bare spots, also microscopic holes penetrating through a layer or thickness of light
short ton	2,000 pounds
gasometer	(gas holder) a facility used for the collection and storage of gas, and for balancing out any differences between the quantity of gas supplied and consumed.
quartz movement	Many watches are equipped with a quartz movement, which provides very accurate performance at a minimal cost
spherulite	An aggregate of ribbonlike polymer crystallites radiating from a common center, which crystallites are separated by amorphous regions.
blue annealing	A process of annealing sheets after rolling
bevel	An angular cut on the I.D
standard deviation	A statistical measure of the recent range of prices of a metal which serves as a basis for assessing its current level of volatility.
contact angle	A reliable method to characterize the interaction between a liquid and a surface
photochemical machining	Variation on chemical machining that uses a chemically resistant mask that is sensitive to light
ingot	Form of cast refined metal used for convenience of shipment and handling
processability	An improved method for predicting how a material will process vs
automotive service tube	See Colis
deflection	The degree to which a structural element is displaced under a load. In Mecmesin systems this is measured from the crosshead position as standard, but where more accurate measurement of deflection is required an extensometer should be used.
limit order	A futures order placed by a client to buy at up to, or sell at down to, his least acceptable price.
hydroforming	The process of taking a tube and putting it into a forming die
bright annealing	A process of annealing usually carried out in a controlled furnace atmosphere so that surface oxidation is reduced to a minimum and the surface remains relatively bright.
quench cracking	Fracture of a metal during quenching
fatigue strength	The maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without failure, the stress being completely reversed within each cycle unless otherwise stated.
slit edges	The edges resulting from cutting to width by rotary slitters.
noble metals	Metals such as gold, silver and platinum which are
proportional limit	The proportional limit is the greatest stress that one can still see a linear relation between stress and strain
wavy	Not flat
irrigation	Lawn sprinkler system.
block	The forging operation in which metal is progressively formed to general desired shape and contour by means of an impression die (used when only one block operation is scheduled)
chatter	Condition of vibration involving the machine, workpiece and cutting tool
leveling	The process by which a leveling machine flattens metal strip, coil, or sheets by bending it up and down over the interrupting arcs of upper and lower sets of long, slender work rolls
stress corrosion cracking	Slow growth of cracks in stainless steel caused by the combined effect of mechanical stress and exposure to a corrosive environment.
published tolerances	A term sometimes used synonymously with “Standard” or “Commercial” tolerances
dn	Diameter Nominal - a dimensionless designator for traditional terms such as "nominal diameter," "size," and "nominal size".
case-hardening	The process of hardening the surface of steel
angle plate	Solid adjustable or nonadjustable plate that holds work at a precise angle to the spindle during machining
deformation	A change in the dimensions of a material under stress or strain.
herbicide	A substance that kills plants or limits their growth.
mpa	The SI derived unit of stress is the Pascal (one newton per square metre)
reduction of area	The decrease of the area of the cross-section of a metal test specimen when fractured in tension testing
biodiversity	biological diversity in an environment as indicated by numbers of different species of plants and animals
glass transition temperature	That temperature at which, upon cooling, a noncrystalline ceramic or polymer transforms from a supercooled liquid to a rigid glass.
calcite	Mineral with the formula CaCO3.
quenching and tempering	A process by which steel is rapidly cooled from above its upper critical temperature to a temperature far below this range
delta iron	When pure or practically carbon-free iron is
burden	The ore and associated fluxes or alloying ingredients added to the top of the blast furnace which is supported by the reduction material – coke.
outrigger	An extension of a rafter beyond the wall line
tin	An element known for its high malleability and ductility, but low tensile strength
wrapped drywall	Areas that get complete drywall covering, as in the doorway openings of bifold and bipass closet doors.
hydrogen embrittlement	The absorption of hydrogen by a metal resulting in a loss of ductility.
spring steel	A medium to high carbon steel or an alloy or stainless steel which, when heat treated, has a high yield strength.
deoxidized	A term applied to any metal or alloy to indicate that it has been treated to remove oxygen
powdercoat	Extremely durable electrostatic finish achieved by coating metal furniture with electrically charged paint powder that is then baked and fused to the metal surface
etching	Treatment of a prepared metal surface with acid or other chemical reagent which, by differential attack, reveals the structure.
etch/etching	Etching is the process that employs various aqueous solutions, lasers, and specialized carving tools to produce designs or patterns in the surface of gemstones and other objects
machinability index	A relative measure of the machinability of an engineering material under specified standard conditions.
grain size	In metals, this is a measurement of the area or volume of grains in a polycrystalline material
interstitial free steel	Ultra-low carbon steel – usually near or below 0.002 Carbon – produced using vacuum-degassing
parkerising	A chemical treatment applied to ferrous metals to
chord line	The straight line drawn between the leading and trailing edge of a wing section.
grain boundary	Bounding surface between crystals
element	A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical methods
dendrite	A crystal formed during solidification having many branches and a tree-like pattern; also termed "pine tree" and "fir tree" crystals.
voluntary restraint agreements	A compromise reached between the United States and foreign steel-exporting nations
carbon steel	A non alloy steel generally with a carbon content greater than 0.25%, in which the amount of carbon present is the major factor in determining its mechanical properties.
stretcher strains	Long vein-like marks appearing on the surface of certain metals in the direction of the maximum shear stress, when the metal is subjected to deformation beyond the yield point.
luster	how light reflects off of a rock or mineral
physical properties	Those properties familiarly discussed in physics, such as density or electrical conductivity.
roll force systems	Mill stands place considerable pressure on slabs, blooms and coils to further process the material
recrystallization	A process whereby the distorted grain structure of cold worked metals is replaced by a new, strain-free grain structure during annealing above a specific minimum temperature.
authorised dealer	An individual authorised to deal on the floor of the LME for a Ring dealing broker
bessemer process	A process for making steel by blowing air through molten pig iron contained in a refractory lined vessel so as to remove by oxidation most of the carbon, silicon, and manganese.
gross ton	2204.62262 Net tons
electric system reliability	The degree to which the performance of the elements of the electrical system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted standards and in the amount desired.
ferritic steel	A term usually applied to a group of stainless steels
buyers over	If a bidder remains unsatisfied at the end of any ring on the LME, or trading session on other futures markets, there are said to be buyers over
dry rolled finish	Also "Bright Rolled Finish." See Finish.
extrinsic	Extrinsic properties are characteristics of a test specimen as a whole, rather than the material from which it is made
tapping	Machining operation in which a tap, with teeth on its periphery, cuts internal threads in a predrilled hole having a smaller diameter than the tap diameter
coil	Steel strip wound into a roll.
black plate	Steel coil cold-rolled to very thin gauge (sometimes referred to as 'double reduced') used as the base (or substrate) for tinplate and other tin mill products
rollforming	Fabrication method in which coiled steel is passed through rolls which progressively form the steel to a predetermined profile.
barometric pressure	(also known as atmospheric pressure)
occlusion	A term applied, in the case of metals, to the absorption or entrapment of gases.
annealing	A term used to describe a variety of softening heat treatments by changing the microstructure of an alloy.
long	(i) An open purchased futures position
wrought iron	A commercial iron that has little use today and has
bauxite	Commercially mined ore of aluminum
zirconium	An element that is used as a deoxidizer and scavenger in steelmaking
pickling	The process of chemically removing oxides and scale from the surface of a metal by the action of water solutions of inorganic acids.
cold rolling mill	Equipment that reduces the thickness or gauge of flat steel products by rolling the metal between alloy steel cylinders at room temperature
scrap	It forms the basic raw material for making steel by the
coils	Metal sheet that has been wound
zinc	Zinc is a metallic chemical element, it has a white color with a
splitting limits	Where a contract specifies content of metal or impurities, ore or scrap is likely to be assayed both before shipment and on arrival
stucco	Refers to an outside plaster finish made with Portland cement as its base.
slow crack growth	Failure from cracks that initiate on the surface, and then grow slowly through the wall, as a result of long-term stress or strain
title bar	The bar at the top of a window that displays the window name, contains the close and zoom boxes, and indicates whether the window is active.
hardness	The relative ease or difficulty with which a smooth surface of a mineral can be scratched; commonly measured by Mohs’ scale.
rake fascia	The vertical face of the sloping end of a roof eave.
forging	Forming a hot or cold metal into a predetermined fixed shape by hammering, upsetting, rolling or pressing.
rock	a combination of 2 or more minerals which have been joined either by heat, temperature, pressure, or chemical changes
ring	(i) A five-minute open outcry trading period in a single metal on the LME
ampere	Unit that measures electrical current in a circuit by 1 volt acting through a resistance of 1 ohm.
fatigue limit	Defines the maximum amount of stress a particular material can endure without failure for an infinite number of cycles.
peening	Mechanical working of metal by hammer blows or shot impingement.
xxhy	Double Extra Heavy twice as thick as XHY for ½ - 6"
platform	The method through which trades are executed
wheel-balancing stand	Used to ensure that a grinding wheel is balanced before mounting it on the machine.
countersinking	Cutting a beveled edge at the entrance of a hole so a screw head sits flush with the workpiece surface.
scale dipping	The process of removing scale prior to a “Bright Dip.”
switching	(i) On the LME, the exchange of metal in one warehouse for that in another, e.g
plate	Thick rolled metal
lost wax	A method of casting very accurate shapes
oxide	Usually refers in the steel industry to oxide of iron, of which there are three principal ones: FeO, Fe304, Fe203. In addition, there as many mixtures of these oxides which form on the surface of steel at different temperatures and give the steel different colors.
healed over scratch	A scratch that occurred in an earlier mill operation and was partially masked in subsequent rolling.
tempering	Reheating a quench hardened or normalized steel object to a temperature below Ac1, and then cooling it at any desired rate.
f.o.b.	Free On Board
chemical pulp	Pulp made by cooking the wood in the presence of chemical agents (acids or alkali) which eliminates most of the non-fibrous material.
mg	Chemical symbol for Magnesium
hardenability	In a ferrous alloy, the property that determines the depth and distribution of hardness induced by quenching.
break strength	Normally associated with textiles, yarns and leather samples, it is the load at which a break is detected divided by sample width.
coils	A flat sheet or strip metal that is coiled, usually in one continuous piece or length.
steel	Common name for large family of Iron based alloys with Carbon content
stress	The load per unit area tending to deform a material.
dish	A concave surface departing from a straight line edge to edge
cast steel	Any object made by pouring molten steel into moulds.
shrinkage	The contraction that occurs when a forging cools.
a.n.s.i.	American National Standards Institute
medium-carbon steel	Contains from 0.30% to 0.60% carbon and less than 1.00% manganese.
metal service center	Institute North American association of steel and metal stockists
inside diameter	The measurement from any two points on the inside of a pipe passing through the geometric center
static vent	A vent that does not include a fan.
last trading day	The final day on which trading may take place in a particular futures delivery month.
fe	Chemical symbol for Iron.
metrology	Science of measurement; the principles on which precision machining, quality control and inspection are based
output	The system response to an input. For a calibrated force measurement system, accurate output is the arithmetic difference between zero load and the current reading.
gamma iron	The allotropic form of iron existing between the
thickness	See Gauge
basin	the entire land area drained by a lake
straightening	Removal of sweep and camber by roller straightening or use of a gag press.
transverse	Perpendicular to the rolling direction.
sliver	Loose metal piece rolled down onto the surface of the metal during the rolling operations.
sedimentation	Sedimentation occurs when eroded soil is deposited by runoff into rivers, harbors and lakes, degrading water quality and inhibiting navigation
bsi	British Standards Institution
months-of-inventory	Based on current sales the amount of time it will take to eliminate inventory current on a company's floor.
fluted	A fluted design features rounded grooves on its surface and usually flares out from a smaller end to a larger shape.
fragmentiser	See shredder.
cobble	A "mis-roll&rdquo in a hot rolling mill; this can refer to a bar jamming in the guides or reaching the rolls off the true line, or becomes mis-aligned during rolling and, as a result being ejected off the normal receiving stands
family of parts	Parts grouped by shape and size for efficient manufacturing.
cast coated	Paper coated and dried against a polished cylinder for a high-gloss finish.
integrated producer	A steel company which may or may not be an iron ore mine owner, but is a producer of both iron and steel from primary materials, usually to the point of a finished steel product such as beam, rail or coil /sheet.
corrosion	Corrosion associated with the presence of two dissimilar metals in a solution (electrolyte)
density	The mass per unit volume of a substance, usually expressed in the tubing industry in pounds per cubic inch.
transmitter	The small, push button device that causes the garage door to open or close.
cu	Chemical symbol for Copper.
cwt	Hundred weight or 100 pounds
i	Chemical symbol for Iodine
extrusion	Conversion of a billet into lengths of uniform cross-section by forcing the plastic metal through a die orifice of the desired cross-sectional outline
statically indeterminate structure	When the structure is held by more supports than are required to maintain its equilibrium
punching	Shearing holes in sheet metal with punch and die.
powder metallurgy	Processes in which metallic particles are fused under various combinations of heat and pressure to create solid metals.
underground plumbing	The plumbing drain and waste lines that are installed beneath a basement floor.
open outcry	A trading method whereby traders gather in person and agree to buy and sell at a given price face-to-face
cross-hatched surface	A surface having innumerable minute cracks running normal to the direction of working.
turbid	Cloudy; as used here, due to the presence of small particles such as algae and clays in a drinking wtaer source.
mist application	Atomized fluid generally applied when a clear view of the cut point is needed, as in contour bandsawing or manual milling
blemish	A blemish is a nick, scratch, or other mark on the surface of a stone, as opposed to an inclusion, which exists in (or reaches into) the stone's interior
ply	roofing felt, veneer in plywood, or layers in built-up materials, in any finished piece of such material.
poisson's ratio	The absolute value of the ratio of the transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain, in a body subjected to uniaxial stress; usually applied to elastic conditions.
plastic	A solid material the primary ingredient of which is an organic polymer of high molecular weight; it may also contain additives such as fillers, plasticizers, flame retardants and the like.
line pipe	Pipe typically used to transport gas or oil.
cash	(i) On the LME, the spot position for trading (with settlement on the second following day)
gunmetal	A strong alloy of 85% copper, 5% tin, 5% lead and 5% zinc, or near variant of this mix.
hydrostatic test	Normal mill test as required by specifications
model	Brass, wood, plaster, etc., form which serves as a pattern for cutting the die.
specifications or specs	A narrative list of materials, methods, model numbers, colors, allowances, and other details which supplement the information contained in the blue prints
seismologist	a scientist who studies the waves created by an earthquake
long call	The position held by the holder of a call option
inclusion count	A method of assessing the number and size of
jumbo coil	A single coil produced by welding two or more coils together.
quarter hard	In cold rolled steel a hardness range between Rb 60-75 which is suitable for limited bending and roll forming.
stress	Deforming force to which a body is subjected or the resistance which the body offers to deformation by the force.
wetting	Completeness of contact between particles dispersed in a medium, such as carbon black rubber
plumbing waste line	Plastic pipe used to collect and drain sewage waste.
rough weight	Gross Weight.
soft-magnetic steels	Pure iron and near-pure forms of iron are magnetic and relatively soft (as are ferritic phase steels if they are left untreated)
probability theory	Discipline based on the likelihood of any given event happening; mathematical techniques built around sampling methods, combinations and permutations
resilience	The capacity of a material to absorb or store energy when it is elastically deformed.
laminations	Metal defects generally aligned parallel to the worked surface of the material; resulting from blisters, seams, inclusions, etc.
metallic luster	Luster giving a substance the appearance of being made of metal.
environmental attributes	Environmental attributes quantity the impact of various options on the environment. These attributes include particulate emissions, SO2 or Nox, and thermal discharge (air and water).
cathodic inhibitor	A chemical substance that prevents or slows a cathodic or reduction reaction.
cast steel	Any object made by pouring molten steel into molds.
cam-actuated assembly	Assembly machine, rotary or linear, utilizing cam mechanisms to orient and/or assemble parts.
granular fracture	A type of irregular surface produced where material is broken or cracked along the grain structure
solution heat treatment	A process in which an alloy is heated to a suitable temperature, is held at this temperature long enough to allow a certain constituent to enter into solid solution and is then cooled rapidly to hold the constituent in solution.
gamma	A measure of the rate of change of an option's delta in response to changes in the price of the underlying.
ring	London Metal Exchange trading floor where Category I members of the exchange trade via open outcry (see pit and floor).
bloodstone	From the chalcedony family, bloodstone is a medium slightly yellowish-green stone speckled with orangy red spots.
cross country mill	A mill composed of several stands which are arranged in train or in two or more trains so that the piece being rolled reverses direction of travel two or more times before the finish. The trains of rolls are so far apart that the bar is engaged in only one stand at a time.
blister	A void in, or raised spot on the surface of a metal, caused by expansion of entrapped gas in the metal.
nominal strain	Same as engineering strain.
coating	A layer of minerals applied to one or both sides of paper or board to improve brightness, gloss and printability; the coating is held together and stuck to the paper by a binder.
gundrill	Self-guided drill for producing deep holes with good accuracy and fine surface finish
band mark	an indentation caused by the packaging band resulting from external pressure on coils/ cut lengths that may occur in handling, transit and storage.
premarket	At the LME, trading electronically or over the telephone among brokers before the market opens for ring-dealing
hot-strip mill	A rolling mill of several stands of rolls that converts slabs into hot-rolled coils
jominy end-quench test	This is a harden ability test in which a steel sample is heated to its proper quenching temperature and subjected to a spray of water at one end, a quenching method which provides a very rapid rate of cooling at the end sprayed, with progressively slower cooling all the way up to the other end.
cold drawing	The process of reducing the cross sectional area of wire, bar or tube by drawing the material through a die without any pre-heating
ga	Chemical symbol for Gallium.
elongation	In tensile testing, the increase in gauge length, measured after fracture of the specimen within the gauge length, usually expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length.
good till cancelled	An order placed with a broker to buy or sell at a fixed price, valid until executed.
austenizing temperature	A temperature at which steel is substantially all austenite, (which includes being a solid solution of one or more elements).
uv inhibitors / stabilizers	Chemical additives added at the time of yarn manufacture to prevent the yarns from biodegrading due to the effects of UltraViolet light.
b-spline	Smoothing and shining a surface by pressing an abrasive compound, embedded in a soft wheel or belt, against the workpiece.
mercury	a poisonous heavy metal that is liquid at ordinary temperatures and is used especially in scientific instruments (such as thermometers)
tantalum	A rare metal of silver white color having
pinch pass	A term applied when, after annealing, sheet or strip is lightly rolled with the object of preventing stretcher lines or kinks on subsequent cold working.
welding	Process of producing localized coalescence of metal by heating to suitable temperatures, with or without the application of pressure, and with or without the use of filler metal
time temperature transformation curve	An isothermal transformation diagram showing the relationship between temperature and the time taken for the decomposition of austenite when the transformation occurs at constant temperature.
neutron	A basic particle in an atom's nucleus that has a neutral electrical charge.
minimum weight	We list the minimum carat weight for some of our gemstones and jewelry
nonlinearity	Non-linearity can be evaluated for either an individual data point or for a measurement run.
lance	A long metallic tube through which oxygen is blown into the BOS vessel under high pressure.
net position	(i) An operator's position after offsetting all his long positions in a metal against all his short ones
orange peel effect	An effect that arises on the surface of steel sheets
structural section	Steel girders and heavy angles used in construction
hole	Void in rolled product
test definition	Outlines the test methods including calculations and variables
vulcanization	Nonreversible chemical reaction involving sulfur or other suitable agent wherein crosslinks are formed between molecular chains in materials
piling	A structural steel product with edges designed to interlock; used in the construction of cofferdams or riverbank reinforcement.
bull spread	An option spread of either puts or calls whereby the holder of the position benefits when prices rise.
fatigue limit	The maximum value of the applied alternating stress which a test piece can stand indefinately.
open cast mining	Mining technique used for large deposits near the surface.
parallel	Strip or block of precision-ground stock used to elevate a workpiece, while keeping it parallel to the worktable, to prevent cutter/table contact.
nmpt	Non Market Price Transaction
ingot	Mass of metal obtained from casting liquid steel into a mould
depth	Depth of a gemstone is measured from the table or highest crown facet, to the tip of the pavilion.
bbts	Consortium of seven Indonesian tin smelters.
work hardening	The increase in hardness and strength produced by
spangle	The characteristic bold polygonal pattern formed by zinc crystallites on hot-dip galvanized coil or galvanized sheet
velocity	the time rate of change of position of a body; speed
bainite	A decomposition product of austenite consisting of an aggregate of ferrite and carbide
top plate	Top horizontal member of a frame wall supporting ceiling joists, rafters, or other members.
relief annealing	See Annealing
wire rods	Coiled bars of up to 18.5 millimeters in diameter, used mainly in the production of wire.
crystallinity	For polymers, the state wherein a periodic and repeating atomic arrangement is achieved by molecular chain alignment
pyrolysis	A process of heating material in the absence, or almost complete absence, of oxygen, so that it is not oxidised, but volatile components or elements are driven off
billet	A solid semi-finished round or square product that has been hot worked by forging, rolling or extrusion
stop valve	A device installed in a water supply line, usually near a fixture, that permits an individual to shut off the water supply to one fixture without interrupting service to the rest of the system.
modulus of elasticity	Abbreviated by E
crystallization	The formation of crystals by the atoms assuming definite positions in a crystal lattice
tellurium	Its main use in the steel industry is as an
backlash	Reaction in dynamic motion systems where potential energy that was created while the object was in motion is released when the object stops
os	Chemical symbol for Osmium.
galvanizing	Covering of iron or steel surfaces with a protective layer of zinc (weight defined in specifications).
clutch	A clutch is an attachment used to secure a piece of jewelry, such as an earring back.
tungsten	An element known for its high tensile strength, ductility, and malleability
copper	Chemical element with the symbol Cu
iron	The product of the smelting of iron ore and the raw material for steel.
compressed-air chamber	the space at the bottom of a caisson into which air is introduced under pressure to exclude water so that excavation can take place
best orders	Orders to buy or sell which the LME Ring-dealing broker executes on the market at what the dealer judges to be the best available price
quenching	A process of rapid cooling from an elevated temperature by contact with low temperature liquids, gases or solids.
circular saw	Cutoff machine utilizing a circular blade with serrated teeth
golden finish	Like gold tone, golden-finish jewelry has no actual gold content but is finished with a gold look.
welding electrode	A metal or alloy in rod or wire forms used in electric arc welding to maintain the arc and at the same time supply molten metal or alloy at the point where the weld is to be accomplished.
limits of proportionality	The stress (load divided by original area of cross section of the test piece) at which the strain (elongation per unit of gauge length) ceases to be proportional to the corresponding stress
rock cycle	the process in which igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are changed over time
bifunctional	Designating monomer units that have two active bonding positions.
linear elastic material	This is a material that responds both linearly and elastically when loaded and unloaded
flexural bond strength	Stress developed in an adhesive bond between two materials determined in a flexure test.
cold drawn	Tubing, or possibly pipe, that is pulled through a die to reduce diameter and wall
geologist	a scientist who studies geology
ferro-alloy	An alloy with iron of a metal used to make steel alloys
indicator drop measurement	Method of determining if the primary and secondary reliefs on an endmill or other cutter have been properly ground
fair value	(i) A loose term referring to the level at which the commentator believes the market should be trading
electrical steels	Steels which are characterised by their magnetic properties and are intended for the manufacture of electrical circuits
strain	The natural logarithm of the ratio of instantaneous gauge length to original gauge length of a specimen being deformed by an unaxial force.
charpy test	Impact test in which a notched specimen, which is fixed at both ends, is struck behind the notch by a striker carried on a pendulum.The energy absorbed in fracture is measured by the height to which the pendulum rises.
magma	molten rock that is located beneath the Earth's surface
room and pillar	Mine development technique employed in good bearing ground.
age hardening	A process of increasing the hardness and strength by the precipitation of particles of a phase from a supersaturated solid solution alloy
mechanical tubing	Mechanical tubing is used for a variety of mechanical purposes and is produced to meet specific end use requirements, specifications, tolerances and chemistries
transfer	Sometimes erroneously called give-ups, transfers are a process whereby a client instructs one of his LME brokers to transfer responsibility for an open cleared position to another of his brokers for the sake of strengthening his open position with the latter broker.
specific strength	The ratio of tensile strength to specific gravity for a material.
padding	A material installed under carpet to add foot comfort, isolate sound, and to prolong carpet life.
aod	Argon oxygen decarburisation
impact values	Resistance to shock and ability to distribute localized stress as measured by impact test-usually expressed in foot-pounds.
formation	a body of rock with special that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it
scrap	It forms the basic raw material for making steel by the electric arc process
hot roll	Product that is sold in its “as produced state” off the Hot mill with no further reduction or processing steps aside from being pickled and oiled (if specified).
extra-hard temper	In brass mill terminology, Extra Hard is six numbers hard or 50.15% reduction from the previous annealing or soft stage.
x-ray crystallography	X-ray photographs of metals are a means of providing information which in many cases cannot be obtained by microscopic methods
bend test	Test for determining relative ductility of metal that is to be formed (usually sheet, strip, plate or wire) and for determining soundness and toughness of metal (after welding, for example)
drive plate	Attaches to a lathe spindle and has a slot or slots that engage a driving dog to turn the work
gear cutter	Cutter, such as a mill, broach and hob, designed for machining gears.
macrostructure	The general crystalline structure of a metal and the distribution of impurities seen on a polished or etched surface by either the naked eye or under low magnification of less than x10.
flow meter	a measuring device which determines the volume of material flowing through a pipe.
pad	See Cut.
tough pitch	Copper which has its oxygen content controlled to give it the best electrical characteristics is said to be tough pitch.
shot blast	Shot blasting consists of attacking the surface of a material with one of many types of shots
matte finish	A dull or grit surface appearance achieved by rolling on rolls that have been roughened by mechanical, chemical, or electrical means to various degrees of surface texture.
futures industry association	US lobby group which represents the interests of the derivatives industry.
pvc	Type of strippable plastic that is applied to protect a surface from scratching and marking.
slack quenching	Incomplete hardening of steel due to quenching at a rate slower than the critical cooling rate for the particular steel, resulting in the formation of one or more transformation products in addition to martensite.
cold finishing	Changing the shape of, or reducing the cross section of steel while cold-usually accomplished by rolling, drawing through a die or turning.
scratch	A sharp linear indentation in the surface of the metal.
cement copper	An impure form of copper recovered by acid precipitation from low grade ore or residues on to steel scrap
supercooling	Cooling below the temperature at which an equilibrium phase transformation can take place, without actually obtaining the transformation.
rack pitting	Pitting which occurs along a recognizable line on the surface of pipe, typically caused by water collecting in a stack of pipe over time.
air-hardening steel	Sometimes referred to as self-hardening steel
bath annealing	Immersion in a liquid bath, such as molten lead or fused salts, held at an assigned temperature.
quarry tile	A man-made or machine-made clay tile used to finish a floor or wall
mdpe	Medium Density Polyethylene resins range from 0.926-0.940 g/cm3 density
rolling	Reducing the cross-sectional area of metal stock through the use of rotating rolls
continuous casting	A casting technique in which an ingot, billet, tube, or other shape is continuously solidified while it is being poured, so that its length is not determined by mold dimensions.
chuck	Workholding device that affixes to a mill, lathe or drill-press spindle
ore mineral	A mineral of commercial value.
high strength stainless steels	Materials rapidly gaining favor with designers in the aerospace, military and other industries that are seeking new materials offering high strength, lower weights and lower life cycle costs
hot strip mill	A rolling mill which has several stands of rolls that convert slabs to hot rolled coils
sack mix	The amount of Portland cement in a cubic yard of concrete mix
strain ageing	The gradual changes in physical and mechanical properties, in particular hardness and tensile strength, which takes place following cold rolling or deformation
dry rolled finish	A finish obtained by cold rolling on polished rolls without the use of any coolant or metal lubricant, material previously plain pickled, giving a burnished appearance.
ridge shingles	Shingles used to cover the ridge board.
stainless steel	By definition this type of alloys contain at least 10.50% chromium, with or without other elements
knoop hardness test	Test for determining the hardness of a material in which calibrated machines force a rhombic-base pyramidal diamond indenter having specified edge angles into the surface of the material
co	Chemical symbol for Cobalt
weathering	the breaking of rocks by water, snow, ice, wind, chemicals, gravity or plant roots
m-code programming	Miscellaneous, or auxiliary, functions constitute on/off type commands
transformation temperature	The temperature at which a change in phase occurs.
drawing	(1) Forming recessed parts by forcing the plastic flow of metal in dies
cratering	Undesirable depressions in the dried ink film that may be large enough to expose the substrate.
bonderized	Specially pretreated hot-dipped galvanized where relatively thick or dense crystalline deposit of hydrated zinc-phosphate compounds is applied to the galvanized surface
face	Flat surface, usually at right angles and adjacent to the ground hole.
swap	A contract whereby one counterparty agrees to exchange a fixed price for a floating price, settled by the value of an underlying asset
sulphur	Generally regarded as an impurity in steel as it can have
non-ferrous metal	Metal or alloy that contains no iron.
tensile strength	The property of a material to resist a stress which tends to pull molecules apart.
welding	Joining pieces of metal together by hand using heat and molten materials.
nozzle	The part of a heating system that sprays the fuel of fuel-air mixture into the combustion chamber.
colorant	An additive that imparts a specific color to a polymer.
hydrogen embrittlement	In oxygen-bearing copper, a condition of low ductility resulting from absorption of hydrogen at high temperature, internal reduction of cuprous oxide and creation of intergranular holes or cracks by the accompanying generation of steam.
metal fabrication	the manufacture or construction of metal structures or devices such as weirs, railings, conveyors, etc.
beta	The name of a second phase in the internal structure of certain copper alloys, generally harder and less ductile than the alpha phase
slitting	A process of converting sheet in coils into strip by passing the metal through a machine with multiple rotary knives.
nace	End-use industry classification system used in the European Union
casting	The production an object of a certain shape by pouring molten metal into a mold to produce an ingot or a continuously cast slab.
iron	Chemical symbol Fe – the largest part of carbon steel representing approximately 94.5% in the pure molten state.
pointing	1) The reduction of the diameter of ends of tubes, rod, or wire in order that they may be started through the drawing die
quotas	(i) Tonnage limits on the amount of a particular ore, metal or alloy that can be imported into a country in a month, quarter or year either absolutely or at a more favourable rate of import duty.(ii) A rationing limit per customer applied by a seller of a material in short supply.
controlled atmosphere	A type of atmosphere, e.g
premium	Amount payable on a loan.
isothermal transformation curve	Also known as the Time Temperature Transformation Curve
quarter hard	Applicable to strain hardened (cold worked) alloys where the degree of strain hardening is approximately 1/4 of the way between O temper and the full hard condition (HX8)
tolerance	Permissible variation in steel dimensions (thickness, width, length and diagonal).
pearlite	Lamellar aggregate of ferrite and cementite in slowly cooled iron-carbon alloys occurring normally as a principle constituent of steel and cast iron
square	A unit of measure-100 square feet-usually applied to roofing and siding material
welding	Welding is a process to attach two or more metals or other materials together
spiral milling	Milling while simultaneously rotating and feeding the workpiece to create a spiral form
oxy-acetylene welding	A process for joining two pieces of metal in which the required high temperature is obtained by the combustion of acetylene gas and oxygen
affiliate	A company that is controlled by another or that has the same owner as another company.
controlled atmosphere brazing	Sometimes also described by the trade name “Nocolok”, this process uses a non-corrosive powdered flux and an inert gas atmosphere
decarburisation	A loss of carbon from the surface layers of steel caused by the steel having been held at high temperatures in an oxidising atmosphere.
z-mill	“Z Mill” or Sendzimir mill
assignment	On the LME, a notification from the clearing house that an option grantor must fulfil the terms of an option.
ex-warehouse	Goods sold ex-warehouse are usually placed on the truck, wagon or barge of the buyer
hardening	Any process for increasing the hardness of a metal or alloy.
modulus of elasticity	The slope of the elastic portion of the stress-strain curve in mechanical testing, The stress is divided by the unit elongation
alpha iron	The polymorphic form of iron, stable below 1670°F, has a body centered cubic lattice, and is magnetic up to 1410°°F.
alloy	A combination of two or more elements melted together to form a new material.
peak earnings	The ultimate earnings level of a company at the top of the business cycle
american option	An option, normally an OTC option on physical, which can be declared at any time prior to expiration.
reflective insulation	Sheet material with one or both faces covered with aluminum foil.
specific gravity	The ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water, determined at a specified temperature.
brazing	Brazing and soldering are techniques for joining metals in the solid state by means of a fusible filler metal with a melting point well below that of the base metal.
ultimate strength	Maximum conventional stress (tensile, compressive or shear) that a material can withstand.
cold rolled	Colled rolled steel is hot rolled sheet that has been cold reduced
eurometal	Organisation representing European steel, tube and metal distributors.
land	Face at pipe and between the bevel and the interior surface.
one cancels other	On futures markets, a trading instruction incorporating two orders with a built-in further instruction to cancel one if the other is executed
hardening	Making a metal stiffer by working it by bending or hammering
li	Chemical symbol for Lithium.
carbon free	Metals and alloys which are practically free from carbon.
elmendorf	A technique used to measure the tearing resistance of a material. The test method and form of sample preparation are described in ASTM D1922, ASTM D1424, ISO 6383, ISO 1974 and TAPPI T414 standards.
work hardening	The hardness developed in metal as a result of cold work
cold finished bars	Hot rolled stainless steel bars that are annealed and cold worked to produce a higher surface quality and higher strength.
wet scrubber	In air pollution control, a liquid (usually water) spray device for collecting pollutants in escaping foundry gases.
bonding	Attachment of an atom to one or more adjacent atoms.
niobium	An exotic alloy valued for its strength at extremely high temperatures and its ability to superconduct, or pass electricity with minimal resistance, at very low temperatures
robotics	Discipline involving self-actuating and self-operating devices
ra	Chemical symbol for Radium.
cold finished	a generic term used to designate three classes of cold processed bars: (1) cold drawn bars, (2) turned and polished shafting, and (3) ground and polished bars.
isolated silicate structure	Silicate minerals that are structured so that none of the oxygen atoms are shared by silica tetrahedrons.
cell manufacturing	Grouping processes, equipment and people together to manufacture a specific family of parts
screw	This older method used the basic principle of the screw to adjust the space between the mill rolls
powder metallurgy	The art of producing metal powders and of utilizing metal powders for the production of massive materials and shaped objects.
solid model	3-D model created using "building blocks." This is the most accurate way of representing real-world objects in CAD.
crucible	Refractory pot in which smaller quantities of metals and alloys are melted prior to final adjustment of the composition and pouring
hydrate	An aluminum oxide with three molecules of chemically combined water.
vertebrate	animals with backbones, from fish to humans
recovery	Removal of residual stresses from col- working as the result of annealing.
broker	A retail agent who buys and sells power. The agent may also aggregate customers and arrange for transmission, firming and other ancillary services as needed.
voyageur	a man employed by a fur company to transport goods to and from remote stations especially in the Canadian Northwest; from Old French "voiage," meaning "to travel"
critical point	This generally refers to a temperature at which some chemical or physical change takes place
nick	A surface or edge discontinuity in the form of a slight cut, indentation, or notch
peripheral milling	Form of milling that produces a finished surface generally in a plane parallel to the rotating axis of a cutter having teeth or inserts on the periphery of the cutter body
twin milling	Grinds one or all six sides of a small square or rectangular piece of aluminum plate into close tolerance.
coil breaks	Surface condition characterized by a series of wide spaced lines generally caused by reels used in uncoiling.
open hearth furnace	A type of furnace where excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of pig iron, or cast iron used for remelting to produce steel
gray cast iron	A cast iron that gives a gray fracture due to the presence of flake graphite
racalescence	The liberation of heat due to internal changes, which occurs when steel is cooled through the critical temperature range.
drawing	The process of drawing metal through a die to accurately produce long lengths of wire, tube or strip sections.
integral finned tubing	Tubing with raised surface fins formed from the wall of the tube itself.
reducing agent	Either natural gas or coal can be used to remove the oxygen from iron ore in order to produce a scrap substitute
profilometer	An instrument that measures surface roughness the height and depth of surface ridges.
cutting speed	Tangential velocity on the surface of the tool or workpiece at the cutting interface
creep	The form of plastic deformation that takes place in
occlusion	A term applied, in the case of metals, to the
billet	A slug cut from rod to be heated and forged.
aluminothermy	A process which exploits the exothermic characteristics of finely-divided aluminium and/or ferro-silicon to generate high temperatures on combustion
welding	a melting of two pieces of metal to cause coalescence (or fusion) of the parts.
unwrought:	Not worked; see wrought metal.
prime western	US zinc grade min
merman	a fabled marine creature with the head and upper body of a man and the tail of a fish
gage length	This is the initial distance between two points that a measurement is being taken
semi-fabricator	See fabricator.
shortness	A form of brittleness in metal
vanadium	(Chemical Symbol V) - Gray - white hard metal used as a strong carbide and nitride former that refines steel grain size increasing strength and toughness.
deep drawing applications	Parts/applications that require deep drawing in their fabrication
final force	In door closing applications: The value of force measured at 5 secs.
bainite	An acicular aggregate of ferrite and carbide particles formed when austenite is transformed on cooling at temperatures in the intermediate (200-450°C) range, ie above the martensite and below the pearlite range.
decitex	Unit of Linear density equal to the mass in grams per 10,000 meters of yarn.
martensite	An unstable constituent in quenched steel, formed without diffusion and only during cooling below a certain temperature known as the M 5 (or Ar") temperature
eradicate	to do away with as completely as if by pulling up by the roots
vulcanization	An irreversible process during which a rubber compound through a change in its chemical structure (for example, cross-linking) becomes less plastic and more resistant to swelling by organic liquids and elastic properties are conferred, improved, or extended over a greater range of temperature.
fatigue limit	The maximum stress below which a material can presumably endure an infinite number of stress cycles
ridge board	The board placed on the ridge of the roof onto which the upper ends of other rafters are fastened.
sub-critical annealing	Heating to, and holding at, some point below the critical temperature
market risk	The risk that the value of a derivatives contract will decrease due to an adverse movement in market factors.
stranded benefits	Special collection programs, renewable energy and demand side management programs, lifeline rates and other utility resources funded by a monopoly utility that may not be funded if the utility's competition does not have smaller costs.
true capacity	Volume at full utilization, allowing for the maintenance of equipment and reflecting current material constraints
schedule	Numbers assigned to different wall thicknesses of pipe (i.e
vanadium	Steels containing vanadium have a much finer grain structure than steels of similar composition without vanadium
viscosity	Measure of a fluid's tendency to flow; varies with temperature.
mechanical advantage	The ratio between the load moved and the effort applied
normalizing	Heating to about 100° F
bend	Measures the maximum force to bend a carton sample up to 90°
range 1	Pipe lengths ranging from 16- - 25-
torsionalmodulus	Also known as modulus of rigidity, shear modulus, or shear modulus of elasticity.
modular fixturing	System in which fixtures are constructed from standardized, reusable components
sash	A single light frame containing one or more lights of glass
cobwebbing	Fine filaments produced by the ink between the screen and the printing surface resulting in a cobweb-like appearance on the finished print
cr	Chemical symbol for Chromium.
17-4 ph	A chromium-nickel grade of stainless steel that has excellent mechanical properties at a high strength and hardness level
coke	solid substance left after gas and tar have been extracted from coal, used as fuel
hdpp	High Density PolyPropylene
alloy	A combination of two or more metals with its own distinct properties.
rim joist	A joist that runs around the perimeter of the floor joists and home.
poisson's ratio	This is the ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain
orange peel	Roughening of the surface sometimes encountered in forming or drawing metals that have a course grain structure.
sway brace	Metal straps or wood blocks installed diagonally on the inside of a wall from bottom to top plate, to prevent the wall from twisting, racking, or falling over "domino" fashion.
escape provision	A contract provision which allows a party, such as an electric customer, to get out of it. Usually, there is a penalty.
helix angle	Angle that the tool's leading edge makes with the plane of its centerline.
ladle refining	For higher specification (and higher value) steels, some processes, including alloying, oxide removal and desulphurisation can be carried out after running the newly produced liquid steel into a separate ladle, in which its temperature can be maintained or adjusted prior to casting while operations are carried out (to reduce impurities or add alloying metals etc).
roll forming	(1) An operation used in forming sheet
hydrostatic test	Normal mill test whereby pipe ends are sealed and high-pressure water is introduced to predetermined pressures as required by specifications.
turbulent	Disturbed airflow.
tellurium	Its primary use in steel is as an additive in leadbearing freecutting steels to further improve their machinability.
stabilizing anneal	A treatment applied to austenitic stainless steels that contain titanium or niobium
matching system	The system operated by the Clearing House for the matching and confirmation of futures exchange contracts between clearing members.
jet cooler	Devices that controls the cooling of the steel strip before it enters the galvanizing pot.
re-crystallisation	The re-arrangement of crystals in cold worked metal brought about by heating so that the deformed crystals are absorbed by newly-formed crystals and the effects of work hardening are removed
grain-oriented	The metal’s grain runs parallel within the steel, permitting easy magnetization along the length of the steel
overburden	Distance between the upper edge of the pipeline and the surface of the ground and/or the bottom of a body of water located above the pipeline
biomass gas	A medium Btu gas containing methane and carbon dioxide, resulting from the action of microorganisms on organic materials such as a landfill.
metal brake	a machine that will fold, bend or flange metal.
stress	Internal forces, produced by application of external load in order to produce strain or pressure on an object, tending to displace component parts of the stressed material
phenomenal gemstones	Gems that display unusual optical properties such as color change, stars (asterism), cat's-eyes (chatoyancy), adularescence, etc
astm a787	ASTM A787 specification covers round, square, rectangle and special shape electric resistance welded tubing that is zinc-coated after welding (hot dipped galvanized) or coated in coil form (galvanized, aluminized, galvannealed, etc).
burnt	A term applied to a metal permanently damaged by having been heated to a temperature close to the melting point.
co-product	Usually two metals recovered from the same ore and near enough to each other in value that neither can be called a by-product of the other.
scarfing	Removal of the surface layer of steel (and the surface defects therein) by using acetylene gas cutting torches
clipping edge	Where the flash is trimmed or clipped off.
pack rolling	A technique of rolling two thicknesses of thin sheet or foil together and then separating them.
projection welding	A welding process that uses small projections on one or both components of the weld to localise the heat and pressure, the projections collapse when the weld is made.
machining	Refers to performing multiple processes to a piece of metal to produce a customer specified component part.
peel resistance	Torque required to separate an adhesive and adhered.
buckles	a series of waves in sheets which are ordinarily transverse to the direction of rolling.
slitting	Cutting sheet or strip metal to width by rotary slitters.
mechanical engineer	an engineer who applies the principles of mechanics and energy to the design of machines and devices
r factor or value	A measure of a materials resistance to the passage of heat
charpy impact test	A measure of a metal-s impact strength, this test introduces a measured impact to a metal-s surface via a pendulum.
camber	Curvature in the plane of rolled sheet or strip, or in the plane of the web of structural shapes.
fen	similar to bogs but with less acidic soil, due to more ground and surface water
fracture	Fractures are often described by the appearance of
work hardening	Most metals and alloys will exhibit a slight degree of increase in both strength and hardness if subjected to cold work (e.g
stainless steel	Rust-resistant steels containing chromium; also, according to alloy, nickel, molybdenum and other metals
automatic chucking machine	Machine with multiple chucks and toolholding spindles that permits processing of several parts simultaneously or multiple machining steps in one pass through the machine
rolling	The process of shaping metal by passing it
force	any action that tends to maintain or alter the position of a structure
eddy-current testing	Nondestructive testing method in which eddy-current flow is induced in the test object
cwt	Hundred Weight
yield point	The load per unit of original cross section at which a marked increase in the deformation of the specimen occurs without increase of load
overheated	A term applied when, after exposure to an excessively high temperature, a metal develops an undesirably coarse grain structure but is not permanently damaged
quenching	A process of rapid cooling from an elevated temperature by contact with liquids, gases or solids.
premium	The cost of an option, invoiced to the holder and non-refundable, even if the holder does not exercise the option.
crust of the earth	the outermost solid layer of the earth, mostly consisting of crystalline rock
fracture test	Breaking a specimen and examing the fractured surface with the unaided eye or with a low-power microscope to determine such things as composition, grain size, case depth, soundness, and presence of defects.
light metals	Metals and alloys that have a low specific gravity, such as beryllium, magnesium and aluminum.
seam	A surface defect formed from blow holes in the ingot, non metallic inclusions, or stresses arising during the solid"ification stage
weatherstrip	Narrow sections of thin metal or other material installed to prevent the infiltration of air and moisture around windows and doors.
toughness	The ability of a metal to rapidly distribute within itself both the stress and strain caused by a suddenly applied load, or more simply expressed, the ability of a material to withstand shock loading
manipulator	Arm or basic object-transferring device
carburizing	is adding carbon to the surface of steel by heating the metal in contact with carbonaceous solid"s, liquids, or gases
step-over	Distance between the passes of the toolpath; the path spacing
superheating	Heating above the temperature at which an equilibrium phase transformation should occur, without actually obtaining the transformation.
interrupted quenching	Rapid cooling to a selected temperature by
german silver	See nickel silver.
by-product	A metal or other valuable element recovered in relatively small quantities from the production of another metal, e.g cadmium from zinc, platinum from nickel or molybdenum from copper.
minor metals	Non-ferrous metals of smaller volume of international trade and frequently higher value than base metals
margin call	Demand from a broker to deposit additional money or securities to bring a participant's account up to the minimum margin.
oxidising	Iron and steel rust, that is oxidise, in wet conditions or in humid atmospheres
percent elongation	Measure of the ductility of a material determined in a tensile test
cross rolling	The rolling of sheet so that the direction of rolling is changed about 90° from the direction of the previous rolling.
metal-removal rate	Rate at which metal is removed from an unfinished part, measured in cubic inches or cubic centimeters per minute.
compression fatigue	Ability of rubber to sustain repeated fluctuating compressive loads
scrap	Iron-containing stainless steel material that is normally remelted and recasted into new stainless steel
lubricity	Measure of the relative efficiency with which a cutting fluid or lubricant reduces friction between surfaces.
brittle crack propagation	A very sudden propagation of a crack with the absorption of no energy except that stored elastically in the body
type 409 stainless steel	Ferritic (plain chromium stainless category) stainless steel suitable for high temperatures
cogging	An intermediate rolling process when a hot ingot is reduced to a bloom or slab in a cogging mill.
austempering	Quenching a ferrous alloy from a temperature above the transformation range, in a medium having a rate of heat abstraction high enough to prevent the formation of high-temperature transformation products, and then holding the alloy, until transformation is complete, at a temperature below that of pearlite formation and above that of martensite formation.
grain	The individual crystal units comprising the aggregate structure where the crystalline orientation does not change
reach	Acronym for Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals
historic price carry	See NMPT.
quenching	The rapid cooling from high temperature, generally by immersion in water, oil or polymer solutions.
ferrous	Relating to iron.
tom-next	Within the LME's normal two day settlement, a position may nevertheless have a prompt date one day forward
reheat furnace	A furnace used to reheat steel semis to a temperature suitable for hot rolling.
synthetic	Produced by humans; as opposed to materials of natural origin.
block copolymer	A linear copolymer in which identical mer units are clustered in blocks along the molecular chain.
anneal	A heat treatment to fully soften the material and/or to dissolve and take back into equilibrium solution any intermetallic compounds (e.g
machinability	The relative ease of machining metals and alloys.
hydrogen	An undesirable impurity if present in steel and a cause of fine hairline cracks especially in alloy steels
step flashing	Flashing application method used where a vertical surface meets a sloping roof plane
calendered	Paper that has been smoothed and polished between sets of rollers called a calender; this process is usually done at the dry end of a papermaking machine.
ez	Electro zinc
continuous casting	A way of forming a material using a mold
sewer tap	The physical connection point where the home's sewer line connects to the main municipal sewer line.
specter	a visible disembodied spirit; ghost
pilot hole	A small-diameter, pre-drilled hole that guides a nail or screw.
forging	A process of working metal to a finished shape by
graft copolymer	A copolymer wherein homopolymer side branches of one mer type are grafted to homopolymer main chains of a different type.
base metals	Major industrial non-ferrous metals other than precious metals and minor metals
pick-and-place robot	Simple robot or piece of hard automation that is capable of the simple actions of picking an object from a fixed point and placing the object at another fixed point.
mantel	The shelf above a fireplace opening
dual phase steels	Carbon or stainless steel combining the character of two allotropic forms of steel, so that they are ductile enough for deep drawing but after forming have superior strength.
basis point	A measure of tiny movements in futures and other volatile prices and yields equal to 0.01% of the going price.
filtration	The process of passing water through a filter to remove particles. In water treatment, the filter material is typically sand, sometimes with a layer of anthracite (coal) above.
corrosion fatigue	Effect of the application of repeated or fluctuating stresses in a corrosive environment characterized by shorter life than would be encountered as a result of either the repeated or fluctuating stresses alone or the corrosive environement alone.
controlled atmosphere furnaces	A furnace used for bright annealing into which specially prepared gases are introduced for the purpose of maintaining a neutral atmosphere so that no oxidizing reaction between metal and atmosphere takes place.
long ton	2,240 pounds.
in	Chemical symbol for Indium.
raschel warp knitted	Raschel is a type of knitting machine named after the inventor
flash extension	The amount of metal extending beyond the part at the flash line.
ton-mile	Standardised unit of transport cost.
l-d process	An oxygen steel making process named after the
deionization	Removal of ions from a water-based solution
crevice corrosion	Corrosion of stainless steel on the surface that is fully shielded from air such that the passive film cannot be created to resist the corrosion.
richter scale	a measurement scale for identifying the strength of an earthquake
r/c	Refining charge made by a copper refiner for refining anode copper
layoff	Excess capacity of a generating unit, available for a limited time under the terms of a sales agreement
long product	Term mostly used in steel to refer to products such as rod, rebar, rail and structural section (beam, joist).
limits	A safety feature on Thwing-Albert test instruments that suspend motion or shuts off the instrument when the upper or lower limit is reached
galling	The damaging of one or both metallic surfaces by removal of particles from localized areas due to seizure during sliding friction
air cooling	Cooling of the heated metal, intermediate in rapidity between slow furnace cooling and quenching, in which the metal is permitted to stand in the open air.
silica	A term used for oxygen plus silicon.
fatigue life	The number of cycles of stress that can be sustained prior to failure for a stated test condition.
parts feeder	Mechanism that delivers parts to the assembly machine at a specified rate and with proper orientation.
dye penetrant inspection	A method for detecting surface porosity or cracks in metal
baghouse	Part of the environmental controls at a smelter or furnace
drifted	Finishing inside diameter to meet specific dimensions by pushing a mandrel through a pipe.
exercise	The implementation of an option following declaration.
centerless grinding	An operation whereby the surface of a bar is ground without using a lathe.
fabricate	To work a material into a finished state by machining, forming, or joining.
annealing	A process of heat treatment for restoring the ductility of metals work-hardened by semi-fabrication.
grinding cracks	Shallow surface cracks usually appearing on relatively hard materials as a result of incorrect grinding, caused by the generation of high heat and rapid cooling on the area of contact.
bruise	A greatly enlarged roll mark whose height or depth is very shallow.
basic oxygen furnace	Equipment (with a basic, that is, non-acid lining) developed from the principles of the historical Bessemer converter for turning run-of-furnace iron into steel with a controlled content of carbon
astm a135	ASTM A135 specification covers electric resistance welded steel pipe that is used to convey gas, vapor or liquid
sendzimir cold rolling mill	Frequently referred to as Z mill which features 1-2-3-4 top and bottom roll arrangement; each work roll is supported throughout its entire length by two first intermediate rolls, that are, in turn, supported by three second intermediate rolls which transfer the roll separating forces to a rigid one piece cast steel housing through four backing assemblies
oscillation	Uneven wrap in coiling and lateral travel during winding
taper reamer	Reamer designed to produce a reamed hole with a specified taper
astm a847	ASTM A847 specification covers cold-formed welded and seamless high-strength, low-alloy round, square, rectangular, or special shaped structural tubing where high strength and enhanced atmospheric corrosion resistance are required
casing	Pipe used as a retainer, usually to protect materials from an exterior environment.
shear modulus	This is the tangent or secant modulus of elasticity of a material when subjected to a twisting force. Sometimes equal to the torsional modulus of elasticity.
hic test	(Hydrogen-Induced Cracking) is used to evaluate the resistance of pipeline and pressure-vessel plate steels to cracking caused by hydrogen absorption from aqueous sulfide corrosion
bridge resistance	The nominal electrical resistance of the loadcell circuit measured at the excitation connections of the loadcell with zero load applied to the loadcell and the output connections open circuit
corrosion	Gradual chemical or electrochemical attack on a metal by atmosphere, moisture or other agents.
coefficient of expansion	The ratio of change in length, area, or volume per
network polymer	A polymer composed of trifunctional mer units that form three-dimensional molecules.
pig iron	The name for the melted iron produced in a blast furnace, containing a large quantity of carbon (above 1.5%)
lüders lines	(stretcher strain) Irregular surface markings or depressions caused by localized plastic deformation resulting from yield point elongation.
alloy	Any metal that is a blend of more than one kind of metal.
surface model	3-D model defined by surfaces
bloom	Semi-finished products, hot rolled from ingots.
grinding cracks	Shallow cracks formed in the surface of relatively hard materials because of excessive grinding heat or the high sensitivity of the material.
alligatoring	Also called lamination, an internal crack or separation parallel to the rolled surfaces
twr	Abbreviation for "Traverse Wound Reels." Metal supplied on reels in traverse wound condition.
brass	A copper-zinc alloy yellow in color; known as ”High Brass” or “Two-to-One Brass.”
emissions coefficient	A unique value for scaling emissions to activity data in terms of a standard rate of emissions per unit of activity (e.g., pounds of carbon dioxide emitted per Btu of fossil fuel consumed).
iron	The term iron, as used in the chemical or
n.a.s.p.d.	National Association of Steel Pipe Distributors
longitudinal direction	The direction in a wrought metal product parallel to the direction of working (drawing, extruding, rolling).
minimum wall	Any wall having tolerances specified all on the plus side.
broker-dealer	A company with the capacity to trade for its own account and on behalf of its customers.
voracious	having a huge appetite; ravenous [very eager or greedy for food, satisfaction, or gratification]
allotropy	The property possessed by certain elements to exist in two or more distinct forms that are chemically identical but have different physical properties
chemical properties	Normally associated with a limited number of chemical elements; however, depending upon the specification, practically a full analysis may be required
stress - strain diagram	The stress-strain diagram is a plot of the stress on the ordinate (y-axis) versus the strain on the abscissa (x-axis)
electropolishing	A process whereby the metal surface is actually corroded away under very carefully controlled electrolytic conditions
freecutting steels	Steels which have had additions made to improve
daylight	This is the dimension, on a test stand, measured between the anvil plate and crosshead
non ferrous metal	A metal or alloy that has no iron content.
hydrogen embrittlement	A condition of low ductility resulting from hydrogen absorption and internal pressure developed subsequently.
leveling	The process of removing coil set and flattening or correcting the shape of the steel by putting the steel through a series of rolls under a tremendous amount of force.
physical properties	A general term that refers to any property of a material; for example, density, electrical conductivity, thermal expansion, mechanical properties, etc.
stress	withstand for an indefinite number of cycles without
magnetic particle inspection	A nondestructive method of detecting cracks or defects by establishing a magnetic field in the object and using iron fillings to see if the field lines are constant.
grain size measurement	Grain size is normally quantified by a numbering system
work envelope	Cube, sphere, cylinder or other physical space within which the cutting tool is capable of reaching.
part orientation	Designing the assembly machine, feeding mechanism and the part itself so the parts to be assembled are properly aligned prior to and during the assembly operation.
centrifugal casting	A casting made by pouring metal into a mold that is rotated or revolved.
process annealing	In the sheet and wire industries, heating a ferrous alloy to a temperature close to, but below, the lower limit of the transformation range and then cooling in order to soften the alloy for further cold working.
open outcry	The method of face-to-face dealing employed on the LME Ring and on some other futures markets in the pit
fuel escalation	The annual rate of increase of the cost of fuel, including inflation and real escalation, resulting from resource depletion, increased demand, etc.
flash furnace	A smelting furnace in which the concentrate and fuel are blown into a closed chamber in finely-divided form
thread grinder	Typically a form grinder as well as a thread grinder, this machine differs from other grinders in that precision gears and leadscrews ensure a precise traverse to impart the correct lead to a thread.
la	Chemical symbol for Lanthanum.
notch	A crosswise groove at the end of a board.
mill scale	Heavy oxidation on the surface of, for example, hot rolled steel coil
crude steel	The product of a BF-BOF process converter or EAF as liquid, or cast product (ingot, slab, billet, bloom or steel casting)
depth of penetration	The depth to which appreciable hardening occurs when steel is quenched from its hardening temperature.
extrusion	Conversion of an ingot or billet into lengths of uniform cross section by forcing metal to flow plastically through a die orifice.
coining	A process of impressing images or characters from a die onto plain metal surfaces.
commercial steel	Steel intended for simple bending or moderate forming applications where the steel can be bent upon itself flat in any direction at room temperature without fracturing
magnetic	Most non-ferrous metals are non-magnetic, except nickel and cobalt, which are strongly magnetic
striation	Fatigue fracture feature, often observed in electron micrographs, that indicates the position of the crack front after each succeeding cycle of stress
quaternary alloy	An alloy of four metals.
efp	Exchange for physical – a term originating on American futures exchanges, but now increasingly in common use on the LME, whereby two physical counterparties swap a physical parcel and a futures position at mutually agreed prices to avoid each of them having to hedge the transaction separately.
aluminium bronze	An alloy of 89-95% copper and 5-11% aluminium with good bearing properties
fracture	The surface of a break in metal.
zirconium	(Chemical Symbol Zr) – Silvery metal used as a strong deoxidizer and nitride former that imparts sulfide inclusion shape control to steel resulting in improved formability.
shoe	Sub sometimes run on bottom of casing string with special metallurgy or design to help pipe to bottom through tight or bridged spots in drill hole
drop forging	An operation in which a metal shape is formed
warping	Any distortion in a material.
power vent	A vent that includes a fan to speed up air flow; Often installed on roofs.
elastic limit	The greatest stress that can be applied to a material without causing permanent deformation
cementite	A compound of iron and carbon, known chemically as iron carbide and having the approximate chemical formula Fe3C
ferrite	A solid solution in which alpha iron is the solvent, and which is characterized by a body-centered cubic crystal structure.
transverse test	A test taken at right angles to the principal direction of rolling or forging.
duplex stainless	A category of stainless steel with high amounts of chromium and moderate nickel content
poisson's ratio	If a square bar is stressed in a testing machine in the
species	The species, an adjective, often refers to a place, the plant's characteristics/appearance, or the name of the person credited with discovering it
barlow's formula	An equation which shows the relationship of internal pressure to allowable stress, nominal thickness and diameter
density	The mass of one cubic metre of the material.
ramp milling	Milling process in which the machine tool spindle is feeding simultaneously in an axial and radial direction.
black plate	Cold-reduced sheet steel, 12 inches to 32 inches wide, that serves as the substrate (raw material) to be coated in the tin mill.
grab tensile strength	ASTMD D 5034 grab method (Force required to break the warp and weft yarns).
peak force	The point of maximum force
lldpe	Liner Low Density Polyethylene resins range from 0.900 to 0.939 g/cm3 density
edging	The process of accomplishing a particular shape to the edge of a strip or slit edge (i.e
phosphatized	Chemical treatment in a phosphate solution of metallic coated sheet to prepare the surface for painting.
creep strength	(1) The constant nominal stress that will cause a specified quantity of creep in a given time at constant temperature
molybdenum	Molybdenum, with an atomic number of 42, is a soft, silvery-white, chemical element that is considered to be a transition metal
l grades	Mostly applied to 304L (1.4307) and 316L (1.4404)
girdle	A faceted stone can be divided into an upper and lower section
alloy steel	A steel to which one or more alloying elements other than carbon have been deliberately added (e.g
earthquake	sudden release of energy built up in an area on the crust or upper mantle sudden ground motion or vibration of the Earth
oxygen cutting	A group of thermal cutting processes that severs or removes metal by means of the chemical reaction between oxygen and the base metal at elevated temperature
galvanized	Carbon steel substrate – either Cold Rolled or Hot Rolled Pickled (normally dry) – which has zinc applied to both sides
thermosetting	A polymeric material that, once having cured (or hardened) by a chemical reaction, will not soften or melt when substantially heated.
cold stamp	To restrike a forging cold in order to hold to closer tolerance, sharpen corners or outlines, reduce section thickness, flatten some particular surface, increase hardness, or add lettering.
blanking	The process of cutting metal blanks by a die and punch set in a press, or by sawing or shearing.
burst strength	The ability of a material to resist rupture by pressure.
decarburization	The loss of carbon from the surface of steel by heating above lower critical temperature or by chemical action
as-hot-rolled	A condition of a metal mill product resulting from hot rolling; soft, not cleaned nor drawn or rolled to size.
introducing broker	A broker which establishes a direct relationship with a client, but delegates some operations and trade execution to another broker or firm.
black copper	A very impure (85-90%) first smelting of copper prior to fire refining.
round turn	Expression covering the purchase and sale of a warrant by a broker for a client; the basis for charging commission.
carbon steel	Steel containing carbon up to about 2% and only residual quantities of other elements except those added for deoxidization, with silicon limited to 0.60% and manganese to about 1.65%.
teaching pendant	Device used to "walk" a teachable robot through a new task.
isotope	Atoms (of the same element) that have different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons.
hardness	A mechanical property of steel that measures the resistance to indentation
solid solution	A condition wherein one element is dissolved in another element while the dissolving element is in a solid and not liquid condition.
bric	Acronym for Brazil, Russia, India and China.
tin plate	Thin sheet steel with a very thin coating of metallic tin
normalizing	Common heat treatment for metals similar to annealing but does not appreciably soften the metal
build-up sequence	Occurs when weld beads are deposited in a certain order.
brass	A family of copper-zinc alloys, classically 60/40
u	Chemical symbol for Uranium
super-sonic	A speed greater than the speed of sound.
hardness test	Hardness testing consists of pressing an indenter into a flat surface under a perfectly controlled load, then measuring the dimension of the resulting indentation
dog leg	Slit strip showing abrupt change and reversal in longitudinal direction.
endurance limit	Limit below which a material will not fail.
mark	Damage in the surface of the product whose name is often described by source.
t-slot cutter	Milling cutter for machining T-slots
roll roofing	Asphalt roofing products manufactured in roll form
pencil hardness	A physical measurement of the hardness of a paint film which is based on the resistance of the film to cut-through by pencil leads of specified hardness
3-d	Way of displaying real-world objects in a natural way by showing depth, height and width
nickel	One of the most widely used alloying elements in steel
clay mineral group	Collective term for several clay minerals.
load cell	A force transducer which converts the actual force result into an electrical signal
strength	The ability of a material to resist applied forces.
reducing agent	Either natural gas or coal can be used to remove oxygen from iron ore to produce a scrap substitute
black-scholes	A formula (named after its two inventors) which relates the premium value of an option to a combination of the value of the underlying metal, the time to expiry, the volatility of the metal's price and the prevailing interest rate.
bluing	Subjecting the scale-free surface of a ferrous alloy to the action of air, stream, or other agents at a suitable temperature, thus forming a thin blue film of oxide and improving the appearance and resistance to corrosion
inclusions	Usually non-metallic particles contained in
riser and panel	The exterior vertical pipe (riser) and metal electric box (panel) the electrician provides and installs at the "Rough Electric" stage.
transverse	Literally "across" signifying a direction or plane perpendicular to the direction of working.
elasticity	Ability of a material to return to its original shape when the load-causing deformation is removed.
liquidity risk	The risk that a party interested in trading an instrument or asset cannot do so because it is unable to find a willing counterparty.
form cutter	Cutter shaped to cut stepped, angular or irregular forms in the workpiece
cold drawing	A process in which tubing is drawn at room temperature through a die and over a mandrel to achieve its final size and to provide better surface finish, closer tolerances, lighter walls, smaller diameters, longer lengths, or a different combination of mechanical properties from those possible through hot finishing or direct welding.
killed steel	Steel deoxidized by silicon or aluminum to reduce the oxygen content in molten steel to a minimum prior to solidification of the metal
compression test	Method for determining behaviour of materials under axial loading in compression
fretting	Action that results in surface damage, especially in a corrosive environment, when there is relative motion between solid surfaces in contact under pressure
ferritic	Grade of steel containing in excess of about 12% chromium and used in a condition in which their micro-structure consists of ferrite plus carbides.
brownfields	abandoned, idled, or under-used industrial and commercial facilities where expansion, redevelopment, or reuse is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination See also: Great Lakes Regional Online Brownfields Information Network (ROBIN)
synthetic put	A combination of a short (or long) futures position and a long out of the money call (or put) option
cutterhead	In the large diameter range, this describes a tool carrier used in hard rock machines, equipped mainly with disc cutters and designed for full-face excavation
steel service centers	Steel service centers are modern efficient processing operations offering a wide range of products and service capabilities including hot and cold rolled, coated slit strip, sheet and blanks in carbon and stainless steel
end quench test	More commonly referred to as Jominy Test it is
bend test	Various tests used to determine ductility of sheet, plate or tubulars subjected to bending.
gymnosperm	plants that have an exposed seed
martempering	A heat treatment involving austenitisation
alpha iron	The body centered cubic form of iron which, in pure iron,
seam	A tight, but unwelded imperfection on the surface of a wrought metal product.
perched dunes	dunes that sit on a plateau high above the shore; they consist of sand as well as other loose material, and dramatically changing lake levels help to create them
malleability	The property that determines the ease of deforming a metal when the material is subjected to rolling or hammering
rake	Angle of inclination between the face of the cutting tool and the workpiece
temper colors	Before the use of instruments such as
brinell hardness test	The Brinell hardness test for steel, involves impressing a ball 10 mm diameter, of hard steel or tungsten carbide, with a loading of 3000 kilogrammes into the steel surface
watershed	a region of land that is crisscrossed by smaller waterways that drain into a larger body of water
cogging	An intermediate rolling process when a hot ingot is
deburring	A method whereby the raw slit edge of metal is removed by rolling or filing.
micrometer	piece of hand held equipment used to measure the thickness of the steel.
flux leakage	The flow of flux out of a magnetic material, such as the wall of a pipe, into a medium with lower permeability, such as gas or air.
true stress	Applied load divided by actual area of the cross section through which the load operates
as extruded	The condition of a metal mill product resulting from hot extrusion-soft, not cleaned nor drawn or rolled to size
premium	A generally used term for the extra payment made for a specialised product, or for an especially pure form of a product or a product from a highly regarded supplier, or for delivery at particular preferred locations
swarf	The particles of metal arising from machining or grinding operations, much of it finds its way to the steel maker for remelting.
basic steel	Steel produced in a furnace that is bottomed and lined with basic substances, such as a nagnesia or lime
cold rolling	Rolling metal at a temperature below the softening point of the metal to create strain hardening (work-hardening)
flame annealing	The direct application of a high temperature flame to a steel surface for the purpose of removing stresses and softening the metal
bronze	An alloy of copper and tin.
martensitic	A range of stainless steel grades which are magnetic and can be hardened and tempered.
reducer	A fitting with different size openings at either end and used to go from a larger to a smaller pipe.
macroetch test	Consists of immersing a carefully prepared section of the steel in hot acid and of examining the etching surface to evaluate the soundness and homogeneity of the product being tested.
solid bridging	A solid member placed between adjacent floor joists near the center of the span to prevent joists or rafters from twisting.
elmendorf	A technique used to measure the tearing resistance of a material
direct strip casting	Casting steel strip very close to final dimensions to minimise the need for subsequent hot rolling to size (from conventional slab).
tube bending	a process for forming square or rectangular tubes to a specific degree or angle for use as arc, curves, or Z-sections
refining	(a) The removal of impurities and metallic oxides from the molten bath by the reaction of the slag and other additions
corona discharge	An electrical surface treatment that encourages oxidation of a surface to reduce surface tension and improve ink adhesion.
scarfing	Cutting surface areas of metal objects, ordinarily by using a gas torch. The operation permits surface defects to be cut from ingots, billets, or the edges of plate that is to be beveled for butt welding. See Chipping.
drawing	Drawing may refer to the pulling of the steel through a die, as in drawing wire, or deforming steel in dies on a press (deep drawing).
tensile elongation	The ultimate elongation of an engineering material is the percentage increase in length that occurs before it breaks under tension
an	An acronym for Air Force-Navy.
brittle fracture	A fracture that has little or no plastic deformation.
eurometaux	European Association of Metals
residual stress	Stress present in a body that is free of external forces or thermal gradients.
routing	Produces various sizes and shapes of aluminum plate according to customer-supplied drawings through the use of CNC controlled machinery.
proglacial lakes	lakes that were created from glacial meltwater
quotation	(i) The price at which the seller or buyer is willing to trade
mica group	Group of minerals with a sheet silicate structure.
flocculation	In water treatment, the slow mixing process in which particles that have had their charge neutralized (coagulation) are encouraged to clump together with other particles, creating larger masses that will settle more rapidly.
primary metals	Metals produced from ore
premium	(i) The cost of buying an option
average demand	The energy demand in a given geographical area over a period of time. For example, the number of kilowatt-hours used in a 24-hour period, divided by 24, tells the average demand for that period.
refractory	(i) Heat-resisting material used, for example, to line blast and other furnaces and make crucibles
macrostructure	The general crystalline structure of a metal and
slab	A very common type of semi-finished stainless steel which usually measures 6-10 inches thick by 30-85 inches wide and averages 20 feet long
o.d.	Outside Diameter
handling mark	An area of damaged or broken surface introduced after processing
certificate of conformity	A Certificate of Conformity (CoC) is a declaration by Mecmesin to our customer that the product conforms to our stated specifications.
spread	The distance between two prices – e.g
electrical steels	Steels which are characterised by their magnetic
alpha	The name of a phase or of a certain range of copper alloys which contains one or more alloying elements dissolved in copper, the phase being a homogeneous solid solution.
richter scale	used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake; introduced in 1935 by the seismologists Beno Gutenberg and Charles Francis Richter
bake hardenable steel	Steel sheet which is aluminum killed and are resistant to room temperature age hardening
yield point	The point on the stress-stain curve of a metal at which it finishes deforming solely in an elastic manner and begins to deform plastically.
waterborne	floating on or transported by water
interleaving	The placing of a sheet of paper between two adjacent layers of metal to facilitate handling and shearing of rectangular sheets, or to prevent sticking or scratching.
hardness	The tendency of a water to form scale or soap scum due to the presence of dissolved minerals, primarily calcium and magnesium.
phosphorus	A nonmetallic element that, in steels, increases strength and resistance to corrosion, and improves machinability.
straightness	Measure of adherence to or deviation from a straight line, normally expressed as sweep or camber, according to the plane.
drawing	The shaping of a flat blank into a desired contour by causing the metal to flow over a draw ring and around a punch.
black jack	A mining term for zinc blende (zinc sulphide).
stretchability	The ability of a metal to be stretched over a punch without splitting.
xhy	Extra Heavy pipe about 50% thicker than standard (=sch
treaty	an agreement or arrangement made by negotiation; a contract in writing between two or more political authorities (as states or sovereigns) formally signed by representatives duly authorized and usually ratified by the lawmaking authority of the state; or a document in which such a contract is set down
orifice plate	a device used for measuring the volumetric flow rate of liquids or gases based on the difference in the static pressures immediately before and after a sudden narrowing of the pipe's cross-section.
sg iron	An abbreviation for Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron
itc	International Tariff Commission US body which sets tariffs, including anti-dumping duties.
v	Chemical symbol for Vanadium
floating die	A type of construction where the die is supported on springs
teeming	Pouring
preload	Preload is a user defined force that is applied to the specimen before any measurements begin.
grain growth	An increase in metallic crystal size as annealing temperature is raised; growth occurs by invasion of crystal areas by other crystals.
geothermal energy	Hot water or steam extracted from geothermal reservoirs in the earth's crust.
flash	(1) In forging, the excess metal forced between the upper and lower dies
skelp	A plate of steel or wrought iron from which pipe or tubing is made by rolling the skelp into shape longitudinally and welding the edges together.
lot	This has a precise meaning in futures markets, where it refers to the minimum quantity covered in a contract, but it is also a common way of referring to consignments being transported or traded.
tandem mill	A cold-rolling mill with a series of rolls to achieve the desired thickness and surface quality of the cold rolled steel.
salt baths	A method of providing thermal processing of steels using a bath of molten salts
modulus of elasticity	The ratio of stress applied to a material and the resulting strain occurring at the stresses below the elastic limit.
laminations	A defect appearing in sheets or strips as a segregation or in layers.
pitch	the ratio of the total rise to the total width of a house, i.e., a 6-foot rise and 24-foot width is a one-fourth pitch roof
sintering	Bonding of adjacent surfaces in a mass of particles by molecular or atomic attraction on heating at high temperatures below the melting temperature of any constituent in the material
peening	A technique of blasting the surface of metal with shot
blocks	Workholding devices used on milling machines
fulcrum	A fixed point about which a lever may rotate in a lever system kinetic energy energy possessed by a body in motion
aluminium-killed steel	Aluminium is one of the additions used to 'kill', that is to remove oxygen from liquid steel after the initial steelmaking process – an important consideration for certain grades of steel
sendzimir mill	A mill having two work rolls of 1 to 2 1/2-in diameter each, backed up by two rolls twice that diameter and each of these backed up by bearings on a shaft mounted eccentrically so that rotating it increases the pressure between bearings and backup rolls
cycling	Repetitive testing of a sample between specified force or extension limits.
billet	Billet is a semi-finished steel product with a square cross section up to 155mm x 155mm
dendritic	(i) Dendrites are whiskery growths on anodes which can short out the electrolytic process
alloy surcharge	The producer’s selling price plus a surcharge added to offset the increasing costs of raw materials caused by increasing alloy prices.
killed steel	The term indicates that the steel has been completely
stress relieving	A process used to remove stresses in welded, rapidly cooled components or cold work products.
iron ore	rocks or deposits containing compounds from which iron can be extracted
market surveillance	Exchange-run supervision of market integrity.
electron beam microprobe analyzer	An instrument for selective chemical analysis of a small volume of material
flex option	A non-standard option in which the buyer and seller can negotiate the exercise price and the expiry date.
volatility:	The propensity of a market or price to fluctuate widely and/or suddenly
flux dip brazing	The component is immersed in a molten salt which acts as a flux as well as a heat source for melting the clad layer
give up	An agreement that sees one broker pass an order to another broker
turning	Turning is a machining process, which can be carried out manually or by an automated CNC lathe
utility easement	The area of the earth that has electric, gas, or telephone lines
protectors	A rubber or plastic cap or cup shaped ring used to protect threads or fragile items during shipping or assembly
long products	Classification of steel products which includes bar, rod and other structural pieces which are not rolled "flat".
cr	Cold rolled
isothermal annealing	Heating to and holding at a temperature above
slab	Steel or Iron plate from which pipe or tubing is made.
pearlite	A lamellar constituent of steel consisting of alternate layers of ferrite (alpha-iron) and cementite (iron Carbide Fe3C) and is formed on cooling austenite at 723oC
wall-heavy	Wall thickness greater than the specified minimum wall thickness called for in the pipe standard.
fracture strength	As usually related to the tensile test, fracture strength or true breaking strength is defined as the load on the specimen at the time of fracture.
adularescence	Adularescence is an optical phenomenon that manifests as a soft shimmer of light that moves within a gemstone as it is rolled back and forth
crystalline	Describing a substance in which the atoms are arranged in a regular, repeating, orderly pattern.
liquefied petroleum gas	In prehistoric times, much of the Earth’s surface was covered by oceans
designated agent	An agent that acts on behalf of a transmission provider, customer or transmission customer as required under the tariff.
transverse test	A test taken at right angles to the principal
sweep	Curvature in structural and other similar shapes normal to the plane of the web.
superficial rockwell hardness test	Form of Rockwell hardness test using relatively light loads which produce minimum penetration
bloom	A semi-finished steel form, with a rectangular cross-section that is more than 8”
organic	Substances containing carbon; coming from living things.
zero offset	The difference between true zero and an indication given by a measuring instrument under zero input conditions.
toll	Smelters or refiners treat material on toll when they do not take ownership of the concentrates or scrap, but only make the owner a charge for processing it.
brittle fracture	Fracture that occurs by rapid crack propagation and without appreciable plastic deformation.
ridge	The horizontal line at the junction of the top edges of two sloping roof surfaces.
braze welding	A family of welding procedures where metals are joined by filler metal that has a melting temperature below the solidus of the parent metal, but above 840°F (450 C).
coefficient of friction	Coefficient Of Friction is the measurement parameter that is used to describe the force required to move a sample of material against another sample. Usually applied to plastic films, paper etc.
sales contract	A contract between a buyer and seller which should explain: (1) What the purchase includes, (2) What guarantees there are, (3) When the buyer can move in, (4) What the closing costs are, and (5) What recourse the parties have if the contract is not fulfilled or if the buyer cannot get a mortgage commitment at the agreed upon time.
day order	An order placed with an LME broker which is valid throughout the rings and kerbs during the day on which it was placed
stranded investments/costs	Utility investments in facilities built to serve customers under traditional regulation may become unrecoverable or "stranded" if those assets are deregulated and their cost of generation exceeds the actual price of power in a competitive market. These include prior investments allowed by regulators that are currently being recovered through regulated rates.
silicon steel	Steel usually made with about 0.5%-5% silicon.
high-carbon stainless	Any stainless steel used to make a knife blade must be high carbon to make a decent knife
toenailing	To drive a nail in at an angle
reregulation	The design and implementation of regulatory practices to be applied to the remaining regulated entities after restructuring of the vertically-integrated electric utility. The remaining Regulated entities would be those that continue to exhibit characteristics of a natural monopoly, where imperfections in the market prevent the realization of more competitive results, and where, in light of other policy considerations, competitive results are unsatisfactory in one or more respects. Reregulation could employ the same or different regulatory practices as those used before restructuring.
extension spring	Extension springs are attached at both ends to other components
bending	The forming of metals into various angles.
dsaw	Double Submerged Arc Weld.
corrosion	Corrosion which occurs preferentially along the grain boundaries of the alloy.
scab	(scabby) A blemish caused on a casting by eruption of gas from the mould face, or by uneven mould surfaces; or occurring where the skin from a blowhole has partly burned away and is not welded.
direct strip casting	Casting steel trip very close to final dimensions to minimise the need for subsequent hot rolling to size (as is required for conventional slab).
back office	The department in a brokerage or trading house where financial transactions such as futures deals are processed to ensure their fulfilment
cable	a structural element formed from steel wire bound in strands; the suspending element in a bridge; the supporting element in some dome roofs
shale	soft rock formed from layers of mud soil - very small weathered fragments of rock mixed with decaying plant or animal material.
2-d	Way of displaying real-world objects on a flat surface, showing only height and width
chromium	A relatively hard metal, strongly resistant to oxidation and corrosion, which makes it of great value in the manufacture of stainless steel.
diversion channel	a bypass created to divert water around a dam so that construction can take place
protective coating	A temporary adhesive protective film attached to the surface that protects the surface during forming and handling operations that is stripped before final use.
malleabilizing	An annealing operation performed on white cast iron for the purpose of partially or wholly transforming the combined carbon to temper carbon, and in some cases to remove completely the carbon from the iron by decarburization.
cold working	Changing the structure and shape of steel by an external force to increase its hardness and toughness
breaks	creases or ridges that may occur in untempered or in aged material
macro etch test	A test for visual evaluation of the homogeneity and soundness of an ingot, bloom, billet, or bar
lot	Definite quantity of product manufactured under conditions that are considered uniform.
rolled edges	See Finished Edges
after-market	Broad term that applies to any change after the original purchase, such as adding equipment not a part of the original purchase. As applied to alternative fueled vehicles, it refers to conversion devices or kits for conventional fuel vehicles.
z-mill	The full name for a Z-mill is Sendzimir mill
briquette	Sometimes used to refer to a stabilised form of direct reduced iron (DRI) which can be conveniently transported
transformation induced plasticity	The microstructure of TRIP steels is retained austenite embedded in a primary matrix of ferrite
flutes	Grooves and spaces in the body of a tool that permit chip removal from, and cutting-fluid application to, the point of cut.
nps	A dimensionless designator for such traditional terms as "nominal diameter", "size", and "nominal size"
corrosion	The deterioration or failure of metals and alloys by chemical or electro-chemical processes.
futures	Generic term for exchange-traded contracts creating an irrevocable obligation to buy or sell an underlying asset at a defined price and date in the future.
adherence or adhesion	The extent to which one material layer bonds to another. This is normally seen in layers of materials such as a coating to a substrate or to laminated materials.
shielded-arc welding	Arc welding in which the arc and the weld metal are protected by a gaseous atmosphere, the products of decomposition of the electrode covering, or a blanket of fusible flux.
tug	small powerful boat for towing others
rod	(i) Non-ferrous; a round, square or polygonal solid section supplied in straight lengths
swarf	Small particles of production scrap arising from turning, milling and boring
acid steel	Steel melted in a furnace with an acid bottom and lining and under a slag containing an excess of an acid substance such as silica.
bessemer process	A steel-making process in which air is blown through the molten pig iron in removing impurities by oxidation.
revetment	a wall or embankment to protect the shore from erosion or to act as a breakwater
grooving	Machining grooves and shallow channels
sendzimir	A special type of rolling mill with multiple rolls in a cluster formation to apply very high pressure to the work rolls in contact with the coil passing through the mill
elastomer	A polymeric material that may experience large and reversible plastic deformations.
diamond pyramid hardness	This test, more commonly known as the
malleability	It can be defined as the property of a metal to
wrought metal	Metal that has undergone physical deformation during semi-fabrication, e.g
point source pollution	Pollution that can be traced back to a definite source, such as a drainpipe, is called point source pollution (contrary to nonpoint source pollution)
tolerances	The permissible deviation in specified nominal dimensions, or in other characteristics, of a piece of material or a part.
tempering	Reheating a quench-hardened or normalized ferrous alloy to a temperature below the transformation range and then cooling at any rate desired.
jig boring	High-precision machining (a sophisticated form of milling) that originally pertained to jig and fixture manufacturing
sherardizing	A process developed in Britain in 1904 by Sherard Cowper-Coles
dc casting	A continuous method of making ingots or billets for sheet or extrusion by pouring the metal into a short mold
h-band steel	Alloy steel produced to specified limits of hardenability
lateral bow	See Also “Camber” An edgewise curvature referring to the deviation of side edge from a straight line
annealing	A process involving heating and cooling designed to effect: 1) softening of a cold-worked structure by recrystallization or grain growth or both; 2) softening of an age-hardened alloy be causing a nearly complete precipitation of the second phase in relatively coarse form; 3) softening of certain age-hardenable alloys by dissolving the second phase and cooling rapidly enough to obtain a supersaturated solution; 4) relief of residual stress.
aisi	American Iron and Steel Institute. Published Steel Products Manual to Stainless and Heat Resisting Steels which provides information concerning tolerances, chemical analysis, definitions of technical terms and other related subjects which have been developed in the manufacture and use of stainless steels.
forging	A piece of metal which has been saped or formed
martensiting	Rapid quenching of carbon steel in the austenite state causes a new structure—martensite—to form
yield strength	The stress required to produce a very slight yet specified amount of plastic strain; a strain offset of 0.002 is commonly used.
surface water	Water in direct contact with the atmosphere, e.g
knoop hardness test	A micro hardness test in which an elongated
recharge	As used here, refreshing an ion exchange resin once it becomes filled up with calcium and magnesium ions (hardness); done in home water softeners by addition of sodium ions (salt).
flank wear	Reduction in clearance on the tool's flank caused by contact with the workpiece
torque	A twisting effect, or moment, exerted by a force acting at a distance on a body, equal to the force multiplied by the perpendicular distance between the line of action of the force and the center of rotation at which it is exerted.
std	Standard
flame hardening	A surface hardening process in which heat is applied by a high temperature flame followed by quenching jets of water
manganese	One of the most important constituents of steel
cylindrical grinding	Grinding operation in which the workpiece is rotated around a fixed axis while the grinding wheel is fed into the outside surface in controlled relation to the axis of rotation
steady rest	Supports long, thin or flexible work being turned on a lathe
nitriding	A process of case hardening in which a ferrous alloy, usually of special composition, is heated in an atmosphere of cracked ammonia or in contact with nitrogenous material to produce surface hardening without quenching by the absorption of nitrogen
polyurethane	A clear, synthetic coating brushed or sprayed on to seal and protect the look of natural metal or to serve as a protective topcoat for more delicate finishes.
diesel	oil-burning engine in which ignition is produced by the heat of compressed air
rockwell hardness testing	A method for testing the hardness of metals by determining the depth of penetration of a steel ball or a diamond sphero-conical indentor
oxidation	A rusted finish achieved either through the use of chemicals or exposure to the elements; finish is typically sealed when the desired color is achieved to prevent further change.
derivative	A financial instrument or agreement between two parties that has a value, based on the underlying asset
brittle fracture	Separation of a solid accompanied by little or no macroscopic plastic deformation
ultrasonic inspection	An inspection technique in which high frequency sound waves are introduced into material in order to detect any surface or subsurface flaws that may be present.
n	Chemical symbol for Nitrogen.
vod	Vacuum Oxygen decarburisation
hot briquetted iron	A form of DRI compacted for shipping.
camber	See "Edgewise Curvature".
decarburization	Loss of carbon from the surface layer of a carbon-containing alloy due to reaction with one or more chemical substances in a medium that contacts the surface
wax pattern	1) A precise duplicate, allowing for shrinkage, of the casting and required gates, usually formed by pouring or injecting molten wax into a die or mold, 2) wax molded around the parts to be welded by a termite welding process.
vascular plants	plants that have specialized supporting and water-conducting tissue, called xylem and phloem; these plants typically possess roots, stems, and leaves
notch brittleness	Susceptibility of a material to brittleness in areas containing a groove, scratch, sharp fillet or notch.
stabilizer	A polymer additive that counteracts the deteriorative process.
cyanide hardening	A process of introducing carbon and nitrogen into the surface of steel by heating it to a suitable temperature in a molten bath of sodium cyanide, or a mixture of sodium and potassium cyanide, diluted with sodium carbonate and quenching in oil or water
flame hardening	Quench hardening in which the heat is applied directly by a flame.
sub	A short coupling with different types and/or sizes of ends.
case hardening	A general term for any heat treatment process which is used to harden the surface of steel.
clarity	Clarity is one of the major factors in the process of grading and valuing gemstones
hot working	The mechanical working of metal above the recrystalization temperature.
power	The rate of doing work
quarto plate	Plate produced on a reversing mill.
ring dealing broker	An organisation which is a Category 1 full clearing member of the LME and entitled to deal in the Ring.
channel	the course, sometimes marked by buoys, that a ship follows in open water
solution treatment	A heat treatment that effects the solution of intermetallic compounds or precipitates (e.g
pinchers	Fernlike ripples or creases usually diagonal to the rolling direction.
hone	Used as a noun it means a fine stone used to put a finished edge on a knife or razor
flange	(1) A projection of metal on formed objects
plumb bob	A lead weight attached to a string
ruling section	More accurately termed limiting ruling section
equiaxed crystals	Crystals, each of which has axes approximately equal in length
self-generation	A generation facility dedicated to serving a particular retail customer, usually located on the customer's premises. The facility may either be owned directly by the retail customer or owned by a third party with a contractual arrangement to provide electricity to meet some or all of the customer's load.
tensile strength	A measure of how likely a paper is to break when pulled at opposite ends, in opposite directions
homogeneous	Usually defined as having identical characteristics throughout
blueing	A method of coating sheets with a thin, even film bluish black oxide
transaction price hedge	A hedge designed to protect an open physical position against an adverse price movement while the postion is open
coupon	A piece of metal from which a test specimen is to be prepared - often an extra piece (as on a casting or forging) or a separate piece made for test purposes (such as a test weldment).
axis - horizontal	See Coils.
lance	A steel tube for introducing a gas , e.g
gram weight	The metal weight of a jewelry piece measured in grams is its gram weight.
deregulation	The elimination of regulation from a previously regulated industry or sector of an industry.
section	This term applies to steel long products of various cross sections, particularly those used for construction – medium and heavy structural sections
finish	The term finish refers to two aspects of a gemstone: the uniformity and degree of polish, and the accuracy or precision of the cut.
ferrochrome	A finishing material which contains about 70% chromium
renege	Arbitrarily failing to perform a contract requirement such as delivery or payment.
wash coat	A very thin paint film applied to the back side of a prepainted sheet specified to have one finished side
machinability	A measure of the relative ease with which steel may be machined
umpire assay	See splitting limits.
hardening	[computing] In computing, hardening is usually the process of securing a system by reducing its surface of vulnerability
cold-set inks	A variety of inks that are in solid form originally but are melted in a hot press and then solidified when they contact paper.
nymex	New York Mercantile Exchange
minimum fluctuation	See Tick.
smelter	A processing plant which produces crude non-ferrous metal by treating mine feed (concentrate) or residues
primary mill	A mill for rolling ingots or the rolled products of ingots to blooms, billets or slabs
par	Photosynthetically Active Radiation; approximately equivalent to visible light radiation
nominal	Pipe size or wall thickness as specified (not actual)
additives	Sulfur, chlorine and other materials added to cutting fluids to improve lubricity, stabilize oil emulsions and prevent chipwelding under high heat and pressure
seiche	(pronounced "sayshe")
dual capacity	The ability of a market participant to act both as an agent and a principal
billet	A long semi-manufactured product, usually of square cross-section with rounded edges, typically with 150 mm or up to 6 inch sides (but sometimes round or hexagonal)
mini-mill	Steel mills that utilize scrap steel (or scrap substitutes) to make new steel
blende	An old-fashioned word for ore, usually used with zinc or lead.
organic coated	Organic coating refers to paint or varnish which is added as an extra corrosion protection layer to products typically made from zinc-coated sheet
welding	Joining two or more pieces of material together by the application of heat or pressure, or both, with or without the use of the filler material
paper interleave	A layer of interleaving paper is interspersed between layers of metal (either coils or cut sheets).
rate base	Value of property upon which a utility is permitted to earn a specific rate of return.
amorphous	Non-Crystalline.
drill rod	An annealed and polished high alloy steel rod that is usually round.
plumb	Exactly vertical and perpendicular.
tapping attachment	Fits in a drill-press spindle and automatically reverses the tap when the thread is completed, ensuring proper retraction of the tool.
internal oxidation	Formation of oxides beneath the surface of a metal.
rough machining	A machining operation which allows ectra stock, usually to be followed by sunsequent operation, to be produced to accurate dimensions and finishes.
embrittlement	A material's loss of malleability due to chemical treatment or physical change.
pot quenching	Quenching carburised parts directly from the carburising pot or box.
walking beam furnace	A hot strip mill reheat furnace where the slab is repeatedly lifted and set down at a more forward point in the furnace; this is in contrast to a batch reheat furnace or a pusher-type reheat furnace.
fatigue limit	The maximum stress below which a material can presumably endure an infinite number of stress cycles.
ecological	related to the interrelationships which exist between living organisms and their environment
phytoplankton	microscopic plants that live in water bodies; since phytoplankton depend upon certain conditions for growth, they are a good indicator of change in their environment
margin	The difference between the spot price and forward price quoted for a commodity
slug	The blank, cut from wrought material, from which a forging is made, see “BILLET.”
bronze	An alloy of 90% copper 10% tin
cold rolled steel	Flat rolled steel products for which the final required thickness has been obtained by rolling base hot rolled pickled substrate at room temperature
vitreous enameling iron	A type of cold rolled sheet produced for porcelain enameling and has very low carbon levels and a rough matte finish.
o	Chemical symbol for Oxygen
pipeline	the equipment used for transporting gas through pipes (according to the pressure used, pipelines are classified as low-pressure, medium-pressure or high-pressure).
heat treatment	A combination of heating and cooling operations applied to a metal or alloy in the solid state to obtain desired conditions or properties
mullion	A vertical divider in the frame between windows, doors, or other openings.
lay	Direction of the predominant surface pattern, which is determined by the production method
incandescent lamp	A lamp employing an electrically charged metal filament that glows at white heat
flash	The excess metal that flows out between the upper and lower dies which is required to accomplish a desired forging shape.
boom	long pole
serpentine chain	A serpentine chain is made up of two sets of small, flat, S-shaped links tightly bound together.
extensometer	An instrument for measuring changes in linear dimensions
var	Value at Risk
homogenizing	Holding at high temperature to eliminate or decrease chemical segregation by diffusion.
vision system	System in which information is extracted from visual sensors to allow machines to react to changes in the manufacturing process.
permalloy	Nickel alloys containing about 20 to 60% Fe, used for their high magnetic permeability and electrical resistivity.
blister	a small raised area on the surface resulting from the expansion of subsurface inclusions.
hard zinc	A form of scrap zinc that accumulates at the bottom of a galvanizing bath.
eluvial	A geological term referring to a deposit created by the action of water, but without movement from its original position (e.g
aluminum association	US industry association
kerf	The gap produced by a cutting process.
stress relieving	Annealing designed to relieve internal stresses caused by machining, welding, casting, cold working, quenching or normalizing.
overheating	Heating a metal or alloy to such a high temperature that its properties are impaired
recrystallization	The reversion of distorted cold worked microstructure to a new, strain-free structure during annealing.
std	Standard reference to wall thickness of line pipe (=sch
archipelago	an expanse of water with many scattered islands; a group of islands
pipe	(1) The central cavity formed by contraction in metal, especially ingots, during solidification
scarfing	Process of cutting surface areas of metal objects, typically using a gas torch
vacuum melting	Melting that takes place under reduced pressure ranging from sub atmospheric pressure to ultra-high vacuum
elongation	The permanent extension of a specimen which has been stretched to rupture in a tension test. Test Results are reported as the ratio of final length and original length.
cash-settled	A derivative that is settled at expiry by balancing the cash difference between the value of the contract and the value of the underlying asset
raw metal	Unwrought primary metal.
elastic modulus	Same as modulus of elasticity.
calcium	In the form of calcium silicide acts as a deoxidizer
swap	(i) A very broad category of derivative contract in which two counterparties exchange one cash flow or exposure for another
nitriding	Introducing nitrogen into a solid ferrous alloy by holding at a suitable temperature (below Ac1 for ferritic steels) in contact with a nitrogenous material, usually ammonia of molten cyanide of appropriate composition
scale	A crusty coating formed by precipitation of minerals from water.
wonderboard	A panel made out of concrete and fiberglass usually used as a ceramic tile backing material
vacuum degassing	A ladle of molten metal is placed within a chamber which is then evacuated
micro alloys	A generic name for the alloying elements used in HSLA steels.
continuous casting	A process of casting a product, such as a rolling slab or extrusion billet, through an open-ended die in which it is rapidly frozen
lap	A defect appearing as a seam on a rolled bar
cupola	A smaller melting furnace, typically used by a foundry to melt iron or scrap.
machinability	The ease of metal removal during machining, the tool life obtained, the surface finish obtained or any combination of these three.
'smart' sensor	Mecmesin product designed for use with the Mecmesin Advanced Force Gauge or the AFTI
hard chromium	Chromium electrodeposited for engineering purposes (such as to increase the wear resistance of sliding metal surfaces) rather than as a decorative coating
coil mill	(i) A set of rolling stands (usually four or five) set in line, each successive stand reducing the gauge or thickness of the steel passing through; a hot rolling mill works on pre-heated slabs, a cold rolling mill further reduces the gauge of hot rolled coil without pre-heating it, producing cold rolled coil
strain hardening	The loss of ductility and gain in hardness resulting from
pigment	A powdered solid used in paint or enamel to give it a color.
molybdenum	An alloying metal with a high melting point that improves the high temperature performance of steel and adds to resistance to corrosion and abrasion
critical point	(1) The temperature or pressure at which a change in crystal structure phase, or physical properties occurs
blackplate	Cold rolled, light-gauge steel commonly used as the base (substrate) for tinplate and other tin mill products.
fatigue	A form of failure of metals after being subject to vibration, repetitive strain or temperature cycles.
boolean operation	Command that allows the addition, subtraction or intersection of solid objects in CAD.
fracture test	Nicking and breaking a bar by means of sudden impact, to enable macroscopic study of the fracture.
degreasing	Removal of grease, oil or other lubricant-type materials by immersion in an effective solvent
vod:	Vacuum oxygen decarburisation
centreless grinding	The method of finishing round steel bar by removing the surface with a grinding wheel
deseaming	A process of burning out defective areas on
poisson's ratio	Ratio of lateral strain to axial strain in an axial loaded specimen
rh	Chemical symbol for Rhodium.
pre-heating	Used in the hardening process
fracture test	Breaking a piece of metal for the purpose of examining the fractured surface to determine the structure or carbon content of the metal or to detect the presence of internal defects.
cobalt	An alloying element used in tool, magnet and heat
non-relevant indication	A response recorded on a chart, data display, or record that comes from a source outside the pipeline, such as foreign objects in the ditch.
lab created	Gemstones created in a lab with exact chemical properties of their natural counterparts are termed lab created
random lengths	Long products supplied in lengths as they come off the mill
molten	melted
silicon-oxygen tetrahedron	Four-sided, pyramidal object that visually represents the four oxygen atoms surrounding a silicon atom; the basic building block of silicate minerals
etching	(1) As applied to mill products and forgings, an attack by corrosive media resulting in pitting, meatiness or outline of structural details of the metal (2) In metallography, the process of revealing structural details by the preferential attack of reagents on a metal surface.
cpet	Central Point of Expertise on Timber
back-up rolls	The rolls that have direct contact with a slab or coil being worked at a mill, the work rolls are subject to enormous forces
finish	The final condition of the surface after the last phase of production
pillar set	A self-contained set of dies; one that does not depend upon the press for proper alignment.
pd	Chemical symbol for Palladium.
ferro alloys	Alloys of iron with chromium, manganese, silicon,
hunter douglas process	A process comparable to Hazelett
pickling	A process to chemically remove scale or oxide from steel
tail beam	A relatively short beam or joist supported in a wall on one end and by a header at the other.
quench	Very rapid cooling of the steel strip by means of water sprays and/or submerging in water.
machinability	The relative ease in machining a metal.
o temper	Annealed temper
random copolymer	A polymer in which tow different mer units are randomly distributed along the molecular chain.
over-the-counter	Transactions conducted between two counterparties without the use of an exchange or clearing house
regulating station	a set of devices and equipment for automatically regulating the inlet pressure of gas to a lower outlet pressure according to predetermined values.
alloy steels	Steel containing specified quantities of alloying elements (other than carbon and the commonly accepted amounts of manganese, sulfur and phosphorus) added to cause changes in the metal's mechanical and/or physical properties
bulging	The expanding of a portion of the body of a drawn shell below the top or neck.
branched polymer	A polymer having a molecular structure of secondary chains that extend from the primary main chains.
median force	This is the central value in a group of values, when placed in order. If there is an even number of values, then the median is halfway between the two central values.
arbitration	A formal dispute resolution mechanism, usually provided by a body such as a Chamber of Commerce or the LME
high draw	A drawing temperature not very much below the Ac1 point of the steel-used to develop high ductility when tempering steel after the quench.
stress	Force per unit of area
chromium-nickel steel	A steel in which chromium and nickel participate as alloying elements.
bl	Break Load, meaning the weight at which a product will break
poisson’s ratio	If a square bar is stressed in a testing machine in the direction of its length so that the length increases, there is a contraction in each opposite direction, which produces a decrease in the thickness of the bar
exotic alloys	Zirconium, niobium, hafnium, and tantalum products.
isometric system	The isometric is one of 7 (6 in newer texts) crystal systems used to categorize minerals
alloy	A metal composed of a combination of two or more metals or a combination of a metal and a non-metal
dn	Diameter Nominal – a dimensionless designator for traditional terms such as "nominal diameter," "size," and "nominal size".
downbound	toward the Atlantic Ocean
process annealing	Imprecise term denoting various treatments used to improve workability
camber	Camber is the deviation of a side edge from a straight edge
resin bed	A column or tube containing small (~0.5 mm diameter) plastic spheres (the resin) used to soften water.
mill	(i) A machine or assembly of machines for shaping steel by rolling
productivity	Measure of the efficiency with which human and material resources are used to produce goods and services
single-stand mill	A rolling mill of such design that the product contacts only two rolls at a given moment
teeming	Act of pouring molten metal from a ladle into an ingot mold.
dimple	An imperfection resulting from foreign matter being mechanically pressed into the sheet surface.
application torque	The turning force, otherwise known as torque, normally measured in Ncm, required to screw a threaded closure onto a container.
color standard	A painted sheet panel with a prescribed color of paint representing the precise color it is intended to produce in the prepainted sheet
full hard cold rolled	Hot rolled pickled steel that is cold reduced to a specified thickness and subject to no further processing (not annealed or temper rolled)
gouge	A gross scratch.
title	Evidence (usually in the form of a certificate or deed) of a person's legal right to ownership of a property.
teeming	Steel trade term for pouring molten metal, usually into ingot moulds.
fossil	something that has lasted from a living thing that died long ago
phase	The physically distinct and homogeneous portion of matter in a heterogeneous system
limit of proportionality	The maximum level of stress which a metal can withstand and still obey Hooke's Law, i.e
quality	Refers to the suitability and integrity of the steel for the purpose or purposes for which it is intended.
transition temperature	(1) An arbitrarily defined temperature within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics determined usually by notched tests are changing rapidly such as from primarily fibrous (shear) to primarily crystalline (cleavage) fracture
bright annealing	Annealing in a protective medium to prevent discoloration of the bright surface.
drawn shape	Stock brought to final dimensions by cold drawing through a die, regardless of temper or prior operations.
peb	Plain End Beveled
arc furnace	A steel melting furnace in which heat is generated by an arc between graphite electrodes and the metal
nontraditional machining	Variety of chemical, electrical, mechanical and thermal processes for machining workpieces
nickel	Widely used as an alloying element in steels
heat treatment	Altering the properties of a metal by subjecting it to a sequence of temperature changes, time of retention at specific temperature and rate of cooling therefore being as important as the temperature itself
inspection	Process of physically checking a part or product to ensure that it meets specific, predetermined dimensions
coefficient of friction	The coefficient of static friction is defined as the ratio of the maximum static friction force (F) between the surfaces in contact to the normal (N) force
high polish	On metal jewelry, high polish signifies a mirror-like finish.
rod	Usually a round long product, but may also be square or otherwise polygonal
normalizing	Heating a ferrous alloy to a temperature above the transformation range and then cooling in air to a temperature below the transformation range.
high speed steel	The term `high speed steel' was derived from the fact
mer	The group of atoms that constitutes a polymer chain repeat unit.
subcritical annealing	An annealing treatment in which a steel is heated to a temperature below the A1 temperature and then cooled slowly to room temperature.
consumption	The physical use of stainless steel by end users
iron	When used in the scientific or chemical sense this word refers to the chemical element Fe or to pure iron
a/f	Across the flats
wrought product	Products which began as raw material castings and are mechanically worked by processes such as rolling, extruding, forging, etc.
decarburisation	The loss of carbon from the surface of steel as a result of heating in a carbon weak atmosphere
virgin resin	Never processed other than that required for initial pellet manufacture
clean steel	A clean steel is one with a low and controlled content of non-metallic (oxide and sulphide) inclusions in order to maximise ductility, toughness, fatigue resistance, formability and isotropy of properties.
dead soft annealing	The heating of metal to above the critical range and appropriately cooling to develop the greatest possible commercial softness or ductility.
flux density	(1) A measure of the intensity of magnetization produced by a magnetic field
extrusion	The process of shaping material by forcing it to flow through a shaped opening in a die.
sand dune	a hill, mound, or ridge of sand and other loose material that is formed by wind action
elongation	Term used in tensile testing, which is the difference between guage lengths of an object’s original state versus its state after fracture due to extension
spot month	The first deliverable month for which a quotation is available on a futures market
hardness number	The number used to designate the hardness of metal
cast coating	A process which gives paper an extremely glossy enamel finish.
wrought metal	Metal which has undergone physical deformation during semifabrication, e.g
tension leveling	A mechanical operation where coil metal is stretched beyond its yield point.
milling	See Overhauling and Scalping.
zirconium	Acts as a deoxidising element in steel and combines with sulphur.
fabricator	A company which transforms refined metal (and sometimes scrap as well) into semi-fabricated products (e.g
post-industrial plastic	Industrial or plant scrap created by a manufacturing process, like sprues, runners, excess parison material and reject parts from molding and extrusion used within the manufacturing facility or sold for reuse
full hard temper	In non-heat treatable alloys, it is the hardest temper obtainable by hard cold rolling.
reglaze	To replace a broken window.
core	central region of a skyscraper; usually houses elevator and stairwell
hardening	Bitumen undergoes hardening when it is heated excessively, it is actually an oxidation, and can therefore happen to mixed material which is stored in hot storage, in the presence of oxygen.
cast irons	Cast ferrous alloys containing carbon in excess of solubility in austenite that exists in the alloy at the eutectic temperature
wash out	Wear of dies caused by metal flow.
ms temperature	The temperature at which a martensitic transformation starts during cooling after austenitization.
charge chrome	The largest-tonnage form of ferro-chrome with slightly lower chromium and carbon contents than high carbon (which has 60%Cr and 6-8%C).
dnsc	Defense National Stockpile Center
blast furnace gas	This off-gas (sometimes called "top gas") includes some carbon monoxide because of incomplete oxidation
bandwidth	The measure of a futures market's ability to process deals executed over an electronic platform.
billet	Solid, semi-finished round or square product that has been either directly cast from a strand caster or hot-worked by forging, rolling or extrusion.
sponge	The form in which certain primary metals are recovered, namely platinum, palladium and titanium
drawing	A deformation technique wherein polymer fibers are strengthened by elongation.
swiss-type machine tool	Type of turning center designed to turn small, complex, precision parts
backrest	Support that mounts on a cylindrical grinder to prevent deflection when grinding long, small-diameter stock.
re	Chemical symbol for Rhenium.
galvalume®	Steel sheet with a unique coating of 55% aluminum and 45% zinc that resists corrosion
age hardening	A process of allowing certain alloys, notably of aluminium and some steels, that exhibit this characteristic to return to a hardened state after annealing by leaving them for a few hours or days at room temperature
alnico	An alloy containing aluminium nickel and cobalt
sandcasting	The process of pouring molten metal into a sand mold for a distressed, textured surface.
cut-off	A term used in web press printing to describe the point at which a sheet of paper is cut from the roll; usually this dimension is equal to the circumference of the cylinder.
grain boundary	Bounding surface between crystals
transformation temperature	The temperature at which a change in phase occurs or the limiting temperature of a transformation range
stainless steel	An iron-based alloy with a minimum of 10% chromium content
entry mark	A slight corrugation caused by the entry or exit rolls or a roller leveling unit.
eccentricity	The difference between the direction of load application to the true axial direction.
hardness	The hardness of a steel is measured by its ability to resist surface penetration
charge	The material that is loaded into an electric furnace that will melt into a composition that will produce a stainless molten product
crawling	The cohesive effect of ink into drops after printing onto a surface which the ink does not wet completely.
elastic limit	The largest value of the stress for which a material behaves elastically
p trap	Curved, "U" section of drain pipe that holds a water seal to prevent sewer gasses from entering the home through a fixtures water drain.
hot press forging	A method of forming parts by pressing a heated slug, cut from wrought material, in a closed – impression die.
salinity	consisting of or containing salt
pickle	Chemical or electrochemical removal of surface oxides.
fatigue	The effect on metal of repeated cycles of stress.
inclusions	A general term for unwanted elements or (more often) compounds in steel which detract from its performance, whether from a chemical or mechanical standpoint
refractory alloy	A term applied to those alloys which due to hardness or abrasiveness present relative difficulty in maintaining close dimensional tolerances.
river mouth	the end of a river, or the point at which one river discharges into another body of water (either a river, lake or ocean)
normalizing	A heat treatment applied to steel that involves heating the metal above the critical range followed by cooling in still air.
karat	Karats are a unit of measure indicating the fineness of gold
endurance limit	Maximum alternating stress which a given material will withstand for an infinite number of times without causing fatigue failure.
belled edge	Excessive buildup of material on edge(s) of a coil during a rewinding operation
slab	See bloom.
transverse strength	A measurement of strength when the load is
bedrock	the solid rock layer beneath sand or silt
art deco	The Art Deco style features linear, geometric patterns, abstract designs, and vibrant colors
flash line	The line where the flash occurs.
tungsten	Gray metal with high tensile strength
m	meter; mm – millimeter (0.001m); units of length
flattening	The mill operation performed on rolled flat products to reduce departure from flatness, such as curl and dish
backer coat	Usually refers to the coating on the reverse side of a prepainted sheet.
titanium	Small amounts added to steel contribute to
proton	A basic particle in an atom's nucleus that has a positive electrical charge.
modulus of elasticity	The ratio within the limit of elasticity, or the stress to the corresponding strain
open hearth furnace	A furnace for melting metal, in which the bath is heated by the convection of hot gases over the surface of the metal and by radiation from the roof.
comparability	When a transmission owner provides access to transmission services at rates, terms and conditions equal to those the owner incurs for its own use.
elongation	A measurement of ductility/formability expressed by the increase by percentage (%) of a given distance (usually 2") prior to a fracture occurring during a tensile test.
rolled edges	Finished edges, the final contours of which are produced by side or edging rolls
x-ray crystallography	X-ray photographs of metals are a means of providing
crystallite	A region within a crystal polymer in which all the molecular chains are ordered and aligned.
service lateral	Underground power supply line.
associate broker	Non-clearing, non-Ring-dealing members of the LME authorised to issue LME contracts.
magnetic properties	The properties of a material that reveal its elastic and inelastic behavior where force is applied, thereby indicating its suitability for mechanical application; for example, tensile strength, elongation, hardness and fatigue limit.
fracture	Fractures are often described by the appearance of the surface of the break in a piece of steel
aod converter	Argon-oxygen decarburising converter – a special converter for refining stainless steels
steel	General name given to a range of iron alloys
oxidation	The reaction between oxygen and steel over time which can cause pitting, stain and the loss of strength.
zone	The section of a building that is served by one heating or cooling loop because it has noticeably distinct heating or cooling needs
annealing	Thermal treatment used to soften metal by removing stress created from cold working.
red hardness	A term sometimes associated with high speed
thomas process	The Continental name for the basic Bessemer
pig iron	So called whether cast in metal molds to form pigs or keep molten awaiting transfer to the steel making furnaces
pump mix	Special concrete that will be used in a concrete pump
passivation	Treatment of a metal surface to reduce corrosion effects achieved through the process of changing a chemically active surface of a metal to a much more reactive state.
cash settlement	Some futures contracts can only be settled in cash and not by delivery of a warrant or lot.
charge	(1) The liquid and solid materials fed into a furnace for its operation
nickel	One of the most widely used alloying elements in
degree of polymerization	The average number of mer units per polymer chain molecule.
look back	A fairly rare facility in a period pricing contract, allowing the buyer to refer to a price of a day or week earlier than that when the next delivery is to be made
breakdown	Preliminary forging operation.
endurance limit	Same as fatigue limit.
maximum force	The point of highest force (Fm)
quality	Refers to the suitability of the steel for the purpose or purposes for which it is intended.
tension	A force tending to stretch or elongate a specimen or material.
friction gouges or scratches	A series of relatively short surface scratches variable in form and severity
eccentric	A cavity or any portion of forging with a center that does not coincide with the center of the main piece.
modulus of elasticity	When a material is subjected to an external load it becomes distorted or strained
sensitizing heat-treatment	Heat-treatment, whether accidental, intentional or incidental (as during welding), that causes precipitation of constituents at grain boundaries, often causing the alloy to become susceptible to intergranular corrosion or intergranular stress-corrosion cracking.
strain ageing	The gradual changes in physical and mechanical
preform	See “BREAKDOWN”
block trade	A large transaction in one metal on one futures market.
centering	1
titanium	Small amounts added to steel contribute to its soundness and give a finer grain size
titanium	An element known for its malleability and ductility when pure, and high strength and good corrosion resistance in alloys.
boss	A projection extending from the main body of the forging.
recrystallization	(1) The change from one crystal structure to another, as occurs on heating or cooling through a critical temperature
lapping	Rubbing two surfaces together with, or without abrasives, for the purposes of obtaining extreme dimensional accuracy or superior surface finish.
variables	User defined variables that can be used to collect extra information from the user that is not directly generated by the tester.
pesticides	an agent, often toxic to humans, used to destroy pests, such as insects; often used in an agricultural setting
scale	Oxidized iron which can build up on the surface or steel.
q-bop	Quick basic oxygen process
solution heat treatment	A process in which certain alloys, mainly some stainless steels and copper based alloys, are heated to a suitable temperature to allow their constituents to enter into solid solution
disinfection	The process of killing disease-causing microorganisms.
hardness	the Mohs Hardness Scale to compares the hardness of any mineral on a scale of 1 (the softest) to 10 (the hardest).
alloy	A substance composed of two or more elements.
exchange contract	A contract registered and cleared on a futures exchange.
lumpy ore	Iron ore that is lumpy as-mined and ready to charge to the blast furnace (unless the iron content needs upgrading)
degreasing	The removal of grease and oil from a surface
hafted	In pocket knife language, to have the handle put on the knife
pgm	Platinum group metals – platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium and osmium.
yield point	The load per unit of original cross-section area at which a marked increase in the deformation of the specimen occurs without increase in load
mineral	a non-living, solid material with particles arranged in a repeating pattern called a crystal
loadcell deflection compensation	A loadcell, by definition and design is made from a material which deflects when acted upon by a tensile or compressive force. This must be compensated for when calculating the distance travelled by the crosshead during a test. All Mecmesin test stand load cells (ILC's and XLC's) have been characterized and their deflection compensated for when reporting crosshead displacement.
liquid carburising	A widely used method of case-hardening steel that
blind-hole	Hole or cavity cut in a solid shape that does not connect with other holes or exit through the workpiece.
default	Standard program settings to which the Computer reverts automatically, unless changed
preheating	A high-temperature soaking treatment used to change the metallurgical structure in preparation for a subsequent operation, usually applied to the ingot
forming	The process of changing the shape of sheet metal by the application of load, ie in presswork or metal spinning.
shear block	Plywood that is face nailed to short (2 X 4's or 2 X 6's) wall studs (above a door or window, for example)
chlorinated	A finished drinking water or wastewater which has had chlorine added to kill disease-causing organisms.
foa	Futures and Options Association (European association based in the UK).
stainless steels	Stainless steels are distinguished from carbon steel by their chromium content (ferritic steels) and, in certain cases their nickel content (austenitic steels)
continuous annealing	Continuous mesh belt furnaces are employed for the sub-critical annealing of steel components, such as pressings and small machined parts, with section thickness of up to 1 inch
austempering	Heat-treatment for ferrous alloys in which a part is quenched from the austenitizing temperature at a rate fast enough to avoid formation of ferrite or pearlite, and then held at the to achieve the desired characteristics
induction hardening	Quench hardening in which the heat is generated by electrical induction.
elastic strain	Dimensional changes accompanying stress where the original dimensions are restored upon release of the stress.
metal loss	Any of a number of types of anomalies in pipe in which metal has been removed from the pipe surface, usually due to corrosion or gouging.
ingot	The mass of metal that results from casting molten steel into a mould
cold working	Deforming a metal plastically at such a temperature and rate that strain hardening occurs
scarfing	Also termed deseaming
pouring	The transfer of molten metal from the ladle into ingot molds or other types of molds; for example, in castings.
claddagh	This is a unique design with two hands clasping a heart topped by a crown
interrupted aging	The aging of an alloy at two or more temperatures by steps, and cooling to room termperature after each step
steel	A metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon being the primary alloying material
chartist	Market analyst who uses charts of price behaviour to predict price movements
low-hydrogen electrode	A covered arc welding electrode that provides an atmosphere around the arc and molten weld metal which is low in hydrogen.
buttercup setting	Resembling a buttercup flower, a buttercup setting is a deep gemstone setting with six prongs that flare out from a scalloped base.
secondary steel	Steel that does not meet the original customer’s specifications because of a defect in its chemistry, gauge or surface quality
option	The right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a specific amount of a given commodity at a specified price during a specified period.
chemical composition	Composition in percent by weight according to the Aluminum Association
scale resistance	Resistance to corrosion by air at elevated temperatures
amorphous	Having a noncrystalline structure.
reduction of area	Measure of the ductility of metals obtained in a tensile test
blooming mill	A mill used to reduce ingots to blooms, slabs, etc.
dnv	Det Norske Veritas, an independent international certifying body based in Norway.
buy through	An agreement between utility and customer to import power when the customer's service would otherwise be interrupted.
compressor station	a system of interconnected equipment used to raise the pressure of gas either at a point in the transmission chain or during gas storage at underground gas storage facilities.
arc welding	A group of welding processes wherein the metal or metals being joined are coalesced by heating with an arc, with or without the application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal.
setting	A setting is simply a jewelry piece that holds stones in place.
key way	A recess where a key is inserted to lock two members together.
straight oil	Cutting fluid that contains no water
intrusive rock	igneous rock that forms when magma cools below the Earth's surface
converter	A furnace for refining steel, copper etc
tempered	A term applied to cold worked material such as strip, sheet, wire, expressing the range of mechanical properties as produced by the cold work (as is quarter hard, half hard, etc.).
wall out	When a painter pray paints the interior of a home.
forging	Plastically deforming metal, usually hot, into desired shapes with compressive force, with or without dies.
seamless tube:	The homogenous microstructure of seamless tubes makes them stronger than welded pipes
micron	A unit of length equal to one millionth of a metre (0.001mm).
hot quenching	A process of quenching in a medium at a temperature substantially higher than atmospheric temperature.
ra	Chemical symbol for Radium
grains	Individual crystals in metals.
shaking table	A simple method of concentrating some ores
downstream products	Tradable products in the production chain following steelmaking and casting; products that have undergone some transforming or processing steps.
hedging	The establishment of an opposite position on a futures market or by means of options from that held and priced in the physical commodity
iron	a chemical element (Fe); one of the cheapest and most used metals
solution heat treatment	A process in which an alloy or metal is heated to a suitable temperature, is held at that temperature long enough to allow a certain constituent to enter into solid solution, and is then cooled rapidly to hold that constituent in solution
electrochemical grinding	Variation on electrochemical machining that uses a conductive, rotating abrasive wheel
layout	Use of scribers, ink and prick punches to create a part outline that machinists use to visually check part shape during machining of prototypes or during tool-and-die work.
active solar energy system	A system designed to convert solar radiation into usable energy for space, water heating, or other uses by using a pump or fan to collect energy from the sun.
superalloy	A "high performance alloy" developed for high temperature service characteristics including superior mechanical strength, good surface stability, and corrosion resistance; can withstand high temperature without oxidizing or losing mechanical properties
s	Chemical symbol for Sulphur.
select or highlight	To mark or highlight an item so that a subsequent action can be carried out on that item
nec	A set of rules governing safe wiring methods
infiltration	The passage of air from indoors.
olsen test	This is a cupping test made on an Olsen machine as an aid in determining ductility and deep drawing properties.
floor	(i) That part of a futures exchange where open outcry trading takes place
chemical analysis	Qualitative analysis consists of separating a substance into its component elements and identifying them
pearlite	A microstructural constituent of steel
coil splice	A method of welding two pieces of plate together before being rolled into pipe.
column	a vertical, structural element, strong in compression
wash	A casting defect resulting from erosion of sand by metal flowing over the mold or corded surfaces
beveled	A beveled surface (usually a beveled edge) is cut at an angle less than 90 degrees
woody fracture	A fracture that is fibrous or woody in appearance
grain size	The average diameter of grains, usually determined microscopically, on an etched plane surface of the metal as described in ASTM Standard Method E112.
white annealing	A heat treatment process carried out on pickled steel with the objective of eliminating the hydrogen that has entered the steel during the pickling operation and thus removing any tendency to hydrogen embrittlement.
hardenability	Relative ability of a ferrous alloy to form martensite when quenched from a temperature above the upper critical temperature
inclusion count	A quantitative assessment of the inclusion population of a metallic alloy
siliconing	Diffusing silicon into solid metal, usually steel, at an elevated temperature.
thermostat	A device which relegates the temperature of a room or building by switching heating or cooling equipment on or off.
maize	a tall widely cultivated American cereal grass (Zea mays) bearing seeds on elongated ears; also indian corn
clad metal	A composite metal containing two or three layers that have been bonded together
aluminized	Aluminized steel is steel that has been coated on both sides with and aluminum silicon alloy
wind bracing	Metal straps or wood blocks installed diagonally on the inside of a wall from bottom to top plate, to prevent the wall from twisting, racking, or falling over "domino" fashion.
blue annealing	Heating hot-rolled ferrous sheet in an open furnace to a temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in air, in order to soften the metal
scale	The oxidised surface of steel produced during hot working,
tail end	The part of a coil that makes up the inner diameter on the entry reels and the outer diameter on the delivery reels (the end of the master coil feeding into the galvanizing line which then becomes the outer wraps after coating and rewinding).
modulus of elasticity	Ratio of stress, within proportional limit, to corresponding strain.
scaling	Forming a thick layer of oxidation products on metals at high temperatures.
lip angle	Included angle between a cutter's tooth and relieved land.
cylindrical-grinding attachment	Device that mounts to the table of a surface grinder or lathe, permitting both straight and tapered grinding of round stock.
induction furnace	Furnace is which steel is heated by a process of induction, whereby electromagnetic coils that surround the furnace heat the steel by generation of eddy currents within the metal
annealing	Annealing involves heating steel to a high temperature (above 750ºC) followed by very slow cooling in order to make the metal as soft as possible.
scab	A defect consisting of a flat volume of metal joined to a casting through a small area
generator	A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
finished edges	Smooth edges produced on flat wire, strip, or bar, by drawing or rolling with or without previous slitting
long products	Self-explanatory term mostly used in steel to refer to products such as rod, rebars, rails and structurals.
sub-critical	Heating to, and holding at, some point below the critical
convertor	Generic term for companies converting steel alloying ores into intermediates such as ferro-alloys, molybdenum oxide or ammonium paratungstate (APT).
time and materials contract	A construction contract which specifies a price for different elements of the work such as cost per hour of labor, overhead, profit, etc
old environmental burdens	Refer to liabilities for past environmental damage, often caused during periods of previous State-ownership
bar	A long product, usually of rectangular cross-section, but sometimes of rounded or partly rounded cross-section
allotropy	The property possessed by certain elements to exist in
hot working	The process of changing the form or cross-section of a piece of metal at a temperature above its recrystallization temperature.
follower rest	Workpiece rest or supporting device attached to the carriage that "follows" the cutting tool, keeping support near the point of cut
gauge plate	An alloy tool steel supplied in flat and square section with the surfaces ground to close limits
liquid carburising	A widely used method of case-hardening steel that eliminates scaling and the tendency to decarburisation and results in clean components
ta	Chemical symbol for Tantalum.
rupture	Failure that is accompanied by significant plastic deformation; often associated with creep failure.
ion nitriding	Surface-hardening process in which nitrogen ions are accelerated under an electric potential in a closed chamber and become embedded in the surface of the parts being treated, where they interact with minor constituents of the treated metal to form nitrogen compounds.
grade a	Designation of a good quality of tin in international commerce
rod mill	(i) A rotating cylinder like a ball mill, but loaded with steel rods
cobble	loose particles of rock or mineral that are the size of
decarburization	when steel is subjected to high temperatures, such as are used in hot rolling, forging, and heat treating, there is a loss of carbon at the surface which is known as decarburization
face centred cubic lattice	An arrangement of atoms in crystals in which the atomic centres are disposed in space in such a way that one atom is located at each of the corners of the cube and one at the centre of each face
transducer	A device for converting energy from one form to another; for example, in ultrasonic testing, conversion of electrical pulses to acoustic waves and vice-versa.
luster	The quality and intensity of light reflected from the surface of a mineral.
galvalume	A proprietary corrosion-resistant rolled steel coated with an alloy of 55% aluminium 45% zinc for advantages of both galvanizing and aluminising.
nonferrous metals	Metals or alloys that are free of iron.
abrasive wear	The removal of material from a surface when hard particles slide or roll across the surface under pressure. The particles may be loose or may be part of another surface in contact with the surface being worn. Contrast with adhesive wear.
alloy steel	A type of steel containing higher quantities of certain elements affecting the mechanical or physical properties and the overall machinability.
chipping	A method for removing seams and other surface defects with chisel or gouge so that such defects will not be worked into the finished product
carbon steel	A type of steel generally having no specified minimum quantity of any alloying element and containing only an incidental amount of any element other than carbon, silicon, manganese, copper, sulphur and phosphorus.
spark testing	A process for sorting scrap metal, especially high speed steel
drilling	Operation in which a rotating tool is used to create a round hole in a workpiece
k	Chemical symbol for Potassium
cathodic protection	Methods of increasing the corrosion resistance of the surface, over a wider range of conditions, for example on Type 316 stainless steel in some seawater applications
cap	A derivative position that protects the holder from any cost of a rise in the price of the underlying above an agreed level
residual stress	See Stress.
cs/b	Commercial Steel type B which is the standard specification for mild carbon steel.
rondelle	A cylindrical shaped pellet
longitudinal direction	The principal direction of flow in worked metal.
refractometer	Optical instrument that measures the refractive index of a liquid, such as a water-diluted metalworking fluid mix
tensil strength	==Source== http://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/2909852574/sizes/o/in/set-72157603624867509/ ...
flotation	The process used at a mine to separate fine particles of valuable metal from gangue
alloying elements	Those elements in alloys which are deliberately added during melting and refining to enhance the properties of that alloy.
sentiment	The collective mood of a market; sometimes influenced by fundamental factors and news, sometimes technicalfactors based on macro-economic and/or mathematical analysis, and sometimes neither.
dual-phase	High strength steel strengthened by a bonded 2 phase microstructure composed of ferrite and martensite.
manufacturer's specifications	The written installation and/or maintenance instructions which are developed by the manufacturer of a product and which may have to be followed in order to maintain the product warrantee.
reel breaks	Transverse breaks or ridges on successive inner laps or a coil which are the result of crimping the lead end of the coil into a gripping segmented mandrel.
single phase line	This carriers electrical loads capable of serving the needs of residential customers, small commercial customers, and streetlights. It carrier a relatively light load as compared to heavy duty three phrase constructs.
matrix	fine-grained material surrounding larger grains in a sedimentary rock
water stain	White, chalky patches formed after aluminum comes in contact with water or condensation
annual fuel utilization efficiency	A measure of heating efficiency, in consistent units, determined by applying the federal test method for furnaces. This value is intended to represent the ratio of heat transferred to the conditioned space by the fuel energy supplies over one year.
carbon steel	Steel is classified as carbon steel when its properties are defined by the various percentage of carbon without substantial amounts of other alloying elements
slump	The "wetness" of concrete
steel	Iron with small amounts of carbon added
s-n diagram	Plot showing the relationship of stress, S, and the number of cycles, N, before fracture in fatigue testing.
grain size measurement	The measurement of the grain size of a metal by observation of a metallographically prepared sample under a microscope
knoop hardness test	A micro hardness test in which an elongated pyramidical diamond is pressed into the surface.
hilt	To a sword collector the hilt encompasses the entire handle and guard; to the modern knife world, hilt and quillion mean the same thing: the guard, single or double, between the handle and the blade
pressure load	Pressure necessary to produce a forging, generally expressed in tons.
tensile	The strength at which a piece of pipe bursts, measured in PSI.
creep	The time-dependent permanent deformation that occurs under stress; for most materials it is important only at elevated temperatures.
ovality	Ovality is the difference between the maximum and minimum diameters of any one section of a round tube as measured.
foil	Metal in sheet form less then 0.006 in
ltc	Long Thread and Coupling (OCTG casing connection)
edana	The European Trade Association for the nonwovens and hygiene products converters industries
mill edge	The normal edge of steel produced in hot rolling and does not conform to any definite contour
concentrates	The first-processed product from a mine
settlement price	On the LME, the last unfulfilled offer to sell cash at the close of the second morning ring in each metal – i.e
stress strain curve	A graph in which stress (load divided by the original cross sectional area of the test piece) is plotted against strain (the extension divided by the length over which it is measured).
zinc	A chemical element with the symbol Zn
automatic toolchanger	Mechanism typically included in a machining center that, on the appropriate command, removes one cutting tool from the spindle nose and replaces it with another
totter	English word for an itinerant scrap buyer, a first point on the collection chain.
inert-gas shielded-arc welding	Arc welding in an inert gas such as argon or helium.
austenitic steel	Steel which has a stable austentic structure at normal (room) temperatures.
slitting	A high-speed method of cutting sheet in coiled form to narrower width coils
continuous tone	Images that are represented, nor by dots or lines or primary colours, but by a series of evenly graduated tones, as in a photograph - sometimes referred to as a contone.
i	Chemical symbol for Iodine.
web	The thin section of metal remaining at bottom of a cavity or depression in a forging
iacs	Abbreviation for "International Annealed Copper Standard."
deflection	The degree to which a structural element is displaced under a load.
tubing	When referring to OCTG, tubing is a separate pipe used within the casing to conduct the oil or gas to the surface
nominal pipe size	Standard pipe sizes.
pickling	Immersion of steel in a dilute solution of acid for the purpose of removing the scale.
anklet	An anklet is a short chain much like a bracelet, but anklets are slightly longer and are designed to be worn around the ankle.
cup fracture	A type of fracture - which looks like a cup having the exterior portion extended with the interior slightly depressed - produced in a tensile test specimen
heat treatment	one or more operations involving the heating and cooling of a metal or an alloy in the solid" state for the purpose of obtaining certain desirable conditions or properties.
ready to finish	A general mill term applied to the size and condition of a product prior to the final drawing or rolling operation.
aging	The spontaneous change in the properties of a metal usually associated with the recovery of the metal from an unstable condition produced by quenching (quenchaging) or by cold working (strainaging).
grain refiner	Any material added to a liquid metal for the purpose of producing a finer grain size in the subsequent casting, or of retaining fine grains during the heat treatment of wrought structures.
alpha bronze	A copper-tin alloy consisting of the alpha solid solution of tin in copper
open-hearth furnace	A reverberatory melting furnace with a shallow hearth and a low roof
reverse flattening test	A reverse flattening test involves taking a sample of tubing at a specified length and splitting is lonitudinally at 90 degrees on each side of the weld
hardfacing	Abrasion resistant metal applied by welding (usually in strips) on the surface of softer material to increase wear properties
micum index	The percentages of coke remaining in a given size-band after rotating a coke sample within a drum for a given time
toughness	The property of a metal, mostly steel, to have high strength without associated brittleness.
nominal price	(i) On the LME, an estimate of the price for a future month date which is used to designate a closing price when no trading has taken place in that date
cold short	A condition of brittleness existing in some metals at temperatures below the recrystallization temperature.
viruses	Disease-causing agents, smaller than bacteria, that depend on other organisms for reproduction and growth.
pipe	Pipe is a round hollow form of steel produced to a nominal pipe size (NPS) and used in conjunction with the term "schedule" that defines the wall thickness
grit size	Specified size of the abrasive particles in grinding wheels and other abrasive tools
oil stain	Stain produced by the incomplete burning of the lubricants on the surface of the sheet
post	A vertical framing member usually designed to carry a beam
stretcher straightening	A process for straightening rod, tubing, and shapes by the application of tension at the ends of the stock
extruded rod	Dimensions by extrusion.
rough sill	The framing member at the bottom of a rough opening for a window
lifts	Term associated with separated segments of pipe (banded or unbanded for ease of handling).
smut	A dark film of debris, sometimes covering large areas, deposited on the sheet during rolling
stretcher leveling	A method of producing unusual flatness in steel sheets bu stretching them in a hydraulic device.
multiple lengths	Where long products such as rod, tube or angle are ordered at exact lengths, the mill may have the option to supply longer lengths that are exact multiples of the specified length.
uv block vs shade	Shade is the blocking of all light; UV Block only refers to the ultraviolet spectrum of light.
stress relieving	A heat treatment including heating and soaking at a
control stand	Work station of the machine operator
trepanning	Drilling deep holes that are too large to be drilled by high-pressure coolant drills or gundrills
carrier	any vessel for transporting materials or people
cross	(i) A cleared transaction where the buyer and seller are the same broker
brittle fracture	Failure or rupture of a material with little or no plastic flow or deformation
magnetic permeability	Test simply determines the level of magnetism.
roof sheathing or sheeting	The wood panels or sheet material fastened to the roof rafters or trusses on which the shingle or other roof covering is laid.
plate	A flat rolled product over 3/16" (0.188") in thickness and over 12" in width.
cmyk	A subtractive colour model used for full-colour printing
hard metal facing	A method of increasing the wear resistance of a metal
carbon	As applied to forgings, the carbonaceous residue resulting from lubricant burned on the surface of the slug, cut from wrought material, or pressed part.
one-side bright mill finish	Sheet material having a moderate degree of brightness on one side. The reverse side is uncontrolled and may have a dull, non-uniform appearance.
modulus of elasticity	The rate of change of strain as a function of stress
baghouse	An air pollutant control device used to trap particles by filtering gas streams through large cloth or fiberglass bags.
ttt curve	An abbreviation of Time Temperature Transformation Curve.
red hardness	Ability of a cutting tool material to withstand high temperatures at the point of cut without softening and degrading.
mill finish	A surface finish produced on sheet and plate.
herreshoff	A bottom-fired multiple-hearth reverberatory furnace used to convert molybdenum sulphide to oxide
killed steel	Steel treated with a strong deoxidizing agent such as silicon or aluminum to reduce the oxygen content so that no reaction occurs between carbon and oxygen during the solidification process.
crown	Crown refers to the top half of a faceted gemstone
radius	The measurement of a straight line from the center of a circle to the edge.
fertilizer	a substance (such as manure or a chemical mixture) used to enrich the soil and increase plant growth
hardening	A process by which the tolerance of extreme conditions, e.g
continuous casting	A casting technique in which the ingot is continuously solidified while it is being poured and the length is not determined by mold dimensions.
duplex	Duplex is a stainless steel with an austenitic ferritic chromium, nickel, molybdenum composition
heat cracking	Spontaneous failure of some metals by cracking under combined action of elevated temperature and stress (residual or applied)
plumbing jacks	Sleeves that fit around drain and waste vent pipes at, and are nailed to, the roof sheeting.
oligotrophic	having low levels of plant nutrients and an abundant supply of dissolved oxygen
arc cutting	The process when an arc is utilized in metal cutting for use between an electrode and the metal that is being cut.
tolerance	Specified allowance (plus or minus) of the given dimension of a finished product due to inaccuracies in manufacturing; usually quite small (thousandths of an inch or very small percentage) and often part of a standard such as ASTM or API.
endurance limit	Maximum dynamic stress to which material may be submitted for an infinite number of times without causing fatigue failure.
transformation temperature	The temperature at which a change in phase
earing	Wavy projections formed at the open end of a cup or shell in the course of deep drawing because of difference in directional properties
elongation	A measurement of ductility expressed in terms of the stretch having occurred over a given length on a standard tensile specimen at time of fracture, usually based upon an original length of 2 inches.
resolution	The resolution corresponds to the smallest two digits / values which can be read from a measurement device
alloy	A material with metallic properties composed of two or more elements of which as least one is a metal.
dry metric ton	In some contracts covering concentrates or bulk ores, the relevant tonnage is specified as dry – i.e
tub trap	Curved, "U" shaped section of a bath tub drain pipe that holds a water seal to prevent sewer gasses from entering the home through tubs water drain.
titanium	Small amounts added to steel contribute to its soundness and give a finer grain size.
flash control	Flash control refers to the different limits that the flash left from the ID weld bead can be controlled to during the ERW tube production process
water closet	Another name for toilet.
toughness	Toughness may be defined as the ability of a material to accept applied stresses by either elastic or plastic deformation, depending on the stress level, without sudden brittle failure.
curve	Transformation Curve
hot shortness	Brittleness in metal in the hot forming range.
liquidity	(i) The ability of a futures exchange to handle large volumes of business in a limited time
wrought iron	A commercial iron that has little use today and has been replaced by mild steel
difference	In LME clearing, contracts are concluded at maturity by the payment into settlement by the broker, or from settlement to the broker, on behalf of his client, of the difference between his closed contract price and the corresponding settlement price.
plate	Stainless steel measuring more than ten inches wide with a thickness ranging from 3/16 of an inch and over.
oxide	Compounding oxygen with another element.
tensile modulus of elasticity	Tangent or secant modulus of elasticity of a material subjected to tensile loading
reduction in area	The difference between the original cross-sectional area and that of the smallest area at the point of rupture; usually stated as a percentage of the original area; also called "contraction of area".
electropolishing	Method for imparting brilliance to stainless steel by removing a thin layer of the surface akin to a reverse electroplating process without any working of the underlying metal
lop	This is the point on the stress/strain curve beyond which the stress does not increase proportionally with strain.
uts:	Ultimate tensile strength; the principal measure of the strength of a metal.
deoxidation	Elimination of oxygen in liquid steel, usually by introduction of aluminum or silicon or other suitable element
sendzimir mill	A mill having two work rolls of 1 to 2 1/2-in
galling	The damaging of one or both metallic surfaces by removal of particles from localized areas due to seizure curing sliding friction.
hot shortness	A condition encountered in some metals wherein ductility is lessened at hot working temperatures.
quenching temperature	The temperature from which steel is quenched during a heat treating process.
phosphorus	An element that forms 0.12% of the earth’s crust, chiefly in the form of phosphates
dry-rolled finish	Finish obtained by cold-rolling on polished rolls without the use of any coolant or metal lubricant, of material previously plain pickled, giving a burnished appearance.
aod	This term refers to both the process and the vessel that is used for the process in which hot metal from an electric furnace is refined to a chemical specification by blowing a mixture of gases (a combination of inert gas and oxygen) under the hot metal surface. The result removes carbon from ferroalloys to achieve a certain chemical specification. The economics of this process have indicated that this method is ideally suited for producing stainless, plus high and low-alloy steels.
interrupted cut	Cutting tool repeatedly enters and exits the work
electroslag refining	A specialised steel making process in which a rolled or a cast ingot in the form of an electrode is remelted in a water cooled copper mould
strip	A sheet of metal whose length is many times its width
monel	Invented by the International Nickel Co., and composed basically to two-thirds nickel, one-third copper
rollover	Extending a futures position at maturity by re-opening the same position for a later date
extruded shape	Also see “AS EXTRUDED”
vanadium	A gray metal that is normally used as an alloying agent for iron and stainless steel
temper brittleness	The loss in impact resistance that is present in some low and medium carbon alloy steels when tempered in the range of 350oC – 600oC
extrusion	A process of heating a billet of metal to a plastic state and forcing it through a die
scale	The oxidized surface of steel produced during hot working, such as rolling, and by exposure to air or steam at elevated temperatures.
swarf	Metal fines and grinding wheel particles generated during grinding.
radiant heating	A method of heating, usually consisting of a forced hot water system with pipes placed in the floor, wall, or ceiling
earing	The formation of scallops (ears) around the top edge of a drawn part caused by differences in the directional properties of the sheet metal used.
slurryfier box	Special development for extending the application area of Earth Pressure Balance Shields
knit mark	Where raw stock did not unite into a homogeneous mass during the vulcanization
brushing	Generic term for a curve whose shape is controlled by a combination of its control points and knots (parameter values)
foil	Metal with a maximum width of .005 inches.
burnishing	Burnishing is a polishing method that intensifies the shine and luster of a metal through the use of friction and compression without eliminating any metal.
stress raisers	Factors such as sharp changes in contour or surface defects, which concentrate stresses locally.
high-carbon steel	Steel with more than 0.3% carbon
xylem	a complex tissue in the vascular system of plants that consists of vessels and wood fibers, conducting water and dissolved minerals, and aiding in support and food storage
protocol	a : a preliminary memorandum often created and signed by diplomatic negotiators as a basis for a final treaty b : the records of a diplomatic conference or congress that show officially the agreements arrived at by the negotiators
physiology	the basic activities that occur in cells and tissues of living organisms
flame cutting	A process used to cut carbon steel plate using an oxy-fuel gas flame.
cutting	1) The procedure of bringing a product to desired dimensions by such operations as slitting, shearing, sawing, and blanking
pit	A sharp, usually small, depression in the surface of metal
casting	(1) An object at or near finished shape obtained by solidification of a substance in a mold
bevel	A prepared angled end of a piece of pipe most commonly used for welding or splicing two pieces together
cut	Cut has many meanings
cutting speed	The rate metal moves past the edge of a tool used to remove stock
clad metal	A composite metal containing two or three layers that have been bonded together.
clogging	Premature drying of ink in the screen, causing bad print by blocking part of the open stencil.
gas compressibility	expresses the deviations in the behaviour of real gases from the behaviour of ideal gases.
electrowinning	An electrolytic refining process in which the metal is recovered from the electrolyte rather than from an anode
cofferdam	a temporary dam built to divert a river around a construction site so the dam can be built on dry ground
bright annealing	An annealing process usually carried out in controlled furnace atmosphere so that surface oxidation is reduced to a minimum and the surface remains relatively bright.
trim	See “CLIP”
water stains	See Stains.
vacuum degassing	An advanced steelmaking process which removes oxygen and nitrogen under low pressure (in a vacuum) in order to produce ultra-low carbon steel for demanding formable applications - normally performed in the ladle, the removal of dissolved gases results in cleaner, higher-quality steel.
martensite	A hard supersaturated solid solution of iron characterized by an acicular (needlelike) microstructure.
burning	Heating steel to a temperature sufficiently close to the melting point to cause permanent injury
coated steels	Steel is coated by a hot process or through electrolysis with a layer of a substance that protects the metal base against corrosion
killed steel	Steel with reduced oxygen content
ruling section	More accurately termed limiting ruling section.
transfer tape	An unsupported adhesive on a liner
induction hardening	A process of hardening a ferrous alloy by heating it above the transformation range by means of electrical induction, and then cooling as required.
dissociated ammonia	A low-cost substitute for a pure Hydrogen atmosphere generally used in bright annealing or hardening stainless steels and other metals and alloys
parting stop or strip	A small wood piece used in the side and head jambs of double hung windows to separate the upper sash from the lower sash.
pedestal	A metal box installed at various locations along utility easements that contain electrical, telephone, or cable television switches and connections.
steel	Generally defined as a metallic product whose principal
skelp	Plate of steel or wrought iron from which pipe or tubing is made by rolling the skelp into shape longitudinally and welding the edges together.
commodity	an article of commerce especially when delivered for shipment
structure	The arrangement of parts; in crystals, especially, the shape and dimension of the until cell, and the number, kinds and positions of the atoms within it.
oxidation	When a steel is exposed to oxygen, commonly atmospheric conditions it may oxidise giving the surface a stain, discolouration or rust.
pyrites	A copper-iron sulphide mineral.
decarburization	The loss of carbon from the surface of the ferrous alloy as a result of heating in a medium that reacts with the carbon at the surface.
aluminum	A metal that is ductile and malleable; stable against normal atmospheric corrosion, but attacked by both acids and alkalis
re	Chemical symbol for Rhenium
gamma iron	The form of iron (also called austenite) which exists between 910°C and 1392°C in which the iron atoms are arranged in a face centred cubic (fcc) crystalline pattern, ie an atom at each corner of a cube, and a further atom in the centre of each face
expansion test	See Tests.
superalloy	An alloy developed for very high temperature service where relatively high stresses (tensile, thermal, vibratory, and shock) are encountered and where oxidation resistance is frequently required.
charpy test	A Charpy test, also known as the Charpy v-notch test, is a high strain test that determines the amount of energy absorbed by a sample of material during fracture
ad valorem	Latin
diamond bandsawing	Machine operation in which a band with diamond points is used to machine carbides, ceramics and other extremely hard materials.
grinding	A term that implies metal removal similar to fast milling where the surface is removed by abrasion
water table	The location of the underground water, and the vertical distance from the surface of the earth to this underground water.
disc grinding	Operation in which the workpiece is placed against the side of a wheel rather than the wheel's periphery
macrostructure	The structure of metals which can be seen through macroscopic examination of the etched surface of a polished specimen
nitriding	A process of case hardening steels of appropriate composition with nitrogen to give superior results to case hardening with heat alone.
cyaniding	Casehardening method that introduces carbon and nitrogen to the workpiece simultaneously.
t.o.e.	Elements other than those listed.
zinc	Applied to steels by hot dipping or by electroplating (galvanising) as a corrosion preventative coating.
martempering	1
cold rolling	Rolling metal at a temperature below the softening point of the metal to create work hardening.
spinning	The formation of sheet metal blanks into hollow circular shapes
non heat-treatable alloy	The correct term for the 1XXX, the 3XXX, the 5XXX alloy classes
sheet	A thin flat rectangular piece of rolled metal
chip	Small piece of material removed from a workpiece by a cutting tool or grinding wheel.
ripple	A slight transverse wave or shadow mark repeated at intervals, sometimes observed on flat products.
lead time	the amount of time from the placement of an order until delivery.
genus	Refers to a group of species of plants that share certain structural characteristics as determined by botanical study
stress relieving	Process of reducing residual stresses in a material by heating it to a suitable temperature and holding it there for a sufficient time, and later cooling ti slowly in order to minimize the development of residual stresses
melting point	The temperature at which a solid begins to liquefy.
stabilization	Additions of elements to 300 series stainless steel which are stronger carbide formers than Chromium
mass effect	A term used to signify the effect of size and shape during heat treatment, since it is the rate of cooling of a piece of steel which determines the properties resulting from the hardening and quenching process.
shore scleroscope	An instrument that measures the hardness of a sample in arbitrary terms of elasticity
martempering	Quenching an austenitized ferrous alloy in a medium at a temperature in the upper part of the martensite range, or slightly above that range, and holding that in the medium until the temperature throughout the alloy is substantially uniform
alclad	Composite sheet produced by bonding either corrosion-resistant aluminum alloy or aluminum of high purity to base metal of structurally stronger aluminum alloy
alloy	A substance with metallic properties and composed of two or more chemical elements of which at least one is a metal.
core	The interior part of steel whose composition has not been changed in a case hardening operation.
ingot maker	Firm producing specification alloy ingots, mainly aluminium or copper, from scrap for sale to foundries
planishing	Producing a smooth surface finish on metal by rapid succession of blows delivered by highly polished dies or by a hammer designed for the purpose, or by rolling in a planishing mill.
ferrite banding	Parallel bands of free ferrite aligned in the direction of working
annealing	Heating of a metal to a predetermined temperature for a suitable time and cooling at a rate to accomplish the objective.
catalyst	An element or compound which facilitates a chemical reaction without itself being consumed or altered
relieve	Process of reducing dimensions so that one part will fit another.
direct control load management	The magnitude of customer demand that can be interrupted at the time of the seasonal peak load by direct control of the system operator by interrupting power supply to individual appliances or equipment on customer premises.
ductility	The property of a metal that permits permanent deformation before fracture by stress in tension.
roll leveler	A series of small diameter staggered rolls used primarily to improve flatness and/or to partially remove yield point elongation.
permanent mold	A metal mold which is used repeatedly for the production of many castings of the same form.
fixture	Device, often made in-house, that holds a specific workpiece
nickel silver	A copper-based alloy with zinc and nickel, used for example in cutlery.
muck pump	Piston pump for the stroke by stroke conveyance of highly viscous slurries, for example, grout, bentonite, concrete or conditioned excavated material
ge	Chemical symbol for Germanium
maltese cross	A maltese cross is a design of four arrowheads facing one another with their points meeting in the center.
fillet	A curved inside corner to increase the strength of an object at the corner and to improve appearance
austempering	Quenching from a temperature above the transformation
prelubricant	Oil coating applied to sheet to enhance formability.
borrowing	Term mostly used on the LME
grey iron	Also known as flake iron on account of all or part of the carbon content being in the form of graphite distributed through the metal as flakes.
aesthetics	1: a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty, art, and taste and with the creation and appreciation of beauty 2: a pleasing appearance or effect
billet	See bloom.
ears	Wavy symmetrical projections formed in the course of deep drawing or spinning as a result of directional properties or anisotropy in sheet
fracture strength	The value of nominal stress obtained when the load carried by a tensile specimen at the time of fracture is divided by its cross-sectional area
punch list	A list of discrepancies that need to be corrected by a contractor.
current	The movement or flow of electricity.
heat treatment	A combination of heating and cooling operations applied to a metal or alloy in its solid state to obtain desired conditions or properties.
reduction of area	The percent of cross-sectional area the metal will “Neck Down” prior to breaking in tension.
contract month	On futures exchanges other than the LME a month in which the material is deliverable
h	Chemical symbol for Hydrogen.
secondary metal	A general term for metal (including iron and steel) produced from scrap instead of primary raw materials.
carbon steel	A steel with key components of carbon, silicon and manganese but normally has no or very low content of other alloying elements.
coal	The primary fuel used by integrated iron and steel producers.
chemistry	a science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances and with the transformations that they undergo
welded blank	A further development by steelmakers beyond supplying conventional oiled blanks to carmakers' panel shops
stress relieving	Although a degree of stress relaxation (stress relief) may occur at room temperature, this term normally implies a heat treatment in which the material is heated up and soaked at a suitable temperature before being control cooled back to room temperature
stretch forming	A process of forming panels and cowls of large curvature by stretching sheet over a form of the desired shape.
slab	Semi-finished block of steel cut from a rolled ingot.
helical cutter	Endmill or other cutter with spiral or helical flutes
oxidation	A chemical reaction in which oxygen combines with the metal to convert it to its oxide form.
tubing	Tubing is a non-standardized hollow shaped product manufactured to specific dimensional, chemical and mechanical properties
hard turning	Single-point cutting of a workpiece that has a hardness value higher than 45 HRC.
drawn product	A product formed by pulling material through a die.
carbon offsetting/carbon neutral	Organisations can calculate their carbon footprint and pay to 'offset' it by planting trees or by investing in energy-efficient technologies in developing countries, which are intended to absorb or reduce carbon emissions by an equivalent amount
u	Chemical symbol for Uranium.
hot-briquetted iron	Direct reduced iron which has been processed into a compact brick-shaped mass or briquette
creep strength	The maximum stress which can be applied to steel at a specific temperature without causing more than a specified percentage increase in length in a specified time.
wastewater	water that has been used in a manufacturing process, or sewage
sedimentation	the process of breaking up rocks into smaller fine pieces that sink to the bottom of rivers, lakes, and seas
yield point	The first stress in a material, usually less than the maximum attainable stress, at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress
malleability	A measure of the ability of a metal to be formed to a new shape by hammering, forging or rolling, without cracking or otherwise failing.
millscale	Heavy oxidation on the surface of e.g
actuals	US term for physical.
luminescence	The emission of visible light as a result of electron decay from an excited state.
filing attachment	Mounts on a contour bandsaw for power-filing operations.
apt	Ammonium paratungstate – principal form in which tungsten is traded internationally.
normalising	Heating up a steel to just above its upper critical temperature in order to transform it to austenite, followed by cooling to room temperature at such a rate that a refined equilibrium microstructure is produced
reamer	Rotating cutting tool used to enlarge a drilled hole to size
fillet	Rounded corner or arc that blends together two intersecting curves or lines
conservation	A foregoing or reduction of electric usage for the purpose of saving natural energy resources and limiting peak demand in order to ultimately reduce the capacity requirements for plant and equipment.
robot	Device capable of performing various combinations of movements, manipulations and actions
display update rate	The frequency at which a display is refreshed with a new reading. This is not the same as data acquisition rate, data output rate or peak capture rate. Mecmesin force and torque gauges are set to refresh the display at approximately 8Hz, which is considered comfortable for the eye to follow. This has no effect on data acquisition rate or data output rate.
heat-affected zone	That portion of the base metal that was not melted during brazing, cutting or welding, but whose microstructure and mechanical properties were altered by the heat.
reduction of area	The percentage decrease in the cross-sectional
anodising	A process of improving the corrosion resistance of aluminium by thickening the natural oxide film on the surface
cold work	Deforming metal plastically at a temperature lower than the recrystallization temperature
feather edge	Same as a feather burr, except that feather edge can also refer to a very thin machined ridge located at the ends of a lead-in or lead-out thread
fiber stress	Local stress through a small area (a point of line) on a section where the stress is not uniform, as in a beam under a bending load.
rack-milling attachment	Attachment for cutting gear teeth, usually in a straight line, but, when used in conjunction with universal spiral-index centers on a universal mill, it allows the machining of worms.
extrusion	1) Distortion, under pressure, of portion of seal into clearance between mating metal parts
arbor	A cylindrical core around which metal is wound to obtain a desired inside diameter of the wound coil or roll.
nitriding	Adding nitrogen to the solid iron-base alloys by heating at a temperature below the critical in contact with ammonia or other nitrogenous material.
conversion cost	Resources spent to process material in a single stage, from one type to another
residuals	Are the impurities left as a result of the mix of steel scrap used by a mini-mills in an electric furnace operation
baymouth barriers	low ridges composed of beach sand where waves have eroded sections along the shore to form cliffs
gauer bar	A term meaning Edged Flat Bar
tolerance	The amount by which any characteristic, such as dimensional, chemical, physical, or mechanical properties, may vary from that specified.
capacity	Normal ability to produce metals in a given time period
overhauling	The process of cutting away the surface layer from bars or plates after breakdown rolling
deoxidation	(1) Removal of oxygen from molten metals by use of suitable chemical agents
contango	Description of forward curve
flame annealing	The careful heating of a metal part by flames before or after working.
tolerance	The amount by which any characteristic, such as dimensional, chemical, physical or mechanical properties, may vary from that specified.
steckel mill	A reversing stainless steel sheet reduction mill with heated coil boxes at each end
cash and carry	When a contango exists, the premium of the forward position over the prompt generally reflects costs of storage, insurance and finance for that period
no. 1 heavy melt	Obsolete steel scrap grade, at least one-quarter inch in thickness and in sections no larger than five feet by two feet
carrying costs	The costs associated with a carry such as insurance, rent and opportunity cost.
weep holes	Small holes in storm window frames that allow moisture to escape.
beryllium copper	Copper with a small addition of beryllium used for springs and non-sparking tools.
hardening	The act or process of becoming hard or harder.
brinell	A measurement of the surface hardness of a steel
heap leaching	A process for recovering metal, most commonly copper, from oxide or low grade ore or residues
valley flashing	Sheet metal that lays in the "V" area of a roof valley.
fracture toughness	Critical value (KIC) of stress intensity
generation	The process of producing electric energy by transforming other forms of energy; also, the amount of electric energy produced, expressed in kilowatthours.
izod test	A pendulum type of single blow impact test in which the specimen, usually notched, is fixed at one end and broken by a falling pendulum
si unit	In 1960, the Système International d'Unités was introduced to replace systems of units based upon the metre/kilogram/second (mks), the centimetre/gram/second (cgs) and the foot/pound/second (fps)
vacuum melting	Melting in a vacuum to prevent contamination from air, as well as to remove gases already dissolved in the metal; the solidification may also be carried out in a vacuum or at low pressure.
dumping	A trade term to describe the systematic export of steel or any other product at prices below production costs or below those prevailing in the home market
volume:	Quantity of material, or tonnage, bought, sold, imported or exported, as compared to value.
critical temperatures	See "Critical Points."
stretcher strain	Irregular surface patterns of ridges and valleys which develop during forming of annealed last or temper rolled aged steel.
drop forging	An operation in which a metal shape is formed by forcing hot metal into impressions formed in solid blocks of hardened alloy steel, the forging dies
land	Part of the tool body that remains after the flutes are cut.
fas	Free alongside
young's modulus	This is the constant of proportionality between stress and strain
temper/tempering	In heat treatment, to reheat hardened steel or cast iron to a temperature below the eutectoid temperature (or reversible reaction temperature when a solid solution in the cooling process is converted into two or more intimately fixed solids) to achieve a balance between strength and brittleness
fretting	Fretting is surface wear resulting from relative motion between surfaces in contact under pressure.
saturation	Saturation is one of three characteristics used to describe the appearance of color
cfr.	Short for cost and freight
roller leveling	Leveling by passing flat stock through a machine having a series of small diameter staggered rolls.
floor	Where trading through open-outcry takes place (see pit and ring).
solidification range	The temperature range through which metal freezes or solidifies.
net ton	2000 lbs
european option	An option which in practice is only declared on the expiration date because the underlying metal can only be acquired at that time
speciality	Expression mainly used in USA to refer to higher-specification alloy steels.
manganese	Chemical symbol Mn – moderately hard element used to strengthen or harden steel.
franco	French for delivered.
spec home	A house built before it is sold
v-block	Workholding device with V-shaped slot for holding pipe and other round stock during machining or inspection.
buyer's price	See seller's price and buyers over.
hypo-eutectoid steel	A steel that contains less than 0.83% carbon and which in annealed condition has a structure of ferrite and pearlite.
clearing	The environment in which all bought and sold contracts between two sides of a transaction are matched, processed and settled.
tension leveling	A mechanical operation where sheet steel is put through rolls and stretched beyond its yield point in order to improve flatness.
vanadium	An element frequently used in alloys to make tool steels
flying shear	A shear which severs steel as the piece continues to move. In continuous mills, the piece being rolled cannot be stopped for the shearing operation, so the shear knives must move with it until it is severed
short	A producer or fabricator is in a short physical position when they have a commitment to deliver in the future but no metal in hand or due soon to be received
scrubber	An air pollutant device that reduces the temperature of an emission – a liquid spray is used to remove pollutants from a gas stream by absorption or chemical reaction.
carbonitriding	Casehardening metal by heating it in a mixture of carbon and nitrogen and by controlling the cooling rate
weldability	This is not an exactly quantifiable or precise property, but rather implies the ability of the material to be joined by standard welding processes so that the resultant mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the weld zone (i.e
rimmed steel	A low-carbon steel containing sufficient iron oxide to give a continuous evolution of carbon monoxide while the ingot is solidifying, resulting in a case or rim of metal virtually free of voids
slitter hair	Minute hair-like silver along edge(s) due to shearing or slitting operation.
shredded scrap	Fist-sized, homogenous pieces of old automobile hulks
friability	Characteristic of abrasive grains that describes their tendency to fracture or break apart when hit or placed under pressure
duplex stainless steel	A fast-growing class of stainless steels
macromolecule	A huge molecule made up of thousands of atoms.
aerospace alloys	Heat treatable alloys in the 2000 and 7000 series, including 2024 and 7075, are often used in aerospace applications and are sometimes referred to as aerospace alloys
dialog box	A box that appears after making a command by clicking on menu items or tool buttons
cold reduction	Process of rolling cold coils of pickled hot-rolled sheet through a cold reduction mill to make the stainless steel stronger, thinner, and smoother by applying pressure.
cake	A cast shape, rectangular in cross-section, for rolling.
extrusive rock	volcanic rock which solidifies on the surface of the earth rather than inside of the earth
metric ton	1000 kilograms
shim	Steel or brass strip rolled to a precise thickness, usually below 0.5 mm.
top-load	The force bearing on the top of a specimen. Often a test used to measure packaging that is stacked in storage.
portland cement	Cement made by heating clay and crushed limestone into a brick and then grinding to a pulverized powder state.
h2x temper	Strain hardened and partially annealed
linear composite	A series of two-dimensional sheets, each having a preferred high-strength direction, fastened one on top of the other at different orientations; strength in the plane of the laminate is highly isotropic.
non-blooming	The absence of a bloom
izod test	Impact test in which a V-notched specimen, fixed at one end, is subjected to a sudden blow delivered by the weight at the end of a pendulum arm
ore	An ore is a material that contains a metal in such
static stiffness	Relates to the machine tool and is measured in pounds per inch
blooming-mill	A mill used to reduce ingots to blooms, billets, slabs, sheet-bar, etc.
load arm	The distance from the load to the fulcrum point in a lever system
pup coil	A coil with less than 200 PIW (pounds per inch of width)
refinement of structure	See "Grain Refinement."
sword	The name of the LME's system for electronic storage and management of warrants.
grain	A solid many-sided crystal consisting of groups of atoms bound together in a regular geometric pattern
atomic-hydrogen welding	Arc welding with heat from and arc between two tungsten or other suitable electrodes in a hydrogen atmosphere
killed steel	Steel deoxidized by silicon or aluminum to reduce the oxygen content to a minimum so that no reaction occurs during solidification of the metal
fishery	a place for catching fish; the occupation, industry, or season of taking fish or other sea animals
full annealing	Annealing a ferrous alloy by austenitizing and then cooling slowly through the transformation range
martensitic	A heat treatable type of stainless steel with some of the characteristics of austenitic.
extensometer	An instrument used to measure minute deformations in a test specimen of a material
impact test	A test that determines the potential behavior of materials when they are subjected to different stresses
nitriding	Introducing nitrogen into a solid steel object by holding it at a suitable temperature in contact with a nitrogenous environment.
riser	Each of the vertical boards closing the spaces between the treads of stairways.
custom smelter	In non-ferrous, a smelter which depends for its intake mostly on concentrate purchased from independent mines and on scrap metal, rather than its own captive mine sources
rounded corners	See Finished Edges.
blast furnace	A towering cylinder lined with heat-resistant (refractory) bricks, used by integrated steel mills to smelt iron from iron ore
killed steel	Steel that has its oxygen content reduced - typically through addition of aluminium
impact test	Abbreviation for International Annealed Copper Standard.
electric arc furnace	Mostly used for melting steel scrap, iron or DRI
panel	A thin flat piece of wood, plywood, or similar material, framed by stiles and rails as in a door (or cabinet door), or fitted into grooves of thicker material with molded edges for decorative wall treatment.
interstitial alloy	In an interstitial alloy, the atoms of the materials that make up the alloy are quite dissimilar in size and the smaller atoms are situated neatly into the gaps between the larger atoms
flash	A fin that arises from metal in excess of that required to fill the final impression in a forging die and is exuded from the parting line between the dies similarly it can arise at the mould joint in a casting.
stop-loss order	A futures market order which becomes a market order to buy only if the market advances to a specified level or to sell only if the market declines to a specified level
intrinsic value	The value of an in-the-money option after taking account of the premium cost.
tempering	When steel, especially high speed steel, has been heat-treated it is then normally tempered at lower temperature to optimise hardness without excessive brittleness.
grit	Grit refers to small particles of something that tend to be abrasive
pebbles	Loose particles of rock or mineral that range in size from 2 - 64 millimeters in diameter
ductility	The ability of a material to deform plastically without fracturing, being measured by elongation or reduction of area in a tensile test, by height of cupping in an Erichsen test or by other means.
full annealing	Heating to above the critical temperature range followed by slow cooling through the range, producing maximum softness.
limits	A term used to determine a minimum and maximum
minimum spangle	Very small flower (crystallization of the zinc) pattern on the surface of galvanized steel
minis	Contracts on the LME and other futures markets with a smaller than standard lot size
pickling	Immersing hot rolled steel, for example, in acid to remove millscale.
call option	An option granting the purchaser the right to buy.
british thermal unit	The standard unit for measuring quantity of heat energy. It is the amount of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.
roughing stand	The first mill stand (set of rolls) in a hot rolling mill train or line (a series of stands), which reduces the steel to approximate dimensions.
flakes	An internal steel fracture with a bright, scaly appearance.
calendar spread	An option spread whereby a pair of calls or puts for the same strike price but different expiration is traded simultaneously, one bought and one sold.
bevel	Angle between prepared edge of the end of a pipe and the plane perpendicular to the surface of the member. Standard bevel for line pipe is 30 degrees to facilitate welding.
refractory	A term applied to those copper alloys which, because of their hardness or abrasiveness require dimensional tolerances greater than those established for non-refractory alloys.
abrasion	The process of rubbing, grinding, or wearing away by friction.
decoy	someone or something used to lure or lead another into a trap; example: an artificial bird used to attract live birds within shot-range when hunting
intrinsic	The fundamental properties of a material. Melting point, density, heat capacity etc…
fracture	A break in the steel at the surface which can be seen either with the naked eye or under a microscope
gross ton	2,240 pounds.
drag	The force that reduces forward motion of an aircraft due to the resistance to air flowing across its surfaces
macrostructure	The structure of metals as revealed by macroscopic examination.
position	The number of futures contracts a participant has open to buy or sell an asset.
ilc	An Intelligent Loadcell (ILC) is a force or torque sensor specially designed for operation with Mecmesin Emperor and MultiTest-i test stand
service centre	A term introduced to describe a steel distribution workshop that carries out some cutting or pre-treatment of standard steel products on behalf of end-user customers
greenfield facility	New metal making complex that is built “from scratch,” presumably on a green field
strategic conservation	Strategic conservation results from load reductions occurring in all or nearly all time periods. This strategy can be induced by price of electricity, energy-efficient equipment, or decreasing usage of equipment.
scalping	The process of removing by means of rotating cutters or cutter heads the surface layer from bars or rods to eliminate minor surface casting defects and oxide
cargo	goods like wheat, coal or oil that must be shoveled, scooped, pumped or blown into a ship; any goods or merchandise transported in a ship, airplane or vehicle
kinetic / dynamic friction	The average force required to maintain movement of one material against another.
velocity ratio	The ratio between the distance the effort moves and the distance the load moves
fluorescence	Fluorescence is an optical property associated with many gemstones
spread	The difference between the bid and the ask price of a contract
hedge fund	An investment company holding large sums of money which are invested to generate a profit
ductility	The ability to permit change of shape without fracture
hbia	Hot Briquetted Iron Association
sheet metal duct work	The heating system
milling arbor	Shaft or toolholder that inserts in the machine spindle and holds a peripheral-milling or facemilling cutter.
lock	A condition where the flash line is not all in one plane.
continuous casting	A casting technique in which an ingot, billet, tube, or other shape is continuously solidified while it is being poured , so that its length is not determined by mold dimensions.
mechanical distortion	Changes in wall thickness or changes in the cylindrical shape of a pipe
critical point	This generally refers to a temperature at which
band	The basic form of hot rolled coil prior to undergoing skin-passing or other post primary rolling operations
alpha brass	A copper-zinc alloy containing up to 38% of zinc
chamfering	Eliminating a sharp corner by machining an angle.
head	In a jewelry setting, the head is specifically made up of the prongs that hold the stone in place.
alloying elements	Chemical elements, such as nickel, chromium, copper or others, added to improve properties of a finished product.
pre-packed	Cut and packaged in a pre-determined size; opposite of Cut to Order.
crosslinked polymers	A polymer in which adjacent molecular chains are joined at various positions by covalent bonds.
window frame	The stationary part of a window unit; window sash fits into the window frame.
coil breaks	Creases or ridges across a metal sheet transverse to the direction of coiling, occasionally occurring when the metal has been coiled hot and uncoiled cold.
buckle	Alternate bulges and hollows recurring along the length of a flat product with the edges remaining relatively flat.
foil	Metal in any width but no more than about 0.005″ thick.
hitachi super blue steel	The term "blue steel" actually refers to the color of the paper wrapper in which the raw bar stock is shipped
rimmed steel	A steel that is poured containing enough oxygen to evolve appreciable gas during solidification
axis	Joint, rotational, directional or transversal movement of which the robot is capable
accuracy	The degree of conformity of a measured or calculated quantity to its actual (true) value
quench hardening	Hardening a ferrous alloy by austenitizing and then cooling rapidly enough so that some or all of the austenite transforms to martensite.
cabotage	literally means "between the capes"; U.S
jominy test	Hardenability test performed usually on alloy steels to determine depth and degree of hardness resulting from a standard end quenching method with cold water.
break elongation	The strain applied to a specimen at the point where it breaks.
color shift	Color shift is similar to color change, but more limited in scope
approved delivery point	A location approved by an exchange for delivery of underlying asset to satisfy futures contracts.
polishing	The finishing of metal surfaces by a compound impregnated in the surfaces of a hard fabric faced wheel which rotates at high speed
hypo-eutectoid steel	A steel that contains less than 0.83% carbon and
lap	A surface defect caused from folding the surface of an ingot, bloom or bar during hot rolling operations and then rolling or forging the fold into the surface.
landfills	Places for trash and garbage disposal where the waste is buried between layers of earth.
position limit	A value limit on the futures trades a broker will perform for a client
t&d	Tested and Drifted one method of verifying integrity of used tubing and casing (OCTG)
crude steel	Steel in the first solid state after melting, suitable for further processing or for sale
annulus	Cavity between the surrounding soil and the pipe string or the tunnel lining
tool steel	Commonly steels that are suitable for heat treatment to a high hardness, which offer good tooling characteristics such as abrasion resistance and ability to hold a cutting edge
hue	Hue is one of three characteristics used to describe the appearance of color
sheet piling	Rolled sections with interlocking joints (continuous throughout the entire length of the piece) on each edge to permit being driven edge-to-edge to form continuous walls for retaining earth or water.
residual stress	Macroscopic stresses that are set up within a metal as the result of non-uniform plastic deformation
sinkhead or hot top	A reservoir insulated to retain heat and to hold excess molten metal on top of an ingot mold, in order to feed the shrinkage of the ingot
calcium	In the form of calcium silicide acts as a deoxidizer and degasifier when added to steel
chromium	When used as an alloying element, chromium
corrosion	An electrochemical process where metal atoms are removed from the surface of the steel
vacuum brazing	Components are heated in a high vacuum, completely free of oxygen
coining	A process of impressing images or characters of the die and punch onto a plain metal surface.
rings	Also called quad rings or quatro rings, rubber rings of a special shape used to replace o-rings and eliminate the rolling found when using o-rings.
ductile fracture	Fracture characterized by tearing of metal accompanied by appreciable gross plastic deformation and expenditure of considerable energy.
agc	Automated gauge control
ductility	The property of metals that enables them to be mechanically deformed when cold without fracturing.
hydrostatic testing	A pressurized test in which a liquid, normally water is placed in the pipe or tube at the required pressure to ensure that it will not leak or be damaged.
turnover	See Volume.
straight-bar closure	On a straight-bar closure, a hinged bar slips into a catch, securing a pin/brooch.
writer	The seller of an option
pickling	Immersing hot rolled steel, for example, in acid to remove mill scale.
bloom	A semi-finished form of steel, no wider that 8", which will eventually be further processed into beams, rods, bars and tubing products.
slab	A casting in the form of a bar used for rolling into strip.
charpy test	A test made to determine the notched toughness, or impact strength, of a material
delivery	Supply of material in accordance with the terms of a contract
tensile stress	Typically refers to normal stress, or stress that is experienced in the same direction as the tensile load.
mean force	The sum of all force data divided by the number of data points.
metal-removal factor	Volume of metal removed per unit of power in a given period of time (reciprocal of the specific power-consumption factor)
steel	Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon containing less than 2% carbon and 1% manganese and small amounts of silicon, phosphorus, sulphur and oxygen
crown	Crown, in plates, sheet, or strips; characterized by a greater thickness in the middle than at the edges
tenting	A tent-shaped void formed along a the longitudinal seam-weld reinforcement in a pipe when the external coating is not in continuous intimate contact with the pipe and weld surfaces.
cement	A substance (often a ceramic) that by chemical reaction binds particulate aggregates into a cohesive structure
density	Weight per given volume of a substance.
zone refining	A process for refining metals, usually semi-conductor metals, to a high state of purity (above four nines)
flux	An iron cleaning agent
put option	An option granting the purchaser the right to sell.
tapping	Removing molten metal from a furnace.
general corrosion	"General corrosion" is the term used to describe the attack that proceeds in a relatively uniform manner over the entire surface of a metal
steel	Iron that has been subjected to refining and further treatments, including, in some cases, the addition of alloying metals, to control its chemistry and physical structure
standard tube	A general term referring to small- and medium-diameter tube or pipe much smaller than line pipe used for slurry, oil, gas or other large-scale liquid transmission
clip	To remove flash.
zinc	Zinc is a metallic chemical element it has a white colour with a bluish tinge
off-exchange	A contract or trading activity which takes place outside any exchange, so is, by definition, OTC.
coil	Steel coils are sheets of steel that have been wound up by a steel mill
yard of concrete	One cubic yard of concrete is 3' X 3' X 3' in volume, or 27 cubic feet
abrasive belt	Abrasive-coated belt used for production finishing, deburring and similar functions
knurling	Chipless material-displacement process that is usually accomplished on a lathe by forcing a knurling die into the surface of a rotating workpiece to create a pattern
specific modulus	The ratio of elastic modulus to specific gravity for a substance.
stiffness	Ability of a material or formed part to resist deflection
scrap out	The removal of all drywall material and debris after the home is "hung out" (installed) with drywall.
mooney viscometer	A laboratory testing machine for measuring the plasticity of raw rubber or unvulcanized rubber compounds
pretension	A user defined force in tensile testing that is applied to the specimen before any measurements begin.
electric resistance furnace	Electric furnace for smelting ferroalloys where heating is achieved through resistance to the passage of the current from carbon electrodes through the charge, as well as from arcing
limits	A safety feature on Mecmesin test frames that stop the test frame when the upper or lower limit is reached. Correct setting of the operational limits will reduce the risk of damage to the test frame, the loadcell, and the operator.
finmet	The process reduces iron ore fines with gas in a descending series of fluidized bed reactors
truing	Using a diamond or other dressing tool to ensure that a grinding wheel is round and concentric and will not vibrate at required speeds
master alloy	An alloy, usually non-ferrous, with a high content of an alloying metal
dislocation	A discontinuity in the crystal lattice of a metal.
mill finish	Surface finish produced on sheet and plate, with characteristics of the ground finish on rolls used to fabrication.
geomorphic	of or relating to the form or surface features of the earth or other celestial body (as the moon)
hardenability	The response of an alloy to a specified heating and quenching cycle - usually understood to be the maximum hardness that can be attained with the individual heat using the specified heat treatment, as used in connection with the martensitic (hardenable) stainless steels.
rockwell hardness	Relative resistance of a metal to indentation by a diamond cone, as expressed in hardness scale units (A, B, C or G) See Brinell, Vickers hardness test
corrosion fatigue	The deterioration of properties resulting from repeated stressing of a metal in a corrosive medium
carburizing	The addition of carbon to the surface of iron-base alloys by absorption through heating the metal at a temperature below its melting point in contact with carbonaceous solids, liquids or gases.
oiled	See Black oiled.
cavitation	The rapid formation and depletion of air bubbles that can damage the material at the solid/liquid interface under conditions of severe turbulent flow.
white annealing	A heat treatment process carried out on pickled
passivation	Immersion of stainless steel in a solution of nitric acid, or of nitric acid plus oxidizing salts, which restores the original corrosion resistant surface by forming a thin transparent oxide film
event	It is called a tree because each possible fault or cause is shown as a branch on a trunk that leads to the accident.
scleroscope	arbitrary terms of elasticity
nickel pigs	Iron units made from low grade pig iron produced from laterite ore (0.9% to 1.9% nickel)
bright annealed wire	Steel wire bright drawn and annealed in controlled nonoxidizing atmosphere furnace.
photoetch quality	Product description for USSM flatroll coils which requires excellent finish and critical flatness.
ferritic	A class of stainless steels with no nickel content, so lower-cost
threads	Class 1 threads are a loose tolerance
overheating	Can occur in preheat furnaces prior to forging or in the heat-treating operation
fluting	Cutting straight or spiral grooves in drills, endmills, reamers and taps to improve cutting action and remove chips.
iron	(1) Element No
sand bar	offshore shoals, built up by wave, current, or wind action; transitory habitat
polishing attachment	Abrasive grinding device that mounts on a contour bandsaw and uses fine-grit belts to grind and polish.
deoxidizer	A substance added to molten steel for the purpose of removing oxygen.
snake	Any crooked surface defect in a plate, resembling a snake.
co2	Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change
measuring range	The difference between maximum load and minimum load in a specific test or application
sill plate	Bottom horizontal member of an exterior wall frame which rests on top a foundation, sometimes called mudsill
jib	Projecting part of crane from which lifting chain or gear is suspended.
silicates	A substance that contains silica as part of its chemical formula.
cobalt	A gray magnetic metal of medium hardness with good corrosion resistance; it principally functions as an alloy in tool steel.
riffles	Waviness at the edge of sheet or strip.
dip solution	Any chemical solution used to produce a specific color or finish on copper or copper alloys
ex ship	Seller's responsibility ends when the goods leave the slings alongside the vessel
weld bead	The built-up portion of a fusion weld, formed either from the filler metal or the melting of the parent metal.
mark to market	Revaluing an open position on the basis of current market price, usually to assess the need for a variation margin.
depth-to-diameter ratio	Ratio of the depth of a hole compared to the diameter of the tool used to make the hole.
boulder	a loose rock larger than 256 millimeters (10 inches)
miscibility	Ability of a liquid to mix with another liquid
overaging	Aging under conditions of time and temperature greater than those required to obtain maximum change in a certain property, so that the property is altered in the direction of the initial value.
stainless steel	an alloy of steel, containing chromium and other metals, that resists corrosion and staining.
cliché	Used in pad printing
reference price	The price written into a period pricing, benchmark or other contract covering several exchanges, which may be subject to adjustments on agreed terms.
uranium	A white malleable metal which is softer than steel.
crustacean	a class of arthropod animals having jointed feet and mandibles, two pairs of antennae, and segmented, chitin-encased bodies
resquared	Flat rolled material (plate, sheet or strip) firstly cut to approximate size and finally re-sheared to very close tolerances: also any material having been cut to equally close tolerances as to dimensions and squareness, by whatever method.
universal mill plate	Plate rolled on a universal mill having vertical (edge) rolls as well as horizontal rolls; also any plate having characteristics identical to plate produced on a universal mill.
counterparty risk	The risk that a counterparty to a trade will fail to fulfil its obligations.
bollard	Bumper post.
electricity	The flow of electrons.
intra-day	A trade or pricing relating to a futures market price ruling during the day, i.e
full rounded edges	See Finished Edges.
p.s.i.	Pounds per square inch.
boron	Chemical symbol B – Boron is an additive to base metal during the melt process which is used to improve ductility and hardenability.
architect	a person who designs all kinds of structures; must also have the ability to conceptualize and communicate ideas effectively -- both in words and on paper -- to clients, engineers, government officials, and construction crews
q-bop	Quick Basic Oxygen Process
heavy media	A slurry in which some ores or scrap metal of differing densities can be sorted by flotation.
basic steel	Steel melted in a furnace with a basic bottom and lining and under a slag having a basic reaction
cast	Pouring molten lead or sulphur into the die cavity to indicate the shape of the forging.
headroom	This is the same as effective daylight
ultimate tensile strength	The maximum stress in pounds per square inch (psi) that causes the material to fracture.
acid-brittleness	Brittleness resulting from pickling steel in acid; hydrogen, formed by the interaction between iron and acid, is partially absorbed by the metal, causing acid brittleness.
elastic limit	The maximum stress a metal can withstand without any permanent strain (deformation) remaining when the load is removed.
naked option	A speculative option which the buyer or grantor does not have the resource in metal to cover.
local	See day trader.
tunnelling	General term for the construction of tunnels.
slit edges	The edges of sheet or strip metal resulting from cutting to width by rotary slitters.
conversion coatings	Proprietary solutions, usually of a chromate or a phosphate variety, which when applied to a clean aluminum surface will serve to increase the metal’s resistance to corrosion and provide a good base for paint adhesion.
cold working	Deforming metal plastically under conditions of temperature and strain rate that induce strain hardening
aluminum	A durable yet lightweight metal that is very malleable and easily shaped
traffic marks	Abrasions resulting from relative movement between contacting metal surfaces during transit
sub-zero treatment	A low temperature treatment carried out after quenching on hardened steel to transform the retained austenite into martensite
grinding cracks	Cracks can arise from incorrect grinding and appear in the form of a network
ferrous	Containing Iron.
scaling	Heavy surface oxidation on metals caused by heating in air or in other oxidizing atmospheres.
adv	Average Daily Volume.
transformation curve	showing the relationship between
reverberatory furnace	A furnace with a shallow hearth, usually non-regenerative, having a roof that deflects the flame and radiates heat toward the hearth or the surface of the charge.
secondary metallurgy	This term refers to treatments beyond initial steelmaking, usually in a separate vessel (such as a ladle furnace), which refine the precise chemistry and metallurgical structure of the steel.
flake	A small flat particle of metal
pipeline	Within the DOT, the Office of Pipeline Safety, part of the Research and
ladle analysis	Chemical analysis made from samples obtained during original casting ot ingots
ams	Abbreviation for Aerospace Material Specification.
margin	See Initial Margin and Variation Margin.
secant modulus of elasticity	Ratio of stress to strain at any point on curve in stress-strain diagram
stretcher strains	See "Lüder lines".
austenitic steels	Steels containing high percentages of certain alloying
loco	German trade term equivalent to spot.
octg pipe	Oil Country Tubular Goods - OCTG stands for Oil Country Tubular Goods, and includes pipe and steel tubing products used in petroleum industry, such as drill pipe, pipe casings, oil pipes.
dovetail cutter	Cutter for milling dovetail slots
bar	A solid rectangular section, or one with two plane parallel surfaces and round or other simple regularly shaped edges, up to and including 12" in width and over 0.188" in thickness
longitudinal weld	A weld running the length of a piece of pipe
cluster mill	See Sendzimir.
age hardening	Martensitic stainless steels are hardened by heating above their critical temperature, holding them at heat to insure uniform temperature, and cooling them rapidly by quenching in air or oil.
gypsum	a widely distributed mineral consisting of hydrous calcium sulfate that is used especially as a soil amendment and in making plaster of paris
ferrous	Any metal that is primarily composed of iron.
porosity	Unsoundness caused in cast metals by the presence of blowholes and shrinkage cavities.
flame annealing	A process of softening a metal by the application of heat from a high-temperature flame.
case hardening	Hardening a ferrous alloy to make the outside (case) much harder than the inside (core)
etching	Subjecting the surface of a metal to preferential chemical or electrolytic attack to reveal structural details.
chamfer	The beveled surface, usually at a 150 to 450 angle, to break a sharp corner or edge.
knot	unit of speed used by ships and aircraft; 1 knot=1 nautical mile/hour (1.852 km/hour), equal to approximately .5 meters/second
welding	The process used to join metals through heat
backing	1
work hardening	The increase in resistance to deformation, which is produced by cold working of the metal.
weld metal	Metal in a fusion weld consisting of that portion of the base metal and filler metal melted during welding.
carburizind compound	Mixtures containing carbonaceous solids which will give up carbon to steel in the presence of heat
coke oven battery	A set of ovens that process coal into coke
refraction	Deflection of the targeted laser beam as a result of changing air density along the beam path.
lending	Derived from lending metal to the market
blister copper	Crude copper assaying 96-99% Copper prior to final fire refining.
hardness	Defined in terms of the method of measurement, usually (1) the resistance to indentation; (2) stiffness of temper of wrought products; and (3) machinability characteristics.
graphitizing	Annealing gray cast iron so that most of the carbon is transformed to the graphitic condition
profiling	Machining vertical edges of workpieces having irregular contours; normally performed with an endmill in a vertical spindle on a milling machine or with a profiler, following a pattern
grinding cracks	Cracks can arise from incorrect grinding and appear
electric system	This term refers to all of the elements needed to distribute electrical power. It includes overhead and underground lines, poles, transformers, and other equipment.
copper alloys	Copper containing specified quantities of alloying elements added to obtain the necessary mechanical and physical properties
backwardation	The situation when the cash or spot price of a metal is greater than its forward price
hdpe	High Density PolyEthylene, has superior abrasion resistance compared to HDPP and is the preferred choice for horticultural / agricultural textiles.
focus	the location under the earth's surface where an earthquake occurs
straits tin	Tin from Malaysia
hydrology	the study of the water cycle, both on and below the earth's surface and in the atmosphere
debar	Abbreviation of "deformed bar"
microstructure	The structure of metals as revealed by examination of polished and etched samples with the microscope.
soaking pit	A furnace or pit for the heating of ingots of steel to make their temperature uniform prior to rolling or forging.
axial strain	The strain in the direction that the load is applied, or on the same axis as the applied load.
oxidation	The addition of oxygen to a compound
fas	Stands for free alongside
oil hardening steel	Used to describe tool or alloy steels where oil is used as the quenching medium in the hardening process.
electrolytic tin plate	Light-gauge, low-carbon, cold reduced steel on which tin has been electrodeposited
abrasive cutoff disc	Blade-like disc with abrasive particles that cuts/parts stock in a slicing motion.
plenum	The main hot-air supply duct leading from a furnace.
magnetism	the naturally-occurring electrical field in some rocks
scrap substitute	Raw material that can be charged in place of scrap in electric arc furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces
diffusion	Diffusion is a newer treatment in the realm of gems
tube rolling	a process for forming square or rectangular tubes into arcs and curves at specific radii
section modulus	There are two types: elastic section modulus and plastic section modulus.
chromizing	A surface treatment at elevated temperature, generally carried out in pack, vapor, or salt bath, in which an alloy is formed by the inward diffusion of chromium into the base metal.
credit	The borrowing capacity of an individual or company.
rounded edges	See Finished Edges.
coefficient of expansion	The ratio of change in length, area, or volume per degree to the corresponding value at a standard temperature.
kerb trading	This is a period at the end of each LME session (am and pm)
normalize	Process commonly applied to steel articles of heavy section consisting of heating to a temperature of 100 degrees F.
tooth rest	Finger of metal that contacts a cutter edge during resharpening on a tool and cutter grinder, ensuring accurate location of edges so they are properly ground.
standard deviation	This is the root mean square deviation from the mean of a random distribution.
lubricate	Swabbing or spraying the dies with lubricant to assist in initial flow and to facilitate ejection of the forging.
metal spraying	Applying one metal in powder form to the surface of another, e.g
fusion bond epoxy	A protective epoxy resin usually applied to the outside diameter of pipe to prevent corrosion in a marine environment.
woodland	land covered with woody vegetation, such as forests
hardness	The resistance of a metal to plastic deformation by indentation
malleability	It can be defined as the property of a metal to be deformed by compression without cracking or rupturing
carbon	An essential alloying addition in steel
plumbing stack	A plumbing vent pipe that penetrates the roof.
free machining	Metal such as steel or brass which has been alloyed with small amounts of lead, bismuth or other soft metal to optimise machinability
nickel silver	Copper base alloys that contain 10-45% Zinc and 5-30% Nickel.
extrusion	The production of a section by forcing a billet to
gravel	larger than pebbles, but smaller than boulders
scoring	Marring or scratching of a formed part by metal pickup on the punch or die.
elasticity	The ability of sheet steel to return to its original shape and dimensions.
beam	Long pieces of squared-off metal, normally stainless steel, which are used in building construction.
austenitic stainless steel	Typically contains 18% chromium and 8% nickel and is widely known as 18-8
heat	Term referring to batch of refined stainless steel; a charged oxygen or electric furnace full of stainless steel
stress relieving	Reducing residual stresses by heating.
vertical milling attachment	Permits a horizontal mill to perform vertical and angled milling.
full cut	Full cut refers to a round diamond having 57 to 58 facets
corrosion fatigue	Process in which a metal fractures prematurely under conditions of simultaneous corrosion and repeated cyclic loading at lower stress levels or fewer cycles than would be required in the absence of the corrosive environment.
benchmark	A pricing mechanism used predominantly in ores and alloys markets
oxidation	Also known as tarnishing, oxidation is the natural process of discoloration that occurs in some metals due to environmental conditions and exposure to oxygen.
scratch coat	The first coat of plaster, which is scratched to form a bond for a second coat.
ductile fracture	A mode of fracture that is attended by gross plastic deformation.
corrosion	Gradual chemical or electrochemical attack on a metal by atmosphere, moisture, or other agents.
refining	(a) The removal of impurities and metallic oxides
carburizing	Introducing carbon into a solid ferrous alloy by holding above Ac1 in contact with a suitable carbonaceous material, which may be a solid, liquid, or gas
contact corrosion	When two dissimiliar metals are in contact without
penetrant inspection	A nondestructive test that locates discontinuities, which are open to the surface of a metal by first allowing a penetrtaing dye or fluorescent liquid to infiltrate the discontinuity thus removing the excess penetrate and then applying a developing agent that causes the penetrate to seep back out of the discontinuity and reveal the imperfection.
green gold	An alloy made of gold mixed with copper, silver, zinc
noble metals	Old-fashioned designation of precious metals
fettling	The removal of sand adhering to castings by
gearing	The power of an instrument to control a much more expensive asset for low or no cost
contract sales	Metal products committed to customers through price agreements extending three to 12 months
patina	The sheen on any surface produced by age and use.
degrees of freedom	Number of axes along which a robot, and thus the object it is holding, can be manipulated
brilliance	Brilliance is the reflection and refraction of light displayed through a stone
overshoot	Deviation from nominal path caused by momentum carried over from previous step, as when a tool is rapidly traversed a considerable distance to begin a cut
cup test	See Tests.
fecal	Waste matter discharged from the intestines.
alpha iron	The body-centered cubic form of pure iron
copper	A reddish-brown metal that is easily shaped, manipulated and hammered
conglomerate	sedimentary rock made of rounded pebbles held in together with a matrix
sigma phase	An extremely brittle Fe-Cr phase that can form at elevated temperatures in austenitic and ferritic stainless steels.
lamination	An abnormal structure resulting in a separation aligned generally parallel to the worked surface of the metal.
lauders lines	Elongated surface markings or depressions caused by localized plastic deformation that results from discontinuous (in homogeneous) yielding
carbide	A compound consisting of carbon and other elements.
combustible liquid	Liquid having a flash point at or above 100 degrees Fahrenheit (37.8 degrees C) but less than 200 degrees Fahrenheit (93.3 degrees C).
pitting	A form of localized corrosion (attack) often associated with the presence of chlorides in the environment.
tailings dam	a dam, usually made of earth and rock, used to contain mining waste
treated lumber	A wood product which has been impregnated with chemical pesticides such as CCA (Chromated Copper Arsenate) to reduce damage from wood rot or insects
billet	Solid, round bar of raw steel used to make seamless pipe.
net / shadecloth	Net refers to a fabric that is woven so as to stretch in one or both directions; Shade-cloth is a stable material (does not stretch).
cold drawing	See " Cold Finishing"
desulfurization	An operation that injects a chemical mixture into a ladle full of hot metal to remove sulfur prior to its charging into the Basic Oxygen Furnace.
hand	The combined effects of flexibility and surface friction of sheeted materials such as nonwovens, tissue, toweling, and film.
lance	A steel tube for introducing a gas, most commonly oxygen, into a bath of molten metal, mostly steel
strain	Measurement of the deformation of materials caused by stress, or relative change in the size or shape of a body.
spot market	Sales for delivery in less than three months.
fatigue limit	See "Endurance Limit."
diameter	Average Inside or Average Outside - See Tube Measurement Terms.
undercut	In numerical-control applications, a cut shorter than the programmed cut resulting after a command change in direction
refractory brick	Heat resistant brick used to line the walls of a blast furnace, sides of the ladles and inside a Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF).
continuous strip mill	A series of synchronized rolling mill stands in which coiled flat- rolled metal entering the first pass (or stand) moves in a straight line and is continuously reduced in thickness (not width) at each subsequent pass
necking	Local reduction of the cross-sectional area of metal by stretching.
cast iron	Iron containing more carbon than the solubility limit in austenite (about 2%).
buffing	A finishing of metal surfaces by a compound applied to a flexible wheel which rotates at high speed
stile	An upright framing member in a panel door.
double random length	Pipe lengths ranging from 37- - 44-.
mixture ratio	Ratio of water to concentrate in certain cutting fluids
rockwell test	See Tests.
period pricing	A contract for physical metal supply over a period (usually a year or a quarter) in which all elements except price are settled in advance
cellulose	the basic structural component of plant cell walls, making them rigid and "boxed" shaped
bright annealing	Heating in a protective atmosphere to prevent discoloration.
decalescence	A term used in reference to the absorption of heat without a corresponding increase in temperature, when steel is heated through the critical points (phase changes).
superabrasive tools	Abrasive tools made from diamond or cubic boron nitride, the hardest materials known
forward	The purchase or sale of metal for delivery at a specified future date
hot forming	Working operations, such as bending and drawing sheet and plate, forging, pressing, and heading, performed on metal heated to temperatures above room temperature.
pangaea	hypothetical land area believed to have once connected the landmasses of the southern hemisphere with those of the northern hemisphere
shear stress	Shear stress has the same units as normal stress (force / area) but represents a stress that acts parallel to the surface (cross section)
anodizing quality	An indication that special attention has been paid to the metallurgical characteristics and surface quality of the aluminum sheet to assure that a uniform and blemish-free decorative anodic film will form during anodizing
tandem mill	A series of stands in a rolling mill that roll the steel passing through them in a single direction ‘in tandem'
dunes	a hill or ridge of sand piled up by the wind See also: Dunes in the Great Lakes Region
deformation	Also known as deflection
shear strength	Stress required to produce fracture in the plane of cross section, the conditions of loading being such that the directions of force and of resistance are parallel and opposite although their paths are offset a specified minimum amount
igneous rock	rock formed when molten rock has cooled and solidified
forging	A process of working metal to a finished shape by hammering or pressing and is primarily a “hot” operation
cold reduced strip	Metal strip, made from hot-rolled strip, by rolling on cold-reduction mills.
nervous system	a group of organized cells that allow an organism to respond to sensory impulses
flat products	Types of rolled products that have smooth surfaces and are available in a range of dimensions and a variety of thicknesses
strain	A measure of the relative change in the size of a body
bright dipped finish	See “FINISH”
carburizing	Adding carbon to iron-base alloys by absorption through heating the metal at a temperature below its melting point in contact with carbonaceous materials
deferred delivery	Delivery in the future
limiting ruling section	The maximum diameter of cross section of a bar or component in which certain specified mechanical properties are achieved after heat treatment.
emulsion	Suspension of one liquid in another, such as oil in water.
etf	Short for exchange traded fund, i.e
cropping	Cutting off ends of billets ingots or slabs containing pipe or other defects.
modulus of elasticity	Rate of change of strain as a function of stress. The slope line portion of a stress-strain diagram.
hydrodynamic machining	General term for various forms of waterjet and abrasive waterjet machining
mean force	The sum of all force data divided by the number of data points
extra smooth	A more uniform appear or finish imparted to galvanized or Galvalume steel by temper rolling (crushing the spangle through the use of works rolls under tremendous force) after the substrate has been coated
crown	The contour of sheet steel where the thickness of the steel increases from the edge of the strip to the center
magnetic particle inspection	Nondestructive testing method utilizing iron powder and electromagnetic current to detect cracks and other discontinuities at or near the surface in ferromagnetic materials.
nonmetals	See Metallic Elements.
crown	A counter on a sheet or roll where the thickness of diameter increases from edge to center.
single hung window	A window with one vertically sliding sash or window vent.
zone melting	Highly localized melting, usually by induction heating, of a small volume of an otherwise solid piece, usually a rod
flow stress	Uniaxial true stress at the onset of plastic deformation in a metal.
oxidation	A common form of chemical reaction which is the combining of oxygen with various elements and compounds
smart growth	A branch of land-use planning that addresses growth by redirecting public spending away from projects and programs that promote urban sprawl and toward those that revitalize cities and towns
peak earnings	The top of the business cycle when a company is able to maximize profits.
bloom	See "billet"
plum gold	Plum gold is an accuracy-related term for gold that contains the exact amount of stated gold content.
above-market cost	The cost of a service in excess of the price of comparable services in the market.
oscillating	A method of winding a narrow strip of stainless steel over a much wider roll
secondary hardening	An increase in hardness following the normal softening during the tempering of certain alloy steels.
square corners	See Finished Edges.
distribution	As used here, moving water from the storage that follows drinking water treatment to the customers who will use the water.
window buck	Square or rectangular box that is installed within a concrete foundation or block wall
vapor barrier	A building product installed on exterior walls and ceilings under the drywall and on the warm side of the insulation
plumbing ground	The plumbing drain and waste lines that are installed beneath a basement floor.
temper	The state of a metal relating to its hardness or toughness produced by thermal treatment, heat treatment and quench, or cold working to bring the metal to its specified consistency.
oxidation	A common form of chemical reaction which is the
min-max	(i) An option strategy involving selling an option (e.g
stainless steel	Can be defined as a group of corrosion resisting steels
nominal stress	Stress calculated on the basis of the net cross section of a specimen without taking into account the effect of geometric discontinuities such as holes, grooves
drop forging	Forming a material into a fixed shape using a falling weight, such as a drop hammer.
sections	Extruded or rolled long products of relatively complex cross-section
controlled atmosphere	A gas or mixture of gases in which steel is heated
data output rate	This is the rate at which data is transmitted from device to PC. Not to be confused with baud rate in the RS232 settings or data acquisition rate. Data output rate often depends upon how fast the CPU can prepare data for transmission. Eg. Because of all the background computational and administrative tasks being executed by the on board processor, the AFG handheld force gauge transmits 10 readings every second although the baud rate might be set to 115,200bps and the acquisition rate is 5kHz. So here, the data output rate is 10Hz. Data acquisition rate is still 5kHz to enable accurate peak detection.
conditioning	Grounds rarely have all characteristics required for the use as support medium in EPB-shield (EPB) operation mode and must therefore be conditioned
alluvial deposit	Earth, sand or gravel, sometimes bearing metallic minerals, which has been washed down from the original source by water action
wavy edges	A wrinkled condition along the edges of the product, with a relatively flat center portion.
kip	A unit of weight equal to 1,000 pounds used to express dead weight.
isothermal annealing	Heating to and holding at a temperature above the transformation range, then cooling to and holding at a suitable temperature until the austenite to pearlite change is complete.
annealing	A process involving high-temperature heating and cooling of cold rolled steel substrate to make it softer and more formable.
haircut	Expression covering the reduction in valuation of an asset (e.g
slab	The steel semi-manufactured product from which plate and wide coil are rolled
exchange for physicals	A deal in which a physical position is traded for a futures position.
range 3	Pipe lengths ranging from 35- - 44-
reroll stock	A semi finished rolled product of rectangular cross-section in coiled form suitable for further rolling.
brittle fracture	Fracture with little or no plastic deformation.
bearing strength	The maximum amount a bearing load can handle.
flows	Unintentional surface irregularities that occur at infrequent or varying intervals, such as cracks, blowholes, checks, ridges and scratches
hooke's law	This states that "within the limits of elasticity the
skimmings	The oxidised surface of molten metal which is removed from the furnace or crucible, subsequently recycled to recover the metal value.
cathodic protection	Reduction or prevention of corrosion of a metal surface by making it a cathode, for example by the use of sacrificial anodes or impressed currents.
electric arc furnace	A stainless steel producing furnace where scrap generally makes up a high percentage, and often up to 100%, of the charge
hardenability	The property that determines the depth and distribution of hardness when steel is heated to a given temperature and then quenched (more precisely it may be defined as an inverse measure of the severity of cooling conditions necessary to produce on continuous cooling a martensitic structure in a previously austenitized steel i.e
geology	the science of the rocks and minerals that compose the earth, of its structure, and of its history
carbon range	In steel specifications, the difference between the minimum and maximum amount of carbon acceptable.
volcanic	igneous rock that forms when magma cools on the Earth's surface
eye clean	Eye clean is a term used to describe the general clarity of gemstones
shearing test	The test applied to metal to determine the stress required to fracture it across its section.
stainless	Stainless steel is a steel alloy that contains more than 10 percent chromium
cobbed ore	Ore which has been hand-sorted lump by lump.
repeatability	The closeness of agreement between independent results obtained with the same method on identical test material, under the same conditions (same operator, same apparatus, same laboratory and after short intervals of time). Traditionally, repeatability is expressed as the standard deviation of results from repeated measurements of loadings under identical loading and environmental conditions using the same operator
take off	The material necessary to complete a job.
pancake forging	A rough forge shape which may be obtained quickly with a minimum of tooling
tensile strength	Value obtained by dividing the maximum load observed during tensile straining until breakage occurs, by the specimen cross-sectional area prior to straining.
shear rate	A measure of the rate of deformation of a polymer melt
leaded steels	When added to steel, lead does not go into solution but exists in a very finely divided state along the grain boundaries
valuation	An inspection carried out for the benefit of the mortgage lender to ascertain if a property is a good security for a loan.
thickness	The thickness of a wing section measured perpendicular to the chord line at a given point (metres).
intercrystalline corrosion	Chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels are
drawing back	Reheating after hardening to a temperature below the critical for the purpose of improving the ductility and/or lowering the hardness or the steel.
scalping	Machining the surface layers from ingots, billets and slabs before fabrication.
valuation fee	The fee paid by the prospective borrower for the lender's inspection of the property
offline	terminology used when a piece of equipment is shut down and/or not operating.
transverse	Literally, "across", usually signifying a direction or plane perpendicular to the direction of working.
performance bond	An amount of money (usually 10% of the total price of a job); that a contractor must put on deposit with a governmental agency as an insurance policy that guarantees the contractors' proper and timely completion of a project or job.
fatigue limit	The maximum value of the applied alternating stress that the material can withstand without failure ever occurring.
caviar	the processed, salted eggs of a large fish (such as sturgeon); a delicacy
intelligent loadcell	Mecmesin loadcells, ILC and XLC are designated 'intelligent' loadcells for the fact that they have on-board electronics that perform loadcel deflection compensation and, in the case of the ILC, other data handling functions.
associate trade clearing member	A member of the LME entitled to clear its own business, but not to write client contracts or trade in the Ring.
transformation range	The temperature range within which austenite
canning	A dished distortion in a flat or nearly flat surface, sometimes referred to as oil canning.
yoke	The location where a home's water meter is sometimes installed between two copper pipes, and located in the water meter pit in the yard.
rapid traverse	Movement on a CNC mill or lathe that is from point to point at full speed but, usually, without linear interpolation.
heat treatment	Altering the properties of stainless steel by subjecting it to a series of temperature changes
cast rolling phase	The direct connection of casting and rolling, a patented process phase of ISP/AST Technology.
steel	an alloy of iron and carbon that is hard, strong, and malleable
chain of custody	The means of tracking a product along the supply chain
galling	Term used to describe the condition that develops between high spots due to excessive friction
parliament	the supreme legislative body of a usually major political unit, such as the British Parliament
tungsten carbide	Intermetallic compound consisting of equal parts, by atomic weight, of tungsten and carbon
elongation	An increase in length that occurs when a metal is subjected to stress but has not fractured.
contango	The situation when the price of a metal for forward or future delivery is greater than the cash or spot price of the metal
operating rates	The ratio of raw steel production to the mill’s stated capacity
high-carbon	A steel with .5 Carbon or more, the term high carbon steel is often used to mean a non stainless steel; this is not a proper use as all stainless knife steel is also high carbon.
transition temperature	The temperature at which a transition from ductile to brittle fracture takes place in steel
width	The lateral dimensions of rolled stainless steel, as opposed to the length or the gauge
rolling	Reducing the cross-sectional area of metal stock, or otherwise shaping metal products, through the use of rotating rolls.
burnishing	A fabrication method of securing a smooth finished surface by slight deformation with highly polished tools.
atomic mass number	The total number of neutrons and protons in an atom.
x-ray gauge	Equipment used to measure the thickness of steel as it goes through a piece of processing equipment like a galvanizing line or slitter
adhesion test	This test determines the strength of adhesion between two layers, or the strength of adhesion between a top layer and a substrate material
microslicing	Cutting small or thin parts from a larger base part
intercrystalline cracking	Fracture of metal that follows along the grain boundaries and between crystals or grains.
rail	Long product requiring specific treatment to support the wheels of railway locomotives, carriages, tankers and trucks
strain	A measure of the change in the size or shape of a body, referred to its original size or shape
microcleanliness	Refers to the extent or quality of nonmetallic inclusions observed by examination under a microscope.
h-beam	A long product with a cross-section of the letter H.
air hardening steel	Using alloy steel capable of forming martensite (a transitional phase) to develop a high hardness through air cooling at a predetermined temperature.
mill edge	The edge of strip, sheet or plate in the as-rolled state.
cover paper	Heavyweight stock used for covers of catalogues, brochures, books or business cards.
carbon steel	Steel containing carbon up to about 2% and only residual quantities of other elements except those added for deoxidization, with silicon usually limited to 0.60% and manganese to about 1.65%
heat number	Identification number given to each production run of a given pipe rolling.
work rolls	A stand rolling down the gauge of a piece of steel comprises at least one pair of work rolls, which come directly into contact with the steel being worked, and corresponding back-up rolls, which prevent the work rolls from bowing or bending under the enormous forces involved in shaping steel (especially in cold rolling mills)
interrupted quenching	Rapid cooling to a selected temperature by quenching in a suitable medium, usually molten salt, holding at the temperature for an appropriate time and then cooling to room temperature
captive customer	A customer who does not have realistic alternatives to buying power from the local utility, even if that customer had the legal right to buy from competitors.
fuel cell	A technology that produces electricity through a chemical reaction similar to that found in a battery.
homopolymer	A polymer having a chain structure in which all of the mer units are of the same type.
persistent organic pollutants	Also known as persistent toxic substances, POPs are chemical substances that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment
camber	See also “Lateral Bow”: An edgewise curvature referring to the deviation of side edge from a straight line
stretcher strains	Elongated markings that appear on the surface of some materials when deformed just past the yield point
price-making	As a result of the price discovery that results from its trading, a futures market is price-making
mandrel	(1) A device used to retain the cavity in hollow metal products during working
machining	The deliberate removal of metal by one or more of several processes.
cold rolled finish	A finish obtained by cold rolling a plain pickled sheet or strip with a lubricant, resulting in a smooth appearance.
quotas	(i) Tonnage limits on the amount of a particular ore, metal or alloy that can be imported into a country in a month, quarter or year either absolutely or at a more favourable rate of import duty
shade-house	a green-house style structure, covered in porous shade-cloth for the sole purpose of provided shade for the contents.
aluminum	a lightweight chemical element (Al); the most abundant metallic element in the Earth's crust
vacuum refining	Melting in vacuum, usually by electrical induction, to remove gaseous contaminants from the metal or alloy
tailstock drill and tapholder	Accessory that mounts in a turning machine's tailstock for center-drilling chucked work and tapping
ultrasonic cleaning	Method of cleaning metal or plastic parts by immersing them in an aqueous or solvent-based cleaning solution and imposing ultrasound energy on the bath to enhance cleaning by creating cavitation conditions at the part surface, which imparts a strong scouring action to remove tenacious soils.
slope	The incline angle of a roof surface, given as a ratio of the rise (in inches) to the run (in feet)
hydrograph	a plot of lake levels versus time
work	Occurs when a force moves a body
perimeter drain	3" or 4" perforated plastic pipe that goes around the perimeter (either inside or outside) of a foundation wall (before backfill) and collects and diverts ground water away from the foundation
se	Chemical symbol for Selenium
disc-cutting attachment	Adjustable device for a contour bandsaw that positions stock to allow the sawing of arcs and circular shapes on a contour bandsaw.
burnishing	Smoothing surfaces through frictional contact between the work and some hard pieces of material such as hardened metal balls.
spot	(i) Physical; immediately available at a named location
bloom	A steel semi-manufactured product, usually of oblong cross-section, rolled down to form a heavy structural section or beam
official prices	Prices established by the LME as the closing prices at the end of the morning session.
case hardening	One of a number of heat treatment processes which improve the surface hardness of a steel alloy without affecting the properties of the core material.
decarburization	The loss of carbon from the surface of an iron-base alloy as the result of heating in an environment which removes the carbon
tensile strength	The maximum load per unit of original cross-sectional area obtained before rupture of a tensile specimen.
brinell	Hardness testing system which measures indentation of the subject using a standard weight, shaped point.
keel	timber or steel structure along the base of a ship
hammer forged	Self explanatory, a hammer has beaten (forged) hot steel into shape.
embossing	Raising or indenting a design in relief on a sheet or strip of metal by passing between two patterned rolls.
magnetic flux leakage	An inspection technique in which a magnetic field is applied to a pipe section and measurements are taken of the magnetic flux density at the pipe surface
strangle	The simultaneous sale (or purchase) of out of the money calls and out of the money puts for the same date.
galvannealed	Carbon steel substrate which goes through the hot-dipped galvanized process
slide bracelet	A slide bracelet consists of two strands that are connected to a clasp
exotic metals	An imprecise term generally covering very small volume minor metals with very special characteristics, some degree of rarity and often a discontinuous market.
amalgam	A combination of mercury with another metal without the application of heat.
bedrock	the solid rock underlying the surface materials (soils)
aluminizing	Forming an aluminum or aluminum alloy coating on a metal by hot dipping, hot spraying, or diffusion.
wire	A cold finished stainless steel product (normally in coils) that is round, square, octagon, hexagon and flats less than 3/16 inches.
scab	A defect on the ingot caused by metal which splashes during teeming; on rolled or forged products it appears as a silver-like defect partially welded or mechanically bound to the parent metal surface.
liquidation	Closing out of a long position
nipple	Short length of pipe threaded on both ends.
flash	The metal which exudes at the joint line of a casting mould or die or closed die for forging
magnesium	A light, silvery, moderately hard metallic element used in processing metals and chemicals, and in alloying aluminum to give it desired metallurgical properties.
acid lining	The inner bottom and lining of a metling furnace composed of materials having an acid reaction if in contact with a molten slag (sand, silicous rock, or silica bricks).
zirconium	A strong, ductile metal obtained by the chemical processing of zircon-bearing sands
mild steels	A description generally taken to mean a non-alloy steel with a maximum carbon content of about 0.25%.
ew	Electric Weld
unit	Many ores are priced per unit of the valuable metal contained
wetting agent	Surface-active agent which by reducing surface tension of the wetting liquid causes a material to be wetted more easily.
unexposed	Indicates that the material is to be used for an unexposed part for which surface finish is not of primary importance.
equilibrium	A diagram constructed from thermal and other data showing the limits of composition and temperature within which the various constituents or phases of alloys are stable.
profilometer	An instrument used for measuring surface finish
tensile force	A force in tension.
brownfield expansion	A “Brownfield” contrasts to a “Greenfield” (or a facility new from the ground up)
phosphorus	An element that forms 0.12% of the earth's crust, chiefly
cold forming	Any mechanical operation that creates permanent deformation, such as bending, rolling, drawing, etc
bof	Abbreviation for basic oxygen furnace
sow	Trade term for a large lump of unwrought primary aluminium, usually about 750 kg
non-magnetic	Most non-ferrous metals are non-magnetic, except nickel and cobalt, which are strongly magnetic
mg	Chemical symbol for Magnesium.
reducing	A term used in chemistry for a reaction that liberates an element (usually a metal) from a chemical bond (usually an oxygen bond); a metal oxide is thus "reduced" to a metal
critical cooling rate	The slowest rate of cooling from the hardening temperature which will produce the fully hardened martensitic condition.
tempered	Strengthened
broaching	Operation in which a cutter progressively enlarges a slot or hole or shapes a workpiece exterior
reduction of area	The difference between the original cross-section area of a tensile specimen and that of the smallest area at the point of rupture
closure removal torque	The turning force necessary to loosen, open, or remove a closure from its container.
colour retention	Colour stability after exposure to the elements.
pit	Location where exchange members trade via open outcry (see floor and ring).
indian corn	a tall widely cultivated American cereal grass (Zea mays) bearing seeds on elongated ears; also maize
texture	In food testing, sometimes called mouth feel, and is the physical interaction that food has in the mouth during the chewing process
coefficient of elasticity	An alternate term for modulus of elasticity.
stretch forming	A process of forming panels and cowls of large curvature by stretching sheet over a form of the desired shape
ductility	The property of metal which permits it to be reduced in cross sectional area without fracture
countersink	Beveling the mouth of a hole or cavity so that when it is drilled through no burr will be left, or to enlarge a portion of a hole tapered at a specific angle and to a certain diameter.
rolling	The process of passing metal between rolls under pressure to reduce its thickness.
thin plate	Steel plate with a thickness that is less or equal to 5.00mm and no larger than 0.30mm
skiving	Edging process on flat-rolled metal and alloy strip
stern	rear of a ship or aircraft
siding	The finished exterior covering of the outside walls of a frame building.
complex modulus	Measure of dynamic mechanical properties of a material, taking into account energy dissipated as heat during deformation and recovery
internal stress	See Stress, Residual.
thread rolling	Chipless, cold-forming material-displacement process where a rolling head is pressed into the workpiece to create threads
lava	molten rock that flows out onto the Earth's surface
annealed temper	See Temper.
plunge turning	Form of hard turning that uses the entire cutting edge or a portion of the cutting edge to create an orthogonal cut.
charpy test	Determines the impact strength of a bar
eutectic	1
co	Chemical symbol for Cobalt.
manometer	A "U" tube shaped device used to measure differences in pressure to atmospheric pressure.
deduction	In a concentrates purchase or toll-smelting contract, provision is made for a smelter to make a deduction for unavoidable metallurgical losses before accounting to the seller for the metal recovered.
tempering	A process of reheating quench-hardened or normalized steel to a temperature below the transformation range and then cooling at any rate desired
base metal	Base metal is a common and inexpensive metal, like Copper, Nickel, Brass and Zinc as opposed to precious metals mainly Gold and Silver.
lever	A rigid bar which rotates about a fulcrum to raise a load load a mass that needs to be raised
residues	Secondary metal-containing materials that require smelting to recover the meta, as distinct from scrap which may only require melting and blending.
electrolytic tin plate	Black plate that has been tin plated on both sides with commercially pure tin by ectrodeposition.
strip	Long lengths of narrow rolled material, usually sold coiled
hardenability	The ability of a metal, usually steel, to harden in depth as distinguished from the term “hardness.”
embrittlement	Reduction in the normal ductility of a metal due to a physical or chemical change.
inhibitors	Elements added in small amount to alloys to increase the resistance of the alloys to corrosion.
risk management	The management of metal price risk on an ongoing basis by the use of futures and options with a view to containing the impact of adverse price movements and enhancing profitability
mo	Chemical symbol for Molybdenum
elasticity	Property of a material to deform under stress and recover its original shape and dimensions after release of stress.
yield point	The first stress in a material measured as load per unit of original cross-sectional area at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress.
low-carbon steel	Steel with less than 0.005% carbon is more ductile (malleable)
epicenter	the location on the surface of the earth just above the focus of an earthquake
ferritic	A term applied to stainless steels containing no nickel
tungsten electrode	A nonfiller metal electrode used in arc welding, arc cutting, and plasma spraying, made principally of tungsten.
dolomite	A form of limestone containing magnesia, which is used as a flux in a blast furnace
young's modulus	Within the limits of elasticity, the ratio of the linear stress
trap	A plumbing fitting that holds water to prevent air, gas, and vermin from backing up into a fixture.
economic efficiency	A term that refers to the optimal production and consumption of goods and services. This generally occurs when prices of products and services reflect their marginal costs. Economic efficiency gains can be achieved through cost reduction, but it is better to think of the concept as actions that promote an increase in overall net value (which includes, but is not limited to, cost reductions).
split die	A type of die construction where the two pieces are split vertically to make possible the forging of shapes with cavities or undercut details.
synchronous transfer	Part-transfer system in which all parts are progressively moved to the next workstation or tooling station at the same time.
end-user	A company in whose hands the identity of the fabricated metal is finally lost in a more complex product, e.g
victaulic	A method of connecting couplings where the ends of the pipe and coupling are grooved in such a way to accommodate each other and fasten.
friction	The resistance encountered when one body slides, or tends to slide, over another body
slitting	A process of converting sheet in coils into narrower strip by passing the metal through a machine with multiple rotary knives.
fld	Full Length Drift (as opposed to "end drift") usually performed as part of used tubing or casing (OCTG) inspection
sb	Chemical symbol for Antimony.
elevated temperature	A process of drawing steel bars at elevated
plasticizer	A low molecular weight polymer additive that enhances flexibility and workability and reduces stiffness and brittleness.
developed hardness	Hardness capability of a metal or alloy after a hardening heat- treating process.
magnetic separation	(i) Where ores contain magnetically attractive metals, concentration may be effected dry with magnets and conveyor belts
concentricity	See Tube Measurement Terms.
loadcell	The transducer used in Mecmesin Universal testing machines. Loadcells are based on strain gauge technology. This is a tried and tested method of measuring force using a change in electrical resistance brought about by dimensional changes in a metal block caused by increasing and decreasing force.
waviness	The more widely spaced component of the surface texture
tin/chrome plating	A plating process whereby the molecules from the positively charged tin or chromium anode attach to the negatively charged sheet steel
tempered spring steel strip	Any medium or high carbon strip steel of spring quality which has been hardened and tempered to meet specifications
stud framing	A building method that distributes structural loads to each of a series of relatively lightweight studs
charge chrome	The largest-tonnage form of ferro-chrome with slightly lower chrome and carbon contents than high carbon ferro-chrome (which has 60%Cr and 6-8%C).
investment casting	Process of pouring molten metal into a specific type of mold which expands and surrounds the material
creep	The flow or plastic deformation of metals held for long periods of time at stresses lower than the normal yield strength
bond strength	The parameter that describes the stress required to separate a layer of material from the base to which it is bonded
decarburisation	The loss of carbon from the surface of steel as
rod	Round, thin semi-finished steel length that is rolled from a billet and coiled for further processing
impact test	A test designed to give information on how a
true strain	Instantaneous % change in length of a specimen in a mechanical test
torsional strength	The resistance of a bar to twisting
pipe	A cavity formed by contraction in metal (especially ingots) during solidification of the last portion of liquid metal.
calibration	Checking measuring instruments and devices against a master set to ensure that, over time, they have remained dimensionally stable and nominally accurate.
basic steel	Steel produced in a furnace in which the hearth consists of a basic refractory such as dolomite or magnesite, as opposed to steel melted in a furnace with an acid lining
oxidising	An oxidising atmosphere in a furnace drives out carbon
resistance	(i) Chartist's term for when prices appear reluctant to move beyond a certain level
sheets	Flat rolled steel product with a width of 600mm and a thickness of up to 3mm.
continuous casting	Processes of pouring stainless steel directly from the furnace into a billet, bloom, or slab
heat	In steel making terms this is often used to define the batch or cast produced from a single melting operation.
muscovite	Transparent or white mica that lacks iron and magnesium.
fatigue crack or failure	A fracture starting from a nucleus where there is an abnormal concentration of cyclic stress and propagating through the metal
acid steel	Steel produced in a furnace with an acid lining, i.e.
facemill	Milling cutter for cutting flat surfaces.
credit limit	The maximum amount of credit an LME broker will extend to a client to meet margin calls
tensile strength	the greatest longitudinal stress that a metal can bear without tearing apart
slab	Compact block of crude steel, product of the casting process in the melt shop, used as a starting material in the rolling mills to produce hot strip or quarto plate
tailings	The slurried waste from a concentrator
cleavage	The ability of a mineral to break along preferred planes.
chemical analysis	A report of the chemical composition of the elements, and their percentage that form a stainless steel product.
taper-turning attachment	Guide to which a cross slide is attached that permits the turning of tapers without disturbing the alignment of the tailstock
n	Chemical symbol for Nitrogen
specific gravity	The ratio of the weight of the molded piece as compared to the weight of an equal volume of water
gage	See gauge.
directional properties	Anisotropic condition where physical and mechanical properties vary, depending on the relation of the test axis to a specific direction of the metal; a result of preferred orientation or of fibering of inclusions during the working.
greenfields	generally parkland, undeveloped open space and agricultural lands, located near the outskirts of towns, cities and larger metropolitan areas
ceramic tools	Cutting tools made from fused, sintered, or cemented metallic oxides.
gallery	Gallery describes stamped or patterned wire or strips with a repeated design sometimes inspired by antiquity
crocking	Image rub-off that occurs when a pigment or dye is not adequately fixed in the substrate.
rh	Chemical symbol for Rhodium
feasibility factor	A factor used to adjust potential energy savings to account for cases where it is impractical to install new equipment. For example, certain types of fluorescent lighting require room temperature conditions. They are not feasible for outdoor or unheated space applications. Some commercial applications, such as color-coded warehouses, require good color rendition, so color distortions could also make certain types of lighting infeasible. The feasibility factor equals 100 percent minus the percent of infeasible applications.
cross-direction	Direction running against the grain of paper
deflection	Also referred to as elongation or deformation
izod	A test for the notch-sensitivity (effectively brittleness) of metals and alloys.
proof stress	(1) The stress that will cause a specified small permanent set in a material
sponge iron	Another name for direct reduced iron (DRI) because of the aerated structure it forms as it crystallises.
rupture	Term describing the moment when a sample bursts or is torn.
billet	As used in the manufacture of seamless tubes, a round bar with dimensions and other characteristics suitable for piercing into tubing.
sherardizing	A process developed in Britain in 1904 by Sherard
honing	Removing stock generally on the internal cylindrical surface of a workpiece with an abrasive stick mounted in a holder.
mechanical properties	Properties that describe how an object performs when a load or stress is applied to it
open hearth furnace	A reverberatory melting furnace with a shallow hearth and a low roof
underlying asset	The physical metal whose deliverability underpins an open futures position or option.
chamfer	A beveled surface to eliminate an otherwise sharp corner.
slag	Waste from metal furnaces
load profile	Information on a customer's usage over a period of time, sometimes shown as a graph
iso	International Organization for Standardization - ISO 9001:2008 certification is granted to organizations that adhere to international standards for quality management that ensure the organization fulfills and achieves continual improvement of its performance in pursuit of the customers' requirements, applicable regulatory requirements and enhancement of customer satisfaction.
benthos	the bottom of a body of water and the organisms that live there
discretionary account	An account which gives the broker the right to initiate trades that he believes will meet the client's objectives
line pipe	A pipe extending over long distances that transports oil, natural gas, and other fluids.
precious metals	Gold, silver and PGMs
strike	The plate on a door frame that engages a latch or dead bolt.
blue annealing	Heating hot rolled ferrous sheet in an open furnace to a temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in air in order to soften the metal
physical properties	Those properties familiarly discussed in physics, exclusive of those described under mechanical properties; for example, density, electrical conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion
fatigue	Fatigue tests are made with the object of determining the relationship between the stress range and the number of times it can be applied before causing failure
suspension	Mixture of substances consisting of a liquid and the fine particles of solid substances suspended in it
diffusion coating	Any process whereby a basis metal or alloy is either coated with another metal or alloy and heated to a sufficient temperature in a suitable environment, or exposed to a gaseous or liquid medium containing another metal or alloy, thus causing diffusion of the coating or of the other metal or alloy into the basis metal or alloy with resultant changes in the composition and properties of its surface.
novation	The technical term for the process whereby trades on a futures exchange between clearing members are taken over by the clearing house.
elastic deformation	Deformation that is nonpermanent, that is totally recoverable upon release of an applied stress.
clearing broker/bank/firm	A brokerage or bank offering clearing and settlement services internally and to clients which execute transactions on a derivatives exchange by mediating between this counterparty and the clearing house
mn	Chemical symbol for Manganese.
work hardening	Hardness developed in metal as a result of cold working
austenitic steel	Steel which, due to the presence of alloying elements like manganese, nickel or chromium, shows stability of austenite at normal temperatures.
induction hardening	Surface-hardening process in which only the surface layer of a suitable ferrous workpiece is heated by electromagnetic induction to above the upper critical temperature and immediately quenched.
glassy luster	A luster that gives a substance a glazed, porcelainlike appearance.
strata	layers, or bands, in rocks
tensile strength	The longitudinal pulling stress a material can withstand without tearing apart or the maximum tensile stress the material can sustain.
lt	Loaded Trucks used in price quotation to indicate seller pays for handling.
radon	A naturally-occurring, heavier than air, radioactive gas common in many parts of the country
seam	A crack on the surface of metal that has been closed but not welded; usually produced by some defect either in casting or in working.
low-sulfur western coal	coals that typically originate in the western U.S.'s Powder River and Hanna basins, possessing a heating value from 8,700 to 11,500 BTU's per pound as shipped
h1x temper	Strain hardened only
recovery	The index of a material's ability to recover from deformation in the compressibility and recovery test (ASTM F36), the deformation under load test (ASTM D621) and the plastometer test (ASTM D926).
superalloys	Tough, difficult-to-machine alloys; includes Hastelloy, Inconel and Monel
salt bath	A method of heating steel using a bath of molten salts
crystal form	Arrangement of various faces on a crystal in a definite geometric relationship to one another.
duplex	Steels exhibiting both austenitic and ferritic structures and characteristics.
flat product	A product with rectangular or square solid section and relatively great in length in proportion to thickness.
thomas process	The Continental name for the basic Bessemer steel making process, now superseded by modern day BOS plants.
flash-in tubing	See Electric Resistance Welded Tubing.
mo	Chemical symbol for Molybdenum.
pig	(i) A rough cast shape from the blast furnace, e.g
chlorine	A chemical added to drinking water and wastewater to kill disease-causing organisms.
universal milling machine	Horizontal mill equipped with a table that swivels, with respect to the saddle, allowing angular surfaces to be cut without changing the workpiece's position.
beam	a rigid, usually horizontal, structural element
charpy test	A charpy test measures the amount of energy absorbed by a steel during fracture.
residual stress	The stress which exists in an elastic solid body in the absence of, or in addition to, the stresses caused by an external load
flex rolling	Passing sheets through a flex roll unit to minimize yield point elongation so as to reduce the tendency for stretcher strains to appear in forming.
critical temperature	The temperature at which a phase change occurs in steel
ultraviolet light	radiation having a wavelength shorter than wavelengths of visible light and longer than those of x-rays
side sewer	The portion of the sanitary sewer which connects the interior waste water lines to the main sewer lines
fretting corrosion	Deterioration at the interface of two contacting surfaces under load that is accelerated by their relative motion.
commission house	A term referring to brokerage houses, usually American, which execute general commissionable business on behalf of clients in securities and futures.
plastic deformation	Deformation that remains after the load causing it is removed
straightening and flattening	Any process applied to flat rolled products to eliminate any general or local curvature, either with respect to flatness or edgewise curvature.
deep drawing	Forming a deeply recessed part by forcing sheet metal to undergo plastic flow between dies
spectrometer	An instrument used to analyse the content of metals by vaporising a small part of a metal sample with an electric arc and checking the pattern of a spectrum of light passing through the gas against standards
bent radius	The inside radius of a bent section.
residues	Secondary metal-containing materials that require smelting to recover the metal, as distinct from scrap which may only require melting and blending.
thermostat	A device that controls the temperature of a heating or cooling system.
reservoirs	Artificial lakes, usually formed by building a dam on a stream or river.
strain	Strain is the change in length per unit length
conventional milling	Cutter rotation is opposite that of the feed at the point of contact
a.g.a	American Gas Association
plasticity	Tendency of a material to remain deformed, after reduction of the deforming stress, to a value equal to or less than its yield strength.
flux	The (scalar) number of flux lines crossing a unit area at right angles to the unit area
cire perdu	See lost wax.
age hardening	Hardening of a heat-treated material that occurs slowly at room temperature and more rapidly at higher temperatures
nitrocarburizing	Any of several processes in which both nitrogen and carbon are absorbed into the surface layers of a ferrous material and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient
monopoly	The only seller with control over market sales.
market-based pricing	Prices of electric power or other forms of energy determined in an open market system of supply and demand under which prices are set solely by agreement as to what buyers will pay and sellers will accept.
tufftriding	A form of surface hardening, the process
filter	a device for capturing and removing mechanical and liquid impurities in gas
standard deviation	A statistical measure which compares variations in the values of a time series with the mean or average value, taking account of the number of observations in the series
shed roof	A roof containing only one sloping plane.
electric resistance furnace	Electric furnace for smelting ferro-alloys where heating is achieved through resistance to the passage of the current from carbon electrodes through the charge, as well as from arcing
dies	Metal blocks having cavities so shaped as to impart the desired shape to a metal workpiece when the dies are brought together.
oxide	A compound consisting of oxygen and one or more metallic elements.
mean of four	An expression in base metal period pricing contracts where the reference price is the average of LME buyer's and seller's prices in both the cash and three months positions.
skin lamination	Subsurface separation which usually results in surface rupture.
chemical content or analysis	A breakdown of elements present by percent of weight in metals or alloys
refractory metal	A metal having an extremely high melting point
carbon steel	A steel whose properties are determined primarily by the amount of carbon present
density	Weight per unit volume.
bear market	A market in which prices are declining.
transmission line	A pipeline, other than a gathering or distribution line, that transports gas from a gathering or storage facility to a distribution center or storage operates at a hoop stress of 20 percent or more of the specified minimum yield stress of the pipe, or transports gas within a storage field
macroscopic	Visible either with the naked eye or under low magnification (as great as about 10 diameters).
effort	The force used to move a load
crucible steel	High-carbon steel produced by melting blister steel in a covered crucible
member system	An eligible customer operating as part of an agency composed exclusively of other eligible customers.
peak capture rate	The sampling rate at which the peak force is captured. This can be different from the test sample rate. All Mecmesin devices sample at the highest rate. This data is then filtered either on-board to the output rate for portable gauges or in software to the specified sampling rate in Emperor. The peak force reported on gauges is always captured at the maximum rate.
creep strength	The constant nominal stress that will cause a specified quantity of creep in a given time at a constant temperature
high strength steel	Low alloy steels with moderate proportions of one or more alloying elements other than carbon that form a specific class with enhanced mechanical properties and, in most cases, good resistance to atmospheric corrosion
etch test	Exposure of a specimen to acid attack for the purpose of disclosing the presence of foreign matter, defects, segregation pattern, or flow lines.
galvanized	Refers to the thin layer of zinc finish that is applied to steel
range	In inspection, the difference between the highest and lowest values of given quality characteristic within a single sample.
zoning	A governmental process and specification which limits the use of a property, e.g
flux skimmings	A type of zinc scrap arising from skimming oxidised metal from the surface of a hot dip galvanizing bath
palatable	Good tasting.
depth percentage	On a round brilliant diamond, the depth percentage is determined by measuring the distance from the table to culet (in mm) and dividing it by the average girdle diameter (in mm).
olivine	A ferromagnesian mineral with the formula (Fe, Mg)2SiO4.
forging stresses	Stresses resulting from forging or from cooling from the forging temperature.
wall thin	Wall thickness less than the specified minimum wall thickness called for in the pipe standard.
carbo-nitriding	A case-hardening process in which steel components are heated in an atmosphere containing both carbon and nitrogen.
pig iron	(1) High-carbon iron made by reduction of iron ore in the blast furnace
trimmer	The vertical stud that supports a header at a door, window, or other opening.
auto stamping plant	A facility that presses a steel blank into the desired form of a car door or hood, for example, with a powerful die (pattern)
epoxy	Epoxy is a synthetic resin that has strong adhesive properties
wire rod	(i) Steel; Product of first rolling of billet intended for further rolling and drawing to wire
snap-bar closure	A snap-bar closure is the hinged bar on lever-back or omega-back earrings.
molybdenum	Hard substance used to alloy many specialty steels, it is softer and more ductile than tungsten
g-ratio	Measure of the grinding performance defined as the volume of metal removed divided by the volume of grinding wheel worn away in the operation.
crystal	a solid in which the particles are arranged in a pattern to make shapes with flat surfaces
stabilizing treatment	A thermal treatment designed to precipitate material from solid solution, in order to improve the workability, to decrease the tendency of certain alloys to age harden at room temperature, or to obtain dimensional stability under service at slightly elevated temperatures.
emea	Acronym for Europe, Middle East and Africa.
ingot	A cast block of aluminum for subsequent rolling or forging.
thermoplastic	A polymeric material that softens when heated and hardens upon cooling
declaration date	The date on which the buyer's right to exercise his option expires if not declared
lengths	1) Mill Lengths - Certain uniform lengths subject to established tolerances with short lengths included according to established schedule.
wind set-up	(also known as storm surge)
lapping	Finishing operation in which a loose, fine-grain abrasive in a liquid medium abrades material
pickling	Pipe immersed into acid bath for removal of scale, oil, dirt, etc.
fiber	The characteristic of wrought metal that indicates directional properties
ex-warehouse	Goods sold ex-warehouse are usually placed on the truck, wagon or barge of the buyer.
cathode	A flat rectangular piece of metal which has been refined by electrolysis or electrowinning
convex	Convex means to curve outward, like the surface of a sphere
fleet	ships sailing together; vehicles or aircraft under one command or ownership
heat	Amount of forging stock placed in a batch-type furnace at one time
automatic bar machine	Machine for turning bar stock
lap	A surface defect appearing as a seam, caused by folding over hot metal, fins or sharp corners and then rolling or forging them into the surface, but not welding them.
extensometer test	The measurement of deformation during stressing in the elastic range, permitting determination of elastic properties such as proportional limit, proof stress, yield strength by the offset method and so forth
radial rake	Also known as the tool back rake, the angle between the tooth face and the radial plane through the tool point.
soak	To hold an ingot, slab, bloom, billet or other piece of steel in a hot furnace, pit or chamber to secure uniform temperature.
electrolytic galvanized steel	Steel coated (electroplated) with a layer of zinc electrolytically (by electroplating)
continuous casting	A method of producing blooms, billets and slabs in
vickers hardness	Standard method for measuring the hardness of metals, particularly those with extremely hard surfaces; the surface is subjected to a standard pressure for a standard length of time by means of a pyramid shaped diamond
ingot	A copper or copper-alloy casting of small rectangular shape weighing about 20-35 lbs
eutectic	A mixture of two or more constituents which solidify simultaneously out of the liquid at a minimum freezing point.
tolerance	The permissible maximum deviation from specified dimensions, quantities, or specifications
tantalum	A rare metal of silver white colour having excellent corrosion resistance and a high melting point
covalent bonding	Bonding due to the sharing of electrons by adjacent atoms.
fracture	Surface appearance of metals when broken.
eutectic mixture	An eutectic mixture(also simply eutectic) is a mixture at such proportions that the melting point is a local temperature minimum, and all the components crystallize simultaneously at this temperature from molten liquid mixture
elastic/elasticity	A material is said to be elastic if it deforms under stress (e.g., external forces), but then returns to its original shape when the stress is removed
fracture test	Breaking a piece of metal for purposes of examining the fractured surface to determine the structure or carbon content of the metal, or to detect the presence of internal defects.
rs232	A serial communication standard in use since 1969. PC's adopted the standard in order to enable communication with existing devices. Now becoming unavailable on some modern PCs due to the introduction of USB, which is faster. It is the current preferred method of connecting Mecmesin test equipment to a PC, mainly due to the reliability of RS232. A USB adapter is provided with all instrumentation and stands for use where an RS232 port is unavailable.
martensite	is the structure in quenched steel.
tool steel	see high speed steel.
block trade	A pre-arranged large trade of one contract to be executed, usually during a designated trading time period
case steel	Any object made by pouring molten steel into molds.
ferromanganese	A product of the blast furnace, containing, besides iron, 78 to 82% of manganese and some silicon, phosphorus, sulphur and carbon. It is used as a deoxidizer and for the introduction of manganese into steel.
oxygen	Oxygen is one of the chief constituents of the atmosphere of which it forms approximately one fifth
macrostructure	The structure of metals as seen when viewed with the naked eye or at low magnification.
flat sheet	Sheet with sheared, slit or sawed edges, which has been flattened or leveled.
sleeve	Pipe installed under the concrete driveway or sidewalk, and that will be used later to run sprinkler pipe or low voltage wire.
deep drawing	The process of cold working sheet or strip metal blanks by means of dies on a press into shapes, which are usually cuplike in character and involving considerable plastic deformation of the metal.
plasticity	The ability of a metal to be deformed extensively without rupture.
dynamic force	In door closing applications: This is the maximum force observed within the time interval
ferro alloys	Iron alloyed with some element such as manganese, chrome, or silicon, etc., used in adding the element to molten sheet.
hard chromium	Term usued to describe chromium that is deposited specifically for engineering needs rather than decorative applications
delamination strength	Using a peel test, this is the force required to separate two bonded materials divided by the sample width.
tji or tj	Manufactured structural building component resembling the letter "I." Used as floor joists and rafters
flat wire	A flat cold-rolled, prepared-edge section up to .25″ wide, rectangular in shape.
chatter marks	A series of transverse ripples encircling a drawn product visible on outer or inner surfaces.
conical points	Steel tips typically welded to the end of piling pipe used to help drive the piles into the ground.
piw	Pounds Per inch of Width
normalizing	Heating a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature above the transformation range and then cooling in the air to a temperature substantially below the transformation range.
nitriding	A case hardening process that depends on the
pretension	A term associated with either a tension, compression or torque force applied before testing begins. Sometimes it is a ‘touch' to the sample, but other times it may be a more significant force. May be tared out of the measurement so that a group of sample tests may all be compared easily.
t bar	Ribbed, "T" shaped bars with a flat metal plate at the bottom that are driven into the earth
solar energy	Energy from the sun.
normalizing	An annealing process whereby metal is heated to a critical temperature to create a uniform molecular lattice, and then is air cooled.
low carbon steels	Contain from 0.10% to 0.30% carbon and less than 0.60% manganese.
potline	A row of large cells for the electrolytic reduction of aluminium from alumina
mandrel	A solid bar used in the production of welded tubes
burr	A thin ridge of roughness along the edge of slit or sheared coil or sheet.
fixture	A device used for holding work while machining.
inter-office	Deals concluded between LME members as official LME business at any time outside Ring trading hours.
knockout	Mechanism for releasing workpieces from a die
potable	Safe to drink.
refining temperature	A temperature, usually just higher than the transformation range, employed in the heat treatment of steel to refine the structure -- in particular, the grain size.
chromizing	Surface treatment at elevated temperature, generally carried out in a pack, vapor or salt bath, in which an alloy is formed by the inward diffusion of chromium into the base metal.
brittleness	The tendency of a metal or material to fracture without undergoing appreciable plastic deformation.
cif	Cost insurance and freight
yield	The ratio of the amount of product compared with the amount of material input to a process or group of processes.
poling	A reducing operation in refining, especially of copper
ti	Chemical symbol for Titanium.
metamorphic rock	rocks that are changed from sedimentary, igneous or other metamorphic rocks by intense pressure and heat
drawing	temperatures (normally 250-300 deg C) which under
sterling silver	A silver alloy containing at least 95.2% Ag, the remainder being unspecified but usually copper.
fissure	A fissure is a surface-reaching fracture
grey iron	Also known as flake iron on account of all or part of
forage	to wander in search of food
site energy	The energy consumed at a building location or other end-use site.
interstitial free steel	A recently developed sheet steel product with very low carbon levels that is used primarily in automotive deep-drawing applications
powder metallurgy	The art of producing metal powders and of utilizing metal powders for the production of massive materials and shaped objects.
properzi	Proprietary process
quenching	Rapid cooling from a high temperature by immersion in a liquid bath of oil or water
process annealing	Heating to a temperature below or close to the lower limit of the critical temperature range and then cooling as desired.
proportional limit	The maximum stress at which strain remains directly proportional to stress.
ovality	The difference between the maximum and minimum outside diameters of any one cross section of a tube
cold working	Altering the shape or size of a metal by plastic
nickel steel	Steel containing nickel as an alloying element
magma	molten rock material within the earth from which igneous rock results by cooling
protozoa	One-celled, animal-like organisms, many of which are capable of movement.
impact testing	There are several methods of determining the toughness of a steel, but the Izod and Charpy notched-bar tests are used quite widely
shear	A force which is the magnitude of the resultant of shearing forces that exist in the plane of a section of a member
organic coating	Application of a polymer coating (paint) on a continuous processing line or through a batch process.
nitriding steel	Steel that is particularly suited for the nitriding process, that is, it will form a very hard and adherent surface upon proper nitriding.
stress	An applied force divided by original cross sectional area of the specimen
shaft	Vertical or inclined passage in mining for access and ventilation.
mismatch	Misalignment of forging at flash line caused by die or cavity positioning
fatigue life	Number of cycles of stress that can be sustained prior to failure under a stated test condition.
semis	Semi-fabricated products, output at the early or ‘upstream' stage of production from which finished products are fashioned: billet, bloom, rod, slab; in some circumstances HR coil is referred to as a semi-manufacture, traded for re-rolling to CR coil at a non-integrated steel mill.
atomic weight	The sum of the weight of the subatomic particles in an average atom of an element, given in atomic mass units.
herringbone	A defective surface condition characterized by chevrons at roughly 45° angles to the rolling direction
reforest	to replant a forest after it has been cut down, such as for the logging industry
mineral sands	Coastal alluvial deposits of heavy minerals containing titanium, zirconium, rare earths etc.
cleavage	Cleavage is a physical property of gemstones that is related to structure
black bare	Term associated with pipe surface, in which pipe is not coated with mill spray oil; grease spots and cutting oil are removed by washing.
turret lathe	Differs from engine lathe in that the normal compound rest is replaced by pivoting, multitool turrets mounted on the cross slide and tailstock
carburizing	Absorption and diffusion of carbon into solid ferrous alloys by heating, to a temperature above the transformation range, in contact with a suitable carbonaceous material
milling	Milling is a machining technique used for cutting and shaping solid material
fia	Futures Industry Association (USA).
vertical-axis wind turbine	A type of wind turbine in which the axis of rotation is perpendicular to the wind stream and the ground.
full scale	This is the capacity of a sensor, in this context, the load measurement system or load cell. FSD stands for Full Scale Deflection and is derived from old analogue displays which used a needle against a background scale.
classification of stainless steels	Stainless steels are classified into five distinct groups, namely: austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, precipitation hardenable and duplex.
ultimate tensile strength	The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) is the maximum resistance to fracture. It is equivalent to the maximum load that can be carried by one square inch of cross-sectional area when the load is applied as simple tension. It is expressed in pounds per square inch
glacier	a large body of ice moving slowly down a slope or valley or spreading outward on a land surface See also: The Retreat of Glaciers in the Midwestern U.S.
commercially flat	The degree of flatness of plate or sheet which is commercially accepted.
slotting	Machining, normally milling, that creates slots, grooves and similar recesses in workpieces, including T-slots and dovetails.
ferrite	The solid solution of carbon in body-centered cubic iron, a constituent of carbon steels.
f.a.o.	An abbreviation of “finish all over”, it designates that a forging must have sufficient size over the dimensions given on the drawing so that all surfaces may be machined in order to obtain the dimensions shown on the drawing
0ptimiser®	A unique blend formulization and optimization program that uses key polyethylene resin properties to design blends that meet or exceed required physical and processing properties
acid brittleness	Commonly attributed to the absorption of hydrogen, this is the brittleness induced steel when it is pickled in diluted solution of acid for the purpose of removing scale, or upon electroplating.
sandstone	a sedimentary rock consisting of usually quartz sand united by some cement (such as silica or calcium carbonate)
nickel	An alloying element used as a raw material for certain classes of stainless steel
modular robot	Robot with interchangeable components, such as gripping hands, that permit quick modification to suit a specific purpose.
regulator	A country's regulator is tasked with supervising the derivatives activity within the country
face centred cubic	An arrangement of atoms in crystals in which the
strain rate	When testing a material, it is normally important to know how quickly (or slowly) it is being deformed or loaded
manganese	A brittle, non-malleable metal that is used in alloys to increase hardenability and counteract the brittleness from sulfur.
flushing hose	Hand-operated hose and nozzle added to machine's cutting-fluid-application system to permit manual flushing of table and workpiece areas.
kip	A load of 1000 lbs.
schedule	Numbers assigned to different wall thicknesses of pipe or tubing (i.e
titanium	Titanium and its alloys have very high strength-to-weight ratios
nitrogen	Nitrogen is a gas that forms approximately 79% by
off-exchange	A contract or trading activity which takes place outside any exchange, so is, by definition, over-the-counter (OTC)
columbium	Also known as niobium, this element is used mainly in the production of austenitic chromium-nickel steels and to reduce the air-hardening characteristics in plain chromium steels.
sound attenuation	Sound proofing a wall or subfloor, generally with fiberglass insulation.
free machine	A term used to describe a metal which may be machined at relatively high speed without the development of excessive heat and from which the chips will break off easily leaving a smooth surface.
f	Chemical symbol for Fluorine.
evaporation	disappearance of water by conversion into vapor
black oiled	Term associated with pipe surface whereby material ordered in this manner is protected with a varnish type oil on the O.D
peening	Mechanical working of metal by hammer blows or shot impingement.
pipe	A cavity occurring in ingots, blooms, billets, bars or wire resulting from contraction of metal during solidification of ingots.
pvd coated	PVD Coated stands for Physical Vapor Deposition Coated
brinell hardness test	A common standard method of measuring the hardness of certain metals by which the smooth surface of the metal is subjected to indentation by a hardened steel ball under pressure or load
carbon steel	Ordinary unalloyed steel.
stress relieving	Process of reducing residual stresses in a metal object by heating the object to a suitable temperature and holding it for a sufficient time, then cooling it slowly.
sink	To cut an impression in a die.
jis	Japanese Industrial Standard
carbon electrode	A non-filler metal electrode used in arc welding and cutting, consisting of a carbon or graphite rod, which may be coated with copper or other materials.
flame hardening	A process of hardening a ferrous alloy by heating it above the transformation range by means of a high-temperature flame, and then cooling as required.
cut length	Refers to tubing ordered to a specified length and permitting a tolerance of a standardized fraction of an inch over but nothing under the specified length.
transverse strength	A measurement of strength when the load is applied across the longitudinal flow of the grain of a metal
aqueduct	a bridge or channel for conveying water, usually over long distances
finishing temperature	Temperature at which hot mechanical working of metal is completed.
ccr	Continuous cast rod
tubing	Corpac's line of Energy Tubulars includes carbon and alloy products for the energy industry for the upstream, midstream and downstream operations.
nickel steel	Alloy steel containing nickel as its principal alloying element.
tangent modulus of elasticity	The instantaneous rate of change of stress as a function of strain
rough opening	The horizontal and vertical measurement of a window or door opening before drywall or siding is installed.
primes	Metal products, principally sheet and plate, of the highest quality and free from visible defects.
mohs’ hardness scale	Scale on which ten minerals are designated as standards of hardness.
lead angle	Angle between the side-cutting edge and the projected side of the tool shank or holder, which leads the cutting tool into the workpiece.
crown	A contour on a sheet or roll where the thickness or diameter increases from edge to center.
parting line	The line where the dies come together and the flash is removed.
mass effect	A term used to signify the effect of size and
continuous casting	A method of producing blooms, billets and slabs in long lengths using water cooled moulds
l-0 process	One of the basic oxygen steelmaking processes using a vertical cylindrical furnace in which oxygen is injected from above by a lance
plasticity	Tendency of a material to remain deformed after reduction of the deforming stress to a value equal to or less than its yield strength
iso	International Organization for Standardization.
welding	A process used to join metals by the application of heat
postheating	Heating weldments immediately after welding, for tempering, for stress relieving, or for providing a controlled rate of cooling to prevent formation of a hard or brittle structure.
excel	Excel is a durable clarity enhancement process that employs a polymer with a refractive index similar to that of emerald
modulus of elasticity	A measure of the rigidity of metal
welding arc	controlled electrical discharge between the electrode and the workpiece that is formed and sustained by the establishment ofa gaseous conductive medium, called an arc plasma.
pitting	Sharp depressions in the surface of the metal generally attributed to localized chemical attack by a corrosive media
clip-lock	a patented design involving a metallic spring-form which locks into a gutter, in order to secure fabric between the two parts. Please refer to our "Components" Product Sheet for an image of Clip-lock.
interchangeable parts	Parts and components produced to specified tolerances, permitting them to be substituted for one another
flask	A steel container to hold 34.5 kg of mercury, the standard unit
global climate change	Gradual changing of global climates due to the buildup of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere.
foil	A cold-rolled aluminum strip product that has thickness less than 0.006 inch (less than 0.20 mm in Europe).
shutter	Usually lightweight louvered decorative frames in the form of doors located on the sides of a window
white rust	The corrosion product (zinc hydroxide, etc.)that forms when galvanized sheet gets wet and is unable to dry.
alloy steel	Steel containing significant quantities of alloying elements (other than carbon and the commonly accepted amounts of manganese, silicon, sulphur, and phosphorus) added to affect changes in the mechanical or physical properties.
ultimate analysis	In chemistry, this is a quantitative analysis in which
tungsten	When used as an alloying element it
static friction	The maximum (peak) force required to initiate movement of a material.
interpolation	Process of generating a sufficient number of positioning commands for the servomotors driving the machine tool so the path of the tool closely approximates the ideal path
sulphur	Generally regarded as an impurity in steel as it can have detrimental effects on strength, ductility, and weldability as well as producing hot and cold shortness
strip steel	Flat steel products less than 24 inches wide and less than .250 inches thick.
recrystallization	The change in grain structure which occurs when the metal is annealed, during which the deformed grains, strain hardened by working, become new unstrained grains.
carbonitriding	Introducing carbon and nitrogen into a solid ferrous alloy by holding above Ac1 in an atmosphere that contains suitable gases such as hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and ammonia
oxygen-free copper	Electrolytic copper free from cuprous oxide
mill edge	Standard edge off the hot mill with very liberal width and shape tolerances.
bactericide	Additive to cutting fluids to inhibit bacterial growth
tempering	A process of reheating quench-hardened or normalized steel to a temperature below the transformation range, and then cooling at any rate desired.
coil breaks	Creases or ridges in sheet that appear as parallel lines across the direction of rolling, and that generally extend the full width of the sheet or strip.
eddy current	Non-destructive testing method using eddy current flow for the purpose of recognizing a discontinuity in the piece being tested.
orange peel surface	The surface roughness resulting from working metal of large grain size
h3x temper	Strain hardened and stabilized See “Aluminum Temper Designations” section of Technical Manual
offer	The price the seller asks for the commodity on offer
continuous mill	A rolling mill consisting of a number of stands of synchronized rolls (in tandem) in which metal undergoes successive reductions as it passes through the various stands.
elongation	The amount of permanent stretch, usually referring to a measurement of a specimen after fracture in a tensile test
spits	narrow points of land extending into a body of water
uv light	the UltraViolet part of the light spectrum
fracture test	A test carried out by nicking or breaking a bar, by means of sudden impact, in order to examine the fractured surface with the naked eye or even a low powered microscope
carbon	Carbon is an essential element in steel, it is added in specific amounts to control the hardness and strength of the material
spool	A small reel
n.b.s.	National Bureau of Standards
native metal	Actual nuggets of metal occurring rarely in rich ores.
magnetic	The attraction between some metals and some compounds of metals due to a particular orientation of their molecules; hence metals capable of attaining magnetic properties or of being attracted to a magnet
dust seals	Seals used to exclude dust from a machine or device.
steep-taper toolholder	Common method of securing the cutting tool body to the spindle in a machine tool
biotite	Iron/magnesium bearing mica.
ring rolling	The process of shaping weldless rings from pierced disks or thick-walled, ring-shaped blanks between rolls that control wall thickness, ring diameter, height, and contour
drywall-wall board or gypsum	A manufactured panel made out of gypsum plaster and encased in a thin cardboard
automatic gauge control	Using hydraulic roll force systems, steelmakers have the ability to control precisely their steel sheet's gauge (thickness)while it is traveling at more than 50 miles per hour through the cold mill. Using feedback or feed-forward systems, a computer's gap sensor adjusts the distance between the reduction rolls of the mill 50-60 times per second. These adjustments prevent the processing of any off-gauge steel sheet.
brass	Any copper alloy with zinc as the principal alloying element, with or without small quantities of some other element.
proportional limit	The greatest stress that the material is capable of sustaining without a deviation from the law of proportionality of stress to strain (Hooke's Law).
free machining	The quality of an alloy which enables it to be cut in automatic machines at relatively high speeds yielding a short brittle chip.
alloy	A substance having metallic properties and composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal.
dross	Partly oxidised scum floating on the top of molten metal
slag	A nonmetallic product resulting from the mutual dissolution of flux and nonmetallic impurities in smelting and refining operations.
shear strength	The stress required to produce fracture in the plane of cross section, the conditions of loading being such that the directions of force and of resistance are parallel and opposite although their paths are offset a specified minimum amount.
cerium mischmetal	See rare earths
gauge	A numbering system used to determine thickness and allowable range of flat rolled steel products
eurometal	Organisation representing European steel, tube and metal distributors as well as European flat steel service centres.
backwash	When drinking water is treated by filtration, the filter eventually becomes clogged with particles. The water is then pumped back through the filter (backwash) to flush out the particles. The washwater is then sent to a wastewater treatment plant.
hardening	One of a number of processes used to improve the hardness of an alloy superior to that normally present in the core stock
fatigue limit	The maximum value of the applied alternating
discard	See "Crop."
alclad	A sandwich of high-strength aluminium alloy sheet between two sheets of commercially pure metal for a combination of strength and corrosion resistance
relaxation modulus	For viscoelastic polymers, the time-dependent modulus of elasticity
four-high mill	Common rolling mill for reducing the thickness of aluminum sheet consisting of two large diameter work rolls which are supported by even larger back-up rolls.
schedule numbers	ANSI numbers assigned to pipe depending upon wall thickness.
linear motor	Functionally the same as a rotary motor in a machine tool, a linear motor can be thought of as a standard permanent-magnet, rotary-style motor slit axially to the center and then peeled back and laid flat
notched bar test	A test to determine the resistance of a material to a suddenly applied stress, i.e
orthogonal chip formation	Concentrated shear action at the point of cut that results in the formation of a continuous chip
astm a513	ASTM A513 specification covers electric resistance welded carbon and alloy tubing for use as mechanical tubing
swamp	wetland ecosystem characterized by mineral soils with poor drainage and by plant life dominated by trees
box annealing	Annealing a metal or alloy in a sealed container under conditions that minimize oxidization
tenor limit	Part of a broker's control of his exposure to a client by specifying the length of forward position for which he will allow the client to open a transaction
inorganic	Not organic; not coming from living things; mineral.
ferrite	The solid solution of carbon in body-centered cubic
plating	A thin coating of metal laid on another metal.
transformation temperature	The temperature at which a change in phase occurs in steels
rubber based adhesive	Made from natural and synthetic rubber compounds
oil quench	A quench from the hardening temperature, in which oil is the cooling medium.
fiber stress	Unit stress at a certain point when overall section stress is not uniform.
isomerism	The phenomenon whereby two or more molecules or mer units have the same composition but different structural arrangements and properties.
stabilisation	A term applied to a number of processes: a) A type of heat
hardening	When portland cement is mixed with enough water to form a paste, the compounds of the cement react with water to form cementitious products that adhere to each other and to the intermixed sand and stone particles and become very hard
cathodic corrosion	Corrosion caused by a reaction of an amphoteric metal with the alkaline products of electrolysis.
operating stress	Stress imposed on a part in service.
vanadium	Steels containing vanadium have a much finer grain
shear	A force applied so as to cause or tend to cause two adjacent parts of the same body to slide relative to each other, in a direction parallel to their plane of contact.
yield strength	The stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from proportionality of stress to strain
high stength low alloy	Low alloy steels in which the inclusion of moderate amounts of alloying elements other than carbon lead to higher mechanical properties.
aime	American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers
micro-etch	Micro-etching is used for the examination of a sample under a microscope
decalescence	A term used in reference to the absorption of
steel	The principal structural metal, made from iron
aluminum association	The Aluminum Association, based in Washington, D.C., represents U.S
algo trading	See algorithm.
gauge length	Used in the mechanical testing of steel, it is the length marked on the parallel portion of a tensile test piece from which the elongation is measured.
dynamometer	When drilling, a device for measuring the generated torque and axial force (thrust)
universal milling attachment	Mounts on a horizontal mill, permitting the spindle to be set at almost any angle.
yield	(i) A measure of efficiency of a process stage or complete production chain, often expressed as a percentage
punch	The movable part that forces the metal into the die in equipment for sheet drawing, blanking, coining, embossing and the like.
active	The surface has lost its ability to resist corrosion (the passive state) under the prevailing conditions
hot mill pickup	Small particles of aluminum and aluminum oxide generated in the roll bite which subsequently transfer to the rolled product
carbon footprint	The amount of carbon dioxide (or equivalent greenhouse gases) related to a product or service, for a defined scope
ice jam	accumulation of broken river ice caught in a narrow channel, frequently producing local flooding
flat products	Expression mostly used in steel, covering plate, coil and sheet.
departing member	A member consumer served at retail by an electric cooperative corporation that has given notice of intent to receive generation services from another source or that is otherwise in the process of changing generation suppliers. These persons shall nonetheless remain members of the electric distribution cooperative corporation for purposes of distribution service.
elasticity	The property which enables a material to return
martensite	A constituent in quenched steel formed without diffusion and only during rapid cooling below the martensitic start (Ms) temperature
boon	a favor given in answer to a request
gtc	Good Till Cancelled.
fior	Fluidized Iron Ore Reduction, a direct reduction process producing iron units for use in steelmaking (see DRI)
lifts	Term associated with separated segments of pipe (banded or unbanned for ease of handling)
precipitate	As a noun, a solid substance; as a verb, to form a solid substance.
alloy steel	Steel is commercially classified as alloy when it contains alloying elements of at least: 1.65% manganese; 0.60% copper; and 0.60% silicon.
cam-cutting attachment	Device for cutting face, peripheral or cylindrical cams from flat cam-former stock.
composites	Materials composed of different elements, with one element normally embedded in another, held together by a compatible binder.
test	(1) Impact – A test made to determine the resistance of metals to failure by sudden shock load
transmission	The act or process of transporting electric energy in bulk.
polishing	Abrasive process that improves surface finish and blends contours
hot finished seamless tubing	Tubing produced by rotary piercing, extrusion, and other hot working processes without subsequent cold finishing operations.
mouse pointer	The arrow that is on the screen and moves around when you move the mouse
bend radius	The inside radius of a bent section
spotfacing	Similar to counterboring except that, in spotfacing, material around the original hole is cut
energy	The work done on a sample during a tensile or compression test. It is calculated as the area under the stress/strain curve and is measured in Joules, the SI derived unit for energy.
corrosion	Deterioration of a metal by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment
electric rate schedule	An electric rate and its contract terms accepted by a regulatory agency.
finishing stand	The last stand in a rolling mill, which determines the surface finish and final gauge.
single-cut diamond	The single-cut diamond, a precursor to the modern brilliant cut, emerged in the mid 1600s
business day	Any day except holy or weekend days, a public/bank holiday or, on the LME, a day designated not to be by the LME directors
shot blasting	Blast cleaning using stainless steel shot as the abrasive
scragging	This is a term used in the spring industry to mean the presetting or pre-conditioning of a spring. For a compression spring, the sample is compressed to a ‘solid' a number of times prior to testing.
wavy edge	A rippling departure of an edge from flat.
carat	The measure of purity of gold
martensitic	Small category of stainless steel characterized by the use of heat treatment for hardening and strengthening
heat treatment	An operation or combination of operations involving the heating and cooling of steels in the solid state for the purpose of obtaining certain desirable mechanical, micro structural or corrosion-resisting properties.
cyaniding	Surface hardening of an iron-base alloy article or portion of it by heating at suitable temperatures in contact with molten cyanide salt and then quenching.
commercial fishing	the act of fishing with the intent to make a profit from selling the catch to consumers
full annealing	A softening process in which a ferrous alloy is heated to a temperature above the transformation range and, after being held for a sufficient time at this temperature, is cooled slowly to a temperature below the transformation range
chain silicate structure	Silicate structure in which two of each tetrahedron's oxygen ions are shared with adjacent tetrahedrons, resulting in a chain of tetrahedrons.
integrity management program	The BAP must, as a minimum: 1) identify all segments of a pipeline system that could impact a High Consequence Area (HCA); 2) identify the specific integrity assessment method(s) to be conducted on those segments; 3) specify the schedule by which those integrity assessments will be performed; and 4) provide the technical justification for the selection of the integrity assessment method(s) and the risk basis for establishing the assessment schedule
sewer lateral	The portion of the sanitary sewer which connects the interior waste water lines to the main sewer lines
ingot	Form of cast refined metal used for convenience of shipment and handling.
modulus	Alternate term for modulus of elasticity, often used in connection with rubber.
atom	Smallest possible particle of an element that retains the properties of that element.
light gauge steel	Cold rolled substrate which is lighter than .018" in thickness
cold shut	1) A discontinuity that appears on the surface of cast metal as a result of two streams of liquid metal meeting and failing to unite
converter	In steelmaking, the vessel in which iron from the blast furnace is refined by oxygen treatment.
volume	The total weight of a commodity traded, expressed either in tonnes or lots
vacuum arc remelting	A process used for producing advanced steels to the most demanding and critical specifications, particularly in such areas as aerospace applications
neutral wire	Usually color-coded white, this carries electricity from an outlet back to the service panel
short call	The position held by the seller of a call option
casting	A solidification process used for manufacturing metal shapes by the pouring of molten metal into sand or metal moulds
squeeze	Pressure on a particular delivery date which makes the price of that date higher in relation to other dates
bake hardenable steel	A cold-rolled, low-carbon sheet steel used for automotive body panel applications
kilopascal	The SI derived unit of pressure and stress is the Pascal (force per unit area: 1Pa = 1N/m2)
area reduction	The decrease in cross-section of a product by rolling or drawing
auxiliary operations	Additional processing steps performed on forgings to obtain properties, such as surface conditions or shapes, not obtained in the regular processing operation
corrosion rate	The rate at which an object corrodes
recycled resin	Any previous molded material
ternary alloy	An alloy of three metals.
electroslag refining	A specialised steel making process in which a
european style option	An option that can only be exercised by the holder at its expiry date.
break detection	The mechanism by which a sample break is ascertained. In software, this is often associated with the gradient of the stress/strain curve and sensitivity to break detection can be adjusted.
flash	Thin web or film of metal on a casting that occurs at die partings and around air vents and movable cores
o.d.	Outside Diameter.
seam annealed	Heating a weld seam to a temperature slightly below the point at which grain structure is affected, thereby reducing weld hardness without changing the grain structure.
hardenability	(Of Steel) The ability of a steel to harden with cooled form its hardening temperature as measured by its surface hardness and by the depth of hardening below the surface.
civil engineer	an engineer whose training or occupation is in the design and construction especially of public works (such as roads or harbors)
ppap	Production Part Approval Process, a component of QS 9000.
gun drill	A drill, usually with one or more flutes and coolant passages through the drill body, used for deep hole drilling.
premium	Charge negotiated by a seller of an asset that is supplementary to a benchmark as part of a strategy designed to establish a strong correlation with a futures market and minimise basis risk
piling	One of a group of piles made of timber, steel, or pre-stressed concrete set close together to resist lateral pressure, such as from earth or water.
recovery	Reduction or removal of workhardening effects, without motion of large-angle grain boundaries.
recrystallization	1
case hardening	A heat treatment in which the surface (case) of an iron-base alloy is made harder than the interior (core)
martensitic stainless steel	Typically contains 12% chromium and no nickel
ribbon	Normally a 1 X 4 board let into the studs horizontally to support the ceiling or second-floor joists.
poolco	This will serve as a model for the restructured electric industry that combines the functions of an ISO and a Power Exchange. In its least flexible form, a PoolCo also prohibits direct transactions between buyers and sellers (I.e. all producers selling to the Pool and all consumers buy from the Pool.)
pickling	The liquid process of removing surface oxide and scale from metal which has been hot worked.
time temperature	An isothermal transformation diagram
hedge fund	An organisation trading in volatile markets which will go either long or short according to its view of the market
reproducibility	Reproducibility, although similar, should not be confused with repeatability. It is the closeness of agreement between independent results obtained with the same method on identical test material, under the same conditions but with different operators.
deseaming	A process of burning out defective areas on the surface of ingots, blooms or billets
draw	Term used to refer to the process of pulling/drawing a material out of a die, sizing it or increasing the physical properties
stainless steel	Corrosion resistant steel of a wide variety, but always containing a high percentage of chromium
soil stack	A plumbing vent pipe that penetrates the roof.
electric resistance weld	Method of manufacturing pipe or tube where by a longitudinal weld, created by an electronic current, bonds a seam using no filler metals or flux.
acsr	Acronym for aluminium conductor steel reinforced
dcrm	Disc Cutter Rotation Monitoring
core size	The inside diameter of the insert that the product is wrapped around.
wet strength	Breaking strength of paper saturated with water
eutectoid	A mixture of two or more constituents which
gravel	all sedimentary particles larger than 2 millimeters is called gravel
filler	An inert foreign substance added to a polymer to improve or modify its properties.
workhardening	Tendency of all metals to become harder when they are machined or subjected to other stresses and strains
ecosystem	the relationship of air, land, water and all living beings; a community of organisms and its environment
centers	Cone-shaped pins that support a workpiece by one or two ends during machining
b/l	Abbreviation of Bill of Lading.
microhardness	Hardness of a material as determined by forcing an indenter such as a Vickers or Knoop indenter into the surface of the material under very light load; usually, the indentations are so small that they must be measured with a microscope
carbon steel	Steel that owes its properties chiefly to the presence of carbon, without substantial amounts of other alloying elements; also termed "ordinary steel", "straight carbon steel", "plain carbon steel".
forging	The working of hot or cold metal to a predetermined shape through hammering upsetting, pressing, rolling or a combination of these processes.
white goods	The category of domestic appliances (refrigerators, ovens, washing machines, dishwashers etc.) that forms an important sub-sector of the market for steel flat products.
hot rolling	On a hot rolling line pre-heated steel (often in the form of slab, billet or bloom) are squeezed between heavy rolls
normal segregation	Concentration of alloying constituents that have low melting points, in those portions of a casting that solidify last.
tolerance	Allowable deviation from a nominal or specified dimension
qs 9000	Quality system requirements for the automotive industry
visqueen	A 4 mil or 6 mil plastic sheeting.
undercure	Degree of cure less titan optimum
die set	The holders for a self-contained set-of dies, where punch and die alignment is maintained without the aid of the press.
ingot	A casting intended for subsequent rolling or forging
admixture	Mixture of concentrate and water prepared to restore depleted cutting fluid to its original state.
obsolete scrap	Iron-bearing items such as old automobiles; household appliances; farm, office, and industrial equipment; ships and railroad cars; buildings and bridges that have completed their useful life which can be recovered from the junkyard and remelted
blast furnace	A vertical shaft-type smelting furnace in which a hot air blast is used for producing pig iron.
ferro alloys	Alloys of iron with chromium, manganese, silicon, tungsten, molybdenum or vanadium
lt	Loaded Trucks used in price quotation to indicate seller pays for handling
gauge	Commonly used to describe the thickness of aluminum sheet or coil in inches / millimeters
capacity utilisation	The percentage ratio of plant capacity actually used to that available
sub-zero	A low temperature treatment carried out after quenching
bandsawing	Long, endless band with many small teeth traveling over two or more wheels (one is a driven wheel, and the others are idlers) in one direction
air frame tubing	This tubing is produced for aircraft structural parts
elongation	The increase in length of a test specimen after rupture in a tensile test, expressed as a percentage or the original length.
meteorology	a science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena and especially with weather and weather forecasting
band polishing	Variation of bandsawing that uses an abrasive band to polish parts previously sawed or filed
wave	Out-of-flat condition generally introduced during cold-rolling of metal or alloy coils
steel	Iron, malleable in at least one range of temperature below its melting point without special heat treatment substantially free from slag, and containing carbon more than about 0.05% and less than about 2.00%.
test type	Examples of test types include Coefficient of Friction, Compression, Burst, Peel, 3 Point Bend, Tear and Tension.
soaking	Prolonged heating of a metal at selected temperature.
truss	a rigid frame composed of short, straight pieces joined to form a series of triangles or other stable shapes
whole house fan	A fan designed to move air through and out of a home and normally installed in the ceiling.
quartz	one of the most common minerals in the Earth's crust
precipitation hardening	A process in which the hardness and stressrupture strength can be improved of hardenable high-temperature steels, as well as titanium, nickel and cobalt alloys
cold rolling	See "Cold Finishing."
elastic limit	This is the stress value during a tensile or compression test after which the sample suffers permanent deformation. For Hookean materials, it is roughly equal to the limit of proportionality (LOP).
commercialization	Programs or activities that increase the value or decrease the cost of integrating new products or services into the electric sector.
b	Chemical symbol for Boron
die scratch	A longitudinal scratch on the surface of any drawn product resulting from the use of a roughened die or from the drag of a foreign particle between die and product.
buffing	Use of rapidly spinning wires or fibers to effectively and economically remove burrs, scratches and similar mechanical imperfections from precision and highly stressed components
strain	Usually used to denote the engineering strain. Quantitatively, it is the change in length of a specimen (as a result of an applied load) divided by the original length of the specimen; it is usually expressed as a percentage.
carbide precipitation	The phenomenon of carbides coming out of a solid solution, occurring in stainless steel when heated into the range of 800-1600 degrees Fahrenheit.
hardening	A method of heat treating metals by heating to a temperature within, or above, the critical range, holding at that temperature for a given time, and then cooling rapidly, usually by quenching in oil or water.
age hardening	A process in which certain nonferrous and ferrous alloys are heated, quenched and then aged at a relatively low temperature above room temperature, to allow precipitation hardening to occur
guide rings	See also wear rings, guide rings or bearing rings
continuous casting	ability to convert molten steel directly into slabs eliminating the traditional steps of first producing ingots (molds) and from there producing slabs
coefficient of thermal expansion	A physical property value representing the change in length per unit length, the change in area per unit area or the change in volume per unit volume per one degree increase in temperature.
chaplet	Supporting a core by inserting a mold cavity.
bull market	A market in which prices are rising.
rolling lap	A fault arising from the overfilling or mis-
nimonic	A group of nickel-based alloys used in jet engines.
single-crystal diamond	Industrial-grade, natural diamond
natural gas	a naturally occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons containing a significant proportion of methane (CH4 – in general over 90 %) and various amounts of non-hydrocarbon gases (inert components)
cluster mill	A rolling mill where each of the two working rolls of small diameter is supported by two or more backup rolls.
passivation	A technique for controlling the chemically reactive condition of a metal product or the surface of a metal product to make it less reactive
sub	A short coupling with different types and/or sizes of ends
mini mill	The term 'minimill' normally refers to a scrap-based EAF route steelmaking operation of relatively small scale (usually less than 500 kt capacity / year; thus much smaller than a typical BOF plant making several million t/yr) producing long products - although the concept is increasingly finding application in flat product mills
ferritic steel	Term usually applied to a group of stainless steels with a chromium content in the range of 12- 18o and whose structure consists largely of ferrite
stress relieving	A heat treatment including heating and soaking at a suitable temperature (e.g
rod mill	A steelworks producing billet and rolling it into rod, or a mill re-rolling acquired billet.
busbar	A rigid or flexible electrical connection for conveying heavy current to a furnace, aluminium smelting cell or electro refinery
astm	Formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials, an international organization that issues standards specifications for materials, including metals and alloys.
sensitization	Sensitization of stainless steel is defined as a susceptibility to preferential grain boundary attack
whiskers	Thin hair-like growths on metal that are barely visible to the naked eye, they are stronger than the metals from which they are formed, probably because they are free from defects.
roll	Rotation about an axis, as with a rotatable wrist.
argon-oxygen decarburization	A process of further reducing the carbon content of stainless steel during refinement
scaling temperature	Temperature above which an arbitrary rate of surface oxidation in air occurs
lemel	A precious metal trade term for scrap turnings and filings.
pigeon's blood red	While rubies come in a variety of red tones, the most valued color is pure red with a hint of blue, known as "pigeon's blood" red.
atactic	A type of polymer chain configuration wherein side groups are randomly positioned on one side of the chain or the other.
tensile strength	A measure of the resistance that a material offers to tensile stress
variation margin	Additional funds which may be requested (a margin call) to cover any losses on an open position, based on current market values (mark to market)
machining	Process of giving a workpiece a new configuration by cutting or shaping it
pickling	Removing surface oxides from metals by chemical or electrochemical reaction.
elongation	The amount of permanent extension or stretching a material will undergo before fracture
closed-loop system	CNC system in which the program output, or the distance the slide moves, is measured and compared to the program input
leaded	See free machining.
bright drawing	After steel bars have been cleaned to remove process scale (by shot blasting or pickling) they may be finished by being drawn through a die to ensure close dimensional tolerances and improve their mechanical properties
clearing house	An independent body appointed or owned by an exchange to clear and guarantee business transacted between member brokers
phase	Another way of referring to an allotropic form of an element such as iron or steel (or sulphur, or carbon etc.).
pleistocene epoch	a geologic time period, lasting from 1.8 million to 11,000 years ago, in which the most recent global cooling, or the ice ages, took place
phloem	a complex tissue in the vascular system of plants that consists mainly of sieve tubes and elongated cells, functioning in support and storage See also: xylem
foundry	(i) Place where castings are made
projection welding	A welding process that uses small projections on one or
squeegie	Fine pea gravel used to grade a floor (normally before concrete is placed).
slabbing mill	A mill for rolling slabs from ingots.
endmilling	Operation in which the cutter is mounted on the machine's spindle rather than on an arbor
mark-to-market	Accounting practice by which value is assigned to a position held in a financial instrument based on the current fair market price for the instrument or similar instrument
cam	Computer aided manufacturing
shear	A type of cutting operation in which the metal object is cut by means of a moving blade and fixed edge or by a pair of moving blades that may be either flat or curved.
load building	Programs aimed at increasing use of existing electric equipment or the addition of new equipment.
spillway	an overflow channel that allows dam operators to release lake water when it gets high enough to threaten the safety of a dam
galena	Lead ore.
impartial	treating or affecting all equally and fairly
constitution	(in relation to laws and policy) a : the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it b : a written instrument embodying the rules of a political or social organization
virgin metal	Steel obtained directly from ore and not used before.
strain	Deformation produced on a body by an outside force.
softening	The process of removing hardness (calcium and magnesium) from drinking water; done by chemical addition in municipal supplied and by ion exchange in homes.
heat-treating	Process that combines controlled heating and cooling of metals or alloys in their solid state to derive desired properties
aluminizing	Formation of an aluminum or aluminum-alloy coating on a metal by hot dipping, hot spraying or diffusion.
mill finish	A surface finish produced on sheet and plate
compression spring	Open-coil helical springs wound or constructed to oppose compression along the axis of wind
dead soft steel	A steel normally made in the basic open-hearth furnace or by the basic oxygen process with carbon less than 0.10% and manganese in the 0.20%-0.50% range and which is completely annealed.
jv	Short for joint venture
mult	Aluminum sheet is generally rolled at much wider widths than the finished width
impact test	A test to determine the energy absorbed in fracturing a test bar at high velocity
twist drill	Most common type of drill, having two or more cutting edges, and having helical grooves adjacent thereto for the passage of chips and for admitting coolant to the cutting edges
carbon steel	By definition alloying elements do not exceed the following limits: 1% Carbon, 0.6% Copper, 1.65% Manganese, 0.4% Phosphorus, 0.5% Silicon, and 0.05% Sulfur.
water tap	The connection point where the home water line connects to the main municipal water system.
variation margin	A payment made on a daily basis based on the adverse price movement in a position carried by a market participant
iron ore	Mineral containing enough iron to be a commercially viable source of the element for use in steelmaking
welding helmet	A device equipped with a filter plate designed to be worn on the head to protect eyes, face, and neck from arc radiation, radiated heat, spatter or other harmful matter expelled during some welding and cutting processes.
optical properties	A fundamental characteristic of gemstones is the way they interact with the light
mechanical working	Working metal through rolls, presses, hammers, etc., to change its shape, properties or structures.
tunnel furnace	Type of furnace whereby stock to be heated is placed upon cars, which are then pushed or pulled slowly through the furnace.
nonbearing wall	A wall supporting no load other than its own weight.
cold shut	A defect characterized by a fissure or lap on the surface of a forging that has been closed without fusion during the forging operation
universal mill	A rolling mill in which rolls with a vertical axis roll the edges of the metal stock between some of the passes through the horizontal rolls.
rockwell hardness test	A test for determining the hardness of a material based upon the depth of penetration of a specified penetrator into the specimen under certain arbitrarily fixed conditions of test.
cermets	Cutting tool materials based mostly on titanium carbonitride with nickel and/or cobalt binder
crown	In the center of metal sheet or strip, thickness greater than at the edge.
overfishing	to fish to the detriment of (a fishing ground) or to the depletion of (a kind of organism); to fish until all the fish are gone
dimensional stability	Ability of a substance or part to retain its shape when subjected to varying degrees of temperature, moisture, pressure, or other stress.
settlement	Shifts in a structure, usually caused by freeze-thaw cycles underground.
ultrasonic frequency	A frequency, associated with elastic waves, that is greater than the highest audible frequency, generally regarded as being higher that 15 kc per sec.
pickling	Use of solutions, usually acids, to remove surface oxides from a tube, may also be used to produce a desired surface finish.
trim and shave	See “CLIP AND SHAVE”
cast steel	A term originally applied to crucible steel and
rolled-in scratch	A scratch that occurs during the fabricating process and is subsequently rolled over.
eddy-current testing	An electromagnetic nondestructive testing method in which eddy current flow is induced in the object. Changes in the flow caused by variations in the object are reflected into a nearby coil or coils where they are detected and measured by suitable instrumentation.
proportional limit	The highest stress at which stress is directly proportional to strain
stamped/stamping	In the creation of some jewelry pieces, the metal will be cut or embossed with a die or punch
unwrought	See wrought metal.
iron carbide	One of the substitutes used in place of scrap for use in electric arch furnaces (EAF's for Mini-Mills)
integrated mills	Facilities that combine all the stainless steel making facilities from melt shop through hot rolling and cold finishing, to produce mill products.
sill seal	Fiberglass or foam insulation installed between the foundation wall and sill (wood) plate
descaling	It is necessary to remove the scale from hot
erosion	the movement of weathered rocks and soil
carbon range	In steel specifications, the carbon range is the difference between the minimum and maximum amount of carbon acceptable.
magnetic crack detection	The bar or component to be tested is
amorphous	The adjective amorphous, when applied to gemstones and gem materials, means a substance lacking crystalline structure
case hardening	Carburizing and subsequently hardening by suitable heat treatment, all or part of the surface portions of a piece of iron-base alloy.
duplex stainless steels	Contains a mix of austenite and ferrite that yields significantly higher yield strength and improved stress corrosion cracking resistance vs
corrosion	To prevent this occurrence, pipeline companies electrically connect or bond their pipes to one another using a copper wire
pressure-treated wood	Lumber that has been saturated with a preservative.
base steel thickness	The thickness of sheet steel without any coatings.
ph	Chemical symbol for Lead.
insertion point or cursor	A blinking line that tells you where text will be inserted if you were to start typing
coin	See “COLD STAMP”
galvanizing	Protective zinc coating.
inclusions	Particles of foreign material (usually chips, dirt, carbon, oxides) that are held mechanically on or within the metal.
rockwell hardness test	Forcing a cone - shaped diamond or hardened steel ball into the specimen being tested under standard pressure
fracture stress	1
ingot iron	Open hearth iron low in carbon, manganese and other impurities.
ferrite	A solid solution of one or more elements in body-centered cubic iron
wheelabrator	Device used to clean the surface of steel using small pieces of metal shot, much in the same manner as a sandblaster.
martensite	The hard constituent produced when steel is cooled from the hardening temperature at a speed greater than its critical cooling rate
kilogram force	The 'kilogram force' is 9.80665 newtons
intergranular corrosion	Preferential corrosion cracking at or along the grain boundaries of a metal.
pvd/cvd	Abbreviations for physical vapour deposition and chemical vapour deposition
bof	Basic oxygen furnace
mechanical properties	Material characteristics in response to externally applied forces
flexible assembly system	System that can be programmed to assemble a family or group of similar assemblies
blast furnace	A furnace used in integrated steelmaking in which coke and iron ore react together under a hot air flow to form liquid hot metal, also called pig iron.
copper foil	See Foil.
angle of entry	Determined by the position of the milling cutter's centerline relative to the edge of the workpiece
pig iron	Melted iron in a blast furnace containing a large amount of carbon (above 1.5%)
grain size	The average diameter of grains, usually determined microscopically, of an etched plane surface of the metal
option spread	The simultaneous purchase and sale of a pair of calls (or puts) in the same metal but at different strike prices or different expiration dates, or both
limiting ruling section	The maximum diameter of cross section of a bar or
barge	large, flat-bottomed boat used on rivers and canals
give-ups	A give-up occurs when a client instructs an executing LME broker to give up an uncleared contract to another of his LME brokers for the purpose of being entered into the clearing and eventually settled
downstream activities	General term for processing steps following initial steelmaking, especially re-rolling and coating, cutting to size and joining or fabricating, which add value to downstream products
selenium	An element that closely resembles sulphur in its properties
merchant bar	A wide-ranging variety of small and medium standard-sized long products available from mills, including a variety of cross-sections (round, square, oblong, hexagonal etc) and some shapes such as angles and channels
tone	Tone is one of the characteristics used to describe the appearance of color
bright drawn	A ‘bright drawn' steel is produced by drawing steel bar through a die without pre heating to obtain a smooth finish with tight tolerances.
cw	Continuous Weld a method of producing small diameter pipe (1/2 - 4")
audit trail	A regulatory requirement for records to track the progress of a futures market order
equiaxed crystals	Crystals, each of which has axes approximately
industrial robot	Robot designed for industrial use
flakes	Short, discontinuous internal fissures in ferrous metals attributed to stresses produced by localized transformations and decreased solubility of hydrogen during cooling after hot working
flakes	Short discontinuous internal fissures in ferrous metals attributed to stresses produced by localized transformation and decreased solubility of hydrogen during cooling after hot-working
commercially flat	Suppliers of steel plate or sheet undertake to meet flatness criteria within stated tolerances
tundish	Liquid steel is poured from the converter or furnace into a tundish and held ready for feeding in a controlled flow into a continuous casting line.
edgewise curvature	The lateral departure of the edges from a straight line, which may be unidirectional or reversing; in the latter case.
carbon free	Metals and alloys that have practically no carbon.
passive	Surface condition making the steel corrosion resistant, i.e
creep	The form of plastic deformation that takes place in steel held for long periods at high temperature
stc	The measure of sound stopping of ordinary noise.
cold drawing	The process of reducing the cross sectional area of
roundness	See Tube Measurement Terms.
tundish	The shallow refractory-lined basin on top of the continuous caster
killed steel	Steel deoxidized to such a level that essentially no reaction occurred between carbon and oxygen during solidification.
groundwater	Water present below the ground in the pores between soil particles and cracks of rocks.
reversing mill	A stand of reducing rolls where steel strip is passed back and forth through the rolls reducing the thickness of the steel with each pass.
roll chatter	Numerous intermittent lines or grooves that are usually full width and perpendicular to the rolling direction.
stainless steel	Steel containing 10.5% or more chromium
malleability	The property that determines the ease of deforming a metal when the metal is subjected to rolling or hammering
brokerage	(i) Commission charged by a broker for completing a transaction on an exchange
cutter mark	See Knife Mark
blowhole	A cavity which was produced during the solidification of metal by evolved gas, which in failing to escape is held in pockets.
alloy steel	By definition steels in which alloying elements exceed limits of the Carbon Steel, plus alloying elements not found in Carbon Steels such as Nickel, up to 3.99% (7.99% by another definition), Cobalt, etc.
fuel cell	An advanced energy conversion device that converts fuels to power very efficiently and with minimal environmental impact.
tick	The minimum permitted price fluctuation between one trade and the next on a futures market.
la	Chemical symbol for Lanthanum
jig	Tooling usually considered to be a stationary apparatus
heat check	Fine cracks in the forging dies caused by excessive heat or extended use without polishing
pavilion	A faceted stone can be divided into an upper and lower section, and the upper section or top is referred to as the crown
metallography	The science dealing with the constitution, and structure of metals and alloys as revealed by the unaided eye or by such tools as low powered magnification, optical microscope, electron microscope and diffraction or X-ray techniques.
inclusions	Particles of foreign material (or impurities) that are nonmetallic, which separate from the liquid steel and are mechanically held in during solidification
chamber	Beveling an edge or surface in order to relieve the sharpness.
slab	The semi (in steel) or non-ferrous equivalent intended for rolling into coil or sheet.
plural spray equipment	a two-component airless sprayer that regulates and maintains optimal heat levels of the base and activator before the parts are mixed and transferred through the hose to the spray gun.
louver	A vented opening into the home that has a series of horizontal slats and arranged to permit ventilation but to exclude rain, snow, light, insects, or other living creatures.
w c	An abbreviation for water closet (toilet).
broach	Tapered tool, with a series of teeth of increasing length, that is pushed or pulled into a workpiece, successively removing small amounts of metal to enlarge a hole, slot or other opening to final size.
docket	A formal record of a Federal Energy Regulatory Commission proceeding
substitutional alloy	This is an alloy where the atoms of the materials that make up the alloy have equal or very similar dimensions.
oxidation	In its simplest terms, oxidation means the combination of any substance with oxygen
stainless steel	Can be defined as a group of corrosion resisting steels containing a minimum 10% chromium and in which varying amounts of nickel, molybdenum, titanium, niobium as well as other elements may be present
cross direction	The direction at, right angles, to the direction of rolling or drawing.
tandem mill	Arrangement of rolling mills, in direct line, allowing the metal to pass from one set of rolls into the next.
trace	Extremely small quantity of an element, usually too small to determine quantitatively.
p	Chemical symbol for Phosphorus
boron steels	Steels that contain additions of boron, generally between 0.002-0.003%, which is added to increase the hardenability of the steel.
semi-fabricator	See Fabricator.
air-hardening steel	A steel containing sufficient carbon and other alloying elements to harden fully during cooling in air or other gaseous mediums from a temperature above its transformation range
stretch forming	Shaping of a sheet or part, usually of uniform cross section, by applying suitable tension or stretch and forming it around or over a die of the desired shape.
anodic protection	Polarization to a more oxidizing potential to achieve a reduced corrosion rate by the promotion of passivity.
roof jack	Sleeves that fit around the black plumbing waste vent pipes at, and are nailed to, the roof sheeting.
center rest	Support provided at the center of the working area of a cylindrical grinder to prevent part deflection during grinding.
semikilled steel	Steel that is incompletely deoxidized and contains sufficient dissolved oxygen to react with the carbon to form carbon monoxide and thus offset solidification shrinkage.
specialty alloys	Metals with distinct chemical and physical properties
centrifugal casting	Process of pouring metal into a mold, which rotates as the object/cast hardens
drill-grinding gage	Used to check a drill's entry angle into a workpiece
yielding	The onset of plastic deformation.
fold	See Lap.
full hard temper	In low carbon sheet or strip steel, stiff and springy, not suitable for bending in any direction
seawall	a wall or embankment to protect the shore from erosion or to act as a breakwater
toolbar	Toolbars carry collections of icons each attached to one or more commands, thus forming a tool button
plate	Carbon steel plates comprise that group of fla- rolled finished steel products within the following size limitation:
press forging	Forging metal, usually hot, between dies in a press.
width of cut	Width of the milled surface, reflecting a face milling cutter's radial engagement, and a peripheral milling cutter's axial engagement, in the cut.
contract for difference	A contract stipulating the seller will pay to the buyer the difference between the current value of an asset and the contract value.
blister	A defect in metal, on or near the surface, resulting from the expansion of gas in a subsurface zone.
polymer	A solid, nonmetallic (normally organic) compound of high molecular weight the structure of which is composed of small repeat (mer) units.
izod impact test	A test specimen, usually of square crossed section is notched and held between a pair of jaws, to be broken by a swinging or falling weight
dri	Direct reduced iron
longitudinal direction	The principal direction of flow in a worked metal.
cold reduction	The reduction of sectional dimensions of a tube by any of a number of types of cold-working operations.
flattening test	A quality test for tubing, where flattened between parallel plates closed to a specific height.
unit:	Many ores are priced per unit of the valuable metal contained
plagioclase feldspar	A feldspar containing sodium and/or calcium in addition to aluminum, silicon, and oxygen.
spirals	Sandy minerals such as mineral sands can be concentrated by slurrying and passing down a spiral channel to separate the heavy component.
graphitic corrosion	Deterioration of gray cast iron in which the metallic constituents are selectively leached or converted to corrosion products leaving the graphite intact
removal torque	The torque force, usually measured in N.m, required to unscrew a closure from a container.
carbide precipitation	Chemical reaction whereby the intermetallic carbides are formed within the crystal structure
ductility	Measured my elongation, ductility describes the plasticity of a pipe.
burning	Rotary tool that removes hard or soft materials similar to a rotary file
diamond pyramid hardness test	This test, more commonly known as the Vickers test, finds greater use in the laboratory than the workshop
nitriding	A case hardening process that depends on the absorption of nitrogen into the steel
cor-ten	A corrosion-resistant weathering steel.
machinability	Simply defined as a measure of the ease with
adsorption	The process where chemicals in a gas or liquid are attracted to a solid, such as activated carbon, and held in a thin layer at the surface of the solid.
transverse direction	A direction perpendicular to the direction of working or rolling.
cooling stresses	Stresses developed by uneven contraction or external constraint of metal during cooling; also those stresses resulting from localized plastic deformation during cooling, and retained.
ballast water	fresh or salt water (sometimes containing sediments) held in tanks and cargo holds of ships to increase stability and maneuverability during transit
iron	A magnetic metal characterized by its high tensile strength, ductility and malleability.
rough machining	Machining without regard to finish, usually to be followed by a subsequent operation.
hardness	The resistance of metal to plastic deformation by indentation
heat treatment	A combination of heating and cooling operations applied to a metal or alloy in the solid state to produce changes in physical and mechanical properties
butt weld	A weld between two pieces of beveled pipe of equal diameter.
erichen values	These are widely used in conjunction with other measures as an indication of the deep drawing properties of steel sheets and strip
holiday	An inconsistency in an applied pipe coating.
caliper	Thickness of paper measured in microns (1000microns = 1mm).
rancidity	Bacterial and fungal growths in water-miscible fluids that cause unpleasant odors, stained workpieces and diminished fluid life.
steel market update	High-quality newsletter and website dedicated to the North American flat rolled steel industry.
pickling paste	A commercially available product that performs the pickling function when used on the surface of stainless steel.
gauge	The thickness of a sheet or coil of steel.
drawn-in scratch	A scratch occurring in the fabricating process and subsequently drawn over making it relatively smooth to the touch.
stress	The load per unit of area
te	Chemical symbol for Tellurium.
axis - vertical	See Coils.
crush grinding	Method of producing intricate forms in a part by using a grinding wheel dressed to the shape of the form desired
transfer price	A calculated price assigned to intermediate goods transferred between partner companies or subsidiaries
sink	a lake or wetland can act as a sink for pollutants, where pollutants settle to the bottom and become submerged in soil
bessemer steel	The original 19th century steel produced by blowing air through molten steel in a converter.
deoxidation	The practice of adding elements to liquid steel before it is cast to reduce and control the level of dissolved oxygen in the liquid and therefore to control the amount of carbon monoxide evolved during solidification
astm	American Society for Testing Materials - ASTM International, formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), is a globally recognized leader in the development and delivery of international voluntary consensus standards.
transmission system	An interconnected group of electric transmission lines and associated equipment for moving or transferring electric energy in bulk between points of supply and points at which it is transformed for delivery over the distribution system lines to consumers or is delivered to other electric systems.
mss	Martensitic Stainless Steel
induction hardening	Localized heating of the surface area through alternating electric currents which heat the material above the critical temperature and immediately submit it to the quenching process.
grains	Crystals.
prepreg	Continuous fiber reinforcement preimpreginated with a polymer resin which is then partially cured
cme group	The world's largest futures markets operator, formed from the merger of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) and New York Mercantile Exchange (Nymex).
bulk ores	Ores shipped in very large volume without packing – mainly iron and managanese.
o	Chemical symbol for Oxygen.
atomic number	The total number of protons in an atom.
cathode copper	See Copper.
market	(i) The location of trading
uranium	A white malleable metal which is softer than steel
ingot iron	Commercially pure open-hearth iron.
monomer	A molecule consisting of a single mer unit.
assembly	Joining together two or more parts to complete a structure.
growth	In cast iron, a permanent increase in dimensions resulting from repeated or prolonged heating at temperatures above 480° C due either to graphitizing of carbides or to oxidation.
internal mixer	An enclosed mixing machine for rubber or other suitable material, inside or which are two (2) heavy mixing rotors which revolve in opposite directions with a small clearance between themselves and tine enclosing walls
magnetic chuck	Workholding device used on surface grinders and milling machines for holding ferrous parts with large, flat sides
sea outfall	General term for the construction of pipelines from the coastline into the open sea.
displacement	The total driven movement of a test stand
workability	The characteristic or group of characteristics that determines the ease of forming a metal into desired shapes.
buff streak	A dull continuous streak caused by smudge buildup on a buff used at shearing or other operations.
tensile strength	The ultimate strength of a material prior to fracture when subjected to an increasing tension load.For brittle solids: ceramics, glasses and brittle polymers - it is much less than the compressive elastic limit
ingot	A casting intended for subsequent rolling or forging.
ensign	military or naval flag
pot quenching	Quenching carburised parts directly from the carburising
structure	The arrangement of parts; in crystals, especially the shape and dimension of the unit cell, and the number, kinds and positions of the atoms within it.
precipitation hardening	The process of hardening an alloy by heating if for the purpose of allowing a structural constituent to precipitate from a solid solution.
shear modulus of elasticity	Also known as modulus of rigidity, shear modulus, or torsional modulus.
anode	A cast, flat fire-refined shape used as the raw material in electrolytic refining
carburizing	A process that introduces carbon into a solid ferrous alloy by heating the metal in contact with a carbonaceous material-solid, liquid or gas-to a temperature above the transformation range and holding at that temperature.
camber	The deviation of a side edge from a straight line, the measurement being taken on the concave side with a straight edge.
in warehouse	Buyer of metal in warehouse is responsible for all costs of removing the metal to his own transport
billet	A semi-finished round or square form of steel that can be hot worked through forging, rolling or extrusion
herringbone	Elongated alternate bright and dull markings at an angle to the rolling direction and having the appearance of a herringbone pattern.
carburising	The introduction of carbon into the surface layer of
border transfer station	a facility used for the metering and regulation of the quantity of gas transferred between domestic and foreign gas systems.
tap-to-tap time	The length of time between successive melting cycles or heats.
ferro-alloy	An alloy of iron with another metal used either as an ingredient for the finished steel or as a consumable addition to the furnace burden, or as both
acid rain	Airborne toxic contaminants, such as car emissions and the burning of other fossil fuels, enter the atmosphere and come back down to the land in the form of acid rain
solid solution	A single solid homogeneous crystalline phase containing two or more chemical species.
crude steel	The first solid steel product upon solidification of liquid steel
quenching	Rapid cooling of the workpiece with an air, gas, liquid or solid medium
tipping fee	A credit received by municipal solid waste companies for accepting and disposing of solid waste.
predator	an animal that preys on other animals as a source of food
stockist	A stockist holds supplies of steel products ready for sale to users
steel	An alloy of Carbon and Iron.
corrosion resistance alloys	These are materials which provide a higher degree of stress corrosion and/or chloride pitting resistance than that of common types 2XX, 3XX, or 4XX stainless steels
bottom die	The stationary half-die.
electrolyte	A liquid that can conduct electricity; electrolytes are used for electroplating or deposition by electrolysis.
transformation ranges (transformation temperature	Those ranges of temperature within which austenite forms during heating and transform during cooling
roll leveler lines	Lines running transverse to the direction of leveling
austenitizing	Forming austenite by heating a ferrous alloy into the transformation range (partial austenitizing) or above the transformation range ( complete austenitizing).
cyaniding	A process in which an iron-base alloy is heated in contact with a cyanide salt so that the surface absorbs carbon and nitrogen
long products	Category of stainless steel that includes rods, bars, and structural products that are described as long rather than flat.
isotropy	See Earing
weldability	The feasibility of welding a particular metal or alloy
form-rolling machine	Used to roll splines, gears, worms and threads
ccd	Charged Coupled Device
heat exchanger	equipment that transfers heat from one liquid to another with no mixing of fluids.
miter joint	The joint of two pieces at an angle that bisects the joining angle
i-beam	a rolled iron or steel joist (beam like those used in house construction) having an "I" section, with short flanges
heat treatment	A combination of heating and cooling operations, timed and applied to a metal or alloy in the solid state in a way that will produce desired properties
tube	A hollow product of round or any other cross-section, having a continuous periphery.
oil can	An area in a formed panel that when depressed slightly will recover its original contour after the depressing force is removed.
crystalline fracture	A type of fracture that appears bright and glittering, it having formed along the cleavage planes of the individual crystals
isotactic	A type of polymer chain configuration wherein all side groups are positioned on the same side of the chain.
monofilament	a single strand is used in the weaving process; the strand is flattened to a ribbon-like shape, rather than a thread-shape.
sole plate	The bottom, horizontal framing member of a wall that's attached to the floor sheeting and vertical wall studs.
forming	Bending and forming plate or sheet products into customer specified shapes and sizes with press brakes
galvannealed	An extra tight coat of galvanizing metal (zinc) applied to a soft steel sheet, after which the sheet is passed through an oven at about 1200 degrees F
cold reduction	The reduction of metal size, usually by rolling or drawing particularly thickness, while the metal is maintained at room temperature or below the recrystallization temperature of the metal.
sand	loose particles of rock or mineral that range in size from 0.0625 - 2.0 millimeters in diameter
stabilization	Making the steel more resistant to intercrystalline corrosion sensitization by adding small amounts of either titanium or niobium to the steel
edge contours	See Finished Edges.
pig iron	Iron produced by reduction of iron ore in the blast furnace.
teeming	Industry term for pouring molten metal, usually into ingot moulds.
interpolation	A mathematical method of estimating a value that falls between two data points. Linear interpolation is the most common form where a simple estimation is made by drawing a straight line between the two data points.
dent	A sharply defined surface impression on the metal which may be caused by a blow from another object.
nozzle	a device with a variable flow cross-section where the flow rate is increased in the direction of fluid flow, and frequently the flow direction is also changed.
eff	Exchange for futures – a transaction whereby an off-exchange contract is exchanged for an on-exchange one.
fatigue strength	Highest value of stress that a material can withstand for a given number of cycles.
category	LME members are divided into five categories – Ring Dealing, ABCM, Associate Trade Clearing, Associate Broker and Associate Trade.
isobar	a line on a state diagram showing an isobaric process (a process happening at constant system pressure).
diffusion	1
cold reduced strip	Metal strip, produced from hot-rolled strip, by rolling on a cold reduction mill.
natural gas	A gas used as a fuel, which is formed naturally in the earth when organic material decomposes under pressure.
center drill	Drill used to make mounting holes for workpiece to be held between centers
intensity	The term intensity is used interchangeably with the term saturation.
temper brittleness	The loss in impact resistance that is present
ingot	A casting for subsequent rolling or forging.
table percentage	The table percentage of a diamond represents the ratio of table width to overall stone width
coupling	Sleeve (usually threaded) used to connect two pieces of pipe
dish	The transverse departure of the concave surface from a straight line from edge to edge.
cold rolling	The passing of sheet or strip that has previously been hot-rolled and pickled through cold rolls, i.e
plan view	Drawing of a structure with the view from overhead, looking down.
pole piece	A magnetic material that channels a magnetic field from a magnet into a pipe material.
tufftriding	A form of surface hardening, the process involves nitrogen but does not achieve the hardness of conventional nitriding.
strain hardening	An increase in hardness and strength caused by plastic deformation at temperatures lower than the recrystallization range.
continuous pickling	Passing sheet or strip metal continuously through a series of pickling and washing tanks.
stress relieving	Heating to a suitable temperature, holding long enough to reduce residual stresses and then cooling slowly enough to minimize the development of new residual stresses.
martempering	A heat treatment involving austenitisation followed by step quenching, at a rate fast enough to avoid the formation of ferrite, pearlite or bainite to a temperature slightly above the Ms point
culet	The term culet is used to describe the bottommost facet on the pavilion of a gemstone
gantry robot	Robot positioned by means of an overhead supporting structure such as a crane or bridge-type support.
brinell	The standard test for hardness of metal
joule	A unit of energy
seam welding	An electric-resistance type of welding process, in which the lapped sheet is passed between electrodes of the roller type while a series of overlapping spot welds is made by the intermittent application of electric current.
bluing	Refers to a thin blue film of oxide that forms on a scale or rust free surface of a ferrous (or metal primarily composed of iron) alloy
depth of cut	Distance between the bottom of the cut and the uncut surface of the workpiece, measured in a direction at right angles to the machined surface of the workpiece.
c	Chemical symbol for Carbon.
corrosion potential	The potential of a corroding surface in an electrolyte relative to a reference electrode under open-circuit conditions.
raise	A shaft between two levels in a mine which has been dug from the bottom up.
bend test	Bending tests are carried out to ensure that a metal has sufficient ductility to stand bending without fracturing
millegrain	Created with a special engraving tool, a millegrain edge is a raised design along the edge of a piece of jewelry.
pearlite	A lamellar aggregate of ferrit and cementite, often occurring in steel and case iron.
legacy costs	Any costs that are associated with prior operations
usb	Universal Serial Bus, now USB2.0
creep strength	(1) The constant nominal stress that will cause a specified quantity of creep in a given time at a constant temperature
annuity	A series of equal cash flows over a number of years.
inches per minute	Value that refers to how far the workpiece or cutter advances linearly in 1 minute, defined as: ipm = ipt 5 number of effective teeth 5 rpm
esr and var	Like holding a popsicle upside down a few inches above a very cold glass
assay	The independent evaluation of the physicochemical composition of a metal or alloy to determine its degree of purity
oscillate	to swing backward and forward like a pendulum; to move or travel back and forth between two points
austenite	The solid solution of carbon in gamma (face centered
wll	Work Load Limit, this is the recommended weight limit for safe use of a product.
normalizing	A process in which a ferrous alloy is heated to a suitable temperature above the transformation range and is subsequently cooled in still air at room temperature.
amphibole group	Mineral group in which all members are double chain silicates.
vitreous	Vitreous describes to a glass-like luster on a stone.
extrusion	Shaping metal into a chosen continuous form by forcing it through a die of appropriate shape.
rockwell hardness	A standard method for measuring or testing the hardness of metals
global warming potential	An index used to compare the relative radiative forcing of different gases without directly calculating the changes in atmospheric concentrations
ingot	A form of semi-finished type of metal including stainless steel
in-the-money	An option whose strike price is above the current market price if a put or below it if a call.
scale	The oxidised surface of steel produced during hot working, as in rolling, and by exposure to air or steam at elevated temperature.
temper	The condition of an alloy produced by mechanical and/or thermal treatment, and characterized by certain mechanical properties and structure
as rolled	When bars are hot rolled and allowed to cool in the air, they are to be in the "as rolled" or natural condition.
terneplate	Steel sheet coated with a lead-tin alloy
basic oxygen furnace	A pear-shaped furnace, lined with refractory bricks, which refines molten iron from the blast furnace and scrap into steel
flexural strength	Maximum fiber stress developed in a specimen just before it cracks or breaks in a flexure test
sheared edges	Sheared edge is obtained when rolled edge is removed by rotary slitter or mechanical shear.
present worth factor	The adjustment factor that discounts a sum of future dollars back to the current year.
lattice	The regular geometrical arrangements of points in a crystal phase.
bearing quality steels	Steels suitable for use in balls, rollers and races of high quality anti-friction bearings.
fmea	Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, a component of QS 9000.
jig saw steel	Hardened, tempered and bright-polished with round edges
cutoff blade	Blade mounted on a shank or arbor and held in a milling-machine spindle for simple cutoff tasks.
copolymer	A polymer that consists of two or more dissimilar mer units in combination along its molecular chains.
galling	Condition whereby excessive friction between high spots results in localized welding with subsequent spalling and further roughening of the rubbing surface(s) of one or both of two mating parts.
mill	(i) The complex of crushers, ball mills and flotation cells that comprise a concentrator
vise	Workholding device that mounts on various machining tables
cutter compensation	Feature that allows the operator to compensate for tool diameter, length, deflection and radius during a programmed machining cycle.
true stress	True stress is the load divided by the instantaneous area of the specimen.
machinability	Measure of ease at which a metal can be machined satisfactorily.
deformation	A change in the shape or size of an object due to an applied force.
scale	1) A heavy oxide coating on copper and copper alloys resulting from exposure to high temperatures in an oxidizing atmosphere
sheet	A stainless steel flat rolled product that is under 3/16 inches in thickness and 24 inches and over in width.
contact corrosion	When two dissimilar metals are in contact without a protective barrier between them and they are in the presence of liquid, an electrolytic cell is created
ferroalloy	Metal products such as ferrochrome, ferromanganese, and ferrosilicon that are commonly used as raw materials to aid various stages in stainless steel making.
pellet	In iron ore, fines are blended with clay and rolled into pellets of 6-10 mm diameter and sintered to make a suitable charge to the blast furnace or for direct reduction (see DRI).
shot peening	Cold working a metal's surface by metal-shot impingement.
deep drawing	A cold forming the manufacturing process of forming sheet metal stock, called blanks, into geometrical or irregular shapes that are more than half their diameters in depth
permalloy	Nickel alloys that containing about 20% to 60% of iron and are used for their high magnetic permeability and electrical resistivity.
swaging	A method of forming or reducing steel or other metals to a desired shape by a series of blows rapidly applied by dies or hammers
quartz	Mineral with the formula SiO2.
cd rom	Compact Disk
heat-treatable alloys	Alloys in the 2XXX, 6XXX and 7XXX series can be strengthened by heat-treating
coated paper	Paper or Board with a coating to produce a smooth, ink receptive finish that will enhance the sharpness and gloss of the printed image.
littoral transport	the movement of sedimentary material along the shoreline by waves and currents
gamma iron	The allotropic form of iron existing between the temperature 910oC and 1400oC is known as Gamma Iron
bending strength	The amount of force applied in a flexure test to a sample before it either breaks or cracks. Also known as flexural strength.
ceramic coating	Coating the surface of steel components with a ceramic slurry and then firing it, to provide a high-temperature, hard, wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant coating.
washburn core	A thin core which constricts the riser at the point of attachment to the casting
basic steel	Steel melted in a furnace that has a basic bottom and lining, and under a slag that is dominantly basic.
strip	Long lengths of narrow rolled material, usually sold coiled; often produced by slitting coil.
light-gauge steel	Very thin steel sheet that has been temper-rolled or passed through a cold-reduction mill
minor span	This is the distance between the upper supports in a 4 point bend, or flexure test
delivered	A delivered price includes free delivery to the buyer's works or warehouse, including, unless otherwise specified, any import duty
unbundling	Disaggregating electric utility service into its basic components and offering each component separately for sale with separate rates for each component. For example, generation, transmission and distribution could be unbundled and offered as discrete services.
cost of finance	The cost of maintaining a physical cash position
elastic limit	The maximum stress that can be applied to a
pitting corrosion	Pitting indicates deep corrosion in localized spots on a fastener
black oxide	Black finish on a metal produced by immersing it in hot oxidizing salts or salt solutions.
dredging	to deepen a waterway with a dredging machine See also: Great Lakes Dredging Team
cockle	The puckering or wrinkling of inkjet output
dead soft temper	Condition of maximum softness commercially attainable in wire, strip, or sheet metal in the annealed state.
blank	A section of sheet stainless steel that has the outer dimensions of a specific part but has not yet been stamped by the end user
austenite	A phase in certain steels, characterized as a solid solution, usually of carbon or iron carbide, in the gamma form of iron.
graphitizing	Annealing a ferrous alloy in such a way that some or all of the carbon is precipitated as graphite.
rupture strength	Nominal stress developed in a material at rupture
tempering	A treatment used to remove brittleness from mainly quench hardened steels and achieved by thoroughly soaking the material, at an alloy dependent temperature, prior to cooling
silver solder	A silver-based alloy for joining copper and its alloys more strongly than with soft (lead-tin) solder.
modulus of rupture	Stress at rupture from a bend test.
iosda	Iron ore and steel derivatives association
reliability	A measure of the ability of the system to continue operation while some lines or generators are out of service
quenching	Process of rapid-cooling from an elevated temperature by contact with liquids, gasses or solids.
ferrite	One of the phases or microstructure constituents of steel at room temperature.
atmosphere	Gaseous environment surrounding a material during heat treating
tracer attachment	Used to duplicate a workpiece
skin	A thin surface layer that is different from the main mass of a metal object, in composition, structure or other characteristics.
phosphor bronze	Copper base alloys to which phosphor has been added in the molten state for deoxidizing and strengthening purposes; known for its excellent toughness, strength, fine grain, resistance to fatigue and wear and chemical resistance.
drawn-over-mandrel	A procedure for producing specialty tubing using a drawbench to pull tubing through a die and over a mandrel, giving excellent control over the inside diameter and wall thickness
ph value	A method of expressing differences in the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
critical cooling rate	Minimum cooling rate that will suppress undesired transformations in a metal.
tap	Cylindrical tool that cuts internal threads and has flutes to remove chips and carry tapping fluid to the point of cut
bend test	A test commonly made by bending a cold sample of specified size and through a specific circular angle
gas chromatograph	a device used for the analysis of gases, primarily in order to determine their composition
marsh	type of wetland ecosystem characterized by poorly drained mineral soils and by plant life dominated by grasses
oxygen	Oxygen is one of the chief constituents of the
extensometer	A test apparatus for indicating the deformation of metal while it is subjected to stress.
core	The center portion of a piece of steel which may be of different chemical composition that the outside, as in the case of carburized parts, or which may have different physical properties than the outside due to the failure of penetration of heat treatment effect.
laminations	Defects resulting from the presence of blisters, seams or foreign inclusions aligned parallel to the worked surface of a metal.
steckel mill	A reversing mill that reduces the gauge of a steel work piece in a succession of iterations; a single set of rollers through which the worked steel passes, is (usually) re-heated and passes back after the gap between the rolls is reduced.
hardness	Degree to which a metal will resist cutting, abrasion, penetration, bending and stretching.
commercial bronze	A copper-zinc alloy containing 90% copper and 10% zinc; commonly used for screws, wire and hardware.
neutron	A subatomic particle that contributes mass to an atom and is electrically neutral.
price-taking	Parties to a period pricing contract are price-taking when they import a reference price into the operation of their contract
punching	The cutting of holes into carbon steel beams or plates by pressing or welding per customer specifications.
stockist	A stockist holds supplies of non-ferrous semis and steel products ready for sale to users
pickup	Small particles of oxide adhering to the surface of the aluminum sheet, usually originating from the hot-rolling operation
window sash	The operating or movable part of a window
chord	The length of the chord line (metres).
bend test	Various tests which are used to ascertain the toughness and ductility of a metal product, in which the material is bent around its axis and/ or around an outside radius
pit	1) A hole or defect remaining when a foreign particle embedded in the metal surface falls out.
ion exchange	A process in water treatment used to remove chemicals, especially those causing hardness. The ion exchange resin is composed of small plastic beads which have sodium ions on the surface. When untreated water is passed through the resion, the hardness ions (calcium and magnesium) exchange with the sodium ions on the resin, reducing the hardness of the water.
lumens	Unit of measure for total light output
die	When the term die is applied to steel, it often refers to the drawing dies through which hot rolled bars are drawn to produce the finish and dimensional accuracy that is required for cold finished steel.
austenitizing	Heating an alloy above its transformation temperature and then quenching it in a salt bath or other medium that extracts the heat at a sufficiently high rate to prevent formation of undesirable high-temperature-transformation qualities on its surface or in its microstructure
closure	Any structure or device designed to close off the opening of a container and prevent loss of its contents.
impact test	A test to determine the behavior of materials when subjected to high rates of loading usually in bending, tension, or torsion
molybdenum	Its use as an alloying element in steel increases hardenability and in low alloy steels reduces the risk of temper brittleness
shearing test	The test applied to metal to determine the stress required
camber	(1) Deviation from edge straightness usually referring to the greatest deviation of side edge from a straight line
frequency response	This is the ability of a system output to replicate the input
vickers hardness test	See hardness.
approach angle	Angle between the insert's side-cutting edge and the line perpendicular to the milling cutter's axis of rotation
inclination angle	Angle that the cutter edge makes with a plane that is perpendicular to the direction of tool travel
pit	A sharp depression in the surface of metal.
pilot	A utility program offering a limited group of customers their choice of certified or licensed energy suppliers on a one year minimum trial basis.
finishes	The surface appearance of the various metals after final treatment.
i-joist	Manufactured structural building component resembling the letter "I"
strain	Change per unit length in a linear dimension of a part or specimen under load
descaling	It is necessary to remove the scale from hot rolled bars or coil before bright drawing
accuracy	Accuracy is the agreement between the test result and the "actual" value
slag	The impurities in a molten pool of iron
flow lines	Deformation of the crystal structure revealed on a polished and etched section of a hot or cold formed piece which discloses the manner in which the metal is made to fill and follow a die contour.
chopper or chopping press	A machine used to shear rather than saw slugs cut from wrought material.
geotechnical engineer	an engineer who evaluates and stabilizes foundations for buildings, roads, and other structures
water test	To subject a casting to water pressure in such a manner that any porous areas will show leakage.
welding	The process of joining together two pieces of metal
austenite	A solid solution of one or more elements in gamma iron
orange peel	A surface roughening defect resulting from using metal that has a coarse grain size
compression	(1) The process of increasing the pressure of gas to maintain its flow in a pipeline system
pellet	(i) In iron ore, fines are blended with clay and rolled into pellets of 6 – 10mm diameter and sintered to make a suitable charge to the blast furnace or for direct reduction
cup fracture	Fracture, frequently seen in tensile test pieces of a ductile material, in which the surface of failure on one portion shows a central flat area of failure in tension, with an exterior extended rim of failure in shear.
ultrasonic waves	Waves of ultrasonic frequency, which include longitudinal, transverse, surface and standing waves
sentiment	The collective mood of a market
pressure tubing	Tubing produced for the purpose of containing or conducting fluids or gases under pressure
soil pipe	A large pipe that carries liquid and solid wastes to a sewer or septic tank.
settlement	Sinking of the ground surface due to loosening and disturbance of the natural layering around the void (stress redistribution).
dike	an artificial watercourse; a bank usually of earth constructed to control or confine water, such as a levee
cleanup	The amount of metal removal required to obtain desired dimensions and complete removal of inherent surface imperfections.
limit	In some futures markets (e.g Comex, SHFE) there is a limit to the rise or fall in the price of a commodity during a given period of time, usually a day
beach dunes	dunes that develop on the low-lying shores of Lake Michigan, consisting mostly of sand
mcquaid-ehn test	A special test for revealing the austenitic grain size of ferritic steels when the steel is heated to 1700 Degree F
extras	Additional charges for specified sizes, gauges, tolerances.
london metal exchange	the metals trading center for the Western World
bog	type of wetland ecosystem characterized by wet, spongy, poorly drained peaty soil
aluminum oxide	Aluminum oxide, also known as corundum, is used in grinding wheels
perimeter	the distance around the outside of a shape
stack	To position trusses on the walls in their correct location.
titanium	Titanium is a metal with an extremely high melting point that is part of group of other metals with high melting points known as refractory metals
'temper' brittleness	Brittleness that results when certain steels are held within, or are cooled slowly through, a certain range of temperature below the transformation range
base period	The period of time for which data used as the base of an index number, or other ratio, have been collected.
burning	(1) Permanently damaging a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation
billet	A semi-finish rolled ingot of rectangular cross section or nearly so, In general the term "billet" is used when the cross section ranges from 4 up to 36 sq
hot quenching	Cooling in a medium, the temperature of which is
strip	Flat steel coil products, with widths of less than 600mm for hot rolled products and less than 500mm for cold rolled products
photosynthesis	the process by which plants transform energy from the sun into the energy they need to survive
shearing	Trimming of the edges of sheet strip to make them parallel
pig iron	The high carbon iron produced from the blast furnace and cast into 'pig'.
fungicide	Additive to cutting fluids to inhibit fungi
carbon steel	Metal alloy formed by a combination of iron and carbon, where other elements are present in quantities too small to affect the properties
cores	Cores are thick cardboard sleeves that hold light gauges coils in the same way that thin cardboard sleeves hold Aluminum wrap in your home
eue	External upset ends forging of ends on (API) tubing and drill pipe to provide additional thickness for strengthening connections
shoe	Sub sometimes run on bottom of casing string with special metallurgy or design to help pipe to bottom through tight or bridged spots in drill hole.
orange peel	A surface roughening (defect) encountered in forming products from metal that has a coarse grain size
valley	The "V" shaped area of a roof where two sloping roofs meet
stress	Load per unit of area
smote	to strike sharply or heavily especially with the hand or an implement held in the hand
cutting knives	Special cutting tools equipped with a hard metal disks
ionic bonding	Bonding due to the attraction between positively charged ions and negatively charged ions.
reduction of area	The percentage decrease in the cross- sectional area of a tensile test piece caused by wasting or necking of the specimen
mirror finish	A highly reflective finish obtained by polishing with successively finer abrasive and buffing extensively free of grit lines
flatness	Relative term for the measure of deviation of flat rolled material from a plane surface: usually determined as the height of ripples or waves above a horizontal level surface.
phosphorus	The presence of this element in steel is usually regarded as an undesirable impurity due to its embrittling effect
inclusions	Nonmetallic materials in a solid metallic matrix.
metal service center institute	North American association of steel and metal stockists
iron	Pure iron is a relatively soft metal, but it is rarely encountered as the reduction of iron ore by established processes produces impure forms
lathe turning	Machining operation in which a workpiece is rotated, while a cutting tool removes material, either externally or internally.
weldability	Suitability of a metal for welding under specific conditions.
tanker	ship, aircraft or vehicle for carrying liquid in bulk
test	Vickers test, finds greater use in the laboratory
electron	The basic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom
castrip	Process to directly cast molten steel into a final shape and thickness without additional hot or cold rolling
nb	Chemical symbol for Niobium.
ratemaking authority	The utility commission's authority as designated by a State or Federal legislature to fix, modify, and/or approve rates.
extrusion	The process of shaping metal into a chosen continuous form by forcing it through a die of appropriate shape
corrosion embrittlement	The embrittlement caused in certain alloys by exposure to a corrosive environment
strain	Change per unit length in a linear dimension of a part or specimen, usually expressed in %
nonferrous	Metals or alloys that contain no appreciable quantity of iron; applied to such metals as aluminum, copper, magnesium, and their alloys
cut and cover	a method of tunnel construction that involves digging a trench, building a tunnel, and then covering it with fill
overcut	Difference between the excavation diameter and the diameter of the shield skin or pipe string.
rie	Stands for Recognised Investment Exchange within the UK's Financial Services Act
high strength steel	Commonly known as High Strength Alloy(HSLA)-A specific class of low-alloy steels in which increased mechanical properties and, usually, good resistance to atmospheric corrosion are obtained with moderate amounts of one or more alloying elements other than carbon.
crop	The imperfect ends of a rolled or forged Product which are removed and discarded.
crc	A closure which makes removal by a child difficult. Usually, these are ‘push-and-twist' or ‘squeeze-and-twist' type caps.
granular fracture	A type of irregular surface produced when metal is broken, that is characterized by a rough, grainlike appearance as differentiated from a smooth silky, fibrous, type
forward curve	Representation of the future value the market has attributed to the underlying asset at a particular moment in time through active trading.
tonne	2204.62262 Net tons
compression testing	The act of determining sample behavior under a crushing or compressive force.
pickling	Removing surface oxides from metals by chemical or electrochemical reaction.
overhang	Outward projecting eave-soffit area of a roof; the part of the roof that hangs out or over the outside wall
controlled cooling	A process of cooling from an elevated temperature in a predetermined manner, to avoid hardening, cracking or internal damage, or to produce a desired microstructure
bronze	Originally a term for copper alloys having tin as the only or principal alloying element
manufacturing resources planning	Management method, normally computer-aided, for cost-effective control of manufacturing support functions, such as inventory, production equipment and personnel
asian style option	An option that can be exercised at the average underlying price over a set period of time.
forging	(1) As a noun; a metal product which gas been formed by hammering or pressing
conveyor	continuous moving belt to transport objects from one place to another
outside diameter	The measurement from any two points on the outside of a pipe passing through the geometric center.
acid steel	Steel melted in a furnace with an acid bottom and lining and under a slag containing an excess of an acid substance such as silica.
hot working	Plastic deformation of metal at a temperature sufficiently high not to create strain hardening
fob pricing	Free on Board Pricing
be	Chemical symbol for Beryllium.
ti	Chemical symbol for Titanium
case	The surface layer of an iron-base alloy which has been made substantially harder than the interior by the process of case hardening.
intercoat adhesion	The adherence which is observed between the primer and topcoat of a paint system.
carriage stop	Mechanical device placed on the lathe head or ways to prevent over-travel that might damage the machine or workpiece.
roof joist	The rafters of a flat roof
semikilled steel	Steel that is completely deoxided and contains sufficient dissolved oxygen to react with the carbon to form carbon monoxide to offset solidification shrinkage.
modulus of elasticity	When a material is subjected to an external load
matte dip	See Dip Solution.
heat	(1) Form of energy that raises the temperature of bodies into which it is absorbed; or (2) an individual bath of metals as it is melted in a furnace.
bearing strength	The maximum bearing load at failure divided by the effective bearing area
reduction of area	(1) Commonly, the difference , expressed as a percentage of original area, between the original cross-sectional area of a test tensile specimen and the minimum cross sectional area measured after complete separation
stereoisomerism	Polymer isomerism in which side groups within mer units are bonded along the molecular chain in the same order, but in different spatial arrangements.
framework silicate structure	Crystal structure in which all four oxygen ions of a silica tetrahedron are shared by adjacent ions.
pictograph	an ancient or prehistoric drawing or painting on a rock wall; one of the symbols belonging to a pictorial graphic system
methane	A hydrocarbon gas that is the main ingredient in natural gas.
rabble	A kind of rake for stirring solid material in a furnace
coating thickness	The thickness of steel sheet including any metallic coatings (i.e
internal soundness	Refers to condition of inside of materiallack of defects, pipe, segregation, non-uniformity of composition.
scaling	Oxidation of metal due to heat resulting in relatively heavy surface layers of oxide.
drop weight tear test	Impact test used to determine the nil ductility transition temperature of ferric steel.
lap	A surface defect appearing as a seam caused from folding over hot metal, fins, or sharp corners and then rolling or forging, without welding them into the surface.
load control program	A program in which the utility company offers a lower rate in return for having permission to turn off the air conditioner or water heater for short periods of time by remote control, allowing the utility to reduce peak demand.
bauxite	Aluminium trihydrate, the most common raw material for the production of alumina
kaldo process	One of the family of basic oxygen steelmaking processes which uses an inclined, rotating cylindrical furnace in which oxygen is injected through a lance in the center line of the furnace
free stream	The direction of flow of undisturbed air in front of a wing section.
brinell hardness test	A test in which a hardened steel ball, usually 10mm in diameter, is pressed into the surface of the steel for a set time using a load of 3000kgf
elastic recovery	Nonpermanent deformation that is recovered or regained upon release of a mechanical stress.
macrostructure	The structure of metal as revealed by macroscopic examination.
starter strip	Asphalt roofing applied at the eaves that provides protection by filling in the spaces under the cutouts and joints of the first course of shingles.
chill cast pig	Pig iron case into metal molds of chills
anode	1) In corrosion processes, usually the metal that has the greater tendency to dissolve
process annealing	In the sheet and wire industries, a process by which a ferrous alloy is heated to a temperature close to, but below, the lower limit of the transformation range and is subsequently cooled
spot testing	A method of identifying scrap metal by adding drops of one or more acids to the sample and studying the colour change, reaction etc.
modulus of toughness	The work done on a unit volume of material as a simple tensile force is gradually increased from zero to the value causing rupture is defined as the Modulus of Toughness
hardening	hardening, in metallurgy, treatment of metals to increase their resistance to penetration
man-hours per ton	This is a measure of labor efficiency - the ratio of total hours worked by steel employees to the tons shipped for a given period of time
ozone cracking	The surface cracks, checks, or crazing caused by exposure to an atmosphere containing ozone.
carbon steel	Steel whose major properties depend on its carbon content and in which other alloying elements are negligible.
cavitation damage	The wearing of a metal due to the collapse and formation of cavities in a liquid.
ingot/ingot cast	Historically, after steel had been melted and refined, it was cast into ingot molds
centrifuge	a machine that uses centrifugal force to separate substances of different densities, to remove moisture, or to simulate gravitational effects
non-ferrous metals	Metals or alloys that are free of iron or comparatively so.
concrete	a mixture of water, sand, small stones, and a gray powder called cement
molten aluminium	Some aluminium secondary ingot makers supply metal to nearby foundries in the molten state in insulated ladles on special trucks.
k	Chemical symbol for potassium.
shear lip	Narrow, slanting ridge along the edge of a fracture surface
spade drill	Flat end-cutting tool used to produce holes ranging from about 1" to 6" in diameter
sled / sled weight	The sled is the moving element used in a friction test. The term weight here is used to mean ‘mass' of the sled. For standard test methods, the mass of the sled is normally required to be within limits.
hydrogen	An undesirable impurity if present in steel and a cause
spring steel	A medium carbon steel with high yield strength obtained by alloying with silicon and manganese.
capped steel	Semi-killed steel that has characteristics similar to those of rimmed steels but to a degree intermediate between rimmed and killed steel
lap	A surface defect appearing as a seam, caused by folding over hot metal, fins or sharp corners and then rolling or forging, but not welding them into the surface.
grain	A solid polyhedral (or many sided) crystal consisting of groups of atoms bound together in a regular geometric pattern
shredder	A powerful machine used in the scrap industry to batter large items of scrap such as cars and domestic equipment into fragments which are then sorted as between steel, non-ferrous and waste (also called fluff)
season cracking	Spontaneous failure of some metals by cracking under the combined action of corrosion and residual stresses
zinc ashes	Oxidised zinc removed from the surface of molten zinc, usually in a galvanizing bath
semisynthetic cutting fluid	Water-based chemical solution that contains some oil
k factor	Power constant that represents the number of cubic inches of metal per minute that can be removed by one horsepower input.
embrittlement	Reduction in the normal ductility of a metal due to a physical or chemical change
habitat fragmentation	when the place or environment where a plant or animal naturally lives and grows is divided by human development, such as housing divisions, roads, and strip malls
yield point	Stress at which strain increases without accompanying increase in stress
coupling	Threaded sleeve used to connect two lengths of pipe.
master	A standard mold or pattern used for duplicating die cavities.
open hearth furnace	Developed in the middle of the last century, the open hearth or Siemens-Martins process, as it is known, accounted for a major proportion of UK steel production until the early 1970′s
l-d process	An oxygen steel making process named after the towns in Austria, Linz and Donawitz, where it was first developed
hot rolling	See Rolling.
fatigue limit	Synonymous with Endurance Limit.
power hacksaw	Machine fitted with serrated blade held taut in a reciprocating frame that cuts in one direction, either on the forward or return stroke
center buckle	A condition in a sheet steel where the center of the steel (in the rolling direction) is longer than the edges and has a wave or buckle.
facemilling	Form of milling that produces a flat surface generally at right angles to the rotating axis of a cutter having teeth or inserts both on its periphery and on its end face.
water resource policy	the study of the science, engineering, and management of water and related natural resources, and the public policies developed from that research
sandblasting	the process of forcibly propelling a stream of abrasive material (such as copper slag or glass beads) against a surface under high pressure to smooth a rough surface, roughen a smooth surface, shape a surface, or remove surface contaminants (such as rust or paint).
tensile test	A test in which a specimen of a standardised geometry is gripped at both ends and stretched at a slow controlled rate by axial loading until rupture occurs
in	Chemical symbol for Indium
alloy	An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal
impact strength	Energy required to fracture a specimen subjected to shock loading, as in an impact test
etching	The treating of a prepared polished metal surface with a chemical solution (typically acidic), or by other means, so that structural details of the metal surface are revealed
flash	A small collection of metal formed after a welding process.
merchant	As an adjective, used to refer to products with the meaning of ordinary grade or form or quality suitable for trading.
capacity	The maximum load a generating unit, generating station, or other electrical apparatus is rated to carry by the user or the manufacturer or can actually carry under existing service conditions.
interdealer broker	A specialist broker that operates as an intermediary between market participants that wish to buy or sell without revealing their identities to other market participants
rabbet	A rectangular longitudinal groove cut in the corner edge of a board or plank.
grips	A mechanical device that grasps and holds the test specimen
metalforming	Manufacturing processes in which products are given new shapes either by casting or by some form of mechanical deformation, such as forging, stamping, bending and spinning
offset yield strength	Arbitrary approximation of elastic limit
hardenability	Property that determines the depth to which the steel will harden.
day trader	A trader, usually an independent individual, who buys and sells a futures contract on the same day for a small profit
angle of attack	The angle between the direction of the free stream and the chord line of the wing section (degrees of angle).
tensile strength	maximum load that a material can support without fracture when being stretched, divided by the original cross-sectional area of the material
air lock	A lock through which people and/or materials can pass from the atmospheric area to the pressurized area of the TBM
burnishing	Term used to define the frictional contact that smooths a surface using hard "ball like" pieces.
electron	A single, negative electric charge that contributes virtually no mass to an atom.
roll mark	A raised area formed during rolling by the imprint of a depression in a roll.
flying shear	An oscillating cut-to-length shear that cuts sheet from coil while the band is moving.
reducing	A reducing atmosphere in a furnace drives out oxygen
participating call	A strategy for using futures and options with many of the characteristics of a synthetic call.
plasma ironmaking	A relatively new high-speed, low-energy ironmaking process for making small volumes of iron.
deoxidation	Elements such as silicon and aluminium when
corex®	A coal-based smelting process that yields hot metal or pig iron
grain	The characteristic crystalline structural unit or metals and alloys
extruded bar	Stock brought to final
secant modulus of elasticity	Ratio of stress to strain at any point on curve in a stress-strain diagram
transformation	A constitutional change in a solid metal, e.g., the change from gamma to alpha iron, or the formation of pearlite from austenite.
bar	Steel is rolled or forged from billet into long lengths in round, flat, square and hexagon bar.
pipe	When pipe is encountered it will be: 1
benchmark	Commonly used term for a standard measurement point
conductor	An object or substance which conducts or leads electric current. A wire, cable, busbar, rod, or tube can serve as a path for electricity to flow. The most common conductor is an electrical wire.
rotary transfer machine	Type of CNC machine tool for high-volume, extended-length production runs of a family of parts
combined carbon	All of the carbon in iron or steel which is combined with iron or other elements to form carbide.
pits	Small cavities in the surface of the sheet.
interrupted quenching	Quenching in which the metal object being quenched is removed from the quenching medium while the object is at a temperature substantially higher than that of the quenching medium.
shape	Non-ferrous; a loose term for unwrought metal forms designed for semi-fabrication such as billet and rolling slab
turbine	machine or motor driven by a wheel that is turned by a flow of water or gas
shim	A thin flat hard metal strip produced to close tolerances; used primarily for tool, die and machine alignment purposes.
yield	The amount of net finished product generated in relation to the initial gross amount.
material properties	These are properties specific to the material used
gross ton	Measure of mass (weight)
pickling	A process to chemically remove scale or oxide from steel to obtain a clean surface
elongation	In tensile testing, the increase in the gage length, measured after fracture of the specimen within the gage length, usually expressed as a percentage of the original gage length.
coil	A finished steel product such as sheet or strip that has been wound or coiled after rolling.
blocker	Preform die or impression, used when part cannot be made in a single operation.
nonrefractory alloy	An alloy that has malleability or is easily flatten when rolled or hammered.
void	Cardboard rectangular boxes that are installed between the earth (between caissons) and the concrete foundation wall
batch annealing	full hard (tandem rolled) coils are softened by heating in a closed container through which a protective atmosphere circulates to prevent oxidation.
carbon steels	Steel which owes its properties chiefly to carbon without substantial amounts of other alloying elements
galvanizing	The process of protecting steel against corrosion by coating it with zinc
scission	A polymer degradation process whereby molecular chain bonds are ruptured by chemical reactions or exposure to radiation or heat.
cathodic protection	Where two metals of different electro potential are in contact in moisture, the (sacrificial) one with higher potential corrodes faster and in so doing protects the other
spindle finishing	Mass finishing process in which workpieces are individually mounted on spindles then lowered into a rotating tub containing the finishing media
stress-strain ratio	Stress divided by strain at any load or deflection
seam	An elongated discontinuity in metal caused by a blowhole or other defect which has been closed by rolling or forging mechanically but not welded.
outside corner	The point at which two walls form an external angle, one you usually can walk around.
regular mill coat	Term associated with pipe surface whereby the pipe is coated with a corrosion inhibitor.
dioxins	Dioxins are often formed during the chlorination process at paper mills and waste and drinking water treatment plants; they are also released into the air by municipal solid waste and industrial incinerators
setback thermostat	A thermostat with a clock which can be programmed to come on or go off at various temperatures and at different times of the day/week
long	A producer or fabricator is in a long physical position when they have more than enough metal (or have placed firm orders for material) to meet commitments to complete work and deliver products to customers in the future
commercial quality	A quality of steel sheet which can simply bent or undergo moderate forming
fracture	The way a substance breaks where not controlled by cleavage.
plastic deformation	Permanent distortion of a material under the action of applied stresses.
cakes	Usually refers to copper
kaldo process	an inclined rotating converter and a water cooled
dolphin	A steel pipe driven into a river, lake, or seabed upon which a barge or other structure used to pivot.
balanced steel	Steels in which the deoxidisation is controlled to produce an intermediate structure between rimmed and killed steel
endurance limit	The maximum stress below which a material can presumably endure an infinite number of stress cycles.
limestone	a rock that is formed chiefly by accumulation of organic remains (as shells or coral), consists mainly of calcium carbonate, is extensively used in building, and yields lime when burned
random lengths	Lengths that can be specified, but, if random lengths are permitted, cutters have a spread from 2 to 5 feet, depending on ordered length and size.
eutectic	An alloy of two (occasionally more) metals with a particular ratio of ingredients that melts at the lowest temperature of any combination of those metals.
flux	1) In melting, a substance added to the melt to promote removal of foreign materials, and protect the surface
hardness	Defined in terms of the method of measurement
finex	A proprietary process which reduces iron ore using non-agglomerated iron ore fines and non-coking coal.
hunter	A style of sheath knife
xlc	Mecmesin intelligent loadcell, for use with the range of console driven test stands.
flame hardening	A process of heating the surface layer of an iron-base alloy above the transformation temperature range by means of the flame of a high temperature torch, followed by quenching.
zirconium	Acts as a deoxidizing element in steel and combines with sulphur.
inclusion count	A method of assessing the number and size of non-metallic inclusions present in metal.
transparent	In a transparent stone, light travels through stone with virtually no distortion
catwalk	a narrow walkway connecting two points, usually suspended in the air
collapse	The amount of pressure, when applied to pipe, will cause the pipe to cave in on itself.
bloom	A large square section of steel intermediate in the rolling process between an ingot and a billet
modulus of elasticity	Rate of change of strain as a function of stress
pa	Pascal – the International System of Units (SI) unit of pressure, stress, and tensile strength; it is a measure of perpendicular force per unit area; ie equivalent to one Newton per square meter, or one Joule per cubic meter.
pickling	The removal of the oxide film from the surface of a metal by chemical means
photomicrograph	A photographic reproduction of any object magnified more than ten diameters
road base	A aggregate mixture of sand and stone.
drawing	Forming recessed parts by forcing the plastic flow of metal in dies
quarter hard	A medium soft temper produced by a limited amount of cold rolling after annealing.
die casting	Casting process wherein molten metal is forced under high pressure into the cavity of a metal mold.
pickling	The immersion of pipe in an acid bath to remove impurities such as rust, dirt, scale, etc.
cupellation	Separation of base metals from precious metals by oxidation of the former
session	The period each day during which an exchange permits trading
deburring	Removing rough or sharp edges left on metal by cutting operations.
vanadium	Steels with vanadium have a much finer grain structure.
holiday	Region where film is absent due to non-wetting of the metal surface by the coating.
eutectic	An alloy of two (occasionally more) metals that melts at the lowest temperature of any combination of those metals.
tarnish	Tarnish is the undesirable dulling or discoloration of metals due to the effects of humidity, temperature, and other atmospheric conditions.
rockwell hardness testing	A method for testing the hardness of metals by
invasive	tending to spread, infringe or encroach upon
runoff	the portion of precipitation on land that ultimately reaches streams, often with dissolved or suspended material (including pollution)
hardness	A measure of the degree of a materials resistance to indentation
break elongation	The elongation of the specimen to the break point.
carbo-nitriding	A process of case hardening an iron-base alloy by the simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen through heating in a gaseous atmosphere of suitable composition, followed by cooling at a rate that will produce desired properties.
ausforming	Hot deformation of metastable austenite within controlled ranges of temperature and time that avoids formation of nonmartensitic transformation products.
scleroscope hardness test	Dynamic hardness test using a calibrated instrument that drops a diamond-tipped hammer from a fixed height onto the surface of the material being tested
quarter round	A small trim molding that has the cross section of a quarter circle.
pinch pass	A final cold rolling operation in the production of coil (strip) to improve shape and flatness also known as skin pass
halite	common salt occurring in solid form as a mineral (rock salt)
heat treatment	Heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in such a way as to obtain desired microstructure and properties
clearing house	The body that clears and settles transactions
microstructure	The structure of polished and etched metal and alloy specimens as revealed by the microscope.
force	The classic definition of force is any action which alters or tends to alter a body's state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line. Force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity
equilibrium	A diagram constructed from thermal and other
ultimate tensile strength	The highest load applied in breaking a tensile test piece divided by the original cross- sectional area of the test piece.
gauge number	A number in a specific series used to designate a dimension
cold shut	On a forging, a portion of the surface that is separated by oxide from the main body of the metal.
spill	A defect which originates during casting and after rolling or drawing appears as a discontinuity either on the surface or as a faint streak, which on distortion becomes open or blistered.
roll pickup	Small particles of aluminum and aluminum oxide generated in the roll bite which subsequently transfer to the rolled product
centerless grinding	Grinding operation in which the workpiece rests on a knife-edge support, rotates through contact with a regulating or feed wheel and is ground by a grinding wheel
quenching crack	A fracture resulting from thermal stresses induced during rapid cooling or quenching: frequently encountered in alloys that have been overheated and liquated and are thus "hot short".
carburizing	A process in which an austenitized ferrous material is brought into contact with a carbonaceous atmosphere having sufficient carbon potential to cause absorption of carbon at the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient.
tin	When present in steel it is an undesirable impurity which gives rise to temper brittleness
a.s.m.e.	American Society of Engineers
algorithm	A strategy for short-term trading on volatile markets, notably futures and options, which can be automatically executed by computer
crap	An abbreviation for "cold rolled annealed and pickled."
surveillance	(i) General term for independent services such as sampling and assay
baked on	The condition of the forging where lubrication has been carbonized on the surface of the forging.
impact test	A test designed to give information on how a specimen of a known material will respond to a suddenly applied stress, e.g
izod test	A test made to determine the notched toughness of a material
rollover	Reinvesting funds from a mature contract into a new issue of the same or similar contract.
fold	See “LAP”
ultimate analysis	In chemistry, this is a quantitative analysis in which percentages of all elements in the substance are determined.
viscoelasticity	A type of deformation exhibiting the mechanical characteristics of viscous flow and elastic deformation.
tack test	Applicable to adhesives
driving dog	Device having a ring or clamp on one end that slips over the workpiece to be turned; a screw secures the workpiece in place
jv	Joint venture
cross rolling	The rolling of a sheet so that the direction of rolling changed about 90° from the direction of the previous rolling.
legislation	the act of making laws
unkilled steel	Steel which has been insufficiently deoxidised and
biology	a branch of knowledge that deals with living organisms and vital processes
intermediate jacking station	Cylindrical steel jackets with integrated hydraulic cylinders that are installed during pipe jacking at defined distances apart in the pipe string
front end	The execution side of a broker's trading software.
non-ferrous metals	All metals except ferrous metals.
metric ton	measure of mass (weight)
mutual fund	A company that brings together a group of investors and invests their money in assets
o.c.t.g.	Oil Country Tubular Goods
pressure	a force applied or distributed over an area
ingot	Semi-finished steel product which is accomplished by pouring molten iron into a mold and slowly letting it solidify
hot work	The rolling, forging or extruding of a metal at a
physical properties	Properties of a metal or alloy that are relatively insensitive to structure and can be measured without the application of force
sample break	The point at which a specimen breaks or fractures.
ca	Chemical symbol for Calcium.
eddy-current testing	Electromagnetic, nondestructive testing method in which eddy-current flow is induced in the test object
austenitic steels	Steels containing high percentages of certain alloying elements such as manganese and nickel which are austenitic at room temperature and cannot be hardened by normal heat-treatment but do work harden
plumbing boots	Metal saddles used to strengthen a bearing wall/vertical stud(s) where a plumbing drain line has been cut through and installed.
static force	In door closing applications: This is the average force from the end of dynamic time until data acquisition stops i.e
natural finish	A transparent finish which does not seriously alter the original color or grain of the natural wood
sheet silicate structure	Crystal structure in which each silica tetrahedron shares three oxygen ions.
zone valve	A device, usually placed near the heater or cooler, which controls the flow of water or steam to parts of the building; it is controlled by a zone thermostat.
flare test	A test applied to tube, involving a tapered expansion over a cone
electric furnace process	One of the common methods used for melting and refining stainless and some alloy steels
wire rope	Wire strand twisted together forms wire rope.
brinell hardness test	A test for determining the hardness of a material by forcing a hard steel or carbide ball of specified diameter into it under a specified load
hot metal	Name for the molten iron produces in a blast furnace
cold working	The process of changing the form or cross-section of a piece of metal at a temperature below the softening or recrystallization point, but commonly at or about room temperature
blank	A piece of metal cut or formed to regular or irregular shape for subsequent processing by forming, bending or drawing
stress	The instantaneous applied load divided by the instantaneous cross-sectional area of a specimen
close out	See liquidate.
broach	A method of removing metal by planing it with a series of teeth moving in a straight line so that each tooth as it progresses removes a definite amount of metal.
roughing stand	The first rolling stand through which metal passes during hot rolling
variable rate	An interest rate that will vary over the term of the loan.
cold shut	An area in metal where two portions of the metal in either a motlen or plastic condition have come together but have failed to unite into a integral mass.
blister	A defect in metal, on or near the surface, resulting from the expansion of gas in a subsurface zone
tension test	See Tests.
cryogenics	The science of extreme cold
decarburization	The removal of carbon from the outer surface of iron or steel, usually by heating in an oxidizing or reducing atmosphere.
differences	Electrogalvanizing equipment is more expensive to build and to operate than hot dipped, but it gives the steelmaker more precise control over the weight of the zinc coating
salt bath	A method of heating steel using a bath of molten salts.
vacuum degassing	A ladle of molten metal is placed within a chamber
finish weight	The weight of the trimmed or machined forging.
scrap	Ferrous (iron-containing) material that generally is remelted and recast into new steel
radial drill	Large drill with an arm that pivots about a column to provide positioning flexibility and great reach and stability
wave	Out of flat condition generally introduced during the cold-rolling process
hot metal	The name for the molten iron produced in a blast furnace
delta	A measure of the rate of change in an option premium against changes in the price of the underlying commodity
creep-feed grinding	Grinding operation in which the grinding wheel is slowly fed into the workpiece at sufficient depth of cut to accomplish in one pass what otherwise would require repeated passes
section properties	These are properties specific to the geometry (dimensions) of the setion used
tandem mill	A rolling mill consisting of two or more stands arranged so that the metal being processed travels in a straight line from stand to stand
merchant	A metal merchant, as distinct from a producer's agent or broker, often acts as a principal, buying steel, metal, concentrate or scrap from producers and others and selling it on to others
capability	Maximum load that a generating unit can carry without exceeding approved limits.
pyroxene group	Mineral group, all members of which are single chain silicates.
slag	Metal smelting waste
extrusion	The production of a section by forcing a billet to flow through a die
edge ripple	Undulation (wavy region) along the edge(s) of the metal
carbon	Main hardening element in steel with the chemical symbol C.
micrometer	A precision instrument with a spindle moved by a finely threaded screw that is used for measuring thickness and short lengths.
passivation	Generally refers to a process for the surface treatment of stainless steels
quenching medium	The medium used for cooling steel during heat treatment - usually oil, water, air, or salts.
b	Chemical symbol for Boron.
chip clearance	In milling, the groove or space provided in the cutter body that allows chips to be formed by the inserts.
power hacksawing	Sawing process that uses the back-and-forth motion of a short, straight-toothed blade to cut the workpiece
bullion	(i) Precious metals such as gold and silver, in unwrought form
calender rolls	A series of metal rolls at the end of a paper machine; when the paper is passed between these rolls, it increases its smoothness, gloss and reduces it's bulk.
electro-galvanizing	Galvanizing by Electro deposition of zinc on steel.
surface hardening	A method of hardening the surface of steel to increase its wear resistance
clad products	Metallurgicaly bonded composite sheet of differing core and surface alloys, 1 or 2 sides.
automated meter reading	Automated Meter Reading is a term denoting electricity meters that collect data for billing purposes only and transmit this data one way, usually from the customer to the distribution utility.
carbon steel	A steel whose properties are determined primarily
crystalline fracture	A type of fracture that appears bright and glittering,
dredge	Alluvial deposits, notably of tin, are often mined by dredges which float on artificial or natural shallow waters (pond), dredge up the mineral and concentrate it on board with spirals, shaking tables etc
deoxidation	Elements such as silicon and aluminium when added to molten steel react to form stable oxides and reduce the amount of dissolved oxygen
hot briquetted iron	Direct reduced iron that has been processed into briquettes
underdrain	In drinking water treatment, a set of pipes placed below the sand and gravel in a filter to collect the treated water.
bark	The decarburized layer just beneath the scale that results from heating steel in an oxidizing atmosphere.
curtain application	Arrangement of multiple nozzles that apply fluid to a broad cutting area, as is found on a horizontal, post-type band machine or a large hacksaw.
residual elements	Elements present in a metal or alloy that are not deliberately added during melting and refining; in most stainless steels for strip product, residual elements might be phosphorus, sulfur, tin, and lead.
camber tolerances	Camber is the deviation from edge straightness
dgcx	Dubai Gold and Commodities Exchange.
monel	A proprietary alloy of 70% nickel 30% copper with exceptional resistance to seawater.
sediment	material that comes from the weathering of rock or from fragments of plants and animals that settles to the bottom of rivers, lakes, and seas
dumping	Exporting goods to another country at lower prices than on the home market or in third markets
hacksaw blade	Serrated blade for a manual or power hacksaw that cuts on the forward or return stroke
air – hardening steel	A steel containing sufficient carbon in other alloying elements to harden fully during cooling in air or other gaseous mediums form a temperature above its transformation range
oceanography	a science that deals with the oceans including the physics and chemistry of their waters, marine biology, and the exploitation of their resources
condenser tube plate	Plate manufactured to special thickness tolerances and furnished in various contours as tube sheets or head plates in condensers and heat exchangers.
electroplating	A process by which a metal is deposited from an anode or from metallic salts in an electrolyte bath to a metal substrate forming the cathode of the circuit
impact test	Test designed to determine, the resistance of metal to breakage by impact, usually by concentrating the applied stress to a notched specimen.
converter	A company that specialises in converting reels and sheets of paper and board into packaging or finished goods for sale to the public.
abcm	Associate Broker Clearing Member of the LME.
csa	Canadian Standards Association
statistical process control	A technique used to predict when a steelmaking function’s quality may deteriorate
overaging	Term used to define the process of aging a material at a time and temperature greater than those required to obtain maximum change in a certain property
abms	American Bureau of Metal Statistics
chucking lug	A lug or boss added to the forging so that "on center" machining and forming may be performed with one setting or chucking
high tensile brass	See Bronze.
open pit	Another term for open cast mining when the deposit reaches from near the surface to well below the surface.
annealing	A process of heating cold stainless steel to obtain maximum softness and ductility by heat treatment which also produces a homogeneous structure (in austenitic grades) or a 50/50 mixture of austenite and ferrite (in duplex grades)
water board	Water resistant drywall to be used in tub and shower locations
pipe	A defect that arises during the solidification of steel in the ingot mould
corrosion fatigue	Damage or failure of a metal due to corrosion combined with repeated or fluctuating stresses.
stress relieving	A process similar to annealing whereby steel is heated for an extend period of time, typically done after forging, normalizing, or cold working.
free machining	Metal such as steel or brass which has been alloyed with small amounts of lead, bismuth or other soft metal to optimise machinability.
treatment charge	See T/C.
elastic limit	The maximum load per unit are (usually stated as pounds per square inch) that may be applied without producing permanent deformation
chromium	When used as an alloying element, chromium increases the hardenability of steel and in association with high carbon gives resistance to wear and abrasion
sellers over	The opposite of buyers over.
atom	The smallest unit of matter
elastic limit	The maximum amount of stress a material can handle without permanent strain after the stress is released.
mcquaid ehn grain size	A method of assessing grain size
tear strength	The force required to tear a sample divided by the sample thickness.
choke	The reduction in area to retard the flow of metal.
spot welding	Welding of lapped parts in which fusion is confined to a relatively small circular area
speciation	the evolution of a species
stress-strain diagram	Graph of stress as a function of strain
regulus	Old-fashioned word for a primary refined metal, now only used with antimony.
strain energy	Measure of energy absorption characteristics of a material under load up to fracture
axial rake	On angular tool flutes, the angle between the tooth face and the axial plane through the tool point.
drop forging	A forging made with a drop hammer.
hard drawn	Wire or tubing drawn to high tensile strength by a high degree of cold work.
boundary additives	Sulfur, chlorine, phosphorus and other compounds added to cutting fluids to fill in surface irregularities at the tool/workpiece interface, creating a lubricating film
microfauna	minute animals; especially, those invisible to the naked eye
annealing	Annealing is a thermal process whereby the material is heated to and maintained at a suitable temperature, followed by cooling to ambient conditions when the metal now has a stable structure.
seller's price	The higher price in the ranges of cash and three months prices announced at the end of each LME session
welding flash	Skin exposed too long to the ultraviolet rays of welding or melting arcs will burn as in a sunburn
critical temperature	The temperature at which some phase change
deep drawing steel	The process of forming steel using dies in a press where flat steel is formed into cup shapes or cup-like characteristics
martensite	The form of iron or steel crystallisation resulting when the metal is cooled rapidly from a high temperature (quenched)
trihalomethanes	Organic chemicals containing chlorine which are formed when chlorine is added to drinking water or wastewater for disinfection; some of these are known to be hazardous to human health.
compacted graphite iron	Cast iron having a graphite shape intermediate between the flake form typical of gray cast iron and the spherical form of fully spherulitic ductile cast iron
derivatives	Generic term originating from the financial sector for all contracts related to an underlying security or commodity, whether or not they are traded on a futures exchange.
sae	Society of Automotive Engineers; this organization has specified common and alloy steels and copper base alloys in accordance with a numerical index system allowing approximation of the composition of the metal.
mineral	A naturally occurring, crystalline solid that has a specific chemical composition.
ventilation	General term for the fresh air supply in the tunnel (primary ventilation).
generator	Machine used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
wood's metal	Alloy which melts at less than the temperature of boiling water
siding	Slightly wedge-shaped boards used as horizontal siding in a lapped pattern over the exterior sheathing
parting	When used in lathe or screw-machine operations, this process separates a completed part from chuck-held or collet-fed stock by means of a very narrow, flat-end cutting, or parting, tool.
full finish plate	Steel sheet or strip reduced either hot or cold, cleaned, annealed and then cold-rolled to a bright finish.
mullen burst strength	ASTM D 3786 diaphram method (Force required to break the yarns and burst a hole through the fabric).
gas carburising	A heat treatment method used in the case-
quenching	A heat treatment where the metal is rapidly cooled in a liquid medium.
mantle	Mantle tissue is the soft tissue found in an oyster or mollusk and is the medium for the cells that start the production of conchiolin and nacre.
pipeline	Changes in the internal shape or diameter of pipe can be caused by dents, wrinkles, ovality, bend radius and angle, and occasionally indications of significant internal corrosion.
iai	International Aluminium Association
pit	A depression in the surface of metal occurring during its manufacture.
poissons ratio	For elastic deformation, the negative ratio of lateral and axial strains that result from an applied axial stress.
corner	A position where one operator owns all or virtually all the market stocks of a commodity
cluster mill	A rolling mill where each of the two working rolls of small diameter is supported by two or more back-up rolls.
temper colours	Before the use of instruments such as pyrometers, colours were used to judge temperatures when hardening and tempering
vacuum degassing	An advanced steel refining facility that removes oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen under low pressures (in a vacuum) to produce ultra-low-carbon steel for demanding electrical and automotive applications
suspension bridge	a bridge that has its roadway suspended from two or more cables usually passing over towers and securely anchored at the ends; types of bridges
caisson	a watertight chamber used in construction work under water or as a foundation
blanking	An early step in preparing flat-rolled steel for use by an end user. A blank is a section of sheet that has the same outer dimensions as a specified part (such as a car door or hood) but that has not yet been stamped. Steel processors may offer blanking for their customers to reduce their labor and transportation costs; excess steel can be trimmed prior to shipment.
cis.	For polymers, a prefix denoting a type of molecular structure
burr	A thin ridge or roughness left by a cutting operation such as in metal slitting, shearing, blanking or sawing.
angles	Standard long product in steel, aluminium and other metals
concentrates	Agents and additives that, when added to water, create a cutting fluid
skin pass mill	A mill used to fine-tune the surface finish, dimensions and physical properties of the surface of a coil of steel.
end quench test	More commonly referred to as Jominy Test it is used to determine the hardening ability of steel.
limits	A term used to determine a minimum and
renege	Arbitrarily failing to perform a contract requirement such as delivery or payment without justification such as force majeure.
sewer stub	The junction at the municipal sewer system where the home's sewer line is connected.
excavator	Universal excavation tool for partial face excavation
pearlite	A eutectoid transformation product of ferrite and cementite that ideally has a lamellar structure but that is always degenerate to some extent.
semi-killed steel	Steel incompletely deoxidized, to permit evolution of sufficient carbon monoxide to offset solidification shrinkage.
matte	A first fusion product suitable only for further refining.
spring temper	In brass mill terminology, spring temper is eight numbers hard or 60.50% reduction.
partition	A wall that subdivides spaces within any story of a building or room.
turbine	A machine for generating rotary mechanical power from the energy of a stream of fluid (such as water, steam, or hot gas)
terminal market	An institution or organized market where a commodity or other asset is traded and prices for said commodity or asset are determined.
electric arc furnace	Steelmaking furnace where scrap is generally 100% of the charge. Heat is supplied from electricity that arcs from the graphite electrodes to the metal bath. Furnaces may be either an alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC). DC units consume less energy and fewer electrodes, but they are more expensive.
stretch forming	A cold forming method where a sheet is drawn into a die by a press tool and where the edges of the sheet are restrained to make deep cup or bowl shapes
primary metals	Metal which has been produced from ore as distinct from that produced from scrap.
yield point	Can be defined as the point where a tensile test piece
indent	Old term for an order to a shipper or agent to buy and ship a material
lubricity slipperiness	The ability of steel sheet to be able to slide in a forming die.
offhand grinding	Hand-feeding a workpiece into a bench grinder
streak	the color that shows when a mineral is scratched on the surface
flame hardening	A localised hardening process where components are subject to mainly an acetylene flame and then spray quenched.
extras	Additions to basis or list prices due on steel products of particular dimensions; or guaranteed to especially fine tolerances with respect to dimensions or flatness; or steels that have received particular treatments or coatings
flare test	A test applied to tubing involving a tapered expansion over a cone. Similar to a pin-expansion test.
flash	A thin fin of meal formed at the sides of a die forging or sometimes a rolled bar where a small portion of the metal is forced out between the edges of the forging dies or rolls.
core	the huge mass in the very center of the Earth made mostly of iron and nickel
yield point	The load per unit of original cross-section at which, in soft steel, a marked increase in deformation occurs without increase in load.
malleability	The property of a meal that permits deformation by rolling, heading, hammering, or extension by pressure without fracturing.
continuous casting	A casting technique in which an ingot, billet, tube or other shape is continuously solidified while it is being poured, so that its length is not determined by mold dimensions.
std	Standard reference to wall thickness of line pipe or tube (=sch
pitting	Localized corrosion of a metal surface, confined to a point or small area, that takes the form of cavities.
space heat	Heat supplied to the living space, for example, to a room or the living area of a building.
gem cutter	A gem cutter, is a person who cuts, shapes, and polishes natural and synthetic gemstones.
temper	A term to which a number of definitions can
open interest	Futures positions on an exchange that have not yet been closed out, i.e remain to be fulfilled
flash	A fin that arises from metal in excess of that
vacuum degassing:	A refining operation in which molten steel is transferred to a vacuum (steel in a ladle is covered and air is pumped away)
cavity	The impression in either the upper or lower die.
average weight	Average weight is commonly used when discussing calibrated gemstones
core	In the case of steel this refers to a component that has been case-hardened where the centre is softer than the hard surface layer or case
relief	Space provided behind the cutting edges to prevent rubbing
diameter at any point	Inside or Outside - See Tube Measurement Terms
rimmed steel	An incompletely deoxidized steel normally containing less than 0.25% C and having the following characteristics: (a) During solidification an evolution of gas occurs sufficient to maintain a liquid ingot top ("open" steel) until a side and bottom rim of substantial thickness has formed
electrical conductivity	The capacity of a material to conduct electric current
impression	The cavity in the die which forms the shape of the forging.
fire-setting	an ancient tunneling technique in which rock is heated with fire and then doused with cold water, causing the rock to fracture
market maker	On some futures or terminal markets, but not the LME, one firm or a few may be designated market makers and are obliged to be buyers and sellers at all times, sometimes in exchange for certain market benefits.
closing price	(i) On the LME a price set by the Quotations Committee at the close of business for the purpose of assessing margin payments due
servocontrol	Refers to control of motion
toughness	Property of absorbing considerable energy before fracture.
weld	The point at which there is a union of steel sheet created by the application of very high temperatures.
chloride stress corrosion cracking	Cracking due to the combination of tensile stress and corrosion in the presence of water and chlorides.
alkaline earth metals	Group of metals in the periodic table beryllium, calcium, strontium, barium and radium.
bar turning	Involves machining a metal bar into a smaller diameter.
slotting attachment	Converts a milling machine's rotary spindle motion into a reciprocating motion for machining keyways and slots.
work hardening	An increase in the resistance to deformation as a result of cold-working (i.e
ball mill	A rotating cylinder loaded with balls of iron or other material used to fine-grind ore in a concentrator prior to flotation
toxic	Poisonous.
strip	A stainless steel flat rolled product that is less than 3/16 inches and is less than 24 inches in width
depth	Market depth is the size of an order needed to move the market a given amount – if the market is deep, a large order is needed to change the price.
suspended solids	organic and inorganic material in the water flow (such as dirt and timber residue); pollutants can attached themselves to suspended solids and settle to the bottom downstream; suspended solids can also make the water murky, affecting aquatic life
refining temperature	A temperature, usually just higher than the transformation range, employed in the heat treatment of steel to refine the structure in particular, the grain size.
chemistries	The chemical composition of steel indicating the amount of carbon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorous and a host of other elements.
spalling	The cracking and flaking of particles out of a surface.
bend tests	Various tests used to determine the ductility of sheet or plate that is subjected to bending
elastic springback	When stainless steel is bent, the metal towards the outside of the bend is in tension and the metal towards the inside is in compression
butterfly spread	An option strategy combining two option spreads whereby two options are bought (or sold) at the same strike price and one option is sold (or bought) at each of an equidistant higher and lower strike price, all for the same expiration
corrosion	Non-uniform corrosion usually forming small cavities in the metal surface.
cold drawn	Drawing pipe or tube over a die to manipulate outside diameter and wall and achieve tighter tolerances.
heat treatment	A combination of heating and cooling operations, applied to a metal or alloy in the solid state to produce desired properties
carbon	An element on the periodic table that is present in nearly all ferrous alloys and has tremendous effect on the properties of the resultant metal.
modulus of rigidity	Is a material stiffness property (it is a material-specific property)
acid steel	Steel produced in a furnace with an acid lining, i.e
ex-stock	Available from manufacturer's or trader's stock; immediately available.
slip	Plastic deformation as the result of dislocation motion; also, the shear displacement of two adjacent planes of atoms.
bir	Bureau of International Recycling
skimmings	The oxidised surface of molten metal which is removed from the furnace or crucible
carbides	As found in steel, carbides are compounds of carbon and one or more of the metallic elements, such as iron, chromium, tungsten, etc.
solder embrittlement	Reduction in ductility of a metal or alloy associated with local penetration by molten solder along grain boundaries.
ultrasonic cleaning	Cleaning in a solvent through which very high frequency vibrations are being passed.
prompt date	The date at which a futures contract is due to be delivered against or cash-settled, or the date at which an option is due to be exercised or expire.
bar	A long product in a non-ferrous or ferrous metal of rectangular, or sometimes circular, cross-section, normally over 10mm thick and up to 300mm wide
black annealing	A process of box annealing of sheets prior to tinning whereby a black oxide color is imparted to the surface of the product.
future	A standardised contract or agreement that requires the counterparties to buy or sell a fixed amount of commodity or a financial instrument at a later date at a specified price.
current	A flow of electrons in an electrical conductor
steel	Basically, iron in combination with carbon and other elements
crossbow	Deviation from flat across the strip width.
sill cock	An exterior water faucet (hose bib).
cold working	Altering the shape or size of a metal by plastic deformation
tungsten materials	Include tungsten and tungsten carbide powders, sintered tungsten carbide products and cutting tools for the metalworking, mining, oil and gas, and other industries requiring tools with extra hardness.
epns	Abbreviation for Electro Plated Nickel Silver
tensile test	A standard test piece is gripped at either end
new urbanism	A branch of land-use planning that seeks to redesign towns so that they have a central downtown area, walkable neighborhoods, and public meeting spaces
price-fix hedge	A hedge designed to lock in for a future date, up to several years ahead, a price that the hedger (typically a miner or end-user) will find acceptable.
bandsaw	Machine that utilizes an endless band, normally with serrated teeth, for cutoff or contour sawing
etching	1) As applied to mill products and forgings, an attack by corrosive media resulting in pitting or outline of structural details of the metal
precipitation	water deposits to the earth in the form of rain, sleet, snow, mist or hail
corex®	Proprietary name for an iron ore reduction process that can use non-coking coal, which reduces the raw materials cost and avoids the need for investing in coke ovens
wrought iron	A pure form of iron that is tough yet easily "wrought," or "worked," by hand into a welded design.
deep drawing	The process of working metal banks in dies on a press into shapes which are usually more or less cup-like in character.
micro structure states	Heat treatments are used to change the micro structural state of steels and alloys
banded structure	A characteristic microstructure consisting of parallel bands of ferrite and perlite which run in the direction of working.
shear	a force that causes parts of a material to slide past one another in opposite directions
deoxidised sheets	Hot rolled sheets that have been bright annealed.
casting	An article formed by solidification of molten metal in a mold.
axial strain	Axial, meaning ‘on axis'. This is the extent of sample deformation in the direction in which the force is applied.
commission	The fee paid by a client to a broker for executing a futures transaction.
alclad	Composite sheet produced by bonding either corrosion-resistant aluminum alloy or aluminum of high purity to base metal of structurally stronger aluminum alloy.
billet	(i) In steel, a long product of square cross-section used for rolling into finished shape as a rebar or light long product; the form in which steel is traded on the LME
escalator	See Basis
modular tooling	1
maximum load/force	The highest load in a specific test or application, which may be any load up to and including capacity plus minimum load, but must not exceed capacity significantly. Sometimes denoted as ‘Fm', ‘Fmax', ‘Rm'.
translucent	There are several ways light travels through a stone
aircraft quality	Denotes material for important or highly stressed parts of aircraft for other similar purposes; such materials are extremely high quality requiring closely controlled, restrictive and special practices in their manufacture.
prompt	For immediate delivery
dorsal	located near or on the back of an animal or one of its parts
nickel pig iron	A source of nickel and iron, usually also including chrome
indexing machine	Assembly machine designed to assemble parts sequentially
impact testing	Procedure to determine the resistance of steel to fracture under extreme conditions.
zinc ash	Oxidised zinc removed from the surface of molten zinc that can be recycled
cost-of-service regulation	A traditional electric utility regulation under which a utility is allowed to set rates based on the cost of providing service to customers and the right to earn a limited profit.
corrosion embrittlement	The severe loss of ductility of a metal resulting from corrosive attack, usually intergranular and often not visually apparent.
elasticity	Ability of a material to return to its original shape when the load causing deformation is removed
diffusion bonding	Diffusion bonding is a solid-state process between two or more materials in contact with each other where inter-diffusion occurs between the various components on an atomic level
martempering or marquenching	A form of interrupted quenching where steel is quenched rapidly until the temperature is uniform, then air cooled to room temperature
rolling direction	The direction, in the plane of the sheet, perpendicular to the axes of the rolls during rolling.
lead	Chemical symbol Pb – used in molten zinc baths (pots) in a hot-dipped galvanizing line in order to produce a large spangle
grain	(Direction of) Refers to grain fiber following the direction of rolling and parallel to edges of strip or sheets
asian option	A cash-settled option on the average price of a given metal in a given averaging period, usually a month
honing oil	A light oil used to keep the surface of a sharpening stone free of steel deposits and debris.
nitrogen	Nitrogen is a gas that forms approximately 70% by volume and 77% by weight of the atmosphere
hammer forging	A forging process in which the piece is deformed by repeated blows.
value	An LME term referring to a price which has been traded in a volume sufficient to satisfy all the current buyers and sellers at that price.
semi-killed steel	Steel that is incompletely deoxidized to permit the evolution of carbon monoxide, thereby offsetting solidification shrinkage.
oil	Basic finish that retards rust and adds depth and color to the metal; must be re-applied.
woody fracture	Fractures having a fibrous appearance.
vickers hardness test	Indentation hardness test employing a 136° diamond pyramid indenter (Vickers) and variable loads enabling the use of one hardness scale for all ranges of hardness from very soft lead to tungsten carbide
eutectic	A mixture of two or more constituents which
official price	The contract price set by the LME for all contracts in its official trading sessions (rings), which take place every weekday
delamination force	Using a peel test, this is the force required to separate two bonded materials.
striations	On minerals, extremely straight, parallel lines.
wear resistance	Ability of the tool to withstand stresses that cause it to wear during cutting; an attribute linked to alloy composition, base material, thermal conditions, type of tooling and operation and other variables.
foil	The thinnest form of rolled metal, less than 0.15 mm thick, most commonly aluminium, but also other metals and steel
blue brittleness	Reduced ductility occurring as a result of strain aging, when certain ferrous alloys are worked between 150 and 370°C
melting point	The temperature at which a solid begins to
quenching crack	A fracture, often termed a hardening crack, which arises
counterparty	The buyer or seller on the other side of all transactions.
pipeline	The frequency and methods of performing leak surveys are regulated and may vary depending on several factors.
swaging	A method of forming or reducing steel or other metals to a
bend radius	The inside radius of a bent section of steel, normally indicated as a factor of material thickness or "T"
binary alloy	An alloy created by combining two materials
reinforcing bar	A commodity-grade stainless steel used to reinforce concrete in highway and building structures.
structural tubing	Tubing that is used primarily for structural applications
stroke	In a tension or compression test, a stroke is one portion of the test movement, either an up or down movement of the crosshead
joint implementation	Agreements made between two or more nations under the auspices of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) whereby a developed country can receive "emissions reduction units" when it helps to finance projects that reduce net emissions in another developed country (including countries with economies in transition).
spring steel	Steel, normally of the high-carbon or alloy type, used in the manufacture of springs, lending itself to appropriate heat treatment; usually made is the open hearth or electric furnace.
welding	A joining process that produces coalescence of materials by heating them to the welding temperature, with or without the application of pressure or by the application of pressure alone, and with or without the use of filler metal.
transition temperature	The temperature at which a transition from
angle rolling	a process used to form angle iron into curves at specific radii.
critical temperature	The temperature at which some phase change occurs in a metal during heating or cooling, i.e
automatic gauge control	Using hydraulic roll force systems, steelmakers have the ability to control precisely their steel sheet’s gauge (thickness) while it is traveling at more than 50 miles per hour through the cold mill
alloy	A material that has metallic properties and is composed of two or more chemical elements of which at least one is a metal (i.e
roll forming	An operation used in forming sheet by passing between rolls of definite settings that bend the sheet progressively into the desired shape.
free machining	A stainless steel to which a small amount of some relatively insoluble element (such as sulfur, selenium) is added to create a minute and widely distributed soft phase that acts as chip breakers during machining.
ferromagnesian mineral	Iron/magnesium-bearing mineral, such as augite, hornblende, olivine, or biotite.
ferritic	Magnetic stainless steels that have a low carbon content and contain chromium as the main alloying element, usually between 13% and 17%
strip	Strip is material which measures 3/16 inch (4.76 mm) and under in thickness and under 24 inches (609.6 mm) in width.
arc furnace	A steel melting furnace in which heat is generated by an
alloys	Substances having metallic properties and being composed of two or more chemical elements of which at least one is a metal.
quenching	Immersing steel in oil or water after heat treatment to control the rate of cooling and degree of hardening.
chain folded model	For crystalline polymers, a model that describes the structure of platelet crystallites, Molecular alignment is accomplished by chain folding that occurs at the crystallite faces.
fettling	The removal of sand adhering to castings by hammering, tumbling or shot blasting
flattening test	A quality test for pipe in which a specimen is flattened between parallel plates that are closed to a specified height.
heat-affected zone	That portion of the base metal which was not melted during brazing, cutting, or welding, but whose microstructure and physical properties were altered by the heat.
lcfecr	Low carbon ferro-chrome, 0.3-0.6% C
steel	Generally defined as a metallic product whose principal element is iron and where the carbon content is not more than 2%.
solder	A low melting point alloy for joining copper and its alloys (e.g
cast iron	An alloy of iron that contains a carbon content of between 1.8% to 4.5%, combined with silicon and manganese
butt welding	Joining two edges or ends by placing one against the other and welding them.
rise	The vertical distance from the eaves line to the ridge
temper mill	A light cold rolling operation that may be used on hot rolled, cold rolled and some coated steels such as galvanized
grinding ratio	Ratio of work material removed to grinding-wheel material lost.
moh's scale	a scale used to measure the hardness of a mineral
isochore	a line on a state diagram showing an isochoric process (a process happening at constant system volume).
segregation	A term applied to the concentration and partial separation of one or more elements from solution during solidification of liquid steel in an ingot mould
red tide	a reddish discoloration of coastal surface waters due to concentrations of certain toxin-producing dinoflagellates [marine plankton]
terneplate	Steel hot dip coated with lead
appliance saturation	The percentage of households or buildings in a service area that have the type of equipment to which the demand-side technology applies. For example, if 50 percent of the residential customers have a central air conditioner, the appliance saturation is 50 percent.
short ton	2000 lbs
inclusions	Particles of non-metallic material usually oxides, suphides, silicates and such which are entrapped mechanically or are formed during solidification or by subsequent reaction within the solid metal.
warrant	The document of title to metal stored in an LME registered warehouse
shank	On a ring, the shank is the part that circles the finger.
zinc	Chemical Symbol Zn
peening	Mechanical working of a metal by hammer blows or shot impingement.
theta	Denotes changes in the value of an option with the passage of time.
galvanic action	When iron and steel are subject to conditions of
vickers hardness test	A method of determining the hardness of steel
magnetic crack detection	The bar or component to be tested is magnetised by passing a heavy current through it or by making it the core of a coil through which a heavy current is passed
non-refractory alloy	A term opposed to refractory alloy
uts	Ultimate Tensile Strength
stress corrosion cracking	Cracking of metals under combined action of temperature, corrosion and stress
arbitrage	An operation to lock in a temporary price advantage which involves a purchase of metal in one market with the simultaneous sale of an equivalent quantity of the same metal in another market, (eg copper on the LME and Comex)
specific power consumption	It is also called the unit power, or power constant, which is equal to the power required to cut a material at the rate of one cubic inch per minute or one cubic centimeter per minute
mmta	Minor Metals Trade Association
warpage	Term generally applied to distortion that results during quenching from the heat-treating temperature; hand straightening, press straightening, or cold restriking is employed, depending on the configuration of the part and the amount of warpage involved
martensite	One of the phases or microstructure constituents of steel at room temperature
z-bar flashing	Bent, galvanized metal flashing that's installed above a horizontal trim board of an exterior window, door, or brick run
carbon steel	Common or ordinary steel as contrasted with special or alloy steels, which contain other alloying metals in addition to the usual constituents of steel in their common percentages.
grain size	(1) For metals, a measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycyrstalline material, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform
habitat	the place or environment where a plant or animal naturally lives and grows
fossil fuel	Fuel, such as oil, coal, natural gas and their by-products, formed in the earth from remains of living-cell organisms.
formability	The relative ease with which a metal can be shaped through plastic deformation.
eurofer	European Confederation of Iron and Steel Industries.
selenium	An element that closely resembles sulphur in its properties.
ingot mould	The receptacle into which molten steel is poured to form an ingot
put	See Option.
na	Chemical symbol for Sodium.
transcrystalline cracking	Fracture of metal through the grain or crystals as distinguished from intercrystalline cracking.
cladding	A process for covering one metal with another in which the surfaces of two fairly thick slabs of metals are brought carefully into contact and are then subjected to co-rolling.
killed steel	Made by complete deoxidation of the molten steel before it is cast so that no gas evolution occurs during solidification
solar thermal electric	A process that generates electricity by converting incoming solar radiation to thermal energy.
strain hardening	The loss of ductility and gain in hardness resulting from strain ageing.
inclusions	Non-metallic solid material entrapped in the weld deposit or between weld metal and base metal
reference price	The price written into a period pricing or benchmark contract.
oscillating	the practice of winding coils so that the outside walls of the coil appear to be like waves (steel is wound in and out by moving the recoiler mandrel back and forth)
stress relief	Low temperature annealing for removing internal stresses, such as those resulting in a metal from work hardening or quenching.
edge preparation	Conditioning of the cutting edge, such as a honing or chamfering, to make it stronger and less susceptible to chipping
gas jet cooling	High pressure streams of an ambient temperature, non-oxidizing gas are directed against the hot strip to cool it to a desired temperature as it passes through the gas jet cooling zone of a continuous annealing line.
iron carbide	One of several substitutes for high-quality, low-residual scrap for use in electric furnace steelmaking
austenite	A phase in the steel with the smallest building block of atomic structure of “face centered cubic” (fcc) i.e
swarf	The particles of metal arising from machining or grinding
hot working	Mechanical deformation of a metal at temperatures above its recrystallization temperature.
microstructure	The structure that is observed when a polished and etched specimen of metal is viewed in an optical microscope at magnifications in range of approximately x25 to x1500.
drawing	The process of pulling metal wire, rods, or bars through a die with the effect of altering the size, finish and mechanical properties
embankment dam	a dam composed of a mound of earth and rock; the simplest type of gravity dam
abrasive flow machining	Finishing and deburring operation for holes, inaccessible areas or restricted passages
temper brittleness	Brittleness that results when certain steels are held within, or are cooled slowly, through a certain range of temperature below the transformation range
full body normalizing	Uniformly heating pipe to a temperature above the point at which grain structure is affected, followed by cooling in the still air
work-squaring bar	Mounts to the table of a contour band machine and automatically squares the work to the blade.
machinability	Simply defined as a measure of the ease with which a metal can be machined satisfactorily.
microstructure	Structure of a metal as revealed by microscopic examination of the etched surface of a polished specimen.
clearing	(i) Generally, the process of transferring futures and options contracts to a clearing house and holding them there
spot	The price of a contract at the first available settlement date (also known as cash).
magnaflux test	This test is conducted by suitably magnetizing the material and applying a prepared wet or dry magnetic powder or fluid which adheres to it along lines of flux leakage
segregation	In an alloy object, concentration of alloying elements at specific regions, usually as a result of the primary crystallization of one phase with the subsequent concentration of other elements in the remaining liquid
weak sand	Sand lacking in the proper amount of bond
putty	A type of dough used in sealing glass in the sash, filling small holes and crevices in wood, and for similar purposes.
high carbon	Steel with carbon content exceeding 0.30%
ultrasonic waves	Waves of ultrasonic frequency
strain gauge	A device with electrical resistance that is a function of the applied strain
materials handling	Methods, equipment and systems for conveying materials to various machines and processing areas and for transferring finished parts to assembly, packaging and shipping areas.
eutectoid steel	A steel that contains 0.9% carbon.
ferrous	Materials mainly containing the element iron, i.e
grain structure	The type of crystalline structure as observed by eye or under the microscope.
slitting	Slitting is the continuous longitudinal splitting of a wider coil into two or more separate strips by rotary knifes mounted on a rotating arbor
accelerated corrosion test	A test conducted under controlled conditions that are considerably more severe than those natural conditions whose effects are presumably being investigated. The advantages of such a test is the relatively short time required. Results are useful for qualitative comparisons, but are not reliable for predicting anticipated life in actual service.
drawing	1) The process of pulling flat products, rod wires, tube, shapes, etc., through a die
austenitic stainless steel	Low carbon, iron-chromium-nickel stainless alloys containing more than 16% chromium, and 4 to 22% nickel to provide an austenitic structure at normal temperatures
resulferized steel	Steel to which sulfur has been added in controlled amounts after refining
mild steel	This is ordinary or carbon steel that has a relatively low carbon content (up to 0.25%) which has not been hardened by treatment, so remains ductile.
pillars	Guide posts used in a pillar set.
transformation range	The temperature range within which austenite forms and ferrite or carbide progressively dissolves while ferrous alloys are being heated
limits of proportionality	The stress (load divided by original area of cross
young's modulus	Hooke's law states:
shoal	sandy elevations offshore, which may be partially or fully submerged; transitory habitat
grade	Designates divisions within different types based on carbon contents or mechanical properties; for example, "high-tensile grade structural steel"
reverberatory furnace	The simplest kind of smelting furnace in the form of a refractory-lined box up to about 40 ft (12.5 metres) long in which metal is kept molten in the bottom of the furnace by flame (oil, gas or coal-fired) reverberating around the upper part of the furnace.
ductility	The property of metal which permits it to be
shave	The process of pushing a forging through a cuffing die to form or size some dimension more accurately.
arc furnace	An arc furnace is a melting device that gets its heat-generating capacity from the introduction of an electric arc to a charge of scrap materials and ferroalloys
hull	the body or shell (framework) of a ship
frequency	The number of times an event occurs per unit time. Rate. Measured in Hertz (Hz), Kilohertz (kHz) or megahertz (MHz).
acid steel	Steel melted in a furnace having an acid bottom and lining and under a slag with acid reaction
strain	Measure of the relative change in the size or shape of a body
market maker	A participant with exchange-trading privileges which has an obligation to buy when there is an excess of buy orders
open hole inspection	When an engineer (or municipal inspector) inspects the open excavation and examines the earth to determine the type of foundation (caisson, footer, wall on ground, etc.) that should be installed in the hole.
finish cut	Final cut made on a workpiece to generate final dimensions or specified finish
lift	The net upward force created by an airfoil section in an airstream (Newton).
cyaniding	Introducing carbon and nitrogen into a solid ferrous alloy by holding above Ac1 in contact with molten cyanide or suitable compositon
zr	Chemical symbol for Zirconium.
reversing mill	Equipment that forms material by reciprocating single pieces (that is, discrete pieces, not part of a continuous coil) between adjustable rolls rather than through a series of roll stands set in line calibrated to closer and closer gaps (as in a coil mill, which is also called a tandem millM)
brinell hardness test	Test for determining the hardness of a material by forcing a hardened steel or carbide ball of specified diameter into the material under a specified load
longshore transport	littoral transport that is parallel to the shoreline
elasticity	A material is said to be elastic if it deforms under stress (e.g., external forces), but then returns to its original shape when the stress is removed
hardening	Any process which increases the hardness of a metal
abrasion	A process of rubbing, grinding, or wearing away by friction; a natural wear of material in the field.
accuracy	This is an expression of how close a measurement is to the actual value. Not to be confused with precision.
template	A standard format of a frequently used document to save time in preparation
casting-rolling line	Advanced production line based on thin slab technology for the production of hot rolled coil from molten steel in one production step.Category 1 member (LME) - A member of the LME that is able to trade in the Ring, on LME Select and in the telephone market and issue LME client contracts.Category 2 member (LME) - A member of the LME that is able to trade on LME Select and in the telephone market and issue LME client contracts.Category 3 member (LME) - A member of the LME that is able to trade on LME Select and the telephone market but not to issue client contracts.Category 4 member (LME) - A member of the LME that is able to issue LME contracts but is not a member of the clearing house, LCH.Clearnet.Category 5 member (LME) - A member of the LME that has no trading rights except as clients.
ectotherm	an animal that obtains most of its heat from the environment and therefore has a body temperature very close to that of its environment
magnesium	A metal known for its low density, malleability, ductility and the white light it produces when burning.
hardness	A measure of the resistance of a metal to indentation by a loaded indenter
spot market	Refer to Real-Time Market
watt	The electric unit of power or rate of doing work. One horsepower is equivalent to approximately 746 watts.
coinage bronze	An alloy classically of 95% copper, 4% tin and 1% zinc.
rabble	A kind of rake for stirring solid material in a furnace.
roasting	Controlled heating of sulphide concentrates to convert them to the oxide by driving off and capturing the sulphur.
nonpoint source pollution	This type of pollution does not have a specific source (contrary to point source pollution), and is very difficult to regulate
overaging	Aging under conditions of time and temperature greater than those required to obtain maximum strength.
peak load month	The month of greatest plant electrical generation during the winter heating season (Oct-Mar) and summer cooling season (Apr-Sept), respectively.
segregation	A term applied to the concentration and partial separation
hardening	heat treatment consisting in heating the charge to the austenitizing temperature, soaking and fast cooling in order to obtain martensite or bainite structure
drawing	A forming process that presses metal into or through a die (as in cold drawn wire).
hydrogen stress cracking	Cracking of a metal resulting from the combination of hydrogen and tensile stress.
molecular structure	With regard to atomic arrangements within and interconnections between polymer molecules.
vapour pressure difference	the weight per unit area of the vapour particles in the air.
test	a test piece at 927 deg C for 8 hours by slow
roll flattening	See Straightening and Flattening.
inter-market	Dealings in a metal between LME brokers, over the telephone or on screen, which take place before the morning session, in the period between the close of the morning kerb and the first afternoon Ring, or after the afternoon kerb.
toughness	Toughness is the resistance of a material to fracture or break
preservative	Any pesticide substance that, for a reasonable length of time, will prevent the action of wood-destroying fungi, insect borers, and similar destructive agents when the wood has been properly coated or impregnated with it
ovality	The difference between the maximum and minimum diameters of a piece of pipe.
proof stress	In a test, stress that will cause a specified permanent deformation in a material, usually 0.01% or less.
megapascal	A measure of pressure defined as MPas.
austenite	A non-magnetic allotropic form of iron, the result of re-crystallisation of iron when it is raised to a high temperature
hardness	The measure of a materials resistance to plastic deformation by surface indentation or by abrasion.
hismelt	A direct reduction (see DRI) process for iron-making, based on the use of iron ore fines and non-coking coal for the production of hot metal
short	(i) A futures market commitment to sell material at a future date for which the holder does not have the underlying metal
fatigue	If metals are subjected to repeated fluctuating (reversing) loads at stresses below the tensile strength, a fatigue crack can initiate in the material which, with increasing number of loading cycles, propagates through the material until final failure by fracture of the metal remaining occurs
saturation	The degree of magnetization where a further increase in magnetic field strength produces a decrease in permeability of a material.
critical points	The various temperatures at which transformations occur in steel as it passes through its critical range - on either a rising or falling temperature
powder metals	Fabrication technology in which fine metallic powder is compacted under high pressure and then heated at a temperature slightly below the melting point to solidify the material
cod	Chemical Oxygen Demand
holistic	relating to or concerned with wholes or with complete systems rather than with the analysis, treatment or dissection of individual parts; example: holistic ecology views man and the environment as a single system
cover	Purchase or sale of contracts to offset a trader's position.
brazing brass	An alloy of 50% copper, 50% zinc used for joining iron and steel at a lower temperature than welding.
calibration	The comparison of transducer output against input quantities that are traceable to international standards. Calibration would normally be carried out by a recognised authority and should result in the issue of a calibration certificate. If there is any change in transducer performance or damage to the transducer or if there is any unusual behaviour exhibited by the transducer, it should be recalibrated.
piercing	A seamless tubemaking method in which a hot billet is gripped and rotated by rolls or cones and directed over a piercer point which is held on the end of a mandrel bar.
wall thickness – average	See Tube Measurement Terms.
slug	See calot
erosion-corrosion	An accelerated loss of material concerning corrosion and erosion that results from corrosive material interacting with the material.
macrograph	A photographic reproduction of any object that has not been magnified more than ten times.
indication	(1) Any measured signal or response from an inspection of a pipe above the normal baseline signal
stripping torque	The amount of application torque that causes the threads of the closure to override the container threads.
cementite	Compound of iron and carbon known as iron carbide and having the approximate chemical formula Fe3C
rb	Chemical symbol for Rubidium.
conditioning	The removal of surface defects (seams, laps, pits, etc.).
cleavage	the shape that occurs when a rock is split cleanly
shear modulus	Also known as modulus of rigidity, shear modulus of elasticity, or torsional modulus.
fatigue	A progressive mechanical failure mechanism resulting from oscillating (cyclic) stresses (e.g
liquidity	Measure informed by the volume of trade in a particular market that defines the ability of an instrument or asset to be bought or sold without affecting its value (see liquidity risk).
fatigue testing	Fatigue tests are made with the object of determining the relationship between the stress range and the number of times it can be applied before causing failure
structurals	Steel girders and heavy angles used in construction
matte finish	A gritty surface look on cold rolled steel accomplished by roughened rolls during the cold rolling process.
coffer	a sunken panel in a ceiling
bessemer process	A process for making steel by blowing air through molten pig iron contained in a suitable vessel, and thus causing rapid oxidation mainly of silicon and carbon.
rock crystal	A colorless, water-clear form of quartz, rock crystal was believed by some ancient Greeks to be ice that had hardened over time into stone.
point	A point is a gemstone unit weight equal to one-hundredth of a carat.
hot shortness	Brittleness in metal - at an elevated temperature.
phase	One of the characteristics of the electric service supplied or the equipment used. Practically all residential customers have single-phase service. Large commercial and industrial customers have either two-phase or three-phase service.
trepanning	A type of boring where an annular cut is made into a solid material with the coincidental formation of a plug or solid cylinder.
calumet	a highly ornamented ceremonial pipe of the American Indians; illustration
blank	A piece of flat steel stamped (cut to a pattern) from coil to be passed to a press for shaping
tempering	A heat treatment in which steel hardened by transformation to martensite, is heated to a temperature below the lower critical temperature in order to decrease hardness and improve toughness.
hg	High grade zinc
tunnel shield	a cylinder pushed ahead of tunneling equipment to provide advance support for the tunnel roof; used when tunneling in soft or unstable ground
flattening	A preliminary operation performed on a slug cut from wrought material to position the metal for final forging, or performed on the finished forging to remove the effects of warping.
cutting fluid	Liquid used to improve workpiece machinability, enhance tool life, flush out chips and machining debris, and cool the workpiece and tool
plasma cutter	a machine that combines a high-voltage arc with compressed gas to create plasma for cutting electrically conductive metals.
semis	(i) Non-ferrous; usual trade term for semi-fabricated products (sheet, wire, tube etc.)
dome	a curved roof enclosing a circular space; a three-dimensional arch
longitudinal bow	A longitudinal curvature in the plane of a sheet.
ca	Chemical symbol for Calcium
toughness	Property of resisting fracture or distortion
work hardening	The increase in hardness and strength produced by cold plastic deformation or mechanical working.
molybdenum	Its use as an alloying element in steel increases
major span	This is the distance between the lower supports in a bend, or flexure test. See diagram here.
pearlite	A relatively hard constituent of steel made up of alternate layers of ferrite (iron)
out-of-the-money	An option whose strike price is above the current market price if a call and below it if a put.
shear strength	The stress required to produce fracture in the plane of a cross section
cash today	See Tom-Next.
pit	A sharp depression or mark in the surface of the metal.
backwardation	Description of forward curve
austempering	Process of cooling a primarily iron alloy at a fast rate froim a temperature above the transformation range, in a suitable medium
nonindigenous	not existing or having not originated naturally in a particular region or environment
engineering	a profession in which a knowledge of math and natural science is applied to develop ways to utilize the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of all human beings
position limit	Set by regulatory bodies or internal controls to limit the size of positions held.
dye penetrant inspection	A method for detecting surface porosity or
oiled	Application of prelube or other oil to the surface of steel to either inhibit rust or assist in the lubricity of the steel as it moves through manufacturing dies.
ovals	A hot-rolled carbon steel bar product which is oval in cross section.
brackish	containing some salt; brackish water: the area in a waterbody where freshwater and saltwater meet
seventh generation	a belief originating with the Native Peoples that "In our every deliberation, we should consider the impact of our decisions on the next seven generations."
metal lath	Sheets of metal that are slit to form openings within the lath
bed	a layer of sediment or sedimentary rock
casting	Forming metal into shapes by melting and moulding.
flare test	A destructive test performed that tests the weld suitability of a piece of tube when it is expanded over a cone at various degrees of expansion.
flash welding	A resistance butt welding process in which the weld is produced over the entire abutting surface by pressure and heat, the heat being produced by electric arcs between the members being welded.
options on futures	An option, the exercise of which results in a long or short futures position
chemical milling	Removing metal stock by controlled selective chemical etching.
lock	an enclosure with gates at either end for lifting or lowering vessels from one level to another
pinch pass	A term applied when, after annealing, sheet or strip is
effort arm	The distance from the effort position to the fulcrum point in a lever system
slag	A by-product, containing inert materials of the burden, produced during the melting process of blast furnace and steel making operations.
galvanizing	Covering an iron or steel surface with a protective layer of zinc.
hot work	The rolling, forging or extruding of a metal at a temperature above its recrystallisation point.
sedimentation	Settling.
fin stock	Coiled Sheet or foil in specific alloys, tempers and thickness ranges suitable for manufacture fins for heat exchanger applications.
substrate	Base metal used in the next step in processing
hot rolled coil	The first product from slab – the product of hot rolling.
flat rate	A fixed charge for goods and services that does not vary with changes in the amount used, volume consumed, or units purchased.
pickling	Process of removing scale and rust from the surface of hot rolled steel using hydrochloric acid baths
carrying	(i) Carrying is the general term used for both borrowing and lending on the LME
cratering	Depressions formed on the face of a cutting tool caused by heat, pressure and the motion of chips moving across the tool's surface.
cross-country mill	A rolling mill in which the mill stands are so arranged that their tables are parallel with a transfer (or cross-over) table connecting them
case-hardening	The process of hardening the surface of steel whilst leaving the interior unchanged
plastic deformation	Permanent (inelastic) distortion of metals under applied stresses that strain the material beyond its elastic limit.
blue brittleness	Brittleness exhibited by some steels after being heated to a temperature within the range of about 200° C to 370° C, particularly if the steel is worked at the elevated temperature.
binary alloy	An alloy of two metals.
impact test	A test performed at a specified temperature (usually lower than ambient) to determine the behavior of materials when subjected to high rates of loading, usually in bending, tension or torsion
lbf	The true imperial unit of force is the poundal (the force that produces an acceleration of one foot per second per second on a mass of one pound), but this is no longer used. Instead the term ‘pound force' is in widespread use and is a curious mixture of imperial and metric measurements
spindle adapter	Bushing or toolholder that permits affixing a variety of taper- and straight-shank tools to a machine spindle.
spot welding	A process for joining steel sheets
hydraulic cylinder kits	A selection of seals used to completely repair a cylinder or ram
charcoal iron	Iron smelted with charcoal rather than coke where the former is available and the latter is not economic
cupping	The fracture of severely worked rods or wire where one end has the appearance of a cup and the other that of a cone.
water hardening	The process of hardening high carbon steels by quenching in water or brine after heating.
inclusion	Particles of impurities that are held mechanically or are formed during the solidification or by subsequent reaction within the solid metal.
dolomite	A natural carbonate of calcium and magnesium
nuclear regulatory commission	This is the federal agency responsible for the licensing of nuclear facilities. They oversee these facilities and make sure regulations and standards are followed.
intercrystalline corrosion	Chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels are prone to this form of corrosion when they are welded and subsequently in contact with certain types of corrosive media
slip plane	See "Slip Bands."
cryogenic	Sub-zero temperature applications.
yield strength	The stress at which general plastic elongation of the test piece takes place
pyrometer	An instrument of any of various types used for measuring temperatures.
strength	The ability of stainless steel to oppose applied forces when considering resistance to stretching, forming, compressing, etc.
box annealing	Softening steel by heating, usually at a subcritical temperature, in a suitable closed metal box or pot to protect it from oxidation, employing a slow heating and cooling cycle; also called close to annealing or pot annealing.
hard tooling	Tooling made for a specific part
complex-phase steels	CP steels are characterized by a very fine microstructure of ferrite and a higher volume fraction of hard phases (martensite and bainite), strengthened further by fine carbon or nitrogen precipitates of niobium, titanium, or vanadium
thin strip casting	A technique to produce 1-2 mm thick steel coil direct from the caster, which avoids the need for lengthy tandem mill rolling lines needed even for reducing 50-60 mm thin slab to final gauge
nut coke	Low ash content coke that is 10-25mm or 12-30mm [industry definitions vary] in size
nearbys	The nearest delivery date of a commodity futures market.
alloy steel	All steels contain carbon and small amounts of silicon, sulfur, manganese and phosphorus
four-high mill	See Reversing Mill.
reverse flow operation	operation of single-pipe horizontal systems where the direction of gas flow may change at regular intervals.
chatter	Surface condition characterized by a series of close spaced lines across the strip width; generally caused by vibration in the mill rolls.
common alloys	One of several terms used in the industry to identify the non-heat-treatable classes of alloys-alloys identified in the four-digit numbering system by having as their first digit a “1″, a “3″, a “5″
rolling	The reduction of the cross-sectional area of metal stock by its passage between rotating rolls.
reflectivity	A term to indicate the percentage of reflected light from a painted surface.
izod test	A pendulum type of single-blow impact test in which the specimen, usually notched, is fixed at one end and broken by a falling pendulum
hooke's law	When the applied force is proportional to the deflection, a material is said to obey Hooke's law
axial force	When drilling, a force that is directed axially—along the direction of machining
hammer mill	see Shredder.
modulus of elasticity	The ratio of stress to strain within the perfectly elastic range.
wire	Strand made from wire rod by drawing through a succession of dies until reduced to the desired gauge (diameter).
fatigue strength	Maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without failure, the stress being completely reversed within each cycle unless otherwise stated.
welding stress	That stress resulting from localized heating and cooling of metal during welding.
combustion turbine	A fossil-fuel-fired power plant that uses the conversion process known as the Brayton cycle. The fuel, oil, or gas is combusted and drives a turbine-generator.
prairie	land predominantly made up of grass
killed steel	Steel deoxidized with a strong deoxidizing agent such as silicon or aluminum in order to reduce the oxygen content to a minimum so that no reaction occurs between carbon and oxygen during solidification.
alloy steels	Alloy steels have enhanced properties due to the presence of one or more special elements, or to the presence of larger proportions of elements such as manganese and silicon than are present in carbon steels.
extrusion	Production process in which steel is forced by compression through a die into solids (round or special shape) or through a die and over a mandrel to form a tubular shape.
threshold	The bottom metal or wood plate of an exterior door frame
efficiency service company	A company that offers to reduce a client's electricity consumption with the cost savings being split with the client.
cupro-nickel	Copper with about 30% nickel
induction heating	A process of heating by electrical induction.
technical analysis	See chartist.
bid	The price the buyer is prepared to pay
c.w.t.	Per hundred weight.
good faith agreement	an agreement based upon honesty rather than enforceable laws
flow moisture point	A measure of a danger point at which combined moisture in a cargo, typically concentrates, becomes free moisture under the effect of vibration or movement
alloy	A metal made by adding other metals and nonmetals to a basic a basic metal to secure desirable properties.
pitting	Small indentations in the surface of steel.
breakout	An accident caused by the failure of the walls of the hearth of the blast furnace, resulting in liquid iron or slag (or both) flowing uncontrolled out of the blast furnace.
polishing	The finishing of metal surfaces with a compound impregnated in the surfaces of a hard fabric faced wheel which rotates at high speed
deposit	See Initial Margin.
surface roughness	The surface texture measured using a stylus instrument across the rolling direction
tax credits	Credits established by the federal and state government to assist the development of the alternative energy industry.
age hardening	A process of increasing the hardness and strength of an alloy by the precipitation of particles of a phase from a supersaturated solid solution alloy
whistlers	Small openings from isolated mold cavities to allow gases to escape easily
minis	Equivalent exchange contracts with smaller lot size
wolfram	The alternative name for tungsten.
hot forming	Hot forming operations are used widely in the fabrication of stainless steel to take advantage of their lower resistance to shape change
ductility	A measure of a materials ability to undergo appreciable plastic deformation before fracture; it may be expressed as percent elongation (%EL)or percent area reduction (%AR).
sponge	Form of metal characterized by a porous condition that is the result of the decomposition or reduction of a compound without fusion
proof stress	The stress that will cause a specified small, permanent
woody fracture	A fracture that is fibrous or woody in appearance due to the elongation of the individual grains
tantalum	A rare metal of silver white color having excellent corrosion resistance and high melting point
wrought iron	Iron which has been puddled (hammered) until malleable; it has superior corrosion resistance to steel
continuous casting	Traditionally liquid steel was cast into large ingots, which were later re-heated to be rolled into slabs and then further rolled into plate or hot rolled coil
adhesion test	This test determines the level of adhesion or adherence between two layers, or the strength of adhesion between a coating and substrate material.
modulus of elasticity	A measurement of the resistance of a steel to be deformed elastically and how it will restore it to its original shape after distortion.
american style option	An option that can be exercised by the holder at any time after the option has been purchased.
tension level	Mechanical operation where coiled metal or alloys are stretched beyond their yield points
fault treeevent	Fault tree analysis can help identify potential and contributing causes of failures before or after the failures actually occur.
sag resistance	Resistance to sagging during the thermoforming, heating and forming process
pb	Chemical symbol for Lead.
surface hardening	A generic term covering several processes applicable to a suitable ferrous alloy that produce, by quench hardening only, a surface layer that is harder or more wear resistant than the core
kaldo process	A method of producing steel from molten iron, using an inclined rotating converter and a water cooled oxygen lance inserted through the converter mouth
municipal	Having to do with a town or city.
streak	Color of a pulverized substance; a useful property for mineral identification.
primer	The first, base coat of paint when a paint job consists of two or more coats
grain size measurement	Grain size is normally quantified by a numbering
hxx temper	Strain hardened temper
high speed steel	Family of steels designed to hold an edge even when heated red hot by friction
dry	Term associated with pipe surface in which the pipe is not coated with a corrosion inhibitor and all grease spots and cutting oil are removed by washing.
luder lines	Surface markings resulting from localized flow which appear on some alloys after light straining
green pricing	In the case of renewable electricity, green pricing represents a market solution to the various problems associated with regulatory valuation of the nonmarket benefits of renewables.
spade drilling	Drilling operation in which a machine powers a cutting tool consisting of a holder and flat, interchangeable end-cutting blades
oxidation	Exposure to atmosphere sometimes results in oxidation of the exposed surface, hence a staining or discoloration
coagulation	The process in which the negative charge on particles is neutralized, usually by addition of positive charges such as those provided by alum. The neutralization of particles allows them to clump together forming larger particles which are easier to settle.
electronic trading	Trading on a screen-based platform, rather than in an open-outcry forum or over the telephone
billet mill	See "Blooming Mill"
conventional pollutants	Otherwise nontoxic, conventional pollutants, such as dirt, can contaminate a water body by making the water unusable for drinking and swimming, and ultimately destroying fragile aquatic life
open pit	Mining technique for large disseminated deposits near the surface.
daily peak	The maximum amount of energy or service demanded in one day from a company or utility service.
shear	A force acting perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the sample.
casting shrinkage	Reducing the volume of liquid metal as the cooling process takes place before the liquid hardens.
carbon	Carbon is an essential element in steel, it is added
turning machine	Any machine that rotates a workpiece while feeding a cutting tool into it
photomicrograph	A photographic reproduction of an object magnified more than ten times used to show microstructure characteristics of steel.
red hardness	A term sometimes associated with high speed steel because it has the property of retaining sufficient hardness for cutting metals even when heated to a temperature high enough to cause a dull redness
finishing temperature	Temperature of final hot working of a metal.
investment casting	1
commercial quality steel sheet	A standard quality carbon steel sheet.
brinell hardness test	The test consists of forcing a ball of standard diameter into a specimen being tested under standard pressure, and judging the hardness of the material by the amount of metal displaced.
proof load	A test load that a fitting must undergo without showing significant deformation
rockwell standard hardness test	Indentation hardness test uses a calibrated machine that utilizes the depth of indentation, under constant load, as a measure of hardness
circular-saw blade	Cutting tool for a cold or circular saw
elasticity	The property which enables a material to return to its original shape and dimension.
ferretic steel	Contains very little nickel and either 17% chromium or 12% chromium with other elements such as aluminum or titanium
newton	The SI derived unit of force is the newton (the force that produces an acceleration of one metre per second per second on a mass of 1 kilogram).
r value	A measure of insulation
proton	A subatomic particle that contributes mass and a single positive electrical charge to an atom.
olivine	Olivine is a mineral family containing the gemstone peridot.
fatigue strength	The maximum amount of repeated stress a material can withstand for a specific number of cycles before failure occurs.
cold-rolled strip	Sheet steel that has been pickled and run through a cold-reduction mill
age hardening	The gradual changes that take place in properties of soft or low-carbon steels after the final treatment, which bring about increased hardness, elasticity and tensile strength after the steel has returned to normal temperatures.
disinfectant	Something, usually a chemical, that kills disease-causing microorganisms.
hardness	Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a material to surface indentation or abrasion
limiting range of stress	The greatest range of stress that a metal can withstand for an indefinite number of cycles without failure
lap	A surface defect, appearing as a seam, caused by folding over hot metal, fins, or sharp corners and then rolling or forging them into a surface, but not welding them.
force	An entity that tries to move a body
roping	See Loopers
paint	A combination of pigments with suitable thinners or oils to provide decorative and protective coatings
microstructure	The structure that is observed when a polished
copper	A reddish metal that is highly malleable and ductile and has high electrical and heat conductivity.
intarsia	Intarsia was a form of wood inlaying that is similar to marquetry
automatic gauge control	Modern rolling mills for flat products use equipment and software to measure the uniformity of thickness, edge consistency, flatness and surface finish of their product during the rolling process
oil hardening steel	Used to describe tool or alloy steels where oil is
bear covering	The closing of a short position.
alclad	The common name for a type of clad-wrought aluminum products with coatings of high-purity aluminum or an aluminum alloy different from the core alloy in composition
discount /interest rate	The discount rate is used to determine the present value of future or past cash flows. The rate accounts for inflation and the potential earning power of money.
dolomite	A natural carbonate of calcium and magnesium generally used as a flux in blast furnaces.
descaling	A process that removes the oxide scale from the surface of the stainless steel that develops from hot operations.
overaging	Segment of the continuous annealing process following the high temperature soak and quench period
risk	Often associated with expressions of absolute risk but can also include methods expressing risk in relative terms, such as indices or scores.
tensile strength	The pounds per square inch of force required to stretch a material to the breaking point
slitting	The cutting of wide strip into narrower strip usually carried out using rotary cutters
heat-affected zone	The part of a metal that is not melted during cutting, brazing, or welding, but whose microstructure and physical properties are altered by these processes.
adit	Horizontal access shaft to a deposit inside a mountain.
cerment	A composite material consisting of a combination of ceramic and metallic materials.
micron	Measure of length that is equal to one-millionth of a meter.
impact test	A test to determine the behavior of materials when subjected to high rates of loading, usually in bending, tension, or torsion
geyser	A special type of thermal spring that periodically ejects water with great force.
file band	Segmented files mounted on an endless band for use on a powered band-type filing machine or on a contour band machine with a filing attachment.
crystal	A physically homogeneous solid in which the atoms, ions or molecules are arranged in a three-dimensional repetitive pattern.
toll processing	The act of processing steel for a fee (“toll”)
demand	The rate at which electric energy is delivered to or by a system, part of a system, or a piece of equipment. Demand is expressed in kW, kVA, or other suitable units at a given instant or over any designated period of time. The primary source of "demand" is the power-consuming equipment of the customers.
cassiterite	The principal commercial ore of tin.
ferrous scrap	Iron-containing used steel which is remelted and recast into new steel by both fully integrated mills (approximately 25% mix of scrap) and mini-mills (as much as100% mix of scrap).
corrosion	Chemical or electrochemical deterioration of a metal or alloy.
ra	See Surface Roughness
tee splitting	Involves splitting metal beams
verification	The act of testing a device against recognized standards. Different from calibration in that there is no adjustment of the device to meet the standards. Verification results in a pass or fail.
debar	Short for deformed bar
matrix	The ground mass or principal substance in which a constituent is embedded.
cast cobalt-base alloys	Used as wear-resistant (largest application area), corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant materials
machine straightening	Straightening metal bars by rolling in a straightening machine.
precision plate sawing	Involves sawing plate (primary aluminum plate products) into square or rectangular shapes to tolerances as close as 0.003 of an inch.
angiosperm	plants that have an enclosed seed
elongation	In ensile testing, the increase in gage length measured after fracture of a specimen within the gage length, usually expressed as a percentage of the original gage length.
fatigue ratio	The ratio of the fatigue limit for cycles of reversed flexural stress to the tensile strength.
magnetic particle	One of several methods of non destructive testing
notched bar test	A test to determine the resistance of a material to a
elastic limit	A measure of the maximum stress that may be applied to a tube without leaving a permanent deformation or strain after the stress is released.
data acquisition rate	This is the rate at which data is collected during a measurement. In the context of materials testing it is usually measured in kHz or Hz. Currently Mecmesin test stands acquire data at a rate of up to 2kHz whereas our handheld gauges can sample at up to 5kHz. When considering data acquisition rate in a test application, faster is not always better. For example, some tests consist of slow initial changes followed by rapid increase to break. In these cases fast acquisition early in the test merely fills disk space, but toward the break region, fast acquisition can give vital information where a slower acquisition might miss features of the stress/strain curve.
ingot mold	The receptacle into which molten steel is
rail	Cross members of panel doors or of a sash
busheling	Scrap consisting of sheet clips and stampings from metal production
chromium	Chemical symbol Cr
eddy current test	Non-destructive test whereby an electrical current flow measures the discontinuity of a piece of pipe.
roof valley	The "V" created where two sloping roofs meet.
throat depth	This is the dimension of available throat depth for the test specimen, from the axis of the loadcell to the machine.
yield point	First stress in a material, usually less than the maximum attainable stress, at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress
rolling	The process of shaping metals by passing it between rolls revolving at the same peripheral speed and in opposite directions.
clip-board	A ‘holding' station into which you can place selected data to transfer it to another location
draft	The taper on a vertical surface to facilitate the removal of the forging from the die or punch.
stresses	1) Applied Stress - Stresses that are set up and exist in a body during application of an external load
ingot	The mass of metal that results from casting
astm a500	ASTM A500 is a specification for cold formed welded and seamless carbon steel structural tubing
zr	Chemical symbol for Zirconium
basis price	(i) The price agreed between the seller and the buyer of an option at which the option can be exercised
synthetic	Synthetic refers to a man-made material with a natural counterpart
alpha-iron	The form of iron (also referred to as ferrite) which exists naturally below 910°C in which the iron atoms are arranged in a body centred cubic (bcc) crystalline pattern, ie an iron atom at each corner of a cube and a single one right in the middle of the cube.
polar additives	Animal, vegetable or synthetic oil that, when added to a mineral oil, improves its ability to penetrate the tool/workpiece interface.
hot metal	The liquid metal emerging from a blast furnace (BF) or electric arc furnace, that is newly produced iron or steel.
market order	An order to buy or sell a futures contract at the first obtainable price or prices on the market for the tonnage involved
laminations	Metal defects with separation or weakness generally aligned parallel to the worked surface of the metal
linear polymer	A polymer in which each molecule consists of bifunctional mer units joined end to end in a single chain.
dish	Form of relief given to the face of an endmill to prevent undesirable contact with the work
blight	a disease or injury of plants resulting in withering, stopping of growth, and death of parts without rotting
clear-cut	to completely cut down a forest, including the trees, plants, and grasses
fractography	Descriptive treatment of fracture, especially in metal, with specific reference to photography of the fracture surface.
fcm	Futures Commission Merchant (see broker).
submerged arc weld	SAW is a type of arc welding in which a flux—a special welding material—is used to protect the weld area from the effects of the surrounding air and to improve the conditions for formation of the weld
lattice	atomic centres are disposed in space in such a way
hot quenching	Cooling in a medium, the temperature of which is substantially higher than room temperature.
cda	Abbreviation for "Copper Development Association, Inc."
fluting	Visible line markings that sometimes appear on the surface of flat rolled steel during forming; associated with non-uniform yielding of the metal; occurs when steel is formed into cylindrical or arc shaped parts
tungsten	When used as an alloying element it increases the strength of steel at normal and elevated temperatures
look-ahead	CNC feature that evaluates many data blocks ahead of the cutting tool's location to adjust the machining parameters to prevent gouges
tinplate	Thin steel sheet coated with a minute amount of tin
at-the-money	An option whose strike price is the same as the current market price of the underlying metal.
hard metals	A group of materials more commonly known as
huey test	A corrosion test for stainless steels
differential heating	Heating so that various portions of an article reach different temperatures to produce different properties upon cooling.
secondary stainless steel	Stainless steel that has been rejected by an original customer because of a defect in the chemistry, gauge, or surface quality
retentions	Amounts withheld from progress billings until final and satisfactory project completion.
hardenability	The property in steel that determines the depth and distribution of hardness induced by cooling from a suitable elevated temperature
b.s.	British Standard
austenite	Solid solution of one or more elements in face-centered cubic iron
fatigue testing	Fatigue tests are made with the object of
gages	Manufacturers’ standard numbering systems indicating decimal thickness or diameters.
gutter	A slight depression surrounding the cavity in the die to relieve pressure and control flash flow.
crust	the solid outermost part of the Earth
alewife	a food fish of the herring family that is very abundant on the Atlantic coast; the alewife entered the Great Lakes through the Welland Canal in the 1940s and frequently die-off in large numbers because they are not well adapted to life in freshwater
one-call system	However, such participation does not relieve the operator of the responsibility of compliance to the regulation.
risk management	A strategy designed to minimise exposure to risk factors that could have a negative impact on a company or organisation, usually through the use of insurance, derivatives and hedging practices.
medium-carbon steel	Contains from 0.30% to 0.60% carbon and less than 1.00% manganese
boulder	Geological obstacles (mostly single large pieces of rock encountered in sandy or clayey soils).
usgs	U.S
icon	A small picture that designates graphically some function in a computer program
standard uncertainty	A component of uncertainty in a measurement, expressed as a standard deviation s.
colour laser	A laser printer in which four passes of the print mechanism lay down cyan, magenta, yellow and black toners to produce a colour image.
brand	A mark or name identifying the smelter, refiner, semifabricator or steelworks who has produced the metal
galvanneal	A form of hot-dip galvanizing carried out continuously whereby the coil to be coated is passed in the usual way through a bath of molten zinc, subjected to control of the coating thickness after it emerges (evened out and controlled by passing) and then drawn through an annealing oven
regulators compact	Under this compact, utilities are granted service territories in which they have the exclusive right to serve retail customers. In exchange for this right, utilities have an obligation to serve all consumers in that territory on demand.
woodruff cutter	Milling cutter used for cutting keyways.
metalworking	Any manufacturing process in which metal is processed or machined such that the workpiece is given a new shape
w	Chemical symbol for Tungsten, from wolfram.
galling	A condition whereby excessive friction between high spots results in localized welding with subsequent splitting and a further roughening of rubbing surfaces of one or both of two mating parts.
autogenous grinding	A ball mill without the balls, where the ore is ground by impact on itself.
stiffness	1
vacuum oxygen decarburization	A refinement of stainless steel that reduces carbon content
alloying element	An element added to a metal, and remaining in solid solution in the metal, that effects changes in structure and properties.
clip and shave	A dual operation in which one cutting surface in the clipping die removes the flash, and then the forging is pushed further past another edge which shaves and sizes the entire contour or outside surface of the forging.
cavity cutting	Machining entirely within the body of a workpiece.
full annealing	Used principally on iron and steel, means heating the metal to about 100°F above the critical temperature range, followed by “soaking” and slow cooling below the critical temperature.
bend tests	Tests used to assess the ductility and malleability of stainless steel subjected to bending.
noble metal	Noble metals are metals that are resistant to corrosion or oxidation, unlike most base-metals
brinell	Hardness testing system which measures indentation of the subject using a standard weight, shaped point
walk-through	A final inspection of a home before "Closing" to look for and document problems that need to be corrected.
delta iron	When pure or practically carbon-free iron is cooled from above its melting point it solidifies at about 1535oC as delta iron having a body-centred cubic lattice structure, which persists down to about 1400oC
stick built	A house built without prefabricated parts
steel	Generally defined as a metallic product whose principal element is iron and where the carbon content is not more than 2%
step cut	Also known as a trap cut, the step cut has one large facet surrounded by rectangular facets
die-lines	Lines of markings caused on drawn or extruded products by minor imperfections in the surface of the die.
shg	Special High Grade
feedstock	Any raw material
breaking strength	Tensile load or force required to rupture textiles (e.g., fibres, yarn) or leather
sensitization	The phenomenon in austenitic stainless steels that causes a change to occur in the grain boundaries when heated in the general range of 850° to 1475° F
barrier beach wetlands	created when a sand beach is created across a bay, resulting in an embayment connected to a lake by a channel, which protects the barrier beach from wave action
ion	An electrically charged atom or group of atoms.
casing	Pipe used as a structural retainer for the walls of a drilled hole.
brittleness	A tendency to fracture without appreciable deformation.
element	substances which cannot be broken down into other substances
operating rates	The ratio between the raw steel production rates of a mill compared to its stated capacity also called Capacity Utilization Rates.
austenitic	A range of stainless steels which have austenite as their primary phase, with a face centred cubic crystal structure
scale	An oxide of iron that forms on the surface of hot steel.
scarfing	Cutting surface areas of metal objects, ordinarily by using a gas torch
span	The clear distance that a framing member carries a load without support between structural supports
calot	A calot (in zinc) or slug (in aluminium) is a thick disc of soft metal which is the raw material for an impact extrusion (e.g
magnaflux test	Inspection given to important or highly stressed parts of pipe for critical applications. Consists of suitably magnetizing the material and applying a prepared magnetic powder which adheres to it along lines of flux leakage, showing the existence of surfaces, non-uniformities and electromagnetic current.
energy	The ability to do work
b.t.u	British Thermal Unit
srl	Single Random Length (16-22 ft
copper	Commercially Pure Copper - Metal for which the specified minimum copper content is not less than 99.88%, silver being counted as copper.
mechanical damage	Any of a number of types of anomalies in pipe caused by the application of an external force
killed steel	Steel in which sufficient deoxidizing agents have been added to prevent gas evolution during solidification.
superalloys	Lightweight metal alloys designed specifically to withstand extreme conditions
tolerances	Allowable variations from specified dimensions.
grain flow	Fiber-like lines appearing on polished and etched sections of forgings, caused by orientation of the constituents of the metal in the direction of working during forging.
yield point	Can be defined as the point where a tensile test piece begins to extend permanently
yield strength	Stess corresponding to some fixed permanent deformation, such as 0.1 or 2.0% offset from the modulus slope
tailored blank	Steel pre-cut from a coil or sheet delivered to a press shop for drawing to final shape
granular fracture	A type of irregular surface produced when metal fractures, characterized by a rough, grain like appearance as differentiated from a smooth silky, or fibrous, type
fatigue limit	The maximum value of the applied alternating stress which a test piece can stand indefinitely.
extra heavy	Scheduled pipe size describing wall thickness relative to outside diameter
eue	External upset ends forging of ends on (API) tubing and drill pipe to provide additional thickness for strengthening connections.
environmental impact statement	An FONSI is based on the results of an environmental assessment.
bulb flats	Hot rolled flat products with a rounded bulbous profile on one edge
pipe	A cavity formed in metal (especially ingots) during the solidification of the last portion of liquid metal
insert	Built up section which saves the use of expensive steel except at the point where actually needed.
killed steel	Steel deoxidized with a strong deoxidizing agent such as silicon or aluminum in order to reduce the oxygen content to such a level that no reaction occurs between carbon and oxygen during solidification.
recrystallization	Process whereby the distorted grain structure of cold worked metals or alloys is replaced by a new strain free grain structure during annealing above a specific minimum temperature (recrystallization temperature).
expiry	The date on which a futures contract becomes due (see Prompt).
erosion	wearing away of the land, chiefly by rain and running water
grain refinement	Reducing the crystalline of grain structure by heat treating, or by a combination of heat treating and mechanical working.
refractive index	The amount a beam of light bends as it enters a gemstone and then strikes a subsequent surface(s) is known as the gem's refractive index or RI
case hardening	Hardening the surface of steel without affecting the core metal.
free machining grades	Brought about the addition of sulphur or selenium, increases cutting speeds by approximately 75% on stainless steel
ferritic stainless steels	Are plain chromium steels with no significant nickel content; the lack of nickel results in lower corrosion resistance than the austenitics (chromium-nickel stainless steels)
jig grinder	Machine for grinding molds and dies where the positioning, shaping and finishing of holes and other surfaces are needed.
bessemer	In the nineteenth century, Henry Bessemer and (independently) William Kelly devised a way of removing unwanted elements present in blast furnace iron by blowing air through the molten iron
shear modulus of elasticity	Tangent or secant modulus of elasticity of a material subjected to shear loading
impact testing	Tests that determine the energy absorbed in fracturing a test bar at high velocity
inhibitor	A chemical substance that, when added in a relatively low concentration, retards a chemical reaction.
ladle metallurgy	A process step typically applied in a ladle furnace for alloying, deoxidation, desulphurisation as well as for temperature adjustment prior to casting of quality steels
stress strain	A graph in which stress (load divided by the original cross
heat resisting steels	Those steels which are used for service at relatively high temperatures because they retain much of their strength and resist oxidation under such conditions.
profilometer	Instrument used to measure surface roughness.
magnetite	iron oxide that is attracted to a magnet.
electrochemical-discharge grinding	Combination of electrochemical grinding and electrical-discharge machining
csr	Corporate Social Responsibility
free machining	Term used to describe steels that have been infused with specific quantities of elements enabling them to machine more easily than untreated grades
direct reduced iron	Processed iron ore that is iron-rich enough to be used as a scrap substitute in electric furnace steelmaking
flash removed	See Electric Resistance Welded Tubing,
treatment	on hardened steel to transform the retained austenite into
pickle	Chemical (usually acid) treatments that remove a thin layer of surface metal
turnings	Scrap from machining in a lathe
diamond	Cubic crystalline form of carbon produced under extreme pressures at elevated temperatures
coke	Coke is the basic fuel consumed in blast furnaces in the smelting of iron
shaping	Using a shaper primarily to produce flat surfaces in horizontal, vertical or angular planes
declaration	The act of an option buyer informing an option grantor that he is taking up his right to buy (or sell) metal under the option contract.
coke oven	Before being used in a blast furnace the moisture, most volatile elements and most non-carbon components have to be extracted from metallurgical coal (or coking coal) by pyrolysis (heating in an oxygen-free atmosphere) in a coking oven (usually in one of an assembly or "battery" of ovens in a coking plant) to produce coke as near to pure carbon as is practical.
tantalum	An exotic alloy having high corrosion resistance; used for medical implants, chemical process equipment, and aerospace engine components
cold shut	(1) A discontinuity that appears on the surface of cast metal as a result of two streams of liquid meeting and failing to unite
zn	Chemical symbol for Zinc.
coated steel	Ordinary (carbon) steel is often coated to protect it from corrosion; metals (aluminium, nickel or zinc) or organic materials (polymer paint or resin, plastic) or a combination of metal and organic materials are used.
dye penetrant inspection	Non-destructive test employing dye or fluorescent chemical and sometimes black light to detect surface defects.
rate structure	The design and organization of billing charges by customer class to distribute the revenue requirement among customer classes and rating period.
exchange-traded-derivative	A derivative traded on an exchange and subject to the regulations and trading practices of said exchange.
deburring	The process used to smooth the sharp, jagged edges of a cut piece of steel.
edge	The side produced in the manufacture of flat rolled metal products.
percent reduction	Expression of reduction in gauge during any rolling process
mit	Market if touched
chatter marks	Intermittent parallel indentations or marks appearing at right angles to edge of strip forming a pattern caused by roll vibrations.
weathering steel	Weathering steel is a steel that utilizes elements such as copper, chromium, nickel and silicon to enhance the protection and resistance to atmospheric corrosion.
modulus of elasticity	Measure of rigidity or stiffness of a metal, defined as a ratio of stress, below the proportional limit, to the corresponding strain
carbon dioxide	A colorless, odorless, nonpoisonous gas that is a normal part of the air we breathe
ultrasonic machining	Material-removal operation in which an abrasive slurry flows between a tool, vibrating at a high frequency, and a workpiece.
austempering	A patented heat treatment process that consists of quenching an iron-base alloy from a temperature above the transformation range in a medium having a high rate of heat abstraction, and then maintaining the metal, until rate of heat abstraction, and then maintaining the metal, until transformation is complete, at a substantially uniformed temperature which is below that of peralite formation and above that of martensite formation.
quenching crack	A fracture, often termed a hardening crack, which arises from thermal stresses induced during rapid cooling.
grinding wheel	Wheel formed from abrasive material mixed in a suitable matrix
blanking	An early step in preparing flat-rolled steel for use by an end user
carburizing	Adding carbon to the surface of iron-base alloys by heating the metal below its melting point in contact with carbonaceous solids, liquids or gases
toughness	The ability of a metal to rapidly distribute
carbonitriding	Case Hardening in which a suitable steel object is heated above Ac1 in a gaseous atmosphere of such composition as to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen by the surface and, by diffusion, to create a concentration gradient.
network integration transmission service	A service that allows the customer to integrate, plan, dispatch, and regulate its Network Resources.
plate	Sheet steel with a thickness of at least one-quarter of an inch (.250") or more and a minimum width of 8 inches.
austempering	Quenching from a temperature above the transformation range to a temperature above the upper limit of martensite formation, and holding at this temperature until the austenite is completely transformed to the desired intermediate structure, for the purpose of conferring certain mechanical properties.
tributary	a stream or river flowing into a larger stream, river, or lake
ceramics	Cutting tool materials based on aluminum oxide and silicon nitride
tuned mass damper	a mechanical counterweight designed to reduce the effects of motion, such as the swaying of a skyscraper in the wind or in an earthquake
out-of-round	Deviation of cross section of a round bar from a true circle: normally measured as difference between maximum and mini-mum diameters at the same cross section of the bar.
rolling lap	A fault arising from the overfilling or mis- alignment of rolls, the result is a bulge on the bar which is rolled into the metal and is lapped over
chp	Combined Heat and Power
allotropic	Elements can exist in forms (referred to as phases of the element) with different characteristics depending on their crystal structure (that is the forms in which they solidify from a molten condition)
abrasive band	Endless band coated with diamond or other abrasive that is fitted to a special band machine for machining difficult-to-cut materials.
spread-bet	A type of contract for difference, less formal than futures contracts, that can be placed on a large variety of scenarios
flash control	The removal of any flashing within a specified parameter.
hybrid	offspring of genetically dissimilar parents
heat	The amount of steel produced out of a single melt at the producing mill.
principal	A person or organisation able to make, and obliged to fulfil, all the conditions of a contract.
ru	Chemical symbol for Ruthenium.
hazelett process	A method of continuously casting and rolling pure aluminium to produce sheet
impact test	Test to determine the behavior of materials when subjected to high rates of loading, usually in bending, tension or torsion
mechanical working	Subjecting metal to pressure exerted by rolls, dies, presses, or hammers, to change its form or to affect the structure and consequently the mechanical and physical properties.
hooke's law	A law which states that when a material is behaving elastically, the strain in the material is directly proportional to the stress producing it.
upsetting	A metalworking operation similar to forging; or the process of axial flow under axial compression of metal, as in forming heads on rivets by flattening the end of wire.
cold rolling	See Rolling.
stop box	Normally a cast iron pipe with a lid (@ 5" in diameter) that is placed vertically into the ground, situated near the water tap in the yard, and where a water cut-off valve to the home is located (underground)
crown	The variation in thickness across the product from edge to center or edge to edge.
paper interleaved	To prevent damage to the surface during shipment, handling, or storage, the material is frequently coiled with a large roll of paper paid off at the same time so that between each wrap of metal there is a wrap of paper
safety zone	a defined area whose purpose is to eliminate or mitigate the effects of any potential accidents involving gas equipment, and to protect people's lives, health and property.
brinell hardness test	A test for determining the hardness of a material by forcing a hard steel or carbide ball of specified diameter into it under a specified load.
vanadium	Used in small amounts, up to 0.15% for grain refining and strengthening of microalloyed high strength structural steels and up to 0.2% in certain hot forging steels for improving hardenability
alloy	A substance having metallic properties and composed of at least two or more elements of which at least one is an elemental metal
piling	Pipe or sheet typically hammered into the ground to stabilize the surrounding soil, rock, or sand.
cadmium copper	Copper with a small addition of cadmium for greater strength
pumped storage	A facility designed to generate electric power during peak load periods with a hydroelectric plant using water pumped into a storage reservoir during off-peak periods.
capacity	The maximum axial load a loadcell is designed to measure within its specifications.
hydroelectric power	of or relating to production of electricity by waterpower
auto return	A feature in Thwing-Albert machines that automatically returns the crosshead to the original start position at the end of each test.
tpa	In food testing: a two bite test that imitates the action of chewing
pig iron	The product of the blast furnace
honing	Process less intense than grinding used to remove thin layers of stock
polymer	a substance (e.g., plastic) made of molecules with a large molecular mass composed of repeating chemical units and connected by covalent bonds.
eg	Electrolytic galvanized steel
fiber	Any polymer, metal, or ceramic that has been drawn into a long filament.
ttt curve	An abbreviation of Time Temperature
chlorides	Ions formed from chlorine (fluorine, bromine, iodine) atoms
inclusions	Particles of impurities (usually oxides, sulfides, silicates and such) that are held mechanically, or are formed during solidification or by subsequent reaction within the solid metal.
lubricant	Substance that reduces friction between moving machine parts
prime broker	Brokers that act as settlement agents, provide custody for assets, provide financing for leverage and prepare daily account statements for clients
wedge	(See Crown) In any given coil the variance in width from one edge to the opposite edge
radiant cut	The radiant-cut gemstone sparkles with precisely 70 facets, just like a brilliant-cut stone, but it is rectangular rather than round.
plastic deformation	Deformation that is permanent or nonrecoverable after release of the applied load
seam	On the surface of metal, an unwelded ford or lap which appears as a crack, usually resulting from a defect obtained in casting or in working.
broker	A company or person that buys and sells on behalf of others for commission.
camber	The amount of curvature or deviation from exact straightness over any specified length of tubing.
zooplankton	tiny, free-living animals found in the open water of all water bodies; serving as food for fish, they provide an important link in the food chain of aquatic systems
oscillate wound/ribbon wound	Oscillate winding is a technique that was developed to aid in winding and shipping customer orders for multiples
ebit	Earnings before interest and taxes
undershoot	Tendency of a numerical-control/computer-numerical-control machine to round off the corners of a programmed path because of servo lag or backlash, or because mechanical systems cannot react quickly to programmed instructions, especially when the machine is cold.
quenching	A heat treatment term where a steel is rapidly cooled after heating (common cooling mediums include oil, water and air)
gi bill	Established after World War II, the GI Bill is a government funded program that help veterans receive money for education and job training
plasticity	Tendency of a material to remain deformed, after reduction of the deforming stress, to a value equal to or less than its yield strength
erosion	The continuous depletion of a material due to mechanical interaction with a liquid, a multi-component fluid, or solid particles carried with the fluid.
killed steel	The term indicates that the steel has been completely deoxidised by the addition of an agent such as silicon or aluminium, before casting, so that there is practically no evolution of gas during solidification
vickers hardness test	A method of determining the hardness of steel whereby a diamond pyramid is pressed into the polished surface of the specimen and the diagonals of the impression are measured with a microscope fitted with a micrometer eye piece
tinner	Another name for the heating contractor.
four c's	The fours C's are important value factors for diamond
base metal	A metal which oxidises when heated in air, e.g
black plate	Very light gauge cold rolled substrate which is used as feedstock for Tinplate or can also be run through the hot-dipped galvanized process to produce ultra light gauge galvanized steel.
fabricator	An intermediate product producer that purchases materials and processes them specifically for a particular project
cemented carbides	Typical powder-metallurgical products
nb	Chemical symbol for Niobium
martensitic stainless steels	(400 SERIES WHICH HAVE HIGH CARBON)
alpha iron	The body centred cubic form of iron which, in pure iron, exists up to 910oC.
handmade knife	The blade and handle are shaped by hand, either the blade or handle is held in the hand and applied to the cutting medium, i.e
iron carbide	A compound of iron and carbon forming naturally in a blast furnace
intermediate annealing	An annealing treatment given to wrought metals following cold work hardening for the purpose of softness prior to further cold working.
roll straightening	See Straightening.
force majeure	The clause in an ore, metal, alloy or scrap supply contract which allows the seller not to deliver or the buyer not to take delivery of the contracted material because of events beyond their control.
critical cooling rate	The minimum rate of continuous cooling just sufficient to prevent undesired transformations
automatic exercise	See Asian Option.
elastic limit	The maximum stress that can be applied to a metal without producing permanent deformation
spotfacer	Tool, guided by a pilot, used to machine a recess around a hole.
shear test	A method for determining the behaviour of materials under shear loading
high alloy	A highly complex alloy rather than a simple one.
electrochemical deburring	Variation on electrochemical machining designed to remove burrs and impart small radii to corners
proof stress	The stress that will cause a specified small, permanent extension of a tensile test piece
annealing	A process involving heating to a temperature at or above critical and cooling at a controlled rate, usually applied to induce softening. The process could alter mechanical properties, physical properties or micro structure.
chemical lead	High-purity lead suitable to resist corrosion in, for example, sulphuric acid
silt	sediment particles ranging from 0.004 to 0.06 mm (0.00016 to 0.0024 inch) in diameter
tender	(i) Delivery of the physical commodity against a futures contract
earing	A wavy projection in a regular geometric pattern on the rim of drawn cups formed in the course of deep drawing, as a result of directional properties or anisotropy of the sheet.
maximum contaminant level	(MCL), a limit on the concentration of a chemical in drinking water which will protect the public health.
flow lines	The pattern of metal grain structure revealed on a polished and etched section of a hot or cold formed piece which discloses the manner in which the metal has been deformed to fill and follow a die contour.
subsidy	a grant or gift of money; a grant by a government to a private person or company
oxygen-free copper	Electrolytic copper free from cuprous oxide, produced without the use of residual metallic or metalloidal deoxidizers.
esr	Short for electro slag refined
sheet piling	Long narrow steel plates, profiled to interlock and provide a barrier to support excavations etc.
plate rolling	a process used to form metal plates to a specific curve or radius to form arcs, rings, cylinders, shells, tanks, and cones.
bloom	A semi-finished piece of steel, resulting from the rolling or forging of an ingot
temper rolling	See skin pass mill.
member	An entity that is approved by the relevant regulator to operate on an exchange, particularly on behalf of others as a broker
chemi-thermo mechanical pulp	Same as TMP only chips are also sprayed with chemicals.
steel	An iron based alloy containing various quantities of carbon, silicon, manganese and other elements.
raw metal	Unwrought (i.e
introducing broker	Sometimes called a half-commission man; an individual who introduces a client to a clearing member of the LME and usually initiates his trades
cnc	Computer numerically controlled - refers to machinery.
metric ton	Also called tonne
induction hardening	A widely used process for the surface
finish	The condition of the surfaces of the products, produced by normal or special mill procedures
edge finder	Gage mounted in the spindle of a vertical mill and used, while rotating, to find the center of a part relative to the toolholder.
thin slab technology	Technique for the continuous casting of slab much thinner than the traditional products of an integrated slabbing mill – 50-70 mm (2-2.75 inch) instead of up to 250 mm (approximately 10 inch)
peak day withdrawal	The maximum daily withdrawal rate (Mcf/d) experienced during the reporting period.
etching	Treatment of a prepared metal surface with acid
refining temperature	A temperature employed in heat treatment to refine structure, in particular, to refine the grain size
yield point	Only certain metals express yield points, which are the first sign of stress in a material, usually less than the maximum attainable stress, at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress
embayment	formation of a bay
curl	Tendency of paper by itself to bend or partly wrap around the axis of one of its directions
ttt curve	An abbreviation for the Time-Temperature-Transformation curve
sheffield plate	An old method of cladding copper artefacts with a thin sheet of silver
load	An alternative term to mean force. The two are used interchangeably.
coil tail	Effective straight section of metal at coil O.D.
pitch	1
beta	A measurement useful in option pricing of the difference in volatility between an individual commodity and the market in general.
drop-down menu	A list of commands that drops onto the screen on selection of a choice on the menu bar or attached to some tool buttons.
tankhouse	The place where electrolytic refining or electrowinning takes place
chatter	A series of lines uniformly spaced appearing transverse to the rolling direction, resulting in a very slight thickness variation where lines appear.
modulus of resilience	This is a material property and a measure of the energy a material can contain
stud shoe	A metal, structural bracket that reinforces a vertical stud
aluminising	Coating steel with aluminium
distortion	A change in shape (usually refers to changes of shape caused by internal stress.)
stabilisation	A term applied to a number of processes: a) A type of heat treatment to relieve internal stresses: b) The retarding or prevention of a particular reaction by the addition of a stabilising element c) A thermal and/or mechanical treatment given to magnetic material in order to increase the permanency of its magnetic properties or condition.
swaged	A mechanical reduction of the cross sectional area of a metal, performed hot or cold by forging, pressing or hammering.
universal head	Facilitates setups on a tool and cutter grinder by allowing the grinding head to rotate away from the work area, leaving table alignment undisturbed
steel intensity	The amount of steel used per unit of gross domestic product
strike price	The price at which an option buyer can buy or sell the underlying asset.
signal	The absolute level of the measurable quantity into which a force input has been converted. Normally expressed as a displacement (as in a dial-type force gauge), or a voltage or current in electrical gauges and load cells.
range	(R1, R2, R3) lengths of OCTG (Range 1 casing 16-25') (Range 2 casing 25-34') (Range 3 casing 34-48') (Range 1 tubing 20-24') (Range 2 tubing 28-32')
galvanic corrosion	Corrosion associated with the current of a galvanic cell consisting of two dissimilar conductors in an electrolyte or two similar conductors in dissimilar electrolytes
age hardening	See heat treatment.
matrix	See In Solution.
coiled sheet	Sheet in coils with slit edges.
workability	The characteristic that determines the ease of forming a certain metal into shapes.
minimum-quantity lubrication	Use of cutting fluids of only a minute amount—typically at a flow rate of 50 to 500 ml/hr.—which is about three to four orders of magnitude lower than the amount commonly used in flood cooling
offset yield strength	see lesson Offset Yield Method.
reflector sheet	An alclad product containing on one side a surface layer of high-purity aluminum superimposed on a core or base alloy of commercial-purity aluminum or an aluminum-manganese alloy
service	centre A stockist who adds value to some, or all, of his stock by processing it in some way (e.g
chemical treatment	A solution of corrosion-inhibiting chemicals applied to the surface of coated steel sheet (such as galvanized steel)
thermit process	Proprietary process using aluminothermy.
strain	The amount of elongation, force, or compression that occurs in a metal at a given level of stress
o.c./ on center	The measurement of spacing for studs, rafters, and joists in a building from the center of one member to the center of the next.
transverse	Literally, 'across', usually signifying a direction or plane perpendicular to the direction of working.
chipbreaker	Groove or other tool geometry that breaks chips into small fragments as they come off the workpiece
isothermal transformation	Also known as the Time Temperature
plunge milling	Highly productive method of metal removal in which an axial machining operation is performed in a single tool sequence
minimum recommended bend radii	Minimum radii expressed in terms of thickness for bending sheets and plates without fracturing in a standard press brake with air bend dies
mechanical properties	A measure of the metal’s response to an applied force or load (i.e
dsaw	Double Submerged Arc Weld
crazing	A macroscopic effect of numerous surface tears, transverse to the rolling direction, which can occur when the entry angle into the cold mill work rolls is large.
well	Lower portion of a cupola, between the sand bottom and the slaghole, which forms a reservoir for the molten metal
solution heat treatment	A heat treatment in which an alloy is heated to a suitable temperature, held at that temperature long enough to cause one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooled rapidly enough to hold these constituents in solution.
crazing	A random pattern of tiny intersecting cracks in plastic, ceramic glaze or other surfaces.
lead	When added to steel, lead does not go into solution but exists in a very finely divided state along the grain boundaries
earring	Wavy projections (i.e