Glossary extracted starting with automatic seeds, with BOW for the domain hel and language EN

qol	Quality Of Life
css	Plasma concentration at steady state
diagnose	To find the cause of health problems.
ultrasound	An imaging technique used to obtain pictures by bouncing sound waves off an object.
pivotal study	A study, usually Phase III, which presents the data used by regulatory agencies to decide whether to approve a drug.
preinvasive cancer	a cluster of malignant cells that has not yet invaded the deeper epithelial tissue or spread to other parts of the body
myelinated fiber	A nerve fiber wrapped by a series of Schwann cells, resulting in greater conduction velocity.
therapeutic window	This term is applied to the difference between the minimum and maximum doses that may be given subjects to obtain an adequate clinical response and avoid intolerable toxic effects
stereotaxic coordinates	A Cartesian system in which points in the brain are referenced by coordinates in horizontal, sagittal, and frontal planes.
miniature end-plate potential	A tiny, spontaneous postsynaptic potential recorded near the end-plate in muscle fibers, abbr
risk	A measure of (1) the probability of occurrence of harm to human health or (2) the severity of harm that may occur
trachea	The windpipe.
therapy	Treatment intended and expected to alleviate a disease or disorder.
follicular dendritic cells	Cells found in the germinal centers of lymphoid organs
experimental treatment group	The group that receives the investigational treatment in a trial; the group to which the control group results are compared.
carlavirus	(Siglum of carnation latent virus.) Member of a group of plant viruses with slightly flexuous, rod-shaped particles containing a single molecule of linear RNA, most of which are transmitted by aphids in a noncirculative manner.
adjuvant therapy	Therapy provided to enhance the effect of a primary therapy; auxiliary therapy.
transformation	the transfer of genetic materials from one organism to another by humans (genetic engineering); a means of genetic variation in bacteria by absorption and incorporation of DNA from another bacterial cell
human pharmacology	The study of uses, actions and undesirable side effects of drugs in humans, which typically follows pharmacological studies on animals.
mucociliary clearance	In the airways of the lungs, this system works to move mucus and particles breathed in to upper airways so they can be coughed out of the lungs.
controlled trial	A prospective clinical trial comparing two or more treatments, or placebo and treatment(s) in similar groups of patients or within patients
preclinincal study	See Preliminary Study.
conference report	Go to NIAID's Funding Opportunity Planning and the Budget Cycle.
orthopedist	Medical doctor specializing in problems of the musculoskeletal system, including the spine
grant application	PIs oversee the scientific and technical aspects of a grant and the day-to-day management of the research
perinatal	Events that occur at or around the time of birth.
sterility	(1) The absence of viable contaminating microorganisms; aseptic state.
placebo	An inactive substance against which investigational treatments are compared for efficacy
dysphoria	Anxiety, depression or unease
study endpoint	A pre-defined measure used to determine the outcome of a study
medicare	A federal program of reimbursement to hospitals and physicians for healthcare provided to people 65 years of age and older, people eligible for Social Security disability payments for at least two years, and selected workers who need kidney transplantation or dialysis services.
continuing review	is the periodic review of a research study by an IRB to evaluate whether the study continues to meet organizational and regulatory requirements
side effect	Side effect
biliary fibrosis	A disease of the gallbladder, bile ducts, and bile characterized by the replacement of normal tissue with fibrous tissue and loss of functional cells.
feedforward inhibition	A situation in which the output of a neuron (or set of neurons) is used to inhibit neurons subsequent to it in a particular pathway.
colitis	Inflammation of the colon.
scotoma	An area of depressed or absent vision within the visual field, surrounded by an area of normal vision.
control group	The group of individuals in a clinical study who do not receive the new treatment or drug, but instead are administered no treatment, an existing treatment or placebo
focus:	small area of diseased plants within a population
bacteria	Bacteria
manufactured or fabricated data	Data or information created without performing the tasks required to get the data
agency	The Food and Drug Administration
preclinical investigations	Laboratory and animal studies designed to test the mechanisms, safety, and efficacy of an intervention prior to its applications to humans.
uniform anatomical gift act	Legislation adopted by all 50 States and the District of Columbia that indicates procedures for donation of all or part of a decedent's body for such activities as medical education, scientific research, and organ transplantation.
phytosterols	Plant compounds that form the membranes of cells and help reduce blood cholesterol levels
rhizotomy	Interruption of a spinal root within the spinal canal.
cholinergic synapse	A junction between two cells that employs as its transmitter substance acetylcholine.
complication	An additional problem that arises following an illness, treatment or procedure
translational research	Studies that provide the bridge between basic research and patient care.
responsible party	The sponsor, sponsor-investigator, or sponsor-designated principal investigator who is responsible for submitting information about a clinical study to ClinicalTrials.gov and updating that information
unblinding	Determination of the study treatment administered
addiction	Strong chronic physiological and psychological dependence on a substance
computed tomography scan	Diagnostic technique using x-ray to provide a computerized cross section image of soft tissue and bone
clearance	The rate at which a substance is removed from the blood through normal processes.
adverse event	Any change in health that occurs in a person after he or she enrolls in a clinical trial
record	See STUDY RECORD.
cd	Abbreviation for "cluster of differentiation," referring to cell surface molecules that are used to identify stages of maturity of immune cells, for example, CD4+ T cells.
major histocompatibility complex	A group of genes that control aspects of the immune response
plasma cells	Large antibody-producing cells that develop from B cells
investigational product	A pharmaceutical form of an active ingredient or placebo being tested or used as a reference in a clinical trial, including a product with a market authorization when used or assembled (formulated or packaged) in a way different from the approved form, or when used for an unapproved indication, or when used to gain further information about an approved use.
application package	See Grant Application Package.
audition	The act of hearing or ability to hear.
risk-benefit ratio	Risk to individual subject vs
data monitoring committee	A group of independent scientists who monitor the safety and scientific integrity of a clinical trial
investigator	A researcher responsible for conducting a clinical trial at a trial site.
ade	Adverse Drug Experience
phospholipid	A class of compounds in which phosphorus is part of a fatty substance.
control group	In many clinical trials, one group of patients receives the experimental drug or treatment, while the control group receives either a standard treatment or placebo (see PLACEBO and STANDARD TREATMENT).
epidemiology	The branch of medical science that deals with the study of incidence, distribution, and control of a disease in a population.
package insert	Document that lists the most common adverse effects for an approved drug.
nematode	More or less elongate, spindle-shaped, worm-like animals ranging in size from less than a millimeter to several meters in length, living as saprophytes in soil or water or as parasites of plants or animals.
multicellular	composed of many cells (see unicellular)
hiv/aids	HIV/AIDS
tissue	A group of cells of similar structure which performs a special function.
certified clinical research coordinator	CCRC with greater than two years experience and with certification earned by passing required program and exam.
steam deodorization	Using boiling water to remove small odor causing molecules.
recombinant	An organism whose genome contains integrated genetic material from a different organism
petit mal attacks	epileptic seizures characterized by fixed stare, unconsciousness, unresponsiveness, and lack of activity.
resistance	The opposition by a conductor to the passage of an electric current.
principal investigator	The scientist or scholar with primary responsibility for the design and conduct of a research project
rootstock	portion of the stem (trunk) and the associated root system into which a bud or scion is inserted in grafting
genotype	genetic constitution of an individual or group; class or group of individuals sharing a specific genetic makeup (see phenotype )
research	Systematic investigation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge
disease cycle	Of a disease caused by a biotic agent: the cyclical sequence of host and parasite development and interaction that result in disease, in reproduction or replication of the pathogen, and in the readying of a new generation of the parasite for infection.
chemotherapy	The treatment, mostly of cancer, by the use of a series of cytotoxic drugs that attack cancerous cells
neuropsychological	Involved with the brain and nervous system and behaviour.
cldtot	Total distribution clearance
coercion	In human subjects research, coercion occurs when an overt or implicit threat of harm (such as loss of services or access to programs to which the potential participant is otherwise entitled) is intentionally presented by one person to another in order to obtain compliance or research participation
national select agents registry	For select agent-related information, see select agent
monoclonal antibodies	Antibodies produced by a hybridoma or antibody-producing cell source for a specific antigen
investigator	In clinical trials, an individual who actually conducts an investigation [21 CFR 312.3]
allegation of non-compliance	as an unproven assertion of non-compliance.
hormone replacement therapy	the administration of estrogen and progestin to women to relieve the symptoms of menopause, prevent osteoporosis, and reduce the risk of heart disease.
dl	deciliter
cohort	A group of individuals with some characteristics in common.
spermatheca	In nematodes: An enlarged portion of the female gonad between the oviduct and the uterus functioning in the storage of the sperm.
biofeedback	Complementary medicine technique that trains you to control your body’s unconscious processes like breathing and heart rate, which can help to alleviate pain.
pg/ml	Picograms (one millionth of a gram) per mililiter.
clinical trial agreement	A letter outlining the terms of the contract between the sponsor and the University
exclusion criteria	Refers to the characteristics that would prevent a subject from participating in a clinical trial, as outlined in the study protocol.
systemic	Of a chemical or a pathogen: Spreading internally throughout the plant body.
hyperplasia	Abnormal increase in the elements composing a part (as tissue cells).
repolarization phase	The return of the membrane potential from the peak overshoot of the spike back to the resting potential, syn
consensual light reflex	Constriction of the pupil of the eye opposite that into which a light is shown.
creatinine	A protein found in muscles and blood, and excreted by the kidneys in the urine
partially hydrogenated	Treatment of an unsaturated fat with hydrogen to make it more solid.
lobectomy	Excision of a lobe.
hybrid	offspring of two individuals of different genotypes
immune system	System that protects body from foreign substances and infections
bridge award	See R56-Bridge award.
social worker	Professional who may assist people to obtain tangible services, help communities or groups provide or improve social and health services, provide counseling and psychotherapy with individuals, families, and groups
pm	Project Management, the discipline of planning, organizing, securing and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives.
noninfectious disease	a disease that is caused by an abiotic agent that cannot be transmitted from one plant to another
nociceptive pain	Nociceptive pain is a result of injury to body tissues
spermatocyte	In nematodes: A cell giving rise to spermatozoa or spermatozooids.
xylem	A plant tissue consisting of tracheids, vessels, parenchyma cells, and fibers; functions in conduction of water and minerals and in structural support of the plant.
fpr	See final proposal revision.
glycoprotein	A conjugated protein in which the nonprotein group is a carbohydrate (i.e., a sugar molecule); also called glucoprotein.
federal acquisition regulation	Go to HHSAR.
short-term memory	Recall of learned responses or material having a duration of minutes to hours, syn
follicle	A small anatomical cavity or deep narrow-mouthed depression; a small lymph node.
releasing hormone	1) a chemical that controls the production and release of other hormones
translocation	movement of water, nutrients, chemicals, or food materials within a plant
assurance	In a clinical trial, a formal written, binding commitment that is submitted to a federal agency by an institution in which the institution agrees to comply with regulations governing research with human subjects
adme	An acronym in pharmacology and pharmacokinetics for Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.
spasticity	Resistance of a limb to passive stretch due to increased tone in either flexors or extensors (usually extensors), but not both.
mva	Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) was developed to be a safe smallpox vaccine by further attenuating the standard smallpox vaccine during serial passage in chicken embryos
crf	see Case Report Form
central nervous system	The brain and the spinal cord.
sporulation	The process of producing spores.
accommodation	In the eye: adjustment of the eye for near vision by contraction of ciliary muscle; in membranes: elevation of critical firing level with prolonged small hypopolarization.
host range	the range of plants on which an organism, particularly a parasite, feeds
acuity	Clarity of vision measured as the minimum distance between two distinguishable points at a standard distance.
neural	Related to or affecting the nervous system.
pneumonia	Inflammation of soft lung tissue caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens that results in the formation of an exudate within alveoli
hipaa	Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
dynamic index	The difference in rate of discharge of a spindle receptor during active stretching and maintained stretch.
good manufacturing practice	Good manufacturing practice (GMP)
primary infection	The first infection of a plant by a pathogen emerging from a dormant stage in its life cycle (overwintering or oversummering).
informed consent	The patient’s confirmation of his or her willingness to participate in a clinical trial, along with written, signed and dated documentation
bone marrow	Soft tissue located in the cavities of the bones where blood cells such as erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets are formed
thin filament	The smaller diameter myofilament of the myofibrils of striated muscle.
antitoxins	Antibodies that recognize and inactivate toxins produced by certain bacteria, plants or animals
subjects	See: human subjects
lymphocyte	A type of white blood cell produced in the lymphoid organs that is primarily responsible for immune responses
clinical efficacy	Clinical efficacy
recombinant dna	See Biotechnology; Genetic Engineering.
suspension of irb approval	An action initiated by the IRB or other officials of the organization to stop temporarily some or all research procedures pending future action by the IRB or by the Investigator or his/her study personnel.
competition in contracting act	Public law increasing the number of government procurements awarded competitively
medullary thyroid cancer	Thyroid cancer arising from the parafollicular cells
necrosis	Necrosis
infectious	pertaining to disease, capable of spreading from plant to plant
anti-hat	Humanized Anti-Tac
gravid	containing an egg or eggs; capable of depositing eggs
a fiber	A myelinated nerve fiber with conduction velocity in the range from 1 to 120 m/sec; a class of fibers divisible into alpha, beta, gamma and delta subgroups.
phs 398 grant application	Grantees use a PHS 2590 to continue a grant
reconstituted vaccine	Reconstituted vaccine
screening studies	Refers to studies that test how to identify diseases or conditions.
complementary and alternative therapy	Broad range of healing philosophies, approaches, and therapies that Western (conventional) medicine does not commonly use to promote wellbeing or treat health conditions
collateral inhibition	Inhibition produced in a group of neurons by activity in some neurons of the group that excite inhibitory interneurons by way of collaterals of their axons; sometimes inaccurately used as syn
antigen	A protein on the surface of a virus, bacteria or cell that can stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies as a defense mechanism.
hisi	See highly influential scientific information.
pnbc	Periods with New Bone Complications
exclusion criteria	Characteristics or traits that exclude an otherwise eligible person from a study.
510k device	A 510(k) is a pre-market submission made to the FDA to demonstrate that the device to be marketed is at least as safe and effective, that is, substantially equivalent, to a legally marketed device [21 CFR 807.92(a)(3)]
dt	Diphtheria/Tetanus
spirulina	An edible microorganism which has been used for nutrition in humans, poultry, and in aquaculture
hepatitis b vaccine	Hepatitis B vaccine (HepB)
sub-investigator	An individual member of the clinical study team who performs essential trial procedures and/or makes important trial-related decisions.
nuremberg code	As a result of the medical experimentation conducted by Nazis during World War II, the U.S
diphtheritic neuritis	A neuritis occurring in the period after an infection by diphtheria bacteria.
ade	AIDS- Defining Event
leukotomy	The operation of cutting the white matter in the oval center of the frontal lobe of the brain, syn
sponsor	An individual, company, institution, or organization that initiates a clinical investigation
contract research organization	A person or an organization (commercial, academic or other) contracted by the sponsor to perform one or more of a sponsor’s study-related duties and functions.
pharmacokinetics	Studies that determine the action of a drug in the body over a period of time, including the processes of absorption, distribution, localization in tissues and excretion.
psychologist	A professional who is licensed to provide therapeutic services, research and testing. There are clinical psychologists who provide counseling and psychotherapy.
axoaxonic synapse	The synaptic junction between two axons thought to mediate presynaptic hypopolarization or presynaptic inhibition.
prospective study	Research that follows a particular group over time
postmenopausal	Occurring after menopause (change of life).
assurance	A renewable permit granted by the federal government to an institution or research center to conduct clinical trials.
topical analgesics	Analgesics designed for or involving application to or action on the surface of a part of the body
gp120	Glycoprotein 120, a protein that protrudes from the surface of HIV and binds to CD4+ T cells
intent to treat	A type of analysis use for evaluating clinical trial results that includes all data from participants in the groups to which they were randomized even if they never received the experimental treatment.
clinical assessment	An evaluation of the symptoms and progression of a disease.
university medical center	A healthcare institution that is part of a university that teaches medical students and conducts basic research (preclinical research) and clinical trials
flagellum	A whip-like appendage responsible for motility in the majority of motile bacteria and other protists, fungi, algae, etc
epidermis:	surface layer of cells of leaves and other plant parts
oxidizing agent	A compound that readily oxidizes other materials
ich	International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use is a project that brings together the regulatory authorities of Europe, Japan and the US and experts from the pharmaceutical industry in the three regions to discuss scientific and technical aspects of pharmaceutical product registration with the purpose to reduce or obviate the need to duplicate the testing carried out during the research and development of new medicines.
aphagia	Abstention from eating.
protanope	A person who lacks responses to red light; "red color-blind."
amplification	Production of multiple copies of a DNA sequence, either in vivo or in vitro, starting with one or a few copies.
dual peer review	Go to these resources:
pathogenesis	stages in disease development
cartilage	The connective, rubbery tissue that cushions bones at the joint.
sympathetic nervous system	The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system make up the autonomic nervous system
formulation	The combination of biological substances and/or chemicals used to make dosage forms such as tablets, capsules and solutions.
biotroph	An organism that derives nutrients from the living tissues of another organism (its host).
conduction deafness	Hearing loss due to impairment of movement of the
influenza	Influenza
cthrough	Through plasma concentration
telephone report	Notification via telephone to the FDA of unexpected fatal or life threatening advent associated with a clinical study.
institutional review boards	Once clinical evaluation is completed, a new drug application must be submitted to FDA to obtain approval to market the drug
cyclopentenoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus	a backbone structure common to cholesterol and its derivatives (e.g., steroid hormones)
iatrogenic	Unexpected result of a medical treatment caused by the treatment itself
suppressor t cells	(T8, CD8)
drug discovery	Identification of new drug targets and leads for treatments or preventions either by identifying molecules with desired biological effects or by screening agents using an indicator system to show efficacy.
pharmacotherapy	Medication based therapy
parallel group study	A study in which two or more treatments are compared by randomly assigning participants to one of two treatment groups, which will receive the allocated medication throughout the duration of the study.
direct operations	Funds for salary and other administrative costs
hypothyroidism	decreased production of thyroid hormone, leading to symptoms of thyroid insufficiency.
sham treatment	An inactive device or device/procedure that mimics the actual device and can be used as a placebo in a clinical trial.
diabetes	Diabetes
vein banding	A symptom of virus-infected leaves in which tissues along the veins are darker green than other laminar tissue.
narcotic	Medication that produces pain relief by depressing the central nervous system.
alveolar	Pertaining to the alveoli sac, the site of gas exchange in the lungs.
intradermal	Introduced into the skin.
cirrhosis	A chronic disease of the liver characterized by the replacement of normal tissue with fibrous tissue and the loss of functional liver cells.
lod score	An expression of the probability that a gene and a marker are linked.
submodality	Any division of one of the modalities, example: touch is a submodality of somesthesia.
synergy	The interaction of two or more agents or forces so that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects
polymers	Compounds formed from smaller units linked together.
adr	Adverse Drug Reaction
hypalgesia	Diminished pain sensation.
autonomic nervous system	The portion of the nervous system concerned with regulation of the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands.
jofoc	See justification for other than full and open competition.
clinicaltrials.gov	Searchable database which provides patients, family members and the public with information about current ongoing clinical research studies
subspecies	An infraspecific population defined on the basis of one or more characters (morphologic for most organisms) that distinguish its members from typical representatives of the species.
control group	The group of patients who receive the standard treatment (no treatment or placebo) and who are compared to the group of patients receiving the investigational treatment.
performance site	A site where research is performed.
phycomycete	archaic term for a member of a group of fungi without cross walls (septa) in their mycelium
dimorphism	Existence of two morphologically different forms in one organism.
peer review	Review of a clinical trial by experts
toxicity	The extent, quality or degree of being poisonous or harmful to the body.
susceptibility	Being prone to, sensitive to, or lacking the ability to resist something.
holotype	The single specimen designated or indicated as "the type" by the original author at the time of publication of the original description.
heterothallic	The condition of being self-sterile, requiring a partner for sexual reproduction.
muscle	Tissue of the body which primarily functions as a source of power.
deviation	An incident involving noncompliance with the protocol, but one that typically does not have a significant effect on the subject's rights, safety or welfare, and/or on the integrity of the resultant data
myopia	A pathological condition of refraction in which the eyeball is too long for the refractive power of the lens and images focus in front of the retina, syn
efferent	Pathways leading from; in the case of peripheral nerves, those conducting away from the central nervous system.
predisposition	an increase in susceptibility resulting from the influence of wounds or the environment
agar	Mixture of polysaccharides derived from red algae that forms a gel at temperatures below about 40C
chromatic aberration	Colored rings resulting from different amounts of refraction by a lens of light of different wavelengths.
sporophyte	the diploid stage of a plant (see gametophyte)
interferon	A general term used to describe a family of 20-25 proteins that cause a cell to become resistant to a wide variety of viruses
blinded or blinding	A method used in a clinical trial to prevent participants and/or researchers from knowing whether the patient is receiving the experimental or control treatment in a trial
sterilization	the total destruction of living organisms by various means, including heat, chemicals or irradiation
t lymphocyte proliferation assay	Measures the strength of response of T memory cells (a subgroup of T lymphocytes) to HIV
retrosplenial cortex	An outer brain component involved in the recall of episodes and can cause amnesia if damaged.
mcg	microgram
thyroid-binding proteins	Proteins to which thyroid hormones attach themselves and thus circulate in the bloodstream.
diaschisis	A loss of function due to depression of activity at some distance from a lesion.
mummy	a dried shriveled fruit; plant part or organ partially or completely replaced with fungal structures
root hair	threadlike, single-celled outgrowths from a root epidermal cell
race	A subspecies group of pathogens that infect a given set of plant varieties.
endpoint	Overall outcome that the protocol is designed to evaluate.
atrophy	A wasting away; a diminution in the size of a cell, tissue, or organ.
intermediate zone	The part of a dermatome or receptive field outside the autonomous zone.
facultative anaerobe	Refers to an organism that normally grows
trenching	physical separation of soil in a vertical plane to sever grafted roots between trees
complex cells	Neurons in visual cortex that are sensitive to bars of light moving in particular directions across the retina.
interveinal	between (leaf) veins
sieve tube	A series of phloem cells forming a long cellular tube through which food materials are transported.
risk	the probability of harm or injury (physical, psychological, social, legal, or economic) occurring as a result of participation in a research study
metastatic disease	Cancer that has spread from its original site to other parts of the body.
norepinephrine	A substance secreted as a transmitter substance by sympathetic postganglionic nerve terminals and as a hormone by the adrenal medulla.
clinical	Pertaining to or founded on observation and treatment of patients, as distinguished from theoretical or basic science.
lactation	The period of time during which a woman is providing her breast milk to an infant or child.
septate	with cross walls; having septa
placebo	A placebo is an inactive pill, liquid, or powder that has no treatment value
peer review	Formerly called competing supplement; the former term revision is now resubmission
rising phase	The earliest positive-going portion of the nerve or muscle action potential, syn
placebo	An inactive substance or treatment, such as a sugar pill, injection of sterile water, or sham medical device, that is given under the guise of treatment to separate the effects of the actual treatment being evaluated from psychological or other effects.
inclusion criteria	The factors (or reasons) that allow a person to participate in a clinical study.
mosaic vaccine	Mosaic HIV vaccines include inserts made from strings of amino acids (the building blocks of proteins)
reticuloendothelial cells	A system of interstitial cells that includes all the phagocytic cells, which trap and consume foreign agents, except the leukocytes circulating in the bloodstream
complex dosage requirements	When clinical trial participants are required to take an experimental drug or treatment several times a day or to take a combination of drugs and treatments.
unanticipated	An event is "unanticipated" when it was unforeseeable at the time of its occurrence.
dsptp	Division of Special Pathogen and Transplant Products, Office of Antimicrobial Resistance
sponsor	Organization or individual that takes responsibility for initiation, management and/or financing of a clinical trial.
alpha motoneuron	A motoneuron whose axon is an A fiber, syn
hardiness	ability to withstand stress; often used to refer to cold hardiness
second opportunity	Second opportunity
facet block	An injection of local anesthetic near the problematic facet joint in the spine to help diagnose the cause and location of back pain and also to provide pain relief.
titration	Determination of a given component in solution by addition of a liquid reagent of known strength until a given endpoint is reached
dose-ranging study	A clinical trial in which two or more doses of an agent (such as a drug) are tested against each other to determine which dose works best and is least harmful
infammatory bowel disease	Infammatory bowel disease
surround inhibition	The inhibition of a cell's discharge that results from stimulation of an annular area around the excitatory receptive field.
secretion	A product of a gland, like sweat or saliva (see GLAND).
autologous	Pertaining to the same organism or one of its parts; originating within an organism itself.
lymph	A transparent, slightly yellow fluid that carries lymphocytes
epitope	A unique shape or marker carried on an antigen's surface that triggers a corresponding antibody response
metabolism	The use of calories and oxygen to produce energy.
voluntary	Free of coercion, duress, or undue inducement
range study	A clinical trial in which two or more doses of a substance are used to determine which one is most effective and least harmful. Read more.
dendrite	Any of the usual branching protoplasmic processes that conduct impulses toward the body of a nerve cell
sponsor	The organization or person (see Sponsor-Investigator) who oversees the clinical study and is responsible for analyzing the study data
h�thle cell cancer	A form of follicular thyroid cancer
risk-benefit analysis	Risk-benefit analysis
sudden infant death syndrome	Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (also known as "crib" or "cot" death)
live-vector vaccine	A vaccine that uses a non-disease-causing organism (virus or bacterium) to transport HIV or other foreign genes into the body, thereby stimulating an effective immune response to the foreign products
enrollment	The number of participants in a clinical study
critique	Also see reader and scientific review officer.
cogwheel rigidity	The form of rigidity of Parkinsonism, in which the muscle lengthens in a series of little jerks when it is stretched.
melanoma	any of several malignant neoplasms (usually of the skin) consisting of melanocytes
subclinical	Conditions that are not detectable by standard clinical tests.
g	gram
bid	bis in die (twice daily)
complement cascade	A precise sequence of events, usually triggered by an antigen-antibody complex, in which each component of the complement system is activated in turn
pathogenesis	The origin and development of a disease.
platelet aggregation	Clumping together of the platelets, possibly restricting blood flow.
research	A systematic investigation (i.e., the gathering and analysis of information) designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge [
commons signing official	See signing official.
off-label use	A drug prescribed for conditions other than those approved by the FDA.
serology	Branch of science dealing with properties and reactions of sera, particularly the use of antibodies in the sera to examine the properties of antigens.
lobectomy	Surgical removal of all or part of one lobe of the thyroid
disinfestant	An agent that kills or inactivates pathogens in the environment or on the surface of a plant or plant organ before infection takes place.
flagellum	A whip-like appendage responsible for motility in the majority of motile bacteria and other protists, fungi, algae, etc.
sensitive	Responsive to a stimulus
standard treatment	An effective treatment or drug approved by the FDA for a specific disease or condition.
informed consent	The process of learning about a clinical study or trial before deciding whether to join
tail	In nematodes: The portion of the body between the anus and the posterior terminus.
cosmid	A plasmid into which has been inserted the cos site of bacteriophage.
phytochemicals	Active chemicals in a plant that account for its medicinal properties.
nerve deafness	Hearing loss due to damage to auditory receptors or auditory pathways of the central nervous system.
auto-disable syringes	Auto-disable (AD) syringes
hybridoma	A hybrid cell produced by the fusion of an antibody-producing lymphocyte with a tumor cell
deterioration	The process of becoming worse
in vitro	Testing or action outside an organism (i.e
peer review	The process by which new scientific or medical findings, announced by one researcher, are reviewed by other scientists or physicians before these findings are published.
cl/f	Apparent clearance
host	A plant or animal harboring another organism.
unknown	A clinical study in ClinicalTrials.gov with a status of Recruiting; Not yet recruiting; or Active, not recruiting and whose status has not been confirmed within the past 2 years
single-blind study	See Blinding.
parkinsonism	Basal ganglion disease characterized by hypokinesia, tremor at rest, and muscular rigidity.
bradykinesia	Slowness of movement.
antagonism	An ecological association between organisms in which one or more of the participants is harmed or has its activities limited.
transcription	The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template
ctx	C-telopeptide
inclusion criteria	Characteristics or traits of people who are eligible for a study.
palliative	A treatment that provides symptomatic relief, but not a cure.
severe vaccine reaction	Severe vaccine reaction
non-steroidal	Not containing steroids Steroids are hormones made from cholesterol and include testosterone and estrogen.
virescence	Greening of tissue that is normally devoid of chlorophyll; the abnormal development of flowers in which all organs are green and partly or wholly transformed into structures like small leaves.
levothyroxine sodium	Thyroid hormone supplements.
in vivo	Testing or action inside an organism, such as a human subject or patient.
genome	the complete genetic information of an organism or virus
apv	Amprenavir
reactive oxygen species	Extremely reactive oxygen products. Dig Deeper
phase iv study	Phase IV studies are post-marketing studies conducted to gain additional information about a drug’s safety and efficacy and to compare the drug to competitors in the market – after the drug has been approved by the FDA.
guardian	An individual who is authorized under applicable state or local law to give permission on behalf of a child to general medical care [45 CFR 46.402(3)].
institutional products	The Institutional Products industry is comprised primarily of institutional cleaning products, including some of the following product segments: sanitation and janitorial cleaners, industrial and technical cleaners, kitchen and catering cleaning agents, food and dairy processing cleaners, laundry agents and others.
federalwide assurance	See institutional official for human subjects and risk.
follicles	Microscopic spherical units that make up the thyroid gland.
investigational product release	Regulatory compliance personnel’s authorization to ship investigational product.
study endpoint	Results from a clinical trial used to judge the effectiveness of a drug treatment (see OUTCOME).
endocrinology	The study of diseases and disorders of the endocrine system (like thyroid diseases and diabetes)
perennial	something that occurs year after year; plant that survives for several to many years (see annual, biennial)
protein	A large organized molecule composed of one or more amino acids chains
biofeedback	A technique in which an individual learns to consciously control involuntary physical responses, including heart rate, brain waves, and muscle contractions
double-blind	The design of a study in which neither the investigator or the subject knows which medication (or placebo) the subject is receiving.
wind-up pain	Pain caused as a result of the release of chemicals from nerve cells in the spinal cord that intensify pain and the signal to the brain
local	Local (or localized)
minimal risk review	The term commonly used by the UW research community to refer to the expedited review process, as in "Minimal Risk review".
legal guardian	See: guardian
fsgs	Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
palliative care	Medical care provided by an interdisciplinary team that promotes quality of life and relieves suffering
hyperpolarization	From the resting potential, a change in the transmembrane potential of a cell away from the isoelectric point (i.e., zero voltage).
astigmatism	Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye as a result of which a beam of light is not sharply focused on the retina.
human subject	A patient or healthy individual participating in a research study
research coordinator	A staff person chosen by the principal investigator to assist him/her in conducting the clinical trial (see PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR).
dysplasia	Any abnormal development of tissues or organs
indirect costs	Formerly used term—see facilities and administrative costs.
dcc	See direct CAN citation.
local anesthesia	The injection or application of an anesthetic drug that targets a specific area of the body.
monoclonal antibody	antibody produced from clones of a single antibody-producing cell (see polyclonal antibody)
umbilicate	Of the pileus: Having a central navel-like depression, sunken in the center, somewhat funnel-shaped.
peripheral nervous system	All the nerves of the body except the brain and spinal cord.
gill	A hymenium-covered, plate-like appendage that hangs from the under surface of the
tracheitis	Inflammation of the trachea
biofilm	A substance that sticks to wet surfaces
impracticable	Refers to practical barriers (not just inconvenience) to conducting aspects of the research
host	A plant that supports the growth and development of the parasite that has infected it.
source data	All information contained in original records and certified copies (source documentation) of findings, observations or other activities in a clinical trial mandated for the reconstruction and evaluation of the study.
joint	The area where two bones are attached for the result of motion of body parts.
sooty mold	A fungus of the family Capnodiaceae and of certain other families of the order Dothideales
otc	see Over-the-Counter
technology transfer	Go to these resources:
expedited review	Review of proposed research by the IRB chair or a designated voting member or group of voting members rather than by the entire IRB
source data	All information contained in original records and certified copies of results, observations or other facets required for the reconstruction and evaluation of the study that is contained in source documents.
syncytiotrophoblast	intracytoplasmic sperm insertion (ICSI) An in vitro fertilization technique for overcoming infertility due to oligospermia or azoospermia involving sperm microinjection (SMI), in which one or more sperm are injected through the zona pellucida, across the perivitelline space, through the vitelline membrane (the egg cell’s membrane), and into the substance (or cytoplasm) of the egg itself
atopognosis	Loss of ability to correctly locate a sensation.
hypoxia	Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue.
intramuscular	In the muscle
molecule	The smallest particle of a compound that has all the chemical properties of that compound
thyrotropin receptor	The matching site on a thyroid cell that selectively captures thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) to stimulate the production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.
assent	An agreement to participate in clinical research
retrograde axoplasmic transport	The active movement of substances up the axon of a cell (toward the soma) in the retrograde direction at up to 100 mm/day.
living donor	A living person who donates a body part for transplantation into another person
modality	One of the basic senses: somesthesia, vision, audition, gustation and olfaction.
guidelines	Written principles and practices pertaining to applying the regulations
sequence	The order of nucleotides in RNA or DNA or of amino acids in a polypeptide.
masculinization	the transformation of a structure (or behavior) to that typical of the male of the species.
r-	Cytomegalovirus-seronegative
fumigant:	a gas or volatile substance used to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms or other pests
investigator	A medical professional, usually a physician but may also be a nurse, pharmacist or other health care professional, under whose direction an investigational drug is administered or dispensed
hyperplasia	The enlargement of an organ or tissue owing to an increase in the number of cells.
tropomyosin	A filamentous protein that is part of the thin filament of striated muscle.
heterosis	increased vigor of hybrid offspring when compared to either parent
statistical significance	A determination of the probability of obtaining the particular distribution of the data on the assumption that the null hypothesis is true
russet	Brownish, roughened areas on the skin of fruit as a result of cork formation.
aidstrials	An online database service administered by the National Library of Medicine, with information about clinical trials of agents under evaluation against HIV infection, AIDS and related opportunistic infections.
yellow fever	Yellow fever
related	An event is "related" if in the opinion of the investigator it is likely to have resulted from participation in the research study."
data forms	Forms used to record patient data from original source documents
null hypothesis	The proposition, to be tested statistically, that the experimental intervention has "no effect," meaning that the treatment and control groups will not differ as a result of the intervention
cirrhosis	A serious liver condition characterized by irreversible scarring of the liver that can lead to liver failure and death
assist	See Application Submission System and Interface for Submission Tracking (ASSIST).
osteopenia	Bone size that is below normal.
in vivo	Literally, "in the living body;" processes, such as the absorption of a drug by the human body, carried out in the living body rather than in a laboratory (in vitro).
diagnostic trials	Trials that are conducted to find better tests or procedures for diagnosing a particular disease or condition
ohrp	see Office for Human Research Protection
vegetative	the somatic or asexual parts of a plant, which are not involved in sexual reproduction
rapidly adapting	A rapid decline to zero of a response of a sensory neuron to a maintained stimulus.
gcp	See: Good Clinical Practice
neuropathy	Abnormal degenerative state of the nervous system.
electrical synapse	The junction between two nerve cells at which communication is by direct transfer of charge not by release of a transmitter substance, syn
endocrinologists	Doctors who specialise in the care of patients with disorders of the endocrine glands.
review	The concurrent oversight of research on a periodic basis by an IRB
mask-like face	Refers to the lack of spontaneous facial expressions in the patient with basal ganglion disease, particularly parkinsonism.
rhizomycelium	Branching, anucleate or sparsely nucleate, rhizoidal filaments of variable width forming part of the thallus in some fungi
oncology	The medical, surgical, and radiation treatment of tumors (cancerous, especially)
in vitro	Literally, "in glass" or "test tube;" used to refer to processes that are carried out outside the living body, usually in the laboratory, as distinguished from in vivo.
resorb	A process that creates a change in the body such as bone resorption in which the bone is broken down into its components.
double-blind	The design of a study in which neither the investigator nor the subject knows which medication (or placebo) the subject is receiving.
monosynaptic reflex	Reflex involving only one synapse within the central nervous system.
meaningful pain relief	The time point at which the patient feels that they have had a significant amount of pain relief post dose.
muriform	Having bricklike cells in a wall with both longitudinal and transverse septa.
immunization anxiety-related reaction	Immunization anxiety-related reaction
clinical trial	A carefully designed and executed investigation of the effects of a drug (or vaccine) administered to human subjects
investigator site file	File that is prepared for or by the investigator prior to study initiation and contains copies of documents relating to the clinical study
time to onset	Time to onset
inhale	To breathe in.
neurobiology	A branch of biology that deals with the nervous system.
ecg/ekg	Electrocardiogram
culture	Sputum or throat swab is put on a medium for germs to grow in the laboratory, so the germ can be identified.
healthy patient studies	Most Healthy Patient Studies are Phase I studies which are primarily concerned with assessing a drug's safety
energy intake	Energy helps cells perform all of their functions, including building proteins and other substances the body may require
metabolism	The sum of the processes by which a particular substance is handled (as by assimilation and incorporation, or by detoxification and excretion) in the living body.
thyroid nodules	Small lumps or growths that can be felt in the neck
ibc	See: Institutional Biosafety Committee
motor cortex	That area of cerebral cortex, the stimulation of which leads to movements, syn
herbicide	a chemical used for killing plants or inhibiting plant growth, e.g
federal wide assurance	means a document that fulfills the requirements of 45 CFR Part 46 and is approved by the Secretary of Health and Human services
booster injection	Booster injection
conjugation	In general, any of various sexual processes in microorganisms in which gene transfer follows the establishment of direct contact between two (or more) cells which typically show little or no morphological differentiation from vegetative cells
application integrity policy	Application Integrity Policy (AIP) is FDA’s policy for the integrity of data or information submitted in an application
bias	A point of view that impairs fair judgment
quarantine	Legal restriction of the movement of plant pests (or the products that may be harboring them) into areas where they do not occur.
psoriasis	A chronic, non-contagious disease with inflamed lesions with silvery-white scabs of dead skin.
excitatory postsynaptic potential	A hypopolarizing change in the transmembrane potential of a neuron due to synaptic activity that tends to increase the probability of discharge of the neuron, abbr
administrative closure	Closure of a study that does not have IRB approval, due to: (1) a lapsed approval, or (2) a failure to respond to conditions of approval)
dag	See Director's Advisory Group.
audiogram	A plot of a patient's hearing ability, either an audibility curve or a hearing loss curve.
data and safety monitoring	A plan to oversee the implementation of a study protocol for compliance monitoring.
ventral	Front, or lower surface.
antibiotic	Substance used to inhibit the growth of micro-organisms, including bacteria and fungi.
recombinant vaccine	Vaccine that uses genetic material from a disease-causing organism to produce an immune response
efficacy	The ability of a drug or treatment to produce a beneficial result.
nerve	A bundle of fibers that uses electrical and chemical signals to transmit sensory and motor information from one body part to another.
neuropathy	The name given to a group of disorders involving nerves
infectious disease	A disease that can be transmitted from person to person or from organism to organism, and is caused by a microbial agent (e.g., common cold).
iec	See independent ethics committee.
assent	is the agreement by a child, or an adult who lacks full decision-making capacity to participate in a research or clinical investigation
double-blinded study	A study in which neither the investigator nor the participant knows whether the participant is receiving a vaccine or a control
lymphatic vessels	A bodywide network of channels, similar to the blood vessels, that transport lymph to the immune organs and into the bloodstream
exclusion	The principle of plant disease prevention in which the pathogen is prevented from entering a given region.
buffers	Buffers
non-opiod	Medication that does not contain an opiod and may be available over-the-counter
computer tomography	An imaging method in which the data is taken from multiple x-ray images to put together pictures of structures within the body.
study endpoint	Outcome used to judge the effectiveness of a treatment, like a cure or lack of cure.
double-blind study	A clinical trial design in which neither the participating individuals nor the study staff knows which participants are receiving the experimental drug and which are receiving a placebo (or another therapy)
select agents	Go to these resources:
opisthotonos	A form of spasm in which the head and the heels are bent backward and the body bowed forward.
plaque	A small disk-shaped formation or growth; a patch
neurodevelopmental disorders	Neurodevelopmental disorders
retina	Light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye that transmits visual impulses via the optic nerve to the brain.
federal policy	The federal policy that provides regulations for the involvement of human subjects in research
beta-blockers	Drugs that can inhibit the sympathetic nervous system involving physical responses and reduce certain symptoms
athermesthesia	Loss of temperature sensation.
nih	National Institutes of Health: a federal agency within the Public Health Service, DHHS, comprising 21 institutes and centers
recruitment period	Time allowed to enroll all subjects for a study.
in vivo testing	Testing conducted in living animal and human systems.
clinical practice guidelines	Standards for physicians to adhere to in prescribing care for a given condition or illness.
biologic	A product derived from a living organism that is used in the diagnosis or treatment of disease
metaplasia	Changed condition of a structure or organ; hyperplastic class of symptoms characterized by overdevelopment other than that due to
phosphatidylserine	A fatty compound combined with phosphorus found in the walls of cells and used to reduce dementia.
magnetic resonance imaging	This diagnostic procedure, using magnetic fields, radio waves, and a computer, may be used to determine the source of pain.
standardised	Using different techniques or preparations in order to conform to a reference or standard.
dose-limiting toxicity	An adverse event or reaction during treatment on a clinical trial that prevents the dose of the study drug from being increased or to prevent continuation of treatment at any dosage level.
fitness	The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce; the ability of an organism to pass its genes to the next generation.
goitre	An enlargement of the thyroid gland for any reason
cel	See commercial evaluation license.
behavioral therapy	Psychotherapy that is concerned with the treatment of observable behaviors rather than underlying psychological processes
bone graft	A piece of existing bone used to take the place of a missing bone in the patient's own body.
nuremberg code	As a result of the medical experimentation conducted by Nazis during the Second World War, the U.S
visualization	Creating a mental image of a desired outcome, and repeatedly playing that image in the mind for purpose of pain relief
exhalation	Breath out air.
standard operating procedure	Official, detailed, written instructions for the management of clinical trials
antiemetic	Medication that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting
children	Requirements differ depending on risk, complexity, and the probability of finding intervention differences
translation	the assembling of amino acids into a protein using messenger RNA, ribosomes and transfer RNA
individual case safety report	Individual case safety report (ICSR)
skeletomotor neuron	A motoneuron whose axon is an A fiber; contacts extrafusal muscle fibers, syn
surveillance	Surveillance
polarized	Imbued with poles; experiencing a separation of charge; refers to difference in potential across a cell membrane.
sham controlled study	Related Terms: Controlled Study
qow	every other week
aminoglycosides	A group of antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections
organelle	A component of a cell with a specific function.
parasympathetic nervous system	The division of the autonomic nervous system made up of ocular, bulbar, and sacral segments.
scanning speech	Speaking characterized by irregular volumes and speech rhythms; a symptom of cerebellar disease.
eir	See Employee Invention Report.
ultrasound	High frequency sound waves used to obtain images inside the body
national immunization programme	National immunization programme (NIP)
phyllotaxy	arrangement of leaves on a stem in relation to one another
permission	means the agreement of parent(s) or guardian to the participation of their child or ward in research.
prevention trials	Refers to trials to find better ways to prevent disease in people who have never had the disease or to prevent a disease from returning
upper respiratory infection	Generalized infection of the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
standard treatment	The treatment that is currently thought to be effective in medical practice.
assignment	See receipt, referral, and assignment of grant applications.
cryptomenorrhea	implantation The process by which the embryo’s trophoblast attaches to the mother’s endometrium and penetrates it, establishing contact between the trophoblast’s developing chorionic villi and the maternal blood
models	Represents a living system and used in research.
sterility	(2) The inability to procreate; the inability to conceive or induce conception.
peptide	a natural or synthetic compound containing two or more amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
510 premarket notification	A 510(k) is a premarket submission made to FDA to demonstrate that the device to be marketed is at least as safe and effective, that is, substantially equivalent, to a legally marketed device (21 CFR 807.92(a)(3)) that is not subject to PMA.
endpoint	Overall outcome that the protocol is designed to evaluate
equine-derived	Equine-derived
exopathogen	Nonparasitic organism whose extracellular toxic metabolites cause disease in plants.
lc/ms/ms methods	Liquid Chromatography mass spectrometery
electroporation	A method by which nucleic acids or virus particles can be introduced into protoplasts or cells by creating transient pores in the plasma membrane using an electric pulse.
ara	American Rheumatism Association
paresthesea	A sense of picking, tingling, or creeping of the skin without cause, except for possible nerve injury.
hypospadias	displacement of urethral opening from the tip to the ventral side of the phallus.
saltatory conduction	Conduction of the nerve spike where the spike jumps from node to node.
infection	The results of the presence of harmful microorganisms in the body
stroke	Blockage or rupture of an artery to the brain
alpha blocking	Disappearance of alpha rhythms from the EEG, syn
privacy certificate	This is the equivalent of a federal Certificate of Confidentiality, but it is provided (and required by) the federal Department of Justice (DOJ) for any research involving DOJ
review ethics board	An independent group of professionals designated to review and approve the clinical protocol, informed consent forms, study advertisements, and patient brochures, to ensure that the study is safe and effective for human participation
natural molecules	Molecules found as components of living systems
case control study	Case control study
private information	Includes information about behavior that occurs in a context in which an individual can reasonably expect that no observation or recording is taking place, and information which has been provided for specific purposes by an individual and which the individual can reasonably expect will not be made public
sc	subcutaneous
experimental drug	A drug that is not licensed by the FDA for use in humans or as a treatment for any disease or condition.
dna	Deoxyribonucleic acid
dose-response relationship	The relationship between the dose of some agent (such as a drug), or the extent of exposure, and a physiological response
carpal tunnel syndrome	Nerve damage as a result of compression of the median nerve in the wrist
environmental protection agency	Agency within the US Federal government which is responsible for protecting the environment and human health by both writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress.
causality assessment	Causality assessment (or causality association)
epinasty	Downward curling of a leaf blade resulting from more rapid cell growth on the upper side of a petiole than on the lower side; often a
conidiophore	A hypha, often specialized in structure, that bears one or more conidia.
anomalous trichromacy	Color vision involving three pigments but one is abnormal, producing a weakness in response to that primary color.
ide	See: Investigational Device Exemption
pneumothorax	Abnormal presence of air or gas within the pleural cavity
malaria	Malaria
neutralizing antibody	An antibody that keeps a virus from infecting a cell, usually by blocking receptors on the cell or the virus
cta	Clinical Trial Application
haustorium	specialized branch of a parasite formed inside host cells to absorb nutrients (PDF);
thyroxine	The primary hormone produced by the thyroid gland
genotype	The genetic constitution of an organism.
lumen	central cavity of a cell or other structure
protocol	The specific set(s) of goals and procedures that define what will happen in a clinical trial
tiller	a lateral shoot, culm, or stalk arising from a crown bud; common in grasses
suspended	Recruiting or enrolling participants has halted prematurely but potentially will resume
local research context	Knowledge of the institution and community environment in which human research will be conducted.
employee invention report	Go to these resources:
approved drugs	In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must approve a substance as a drug before it can be marketed and administered
striated muscle	Any muscle whose fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations.
hot nodule	A lump in the thyroid gland that takes up more radioactive iodine on a scan than the normal surrounding thyroid tissue does
synaptic vesicles	Small membrane-bound sacs in the presynaptic terminals that contain the transmitter substance.
k award	See career development awards.
malignant neoplastic disease	any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream
eligibility criteria	Reasons for selection of participants to be excluded from a clinical trial (see INCLUSION/EXCLUSION CRITERIA).
crossed-extension reflex	Contraction of contralateral extensor muscles concomitant with initiation of a withdrawal reflex.
in situ	in its original place or environment
peptides	Combinations of amino acids from the partial digestion of protein.
pivotal study	Usually a phase III study that presents the data a governing body (e.g
seroprevalence	As related to HIV infection: The proportion of persons who have serologic (i.e., pertaining to serum) evidence of HIV infection at any given time
hypertrophy	abnormal increase in the size of cells in a tissue or organ, often resulting in the formation of galls or tumors
mean	The arithmetic average, or the sum of all the values divided by the number of values.
deletion	Elimination of a gene (i.e., from a chromosome) either in nature or in the laboratory
protected group	See: vulnerable populations
rheumatologist	Physician who specializes in medicine concerned with joints, muscles and bones and their roles in health and disease
irb approval	The determination of the IRB that the research study has been reviewed and may be conducted at an institution with the constraints set forth by the IRB and by other institutional and Federal requirements.
glandular carcinoma	malignant tumor originating in glandular epithelium
randomization	The process by which trial participants are assigned to treatment or control groups in an unsystematic manner and by method of chance to reduce the likelihood of bias.
institutional official	See: Authorized Institutional Official
emulsion	Emulsion
protocol	A detailed plan of a scientific experiment or medical treatment
dead fetus	Special regulatory procedures apply for research with an expelled or delivered fetus that exhibits no heartbeat, spontaneous respiratory activity, spontaneous movement of voluntary muscles, or pulsation of the umbilical cord (if still attached) [45 CFR 46.203(f)].
fovea	The central region of the retina specialized for detail vision, i.e., for acuity.
hydathode	A specialized leaf structure with one or more openings through which water is discharged from the interior of the leaf to its surface.
intrafusal muscle fiber	The contractile tissue of the muscle spindle; it lies inside the spindle.
protoplast	A plant cell from which the cell wall has been removed.
clinical investigator	A medical researcher in charge of carrying out a clinical trial’s protocol.
irb approval	means the determination of the IRB that the research has been reviewed and may be conducted at an institution within the constraints set forth by the IRB and by other institutional and federal requirements.
initial review group	Formerly used term—see integrated review group and the related term study section.
niaaa	National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; an institute in NIH.
clinical trial	Any investigation in human subjects intended to determine the clinical pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and/or other pharmacodynamic effects of an investigational agent, and/or to identify any adverse reactions to an investigational agent to assess the agent's safety and efficacy.
hxv	Viruses that cause hepatitis are lettered A through G.
combination or combined vaccine	Combination or combined vaccine
preclinical study	A laboratory or animal study of a drug, device, or procedure to find out if the new treatment shows enough promise to be studied in humans.
endemic	Pertaining to diseases associated with particular locales or population groups.
theta rhythms	EEG records characterized by high voltage waves occurring at 4-8 per second.
ryan white care act	The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act of 1990 represents the largest dollar investment made by Congress to date specifically for the provision of services for people with HIV infection
c fiber	Unmyelinated primary afferent neurons.
rem sleep	The stage of sleep in which dreaming is associated with mild muscle jerks and rapid eye movements (REM), also characterized by a desynchronized EEG, thus the syn
radiopaque contrast agents	Materials that stop or attenuate radiation that is passed through the body, creating an outline on film of the organ(s) being examined
mri	Uses a large circular magnet and radio waves to generate signals from atoms in the body to produce pictures and organs inside the body.
phase ii trials	The second phase of drug trials
investigational	Experimental, unproven.
f award	See fellowship award.
prevention trials	A type of trial to find better ways to prevent disease in people who have never had the disease or to prevent a disease from returning
nag	N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase
estrogen	1) a class of steroid hormones, secreted primarily from the ovaries, that is responsible for initiation of estrus and for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in the female (e.g., 17ß-estradiol)
inactive	Having no effect.
mg	milligram
research	R21s are not intended for new investigators, and there is no evidence that they provide a path to an independent research career
malignant hepatoma	carcinoma of the liver
encephalitis	A general term denoting inflammation of the brain.
thrombocytopenia	A decreased number of blood platelets (cells important for blood clotting)
unanticipated problems	In general, includes any incident, experience, or outcome that meets all of the following criteria:
somatovisceral reflexes	Reflexes involving somatic stimuli and visceral responses.
beta rhythms	EEG records characterized by low-voltage waves occurring at 14 to 50 per sec.
off label	The unauthorized use of a drug for a purpose other than that approved of by the FDA.
heterotroph	An organism that obtains its food from other organisms, living or dead.
baseline	Baseline information is gathered at the beginning of a study from which variations found in the study are measured
nuremberg code	A code of ethics developed from the Nuremberg Military Tribunal’s decision in the case of the US versus Karl Brandt, et al
thalamotomy	The production of a circumscribed lesion in the thalamus.
preservatives	Preservatives
personally identifiable information	Go to these resources:
center	See research center grant.
immunization	The process of inducing immunity by administering an antigen (vaccine) to allow the immune system to prevent infection or illness when it subsequently encounters the infectious agent.
dhhs	See Department of Health and Human Services.
clinical trial	A controlled study involving human subjects, designed to evaluate prospectively the safety and effectiveness of new drugs or devices or of behavioral interventions.
parallel track	A system of distributing experimental drugs to patients who are unable to participate in ongoing clinical efficacy trials and have no other treatment options
measles	Measles
general accounting office	See Government Accountability Office.
ci	Confidence Interval
transfusion	The introduction of whole blood or components of blood (such as plasma, platelets) from one person to another.
immunodeficiency	A deficiency of immune response or a disorder characterized by deficient immune response; classified as antibody (B cell), cellular (T cell), combined deficiency or phagocytic dysfunction disorders.
mesothelioma	a form of carcinoma of the mesothelium lining lungs or abdomen or heart; usually associated with exposure to asbestos dust
otolith	Literally: stone in the ear; a calcium carbonate crystal found in the otolith organs of vertebrates, syn
irb application	See: human subjects application
qa	See: Quality Assurance
peroxidase	These are compounds which neutralize harmful peroxides.
investigator's brochure	A comprehensive document summarizing the body of information about an investigational drug
life cycle	the cyclical stages in the growth and development of an organism
daiop	Division of Anti-Infective and Ophthalmology Drug Products, Office of Antimicrobial Resistance
dysgraphia	Inability to write properly.
macrolides	A group of antibiotics used to treat lung infections, including azithromycin and erythromycin.
integrase	An HIV enzyme used by the virus to integrate its genetic material into the host cell's DNA
pcbs	Compounds from chlorination of biphenyl
pesticide	a chemical used to control pests
crustaformeria	In nematodes: Glandular region of the distal part of uterus that may play a role in the formation of the egg envelope; sometimes called the quadricolumella.
adverse drug reaction	Any unintended reaction to a new treatment or drug when taken at doses typically used for diagnosis, therapy of disease, prophylaxis or for modification of physiological function, which may occur suddenly or develop over time.
spatial summation	Algebraic addition of generator potentials elicited by stimuli at two different points.
pharmacokinetics	The processes (in a living organism) of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug or vaccine.
sub-investigator	An individual member of a clinical trial team to whom trial-related activities or procedures have been delegated by the investigator
rem	Acronym for Roentgen Equivalent in Man; the unit of measurement for a dose of an ionizing radiation that produces the same biological effect as a unit of absorbed does (1 rad) of ordinary X-rays
regulatory genes	As related to HIV: Three regulatory HIV genes-tat, rev and nef-and three so-called auxiliary genes-vif, vpr and vpu-contain information for the production of proteins that control (i.e., regulate) the virus's ability to infect a cell, produce new copies of the virus or cause disease
iodine	A non-metallic element found in food
isolate	An individual (as a spore or a single organism), viable part of an organism (as a cell) or a strain that has been isolated (as from diseased tissue, contaminated water or the air)
bias	Basically, the vertical offset of a stimulus-response curve.
retrovirus	Retrovirus
frontal eye fields	Premotor areas of the cerebral cortex from which contraversive eye movements are evocable by electrical stimulation.
third party subjects	An informal name for living individuals about whom researchers obtain individually identifiable private information from someone else but who themselves have no interaction with the researcher
fasciculations	A small, local contraction of muscles visible through the skin; represents spontaneous discharge in one or more muscle fibers innervated by a motoneuron.
organosulfur	Organic (carbon based) compounds that contain sulfur.
allopathic	Traditional medicine
isi	See influential scientific information.
prisoner	means any individual involuntarily confined or detained in a penal institution
soil invader	an organism whose population in soil diminishes in several months to years
hormone	traditionally, a chemical substance produced by one part of the body that has an effect on another part of the body.
cftr	see CYSTIC FIBROSIS CONDUCTANCE TRANSMEMBRANE REGULATOR
aids	Acquired Immunodeficiency Deficiency Syndrome
monitoring	Overseeing the progress of a clinical trial to ensure that it is conducted, recorded, and reported according to the protocol, standard operating procedures, good clinical practice guidelines, and applicable regulations.
osteopath	A Doctor of Osteoepathy diagnoses and treats illness through hands on manual medicine and the body's musculoskeletal system
photosynthate	product of photosynthesis
justice	An ethical principle discussed in the Belmont Report requiring fairness in distribution of burdens and benefits; often expressed in terms of treating persons of similar circumstances or characteristics similarly.
spiroplasma	A member of a group of pleomorphic, wall-less prokaryotes occurring as epiphytes or as intracellular or extracellular parasites or pathogens in a range of invertebrates and plants.
deception	Intentionally misleading or withholding information about nature of experiment.
hemoglobin	The component of red blood cells that carries oxygen.
broadcast application	Application by spreading or scattering on the soil surface.
unicellular	one-celled organism
feeder root	fine root that absorbs water and dissolved nutrients
peripheral nervous system	This system includes the nerves all over the body that relay messages like pain to the CNS.
phytoestrogen	A plant material with estrogen (female hormone) activity.
case report form	A record of pertinent information collected on each subject during a clinical trial, as outlined in the study protocol.
contract research organization	A company with whom a drug or device manufacturer or sponsor contracts to perform clinical trial related activities
baseline	A person's health status before he or she begins treatment in a clinical trial
vegetative reproduction	Asexual reproduction.
micropyle	In nematodes: A minute opening in the membrane of an egg through which the spermatozoa enter.
bacteria	Tiny one-celled creatures that are often the cause of infections
strain	Strain
cidal	A property of a drug that means it acts by killing the target organism (e.g., bacteriocidal)
failure to thrive	Not gaining weight or growing at a normal rate.
ophthalmology	Field concerning the eye and eye diseases
inclusion criteria	Refers to the characteristics that must be met by a subject in order to participate in a clinical trial, as outlined in the study protocol.
resistin	A cysteine-rich protein that increases with increasing obesity.
eligibility criteria	Summary criteria for participant selection
passive surveillance	Passive surveillance (also known as spontaneous reporting)
reflexology	Form of massage where a practitioner applies pressure to certain parts of the feet and hands to help promote relaxation and healing at specified points in the body
efficacy	A product’s ability to produce beneficial effects on the duration or course of a disease
thyrotropin	Another name for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
megavitamins	Large quantities of vitamins taken on a regular basis.
lidocaine	An anesthetic that produces pain relief by blocking the signals at the nerve endings in the skin
private information	includes information about behavior that occurs in a context in which an individual can reasonably expect that no observation or recording is taking place, and information which has been provided for specific purposes by an individual and which the individual can reasonably expect will not be made public (for example, a medical record)
trichogyne	In some algae, lichens, and fungi, a projection from the female sex organ that receives the male gamete or nuclei before fertilization (karyogamy).
systemic	Systemic
ascending reticular activating system	A group of interconnected nuclei of the brain stem responsible for producing desynchronization of the EEG.
phenolic compounds	Benzene family antioxidants with OH functional groups.
fellowships	Go to these resources:
abscission	Of plants: The shedding of leaves or other parts as the result of physical weakness in a specialized layer of cells (abscission layer) that develops at the base.
protocol	The plan for a course of medical treatment or for a scientific experiment.
good clinical practice	An international standard of guidelines and regulations used to ensure protection of subjects’ rights, confidentiality and integrity and the accuracy and credibility of data in clinical studies.
saw palmetto	A plant from Florida and Mexico with berries used for prostate problems.
gamma spasticity	A tonic contraction of one muscle or a group of synergistic muscles at a joint, caused by excitation of the gamma motoneurons innervating the muscles.
ffr	See Federal Financial Report (FFR).
analog	In chemistry, a compound with a structure similar to that of another compound, but differing from it in respect to certain components or structural makeup; it may have a similar or opposite action metabolically.
biomedical research	Research that is conducted to contribute to an increased understanding of disease processes, new treatments and interventions, and the prevention and control of infectious and chronic diseases in clinical medicine and public health; and research involving human biological specimens (i.e
heartwood	central cylinder of nonfunctional xylem in a woody stem (see sapwood)
gmp	Good Manufacturing Practices, also referred to as Quality System under 21 CFR 820
channel	A passage in the membrane through which ions can flow, syn
pdco	Paediatric Committee of EMA, responsible for the assessment of paediatric investigation plans
ng	nanogram
recurrent inhibition	Inhibition of an element produced by its own output through excitation of an inhibitory interneuron, cf., Collateral inhibition.
gene	basic unit of heredity
haploid	having a single complete set of chromosomes
permission	The agreement of parent(s) or guardian to the participation of their child or ward in research [45 CFR 46.402(c)].
fttp	Full-time training position.
sponsor-investigator	An individual who both initiates and conducts a clinical trial, and who directs the use, administration, and distribution of the investigational product
masked study designs	Study designs comparing two or more interventions in which either the investigators, the subjects, or some combination thereof do not know the treatment group assignments of individual subjects
institutional review board	A board, committee, or other group that reviews and approves clinical studies at an investigative site
central nervous system	Composed of the brain, spinal cord and its coverings (meninges).
legally authorized representative	A person authorized either by statute or by court appointment to make decisions on behalf of another person
somatosomatic reflexes	Reflexes involving somatic stimuli and somatic responses.
tsh test	A test to measure the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the bloodstream.
electrochemical equilibrium	A balance between chemical and electrical driving forces such that there is no net movement of ions across the cell membrane.
phase iv trials	Post-marketing studies to delineate additional information including the drug's risks, benefits, and optimal use.
radioactive drug	Any substance defined as a drug in
eortc	European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer
phase iii trials	Expanded controlled and uncontrolled trials after preliminary evidence suggesting effectiveness of the drug has been obtained
myelosuppression	Impairment of the blood cell-producing function of the bone marrow.
pivotal study	Usually a phase III study which presents the data that the FDA uses to decide whether or not to approve a drug
aerobe	An organism that requires free oxygen for respiration.
apothecium	An ascus-bearing structure (
spiroplasma	spiral-shaped plant pathogenic mollicute (prokaryote without cell wall)
placebo	A placebo (sometimes called a sham treatment), is a treatment that has no therapeutic value
pre-clinical testing	Before a drug may be tested on humans, pre-clinical studies must be conducted either in vitro but usually in vivo on animals to determine that the drug is safe.
psyllium	Members of the genus Plantago used for its dietary fiber properties as a laxative.
haq	Health Assessment Questionaire
smo	Site Management Organization
central nervous system	Body system comprised of the brain and spinal cord
ozone	a highly reactive form of oxygen (O3) that may injure plants
aphis	See Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
neuralgia	Pain along the length of a nerve.
saccharomyces boulardii	A form of yeast from lychee and mangosteen fruit.
withdraw	The point at which a clinical trial participant, for any reason, stops participating in the trial.
pilot study	An early, small-to-moderate sized study, also known as a Phase 2 study
gamete/germ cell	cell produced by gonad that contains half of genes necessary for production of offspring (e.g., oocyte in female, spermatozoan in male).
dna	Deoxyribonucleic acid.
obligate anaerobe	An organism that can grow only under anaerobic conditions.
thyroid bed	The area of the thyroid that remains after surgical removal of the thyroid gland.
cephalids	In nematodes: Two structures (posterior and anterior) situated in the cephalic region and extending in a complete circle around the body; possibly part of the nervous system
generic	Chemical name of a drug as opposed to its brand name
exogenous	Arising on the outside of the generating structure.
fast muscle	Relative term, referring to the speed of twitch contraction and relaxation and to the relatively high rates of stimulation at which tetanic fusion occurs.
study end point	A primary or secondary result used to evaluate the efficacy of a treatment.
over the counter	Drugs available for purchase without a physician's prescription.
crossed-innervation	Refers to the transplanting of one nerve onto a foreign muscle and the transplanting of the nerve from that muscle onto the muscle of the first nerve.
cfr	See Code of Federal Regulations.
disease triangle	refers to the three components necessary for disease to occur: susceptible plant, pathogen and favorable environment
negative feedback	regulatory process that reduces the output of a system, such as the action of heat on a thermostat to limit the output of a furnace.
squamous	Covered with or consisting of scales.
dmc	See DATA MONITORING COMMITTEE (DMC).
whooping cough	An acute infectious disease that causes inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi with spasmodic coughing that produces a distinct noise; also known as pertussis
near-sightedness	A pathological condition of refraction in which the eyeball is too long for the refractive power of the lens and images come to a focus in front of the retina, syn
endophyte	plant developing inside another organism; also used for endoparasitic fungi found in grass species
crcl	Creatinine Clearance
federal register	Publication of the federal government to establish new regulations or to change existing regulations.
respect for persons	An ethical principle discussed in the Belmont Report requiring that individual autonomy be respected and that persons with diminished autonomy be protected.
asthma	Asthma
mentally disabled	See: Cognitively Impaired.
budget authorization	See authorization.
hypocotyl	portion of the stem below the cotyledons and above the root (see epicotyl)
polypharmacy	The administration of many drugs together or the administration of excessive medication
microbiology	The branch of biology that deals with microorganisms and their effects on other living organisms
homokaryon	A hyphal cell, mycelium, organism, or spore in which all the nuclei are genetically identical.
obligatory synapse	A synaptic junction at which a single presynaptic action potential initiates a postsynaptic action potential.
placebo	A chemically inert substance given in the guise of medicine for its psychologically suggestive effect; used in controlled clinical trials to determine whether improvement and side effects may reflect imagination or anticipation rather than actual power of a drug.
referee	A participant in the peer review of an article; normally experienced in the same field.
white muscle	A paler colored muscle consisting of fibers lacking high myoglobin concentrations; fast muscle fibers.
root graft	the fusion of roots of two adjacent plants so that their water and food conducting (vascular) systems become joined
technology transfer	Go to 15 USC 63 Sec
rna	Ribonucleic Acid
placebo	A substance that does not contain active ingredients and is made to be physically indistinguishable (that is, it looks and tastes identical) from the actual drug being studied.
whole body scan	A scan of the whole body used to view areas of radioactive iodine uptake after its oral administration.
in vivo	A Latin term meaning "in body." After a candidate drug passes in vitro testing, it is then tested in living bodies
effective dose	The dose of an investigational agent that produces the outcome considered "effective," as defined in the study protocol
socially and economically disadvantaged	Go to HHS's Poverty Guidelines, Research, and Measurement.
identifiable data	Data which are either (a) directly connected to name/other identifiers, or (b) indirectly connected via a study number or other coding scheme
in vitro	An artificial environment created outside a living organism (e.g., in a test tube or culture plate) used in experimental research to study a disease or biologic process.
flux	Movement of ions due to concentration forces, syn
transposon	A discrete piece of DNA that can insert itself into other DNA sequences within the cell
gmp	Good manufacturing practice.
threshold of hearing curve	A graph of a person's threshold for detection of various pitches in the range of human hearing, syn
pancreas	A long organ with glands found behind the stomach
prodelphic	In nematodes: Having uteri parallel and anteriorly directed at the origin.
antidromic	In the direction opposite that normally taken by action potentials in the nervous system.
epileptogenic	Producing or capable of producing seizures.
medical device amendments	Amendments to the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act passed in 1976 to regulate the distribution of medical devices and diagnostic products.
risk	Risk
messenger rna	A chain of specific ribonucleotides that codes for a specific protein; template for the assembly of amino acids into protein; in cells mRNA is transcribed from DNA, but some RNA viruses function directly as mRNA.
imb	Internal monitoring board.
imagery	Using mental images from memory or imagination to relieve pain
dmard	Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drug
myofilament	Any of the small filaments that comprise a myofibril; either a thick or myosin filament, or a thin or actin filament.
pharmacoeconomics	The study of cost-benefit ratios of drugs with other therapies or with similar drugs
surrogate marker	A substitute; a person or thing that replaces another
viscerosomatic reflexes	Reflexes involving visceral stimuli and somatic responses.
human subjects exemption categories	See exemption categories, human subjects.
antagonistic symbiosis	Parasitism; one organism of an association beefits at the expense of the other.
dendritic cells	Patrolling immune system cells that may begin the HIV disease process by carrying the virus from the site of the infection to the lymph nodes, where other immune cells become infected
randomization	Study participants are usually assigned to groups in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each treatment (or control) group
limen	The psychological term for threshold.
alterations and renovations	Grant budget category for work to change the physical characteristics of an existing facility or installed equipment.
tt	Tetanus Toxoid
herpes zoster	An acute viral inflammation of nerves caused by reactivation of the herpes virus that causes chicken pox
incidence	The number of new cases occurring in a given population over a certain period of time.
spine	Column of bone, the vertebral column, that surrounds and protects the spinal cord
transmitter substance	A compound released at a synapse from the presynaptic element that effects a change in potential of the postsynaptic cell.
fungus	A eukaryotic, heterotrophic organism whose usually walled, threadlike cells absorb nutrients.
immunoglobulin	A general term for antibodies, which bind to invading organisms, leading to their destruction
secretary	means the Secretary of Health and Human Services and any other officer or employee of the Department of Health and Human Services to whom authority has been delegated.
epidemiology	The branch of medical science that deals with the study of incidence and distribution and control of a disease in a population.
withdraw	In a trial, to end a patient's participation before he or she reaches the designated end point.
autopsy	Examination by dissection of the body of an individual to determine cause of death and other medically relevant facts.
dichromatism	Color vision involving only two pigments.
off-label use	A drug prescribed for conditions other than those approved by the FDA.
inclusion criteria	The criteria which all subjects must meet in order to be eligible to participate in a clinical study.
iontophoresis	The introduction by means of an electrical current of ions of soluble salts into the tissues of the body.
progress report for grants	Go to Program Officer Checklist SOP.
weber-fechner function	The magnitude of the sensation evoked by a stimulus is proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus strength.
minor	See: child; See also: assent
generic drug	A medicinal product with the same active ingredient, but not necessarily the same inactive ingredients as a brand-name drug
last verified date	The last verified date is the most recent date that all of a clinical study's information on ClinicalTrials.gov was confirmed as accurate and up to date
retrospective studies	Research conducted by reviewing records from the past (e.g., birth and death certificates, medical records, school records, or employment records) or by obtaining information about past events elicited through interviews or surveys
alveoli	A tiny, thin-walled, capillary rich sac in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
prostaglandins	Hormone like substance that sensitizes pain receptors to mechanical and chemical stimulation and cause blood vessels to dilate
sepsis	Sepsis (also known as "blood stream infection")
killer t cells	Killer cells infected with HIV or other viruses or transformed by cancer
inspection	The act by a regulatory authority(ies) of conducting an official review of documents, facilities, records, and any other resources that are deemed by the authority(ies) to be related to the clinical trial and that may be located at the site of the trial, at the sponsor’s and/or contract research organization’s (CRO) facilities, or at other establishments deemed appropriate by the regulatory authority(ies.
antigen	A substance that, when introduced into the body, is capable of inducing the production of a specific antibody
titer	concentration of a virus; usually in infected cell
off-label drug	A drug prescribed for conditions other than those approved by the MHRA
microorganisms	A form of life that can be seen under a microscope
assay	A way to measure how many parts of a certain ingredient are in a larger system, object or mixture.
off-label use	When a drug is prescribed for conditions other than those approved by the FDA.
bone plate	A thin metal implant affixed with screws used to immobilize bone segments by aligning the bone to aid the healing process.
herd effect	Herd effect
effectiveness	The degree to which a diagnostic test or treatment produces a desired result in patients in the daily practice of medicine.
epiphytotic	an epidemic in a plant population
prolepsis	A hyperplastic symptom of disease in which organs appear before the natural time
vestibular-ocular reflex	Refers to the automatic movement of the eyes in the direction opposite to that in which the head is rotated.
beta adrenergic effect	A constellation of effects produced by circulating epinephrine, or isoproterenol released from postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals (if they exist)
screening	Identifying a potential clinical trial participant by finding out if the person meets the eligibility criteria (see ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA).
national regulatory authority	National regulatory authority (NRA)
interventions	Primary interventions being studied
phase 1 trials	First step in drug development to test a drug’s safety and to find out how the human body reacts to the drug
therapy	Principle of plant disease control marked by the cure of disease, as with heat or systemic chemicals.
hue	A quality of light correlated with its wavelength
anova	Analysis of variances
biological control	The deliberate use by humans of one species of organism to eliminate or control another.
iom	Institute of Medicine
terminated	Recruiting or enrolling participants has halted prematurely and will not resume
epar	European Public Assessment Report - once a medicine has been granted a Community marketing authorisation by the EC, EMA publishes a full scientific assessment report.
haart	Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
synaptic delay	The time required for release of a chemical transmitter substance, its diffusion across the synaptic cleft, its interaction with the postsynaptic receptor, and the initiation of a change in postsynaptic membrane potential.
clinical research	The study of drugs or treatments in human subjects that can be separated into therapeutic (where personal benefit is expected by the subject) and nontherapeutic (where the research is conducted to advance knowledge without the expectation of providing any benefit to the subject).
bronchitis	Inflammation of the bronchi
side effects	Results occurring in addition to the intended one.
hyperglycemia	Higher than normal blood glucose or blood sugar in the bloodstream.
gastroesophageal reflux disease	a condition in which food or liquid travels backwards from the stomach to the esophagus (the tube from the mouth to the stomach)
federal register	The CFR is divided into 50 volumes known as titles
environmental signaling	1) intracellular effects of exogenous chemical stimuli that mimic or antagonize effects of endogenous hormones
tetanic contraction	Sustained contraction of a muscle without intervals of relaxation.
antimicrobial	Can stop the growth of disease-causing germs.
place theory	A theory that says pitch is encoded in terms of the place on the basilar membrane that gives maximum vibration in response to a given frequency of sound.
lysis	Rupture and destruction of a cell.
pharmacokinetics	The processes (in a living organism) of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of a drug or vaccine.
olivocochlear bundle	A bundle of efferent nerve fibers originating in the superior olive and ending on hair cells in the basilar membrane
side effects	The action or effect of a drug (or vaccine) other than that desired
triptans	Mediation often used to treat migraine symptoms as it constricts blood vessels in the brain to relieve swelling
ascus	A cell that is the site of meiosis and in which endogenous spores (usually
adverse events	Unanticipated problem involving risk that may be harmful
wilting	Of plant disease: A symptom characterized by loss of turgor, which results in drooping of leaves, stems, and flowers.
institution	Location of research
phase iii trials	The third phase of drug trials
p value	See Statistical Significance.
human subjects	Individuals whose physiologic or behavioral characteristics and responses are the object of study in a research project
precursor cells	Cells from which other cells are formed by natural processes.
exonuclease	A nuclease that sequentially removes nucleotides from one end of a strand of nucleic acid.
irb committee member	An individual appointed by the Senior Vice President for Research or designee to serve on the IRB.
power function or relation	The relationship between two variables such that the equal percentage changes in one result in equal percentage changes in the other; an equation of the form y = xa.
hyper-reflexia	Exaggerated reflexes.
gavi	Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization
symptoms	Any perceptible, subjective change in the body or its functions that indicates disease or phases of disease, as reported by the patient.
spearman's rho	A mathematical computation of how far off a line drawn thru the main results, and what the actual results were. A value of 1.0 means that all points are perfectly on line and a value of zero means that the results were totally random and that no line could be drawn thru the results.
thyroid hormones	T4 and T3, two hormones that tell the body how fast to work and how to use energy
investigational treatment	An unapproved treatment, or a treatment used for a new purpose in clinical research
placebo comparator arm	A group of participants that receives a placebo during a clinical study
glucose	A sugar.
results database	A structured online system, such as the ClinicalTrials.gov results database, that provides the public with access to summary results and registration information for completed or terminated clinical studies
monogenic	Of nematodes: Producing offspring of only one sex.
vaccination	The deliberate induction of protective immunity to a pathogen by administration of non-pathogenic forms of the pathogen or its antigens to induce a memory immune response.vaccine: An antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease in order to prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by any natural or 'wild' strain of the organism.vaccinia virus: Closely related to the virus that causes cowpox, it is a member of the pox family of viruses which also includes smallpox
budget period	In the Federal Financial Report for a final budget period, unliquidated obligations must be zero.
phyllody	A change of floral petals (leaves) to foliage leaves.
controlled clinical trials	Studies in which results observed in patients receiving a drug are compared to the results in patients who did not receive the drug.
mpa	Mycophenolic Acid
refractive index	A measure of the amount of bending of light on entering a medium; the speed of light in a vacuum/speed of light in the medium.
ellipsoid	Having every plane section an ellipse or a circle.
signs	Those characteristics that a physician can objectively detect or measure
monitoring	Reviewing a clinical study, ensuring conduct, proper records and reports are performed as stated in the clinical protocol, standard operating procedures, GCP and by regulatory requirements.
phytoplasma	A prokaryotic, plant parasitic microorganism resembling a
rotavirus	Rotavirus
polyploid	having three or more complete sets of chromosomes (see haploid, diploid )
terminal	A swelling of an axon near its termination; the presynaptic structure in most synapses, syn
placebo	An inactive substance given to a control group
minor	See: child
well-differentiated thyroid cancers	Papillary or follicular thyroid cancers showing well-differentiated cell structures.
capillitium	A mass of sterile fibers interspersed among spores within a
mortality rate	Death rate.
tissue	A collection of similar cells acting together to perform a particular function
homodimer	structure in which 2 identical subunits are associated.
trifurcate	Bearing three branches or forks.
quorum	A majority of voting members of an IRB, including at least one member whose primary expertise is in a nonscientific area.
in-patient	Hospitalized patient
relapse	A sudden worsening of preexisting symptoms, or the development of new neurologic symptoms, which lasts at least 24 hours
adenohypophysis	anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
post-market surveillance	The processes whereby manufacturers, regulators, health professionals, the public at large, and others monitor the performance and experience related to a given product's life-cycle in the open market.
hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis	A negative feedback mechanism through which hormone secretion is regulated
trichromatism	Color vision involving three pigments.
transmit:	to spread or transfer, as in spreading an infectious pathogen from plant to plant or from one plant generation to another
epiphyte	organism growing on a plant surface, but not as a parasite
rotation	growth of different kinds of crops in succession in the same field
minimal risk	A risk is minimal where the probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the proposed research are not greater, in and of themselves, than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests [45 CFR 46.102(i)]
conflict of interest	In a clinical trial, a situation in which the interests of the researcher or institution are at odds with their professional obligation to the patient.
nuclear bag fiber	An intrafusal muscle fiber with nuclei accumulated in an equatorial swelling.
ib	The Investigator's Brochure is a comprehensive document summarizing the body of information about an investigational product and thus is a document of critical importance throughout the drug development process
synergism/synergistic	An interaction between two or more agents (drugs) that produces or enhances an effect that is greater than the sum of the effects produced by the individual agents.
electrotonic synapse	The junction between two nerve cells at which communication is by direct transfer of charge not by release of a transmitter substance, syn
masking	A clinical trial design strategy in which one or more parties involved with the trial, such as the investigator or participant, do not know which participants have been assigned which interventions
integrative synapse	A synaptic junction at which the critical firing level is reached only by the summation of EPSPs from many sources; a point of integration.
viroid	Any of numerous kinds of small particles (250-400 nucleotides) of circular, single-stranded RNA that is unencapsidated and encodes no known proteins.
glp	Good laboratory practice.
callus	A mass of thin-walled, undifferentiated plant cells, developed as the result of wounding or culture on nutrient media.
antibiotic	A drug that kills bacteria or slows bacterial growth
pfts	See PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS.
pancreas	A gland situated near the stomach that secretes a digestive fluid into the intestine through one or more ducts and also secretes the hormone insulin.
institutional official	An officer of an institution with the authority to speak for and legally commit the institution to adherence to the requirements of the federal regulations regarding the involvement of human subjects in biomedical and social/behavioral research.
protocol	A detailed plan that sets forth the objectives, study design, and methodology for a clinical trial
dynamic response	The response of a primary spindle ending that signals rate of change of muscle length during stretch.
standard treatment	A standard treatment is a treatment for a given disorder that is typically widely used and well understood in terms of its safety and effectiveness.
hbv	Hepatitis B Virus.
competition	A more or less active demand on the part of two organisms for some commodity (space, food, etc.) that is inadequate to provide for all organisms present.
enrolling by invitation	A clinical study that selects its participants from a population, or group of people, decided on in advance by the researchers
subject/study subject	See Human Subject.
mri	Magnetic resonance imaging; an imaging procedure that produces a clear three-dimensional picture.
count	A unit of measurement (used to gauge levels of radioactivity).
compassionate use	When experimental drugs are provided to people before final FDA approval
electrogenic pump	An energy-requiring process in which there is a net transfer of charge across the membrane resulting in a membrane voltage.
headache	Head pain above the eyes or the ears, behind the head, or in the back of the upper neck
bioequivalence study	A study which tests the same drug manufactured by two different companies to show that the two drugs are bioequivalent (the two drugs do not significantly differ in similar studies under similar conditions with the same dosage).
protocol amendment	Changes or clarifications made in writing to the original protocol.
injection	A method of administering drugs or nutrients into the body using a needle.
ic	See institutes and centers.
stanol	A fully saturated steroid alcohol such as cholesterol.
sd	Standard Deviation
abortion	inevitable miscarriage (IMC) Traditionally any bleeding from the vagina during early pregnancy with, on vaginal examination, opening of the cervix
epidemiology	The branch of medical science that deals with the study of incidence and distribution and control of a disease among a specific group.
mucoid	Resembling mucus; forming large moist sticky colonies of bacteria.
hybrid	An offspring produced from mating plants or animals from different species, varieties or genotypes.
existing data set	Data that existed prior to the initiation of a research project.
quasi-experimental study	A study that is similar to a true experimental study except that it lacks random assignments of subjects to treatment groups
focus	The location of a group of cells in the cerebral cortex whose abnormal discharge initiates seizures.
contract modification	Written change order in the contract terms
tolerance	Decreased responsiveness to a drug, due to a long period of exposure.
withdrawn	Study halted prematurely, prior to enrollment of first participant
drug product	The finished dosage form (i.e
clinical investigator	A professional medical researcher involved in the carrying out a clinical trial protocol.
quality of life trials	Also called Supportive Care trials
phloem	food-conducting, food-storing tissue in the vascular system of roots, stems, and leaves
clinically stable	When symptoms are not changing or progressing and, for the time being, are not expected to.
phosphate	The usual form that phosphorus is found (PO4) and is linked to metals or hydrogen.
ovary	Female sexual gland in which the ova, or eggs, are formed.
gamma interferon	A T cell-derived stimulating substance that suppresses virus reproduction, stimulates other T cells and activates macrophage cells
parathyroid glands	Four glands located on the back of the thyroid that produce parathyroid hormone.
informed consent	Informed consent
rhizomycelium	Branching, anucleate or sparsely nucleate, rhizoidal filaments of variable width forming part of the thallus in some fungi.
neuroendocrine	involving both the nervous and endocrine systems.
conjugate eye movements	Refers to rotation of the eyes in the same direction at the same time.
dementia	Chronic intellectual impairment (i.e., loss of mental capacity) with organic origins that affects a person's ability to function in a social or occupational setting
serm	Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator, such as tamoxifen, which exhibits tissue-selective effects.
facet joints	Joints located between two adjacent vertebrae at every spinal level
paradoxical sleep	A stage of deep sleep characterized by desynchronized EEG patterns, REM, and dreaming, syn
insulin	Insulin
continuous dysesthesia	Continuous neuropathic pain that manifests as burning, electrical or other abnormal sensation
condensate	Something that has turned into liquid, such as a liquid reduced from a gas or vapor, like water from steam.
gate theory of pain	A theory that says the perception of pain depends not only upon activity in nociceptors, but also upon the balance between activity in nociceptors and large myelinated cutaneous afferent fibers.
transpiration	The loss of water vapor from the surface of leaves and other aboveground parts of plants.
recessive	a phenotypic trait that is expressed in diploid organisms only if both parents contribute the trait to the progeny
lobes	The two halves of the thyroid gland that give it its butterfly-like shape
clinical development	Term used to describe the cross-functional and cross-departmental activities that are required to bring an investigational product from Phase I through Phase IV.
double-masked design	A study design in which neither the investigators nor the subjects know the treatment group assignments of individual subjects
prisoner	An individual involuntarily confined in a penal institution, including persons: (1) sentenced under a criminal or civil statue; (2) detained pending arraignment, trial, or sentencing; and (3) detained in other facilities (e.g., for drug detoxification or treatment of alcoholism) under statutes or commitment procedures providing such alternatives to criminal prosecution or incarceration in a penal institution [45 CFR 46.303(c)]
po	per os (oral)
nervous system	The neurons and associated cells of the body.
side effect	Undesired effect of a treatment
picogram	One millionth of a gram.
capsule	In bacteria: A layer of material external to but contiguous with the cell wall.
suberized	Of cell walls: Hardened by their conversion to cork (suberin).
anti-tnf	Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor
olfaction	The sense of smell.
sputum density	A measurement of mucus or phlegm coughed up from lungs.
migratory	migrating from place to place on a plant or from plant to plant when feeding (see sedentary)
ich-international conference of harmonization	ICH is focused on the harmonization of technical requirements for the registration of pharmaceutical products in the U.S., Japan and European Union.
phase i trials	The first phase of a drug trial
bell-magendie law	The notion that sensory fibers enter the spinal cord through dorsal roots, motor fibers exit the spinal cord through ventral roots.
recruitment	Identifying and enrolling participants for a study. See Recruitment Status.
tracheosteneosis	Narrowing of the trachea due to inflammation
adverse event	A negative experience encountered by an individual during the course of a clinical trial, that is associated with the drug
protocol	The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, vaccine dosages, routes of administration, length of study, eligibility criteria and other aspects of trial design.
assistance	Award of money, property, or services to accomplish a public purpose
fwa	See: Federalwide Assurance
epidemic	A change in the amount of disease in a population in time and space.
sticker	Added to fungicide or bactericide preparations to improve the adhesion of the spray to the sprayed surface.
radioactive isotopes	Unstable chemical elements that are used in diagnostic testing for thyroid disorders including thyroid cancer.
green card	See Alien Registration Receipt Card.
assent	A child's affirmative agreement to participate in a clinical investigation
positive feedback	regulatory process that increases the output of a system.
ggt	Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase
placebo effect	A physical or emotional change occurring after a substance is taken or administered that is not the result of any special property of the substance
intramuscular	Injected into the muscle.
president's commission	President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research
thymosin	A polypeptide hormone of the thymus that influences the maturation of T cells destined for an active role in cell-mediated immunity
description	Go to these resources:
slow muscle	Relative term, referring to the speed of twitch contraction and relaxation and to the relatively low rates of stimulation at which tetanic fusion occurs.
randomization	A method by which study participants are assigned to a treatment group by chance (i.e
demographic data	Refers to the characteristics of study participants, including sex, age, family medical history, and other characteristics relevant to the study in which they are enrolled.
grant	Financial support provided for research study designed and proposed by the principal investigator(s)
pilot study	See Preliminary Study.
diagnostic interventional clinical trial	A diagnostic interventional trial assigns a group of human subjects to intervention based on the results of diagnostic tests and in most cases a comparison group to follow standard procedures
intervention	Any measure whose purpose is to improve health or to alter the course of a disease
eradicant	Any chemical agent that eliminates particular pathogen(s) from diseased plants treated with that agent.
relapsing-remitting ms	Form of MS characterized by clearly defined disease relapses (flare-ups) with full recovery or with sequelae (resulting conditions) and residual deficit upon recovery
sham rage	An outburst of behavior in an animal with a lesion somewhere above the tectum, resembling anger, but lacking direction.
energy medicine	Based on the concept that human beings conduct a subtle form of energy and that illness results from disturbances of these subtle energies
papillary cancer	A well-differentiated thyroid cancer composed of thyroid follicular cells
magnetic resonance imaging	Medical imaging that uses radiofrequency radiation as its source
budget period	See grant budget period.
epidemic	an increase of disease in a population; a general and serious outbreak of disease (epiphytotic)
gonadotropin	1) hormone (released from pituitary gland) that stimulates the gonads
hyaline	transparent or nearly so; translucent; often used in the sense of colorless
sf-36	Short-Form 36
phytohemagglutinin	A plant chemical used to stimulate the multiplication of white blood cells.
bayh-dole act	Go to these resources:
longitudinal study	A study conducted over a long period of time.
empirical	Based on experimental data, not on a theory.
rubella	Rubella (German measles)
photophobia	Abnormal or painful visual intolerance of light
spot	a symptom of disease characterized by a limited necrotic area, as on leaves, flowers, and stems
cat scan	Abbreviation for Computerized Axial Tomography, an X-ray technique for producing images of internal bodily structures through the assistance of a computer.
rhizoid	A root-like structure forming part of the thallus in certain algae and fungi; it may anchor the organism to the substratum and/or act as an absorptive organ.
ionotropic transmission	Synaptic transmission in which the transmitter substance produces a change in ionic conductance of the postsynaptic membrane directly by interaction with a postsynaptic receptor.
fte	Full-time equivalent.
non-viable fetus	An expelled or delivered fetus which, although it is living, cannot possibly survive to the point of sustaining life independently, even with the support of available medical therapy [45 CFR 46.203 (d) and (e)] (http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.html#46.203)
esophagus	In nematodes: The portion of the alimentary canal between the
postcoital test	incomplete miscarriage (IMC) Any miscarriage before all miscarriage tissue has been expelled
documentation	All records, in any form, that describe or document methods, conduct and results of a study.
phlegm	Mucus made from glands in the airways of the lung.
half-life of a drug	The amount of time taken for the concentration of a drug in the body to decline by half.
surveys	Studies designed to obtain information from a large number of respondents through written questionnaires, telephone interviews, door-to-door canvassing, or similar procedures.
meiosis	The process in which a eukaryotic nucleus divides into nuclei whose ploidy is lower than that of the parent nucleus (typically, haploid nuclei being formed from diploid nuclei) and in which recombination usually occurs.
macula lutea	An irregular yellowish depression in the retina surrounding the fovea.
scientific review group	Scientific review officers act as intermediaries between principal investigators and reviewers and prepare summary statements for applications that are reviewed
phase 2b trial	Controlled clinical study, also known as a "proof-of-concept" trial, provides valuable information on the safety and potential efficacy of the vaccine
chromosome	The thread-like material that carriers genes, the units of heredity
toxicity testing	Performing controlled testing in the laboratory to determine the toxicity of a compound or drug to an organism at various concentrations
aura	Visual disturbance such as flashes of light, zigzagging patterns or blind spots that can signal the onset of pain
reassortant vaccine	Reassortant vaccine
passive reporting	Passive reporting
polymodal nociceptor	A receptor that responds to more than one type of noxious stimulus, e.g., noxious heat and noxious mechanical stimuli.
side effect	Any actions or effects of a drug or treatment that are different from the intended effects
approved drug	Drug products approved by the FDA
neutralization	The process by which an antibody binds to specific antigens, thereby "neutralizing" the microorganism
hbv	A DNA virus in the family Hepadnaviridae
lung cancer	carcinoma of the lungs; one of the commonest forms of cancer
preventive medicine	Science to prevent disease rather than cure it or treat its smptoms.
mrsa	Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
irmer	Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations (2000).
mutant	Of an organism, population, gene, chromosome, etc.: Differing from the corresponding
herd immunity	Herd immunity
viruliferous	an organism that is virus-laden, usually applied to insects or nematodes that serve as a vector for a given virus
topical microbicide	Products classified by FDA which act to prevent vaginal transmission of sexually acquired diseases.
d+	Cytomegalovirus-seropositive donor
declaration of helsinki	A series of guidelines adopted by the 18th World Medical Assembly in Helsinki, Finland in 1964
ectotrophic	fungal development outside the root surface
cra	see Clinical Research Associate
closterovirus	(from Greek kloster, "thread") Member of a group of plant viruses with very long, flexuous, rod-shaped particles containing a single molecule of linear RNA, some members of which are transmitted by whiteflies.
static	In biology, a property of a drug that means it acts by inhibiting the growth or spread of an organism such as bacteria (e.g., bacteriostatic)
parent program announcement	Generally institutes do not set aside money to pay for the grants (unless a PAS), and applications are considered to be investigator-initiated
single-blind study	A study in which one party, either the investigator or participant, is unaware of what medication the participant is taking
monocyte	A large, white blood cell in the blood that ingests microbes or other cells and foreign particles
catheter	A flexible tube that is inserted into a cavity of the body to withdraw or introduce fluid, such as pain relievers or steroids.
administrative standard	See OMB circulars.
stevens-johnson syndrome	A severe and sometimes fatal form of erythema multiforme that is characterized by conjunctivitis (eye inflammation) and often results in blindness, Vincent's angina (trench mouth) and ulceration of the genitals and anus
ethics	Conforming to an accepted standard of human behavior.
biologic	Any substance (serum, toxin, vaccine, etc.) used to treat, prevent or cure diseases in man.
hypertrophy	Increase in cell size causing an increase in the size of an organ or tissue.
indemnification	Process to relieve the investigator, subinvestigators, IRB/IEC, and/or research institution of responsibility against hurt, loss, or damage to subjects resulting from participation in a clinical trial.
open-label trial	A clinical trial in which the research staff and participants know which treatment (active or inactive) is being administered to the participant.
clasp-knife reflex	Sudden release of tension of a spastic muscle that occurs near the maximum length as the muscle is gradually lengthened, syn
incident rate	The rate of occurrence of new cases of a disease, adverse reaction, or other event in a given population at risk (e.g., the incidence of disease X is Y subjects per year per 100,000 population).
protocol	A detailed plan for a clinical trial
generic drug	A drug with the same molecular structure and active ingredient, but not necessarily the same inactive ingredients, as a brand-name drug
mucus	A fluid made by membranes and glands
neuropathic pain	Chronic pain due to an injury to the nervous system or a disease such as multiple sclerosis or stroke
presynaptic element	The component of a synapse that releases the transmitter substance and/or conducts impulses in the afferent direction with respect to the synapse.
h band	The lighter region in the center of the anisotropic or A band, from which the thin filaments are absent.
sham comparator arm	A group of participants that receives a procedure or device that is made to be indistinguishable from the actual procedure or device being studied but does not contain active processes or components
facultative saprophyte	A mainly parasitic organism with the ability to survive for a part of its life cycle as a saprophyte and be cultured on artificial media.
protocol	A document that identifies the plan or set of rules for conducting a specific clinical trial, and states the objectives, design, methodology, statistical considerations, and organization of a trial.
plague	Plague
herniated disc	Rupture of tissue that separates vertebrae of the spinal column
confidentiality agreement	See: UW Confidentiality Agreement
radioactive iodine uptake	A test measuring the amount of orally administered radioactive iodine taken up by the thyroid gland.
hypothesis	Theory or assumption used as a guide in clinical research.
assessment	An evaluation or appraisal of a condition, as in pain assessment
oxidizes	To combine with oxygen.
lobotomy	Incision into a lobe, cutting all the fibers in the white matter, syn
documentation	All forms of records that describe or document study methods, conduct and results, including any adverse events and actions taken.
alcoholic cerebellar degeneration	Degeneration of the cerebellum due to chronic over-consumption of alcohol.
teratogenicity	The production of physical defects in offspring in utero (i.e., causing birth defects).
areflexia	Absence of reflexes.
palm kernel oil	An unsaturated oil from the kernel of the palm tree normally partially hydrogenated to make it more solid. This creates trans fatty acids which are harmful.
guttation	Exudation of water from plants, particularly along the leaf margin.
informed consent	The process of learning the key facts about a clinical trial before deciding whether or not to participate
natural history	A collection of facts about the development of a natural process or condition, without a change in the conditions until an endpoint is reached- often applied to disease prevention.
steroid	1) molecule synthesized from cholesterol
common rule	1991 agreement to cover all federal-sponsored research by a common set of regulations.
steroid	A lipid found in plants and animals that share a common underlying chemical structure
restricted experiment	Go to the NIH Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules.
denervation hypersensitivity	Elevated response of a nerve or muscle membrane receptor to a transmitter substance following resection or removal of its afferent nerve supply.
expanded access	A process regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that allows manufacturers to provide investigational new drugs to patients with serious diseases or conditions who cannot participate in a clinical trial
electrical equivalent circuit	A collection of electrical components assembled in a particular configuration that behaves like the cell membrane.
informed consent document	A document that describes the rights of clinical research participants and details about the study or trial
rectal	Relates to the rectum; the place where feces are eliminated from the body.
normal volunteers	Volunteer subjects used to study normal physiology and behavior or who do not have the condition under study in a particular protocol, used as comparisons with subjects who do have the condition
cdc national aids clearinghouse	The CDC's comprehensive reference, referral and publication distribution service for HIV and AIDS information
status epilepticus	Seizures that occur in series without intervening recovery periods.
vegetative	A cell or structure that is not producing reproductive structures, usually in the assimilative state.
minor change	Minor changes to IRB-approved research may be approved by the expedited review process (see Minimal Risk review)
transmission	The transfer of a pathogen from one plant to another, or from one plant organ to another.
spreader	A substance added to fungicide or bactericide preparations to improve contact between the spray and the sprayed surface; a surfactant.
photophobia	Abnormal visual intolerance of light.
risk-benefit ratio	The known risk of participating in a clinical trial weighed against the potential benefits.
enzyme	A protein that accelerates a specific chemical reaction without altering itself (i.e., a catalyst).
transpiration	water loss by evaporation from leaf surfaces and through stomata
niaid	Roughly the top half of applications reviewed are recommended for funding, although a much smaller proportion is actually funded, largely due to budget contraints
blinding	The process through which one or more parties to a clinical trial are unaware of the treatment assignments
thallus	Any simple vegetative plant body that lacks roots, stems and leaves
helsinki declaration	Guidelines, adopted in 1964 by the 18th World Medical Assembly (WMA) (Helsinki, Finland) and revised in 2000 by the 52nd WMA General Assembly, for physicians conducting biomedical research
phase iii study	Phase III studies are large, multicenter studies of afflicted patients which test the new drug in comparison with a placebo or the standard therapy most commonly used to treat the condition or disease
bias	When a point of view prevents impartial judgment on issues relating to the subject of that point of view
efficacy	A drug or treatment's maximum ability to produce beneficial results regardless of dosage on the course or duration of a disease or condition.
isometric contraction	A contraction during which the muscle does not change length.
clinicaltrials.gov identifier	A unique identification code given to each clinical study registered on ClinicalTrials.gov
haustorium	A specialized branch of a hypha formed inside a host cell by certain plant-parasitic fungi (especially obligate parasites) in order to obtain nutrients
healing touch	A non-invasive technique that utilizes the hands to clear, energize, and balance energy fields
sensitivity	Sensitivity
static response	The response of spindle endings that signals maintained length of a muscle.
osteoporosis	Low bone density which causes an increased risk of bone farctures.
unexpected adverse drug reaction	An adverse reaction, the nature or severity of which is not consistent with the applicable product information in the investigators’ brochure for an unapproved investigational product, or on the package insert/summary of product characteristics for an approved product.
tractotomy	Section of a tract.
physical therapy	Branch of rehabilitative health that uses specially designed exercises and equipment to help patients regain or improve their physical abilities
phase i trials	Initial studies to determine the metabolism and pharmacologic actions of drugs in humans, to observe the side effects associated with increasing doses, and to gain early evidence of effectiveness
pome	simple, fleshy, indehiscent fruit derived from several carpels, e.g
broca's area	Areas 44 and 45 of the frontal cerebral cortex that plays a fundamental role in production of speech.
statistical significance	The probability that an event or difference occurred by chance alone
color opponent cells	Visual neurons in which one part of the receptive field (e.g., the center) is sensitive to light in one part of the visible spectrum (e.g., red light), while another part of the field (e.g., the surround) is sensitive to another part of the spectrum (e.g., green light).
procedure	Something done to fix a health problem or learn more about it
department or agency head	means the head of any federal department or agency and any other officer or employee of any department or agency to whom authority has been delegated.
anemia	A lower than normal number of red blood cells.
institutionalized	Confined, either voluntarily or involuntarily (e.g., a hospital, prison, or nursing home).
protocol	The formal design or plan of an experiment or research activity; specifically, the plan submitted to an IRB for review and to an agency for research support
laryngotracheotomy	Surgical incision into the larynx and trachea
sebum	A fatty lubricant secreted by skin glands that coats and softens the skin and hair.
current dollars	Go to these resources:
cloning	An in vitro procedure in which a particular sequence of DNA (e.g., a gene) is reproduced in large amounts by inserting ("splicing") it into a suitable
autonomy	An individual's right to consider alternatives, make choices, and act without undue influence or interference of others
hand-washing facilities	A facility providing an adequate supply of running potable water, soap, and single-use towels or hot air drying machines.
registry	A list of names and contact information of people who are willing to be contacted about research related to a specific topic
spirometer	A device that measures air flow and lung volumes (see PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS).
run-in period of study	The period of time used to take patients off their existing medications in order to prepare them to be treated with a new drug
clinical trials	Carefully controlled studies that are conducted in humans who volunteer to test the effectiveness and safety of new drugs, medical products or techniques
efficacy	The ability of a drug to control or cure an illness.
consent forms	A document that outlines all the potential risks, benefits and relevant information about a clinical study to the volunteer or participant
collagen	The principal protein of the skin, tendons, cartilage, bone, and gives connective tissue its strength and flexibility.
employee or agent	Refers to someone who: acts on behalf of an organization; exercises institutional authority or responsibility; or performs institutionally-designated activities.
lyophilisation	Freeze drying.
parenchyma	A tissue composed of living, thin-walled cells that can continue to divide even when mature; parenchyma cells usually leave intercellular spaces between them.
outcome	The ultimate result of a medical test or treatment given to patient
epidural injection	An injection of a substance into the epidural space within the spinal canal to produce anesthesia or pain relief.
reverse transcriptase	This enzyme of the HIV virus (and other retroviruses) converts the single-stranded viral RNA into DNA, the form in which the cell carries its genes
government-furnished property	Items the government possesses or acquires and provides a contractor
hyperalgesia	Increased sensitivity to pain.
toxin	poisonous substance of biological origin
dhhs	A federal agency: U.S
uterus	A hollow muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity of female mammals in which the fertilized egg implants and develops
electronic grant file	File containing all official documentation for a grant.
glycosylation	the process of adding sugar groups to a molecule.
ra	Rheumatoid arthritis
specificity	The ability of a test to detect the proportion of true negative results for the disease that the test is intended to reveal
rogue	to remove and destroy individual plants that are diseased, infested by insects, or otherwise undesirable
neuropsychologist	Psychologist who has specialized training and experience in understanding brain-behavior relationships
contracting officer	For a legal description, see FAR 16.301-1.
effectiveness	Effectiveness
n-3	Refers to fatty acids with the first double bond at the number three carbon; at the end opposite from the acid end.
phase i unit	The facility which has been specifically designed and custom-built for conducting studies with normal, healthy participants/volunteers.
nucleic acid	genetic material of all living organisms, including DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
study-directed inspections	Inspections conducted periodically to determine compliance with FDA regulations
hypothesis	A tentative statement or supposition that may then be tested through research.
mutation	A change in a gene (see AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE, CARRIER, CHROMOSOME, GENE, GENETIC, HEREDITARY and INHERITED).
areolation	A condition in which the transverse body annulation of a nematode traverses the lateral field.
mtx	Methotrexate
hiv	Human Immunodeficiency Virus
standard case definition	Standard case definition
biotechnology	Any technique that uses living organisms, or substances from organisms, biological systems, or processes to make or modify a product or process, to change plants or animals, or to develop micro-organisms for specific uses.
aidsrrc	See AIDS Research Review Committee.
children	Persons who have not attained the legal age for consent to treatment or procedures involved in the research, as determined under the applicable law of the jurisdiction in which the research will be conducted [45 CFR 46.401(a)].
bar to award	Go to NIAID's Research Animals Involvement Codes on the Animals in Research portal.
new drug application	An application submitted to the FDA requesting approval to market a new drug for human use
abiotic	Non-living; of non-biological origin.
cerebral	Pertaining to the cerebrum, the main portion of the brain.
nerve block	A procedure in which an anesthetic agent is injected directly near a nerve to numb the area and help alleviate pain
internode	the portion of a stem between two successive nodes
long-term memory	Recall of learned responses or material having a duration of minutes to years.
reciprocal inhibition	Interconnections of neurons arranged so that pathways that excite one group of motoneurons inhibit the antagonist motoneurons.
secondary-progressive ms	Form of MS characterized by initial RR disease course followed by progression with or without occasional relapses, minor remissions (some recovery), and plateaus (leveling of condition).
washout period	A time during a clinical trial when participants receive no drugs for the study so the effects of previous study drugs are removed.
hr	hour
baculovirus	A virus of insects used in the production of some HIV vaccines
deuteromycotina	(Also Fungi Imperfecti.) A non-phylogenetic category originally created for fungi with no known sexual stage; the category still includes fungi with no known sexual stage, but it also includes the asexual stages of various fungi now known to have a sexual stage in the
expired study	When continuing review of the research does not occur prior to the end of the approval period specified by the IRB, IRB approval expires automatically.
rinne's test	A hearing test in which a tuning fork is placed on the mastoid process to distinguish conduction deafness from nerve deafness.
era commons	Go to eRA.
phase iia study	Pilot clinical trials to evaluate efficacy (and safety) in selected populations of subjects with the disease or condition to be treated, diagnosed, or prevented
physical medicine and rehabilitation	Medical specialty concerned with diagnosing, evaluating and treating patients with physical disabilities
full-board review	Review of proposed research at a convened meeting at which a majority of the membership of the IRB is present, including at least one member whose primary concerns are in nonscientific areas
cohort	A group of subjects initially identified as having one or more characteristics in common who are followed over time
multiple project assurance	Permit given to institution for multiple federally funded research grants for a specified period of time
organ	A part of the body that performs a specific function or group of functions
physiatrist	A physician whose primary goal is to achieve maximal restoration of physical, psychological, social and vocational function through comprehensive rehabilitation
adverse event following immunization	Adverse event following immunization (AEFI)
ethnic and racial subgroup	See racial and ethnic categories and subpopulations.
acupuncture	Ancient Chinese healing technique uses the insertion of strategically placed fine needles just beneath the skin’s surface that may help to prevent or treat diseases and illnesses
cytokines	Proteins used for communication by cells of the immune system
spirometer	Device used to improve lung expansion after an operation or during a hospital stay
post-transfusion hepatitis	Liver inflammation, or hepatitis, that occurs when the body reacts unfavorably to a blood transfusion
cytotoxic t cells	A lymphocyte that is able to kill foreign cells marked for destruction by the cellular immune system
human leukocyte anitgens	Markers that identify cells as "self" and prevent the immune system from attacking them.
crossover study	A study in which each participant receives both treatments, the new treatment and the control, in a randomized order so that treatment comparisons can be made within each participant.
mmr vaccine	MMR vaccine
gametogenesis	The development of gametes.
hypothalamus	An endocrine gland in the brain that releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).
daids	See Division of AIDS.
mature minor	Someone who has not reached adulthood (as defined by state law) but who may be treated as an adult for certain purposes (e.g., consenting to medical care)
application	See grant application.
scab	roughened, crustlike diseased area on the surface of a plant organ
fcoi	Financial Conflict of Interest See: conflict of interest
control group	The control group is the measure to gauge the effectiveness of the experimental treatment
quality assurance	The planned and systematic actions that are established to ensure that a trial is conducted and data are collected and recorded according to the protocol, standards of good clinical practice, and applicable regulations.
cofunding	Funding arrangement through which two or more institutes or centers pay for a grant.
results submission	The process of submitting and updating summary information about the results of a clinical study to a structured, public Web-based results database, such as the ClinicalTrials.gov results database.
heterotrophic	Requiring organic substrates for growth and development; being incapable of synthesizing required organic materials from inorganic sources.
inhibitory postsynaptic potential	An hyperpolarizing change in the membrane potential of a neuron due to synaptic activity that tends to decrease the probability of discharge in the neuron, abbr
immunocompromised	A condition in which the immune system is weakened as the result of disease, drugs or malnutrition.
crp	C-reactive protein
asmf	The Active Substance Master File is a document containing complete information on an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient.
septum	A cross wall in a hypha or spore
electromyogram	A recording of the electrical activity of muscle during contraction, abbr
psychiatrist	Medical doctor specializing in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of mental, addictive and emotional disorders
placebo effect	A physical or emotional change, occurring after a substance is taken or administered, that is not the result of any special property of the substance
referred pain	Pain due to damage to an internal organ that is referred to a structure on the surface of the body.
noninvasive	Not penetrating the body, as by incision
guard cells	paired, specialized, epidermal cells that contain chloroplasts and surround a stoma
upper motoneuron syndrome	A group of symptoms resulting from removal of supraspinal influences on spinal mechanisms.
hypersensitivity	Hypersensitivity
serum	The clear, thin and sticky fluid portion of the blood that remains after coagulation
spinal fusion	Surgical fusion of two or more vertebrae for remedial immobilization of the spine
drug substance	An active ingredient that is intended to furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease or to affect the structure or any function of the human body, but does not include intermediates use in the synthesis of such ingredient.
stimulatory hormone	a chemical released from the pituitary gland that elicits a response in a target organ.
arachnoiditis	Painful inflammation and thickening of the arachnoid membrane around nerve roots
fast axoplasmic transport	The active movement of substances down the axon of a neuron in the orthograde direction at up to 410 mm/day.
diffusion	The process of becoming widely distributed that occurs because of molecular concentration differences only.
endogenous	Arising from within the generating structure.
vaccine efficacy	Vaccine efficacy
toxicity	The extent, quality, or degree of harm to the body.
intracellular	through or within cells
null cell	A lymphocyte that develops in the bone marrow and lacks the characteristic surface markers of the B and T lymphocytes
seizure	Seizure
justice	An ethical principle discussed in the Belmont Report requiring fairness in distribution of burdens and benefits; often expressed in terms of treating persons of similar circumstances or characteristics similarly
infection cushion	organized mass of hyphae formed on the surface of a plant from which numerous infective hyphae develop
protanomaly	Color vision involving three pigments, but the red one is abnormal leading to reduced red sensitivity.
occlusion	In neurophysiology, the inability of two action potentials to occupy the same region of membrane at the same time; thus an antidromic impulse blocks a concomitant orthodromic impulse in the same fiber by occlusion.
neurohormone	a hormone produced by the brain.
pathogen	an entity, usually a microorganism, that can incite disease .
soil drench	application of a solution or suspension of a chemical to the soil, especially pesticides to control soilborne pathogens
serum	The watery part of an animal fluid, normally the blood.
well-being	Subject's physical and mental soundness.
fetal material	The placenta, amniotic fluid, fetal membranes, and umbilical cord.
debriefing	In the context of informed consent, the process of providing information to participants at the conclusion of study procedures
spore	A discrete sexual or asexual reproductive unit, usually enclosed by a rigid wall, capable of being disseminated.
isr	Injection Site Reaction
biological specimen	A physical sample used for analysis, for example: urine, hair saliva, blood, or other tissues.
osp	(UW) Office of Sponsored Programs See: http://www.washington.edu/research/?page=osp
arthrospore	A spore resulting from the fragmentation of a hypha, as in the conidial stage of many
gonad	an organ that produces cells (oocytes, spermatozoa) and hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone) necessary for reproduction ( e.g., ovary [female] or testis [male]).
chicken embryo fibroblast	MVA is propagated on primary chicken embryo fibroblast cells prepared from embryonated eggs
virus	A microorganism composed of a piece of genetic material, RNA or DNA, surrounded by a protein coat
treatment trials	Refers to trials which test new treatments, new combinations of drugs, or new approaches to surgery or radiation therapy.
oxidative damage	The damage caused by free radicals and oxidizing agents.
continuing non-compliance	A pattern of repeated actions or omissions taken by an Investigator that indicates a deficiency in the ability or willingness of an Investigator to comply with Federal regulations, Tulane University IRB Policy, or determinations or requirements of the Tulane University IRB.
lobectomy	Surgical removal of a single lobe of a lung
teratogen	a chemical that causes malformations in the fetus
yellow fever vaccine	Yellow fever vaccine
orphan drugs	An FDA category of medications used to treat rare diseases and conditions which affect fewer than 200,000 people
retrovirus	HIV and other viruses that carry their genetic material in the form of RNA rather than DNA and have the enzyme reverse transcriptase that can transcribe it into DNA
triiodothyronine	The secondary hormone produced by the thyroid gland
intent to treat	Analysis of clinical trial results that includes all data from participants in the groups to which they were randomized (See also Randomization) even if they never received the treatment.
domestic	Located in the 50 states or the following: District of Columbia, U.S
monitor	An individual selected by a sponsor to oversee the progress of a clinical investigation
bioavailability study	A study which measures the rate and degree to which a drug is absorbed or available to the treatment site in the body.
masking	An increase in the threshold for perception of a given stimulus caused by the presence of another stimulus.
granulocyte	A cell type of the immune system filled with granules of toxic chemicals that enable them to digest microorganisms
best frequency	The frequency of an auditory stimulus that gives the response of highest rate in an auditory neuron.
humanitarian device exemption	A premarket approval application submitted under 21 CFR 814 Subpart H seeking a humanitarian device exemption from the effectiveness requirements of sections 514 and 515 of the FD&C Act as authorized by section 520(m)(2) of the Act.
septum	A cross wall in a hypha or spore.
dendrosomatic synapse	The synaptic junction between a dendrite and a cell soma in which the dendrite is presumed to be the presynaptic element.
gland	A group of cells that make substances so that other parts of the body can work
registry	A structured online system, such as ClinicalTrials.gov, that provides the public with access to summary information about ongoing and completed clinical studies.
standard treatment	The treatment that is normally provided to people with a given condition
over-the-counter	Drugs available for purchase without a physician's prescription.
myoclonus	Clonus.
ct scan	Computerised axial tomographic scan; an imaging procedure
monitoring	The collection and analysis of data as the project progresses to assure the appropriateness of the research, its design and subject protections.
interleukin 10	IMB See intermenstrual bleeding.
lipid	Any of a group of fats and fat-like compounds, including sterols, fatty acids and many other substances.
activation	In EEG: reduction in amplitude and increase in frequency of the EEG accompanying alerting, syn
carrier	An organism that bears an infectious agent internally but shows no marked symptoms of the disease caused by that agent.
guide	See initiative, institute-specific program announcement, and parent program announcement.
action potential	The all-or-none, conducted voltage response of a nerve or muscle membrane that is used to communicate information from one cell to another, syn
intent to treat	Analysis of clinical trial results that includes all data from patients in the groups to which they were randomized (i.e., assigned through random distribution) even if they never received the treatment
subject identifier	Information that identifies the subject
sop	Standard Operating Procedure
nda	New Drug Application, a complete application (typically thousands of pages long) to the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) to begin marketing of a drug product in the US.
critical firing level	The value of the trans-membrane voltage to which a nerve or muscle cell must be hypopolarized in order for an action potential to be evoked.
aro	Academic Research Organization
subthreshold stimulus	A stimulus whose strength is too low to initiate a response.
cber	Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research; CBER is the department within FDA that regulates biological products for human use.
static fusimotor neuron	Ag motoneuron whose activity increases the static responses of both primary and secondary spindle endings.
last updated date	The last updated date is the most recent date that changes to study information were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov
x-ray	A diagnostic test that images bones by shooting a high-energy radiation through the body
research	Go to these resources:
rabies	Rabies
vaccine-associated risk	Vaccine-associated risk
novel technique	A newly used skill or procedure.
micron	one millionth of a meter
eligibility criteria	Rules for selecting subjects to participate in a clinical trial
ind	Investigational New Drug application (also synonymous with "Notice of Claimed Investigational Exemption for a New Drug")
post prandial	After a meal.
retina	A delicate, multi-layered, light-sensitive membrane lining the inner eyeball and connected by the optic nerve to the brain.
parasite	A plant or animal that lives and feeds on or within another living organism; does not necessarily cause disease.
endonuclease	A nuclease which cleaves phosphodiester bonds within a nucleic acid strand.
primary-progressive ms	Form of MS characterized by disease progression from onset, with occasional plateaus (leveling of condition) and temporary minor improvements possible.
primary completion date	The date that the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention and that data for the primary outcome measure were collected
corticosteroids	Steroids used as an anti-inflammatory agent for pain.
certified research coordinator	A research coordinator with two or more years of experience and who has passed the required program and exam to earn their certification.
investigator	An individual who conducts a clinical study and directs the use, administration, and distribution of the investigational agent to a subject
vector	An living agent that transmits a pathogen from an infected plant to an uninfected one.
amino acids	Any of a class of organic compounds having a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino group (NH2)
transneuronal degeneration	Refers to the wasting of a nerve cell when the fibers that innervate it are severed.
orphan drug	An FDA category which refers to drugs and treatments for rare diseases and conditions, or those which affect less than 200,000 people in the U.S
efficacy	The ability of an intervention to produce the desired beneficial effect
pharmacokinetics	The processes (in a living organism) of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug or vaccine.
exclusion criteria	Factors used to determine whether an individual is ineligible for a trial.
aefi surveillance	AEFI surveillance (also known as vaccine safety surveillance)
case report form	A printed, optical, or electronic document used to record protocol-required information for each subject in the study.
dtwp vaccine	DTwP vaccine
suprathreshold stimulus	A stimulus that is of sufficient strength to give a response.
wilt	drooping of leaves and stems due to lack of water (inadequate water supply or excessive transpiration); a vascular disease that interrupts normal water uptake
mentally competent	Having the capacity to understand information, make decisions, and act reasonably.
deception	In the context of informed consent, the omission of relevant information and/or presentation of misleading information about a study.
basal metabolic rate	The rate of metabolism, or how fast the body uses calories and oxygen to produce energy.
intramuscular injection	Intramuscular (IM) injection
cervical vertebra	One of 7 upper vertebrae in the spinal column.
trichromatic theory	Theory of color vision that says there are three fundamental color sensations and three different color receptors; color sensation is the result of activity in this ensemble, syn
analysis	Main requirements for ensuring a valid analysis are as follows:
categorical budget	See detailed budget.
postsynaptic element	The component of a synapse that receives the transmitter substance and/or conducts impulses in the efferent direction with respect to the synapse.
helper t cells	See CD4 (T4) or CD4+ Cells.
eligibility criteria	A set of criteria for participant selection; includes Inclusion and Exclusion criteria.
natural history study	Study of the natural development of something (such as an organism or a disease) over a period of time.
ich	lnternational Conference on Harmonization
percutaneous	Passage or absorption of substances into the body through unbroken skin.
isometric	usually used for virus particles to describe those that are icosahedral in structure and appear approximately round
ooze	mass of bacterial cells mixed with host fluids
pulsatile release	a periodic (non-continuous) release of hormone
cadaver	The body of a deceased person.
protectant	Any chemical agent that interacts with a pathogen on the plant surface to inhibit infection before it takes place
coincidental event	Coincidental event
office of acquisitions	Go to these resources:
spasm	Brief, automatic jerking movement that may be caused by stress, medication, excessive exercise, etc.
rem sleep	A normal sleep stage with rapid and random eye movement.
antibiotic	A chemical substance produced by a microorganism that has the capacity to kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms (e.g., penicillin, tetracycline, vancomycin, or methicillin).
genetic	Hereditary or inherited
resting membrane potential	The membrane potential of a cell that is not active, i.e., not generating spikes; the average membrane potential.
epiglottitis	Inflammation of the epiglottis
antidepressant	Medication typically used to treat symptoms of depression, but also commonly prescribed to help manage chronic pain and some of its symptoms, such as insomnia.
hypothesis	A supposition or assumption used as a basis of reasoning and experimentation.
q12h	every 12 hours
genders eligible for study	The physical gender of persons who may participate in the clinical study (female, male, or both)
legally acceptable representative	An individual or juridical or other body authorized under applicable law to consent, on behalf of a prospective subject, to the subject's participation in the clinical trial.
funding opportunity announcement	Applications are considered to be investigator-initiated
morphology	the study of the form of organisms; form and structure of organisms
formulation	The mixture of chemicals and/or biological substances and excipients used to prepare dosage forms.
lupus	Any of several diseases, which first affect the skin and joints, but often involve other parts of the body.
audibility curve	A graph of a person's threshold for detection of various pitches in the range of human hearing, syn
mycorrhiza	A specialized root structure resulting from a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a higher plant.
monitor	See Clinical Research Associate.
archive date	Grants.gov term for the date a funding opportunity announcement expires and moves to the Grants.gov archive
pathology	The study of diseases.
td vaccine	Td vaccine
strain	a distinct form of an organism or virus within a species, differing from other forms of the species biologically, physically, or chemically
digestion	The process of breaking down the food we eat and absorbing its nutrients into the body for energy (see ABSORPTION).
volva	A cup-like structure at the base of a
enrolling	The act of signing up participants into a study
depot effect	Depot effect
children	Individuals who are under the legal age to give consent for participation in a clinical research study
antihistamine	A therapeutic drug that inhibits the effects of histamines
split-brain patient	A patient who has had her or his corpus callosum sectioned.
flexor reflex afferent fibers	Nerve fibers stimulation of which evokes a flexion reflex, A and C-fibers and groups II, III and IV of muscle.
ploidy	the number of (complete) sets of chromosomes in a cell, e.g
memorandum of understanding	A formal agreement between Tulane University and another institution that identifies the Tulane University Institutional Review Board as the IRB of record for that institution and defines the responsibilities for both he Tulane IRB and the other institution.
breathing	To inhale or exhale air through the lungs
safety reports	In the event of any serious and/or unexpected adverse experience, the FDA requires a report.
acupuncture	Complementary medicine technique using tiny needles inserted in the skin at certain points along the body to help manage pain.
biomarkers	A biochemical or a substance in the body that can be used to measure disease activity or effects of treatment.
serious adverse event	Go to definition in 21 CFR 812.3 and full 21 CFR 812 and the NIAID Human Subjects Resources portal.
pharmacognosy	Study of natural substances (plants, animals, microorganisms) used for drugs.
fungus	A eukaryotic, heterotrophic organism whose usually walled, threadlike cells absorb nutrients
simple cells	Neurons in visual cortex that are sensitive to narrow bars of light oriented in a particular direction across the retina, but not sensitive to movement of the bar.
living systems	Human, animal, or cell environments used for experimental purposes in clinical trials (see IN VITRO and IN VIVO).
migraine	Periodic attacks of vascular headache, commonly associated with irritability, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, and often photophobic.
pertussis	Acute infectious disease that causes inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi with spasmodic coughing; commonly known as whooping cough because of the noise produced
pharmacoeconomics	The study that compares the value of drugs with other therapies or with similar drugs in terms of their financial and quality of life cost and effects
binasal hemianopsia	Hemianopsia or loss of vision involving the nasal visual fields of both eyes.
dream sleep	A stage of sleep characterized by desychronized EEG patterns, REM, and dreaming, syn
tricyclic antidepressants	Medications used to treat depression as well as some forms of anxiety, fibromyalgia, and chronic pain
serologic test	Any of a number of tests that are performed on the clear portion of blood (serum)
herbaceous	describing primary, soft, nonwoody tissue, as a plant or plant part; having the characteristics of an herb
off label	The use of a drug for a purpose other than that approved of by Health Canada.
polymerase	Any of several enzymes that catalyze the formation of DNA or RNA from precursor substances in the presence of preexisting DNA or RNA acting as templates (i.e., patterns)
z line	The boundary of the sarcomere and point of attachment of thin filaments of adjacent sarcomeres.
slow axoplasmic transport	The movement of substances down the axon of a neuron in the orthograde direction at up to 12 mm/day.
delayed rectification	During a spike, the change in potassium conductance due to membrane hypopolarization that occurs after the change in sodium conductance.
study completion date	The date that the final data for a clinical study were collected because the last study participant has made the final visit to the study location (that is, "last subject, last visit")
study record	An entry in ClinicalTrials.gov that contains summary protocol information about a clinical study, such as recruitment status, eligibility criteria, contact information, and in some cases summary results
sot	Solid Organ Transplant
e-business point of contact	Person who manages an organization's grant activities and gives other staff privileges to submit grant applications through Grants.gov
sympathetic nervous system	The division of the autonomic nervous system made up of thoracic and lumbar segments.
nucleotides	The basic building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
preamendments devices	Medical devices marketed before enactment of the 1976 Medical Device Amendments.
demographic data	Characteristics of subjects including sex, age, family medical history and other characteristics pertinent to the study in which they are participating.
confidentiality agreement	A letter sent to the investigator/institution to document their agreement to treat all information regarding the investigational product and the clinical trial in a confidential manner.
rubella vaccine	Rubella vaccine
control group	A comparison group of study subjects who are not treated with the investigational agent
co-investigator	Researcher who works alongside the Principal Investigator or Lead Researcher
monitor	Person employed by the sponsor or CRO who reviews study records to determine that a study is being conducted in accordance with the protocol
hymenophore	Spore-bearing structure; the part of a
central sensitization	An increase in the excitability of neurons within the central nervous system, resulting in abnormal responses
plasmogamy	the fusion of two sex cells
site management organization	An organization that provides clinical trial related services to a contract research organization (CRO), a pharmaceutical company, a biotechnology company, a medical device company or a clinical site
somatotopic organization	Pertaining to the orderly mapping of parts of the body onto the cerebral cortex and other parts of the nervous system.
rotavirus vaccine	Rotavirus vaccine
efficacy	The degree to which a diagnostic test or treatment produces a desired result in patients under the idealized circumstances of a clinical trial.
informed consent	This is when participants learn the key facts about a clinical trial before they decide whether or not to take part
topical anesthesia	A type of anesthesia that is applied on the skin, and they are available as creams, sprays, lotions and jellies.
catheter	A tubular medical device for insertion into canals, vessels, passageways or body cavities, usually to permit injection (e.g., through an intravenous catheter into a vein) or withdrawal of fluids, or to keep a passage open.
submission date	For paper applications, date due to the NIH Center for Scientific Review; differs from submission date.
otolith organ	A vestibular organ containing otoliths, the utricle, or saccule.
repository	A collection of data, samples or both made available to researchers for analyses intended to answer various research questions.
era commons signing official	See signing official.
reviews	Summaries of research in a particular area
hipaa authorization	The formal documentation of consent for release of protected health information, given by either the patient or a legally authorized representative
bronchogenic carcinoma	Aggressive form of cancer in cells of the bronchi
germplasm	bearer of heredity material, often loosely applied to cultivars and breeding lines
approved drug	In the United States, only drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) can be sold
intervention	includes both physical procedures by which data are gathered (for example, venipuncture) and manipulations of the subject or the subject's environment that are performed for research purposes
mycelium	A mass of hyphae, often used to denote all hyphae comprising a thallus.
comparator	An investigational or marketed product (i.e., active control), or placebo, used as a reference in a clinical trial.
application guide	See SF 424 Application Guide.
dark adaptation	An increase in the sensitivity of visual receptors as a function of time in the dark.
efv	Efavirenz
open design	An experimental design in which both the investigator(s) and the subjects know the treatment group(s) to which subjects are assigned.
oropharyngeal	Relating to that division of the pharynx between the soft palate and the epiglottis
institution	means any public or private entity or agency (including federal, state, and other agencies).
antibody	Any immunoglobulin molecule produced in direct response to an antigen and which can combine specifically, non-covalently, and reversibly with the antigen which elicited its formation.
plasmodium	naked multinucleate mass of protoplasm moving and feeding in amoeboid fashion
unexpected adverse event	An adverse event that is unexpected for the investigational product and has not been reported in the investigator’s brochure or package insert or is an event that is being reported in greater severity or frequency than the same event previously reported.
finger agnosia	Inability to recognize or indicate on command the fingers on one's own hand or the hands of others.
nerve growth factor	A substance isolated from submaxillary glands that has the property of stimulating growth of sympathetic ganglion cells and, under certain circumstances, dorsal root ganglion cells.
regulatory affairs	In clinical trials, the department or function that is responsible for ensuring compliance with government regulations and interacts with the regulatory agencies
rhizosphere	An environment regarded, variously, as (a) that region of the soil modified as a result of the uptake and deposition of substances by a growing root, (b) the root itself, together with that volume of soil which it influences, (c) the root surface together with that region of the surrounding soil in which the microbial population is affected by the presence of a root.
biologic	Biologics are derived from living sources (such as humans, animals, micro-organisms) in contrast to most drugs which are chemically synthesized and have a known structure
coding	Process by which features of a stimulus or information about an event are expressed in terms of nerve impulses or, in some cases, graded electrotonic potentials.
royal jelly	A nutritious secretion from worker bees to nourish the larvae and queen bees.
saprobe	organism that obtains nourishment from non-living organic matter
microsclerotium	microscopic, dense aggregate of darkly pigmented, thick-walled hyphal cells
domain	A region of a gene or gene product
screening	The process clinicians use to see if a volunteer is eligible to participate in a clinical trial
grand mal attacks	Epileptic seizures characterized by myoclonus, progressive myoclonus, loss of erect posture, and unconsciousness.
f&a costs	See facilities and administrative costs.
sign	indication of disease from direct observation of a pathogen or its parts present on diseased tissue
endoscopy	Viewing the inside of a body cavity (e.g., colon) with an endoscope, a device using flexible fiber optics.
standard operating procedure	Detailed, written descriptions for the management of clinical trials that must be adhered to during a study
oscillometry	Measurement of changes, used in studying cardiovascular and respiratory functions.
rheumatoid arthritis	Chronic autoimmune disease characterized by pain, stiffness, inflammation, swelling and often joint destruction
dose-response	Dose-response
anesthetic	A substance that causes lack of feeling (or awareness) and dulls pain.
nuremberg code	A code of medical ethics set forth in 1947 for conducting human medical research in clinical trials
intervention	Could include: a) physical procedures; b) social, psychological, or emotional manipulations, by which data are gathered; or c) manipulations of the subject or subject's environment performed for research purposes
dir	See Division of Intramural Research.
rheumatoid arthritis	Pain, swelling, stiffness, inflammation, and sometimes destruction of joints.
cost-saving	Cost-saving
beneficence	An ethical principle discussed in the Belmont Report that entails an obligation to promote good (or benefits).
clinical research	Study of drug, biologic or device in human subjects with the intent to discover potential beneficial effects and/or determine its safety and efficacy
new drug application	An application submitted by the manufacturer of a drug to the FDA—after clinical trials have been completed—for a license to market the drug for a specified indication.
burkholderia cepacia complex	Bacteria that can live in the lungs of people with CF and cause infection
alpha-gamma coactivation	The tendency for alpha- and gamma-motoneurons to be activated together.
cost estimate	Proposed expenditures necessary to accomplish the government's requirements.
recruitment	Act of enrolling subjects with the proper inclusion criteria.
blind study designs	See: Masked Study Designs; Double-Masked Design; and Single-Masked Design.
neurohypophysis	1) posterior lobe of the pituitary
scoliosis	A condition involving an abnormal sideways curve in the spine.
hearing loss curve	A plot of the threshold of hearing for a patient as deviations from normal for different frequencies of sound.
resistance	The ability of an organism to exclude or overcome, completely or in some degree, the effect of a pathogen or other damaging factor.
control group	In a clinical trial, the patient group(s) that does not receive the experimental treatment
children	are persons who have not attained the legal age for consent to treatments or procedures involved in the research, under the applicable law of the jurisdiction in which the research will be conducted.
preclinical	Testing of experimental drugs in the test tube or in animals
budget appropriation	See appropriation.
peer-reviewed publications	Professional journals that only publish articles subjected to a rigorous process which may require proof of findings in addition to peer review.
program officer	Program class codes allow staff and NIAID's main advisory Council members to see where grant applications and grants reside administratively.
crisp	Formerly used term
warm fibers	Cutaneous thermoreceptors that increase their discharge rate with increasing skin temperature.
muscarinic effect	The subset of actions normally produced by acetylcholine that can also be produced by muscarine.
promoter	A region of DNA, usually upstream of a coding sequence, that binds RNA polymerase and directs the enzyme to the correct transcriptional start site.
antibiotic	An antimicrobial agent, derived from cultures of a microorganism or produced semisynthetically, used to treat infections.
translation	The synthesis of a protein directed by mRNA (messenger RNA)
licensed healthcare professional	A person whose legally permitted scope of practice allows him or her to independently perform the activities required.
primary muscle spindle receptor	The termination of a group Ia afferent fiber in the equatorial region of a muscle spindle, syn
consent form	See Informed Consent.
rai ablation	Administration of a radioactive form of iodine (131I) to try to destroy any remnant (normal or cancerous) thyroid tissue left after surgery in the thyroid bed or neck.
assurance	A formal written, binding commitment that is submitted to a federal agency in which an institution promises to comply with applicable regulations governing research with human subjects and stipulates the procedures through which compliance will be achieved [45 CFR 46.103].
cmp	See Office of Acquisitions.
nerve cell	A cell specialized for excitability and conductivity, syn
demyelination	Destruction, removal or loss of the myelin sheath of a nerve or nerves
phytoalexin	A low molecular weight, antimicrobial compound synthesized by and accumulating in higher plants exposed to certain microorganisms (pathogenic and nonpathogenic).
gastroenterology	The field of medicine that focuses on the function and disorders of the GI system, which includes the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, intestines, and liver.
exempt research	Research that meets the definition of "human subjects research" but that is determined by HSD to be exempt from the federal human subjects regulations because it involves no more than minimal risk to subjects and all of the proposed research activities fit within one or more of certain methodological categories
quality assurance	Systems and procedures designed to ensure that a study is being performed in compliance with Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines and that the data being generated is accurate.
emea	see European Medicines Agency
cardiology/vascular diseases	Diseases having to do with the structure and function of the heart and blood vessels
objective	The reason for performing a trial in terms of the scientific questions to be answered by the data collected during the trial
orphan drugs	An FDA category that refers to medications used to treat diseases and conditions that occur rarely
legally authorized representative	means an individual or judicial or other body authorized under applicable law to consent on behalf of a prospective subject to the subject's participation in the procedure(s) involved in the research.
cell-mediated immunity	The branch of the immune system in which the reaction to foreign material is performed by specific defense cells (i.e., killer cells, macrophage and other white blood cells) rather than antibodies.
miosis	Constriction of the pupil of the eye.
operculum	A flap or lid-like covering over the opening of an ascus or sporangium
soleus	A broad flat muscle in the calf of the leg.
cold fibers	Cutaneous primary afferent fibers that have cooling as an adequate stimulus and respond to cooling the skin with an increase in frequency of discharge.
intravenous	Injected into the vein.
protocols	IRBs can be domestic or foreign and must follow federal regulations and local institutional policy
postsynaptic inhibition	Decrease in the probability of firing of a neuron because of the IPSPs generated in it.
color blindness	In vision, inability to detect or weakness in response to one or more of the three primary colors.
brand name drug	A brand name drug is a drug marketed under a proprietary, trademark-protected name.
therapeutic	Refers to a substance that has a healing effect on a specific condition.
acromegaly	A chronic disease caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary growth hormones
airways	Tubes that bring outside air into the lungs
cliv	Clearance after iv administration
microscope	an instrument used to see small objects clearly by using light and lenses to magnify an object
randomization	Commonly used to assign clinical trial participants to a treatment arm, based on chance (see ARM).
spot	A symptom of disease characterized by a limited necrotic area, as on leaves, flowers, and stems.
in vitro	experiment conducted in an artificial environment (etiology: "in glass").
compliance	Adherence to protocol requirements, standards of good clinical practice, and applicable regulations.
sympathetic tone	Refers to the ongoing discharge in sympathetic nerve fibers that leads to a resting contraction of vascular smooth muscle.
spleen	An organ located in the left upper abdomen that removes old red blood cell and other blood cells from circulation
hypoxia	Abnormally low levels of oxygen throughout the body
clamp connection	A recurving outgrowth of a cell that, at cell division, acts as a bridge to allow passage of one of the products of nuclear division into the penultimate cell, thereby assuring maintenance of the dikaryotic condition (of members of the
over-enrollment	The number of subjects who completed their participation in a study is greater than was approved in the initial IRB application or in a subsequent modification
medical records	REVISIT Records, either hardcopy or electronic, that contain medical information about a person
squamule	A small scale or lobe.
assurance	Regulatory term
light adaptation	A reduction in sensitivity of visual receptors as a function of time in the light.
recruitment	The process of identifying and enrolling suitable participants in a clinical trial.
ipsilateral	On the same side.
macrophage	A large immune system cell in the tissues that devours invading pathogens and other intruders
epidural anesthesia	Anesthesia produced by injection of a local anesthetic into the peridural space of the spinal cord
i2	See IMPAC.
withdrawal	You (or your legal representative, on your behalf) are free to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty or prejudice
tritanope	A person who lacks response to blue light.
karyotype	The chromosomal constitution of a eukaryotic cell in terms of the number, size amd morphology of the chromosomes at metaphase.
pleuropneumonia	Inflammation of the pleural membranes (pleuritis) and the lungs
ballism	Basal ganglion disease characterized by violent, flinging movements of the limbs due to contraction of proximal limb muscles.
ec	Ethics Committee; required in EU for approval of clinical trials
permission	Agreement of parents or guardians of a child or ward to participate in clinical research.
obstructed	To block, make difficult to pass.
doll's eye maneuver	A test of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in which the opposite direction is observed.
interventions	Approach to treating a disease or condition
crozier	A recurved hook at the tip of an ascogenous hypha, the penultimate cell of which will become the ascus.
anc	Absolute Neutrophil Count
postganglionic fiber	Nerve fibers originating in and running peripheral to an autonomic ganglion.
optical density	A ratio between the light falling on a substance and the amount transmitted thru it.
expanded access	The mechanism by which FDA makes it possible for doctors to use investigational new products for gravely ill patients outside the context of a clinical trial and before a product has received marketing approval.
cadaveric	Having to do with a dead body (a cadaver).
immobilization	The process of holding a joint or bone in place to prevent an injured area from moving while it heals using a splint, cast, or brace.
sputum	Mucus or phlegm coughed up from lungs (see MUCUS and PHLEGM).
antibiotic	Antibiotic
complainant	An individual who reports sensitive information to Tulane University's IRB regarding potential non-compliance issues or research activities that have potentially placed participants or others at increased risk in relationship to the conduct of the research.
phase iv study	After a drug has been approved by Health Canada, phase IV studies are conducted to compare the drug to a competitor, explore additional patient populations, or to further study any adverse events.
sem	Standard Error of the Mean
egg mass	group of eggs held together by a gelatinous matrix; common in root-knot and other nematodes
nuremberg code	Code of human research ethics devised in 1947 after World War II
in vitro	in glass, on artificial media, or in an artificial environment; outside the host
etiolation	elongation of stems caused by reduced light intensities
hormone	Secretion from glands
fdaaa 801	Section 801 of the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 (U.S
systemic	Affecting the body as a whole.
sputum culture	A test to see what germs may be growing in the sputum (see SPUTUM).
key message	Key message
program announcements	For electronic applications, applicants use the SF 424 Application Guide instructions and forms in the Grant Application Package.
htsh	Human thyroid-stimulating hormone.
kyphosis	An outward curve in the spine causing a humped back.
cystic fibrosis-related diabetes	The body’s inability to move sugar from the blood into the cells for energy
autotrophic	Capable of growth independent of outside sources of nutrients or growth factors.
pre-clinical testing	Animal studies conducted to acquire information about safety and tolerance of drugs before conducting human testing in clinical trials.
pituitary gland	A small gland the size of a peanut that is located behind the eyes at the base of the brain
snellen eye test	This is the use of the standard eye chart to test ability to see letters of various sizes.
has results	Indicates that summary information about the results for a clinical study registered on ClinicalTrials.gov
heterozygous	Having different pairs of genes for any hereditary characteristic
pre-hypertension	Slightly elevated blood pressure: a systolic pressure from 120 to 139 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or a diastolic pressure from 80 to 89 mm Hg.
antagonist muscle	A muscle that acts in opposition to another at a joint.
dysmetria	A condition in which there is improper measuring of distance in movement, disturbance of the power to control the range of movement, a symptom of cerebellar disease.
academic records	Documentation of a student's achievement in school, college or university
auc0∞	Area Under the Curve time 0-time infinity
case report form	A document used to record all pertinent information required by the clinical study protocol on each subject in a trial to be reported to the sponsor.
tissue	group of cells, usually of similar structure, that perform the same or related functions
compensation	See: payment
pseudomonas aeruginosa	A type of bacteria that often lives in the lungs of people with CF and causes lung infections (see ANTIBIOTIC, BACTERIA and STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS).
informed consent	The process of learning the key facts, risks and benefits about a clinical trial in order to decide whether or not to participate
clinical trial planning award	See Investigator-Initiated Clinical Trial Planning and Implementation Award (R34 or U01).
transcription factors	Specific proteins which allow DNA recognition by RNA polymerases in eukaryotes.
immunity	Natural or acquired resistance provided by the immune system to a specific disease
gall	An abnormal plant structure formed in response to parasitic attack by certain microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses) or insects
consumer products	Consumer Products cover a broad range of products including consumer durables, non-durables and soft goods
nematicide	agent, usually a chemical, that kills nematodes
orthopedics	Relates to treatment of the spine and related structures.
homozygous	having the same form (allele) of a gene on homologous chromosomes (see heterozygous)
thyrotropin-releasing hormone	A hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
auscultation	Procedure that listens to sounds within the body, often with the aid of a stethoscope
in vivo	Latin for “in living (body).” Usually refers to research done in living animals and humans.
randomized	1) not ordered
fusion	A surgical procedure that immobilizes two or more vertebrae by uniting them together.
broad spectrum	An antibiotic that is effective against a wide range of organisms.
amyloid	Of spore walls, spore ornamentation, hyphal walls, ascus tips, etc.: Staining blue or grayish to blackish-violet in Melzer's reagent, presumably because of the presence of starch or a starch-like compound.
pallesthesia	The sensation of vibration.
dysesthesia	A persistent, painful sensation, produced by gentle stimulation, that often occurs after destruction of CNS pathways.
30 day pma supplement	A supplemental application to an approved PMA in accordance with 21 CFR 814.39(e).
antagonist	An agent or substance that counteracts the action of another.
anesthesiologist	Physician who provides pain relief and maintains a stable condition during and following an operation or diagnostic procedure
humanitarian use device	A medical device intended to benefit patients in the treatment or diagnosis of a disease or condition that affects or is manifested in fewer than 4,000 individuals in the United States per year.
nerve	A bundle of fibers that uses chemical and electrical signals to transmit sensory and motor information from one body part to another.
nanogram	One billionth of a gram.
authorized institutional official	An officer of an institution with the authority to speak for and legally commit the institution to adherence to the requirements of the federal regulations regarding the involvement of human subjects in biomedical and behavioral research.
open-label study	A study in which the treatment assignment is not blinded to the subjects or study personnel.
visceral afferent fibers	Fibers carrying sensory information from visceral organs to the central nervous system.
killed vaccine	Killed vaccine
dmf	Drug Master File
spinal shock	A condition following functional disconnection of the spinal cord from higher centers, which is characterized by areflexia, anesthesia, and lack of movements.
acr 20	American College of Rheumatology 20% responder rate
vaccine	A biologic product generally made from an infectious agent or its components
investigational product	An active ingredient or placebo in pharmaceutical form being tested in a clinical trial, which includes a marketed product used in a dissimilar manner than the approved form, when used for an unapproved indication or when used to acquire more information about an approved use.
mycorrhiza	A specialized root structure resulting from a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a higher plant
drug-drug interaction	Changes in the effect of a drug when taken with another drug
postoperative	Relating to, occurring in, or being the period following a surgical operation
institutional review board certification	For research animals, see institutional animal care and use committee certification.
arv	Antiretroviral
pharmacodynamics	The study of the effects of drugs on the body and/or living structures and the relationship between drug absorption and effect.
presbyopia	Hyperopia due to loss of elasticity of the lens at about age 40.
tension headache	Mild or moderate pain of variable duration affecting both sides of the head and often accompanied by contraction of neck and scalp muscles
expedited review	"A review procedure that does not require review by the convened IRB that is applicable to studies determined by the IRB to meet the expedited criteria as defined by the Federal Regulations."
experimental drug	A drug that is not licensed by the FDA for use in humans or as a treatment for any disease or condition
fetal material	The placenta, amniotic fluid, fetal membranes, and umbilical cord
parent	means a child's biological or adoptive parent.
genitourinary tract	The system of organs comprising the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction
sorus	A cluster or mass of spores or sporangia.
phase iiia	Trials conducted after efficacy of the medicine is demonstrated, but prior to regulatory submission of a New Drug/product Application (NDA) or other dossier
disease	abnormal functioning of an organism caused by the continuous irritation by a primary causal agent that results in production of symptoms
data	This term is legally defined according to the institution
immunotoxin	A plant or animal toxin (i.e., poison) that is attached to a monoclonal antibody and used to destroy a specific target cell
colon cancer	a malignant tumor of the colon; early symptom is bloody stools
full board review	Review of proposed research at a convened meeting at which a majority of the membership of the IRB are present, including at least one member whose primary concerns are in nonscientific areas
installation qualification	Documented evidence that installation instructions were followed for computer system hardware and/or software.
thick filament	The larger diameter myofilament of the myofibrils of striated muscle.
facet joint	Small joints located between and behind adjacent vertebrae
parahippocampal gyrus	A brain component composed of gray matter and involved in memory.
reactive hypertrophy	Excessive enlargement of a body part due to stress.
giardiasis	A common protozoal infection of the small intestine spread via contaminated food and water and direct person-to-person contact.
randomization	Assigning subjects or objects to a group on a random basis
presbycusis	Decrease or loss of sensitivity to high frequencies of sound with advancing age.
homozygous	Having the same pairs of genes for any hereditary characteristic.
rosette	An abnormal condition in which the leaves form a radial cluster on the stem.
cluster	Cluster
teleomorph	The stage characterized by the production of asci/ascospores, basidia/basidiospores, teliospores, or other basidium-bearing organs.
compound action potential	The response of a peripheral nerve to an electrical stimulus; represents the sum of the action potentials of all active fibers in the nerve.
antibodies	Molecules in the blood or secretory fluids that tag, destroy or neutralize bacteria, viruses or other harmful toxins
nernst equation	A mathematical formula stating the voltage across a cell membrane that results from a difference in ion concentration inside and outside the cell.
ecb	See Electronic Council Book.
stretch reflex	An automatic contraction of a muscle elicited by stretching it, syn
anhidrosis	An abnormal deficiency of sweat.
d	day
euthyroidism	Having the proper amount of thyroid hormone in the body.
necrosis	Localized death of cells or tissues.
apoptosis	Cellular suicide, also known as programmed cell death
clinical study materials	Study supplies (i.e., study test article, laboratory supplies, case report forms) provided by the study sponsor to the investigator.
benzodiazepines	Drugs that work as tranquilizers
in vitro testing	Non-clinical testing conducted in an artificial environment such as a test tube or culture medium.
longitudinal study	A study designed to follow subjects forward through time.
ind	Investigational New Drug application, a proposal to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to begin testing of a candidate drug in humans in order to assess its safety and effectiveness (efficacy).
in vivo	experiment conducted using a whole organism.
non-significant risk device study	A study of a device that does not meet the definition for a significant risk device
clinical study materials	A complete set of study supplies such as study test article, laboratory supplies, case report forms, etc
in vitro fertilization	in vitro fertilization IVF, or fertilization of the egg (the secondary oocyte) by a sperm (a spermatozoon) in vitro, i.e
quality of life trials	Trials that explore ways to improve comfort and quality of life for individuals with a chronic illness.
alpha spasticity	A tonic contraction of one muscle or a group of synergistic muscles at a joint, caused by excitation of alpha motoneurons innervating the muscles.
microbes	Microscopic living organisms, including bacteria, protozoa and fungi.
transduction	The virus-mediated transfer of host DNA (chromosomal or plasmid) from one host cell (the donor) to another (the recipient)
carrier protein	Carrier protein
evidence-based medicine	An approach to practicing medicine that involves consideration of results of clinical trials that are relevant to the disease or condition being treated when making decisions about how to treat patients.
dendrite	Process of a neuron specialized to act as a receptor; the afferent process of a neuron.
sexual dimorphism	A pronounced difference in the morphologies of the two sexes within a species.
enzymes	Naturally occurring chemical substances in the human body that help a chemical reaction take place.
transcription	the production of a complementary strand of RNA from a segment of DNA
ibc	See institutional biosafety committee.
aspiration	A procedure that removes fluid, air, or foreign bodies with suction
dependence	Physical or psychological substance dependence
stratification	A layered configuration.
source documentation	Location where information is first recorded including original documents, data and records.
bla	Biologics Licence Application An application to approve biologics in the US.
music therapy	The use of music interventions to accomplish any range of goals, including improvement of motor skills, social/interpersonal development, cognitive development, self-awareness and spiritual enhancement.
dynamic fusimotor neuron	A motoneuron whose activity increases predominantly the dynamic response of primary spindle endings to muscle stretch.
phase i-iv studies	Complete description of the definitions of Phase I-IV.
cutin	An insoluble polymer that, embedded in waxes, forms the cuticle covering the epidermal cell walls in the aerial parts of higher plants.
iv	Intravenous
canker	An imprecise term usually used for a plant disease characterized (in woody plants) by the death of cambium tissue and resulting loss and/or malformation of bark, or (in non-woody plants) by the formation of sharply delineated, dry, necrotic, localized lesions on the stem
safety reports	FDA report required by investigator for any serious and unexpected adverse experience.
kel	Elimination constant
yield	the desired product resulting from growth or cultivation of a plant
phase i study	The first of four phases of clinical trials, Phase I studies are designed to establish the effects of a new drug in humans
blood brain barrier	The barrier between brain blood vessels and brain tissues whose effect is to restrict what may pass from the blood into the brain.
phase i study	Phase I studies are conducted on healthy volunteers to establish the effects of a new drug in humans
toxoid vaccine	Toxoid vaccine
sulfation	Combining with a sulfate group.
cytoplasm	The living matter within a cell.
gc-ms	Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer
cloning	An in vitro procedure in which a particular sequence of DNA (e.g., a gene) is reproduced in large amounts by inserting ("splicing") it into a suitable replicon, introducing the resultant recombinant (hybrid) molecule into a cell in which it can replicate, and finally growing the cells in culture.
efficacy	Efficacy
anovulation	The absence of ovulation, or egg production, in a woman’s reproductive cycle.
minimal risk	is the probability and magnitude of physical or psychological harm that is normally encountered in the daily lives, or in the routine medical, dental, or psychological examination of healthy persons.
reconstitution	The process of adding liquid to a dry powder to make a new solution
ftta	See Federal Technology Transfer Act.
facultative parasite	organism that is normally saprophytic but is capable of being parasitic
pacemaker cell	A cell that is rhythmically, spontaneously active, initiating activity in other cells in the same rhythm.
efficacy	Evidence that the treatment provides benefit for the disorder under study
historical controls	Control subjects (followed at some time in the past or for whom data are available through records) who are used for comparison with subjects being treated concurrently
deficiency	A lack of something necessary to good health
viscerovisceral reflexes	Reflexes involving visceral stimuli and visceral responses.
hemianopsia	Loss of vision in either the nasal or temporal half of the visual field.
clinical research associate	Person employed by the study sponsor or CRO to monitor a clinical study at all participating sites
crude touch	Touch sensations of higher threshold and poor localizability.
research	The UW IRB applies the following definition: A systematic investigation, including research development, testing and evaluation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge
autoimmunization	The induction in an individual of an immune response to its own cells (tissue)
causalgia	A persistent burning sensation of the skin, usually caused by damage to peripheral nerves
valent	Valent
io	Institutional Official See: Authorized Institutional Official
vestigial	Pertaining to structures or organs that were well developed in an organism's ancestors but have become rudimentary during the course of evolution.
washout period	The period of time in a clinical trial when patients are given a placebo or no drug at all to eliminate the effects of the first treatment before starting the second active treatment.
endospore	resistant, thick-walled asexual spore formed within a bacterial or fungal cell
neonatal tetanus	Neonatal tetanus
peripheral	Situated away from the center, as opposed to being centrally located
nuclear cataract	A cloudiness in the center of the lens of the eye.
inclusion/exclusion criteria	The factors determining whether a person may or may not be allowed to enter a clinical trial
bone marrow	The soft, fatty tissue that fills the cavities of bones and contains white and red blood cells.
placebo	A placebo is an inactive pill, liquid or powder, that has no treatment value
duloxetine	Serotonin inhibitor and norepinephrine reuptake used for pain management
custom device	A device that is not generally available and that is not be used to determine its safety and effectiveness
yeast	A unicellular member of the Endomycetales; sometimes used for a non-motile unicellular stage (e.g., of dimorphic animal parasites).
cell	The basic unit of living organisms.
dichotomous	Dividing into two equal branches.
neurotransmitters	A chemical messenger released from a nerve cell that transmits an impulse from a nerve cell to another nerve, organ, muscle, or other tissue.
assistant role	See assistant role for eRA Commons.
dea	See Division of Extramural Activities.
ataxia	Awkwardness and lack of fluidity in motor behavior associated with loss of control mechanisms of the cerebellum.
mycoplasma	A wall-less prokaryotic microorganism of the class Mollicutes.
antithyroid agents	Drugs that block the production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.
intranasal influenza	Intranasal influenza
fiscal year	NIAID uses interim paylines before receiving its annual appropriation and immediately afterwards while our budget office is crunching the numbers to create actual paylines
decerebrate rigidity	A spasticity resulting from functional disruption of brain stem activities at the midcollicular level.
protein	A substance made of a string of amino acids
information statement	UW Human Subjects term for a document used to provide information to research participants when the requirement for written consent has been waived.
itn	See Immune Tolerance Network.
potency	Potency
cfr	See: Code of Federal Regulations
oomycetes	A class of aquatic and terrestrial fungi (subdivision Mastigomycotina) that typically produce oogonia and zoosporangia in which form zoospores having one anteriorly-directed tinsel flagellum and one posteriorly-directed whiplash flagellum.
scintigraphy	A diagnostic procedure using a radioactive agent with affinity for the tissue of interest followed by a whole body scan.
bilateral agreement	General science agreement between the U.S
competing continuation	See renewal
anesthetic	Drug that causes numbness.
treatment ind	A program to provide experimental treatments to a class of patients who lack satisfactory alternative treatment
muscle spindle	A fusiform mechanoreceptor found mixed with extrafusal muscle fibers and in parallel with them.
registration	The process of submitting and updating summary information about a clinical study protocol from its beginning to end, to a structured, Web-based registry that is accessible to the public, such as ClinicalTrials.gov.
immediate-release medication	Medication that takes effect over a short period of time
muscle nerve	A nerve most fibers of which innervate a muscle.
t3	The secondary hormone produced by the thyroid gland.
pleomorphic	able to assume various shapes (and perhaps sizes); occurrence of more than one distinct form in the life cycle of an organism
other ids	See OTHER STUDY ID NUMBERS.
type	the example on which the description of a scientific name is based (the type genus of a family, or the type species of a genus)
intrauterine insemination	IVF See in vitro fertilization.
dosage	The prescribed amount of a drug that must be taken to get the benefit or intended result.
transformant	A cell or organism that has undergone genetic transformation.
dosage regimen	The schedule of doses, including the number of doses given in a time period; the elapsed time between each administered dose, or the time at which the doses are given; and the amount of medicine administered at each dosing time.
balanced study	When a particular type of participant (for instance, females, people with certain lung function levels, African Americans, etc.) is equally represented in each study group.
single-masked design	Typically, a study design in which the investigator, but not the subject, knows the identity of the treatment assignment
dehydrated	Remove moisture.
area grant	See Academic Research Enhancement Award.
ablative surgery	Type of surgery performed on parts of the central or peripheral nervous system to help permanently alleviate pain by affecting the pathways of nerves.
double-blind study	A clinical trial design in which neither the participating individuals nor the study staff knows which participants are receiving the experimental drug and which are receiving a placebo or another therapy.
alpha rhythms	EEG records characterized by high-voltage waves occurring at 8-14 per sec.
center for scientific review	Errors reflect inaccuracies, inconsistencies, omissions, or incorrect formatting
soma	Cell body.
placebo	A pharmaceutical preparation that contains no active substance (a sugar pill), and looks like the drug that is being tested.
thoracic	The section of the spine that includes twelve rib-bearing vertebrae
secretary	A U.S
gcp	Good Clinical Practice
expedited review	IRB review that is conducted by the IRB chair, or a designated voting member or group of voting members, rather than by the entire IRB
vaccine	A substance that contains antigenic components from an infectious organism
hyperstimulation analgesia	A reduction or elimination of pain sensation brought about as a result of strong stimulation outside a damaged area.
gamma bias	Refers to the ongoing discharge of fusimotor neurons, syn
dieback	Progressive death of shoots, branches and roots generally starting at the tip.
fission	Cell division by cleavage (splitting) of the cell into two parts.
abaxial	Directed away from the stem of a plant; pertaining to the lower surface of a leaf.
eligibility criteria	Summary criteria for participation selection; includes inclusion and exclusion criteria.
bell's palsy	Bell's palsy
codon	A particular sequence of three nucleotides in
ultrastructure	submicroscopic structure of a macromolecule, cell, or tissue
wernicke's area	Area 22 of the temporal cerebral cortex that plays a fundamental role in reception and comprehension of speech.
pre-eclampsia	Hypertension during pregnancy.
placebo controlled study	A method of investigating drugs that utilizes a placebo
off label	The unauthorized use of a drug for a purpose other than that approved of by a regulatory body such as the FDA.
genotype	A pattern of genetic information that is unique to an individual or group
subject	An individual who participates in clinical research, either as a recipient of the test article or of the control
autogenic inhibition	Depression of the excitability of an motoneuron by the groups Ia and Ib afferent fibers that innervate the same muscle as the motoneuron.
pap smear	A method for the early detection of cancer and other abnormalities of the female genital tract, especially of the cervix and uterus, employing exfoliated cells (cells that have been shed into vaginal fluid) and a special staining technique for microscopic examination that differentiates diseased tissue
premarket approval	Process of scientific and regulatory review by the FDA to ensure the safety and effectiveness of Class III devices.
ethnographic research	Ethnography is the study of people and their culture
preclinical	Testing of a vaccine or drug in cells or animals before testing in humans.
trauma/emergency medicine	The medical specialties involving physical wounds or injuries
tessellate	In nematodes: Checkered; a type of cuticular pattern in which the longitudinal ridges are broken by transverse striations into rows of squares.
esr	Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
drug-drug interaction	A modification of the effect of a drug when administered with another drug
phase iv study	After a drug has been approved by the FDA, phase IV studies are conducted to compare the drug to a competitor, explore additional patient populations, or to further study any adverse events.
intramuscular	Injected directly into a muscle.
purity	The relative absence of extraneous matter in a drug or vaccine that may or may not be harmful to the recipient or deleterious to the product.
pilot study	A pilot trial is used to obtain information, and work out the logistics and management, deemed necessary for further clinical trials
ectoparasite	A parasite that remains external to the host's cells or tissues.
edison	See iEdison.
institutionalized cognitively impaired	Persons who are confined, either voluntarily or involuntarily, in a facility for the care of the mentally or otherwise disabled (e.g., a psychiatric hospital, home, or school for the retarded).
grants	Go to these resources:
decomposition of movement	Lack of fluidity in movement characterized by the breaking down of composite movements into their component parts, a symptom of cerebellar disease.
voltage clamp	A device for fixing the transmembrane voltage of a cell at a constant value.
gamma tone	Refers to the ongoing discharge of fusimotor neurons, syn
tabes dorsalis	A syphilitic infection of the dorsal root ganglion.
bacterial carriage	Bacterial carriage
depolarization	A change in the transmembrane potential of a cell to the isoelectric point (e.g., zero voltage).
integration	The process by which the different parts of an organism are made a functional and structural whole, especially through the activity of the nervous system and of hormones
pharmaceutical model	The pharmaceutical philosophy
osteoarthritis	A non-inflammatory degenerative joint disease characterized by degeneration of cartilage and increase in bone size
mucous membrane	A moist layer of tissue that lines body cavities or passages that have an opening to the external world (e.g., the lining of the mouth, nostrils or vagina).
hiv	Human Immunodeficiency Virus, the virus that causes Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
preliminary study	Tests done with few subjects-often animal or cell studies. Read more.
phase 3 trials	Usually the last type of clinical trial before a drug is approved by the FDA
phytonutrients	See Phytochemicals.
nonviable fetus	An expelled or delivered fetus which, although it is living, cannot possibly survive to the point of sustaining life independently, even with the support of available medical therapy [45 CFR 46.203 (d) and (e)]
plasmapheresis	The selective removal of certain proteins or antibodies from the blood (followed by reinjection of the blood)
anesthetic	Medication that causes loss of sensation-numbness
larynx	The upper part of the trachea that contains the vocal cords, sometimes called the voice box.
prevention trials or studies	Research to find better ways to prevent disease in people who have never had the disease or prevent disease from returning.
standard operating procedure	Detailed written instructions that provide a structure to ensure that activities are performed in a consistent manner.
vertebra	One of the 33 bony components that make up the spine.
agency	U.S
whole cell pertussis vaccine	Whole cell pertussis (wP) vaccine
bronchoscopy	Visual examination of the bronchial passages of the lungs through a tube of an endoscope inserted into the upper lungs or extraction of material from the lungs by means of a bronchoscope
placebo effect	An effect from the patient’s expectations rather than the treatment itself.
nonelectrogenic pump	An ion pump whose operation does not result in a net transfer of charge into or out of the cell.
biotechnology	The use of living organisms and their substances and other biological systems to create or change a drug or other product, to change plants or animals or to develop microorganisms.
equilibrium potential	The value of the transmembrane voltage at which the net driving force for an ion or a membrane event (e.g., an EPSP or IPSP) is zero.
inclusion enrollment report	Go to these NIH resources:
clpo	Oral clearance
inoculum density	a measure of the number of propagules of a pathogenic organism per unit area or volume
oxidative stress	Increased oxidants in animal cells causing free radicals and damage.
spine	33 individual vertebrae that interlock to form a column from the skull to the small of the back
autonomous zone	The part of the receptive field or dermatome of a nerve or root not shared with other nerves or roots.
compensation	Payment or medical care provided to subjects injured in research; does not refer to payment (remuneration) for participation in research
on-response	The discharge of a neuron initiated when a stimulus is turned on.
parenchyma	The tissue of an organ (as distinguished from supporting or connective tissue).
aids	Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) occurs in individuals who have suffered long term infections with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and have compromised immune systems
receptor	A molecule that recognizes and binds with specific molecules
grants management specialist	Grants awarded under expanded authorities may carry over unobligated funds from one budget period to another within an approved project period without prior approval, as stated in the Notice of Award.
sinus headache	A headache caused by pressure within the sinus cavities of the head, usually in connection with infection of the sinuses
drug	A substance (other than food) used in the diagnosis, treatment, cure or prevention of disease; used to enhance mental or physical well-being; or used to affect the function or structure of the body in humans or animals.
vein clearing	A symptom of virus-infected leaves in which veinal tissue is lighter green than that of healthy plants.
cd4+ t cells	White blood cells that orchestrate the immune response, signaling other cells in the immune system to perform their special functions
axosomatic synapse	A synaptic junction in which an axon's bouton is the presynaptic element and a soma is the postsynaptic element.
exclusion criteria	The factors (or reasons) that prevent a person from participating in a clinical study.
site visit	A visit by agency officials, representatives, or consultants to the location of a research activity to assess the adequacy of IRB protection of human subjects or the capability of personnel to conduct the research.
bronchogram	X-ray image of the bronchi
autonomy	Personal capacity to consider alternatives, make choices, and act without undue influence or interference of others.
national select agents registry	U.S
irg	See integrated review group.
anda	Abbreviated New Drug Application, the application procedure to approve a generic drug in the US.
sexual dimorphism	having two distinct forms (e.g., differences in shape, size, coloring) of individuals within the same species, based on the gender of the individual.
cold chain	Cold chain
peer review	Careful review of a clinical trial by experts who consider its scientific merit, participant safety and ethics.
dt vaccine	DT vaccine
vulnerable subjects	Group/individual that cannot give informed consent because of limited autonomy (e.g., children, mentally ill and prisoners)
research misconduct	Any fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results.
finding of non-compliance	as a proven assertion of non-compliance."
spasm	A brief, automatic jerking movement
investigational medical device	Go to these resources:
metastasis	Transfer of a disease-producing agent (e.g., cancer cells or bacteria) from an original site of disease to another part of the body with development of a similar lesion in the new location (e.g., spread of cancer from an original site to other sites in the body).
polyubiquitinated	Bonding together to the same target protein to destroy it.
nicotinic effect	The subset of actions normally produced by acetylcholine that can also be produced by nicotine.
lot	Lot (or lot-release)
confidentiality	Pertains to the treatment of information that an individual has disclosed in a relationship of trust and with the expectation that it will not be divulged to others without permission in ways that are inconsistent with the understanding of the original disclosure.
clinical trial/study	A systematic study used to evaluate a drug, treatment or device in one or more human subjects in the treatment, prevention or diagnosis of a disease or condition
endoparasite	parasitic organism that lives and feeds from inside its host (compare ectoparasite)
sponsor	The organization that develops the treatment, drug or test, designs the study, and pays for costs associated with the clinical trial.
neuromuscular junction	The synaptic contact between an motoneuron and the muscle fiber it innervates.
aerio	See agency extramural research integrity officer.
anaplastic thyroid cancer	Undifferentiated, fast-growing thyroid cancer.
kg	kilogram
single blind study	A study in which one of the parties (investigator or participant) is unaware of what medication subjects are receiving.
co-hort	Group of subjects in a clinical trial with some characteristics in common who are followed up at standard, preset intervals.
loudness	The "perceived intensity" of a sound related to both the amplitude of the sound wave and its frequency.
lobar	A well-defined part of an organ or gland
sponsor	Individual, company, institution or organization responsible for initiation, management and financing of a study.
phenotype	The observable characteristics of an organism, either in total or with respect to one or more particular named characteristics.
sponsor	An individual, company, institution, or organization that initiates, manages, and/or finances a clinical trial.
occlusion	block or plug that stops flow of liquids (as in vessels)
nda	NEW Drug Application
cytopenia	Deficiency in the cellular elements of the blood.
triplet codon	a set of three nucleotide bases in DNA or RNA that code for an amino acid
bioassay	Any quantitative procedure in which a given organism is used for assay purposes.
device	See: Medical Device.
witches' broom	An abnormal form of plant growth, most common in woody plants, in which there is a profuse outgrowth of lateral buds to give a "witches' broom" appearance
mosaic	A common symptom induced in leaves by many plant virus infections in which there is a pattern of dark green, light green and sometimes chlorotic areas
institutes	It also receives all NIH grant applications and assigns them to institutes in some cases for peer review and for administration after award
supramaximal stimulus	A stimulus whose intensity is greater than that which just gives a maximal response.
hypersensitivity	The expression of extreme reactivity by a plant in response to a potential parasite or pathogen, the plant's response commonly serving to limit or prevent parasitization/disease.
data management	The process of handling the data gathered during a clinical trial
neuron	A cell specialized for excitability and conductivity, syn
autism	Autism
scientific merit	Generally conducted by an institute's advisory council, second-level review makes funding recommendations in the context of program priorities and balance
afferent	Pathways leading to; in the case of peripheral nerves, those conducting to the central nervous system.
drug	Drug (or medicine)
aspergillosis	A fungal infection (resulting from the fungus Aspergillus) of the lungs that can spread through the blood to other organs
results first received date	The date that summary information about the results of a clinical study was first submitted to the ClinicalTrials.gov results database.
human subjects	Go to these resources:
immunization safety	Immunization safety
hde	See: humanitarian device exemption
competing applications	CSR referral officers assign each application to an NIH institute and refer it to an integrated review group using NIH referral criteria
approved drugs	In the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must approve a substance as a drug before it can be marketed
quality of life	A concept that considers a person’s physical, mental, and emotional health, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs and relationship to their environment.
gmp	See Grants Management Program.
annulospiral ending	The termination of a group Ia afferent fiber in the equatorial region of a muscle spindle, syn
psychological approaches	Ways of helping patient cope with pain and related emotions that can increase pain
somatic	Relating to the body as opposed to the mind
virion	A virus particle existing freely outside a host cell
cfda	See Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance.
lung clearance index	The result (a number) obtained from a multiple breath washout test
nested case controlled studies	Matches specific groups and conditions
parameters	A measure that determines whether an issue will be limited or accomplished.
options analysis	Options analysis
anomaloscope	A color-matching device used to detect anomalous trichromacy.
synapse	The site at which neurons make functional contact.
argyll robertson pupil	Pupil shows miosis of accommodation, but no light reflex.
unmyelinated fiber	A nerve fiber without myelin surrounding it.
defeminization	loss of female secondary sex characteristics.
acupressure	Technique that uses pressure on certain points along the body to help control pain
offsite adverse event	Regulatory term See: http://www.washington.edu/research/hsd/topics/Adverse+Events+and+Unanticipated+Problems
overall impact score	These are roughly in the bottom half of applications being reviewed, though the percentage varies by study section and grant type
mn	A strain of HIV used in vaccine development.
probiotic	A substance which increases the amount of beneficial microorganisms.
inflammation	An internal chemical reaction that produces redness, warmth, swelling, and pain due to infection, irritation or injury.
binary fission	Fission in which two cells, usually of similar size and shape, are formed by the growth and division of one cell.
oxidative	Chemically active oxygen like substances.
nanomoles	This is the molecular weight of a substance in grams.
perimenopause	The time period at the start of the menopause symptoms.
extensor thrust reflex	An automatic increase in the contraction of physiological extensor muscles of the leg when the plantar surface of the foot contacts some non-noxious object.
rosette	disease symptom characterized by short, bunchy growth habit due to shortened internodes and no comparable reduction in leaf size
gcp	see Good Clinical Practice
nomenclature	the scheme by which names are attached to objects, including organisms
symptom	Any change in the body or its functions, as perceived by the patient, which could indicate the presence of disease.
rt	Restricted Treated
anomalous rectification	A decrease in the ionic conductance of the cell membrane with hypopolarization of the membrane.
patient-controlled analgesia	A method by which the patient controls the amount of analgesia they receive
clinical trial	Systematic study conducted in human subjects.
prognostic indicators	Factors that can help predict a likely outcome (as in how, on average, thyroid cancer will progress).
pivotal study	Usually a phase III study which presents the data that Health Canada uses to decide whether or not to approve a drug
fieldwork	Behavioral, social, or anthropological research involving the study of persons or groups in their own environment and without manipulation for research purposes (distinguished from laboratory or controlled settings)
coded private information	Go to these resources:
cox-2 inhibitor	Drugs that may relieve pain and inflammation that block COX-2 enzymes and active only at site of inflammation
diffuse goitre	An enlargement of the entire thyroid gland.
vaccine safety surveillance	Vaccine safety surveillance
beneficence	An ethical principle discussed in the Belmont Report that entails an obligation to protect persons from harm
omega 3 fatty acids	Polyunsaturated oils in fish and a few vegetables oils. There is evidence their use reduces heart risk.
toxic shock syndrome	Toxic shock syndrome
biosketch	See Biographical Sketch.
spinal stenosis	A condition in which the spinal canal narrows in one or more areas, and the spinal cord and/or nerves are compressed or choked.
aneuploid	Chromosome constitution differing from the usual diploid constitution by loss or duplication of chromosomes or chromosomal segments.
conductivity	The capacity of living matter to conduct action potentials.
chronic	A disease or condition that lasts and is continuous
effective dose	A product's ability to produce beneficial effects on the duration or course of a disease
electrically excitable motor cortex	That area of the cerebral cortex, the stimulation of which leads to movements, syn
client liaison	A client liaison is assigned to every client
verification date	See LAST VERIFIED DATE.
kupffer cells	Specialized macrophages in the liver
interstitial segment	IUD Abbreviation either for intrauterine death (death of a fetus, prefacing a stillbirth) or for intrauterine (contraceptive) device, which, to resolve this ambiguity, is sometimes (though not in this book) abbreviated “IUCD’.
arterial blood gases	Clinical test to identify levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood
phytotherapy	Treatment of ailments with plant material.
otc medications	Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medications are sold directly to consumers without the need for a prescription from a healthcare professional.
toxin	A compound produced by a microorganism and being toxic to a plant or animal.
decibel	A unit used to express the ratio of two sound pressures in hearing, equal to 1/10 the common log of the ratio of pressures.
administrative hold	An action placing specific research activities on hold temporarily to allow for additional information to be obtained
intrathecal anesthesia	Anesthesia placed in the space under the arachnoid membrane which covers the brain and spinal cord
soil inhabitant	an organism that maintains its population in soil over a period of time
hhs	See Department of Health and Human Services.
ovoviviparous	Producing eggs that hatch within the body.
qi	See: Quality Improvement
statistical significance	A term based on statistical tests that is used to denote the probability that the observed association could have occurred by chance alone
endotoxin	A toxin present inside a bacterial cell.
embryo	Early stages of a developing organism, broadly referring to the time from implantation through the eighth week after conception
pulsatility index	Related to the amount of blood flow in a blood vessel.
nocifensive reflex	Automatic contraction of the flexor muscles of a limb so as to remove the limb from a noxious stimulus, syn
belmont report	Report issued by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research
oocyte	egg or sperm
labeled lines	The notion that particular modalities and submodalities have their own special pathways to the brain and activity induced anywhere along one of these pathways is interpreted as a stimulus of the appropriate modality or submodality.
aura	Sensations or feelings preceding an epileptic seizure.
investigative site	The location where a study is being conducted
epidemiology	A scientific discipline that studies the factors determining the causes, frequency, and distribution of diseases in a community or given population.
dyskinesia	Impairment of the ability to move, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements.
new drug application	An application made to FDA that requests a license to market a new pharmaceutical in the United States
protocol	The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate and other aspects of trial design
radiopharmaceuticals	Drugs (compounds or materials) that may be labeled or tagged with a radioisotope
magnetic resonance imaging	Diagnostic technology using magnetic fields to produce a computerized image (no x-ray involved)
variegation	pattern of two or more colors in a plant part, as in a green and white leaf
heterokaryon	A cell that contains genetically different nuclei or a thallus made up of such cells.
spinal cord	Major column of nerve tissue that is connected to the brain and lies within the vertebral canal and from which the spinal nerves emerge
helper t cell	Lymphocyte bearing the CD4 marker
heterotopy	Hyperplastic symptom in which an organ develops in a position other than its normal one.
nsaids	Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, such as ibuprofen and aspirin (see ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT).
dale's principle	The concept that a neuron can synthesize only one chemical transmitter substance.
ablate	To destroy the function of an organ or tissue
antiserum	The serum from a vertebrate that has been exposed to an antigen and which contains antibodies that react specifically with the antigen.
relative refractory period	The period after a spike when greater than normal stimuli are required to excite a nerve or muscle cell.
adrenergic	pertaining or relating to catecholamines (i.e., epinephrine, norepinephrine, or dopamine).
orthodromic	Conduction in the direction normally taken by action potentials.
clinical research	Studies performed in humans that are intended to increase knowledge about how well a diagnostic test or treatment works in a particular patient population.
nuremberg code	Go to the Belmont Report.
preclinical	Refers to the testing of experimental drugs in the test tube or in animals—the testing that occurs before trials in humans may be carried out.
tendon jerk reflex	An automatic contraction of a muscle elicited by stretching it, syn
technical evaluation criteria	Go to NIAID's Contracts SOPs and Contracts portal.
actin	A protein of the thin myofilament, localized to the I band of the sarcomere.
immunization error	Immunization error
brightness	A quantitative measure of the intensity of light, the amplitude of its waves or the number of photons.
motor unit	An alpha motoneuron and the muscle fibers it innervates.
pts-yrs	Patient-years
picomoles/liter	One trillionth of the molecular weight of a substance in grams per liter.
mycelium	A mass of hyphae, often used to denote all hyphae comprising a thallus
anorexia	Lack or loss of the appetite for food.
mmol	millimole
marketing studies	Studies (most commonly Phase IV studies and some Phase III studies) which are executed to deliver clinical trial data to promote the product in the marketplace after the drug has been granted a license.
human in vitro fertilization	Any fertilization involving human sperm and ova that occurs outside the human body.
study coordinator	The person at a medical center or research facility who manages the daily activities of the study, including coordinating the treatment or testing of participants and reporting events of the study.
trichogyne	In some algae, lichens, and fungi, a projection from the female sex organ that receives the male gamete or nuclei before fertilization (
voluntary	In the research context refers to a subject's decision to participate, or to continue to participate, in a research activity free of coercion, duress, or undue inducement.
blind	A clinical trial is "blind" if participants are unaware of whether they are in the experimental or control arm (group) of the study; also called masked.
multiple sclerosis	A disease in which there are multiple patches of demyelination in the white matter of the central nervous system
addiction	The continued use of a mood-altering substance, despite adverse consequences
dimorphic	Producing two morphologically different forms.
curriculum vitae	A summary of an investigator’s education, training, and experience; similar to a resume.
adr surveillance	ADR surveillance
secondary outcome measure	A planned outcome measure in the protocol that is not as important as the primary outcome measure, but is still of interest in evaluating the effect of an intervention
sae	Serious Adverse Event
pyridoxal phosphate	Vitamin B6 combined with phosphate; the most common form of phosphorus.
inclusion criteria	A list of criteria that must be met by all study subjects.
tolerability	Ability to tolerate, put up with, or endure.
diagnostic trials	Refers to trials that are are conducted to find better tests or procedures for diagnosing a particular disease or condition
excretory pore	In nematodes: The exterior opening of the excretory system, generally located on the ventral side of the body near the basal region of the esophagus; also known as the orifice of the cervical gland.
source document verification	Process of comparing data recorded on patient case report forms with the data originally recorded on source documents.
valid	Of taxonomic names and epithets: Published in accordance with several articles of the Code of Nomenclature; such names may be
inclusion criteria	Rules of eligibility that an individual must meet in order to participate in a clinical study
assembly and budding	Names for a portion of the processes by which new HIV virus is formed in infected host cells
hepatitis b	Hepatitis B
facilitation	The addition of EPSPs in which the resultant is more than the algebraic sum of the individual EPSPs, cf., temporal summation.
statistics	The study of probabilities
thymus	A mass of glandular tissue located in the neck or chest of most vertebrates
predicate devices	Currently legally marketed devices to which new devices may be found substantially equivalent under the 510(k) process.
amnesic syndrome	Inability to remember past events; defect in formation of new long-term memories.
beneficence	An ethical principle discussed in the Belmont Report
scientific review group	Go to CSR Study Section Roster Index at CSR
myelogram	An x-ray using contrast dye to identify nerve compression caused by a herniated disc or fracture of the spine.
contract	Go to these resources:
hev	Genelabs scientists discovered the Hepatitis E virus
placebo	An inactive substance administered to some study participants while others receive the agent under evaluation, to provide a basis for comparison of effects.
peripheral arterial disease	A disease with arteries outside the heart providing inadequate blood flow.
pharmacokinetic study	The study of the processes of bodily absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of a drug or medicine.
trigger	Set off disease in those who are genetically predisposed to developing a disease, or that causes a certain symptom to occur
control system	A mechanism that regulates the output of a device.
lymphoid tissue	Tonsils, adenoid, lymph nodes, spleen and other tissues that act as the body's filtering system, trapping invading microorganisms and presenting them to squadrons of immune cells that congregate there.
symptom	indication of disease by reaction of the host, e.g
protected health information	Individually identifiable health information including demographic data that relates to:
heterozygous	having alternate forms (allele) of a gene on homologous chromosomes (see homozygous)
rhizoplane	The root surface.
expanded availability	Policy and procedure that permits individuals who have serious or life-threatening diseases for which there are no alternative therapies to have access to investigational drugs and devices that may be beneficial to them
locf	Last Observation Carried Forward
outcome	Overall results of a study or trial offered up for evaluation
m	meter
placebo controlled	Placebo controlled
diploid	having two complete sets of chromosomes (2N)
completed	The study has concluded normally
gametangium	cell containing gametes or nuclei that act as gametes
desynchronization	Reduction in amplitude and increase in frequency of the EEG accompanying alerting, syn
single-unit smooth muscle	Smooth muscle containing many tight junctions that contracts as a unit and responds to stretch.
neutrons	Particles without an electrical charge found in nucleus of various elements.
gene	unit within an organism controlling heritable characteristics; genes are organized on chromosomes
placebo	A pharmaceutical substance that contains no active ingredient and is designed to look just like the drug being tested
bronchoscope	A modified endoscope that is a flexible fiberoptic tube with a small lens and eyepiece for viewing the bronchi on a computer monitor
quartile	Twenty five percent or one fourth of the test group.
fy	See fiscal year.
bsc	See Board of Scientific Counselors.
light reflex	Constriction of the pupils when a bright light is shown into an eye.
range	Of a plant pathogen: The geographical region or regions in which it is known to occur.
prophylactic	Preventive or protective; a drug, vaccine, regimen, or device designed to prevent, or provide protection against, a given disease or disorder.
rppr	See Research Performance Progress Report (RPPR).
pwfu	Patients who Withdrew From study prematurely
ibrp	Introduction to Biomedical Research Program.
experimental arm	A group of participants that receives the intervention that is the focus of the study
completed study site	Term used when a clinical trial has been completed at the study site, in accordance with the protocol, and the study close-out visit has been performed and fully documented.
sensitivity	The ability of a test to detect the proportion of true positive results for the disease that the test is intended to reveal
wild poliovirus	Wild poliovirus
alternative host	A plant other than the main host that a parasite can colonize; alternative hosts are not required for completion of the developmental cycle of the parasite.
after-hyperpolarization	A membrane potential more negative than the resting membrane potential that occurs following termination of the spike, syn
orbital	Relating to the bony cavity in the front of the skull around the eyes.
topical microbicide working group	A cross-disciplinary working group within the FDA whose purpose is to develop and coordinate FDA regulatory and scientific policy regarding products to prevent vaginal transmission of sexually acquired diseases.
pulmonary	Relating to the lungs.
hormones	Chemicals produced by an endocrine gland and released into the blood
principal investigator	Person responsible for the conduct of the clinical trial at a research site.
adverse event	Any untoward or undesirable experience associated with participation in the research activity.
feedback	The return of some of the output of a system as an input so as to exert some control over the process performed by the system.
embryo	Early stages of a developing organism, broadly used to refer to stages immediately following fertilization of an egg through implantation and very early pregnancy (i.e., from conception to the eighth week of pregnancy)
immunostimulant	Any agent or substance that triggers or enhances the body's defense; also called immunopotentiators.
gene	The main unit of heredity
debriefing	Giving subjects previously undisclosed information about the research project following completion of their participation in research
disease	An abnormal condition of a plant in which its physiology, morphology, and/or development is altered under the continuous influence of a pathogen.
deuteranomaly	Color vision involving three pigments but the green one is abnormal, leading to reduced green sensitivity.
symptoms	Those problems that a patient notices or feels
amendment	See Protocol Amendment.
gummosis	pathologic condition characterized by excessive formation of gums; the products of cell degeneration
gamete	A haploid cell or nucleus involved in sexual reproduction, during which two gametes fuse to form a zygote.
hiv	Human Immunodeficiency Virus, the causative agent in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
nuremberg code	A code of research ethics developed during the trials of Nazi war criminals following World War II and widely adopted as a standard during the 1950s and 1960s for protecting human subjects.
excitability	The ability to generate action potentials.
safetynotes	Electronic data collection tool used to document interactions with callers
wasting syndrome	The HIV wasting syndrome involves involuntary weight loss of 10 percent of baseline body weight plus either chronic diarrhea (two loose stools per day for more than 30 days) or chronic weakness and documented fever (for 30 days or more, intermittent or constant) in the absence of a concurrent illness or condition other than HIV infection that would explain the findings.
septate	Having cross walls.
placebo	A treatment that does not do anything and will not cause harm
leydig cells	interstitial pregnancy An ectopic pregnancy located in the interstitial segment of the fallopian tube
chemically gated channel	A normally closed ionic channel that is opened by action of a chemical transmitter substance.
institution	(1) Any public or private entity or agency (including federal, state, and local agencies) [45 CFR 46.102(b)].
hyperalgesia	Term to describe excessive pain sensitivity.
aids-related cancers	Several cancers are more common or more aggressive in people infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS
microflora	the combination of all microorganisms in a particular environment
primary outcome measure	The planned outcome measure in the protocol that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention
indication	Something that points to or suggests the proper treatment of a disease, as required by the cause or symptoms
stomatitis	Any of numerous inflammatory diseases of the mouth having various causes, such as mechanical trauma, irritants, allergy, vitamin deficiency or infection.
probe	A specific sequence of DNA or RNA used to detect complementary sequences by hybridization.
random allocation	The assignment of subjects to treatment or control groups in an unsystematic manner.
nerve	A collection of axons or nerve fibers.
gene expression	The transcription of mRNA from the DNA sequence of a gene and the subsequent translation of that mRNA to give the protein gene product
benign	A word to describe a non-malignant growth or mild illness.
dtp vaccine	DTP vaccine
polynicotinate	A combined form of niacin.
tic	A repeated movement that the person who has it cannot control
remuneration	Payment for participation in research
long-acting/sustained-release medication	Medication that is released over a long period of time and is taken on a regular basis.
randomization	A method based on chance by which study participants are assigned to a treatment group
phase 4 trials	Research conducted after FDA approval to get additional information about the drug’s long-term risks, benefits, and best possible use.
safetysearch	A secured, password protected, web-based search tool which allows clients 24/7 access to encrypted electronic case data via the Internet. SafetyCall clients are able to use SafetySearch to download case data into a comma delimited file (.csv)
risk	The possibility of harm or discomfort for subjects participating in a clinical trial.
medical devices	The Medical Device industry is very broad
subliminal fringe	A group of neurons that is excited during a reflex, but which does not reach critical firing level and does not discharge a spike.
investigational product labels	Labels attached to inner and outer containers of investigational products containing all information sufficient to identify the product and meet local regulations for such products.
vessel	A xylem element or series of such elements whose function is to conduct water and mineral nutrients.
direct costs	Also known as categorical budget.
test article	Go to the definitions in 21 CFR 58.3 and full 21 CFR 58.
experimental drug	A drug not licensed by the FDA for use in humans (see OFF-LABEL USE).
quorum	Quorum refers to the minimum number of IRB members who must participate in an IRB meeting in order for the meeting to occur
microorganisms	Microorganisms
side effects	Any undesired actions or effects of a drug or treatment
kyphoplasty	A surgical procedure that expands and stabilizes compression fractures of the spine.
endpoint	Overall outcomes that the protocol is designed to evaluate
who ps	World Health Organization Performance Status
yr	year
dmid	See Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
first received date	The first received date is the date that summary clinical study protocol information was first submitted to the ClinicalTrials.gov registry
chorea	Basal ganglion disease characterized by rapid, complex, jerky movements that are involuntary.
flexion reflex	Automatic contraction of the flexor muscles of a limb so as to remove the limb from a noxious stimulus, syn
fermentation	Oxidation of certain organic substances in the absence of molecular oxygen.
cross-bridge	The connection of the head of the myosin molecule with the thin filament in the A band of the sarcomere; according to the cross-bridge theory, the force generating apparatus of the muscle.
mutant	Of an organism, population, gene, chromosome, etc.: Differing from the corresponding wild type by changes in one or more loci.
serious non-compliance	Non-compliance which could significantly have (1) increased risks to, or jeopardize the safety, welfare, and/or rights of subject(s) or others, or (2) decreased potential benefits (including the scientific integrity of the research).
spacer device	A hollow chamber that fits on the mouthpiece of a metered dose inhaler
vesicle	A bladder-like sac or an evanescent bubble within which zoospores mature; any bubble-like cell or bubble-like membranous structure within a cell.
integrate	To combine signals from a number of sources.
fedbizopps.gov	See targeted research and the converse investigator-initiated.
serious adverse event	See: adverse event/effect
tuning curve	A plot for auditory neurons of the threshold stimulus strength against the frequency of the auditory stimulus.
peptide	A short compound formed by linking two or more amino acids
withdrawal scan	A radioactive iodine (131I) whole body scan performed when the patient has been withdrawn from thyroid hormone suppression therapy long enough for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels to rise.
cell cycle	The period from one cell division to the next.
myogenic	Of muscle origin.
mold	A downy fungal growth on a substratum, usually consisting of mycelium of a Hyphomycete or a Zygomycete.
solicitation	Go to FAR 15.602 and the official definition in FAR 2.101.
fhcrc	See: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
polyphenols	Antioxidants found in most plants
slowly adapting	A slow decline without complete cessation of a response of a sensory neuron to a maintained stimulus.
dysdiadochokinesia	Impairment of ability to perform rapid alternating movements, a symptom of cerebellar disease.
strain	A sub-species group of organisms distinguishable from the rest of the species by a heritable characteristic that the individuals in the group have in common.
dendroaxonic synapse	The synaptic junction between a dendrite and an axon in which the dendrite is thought to be the presynaptic element.
roguing	The removal of diseased plants from a crop in order to prevent the spread of the disease.
ozone layer	a protective layer of ozone in the upper atmosphere that reduces ultraviolet radiation
quintile	A subgroup that is 20%” or one fifth of the test group.
adjuvant	Material added to improve some chemical or physical property (e.g., of a plant protectant) or a biological property (e.g., to improve antibody response to an antigen).
ara form	See Awaiting Receipt of Application (ARA) form
latency	The period when an organism (i.e., a virus or a bacterium) is in the body and not producing any ill effects
ca	see Competent Authority
accepts healthy volunteers	Indicates whether a clinical study allows people who do not have the condition or related conditions or symptoms being studied to participate in that study
depth of field	The range of distances from an observer over which images are in focus for a given strength of lens.
immediate recall	Memory of learned material or responses having a duration of minutes to perhaps hours, syn
scotopic	Pertaining to vision in the dark.
prevalence	A measure of the proportion of people in a population affected with a particular disease at a given time.
peripheral nervous system	Includes nerves throughout the body that relay message such as pain to the CNS (Central Nervous System)
symptom	Any condition that a person considers to show the presence of a disease or abnormality
irb	A committee of physicians, statisticians, community advocates and others that reviews clinical trial protocols before they can be initiated
basophil	A type of white blood cell, also called a granular leukocyte, filled with granules of toxic chemicals that can digest microorganisms
sporangium	saclike fungal structure in which the entire contents are converted into an indefinite number of asexual spores
experimental drug	A drug that is not FDA licensed for use in humans or as a treatment for a particular condition
cooperative agreement	When two institutions are frequently engaged in research projects that would require IRB review by both institutions, standing agreements can be developed to govern which institution will provide sole review for a given study
referred pain	Pain felt in one area of the body that does not accurately represent where the problem is, because the pain is referred there from another area, i.e
inclusion criteria	The factors used to judge a participant's eligibility for inclusion in a trial
second messenger	A substance, activated by interaction of a synaptic transmitter substance with the postsynaptic receptor, that causes either a change in membrane ionic permeability or activation of an electrogenic pump, leading to a change in postsynaptic membrane potential.
f	Bioavailability
immunogencity	The ability of an antigen or vaccine to stimulate immune responses.
scientific review officer	Institutes review grant applications with their own review requirements
temporal lobe epilepsy	Seizures characterized by stereotyped behavior, often with emotional outbursts and partial responsiveness, syn
blinded study	A clinical trial design in which neither the participants nor the research staff knows which participants are receiving the experimental treatment and which are receiving a placebo (inactive treatment)
institute	There are two levels: an informal NIH procedure and a formal HHS procedure
api	Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient
spectroscopy	The analysis of light type emissions to determine properties of their source.
licensed drug	In the UK and Europe a drug needs to be approved by the MHRA/ EMEA before it can be marketed
double blind	The design of a study in which neither the investigator or the subject knows which medication (or placebo) the subject is receiving.
lobar pneumonia	An acute inflammatory disease that involves the bronchioles and alveoli; also known as bronchopneumonia
asthenia	Weakness.
mutation	A stable, heritable change in the nucleotide sequence of a genetic nucleic acid (DNA, or RNA in viruses, viroids, etc) typically resulting in the generation of a new
sarcomere	The serially repeating unit of muscle that gives it its striated appearance.
samhsa	Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; includes the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment and the Center on Mental Health Services
amplification	A circumstance in which the output signal is greater than the input signal.
antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity	An immune response in which antibodies bind to target cells, identifying them for attack by the immune system
phase ii trials	Controlled clinical studies conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug for a particular indication or indications in patients with the disease or condition under study and to determine the common short-term side effects and risks.
monitoring	The act of supervising a clinical study, ensuring all aspects of the trial are conducted as stated in the clinical protocol, standard operating procedures, good clinical practice and by regulatory requirements.
juvenile	The life stage of a nematode between the embryo and the adult; an immature nematode.
award	Go to 37 CFR 401.2 and full 37 CFR 401.
ctd/ectd	Common Technical Document (electronic CTD) is a set of harmonised structure and format specifications for application dossiers for the registration of medicines and designed to be used across Europe, Japan and the US.
cephalosporins	A group of antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections (see ANTIBIOTIC and BACTERIA).
parameter	Used to measure the quantity or function of something
world health organization	World Health Organization (WHO)
individual investigator agreement	This is a formal binding agreement signed by individuals who are collaborating on research conducted by an institution, but who themselves are not acting as employees or agents of an institution that has a FWA or that regularly conducts human subjects research
water sprout	a small, rapidly growing shoot or branch on a large stem, developed from adventitious tissues; often develops as a result of stress or a change in environment such as the opening up of the canopy to greatly increased light levels
glp	Good Laboratory Practice
animal welfare assurance	Go to these resources:
rtv	Ritonavir
polydipsia	Excessive drinking persisting for long periods of time as in diabetes mellitus.
clonus	The alternating contraction and relaxation of a rapidly extended muscle in spasticity, syn
genotype	The genetic constitution of an individual.
steatohepatitis	Includes fatty deposits and inflammation in the liver.
physiology	The study of body functions and processes.
hypopolarizing after-potential	A membrane potential more positive than the resting membrane potential that occurs following termination of the spike, syn
preclinical	A laboratory or animal study that's done to determine if a new treatment is safe and effective enough to be studied in humans.
human subjects review board	A group of people who review, approve, and monitor the clinical study protocol
simple message	Simple message
middle lamella	the layer, consisting largely of pectic substances, between the walls of adjacent plant cells
enation	abnormal outgrowth from the surface of a stem or leaf
risk-benefit ratio	The risk to individual participants compared to the potential benefits.
phyllody	change of floral organs to leaflike structures
clinical trial	A prospectively planned scientific study of the effects of a diagnostic test or treatment on selected patients, usually with respect to safety, efficacy, and/or quality of life.
metabolite	Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process
patient	Individual seeking medical care.
qi gong	A component of traditional Chinese medicine that combines movement, meditation, and regulation of breathing to enhance the flow of qi (an term given to what is believed to be vital energy) in the body, improve blood circulation, and enhance immune function.
dermatome	The area of skin innervated by a dorsal root.
pneumoconiosis	Inflammation of the lungs caused by chronic inhalation of dust and other fine particles
quality assurance reviews	Quality Assurance reviews are performed by the TUOHRP Director and office staff to verify that the electronic database is consistent with the IRB paper files and the paper files are collated in accordance with IRB policy and procedure.
gibberellins	plant hormones (growth regulators) that affect stem elongation
anti-androgen	chemical that acts as an antagonist at the androgen receptor or otherwise interferes with the effects of endogenous androgens.
ein	See Employer Identification Number.
carrier	A person having a single gene for a genetic trait or disorder like CF
electroneuromyography	Testing and recording neuromuscular activity by electrical stimulation of the nerves
sterile	unable to reproduce sexually; to be free of living microorganisms
hcv	Hepatitis C virus is also referred to as nonA-nonB hepatitis and is the most common form of blood transfusion-acquired hepatitis.
inflammation	The swelling of body tissues due to irritation or injury
retrovirus	HIV and other viruses that carry their genetic material in the form of RNA and that have the enzyme reverse transcriptase
vaccine-derived poliovirus	Vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV)
risk	In a clinical trial, the probability of discomfort or harm to participants in a clinical trial.
magnetic resonance imaging	An imaging procedure that produces a clear three-dimensional picture.
dna polymerase	An enzyme that synthesizes a daughter strand(s) of DNA (under direction from a DNA template)
helsinki declaration	See: Declaration of Helsinki.
transdermal	Medication that is put on the skin and is absorbed through the skin into the bloodstream
hyperopia	A pathological condition of refraction in which the eyeball is too short for the refractive power of the lens and images focus behind the retina, syn
ganglion	A mass of nervous tissue, composed principally of nerve-cell bodies, usually lying outside the central nervous system.
ob	Optimized Background
grant application package	Go to these resources:
antigen	Any substance that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies
cones	Visual receptors in the retina specialized for photopic and color vision.
interventional pain management	Blocking of the body's production and/or transmission of pain signals to the brain by use of a neurological procedure, nerve block spinal cord stimulation, implantation of a drug delivery system or injection of an anesthetic.
myofibril	A muscle fibril; one of the slender threads in a muscle composed of numerous myofilaments.
emancipated minor	A legal status conferred upon persons who have not yet attained the age of legal competency as defined by state law (for such purposes as consenting to medical care), but who are entitled to treatment as if they had by virtue of assuming adult responsibilities such as being self-supporting and not living at home, marriage, or procreation
vertigo	A sensation as if the world were revolving around the person or the person is revolving in space.
promoter region	A location on DNA to which RNA polymerase will bind and initiate transcription of the associated gene(s).
false negative	When a test wrongly shows an effect or condition to be absent (e.g., that a woman is not pregnant when, in fact, she is).
amino acid sequence	The unique order of the "building blocks" (amino acids) that make up each protein.
dmc	Data Monitoring Committee See: Data Safety Monitoring Board
safety profile	A summary of clinical data that explains the possible side effects of a certain drug or treatment.
pest	any organism that damages plants or plant products
who	World Health Organization
organism	A form of life, such as a plant, animal, bacterium (single bacteria) or fungus.
postamendments devices	Medical devices marketed after enactment of the 1976 Medical Device Amendments.
feedback inhibition	A situation in which the output of a neuron (or set of neurons) is used to inhibit (perhaps through an interneuron) further inputs to the neuron (or set of neurons).
cbpr	See: community-based participatory research
polyunsaturated fatty acids	Fatty acids with more than one double bond
phase iib study	Well-controlled trials to evaluate efficacy (and safety) in subjects with the disease or condition to be treated, diagnosed, or prevented
multicenter trial	See Multicenter Study
aromatase	enzyme (e.g., CYP19) that converts testosterone to estradiol.
germination	In bacteria or fungi, the process by which a spore gives rise to a vegetative cell or hypha.
infection focus	initial site of infection, generally with reference to a population of plants
facultative anaerobe	Refers to an organism that normally grows aerobically but can grow anaerobically.
etiolation	A phenomenon exhibited by plants grown in the dark: etiolated plants are pale yellow and have long internodes and small leaves.
recombinant dna	Genetic material that has been altered and recombined in the laboratory by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together specific DNA fragments
free t4	The amount of T4 in the bloodstream that is not bound to carrier proteins.
rehabilitation	Treatment plan, often exercise based, used to help you regain function or relieve pain caused by an illness or injury.
habitat	a place with a particular kind of environment suitable for the growth of an organism
immunoassay	a detection method based on antibodies specifically selected to react with the substance to be detected (the antigen)
risk-potential benefit profile	An evaluation of the risks and potential benefits that have occurred during the course of the study.
phi	See: Protected Health Information
internist	A medical doctor who focuses on the prevention and treatment of adult diseases
deferral	The decision (vote) by an IRB that the IRB is unable to approve the research because it cannot make the determinations required for approval
anesthesia	The lack of tactile sensation.
serotype	A subdivision of virus strains distinguished by protein or a protein component that determines its antigenic specificity.
diagnosis	The determination of the presence of a specific disease or infection, usually accomplished by evaluating clinical symptoms and laboratory tests.
thymine	(= 2, 6-di-hydroxy, 5-methylpyrimidine; 5-methyluracil)
compartmentalization	In trees: the processes that result in isolation of wounded or diseased xylem from normal xylem by the formation of chemically and anatomically specialized tissue around the damaged zone.
horner's syndrome	Sinking in of the eyeball, ptosis of the upper eyelid, constriction of the pupil, anhidrosis and flushing of the affected side of the face caused by paralysis of the cervical sympathetic nerves.
institutional review board	A specially constituted review body established or designated by an entity to protect the welfare of human subjects recruited to participate in biomedical or behavioral research [45 CFR 46.102(g); 45 CFR 46.108; 45 CFR 46.109].
haustorium	A specialized branch of a hypha formed inside a host cell by certain plant-parasitic fungi (especially obligate parasites) in order to obtain nutrients.
placebo	An inactive agent given to a study subject instead of an active drug
conditional approval	IRB determination that the applicable criteria for IRB approval of an item have been met based on the assumption that specific conditions will be met by the researcher and subsequently verified.
foia	See Freedom of Information Act.
epithelioma	a malignant tumor of the epithelial tissue
polyneuritis	Inflammation of many nerves at once.
yoga	A philosophy and discipline applied to the development of mind, body and spirit
plasmolysis	The shrinking and separation of the cytoplasm from the cell wall due to exosmosis of water from the protoplast.
incompetence	Technically, a legal term meaning inability to manage one's own affairs
vein banding	symptom of virus disease in which regions along veins are darker green than tissue between veins
sacrum	The bottom portion of the spine that lies between the lumbar segment and the coccyx (tailbone).
risk-benefit ratio	The risk to individual participants versus the potential benefits
burden of disease	Burden of disease
controlled study	A study in which a new drug or treatment is tested against a treatment with known effects
randomized controlled trial	An experimental design in which individuals are assigned randomly to a treatment group or a control group and the outcomes are compared.
adipsia	Absence of drinking or abnormal avoidance of drinking.
myelin	A substance that sheathes nerve cells, acting as an electric insulator that facilitates the conduction of nerve impulses.
formulation	A prescribed recipe for making a drug.
basidium	A cell in which karyogamy and meiosis take place and which bears exogenous spores of sexual origin.
v1	Central (vascular) compartment
contract research organization	A person or an organization (commercial, academic or other) contracted by the sponsor to perform one or more of a sponsor's study-related duties and functions.
grant application	For electronic applications, the Facilities and Other Resources attachment is on the Research and Related Budget Other Project Information form
multi-center	More than one medical or research institution, such as a multi-center clinical study.
aromatization	process by which a compound forms aromatic ring (e.g., T to E2).
hypoventilation	Reduced breathing rhythm that fails to meet the body's gas exchange demands
plasma	The fluid part of a liquid (normally blood).
audiometry	The testing of the sense of hearing.
efficacy	Of a drug or treatment
protozoa	A group of one-celled animals
certified research coordinator	CRC with greater than two years experience and with certification earned by passing required program and exam.
markers	A substance in the body that, when present in large or abnormal amounts, suggests the presence of disease
termination of irb approval	An action initiated by the IRB or other officials of the organization to stop permanently some or all research procedures.
minimal risk	The UW applies the definition of minimal risk provided in federal regulations (45 CFR 46.102): The probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research are not greater in and of themselves than that ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests.
recruitment period	Time frame allowed to recruit for a clinical trial.
stabilizers	Stabilizers
unfused tetanic contraction	A tetanic contraction in which individual twitch contributions can still be seen.
dmf	Drug Master File is a document containing complete information on an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient or finished drug dosage form
controlled trial	A type of clinical trial in which observations made during the trial are compared to a standard (called the control)
research	For paper grant applications use the Planned Enrollment Report
research team	Investigator, subinvestigator and clinical research coordinator involved with study.
obligate	Restricted to a particular set of environmental conditions, without which an organism cannot survive
genus	A taxonomic rank above species and below family; the generic name of an organism is the first of the binomial
seroconversion	The development of antibodies to a particular antigen
equipoise	The state resulting from the presumed equality of the study treatments
emancipated minor	An emancipated minor is a child who is legally considered an adult
hypopolarization	A change in the membrane potential, usually away from the resting potential, toward the isoelectric point (i.e., zero voltage).
stem cells	Cells from which all blood cells derive
erythrocytes	Red blood cells whose major function is to carry oxygen to cells.
parallel track trial	A system of making experimental drugs available to individuals who are unable to participate in clinical trials.
hypothalamus	a part of the brain that regulates many basic body functions (e.g., temperature, appetite, reproduction).
assent	Agreement by an individual not competent to give legally valid informed consent (e.g., a child or cognitively impaired person) to participate in research.
shot hole	A symptom in which small, diseased fragments of leaves fall off, leaving small holes in their place.
weber fraction	The ratio of the just-noticeable-difference in stimulus strength to the standard stimulus strength.
parasite	An organism living in or on another living organism (host) from which it extracts nutrients.
open-label study	A study in which no blind is used, and all parties are aware of the drug and dose being administered and received
disseminated bcg infection	Disseminated BCG infection
weber's test	A hearing test using a tuning fork employed to distinguish conduction deafness from nerve deafness.
proteinuria	Excess protein in the urine.
inactivation	Closure of the voltage-gated ionic channels.
principal investigator	In it, the principal investigator describes how the scientific environment will contribute to the success of the project
field block injection	Used to relax tender muscles, reduce muscle pain and inflammation
new drug application	An application submitted by the manufacturer of a drug to the FDA for a license to market the drug for a specific indication
receptor	A molecule on the surface of a cell that serves as a recognition or binding site for antigens, antibodies or other cellular or immunological components
endometrial cavity	interstitial trophoblast See extravillous trophoblast.
rectum	In nematodes: Posterior gut of the female
phialide	end cell of a conidiophore with one or more open ends through which a basipetal succession of conidia develops
peer review	Review of a clinical trial by experts chosen by the study sponsor
intestine	Tube in the digestive system that connects the stomach to the anus
certificate of confidentiality	See: federal certificate of confidentiality
subtype	Also called a clade
control group	The standard against which an experimental treatment is evaluated
variable	An element or factor that the research is designed to study, either as an experimental intervention or a possible outcome (or factor affecting the outcome) of that intervention.
ethics advisory board	An interdisciplinary group that advises the Secretary, HHS, on general policy matters and on research proposals (or classes of proposals) that pose ethical problems.
regulate	The act of controlling or directing the rate, time, levels, in a body process.
enzymes	Proteins that help make and increase certain chemical processes in the body, like the breaking down of foods in digestion
descriptive study	Any study that is not truly experimental (e.g., quasi-experimental studies, correlational studies, record reviews, case histories, and observational studies).
incomplete miscarriage	imminent miscarriage An alternative term for inevitable miscarriage.
new drug application	A request from the manufacturer of a drug to the FDA for a license to market a new drug in the U.S
evoked potential	An electrical response of a group of neurons produced by a stimulus to a sensory receptor or neural pathway.
evidence-based	Evidence-based
single-blind study	A study in which one party, whether the investigator or participant, is unaware of what treatment is applied to the participant (also called single-masked study).
doctor of medicine	An academic degree for medical doctors and is the most common degree held by physicians and surgeons
neutralizing domain	A section of HIV (most commonly on the envelope protein gp120) that elicits antibodies with neutralizing activity.
radiation safety committee	At the University of Washington, the Radiation Safety Office is the operational arm of the University Radiation Safety Committee and is responsible for developing and carrying out a radiation safety program that ensures the safe use of ionizing radiation, and compliance with regulations
ddi	Dideoxyinosine (didanosine, Videx), a nucleoside analog drug that inhibits the replication of HIV
mucosal	A fluid made by mucous membranes and glands
tg test	A test that measures the level of thyroglobulin (Tg) in the blood
trophectoderm	Insler score See cervical score and monitoring.
reiki	Practice of transmitting healing energy through the hands, based on ancient techniques
axodendritic synapse	A synaptic junction in which an axon's bouton is the presynaptic element and a dendrite is the postsynaptic element.
x-ray	A type of high energy photon that provides a picture of bone to rule out bone damage and/or fracture
faca	See Federal Advisory Committee Act.
p value	Statistical data, such as data from human tests of a candidate drug, are often accompanied by a P value, which is the mathematical probability that the data are the result of random chance
chiropractic	Treatment based on the effect of spinal anatomy on the functioning of the body
placebo	1) a substance that has no chemically relevant effect on a test subject
idea program	See Institutional Development Award Program.
liver function tests	Refers to a group of blood tests used to evaluate the function of the liver
mpag	Mycophenolic Acid Glucuronide
cost-effective	Cost-effective
toxicity	capacity of a substance to interfere with the vital processes of an organism
expanded authorities	Go to the definition in 45 CFR Part 74 and these NIAID resources on the Grant Award and Management portal:
gene therapy	The treatment of genetic disease accomplished by altering the genetic structure of either somatic (nonreproductive) or germline (reproductive) cells.
cleared device	In the U
de-identified data	Information is de-identified if there is no reasonable basis to believe that the data can be linked to specific individuals
nomenclature	A system of names, or naming, as applied to the subjects or study in any art or science, especially in botany and zoology.
follicular cancer	A type of cancerous growth composed of thyroid follicular cells; also called follicular carcinoma
expiration	When continuing review of the research does not occur prior to the end of the approval period specified by the IRB, IRB approval expires automatically and all research activities must stop until the protocol is renewed.
neurogenic	Of nerve origin.
fda form 1572	A list of commitments and requirements by the FDA for each investigator performing drug/biologics studies
selenium	A sulfur family member essential in nutrition and found in whole grains and meats.
contract	Go to NIAID's Independent Government Cost Estimate SOP.
alt	Al anine aminotransferse
tid	thrice daily
laboratory	A workplace where diagnostic or other screening procedures are performed on blood or other potentially infectious materials.
baseline	The initial time point in a clinical trial, just before a participant starts to receive the experimental treatment being tested
multicenter trial/study	A clinical trial conducted according to a single Protocol but at more than one site, and, therefore, carried out by more than one investigator.
artery	A vessel carrying blood high in oxygen content away from the heart and to the farthest reaches of the body.
concept clearance	Only some concepts approved by the Council are published as initiatives, depending on their priority and the availability of funds.
ornithine	Reduces fatigue from heavy exercise.
taxon	A taxonomic group of any rank.
nih guide	Compare with broad agency announcement (BAA).
enzyme	Protein that increases chemical reaction in a living organism
pathogen	Pathogen
end bulb	A swelling of an axon near its termination; the presynaptic structure in most synapses, syn
recusal	An IRB member's absence from the IRB meeting due to a conflict of interest with respect to the item under consideration
ascus	A cell that is the site of meiosis and in which endogenous spores (usually meiospores but sometimes also ascoconidia) are formed
taproot	primary root that grows vertically downward and from which smaller lateral roots branch
epinasty	abnormal, downward curling of a leaf, leaf part, or stem
receptor potential	The nonpropagated change in membrane potential of a receptor that does not lead to action potentials in the receptor, but does generate them synaptically in another cell, cf., Generator potential.
host factors	The body's potent mechanisms for containing HIV, including immune system cells called CD8+ T cells, which may prove more effective than any antiretro-viral drug in controlling HIV infection
herniated disc	A disruption of the tissue that separates the vertebral bones of the spinal column.
impedance matching device	A mechanism that compensates for differences in sound transmission through different media; in the ear, through air and perilymph.
recombinant dna technology	The technique of isolating genes from one organism and purifying and reproducing them in another organism; sometimes called genetic engineering.
clinical trial	A carefully planned study that evaluates the benefits and risks of treatments and screening tests on humans
langerhans cells	Dendritic cells in the skin that pick up an antigen and transport it to the lymph nodes
autograft	Tissue or organ transferred from one part of the body to another within the same individual.
peronosporales	Specialized forms of the Oomycetes, including aquatic and terrestrial species; many species in this order are plant pathogens (damping-off fungi, downy mildews, and white rusts); unlike the true fungi, they lack chitin in their cell walls.
cmax	Maximum plasma concentration
recruitment	Act of enrolling people in a clinical trial.
emergency use	the use of an FDA-regulated test article on a human subject in a life-threatening situation in which no standard acceptable treatment is available, and in which there is not sufficient time to obtain IRB approval.
countersigned	Signing of a grant-related document by more than one official, e.g., a grantee or training grant director and an institutional business official.
diagnostic	Tests used to identify a disorder or disease in a living person.
hla	See Human Leukocyte Antigens.
control	A standard against which experimental observations may be evaluated
protectant	agent, usually a chemical, applied to a plant surface in advance of a pathogen to prevent infection
cd8+ t cells	White blood cells that kill cells infected with HIV or other viruses, or transformed by cancer
tumor:	abnormal swelling or localized outgrowth, often roughly spherical, produced by a plant as a result of attack by a fungus, bacterium, nematode, insect or other organism
act	Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (sections 201
far	See Federal Acquisition Regulation.
phytopathogenic	Of microorganisms: Capable of initiating disease in plants.
hypesthesia	Reduced cutaneous sensation.
sedimentation	The setting out of solids mixed into a liquid.
dominant hemisphere	The cerebral hemisphere that contains the speech centers.
brdpi	See Biomedical Research and Development Price Index.
nectary	a nectar-secreting gland in a flower
synaptic knob	A swelling of an axon near its termination; the presynaptic structure in most synapses, syn
homonymous hemianopsia	Hemianopsia involving either the left or right halves of the visual fields of both eyes.
clinical trial	A clinical trial is a research study that answers specific questions about a treatment
multicenter trial	A clinical trial conducted according to a single protocol but at more than one site, and therefore, carried out by more than one investigator.
absorb/absorption	The passage of substances into or across tissues, such as the passage of food and water from the intestines into the bloodstream
subject/study subject	Participant in a study
off label	The unapproved use or prescription of a drug for a purpose or condition other than that approved of by the FDA.
masked symptoms	Virus-induced plant symptoms that are absent under some environmental conditions but appear when the host is exposed to certain conditions of light and temperature.
end-plate potential	The hypopolarizing postsynaptic potential in the striated muscle that leads to the muscle spike.
impaired glucose tolerance	A fasting blood sugar of 100 to 125 mg/dL and /or a blood sugar of 140 to 199 mg/dL 2 hours after an oral glucose load during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
computed tomography scan	Diagnostic procedure, using X-ray technology and a computer, that may be used to help diagnose the source of your pain.
inherited	Traits or conditions, like eye color or CF, that are genetically passed from parents to their children (see GENE and GENETIC).
paraphysis	Sterile, elongated cell that may occur in the hymenium, intermixed with asci or basidia, elongating apically and having a free apex
respect for persons	As discussed in the Belmont Report the principle that individual autonomy be respected and that persons with diminished autonomy be protected
flower-spray endings	The termination of group II afferent fibers on the nuclear chain fibers of muscle spindles, syn
agglutination	The formation of insoluble aggregates following the combination of antibodies with cells or other particulate antigens or with soluble antigens bound to cells or other particles or following the combination of soluble (or particulate) antigens with cell-bound or particle-bound antibodies.
pharmacology	The medical science that deals with the discovery, composition, identification, biological/physiological effects, uses and manufacture of drugs.
heterothallism	The phenomenon in which sexual reproduction requires the involvement of two different thalli.
tmax	Time to maximum plasma concentration
thyroid remnant	Some part of the original thyroid gland remaining after thyroidectomy surgery.
tracheostomy	Surgical creation of an opening into the trachea, usually for insertion of a breathing tube
cortical bone	The dense outer surface of bone that forms a protective layer around the marrow cavity.
cep	Certificate of Suitability of the Monograph of the European Pharmacopoeia, a certification procedure with the purpose of providing proof that the quality of the substances used in human and veterinary medicines are suitably controlled by the relevant monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia.
subjects	See: Human Subjects.
pancytopenia	Deficiency of all cell elements of the blood.
membrane potential	The electrical potential that exists across the cell membrane as a result of inhomogeneous ion distributions.
serious adverse event	A serious adverse event includes the following medical outcomes after a product's use: death, life-threatening, requires inpatient or prolongation of existing hospitalization, persistent or significant disability or incapacity, congenital anomaly/birth defect or requires intervention to prevent permanent impairment or damage.
controlled trials	Clinical trials that incorporate a control group
non-compliance	"Failure to follow the regulations or the requirements and determinations of the IRB."
disinfectant	A physical or chemical agent that frees a plant, organ, or tissue from infection.
virus	a submicroscopic, intracellular, obligate parasite consisting of a core of infectious nucleic acid (either RNA or DNA) usually surrounded by a protein coat
prostate	A male gland surrounding the bladder neck and urethra; it contributes to the semen.
pd	Pharmacodynamics
phagocytosis	The process of ingesting and destroying a virus or other foreign matter by phagocyte
active treatment	In a clinical trial, treatment that is intended to reduce or eliminate the disease in a patient.
postrotatory nystagmus	Nystagmus in the direction opposite to that of and due to a previous rotation, e.g., in a Barany chair.
gmp	Good Manufacturing Practice
multi-site trial	Research study conducted in more than one institution
viviparous	Bearing living young.
minimal medium	A type of culture medium lacking specific growth factors; it does not support the growth of some or all auxotrophic strains of a given organism but permits the growth of prototrophic strains.
mumps	Mumps
cardiac muscle	Striated muscle found in the heart.
pneumonitis	Inflammatory condition of the lungs that is independent of a particular cause
hypha	Filamentous part of a fungus, usually septate and consisting of several cells in linear succession
sympathectomy	The transection, resection or other interruption of transmission in some portion of the peripheral sympathetic pathways.
relaxation	State of deep rest in which the metabolism slows, less oxygen is needed, heart and respiration rates drop, blood pressure drops, and brain waves slow
aucinf	Area under the Curve time infinity
ide	See investigational device exemption.
itt	Intention To Treat
tonotopic representation	A distribution of sensitivity in auditory structures such that the range of audible tones is represented in sequence across the structure.
nyctalopia	Congenital night-blindness caused by a lack of rod functioning in the retina.
southern blotting	Procedure for transferring denatured DNA from an agarose gel to a nitrocellulose filter where it can be hybridized with a complementary nucleic acid.
status	See Recruitment Status.
pivotal study	A controlled, randomized study conducted to good clinical practices and subjected to intense monitoring to ensure its validity in order to provide critical information to authorities about the efficacy and safety of a new drug.
smooth muscle	Muscle of the linings of internal organs and blood vessels that lacks cross-striations and is caused to contract by autonomic discharges.
unexpected adverse drug reaction	A reaction that is not consistent in nature or severity with study application.
investigator’s brochure	A compilation of the clinical and nonclinical data on the investigational product(s) that is relevant to the study of the investigational product(s) in human subjects
certain agreements	As required by Section 801 of the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act, in general, a description of any agreement between the sponsor of a clinical study and the principal investigator (PI) that does not allow the PI to discuss the results of the study or to publish the study results in a scientific or academic journal after the trial is completed
rehabilitation	Treatment plan used to help regain function or relieve pain caused by illness or injury
western blot	A laboratory test for the presence of specific antibodies, more accurate than the ELISA test
placebo	An inactive pill, liquid, or powder that has no treatment value.
non-compliance	A situation, event, or process in human subjects research that is inconsistent with (1) the ethical principles of human subjects research as described in the Belmont Report; (2) federal, state, and/or local regulations applying to the research; (3) UW policies and procedures governing human subjects research; or (4) the research activities as approved by the UW IRB
ferpa	See: Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
codon	A particular sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA coding for an amino acid.
dependent variables	The outcomes that are measured in an experiment
experimental study	A true experimental study is one in which subjects are randomly assigned to groups that experience carefully controlled interventions manipulated by the experimenter according to a strict logic allowing causal inference about the effects of the interventions under investigation
ich	International Conference on the Harmonization of Technical Requirements for registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
pi	See: Principal Investigator
contraindication	A specific situation that will cause the administration of a treatment to be harmful to a person.
cross-projection	The head of the myosin molecule projecting at right angles past the thin filaments; according to the electrostatic theory, the site of charge separation resulting in an electric field.
genetic	relating to heredity; referring to heritable characteristics
letter of indemnification	A legal document indicating protection or exemption from liability
asthma	Condition characterized by widespread narrowing of the bronchioles and formation of mucus plugs
hyperplasia	abnormal increase in the number of cells, often resulting in the formation of galls or tumors
microbicide	An agent (e.g., a chemical or antibiotic) that destroys microbes
hhsar	Go to HHS Acquisition Regulations and FAR.
placebo-controlled study	A trial in which controls receive a sham treatment with no real effect.
sae	see Serious Adverse Event
peronosporales	Specialized forms of the
human subject	A healthy individual or patient who becomes a participant in a research study.
epidermis	The superficial layer of cells occurring on all plant parts.
saprobe	An organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter (commonly dead and decaying plant or animal matter) by absorbing soluble organic compounds
stylet	stiff, slender, hollow feeding organ of plant-parasitic nematodes or sap-sucking insects, such as aphids or leafhoppers
resistant:	ability of a plant to prevent or impede disease development (see susceptible)
t cell	White blood cell critical to the immune response
transcriptional activation	The process by which the two DNA strands separate in order to allow replication
statoconium	Calcium carbonate crystal found in the otolith organs of vertebrates, syn
hypophysectomy	Surgical removal or other destruction of the pituitary.
gastrointestinal	Body system including stomach and large and small intestines
institutional review board	An independent group of professionals designated to review and approve the clinical protocol, informed consent forms, study advertisements, and patient brochures, to ensure that the study is safe and effective for human participation
false positive	When a test wrongly shows an effect or condition to be present (e.g
capsid	The protein shell that surrounds the virus nucleic acid.
joint	Fibrous connective tissue or cartilage where two bones are attached
stage of disease	The extent or severity of disease as designated by numerals or letters
axon	The straight, relatively unbranched process of a nerve cell or the efferent process of a nerve cell, syn
intent to treat	Analysis of clinical trial results that includes all data from participants in the groups to which they were randomized even if they never received the treatment.
pituitary gland	1) located at the base of the brain
reiki	Complementary medicine technique that uses gentle pressure from the hands to encourage “healing energy,” and is often used to treat both acute and chronic pain.
pharmacology	The science of drugs, including their composition, uses, and effects.
statistical significance	Indicates if a result was probably not by chance
organizational effect	permanent effect of hormone in developing organism that determines the cellular response to hormones after development (as opposed to activational effect).
antiretroviral agents	Substances used against retroviruses such as HIV
trichomonas sp.	Water-borne flagellated protozoa which can cause urinary tract infections and vaginitis.
nasopharyngeal	The cavity including the nose and throat.
vascular cylinder:	the cylinder of vascular tissue in stems or roots
review	refers to the evaluation of a proposal by the Institutional Review Board consistent with the policies established by appropriate federal agencies and the Belmont Report
pasteurization	to free a material, usually a liquid, of selected harmful microorganisms using heat
opioid	Medication class often prescribed to manage pain; drugs include codeine, morphine, fentanyl, and methadone.
greater than minimal risk	The probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research are greater than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests
genetic code	the system of triplet codons composed of nucleotides of DNA or RNA that determine the amino acid sequence of a protein
monopolar	Having a single pole; with respect to electrophysiology: stimulating or recording through one active electrode and one indifferent (or reference) electrode, cf
logarithmic function or relation	The relationship between two variables such that equal percentage changes in one result in equal changes in the other; an equation of the form y = a log x + b.
initial peer review	Go to NIAID's Contracts portal and the Negotiation, Source Selection, and Award SOP.
n-acetyl cysteine	Is able to break the disulfide bonds in mucous and useful in coughs and cystic fibrosis. Reduces symptoms of schizophrenia and bi-polar disorder. Is a precursor to glutathione.
salivary	Related to the saliva or fluid in the mouth.
germ theory	the theory that infectious or contagious diseases are caused by microorganisms (germs)
case-control study	A study comparing persons with a given condition or disease (the cases) and persons without the condition or disease (the controls) with respect to antecedent factors
new drug application	The compilation of all non-clinical, clinical, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and stability information required about a drug by the FDA in order to approve the drug for marketing in the U.S.
clinical	Pertaining to or founded on observation and treatment of human participants or patients, as distinguished from theoretical or basic science.
generalizability of results	The extent to which clinical trial results apply to individuals being treated outside the trial
smpr	Skeletal Morbidity Period Rate
polymerase chain reaction	A laboratory technique for quickly fusing large amounts of DNA together from a single DNA segment.
control group	The standard by which experimental observations are evaluated
blind trial	A clinical trial in which participants are unaware whether they are taking the experimental drug, placebo or standard treatment
lsm	Least Squares Mean
open-label study	A study in which all parties, (patient, physician and study coordinator) are informed of the drug and dose being administered
sexual differentiation	the process by which a developing individual assumes the characteristics of either a male or a female.
contraindicated	Disadvantageous, perhaps dangerous; a treatment that should not be used in certain individuals or conditions due to risks (e.g., a drug may be contraindicated for pregnant women and persons with high blood pressure).
fwa	See Federalwide Assurance.
symbiotic	The relationship between plants or animals where dissimilar species live together with each assisting the other
panax ginseng	An herb generally produced in Asia with stimulant activity
nda	New Drug Application, the application to approve a drug in the US.
clinical investigator	A medical researcher in charge of carrying out a clinical trial's protocol.
pineal gland	A small gland with the main function of producing melatonin.
person months	Also see scientific overlap, budgetary overlap, and commitment overlap.
aphasia	Impairment of communication by language in any form; expressive aphasia - inability to speak or write; receptive aphasia - inability to understand spoken or written language.
monocot	plant with one cotyledon, such as grasses, grain crops, corn (see dicot)
preganglionic fiber	Nerve fiber originating in the central nervous system and running to an autonomic ganglion.
hematocrit	A laboratory measurement that determines the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood.
electroencephalogram	Recording from the scalp of the changes in electrical potential in the brain, primarily in the cerebral cortex, abbr
clinical	Related to the study and treatment of people in a medical setting or clinic.
stereopsis	Depth perception.
cytokinins	Phytohormones that stimulate metabolism and cell division.
contralateral	On the opposite side.
experimental drug	A drug that is not FDA licensed for use in humans, or as a treatment for a particular condition.
emmetropia	The normal condition of the eye with respect to refraction.
in vitro	A Latin term meaning "in glass." Initial studies for drug effectiveness are first conducted in vitro or in a "test tube" environment.
pituitary	Relates to the pituitary gland which develops hormones which control other endocrine type glands.
ethics committee	An independent group of both medical and non-medical professionals who are responsible for verifying the integrity of a study and ensuring the safety, integrity, and human rights of the study participants.
akinesia	Absence of movement.
rac	See rDNA Advisory Committee (RAC).
controls/control subjects	Subjects who are not exposed to the research intervention, treatment or manipulation, or who are exposed but do not have the characteristics under investigation.
acropetal	Describes the development of structures (such as spores) in succession from the base towards the apex.
prophylactic	Protecting against an ailment or its spreading.
side effects	Any undesired actions or effects of the treatment
substrate	the substance on which an organism lives or from which it obtains nutrients; chemical substance acted upon, often by an enzyme
enteroceptor	A receptor that senses some aspect of the condition of the environment inside the body.
ethics committee	An independent group of both medical and non-medical professionals who are responsible for verifying the integrity of a study and ensuring the safety, integrity, and human rights of the study participants
dtap vaccine	DTaP vaccine
statistical significance	The probability that an event or change did or did not occur by chance.
cervical cancer	A neoplasm of the uterine cervix that can be detected in the early curable stage by the Papanicolaou (Pap) test
caloric test	A test of vestibular function involving the induction of nystagmus by putting warm or cold water in the external auditory meatus.
polymerase chain reaction	The selective amplification of DNA by repeated cycles of (a) heat denaturation of the DNA, (b) annealing of two oligonucleotide primers that flank the DNA segment to be amplified and (c) the extension of the annealed primers with the heat insensitive Tag DNA polymerase.
background noise	Adverse effects which are unrelated to the use of the product are sometimes referred to as, "background noise," loosely defined as alternative causes, reasons, concomitant medical conditions/illnesses or other contributing factors unrelated to product use.
principal investigator	The scientist in charge of a research team conducting clinical trials.
proband	The person whose case serves as the stimulus for the study of other members of the family to identify the possible genetic factors involved in a given disease, condition, or characteristic.
decay	The gradual decomposition of dead organic matter.
single blind trial	A trial where either the investigator or participant is unaware of which treatment arm the participant is assigned to (see BLIND TRIAL, DOUBLE BLIND TRIAL and ARM).
double blind trial	A clinical trial in which neither the participants nor the staff knows which patients are receiving the experimental drug and which are receiving a placebo or standard therapy
inactivated polio vaccine	Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
crossover	A study design that has each patient in two or more treatments in a specified order.
pancreatic insufficiency	The failure to properly digest food due to a lack of digestive enzymes made by the pancreas.
experimental	Term often used to denote a therapy (drug, device, procedure) that is unproven or not yet scientifically validated with respect to safety and efficacy
multicenter trial	A clinical trial conducted at multiple sites using a common protocol.
efficacy	(Of a drug or treatment)
protons	A component of atoms with a positive charge equal to that of an electron.
bias	Partial judgment on issues relating to the subject of that point of view
hydathode	epidermal leaf structure specialized for secretion or exudation of water; leaf opening at terminus of vein
study type	The primary investigative techniques used in an observational protocol; types are Purpose, Duration, Selection, and Timing.
equitable	Fair or just; used in the context of selection of subjects to indicate that the benefits and burdens of research are fairly distributed [45 CFR 46.111(a)(3)].
injury	damage caused by transitory interaction with an agent such as an insect, chemical, or unfavorable environmental condition
presynaptic inhibition	Decrease in the probability of firing of a neuron due to decrease in transmission to it that results from hypopolarization of afferent terminals on it.
neotype	A specimen selected as the type subsequent to the original description in cases in which the primary types are definitely known to have been destroyed.
overwinter	to survive or persist through the winter period
binding	The process through which one or more parties to a clinical trial are unaware of the treatment assignments
off-label use	The clinical use of an FDA-approved drug, device or biologic for a purpose or population that has not been approved by the FDA, or in a route or dose that has not be approved by the FDA
dysesthesia	Unpleasant spontaneous or evoked abnormal sensation in people with neuropathic pain; distinct from pain in the classical sense
rhinitis	Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose.
past-pointing	An error in pointing to a target in the direction of a previous rotation, e.g., in a Barany chair.
administration	(Route of Administration)
clinical	Pertaining to or founded on observation and treatment of participants, as distinguished from theoretical or basic science.
nsaid	Non-steroid, anti-inflammatory drugs to treat inflammation.
rna blotting	A technique for transferring RNA from an agarose gel to a nitrocellulose filter on which it can be hybridized to a complementary DNA.
informed consent	see consent
mri	Magnetic resonance imaging
investigational device exemptions	Exemptions from certain regulations found in the Medical Device Amendments that allow shipment of unapproved devices for use in clinical investigations [21 CFR 812.20].
left-right confusion	Confusion of laterality.
amendment	Any change to an IRB-approved study protocol regardless of the level of review it receives initially.
somesthesia	Consciousness of the body and bodily sensations resulting from activity in enteroceptors and exteroceptors.
paresis	Weakness, partial paralysis; adjectival form: paretic.
micronutrient	an essential element needed by plants for growth and required in very small amounts (see macronutrient)
ancova	Analysis of covariance
maximal response	The largest electrical response obtainable from a nerve, tract or nucleus.
randomization	A process that reduces the likelihood of bias by assigning people to treatment groups by chance alone (randomly)
analgesic	A substance that causes a decrease in pain.
abstain	is when an IRB member does not vote on a protocol under review.
replicon	Any DNA sequence or molecule that possesses a replication origin and is therefore potentially capable of being replicated in a suitable cell.
sod	An enzyme composed of metal-containing proteins that converts superoxide radicals into less toxic agents.
rigidity	Stiffness of a limb due to increased tone in both flexors and extensors, cf., spasticity.
transgenic	possessing a gene from another species; used to describe the organisms that have been the subject of genetic engineering
myxamoeba	A naked cell capable of amoeboid movement; characteristic of the vegetative phase of myxomycetes and such Plasmodiophoromycetes as Plasmodiophora brassicae.
a band	Anisotropic or dark band in striated muscle; contains actin and myosin.
depression	Treatable illness that affects the mind, body, mood thoughts and perceptions
oxidant	A substance that oxidizes another substance.
withdrawal application	Investigator/sponsor letter to FDA or other regulatory body requesting application withdrawal when no additional work is envisioned.
detect	To discover the existence, presence, or fact of
waiver of hipaa authorization	A request for permission to access, obtain, use or disclose a research subject's Protected Health Information (PHI) for research purposes without obtaining the subject's specific authorization for that access, use, or disclosure
thyroiditis	Inflammation of the thyroid gland.
exteroceptor	A receptor that senses some aspect of the condition of the environment outside the body.
gel	A matrix of polyacrylamide, agarose or similar material in which the electrophoresis of molecules is carried out.
rheumatoid	Medical problems in the joints and connective tissue.
ddc	Dideoxycytidine (zalcitabine, HIVID), a nucleoside analog drug that inhibits the replication of HIV
efficacy	The ability of a drug to produce a desired effect
phytoestrogen	plant-made compound that mimics estrogen activity.
etiology	The study or theory of the factors that cause disease.
aitrc	See Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation Research Committee.
disease incidence	number or percentage of plants affected by a disease within a population
gim 10	Grants Information Memorandum (GIM 10) is the Significant Financial Interest Disclosure Policy at the University of Washington Office of Research, Office of Sponsored Programs
privacy	Control over the extent, timing, and circumstances of sharing oneself (physically, behaviorally, or intellectually) with others.
stridor	Stridor
minimal risk	The probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research are not greater in and of themselves than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests
nerve blocks	Injections of anesthetic (or numbing) substances into nerves in order to reduce pain.
porcine	Of or derived from pigs.
spc or smpc	Summary of Product Characteristics, a specific document required by EMA summarising the key characteristics of a drug for which a Community marketing authorisation has been granted.
typhoid	Typhoid (typhoid fever)
neurosurgeon	Surgeon who specializes in diseases and conditions of the central nervous system, and the nerves that branch out from the spine
over-the-counter	Medicine that is available without a visit to a medical professional and/or without a prescription.
mitt	Modified Intention To Treat
relapsing-progressive ms	Former name for progressive-relapsing MS.
investigational medical device	Go to 21 CFR 812.3 and full 21 CFR 812.
basipetal	Successive from apex to base.
fission	form of cell division in prokaryotes
pharmacology	The study of how drugs interact with living organisms, such as the characteristics, effects and uses of the medications.
all-or-nothing	Independence of action potential amplitude from stimulus strength; also refers to tendency of spikes to travel over the entire membrane of a cell, syn
e-biz poc	See e-business point of contact.
deception	Intentionally misleading or withholding information about the nature of an experiment.
randomization	The process of assigning trial subjects to treatment and control groups using the element of chance; random treatment assignments are performed to reduce bias.
protocol	A protocol is the study plan on which a clinical trial is based
non-significant risk device	An NSR device investigation is one that does not meet the definition for a significant risk study
oviparous	Producing eggs that hatch after expulsion from the body.
phase iv trials	Post-marketing studies to delineate additional information including the drug's risks, benefits, and optimal use.
clade	Also called subtype
consent	See: Informed Consent.
biologically based therapy	Therapy that includes natural and biologically based practices, interventions and products such as herbal supplements and special dietary guidelines
pneumonia	An inflammation of the lungs often caused by a bacterial or viral infection
anaerobic	Not requiring free, molecular oxygen for respiration.
single-blind study	A study in which one party, either the investigator or participant, is unaware of what medication the participant is taking; also called single-masked study.
crf	Case Report Form
iq/oq/pq	Installation Qualification, Operational Qualification, Performance Qualification, measurements required for the qualification of laboratory equipment.
budding	See Assembly and Budding.
pitch	The quality of a sound determined by the frequency of its waves.
endotracheal intubation	Insertion of a non-collapsible breathing tube into the trachea by way of the nose or mouth
aet	Cumulative urinary excretion from administration until time t
dementia	Loss of intellectual function.
spherical aberration	Formation of rings around images due to unequal refraction in the center and on the periphery of a lens.
twitch contraction	The all-or-none response of a muscle or muscle cell to a single brief stimulus.
arra	See American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.
ind	Investigational New Drug program is the means by which a pharmaceutical company obtains permission to ship an experimental drug across state lines in the US (usually to clinical investigators), being in practice the permission required for clinical investigations in the US.
heritability	a measure of the ability of a characteristic to be passed from one generation to the next
lateral inhibition	Refers to the inhibition of the discharge evoked by stimulation within a cell's excitatory receptive field that occurs when an area outside that receptive field is stimulated; alternatively inhibition of an element in a sensory system caused by activity in an adjacent element of the same type.
sme	Small & Medium Enterprises
facultative parasite	An organism that normally lives as a
children	Institutions must indicate IRB or IEC approval annually in a noncompeting grant application and when major changes in a protocol or other procedures occur
surveillance system	Surveillance system
bouton terminaux	A swelling of an axon near its termination; the presynaptic structure in most synapses, syn
human subject	means a living individual about whom an investigator (whether professional or student) conducting research obtains data through intervention or interaction with the individual, or identifiable private information
elimination	Elimination
slime mold	A member of a category of eukaryotic organisms that typically have some fungal-like attributes and some animal-like attributes.
gene expression	The process by which a gene's coded information is converted into the structures present and operating in the cell
suffering	informed consent An administrative and legal device by which approval to proceed based on known or predicted consequences is obtained and recorded from a patient or from a volunteer for medical research, and thus avoiding an accusation for what otherwise might be an assault
principal investigator	The person who is responsible for the scientific and technical direction of the entire clinical study (for example, for all sites of a multisite study).
parathyroid	A gland near the thyroid gland producing a hormone to regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
thyroid-stimulating hormone	A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce the thyroid hormones T4 and T3
cat scan	Computerised axial tomographic scan; an imaging procedure
toxicology	The study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people
oral	Taken by mouth.
confidentiality	Prevention of unauthorized disclosure of a sponsor’s proprietary information or of a subject’s identity and personal medical information.
conflict of interest	"For the purposes of human research a situation where an individual's personal or financial interest competes with that individual's obligation to protect the rights and welfare of subjects."
large linked databases	Large linked databases (LLDBs)
metabasidium	The cell in which meiosis occurs in members of the
biologicals	Biologicals
asthenia	Weakness, lack of strength.
prequalified vaccine	Prequalified vaccine
saturated fats	Solid fats with no double bonds. High intakes are considered heart risks.
applications	Depending on the funding opportunity announcement and use of a subaward, investigators may need to use the Research and Related Subaward Budget Attachment.
contract	They include the amortized annual costs associated with capital, installation, operations, maintenance, and disposal, discounted over the lifetime of a product.
rflp	Restriction fragment length polymorphism
neurosteroid	steroid produced in the brain.
investigational new drug	A drug, or biological product that is used in a clinical trial but has not been approved by the FDA (the drug is either not available for a doctor to prescribe or, is available, but not approved by the FDA for the use being studied).
antifolate	An agent that inhibits intracellular (i.e., inside cells) production of folinic acid
secondary muscle spindle receptor	The termination of group II afferent fibers on nuclear chain fibers of muscle spindles, syn
pharyngitis	Inflammation of the pharynx
dait	See Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation.
deuteranope	A person who lacks response to green light, "green color-blind."
hypha	Filamentous part of a fungus, usually septate and consisting of several cells in linear succession.
mutation	A stable, heritable change in the nucleotide sequence of a genetic nucleic acid (DNA, or RNA in viruses, viroids, etc) typically resulting in the generation of a new allele and a new phenotype.
adrenergic synapse	A junction between two cells that employs as its substance one of the catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine, and perhaps isoproterenol.
sponsor-imposed suspension	A determination from the sponsor of the study to place specific research activities on hold
phase ii study	Phase II studies are controlled studies conducted to test the safety and efficacy of a drug on a larger population of patients who are afflicted with the condition or disease the drug is targeting.
animals in research	IACUCs independently determine that an institution is meeting requirements and complying with regulations
nonsignificant risk device	An investigational medical device that does not present significant risk to the patient
tylosis	A balloon-like outgrowth from a xylem parenchyma cell that expands into and blocks the lumen of a xylem vessel or a tracheid
ml	millilitre
signal	Signal
autosomal recessive	A genetic trait or disorder that appears only when a person inherits a pair of chromosomes, each of which has the gene for the trait
confounding factor	Confounding factor
prostatic adenocarcinoma	cancer of the prostate gland
clr	Renal clearance
irradiation	Spread of the flexion reflex to involve additional muscle groups and additional movements with stronger stimulation.
asst	See assistant role for eRA Commons.
nsaid	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (i.e., counteracting inflammation) drug.
research team	In clinical trials, the group of healthcare professionals who conduct the trial; it typically includes a principal investigator and a clinical research coordinator.
placebo effect	A change that occurs after a person takes a placebo.
response	The change produced in an organism by a stimulus.
necrosis	Death of a body part, such as a tumor.
vaccine safety	Vaccine safety
assent	means a child's affirmative agreement to participate in research
ide	See: Investigational Device Exemptions.
sledai	Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Activity Index
serotonin antagonists	Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or serotonin agonists.
placebo controlled	A drug is studied by giving an inactive substance (a placebo) to one group of participants, while the drug being tested is given to another.
open-label trial	A clinical trial in which doctors and participants know which drug or vaccine is being administered.
chmp	Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (formerly known as Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products - CPMP), is the European Medicines Agency's committee responsible for elaborating the agency's opinions on all issues regarding medicinal products for human use.
non-viable fetus	An expelled or delivered fetus which, although it is living, cannot possibly survive to the point of sustaining life independently, even with the support of available medical therapy [45 CFR 46.203 (d) and (e)] (http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.html#46.203
agent of inoculation	That which transports inoculum from its source to or into the infection court (e.g., wind, splashing rain, insects, humans).
inclusion criteria	The standards as outlined in the protocol used to determine whether a person might be allowed to participate in a clinical trial
apraxia	Inability to carry out motor acts on command in the absence of paralysis.
interstitial segment	intrauterine adhesions Adhesions inside the endometrial cavity caused by prior infection (endometritis), especially if there has been a curettage during the period of infection, or if curettage is performed in conditions of low estrogen
plasmid	An extrachromosomal ring of DNA, especially of bacterial origin, that replicates autonomously.
drug	Any chemical compound that may be used on or administered to humans as an aid in the diagnosis, treatment, cure, mitigation, or prevention of disease or other abnormal conditions.
visibility curve	A plot of the threshold for vision against the wavelength of light in the stimulus.
tissue	A group of cells of a similar type and function.
saccharomyces cerevisiae	A strain of yeast found on the skin of many fruits and used in winemaking, brewing, and baking.
sciatic nerve	The largest nerve that runs from the back of the hip down the thigh to the calf in each leg
diopter	A measure of the strength of a lens, the reciprocal of the focal length of the lens expressed in meters.
phosphorylated	Reacting to bond to a phosphate group.
loa	Letter of Authorization, meaning a written statement by the holder or designated agent or representative permitting the FDA to refer to the information contained in a document (DMF, IND, etc.) in support of another person's document.
substitution	Recovery of function due to use of alternate movements.
randomized clinical trials	Randomized clinical trials
cor	See contracting officer's representative.
serious non-compliance	An action or omission taken by an Investigator that any other reasonable Investigator would have foreseen as compromising the rights and welfare of a participant.
taxonomy:	the science dealing with naming and classifying organisms
xylem	part of vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals up the plant and also serves as support tissue for the plant
neurotrophic effect	Interactions between nerve cells or between nerve cells and other types of cells in which the nerve fibers initiate or control molecular and/or functional modification in the other cells.
neuropathy	Any and all disease or malfunction of the nerves
applicant	Any person or company who submits an application or abbreviated application or an amendment or supplement to them to obtain FDA approval of a new drug or an antibiotic drug and any person who owns an approved application or abbreviated application.
compassionate use	A method of providing experimental drugs to very sick patients who have no other treatment options
sodium pump	Mechanism for extrusion of sodium and uptake of potassium by cells against the concentration gradients for these ions, syn
cytotoxic	An agent or process that is toxic to cells (i.e., it causes suppression of function or cell death).
interstitial	Relating to or situated in the small, narrow spaces between tissues or parts of an organ.
adverse event	Any unfavorable change that may affect a subject during or after a clinical trial; the change is not necessarily caused by the investigational product
chronic-progressive ms	Former "catch-all" term for progressive forms of MS, now categorized as two separate forms of disease
risk benefit ratio	Risk to individual subject vs
vicarious function	Recovery of function due to assumption of control by another neurological structure.
reinnervation	Refers to the reattachment of a nerve fiber to a muscle or another nerve fiber after the original connection has been severed.
eosinophil	A type of white blood cell, called granulocyte, that can digest microorganisms
allowable costs	For a legal description, see FAR 16.303.
virion	A mature infectious virus particle existing outside a cell.
anaphylactic shock	A life-threatening allergic reaction characterized by a swelling of body tissues (including the throat) and a sudden decline in blood pressure.
sf-2	A strain of HIV used in vaccine development.
translucent	so clear that light may pass through
plasma	That 10 percent of the blood that contains nutrients, electrolytes (dissolved salts), gases, albumin, clotting factors, wastes and hormones.
blind or blinded trial	A trial in which the participant is not informed as to what arm (experimental or control) of the clinical trial he or she is on.
antibiosis	An association between two organisms that is detrimental to the vital activities of one of them.
mycotoxin	poisonous compound produced by a fungus
spatial configuration	The shape of molecules
pathogen	An agent (biotic or abiotic) that causes plant disease.
comorbid	Disease or process that occurs simultaneously with another disease or process.
expanded programme on immunization	Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI)
safety reports	FDA or other regulatory body reports required by investigator for any serious and unexpected adverse experience.
tbw	Total Body Weight
maa	Marketing Authorisation Application
protoplasm	living contents of a cell
long-term non-progressors	Individuals who are HIV-infected for seven or more years, have stable CD4+ T cell counts of 600 or more cells per cubic millimeter of blood, no HIV-related diseases and no previous antiretroviral therapy
orphan drug	In Europe, orphan drug status is granted when the occurrence of the disease doesn’t exceed 5 patients per 10,000 inhabitants.
t1/2u	Urinary half-life
aids	See Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.
auc	Area Under the Curve
lymphocyte	A white blood cell
commensalism	Symbiosis in which neither organism is injured; one or neither may be benefited.
minor non-compliance	Non-compliance that is neither serious nor continuing.
de-identified information	De-identified health information neither identifies nor provides a reasonable basis to identify an individual
clinical research associate	A person who is employed by a sponsor or contract research organization to monitor the progress of the clinical study at all participating sites
randomization	A method based on chance by which study participants are assigned to different treatment groups.
radiculopathy	Disease caused by compression, inflammation, and/or injury to a spinal nerve root in the low back
lumbar vertebrae	The five vertebrae that make up your lower back
enroll	Joining a clinical trial, after meeting all necessary criteria and signing the Informed Consent Form (see INCLUSION/EXCLUSION CRITERIA and INFORMED CONSENT DOCUMENT).
benefit	A valued or desired outcome; an advantage.
quality of life	A person’s physical, mental, and social well-being
single-blind study	A study where one party, either the investigator or participant, is unaware of what medication the participant is taking.
polygenic	A character controlled by many genes.
focal length	The distance from the center of a lens to the point of focus of light from a distant object.
hepatocyte	A liver cell.
gamma camera	Stationary instrument that produces images of the thyroid gland after oral administration of radioactive materials.
propagule	any part of an organism capable of independent growth
control group	A control is the standard by which experimental observations are evaluated
cro	See: Clinical Research Organization
maximal stimulus	The stimulus strength that just yields the maximal response.
competence	Technically, a legal term, used to denote capacity to act on one's own behalf; the ability to understand information presented, to appreciate the consequences of acting (or not acting) on that information, and to make a choice
prospective studies	Studies designed to observe outcomes or events that occur subsequent to the identification of the group of subjects to be studied
placebo controlled study	A method of investigation of drugs in which an inactive substance (the placebo) is given to one group of participants, while the drug being tested is given to another group
preprandial	Before a meal.
transformation	A process in which exogenous DNA is taken up by a (recipient) cell or protoplast, in which it may be incorporated into the chromosome (or, e.g., into a plasmid) by homologous recombination or converted into an autonomous replicon
contract	An agreement; as used here, an agreement that a specific research activity will be performed at the request, and under the direction, of the agency providing the funds
phase 2 drug trial	Phase 2 trials include controlled clinical studies conducted to evaluate the drug's effectiveness for a particular indication in patients with the disease or condition under study, and to determine the common short-term side effects and risks associated with the drug
significant risk device	An investigational medical device that presents a potential for serious risk to the health, safety, or welfare of the subject.
tylosis	A balloon-like outgrowth from a xylem parenchyma cell that expands into and blocks the lumen of a xylem vessel or a tracheid.
phase 2 trials	Research that tests the effectiveness and safety of a new drug
nucleus	The center of an element made up of neutrons and protons.
heterokaryon	cell with genetically different nuclei
new drug application	Request for FDA approval to market a new drug.
tissue culture	in vitro method of propagating healthy cells from plant tissues
psychomotor epilepsy	Seizures characterized by stereotyped behavior often with emotional outbursts and partial responsiveness, syn
polar	at one end or pole of the cell
era	See Electronic Research Administration.
v2	Peripheral (extra-vascular) compartment
grant compliance review	Evaluation by a grants management specialist to assess an institution's business and financial management systems to ensure that grantees follow grant regulations and policies.
safety	The condition or state of being safe
screening trials	Refers to trials which test the best way to detect certain diseases or health conditions.
smallpox	Smallpox
vision	The act of seeing; sight; sensations induced through photoreceptors.
pharynx	The opening between the mouth and the esophagus (tube to the stomach).
multi-nodular goitre	A goitre in which the enlargement consists of multiple lumps.
golgi tendon organ	A receptor located at the muscle-tendon junction that signals developed tension in the muscle.
brighton collaboration	Brighton Collaboration
metabolism	The manner in which a drug is acted upon (taken up, converted to other substances, and excreted) by various organs of the body.
primary afferent fiber	The first order fibers of a sensory system; those entering the dorsal roots of the spinal cord.
fomite	An inanimate object that can harbor pathogenic microorganisms and thus serve as an agent of transmission of an infection.
peritrichous	Of bacterial flagella: Distributed more or less uniformly over the cell surface.
visual axis	A line perpendicular to a tangent to the cornea through the centers of the lens and the fovea.
alexia	Inability to read.
sponsor--investigator	An individual who both initiates and actually conducts, alone or with others, a clinical investigation
treatment group	The group of participants who receive an experimental treatment.
pi	Protease Inhibitor
p24	A protein in HIV's inner core
cartilage	Tissue that cushions bones at joints and other locations
standard of care	Treatment or medical management based on state-of-the-art health care (see STANDARD TREATMENT).
breakthrough pain	Pain that occurs suddenly or as a result of a particular activity.
saturation	Homogeneity or purity of wavelength of light.
hemophilia	An inherited disease that prevents the normal clotting of blood.
tremor at rest	An involuntary trembling which is suppressed or reduced when a movement is attempted.
peripheral sensitization	Reduction in threshold and an increase in responsiveness of the peripheral ends of nociceptors
motor end-plate	The specialized terminal of a motoneuron that forms a synaptic contact with the muscle membrane.
guttation	exudation of watery, sticky liquid from hydathodes, especially along leaf margins
valid	Of taxonomic names and epithets: Published in accordance with several articles of the Code of Nomenclature; such names may be legitimate or illegitimate.
antiviral	A substance or process that destroys a virus or suppresses its replication.
peer review	Evaluation of a research study by professional colleagues
recruitment status	Indicates the current stage of a trial, whether it is planned, ongoing, or completed
basidium	A cell in which karyogamy and meiosis take place and which bears exogenous spores of sexual origin
fda	Food and Drug Administration; an agency of the federal government established by Congress in 1912 and presently part of the Department of Health and Human Services.
gamete	sex cell
far point	The remotest point at which an object is clearly seen when the eye is at rest.
system	1) orderly, interconnected parts
duct	A tube or passageway for secretions
after-hypopolarization	A membrane potential more positive than the resting membrane potential that occurs following termination of the spike, syn
lead researcher	See: Principal Investigator
lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis	A form of pneumonia that involves the lower lobes (of the lungs) with extensive alveolar infiltration by mature lymphocytes, plasma cells and histiocytes
direct light reflex	Constriction of the pupil when light is shown into the same eye.
dna fingerprinting	A laboratory technique in which the banding patterns of DNA fragments from two different individuals are compared.
prototroph	A strain of microorganism whose nutritional requirements do not exceed those of the corresponding wild-type strain.
database	An organized compilation of information, usually maintained in a computer system.
platelets	Cells that are produced in the bone marrow
crada	See cooperative research and development agreement.
exudate	Material that has passed from within a plant structure to the outer surface or into the surrounding medium; as in leaf exudate, root exudate, etc.
protein carbonyl	The detection of protein=O groups which indicates oxidation damage to protein.
seed	ripened ovule consisting of an embryo and stored food enclosed by a seed coat
hormone response element	stretch of DNA that responds to an activated receptor complex.
cell-mediated immunity	Cell-mediated immunity
estrogen receptor beta	estrogen receptor that is the product of a separate gene from ER-alpha and distributed throughout the body with highest expression in prostate and ovaries.
exclusion criteria	Rules of eligibility that exclude an individual from participation in a study.
spontaneous reporting	Spontaneous reporting
recruitment period	Time allowed to recruit all subjects for a study.
physiological extensor muscle	Antigravity muscle.
quality improvement	Periodic examination of organizational activities, policies, procedures and performance to identify best practices and target areas in need of improvement; includes implementation of corrective actions or policy changes where needed.
pycnogenol	A pine bark extract with strong antioxidant properties
in vitro	Latin for “in glass.” Usually refers to research in a laboratory, outside the body.
thyroidectomy	Surgical removal of the thyroid gland.
amniocentesis	The surgical insertion of a hollow needle through the abdominal wall and into the uterus of a pregnant female to obtain amniotic fluid (i.e., the serous fluid in which the embryo is suspended) especially to examine the fetal chromosomes for an abnormality or for the determination of the sex of the embryo
seasonal breeder	an animal that produces offspring only during particular times of year.
activational effect	1) acute effect of hormone
lenticel	a natural opening in the surface of a stem or tuber, fruit or root for gas exchange
summary statement	NIAID can also bar an award for unacceptable inclusion of children, women, or minorities
mr vaccine	MR vaccine
blinding	A procedure in which one or more parties in a clinical trial are unaware of the treatment assignments in order to decrease biases and avoid the placebo effect
sulfa drug	Any of a class of synthetic chemical substances derived from sulfanilamide and used to treat bacterial infections
blinding	See MASKING (or Blinding).
clinical investigator	A medical researcher, most often a medical doctor, responsible for carrying out a clinical research protocol (see PROTOCOL and PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR).
all-or-none	Independence of action potential amplitude from stimulus strength; also refers to tendency of spikes to travel over the entire membrane of a cell, syn
on-off response	The discharge of a neuron initiated both when a stimulus is turned on and when it is turned off with silence in between.
spike	The all-or-none, conducted voltage response of a nerve or muscle membrane that is used to communicate information, syn
intention tremor	An involuntary trembling which is heightened when a movement is attempted.
translation	As related to HIV: The process by which HIV messenger RNA is processed in a cell's nucleus and transported to the cytoplasm, the cellular material outside the nucleus
syndrome	Set of signs and symptoms that tend to occur together and which reflect the presence of a disease or an increased chance of developing a disease
near point	The nearest point at which the eye can distinctly perceive an object.
hyperpolarizing after-potential	A membrane potential more negative than the resting membrane potential that occurs following termination of the spike, syn
photopic	Pertaining to vision in the light.
critical period	the limited time frame in which an important development or action must occur (e.g., sexual differentiation).
gwas	See genome-wide association study.
quality assurance	The procedures and control systems established to ensure a study adheres to good clinical practice (GCP) guidelines and to ensure the protection of the trial participants.
hyperalgesia	Excessive sensitivity to pain or enhanced intensity of pain sensation
consent	A patient's oral and written agreement to participate in a clinical trial
acupressure	Complementary medicine technique that uses pressure on certain points along the body to help with pain management.
structure-activity relationship	The analysis of the relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity
blq	Below Limit of Quantification
phase ii study	After the successful completion of phase I trials, a drug is then tested for safety and efficacy in a slightly larger population of individuals who are afflicted with the disease or condition for which the drug was developed.
mitosis	A sequence of cellular events that culminates in the division of a eukaryotic nucleus into two genetically similar or identical nuclei whose ploidy is the same as that of the parent nucleus
fibromyalgia	Characterized by chronic pain, stiffness, and tenderness of muscles, tendons, and joints all over the body without detectable inflammation
flaccidity	Weakness, laxness, softness.
temporal summation	Algebraic addition of generator potentials elicited by two stimuli applied at the same point in rapid succession.
adenine	(= 6-aminopurine)
double-blind trial	A clinical trial where neither the participant nor the investigator know which treatment the participant is receiving
convergent eye movements	Refers to rotation of the eyes toward each other.
off-response	The discharge of a neuron initiated when a stimulus is turned off.
oocyte	Female germ cell.
cder	Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; CDER is the department within FDA that regulates over-the-counter and prescription drugs, including certain biological therapeutics and generic drugs for human use.
anti-inflammatory agent	Medication to reduce inflammation or irritation of body tissue
systematics	the study of the kinds of organisms and the relationships between them
crozier formation	Process of ascus development from coiled tips of ascigerous hyphae.
time constant	The time over which the transmembrane voltage passively falls to 1/e of its initial value, abbr
compound optimization	The process whereby a promising candidate drug molecule is systematically changed to improve its properties
gamma motoneuron	A motoneuron whose axon is an Ag fiber, syn
red muscle	Dark-red colored muscle tissue, composed of fibers rich in myoglobin; slow muscle fibers.
acetylcholine	An acetic acid ester of choline, a transmitter substance at many peripheral nervous system synapses and perhaps some central synapses.
genome	The complete set of genes in the chromosomes of each cell of a particular organism
iavi	International AIDS Vaccine Initiative's mission is to ensure the development of preventive AIDS vaccines that are not only safe and effective, but also accessible to all people.
informational translation	Informational translations are used where the original document remains the reference document, but translations of all or part of it will assist other parties in the review of documents
antibiotic resistance	The ability of a bacterium to resist or overcome the effects of an antibiotic.
endocrine glands	Glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
dua	See: Data Use Agreements
signal	Sending information by active material or electrical impulse between body parts.
broncho-alveolar lavage	A diagnostic test where fluid is taken from the bronchioles and alveoli part of the lungs.
tetanus	Tetanus
validate	To confirm or make true
drug product	A finished dosage form (e.g
qlq-c30	Quality of Life Questionnaire-core 30
necrolysis	Shedding of surface components of tissue, such as cells from internal body surfaces, due to death of a portion of tissue.
epidemic	A change in the amount of disease in a population in time and space
symbiosis	A mutually beneficial association of two or more different kinds of organisms.
clinical pharmacology	The science of drugs and their clinical use in man.
toxicity	Degree of being poisonous to a living organism or person; ability to cause grave harm or death.
phospholipase	Enzymes which metabolize phospholipids such as lecithin.
avoidance	Principle of plant disease control marked by deliberate actions to take advantage of environmental factors and time unfavorable for disease development.
hyperthyroidism	An abnormality of the thyroid gland in which secretion of thyroid hormone is usually increased and no longer under normal control
amphid	In nematodes: A chemosensory organ, occurring laterally in pairs, located in the anterior region
proliferation	A rapid and repeated production of new cells, tissues, or organs; specifically, a hyperplastic symptom of plant disease in which organs continue to develop after they have reached the point beyond which they normally do not grow.
hertz	Cycles per sec, abbr
zygote	A diploid cell resulting from the union of two gametes; a diploid nucleus resulting from the union of two haploid nuclei.
adaxial	Directed toward the stem of a plant; pertaining to the upper surface of a leaf.
negative feedback loop	A circuit in which part of the output is used to reduce the input to the circuit.
incapacity	Refers to a person's mental status and means inability to understand information presented, to appreciate the consequences of acting (or not acting) on that information, and to make a choice
efficacy	A product's ability to produce beneficial effects on the duration or course of a disease
somaclonal variation	Variability in clones generated from a single mother plant, leaf, etc
rna	See Ribonucleic Acid.
short form consent process	This is an alternative method of obtaining and documenting consent, when a researcher occasionally and unexpectedly encounters a non-English-speaking subject in a study for which no consent form in the subject's language has been prepared and there is insufficient time and opportunity to obtain an appropriate written translation of the IRB-approved English version consent form
poms index	A measurement of mood state based on numerous adjectives.
radioactive iodine	Radioactive isotopes of iodine (131I or 123I) used in the diagnosis and treatment of some thyroid disorders
impd	Investigational Medicinal Product Dossier is the basic document or set of documents required for the approval of clinical trials by the competent authorities in the EU.
device	An instrument, apparatus, machine, implement or similar article designed for use in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention or cure of a disease or condition.
medulla	Central part of an organ.
satellite virus	A defective virus requiring a helper virus to provide functions necessary for replication
informed consent	Go to 45 CFR 46.116 general requirements for informed consent and 21 CFR 50.20.
translocation	Transfer of nutrients or virus through the plant.
adrenaline	Adrenaline
pk	Pharmacokinetic
pregnancy	The period of time from confirmation of implantation of a fertilized egg within the uterus until the fetus has entirely left the uterus (i.e., has been delivered)
ahcpr	See Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.
clinical study	A research study using human subjects to evaluate the effect of interventions or exposures on biomedical or health-related outcomes
hybrid	The offspring of two individuals differing in one or more heritable characteristics.
spike and dome complex	An EEG phenomenon: consisting of a rapid (15-18 msec) deflection with a return to baseline, followed by a much slower wave; a characteristic pattern, repeated frequently in epileptic cortex.
intercrop	to grow two or more crops simultaneously on the same area of land
visual field	The total extent of the visual world seen by one eye at rest.
naturopathy	Treatment that avoids drugs and surgery and uses natural agents.
cost sharing	See matching or cost sharing.
outcome measure	A planned measurement described in the protocol that is used to determine the effect of interventions on participants in a clinical trial
consultant	An individual whose expertise is required by the Principal Investigator to perform the research (A consultant may be a paid or unpaid contributor).
habitat	A place with a particular kind of environment suitable for the growth of an organism.
withdrawal application	Investigator/sponsor letter to FDA requesting application withdrawal when no additional work is envisioned.
paraphysis	Sterile, elongated cell that may occur in the
protocol	A study plan on which all clinical trials are based
plasmodium	A multinucleated, usually naked (i.e., bounded only by a plasma membrane) mass of protoplasm that is usually motile and variable in size and form
dsmp	See: Data Safety Monitoring Plan
homonymous muscle	The muscle of origin of the nerve fibers being considered.
plasmodium	A multinucleated, usually naked (i.e., bounded only by a plasma membrane) mass of protoplasm that is usually motile and variable in size and form.
pre-clinical trials	Animal studies that provide safety data and information about an investigational product’s activities and effects
meditation	Mental calmness and physical relaxation by suspending the stream of thoughts that normally occupy the mind
sweat test	A test to diagnose CF
parasexual cycle	A sequence involving heterokaryon formation, diploidization, and haploidization, often resulting in the formation of recombinant nuclei
cc	NIH Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center
btsh	Bovine (cow) thyroid-stimulating hormone.
bitemporal hemianopsia	Hemianopsia or loss of vision involving the temporal visual fields of both eyes.
nodal synapse	The junction between any part of a nerve cell and a node of Ranvier of a nerve fiber.
controlled study	Controlled study
endodermis	layer of cells within the root that separates the vascular tissue and the cortex
reflex	A relatively stereotyped movement or response elicited by a stimulus applied to the periphery, transmitted to the central nervous system and then transmitted back out to the periphery.
cmin	Minimum plasma concentration
progressive-relapsing ms	Form of MS characterized by progressive disease from onset, with acute relapses, with or without full recovery
coercion	The act or practice of coercing
heterodimer	a structure consisting of unlike subunits.
myosin	The protein of the thick myofilament, localized to the A band of the sarcomere.
rickettsiae	Microorganisms similar to bacteria in most respects but generally capable of multiplying only inside living host cells; parasitic or symbiotic.
trigger	Something that sets off a disease in people who are genetically predisposed to developing the disease or causes a certain symptom to occur in a person who has a disease.
anesthesia	Loss of feeling or awareness
certification	means the official notification by the institution to the supporting department or agency, in accordance with the requirements of this policy, that a research project or activity involving human subjects has been reviewed and approved by an IRB in accordance with an approved assurance.
expectorant	A drug that breaks up mucus and promotes the coughing reflex in order to expel the mucus
pi/pil	Package Insert or Patient Information Leaflets are documents containing specific information about medical conditions, doses, side effects that are packed with medicines to give the user information about the product
pharmacology	The scientific discipline that studies the action of drugs on living systems (animals or human beings).
subject identification code	A unique identifier assigned by the investigator to each trial subject to protect the subject's identity and used in lieu of the subject's name when the investigator reports adverse events and/or other trial-related data.
form genus	A non-phylogenetic category, equivalent to genus, distinguished on the basis of one or more morphological features
phase iii study	The third and last pre-approval round of testing of a drug is conducted on large populations of afflicted patients
follow-up length servo mechanism	A process by which movements can be initiated indirectly by inputs to motoneurons rather than motoneurons.
hcv	Hepatitis C Virus
dendritic cells	Immune system cells with long, tentacle-like branches
head	in plants, a type of inflorescence in which numerous small flowers are densely crowded on a disk or around a central stalk
nontherapeutic research	Research that has no likelihood or intent of producing a diagnostic, preventive, or therapeutic benefit to the current subjects, although it may benefit subjects with a similar condition in the future.
far-sightedness	A pathological condition of refraction in which the eyeball is too short for the refractive power of the lens and images come to a focus behind the retina, syn
benefit	A valued, favorable, or desired outcome.
head	In nematodes: That portion anterior to the base of the stoma or stylet.
aspergillus sp.	A family of fungi found worldwide that can opportunistically cause a disease of the respiratory tract called aspergillosis
fungicide:	chemical or physical agent that kills or inhibits the growth of fungi
therapeutic intent	The research physician's intent to provide some benefit to improving a subject's condition (e.g., prolongation of life, shrinkage of tumor, or improved quality of life, even though cure or dramatic improvement cannot necessarily be effected.) This term is sometimes associated with Phase 1 drug studies in which potentially toxic drugs are given to an individual with the hope of inducing some improvement in the patient's condition as well as assessing the safety and pharmacology of a drug.
general anesthesia	The induction of a state of unconsciousness during a medical procedure through the administration of anesthetic drugs.
competitive segment	Period of grant support, usually up to five years, before an applicant must recompete for funds
closeout	See contract closeout or grant closeout.
multi-unit smooth muscle	Smooth muscle containing few tight junctions, but richly innervated; responds as individual motor units, not as a single unit.
contracts	Often used interchangeably with activity code.
declaration of helsinki	A statement of ethical principles developed by the 18th World Medical Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, June 1964, to provide guidance to physicians who practice biomedical research involving human subjects
lamina	expanded part of a leaf (see petiole)
limited data sets	Protected Health Information (PHI) that excludes specific individual identifiers as described in HIPAA regulations
withdrawal symptoms	Abnormal physical or psychological symptoms that occur after sudden drug withdrawal
trigeminal nerve	The largest cranial nerves
risk	The probability of harm or injury (physical, psychological, social, or economic) occurring as a result of participation in a research study
monitor	Person employed by the sponsor or CRO who verifies that a clinical study is being conducted in accordance with the protocol by assisting with the planning and initiation of a study and reviewing reports to assess the conduct of studies, among other duties
cmvr	Cytomegalovirus retinitis
transduction	the transfer of genes from one organism to another by viruses, especially in bacteria
vaccine effectiveness	Vaccine effectiveness
open label	Describes a clinical trial in which masking is not used
experimental	Investigational, unproven.
declaration of helsinki	A code of ethics for clinical research first approved by the World Medical Association in 1964
efficacy	The ability of a drug, test or treatment to relieve symptoms, detect or eliminate the disease.
thyroglobulin	A large protein that acts as a storage site for thyroid hormones within the thyroid gland
phagocyte	A cell that is able to ingest and destroy foreign matter, including bacteria.
fetus	The product of conception from the time of implantation until delivery
platelet	An irregularly shaped cell-like particle that is an important part of blood clotting.
liposomes	A spherical particle in an aqueous (watery) medium (e.g., inside a cell) formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment
drug sponsor	Person or entity responsible for marketing a new drug
delta rhythms	EEG records characterized by high voltage waves occurring at less than 4/sec.
empirical	Based on observation or experience, not experimental data.
immunization	Immunization
bronchospasm	A narrowing of the airway caused by contraction of smooth muscles in the bronchioles
thyroid gland	A two-lobed gland lying at the base of the throat that produces hormones essential for a variety of metabolic processes in the body
phase iiib study	Clinical trials conducted after regulatory submission of an NDA or other dossier, but prior to the medicine's approval and launch
hud	See: humanitarian use device
investigational device exemption	Exemption from FD & C Act to study investigational medical devices.
hydrating	Add moisture.
peroxide	An unstable compound with two oxygen atoms linked together.
placebo controlled study	A method of investigation of drugs in which an inactive substance (the placebo) is given to one group of patients, while the drug being tested is given to another group
t1/2p	Bioloogical half-life of parent compound
coenocyte	A multinucleate cell; a protoplast in which the nuclear divisions have not been followed by cytoplasmic cleavage.
cro	see Contract Research Organization
hypercomplex cells	Neurons in visual cortex that are sensitive to bars of light moving in particular directions across the retina and that require the bar to be less than a certain maximum length.
root cap	a group of cells on a root that protects the growing tip
troponin	A globular protein that is part of the thin filament of striated muscle.
monoxenic culture	a culture containing one species of organism growing in the presence of one other species of organism
dar	see Drug or Device Accountability Records
lar	See: legally authorized representative
post-licensure surveillance	Post-licensure surveillance (also known as post-marketing surveillance)
nutrient	A substance providing nutrition and benefiting body processes.
stilbene	1) an aromatic hydrocarbon (C14 H12), produced by plants, often used as a phosphor and in making dyes
giardia sp.	Flagellated protozoa that cause gastroenteritis in man (Giardia lamblia).
nuclear chain fiber	an intrafusal muscle fiber with nuclei arranged in a line throughout its relatively uniform-diameter central region.
isthmus	A small piece of thyroid tissue that connects the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland.
full board review	When proposed research does not meet criteria to be reviewed by either exempt or expedited procedures, proposed research is reviewed at a convened meeting of the Institutional Review Board
protein	a nitrogen-containing organic compound composed of units called amino acids
standard treatment	The currently accepted treatment or intervention considered to be effective in the treatment of a specific disease or condition.
gao	See Government Accountability Office.
undifferentiated thyroid cancer	A form of thyroid cancer in which the cancer cells do not resemble thyroid cells
dendrodendritic synapses	The synaptic junction between two dendrites.
phytotoxic	harmful to plants (usually used to describe chemicals)
shingles	An acute viral inflammation caused by reactivation of the herpes virus causing chicken pox
multicenter study	A clinical trial involving patients at more than one site open-label study—a study in which all patients receive the experimental treatment.
study endpoint	A primary or secondary outcome used to judge the effectiveness of a treatment.
quiescence	That period of the prepenetration stage during which a pathogen may be inactive because environmental conditions are unfavorable for its growth.
ethical approval	Research projects have to be reviewed for ethical approval in a number of areas: Is the trial worthwhile? Is it will organised? Is it safe for people taking part? Is it justified by the potential benefit? The approval decision is made by a committee of experts and non-experts who are not connected to the project
investigator meeting	Meeting to provide training to investigators and other trial site staff on all aspects of a clinical study.
inductance plethysmography	A machine to measure lung volume and lung health in people ages 6 years of age and older
expression system	In HIV vaccine production, cells into which an HIV gene has been inserted to produce desired HIV proteins.
incidence	Incidence
laryngitis	Inflammation of the larynx
patient-controlled analgesia	A way of giving pain medication that allows the patient to control when and how much medication they get depending on their need
metaplasia	Changed condition of a structure or organ; hyperplastic class of symptoms characterized by overdevelopment other than that due to hypertrophy or hyperplasia
recurrent miscarriage	integrity A systematic ethical goal that preserves the values of truth, accountability, equity and consistency.
contraindicated	Used to describe when certain medicines or treatments should not be used.
hyperalgesia	Extreme sensitivity to pain.
mm	millimetre
european medicines agency	A decentralised body of the European Union with headquarters in London
pertussis vaccine	Pertussis vaccine
abs	Abacavir
idiq	See indefinite delivery indefinite quantity contract.
fungicide	A chemical or physical agent that kills or inhibits the growth of fungi
nucleoside analog	Nucleosides are related to nucleotides, the subunits of nucleic acids; however, they do not carry the phosphate groups of the nucleotides
independent ethics committee	A specially constituted review body whose responsibility is to ensure the protection of the rights, welfare and safety of research participants
broncho-alveolar fluid	Fluid found in the bronchiole and alveoli part of the lungs.
rectification	In synapses: the property of allowing transmission through a pathway in only one direction; in membranes: a change in ionic conductance with a change in membrane potential.
antibody	molecule in the body that combines with a foreign bacteria or virus to stop its activity or signal other molecules in the body to become active in fighting the foreign germ.
alpha adrenergic effects	A constellation of effects produced by circulating norepinephrine or norepinephrine released from postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals
patient	An individual seeking medical care or who is under physician care for a condition or disease.
assurance	is an agreement between an Organization and a federal agency that stipulates that the Organization will comply with the agency's regulatory requirements
single project assurance	Permit given to institution for single grant in compliance with government standards
sodium-potassium pump	Mechanism for extrusion of sodium and uptake of potassium by cells against the concentration gradients for these ions, syn
latency	The time between application of a stimulus and appearance of a response.
coccyx	The small tail-like bone at the bottom of the spinal column.
recruitment status	The status of a trial, planned, ongoing, or completed
sop	see Standard Operating Procedure
treatment trials	Refers to trials that test new drugs, new combinations of drugs, or new approaches to standard medical treatments.
athetosis	Basal ganglion disease characterized by slow, sinuous movements.
baseline	The initial time point in a clinical trial, just before a participant starts to receive the experimental treatment which is being tested
gametangium	A structure that contains gametes.
nutraceutical	A food supplement with health benefits in addition to its nutritive value.
congenital	A condition that is present at birth, whether or not it is inherited.
synthetic vaccine	Synthetic vaccine
sarcopenia	A decrease in muscle size and strength that occurs with aging, but exercise helps prevent it.
standard treatment	A treatment currently in wide use and approved by the FDA, considered to be effective in the treatment of a specific disease or condition.
reciprocal innervation	Interconnections of neurons arranged so that pathways that excite one group of motoneurons inhibit the antagonist motoneurons and those that inhibit a group of motoneurons excite the antagonist motoneurons.
agraphesthesia	Inability to recognize letters traced on the skin.
necrosis	death of cells or tissue, usually accompanied by black or brown darkening
receptor	In sensory system: a structure specialized to be sensitive to certain forms of energy; in synaptic transmission: the site of binding of a transmitter substances with postsynaptic membranes.
phloem	Food-conducting tissue, consisting of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and fibers.
periodontal	Relating to tissues and structures surrounding and supporting the teeth.
hodgkin cycle	The regenerative sequence in which hypopolarization leads to increased conductance, leading to sodium ion influx and further hypopolarization.
difference threshold	The smallest change in the magnitude or quality of a stimulus that can be detected by an observer.
slam	Systemic Lupus Activity Measure
herpes zoster	An acute inflammatory disease of the dorsal root ganglion caused by the virus of chickenpox and characterized by small vesicles occurring on the skin supplied by the affected nerve.
controlled trials	Control is a standard against which experimental observations might be evaluated
nucleoprotein	A compound of nucleic acid and protein.
neutrophil	A white blood cell that destroys foreign bacteria in the body.
para aminobenzoic acid	A B-Complex vitamin used to reduce free radicals.
csr	See Center for Scientific Review.
clinical trial	A type of research—also called interventional research—that follows certain government guidelines for testing the effect of drugs on people
ide	Investigational Device Exemption
deep tissues	Tissues including bone, muscle, tendons, joint capsules and fasciae
toxic multinodular goitre	A thyroid gland that has multiple nodules functioning independently of the usual control mechanisms
institution	The location of clinical research.
validity	Validity
new drug application	An application for a new drug submitted to the FDA to review and approve an experimental drug
social experimentation	Systematic manipulation of, or experimentation in, social or economic systems; used in planning public policy.
national pharmacovigilance centre	National pharmacovigilance centre
application	Each opportunity has its own package, which includes forms called SF 424 R&R and PHS 398, and uses the instructions in an SF 424 Application Guide.
nociceptor	A receptor whose adequate stimulus is strong enough to produce damage.
vacuole	generally spherical organelle within a plant cell bound by a membrane and containing dissolved materials such as metabolic precursors, storage materials, or waste products
polysynaptic reflex	A reflex involving more than one synapse in the central nervous system.
bile	A bitter fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
safety profile	Safety profile
hyperphagia	Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.
laryngospasm	Closure of the glottis due to muscular contractions of the throat
iia	See Individual Investigator Agreement.
falling phase	The return of the membrane potential from the peak overshoot of the spike back to the resting potential, syn
consent form	Document describing the risks, benefits, and study procedures so that potential subjects can make an informed decision whether or not to participate in the research.
ema	European Medicines Agency
capacitance	The ability of the nerve membrane to separate and store charge.
nerve fiber	The straight, relatively unbranched process of a nerve cell, syn
epidemic	A disease that spreads rapidly through a demographic segment of the human population, such as everyone in a given geographic area, a military base, or similar population unit, or everyone of a certain age or sex, such as the children or women of a region
dual review	This refers to research that requires the review of more than one IRB, because the research engages more than one institution or organization
antigen	Molecule of carbohydrate or protein which stimulates the production of an antibody, with which it reacts specifically.
genome	The genetic information for an organism, consisting (in the case of viruses) of one or more species of either RNA or DNA, but not both.
sponsor	Individual, company, institution or organization taking responsibility for initiation, management and financing of study.
informed consent	means the knowing, legally effective consent of any individual or the individual's legally authorized representative
mechanical inoculation	Of plant viruses, a method of experimentally transmitting the pathogen from plant to plant; juice from diseased plants is rubbed on test-plant leaves that usually have been dusted with carborundum or some other abrasive material.
linear function or relation	The relationship between two variables such that the equal changes in one result in equal changes in the other; an equation of the form y = ax + b.
central nervous system	Body system that includes the brain and spinal cord; your doctor may mention your CNS when talking about how pain occurs or the cause of your chronic pain.
assent	NIH Policy and Guidelines on the Inclusion of Children as Participants in Research Involving Human Subjects requires that children be included in clinical research barring a compelling rationale not to do so.
tnm	A tumour staging system for classifying patients with thyroid cancer into groups based on tumour size (T), presence of lymph node metastases (N), and the presence of distant metastases (M)
miscarriage	intermediate trophoblast See extravillous trophoblast.
hypopolarization phase	The earliest positive-going portion of the nerve or muscle spike, syn
nda	see New Drug Application
fused tetanic contraction	A tetanic muscle contraction in which there is no trace of the individual twitches that have been summed.
hav	Hepatitis A Virus.
non- invasive procedure	A treatment that does not require an incision into the body or the removal of tissue.
polyps	Swollen projecting masses of tissue-often tumorous.
absolute refractory period	Time after an action potential during which the membrane cannot initiate another spike no matter how strong the stimulus.
vss	volume of distribution at steady state
susceptibility	The inability of a plant to resist the effect of a pathogen or other damaging factor.
oral polio vaccine	Oral polio vaccine (OPV)
axial	Belonging to, around, in the direction of, or along an axis.
paternalism	Making decisions for others against or apart from their wishes with the intent of doing them good.
cystic fibrosis	Hereditary disease characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory and digestive tracts, and elsewhere in the body
correlation coefficient	A statistical index of the degree of relationship between two variables
postural fixation	Assumption of unusual body positions as in basal ganglion disease.
protein	Proteins are a basic part of all living cells
generator potential	A non-propagated change in the membrane potential of a receptor that leads to the generation of action potentials within the receptor itself, cf., receptor potential.
human subjects research	Go to these resources:
receptive field	The area of the periphery whose stimulation influence firing of a neuron.
epidemic	Epidemic
inflammation	Non specific immune response within tissues as result of injury or abnormal stimulation
transcription	The process of constructing a messenger RNA molecule using a DNA molecule as a template with the resulting transfer of genetic information to the messenger RNA
pathogen	Any disease-producing microorganism or material.
advisory council	DAG also serves as an NIAID advisory board on research training issues.
selective medium	a culture medium containing substances that specifically inhibit or prevent the growth of some species of microorganisms
iacuc	See institutional animal care and use committee.
hereditary	Traits or conditions, like eye color or CF, that are genetically passed from parents to their children (see GENE and GENETIC).
pseudocoel	In nematodes: Body cavity containing a fluid in which the various internal organs are suspended.
efficacy	A drug or treatment’s maximum ability to produce beneficial results regardless of dosage on the course or duration of a disease or condition.
genome	The complete set of genetic information of an organism including DNA and RNA.
symptom	A visible abnormality in a plant that results from disease.
superantigen	Investigators have proposed that a molecule known as a superantigen, either made by HIV or an unrelated agent, may stimulate massive quantities of CD4+ T cells at once, rendering them highly susceptible to HIV infection and subsequent cell death
phasmid	In nematodes: A pore-like structure located in the lateral field of the posterior region of nematodes belonging to the class Secernentea
aidsdrugs	An online database service administered by the National Library of Medicine, with references to drugs undergoing testing against AIDS, AIDS-related complex and related opportunistic infections.
thyroid scan	A picture of the thyroid gland obtained with a rectilinear scanner and radioactive materials.
federal register	A weekly publication that identifies proposed and approved regulations.
antiserum	The serum from a vertebrate that has been exposed to an antigen and which contains antibodies that react specifically with the antigen
uppsala monitoring centre	Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC)
intravenous	Putting a medicine right into a blood vessel, usually a vein, using a thin needle and a tube.
renshaw inhibition	A form of collateral inhibition of motoneurons involving a special inhibitory interneuron, the Renshaw cell.
cytoplasm	All of the substance of a cell other than the nucleus.
sub-investigator	Helps design and conduct investigation at a study site.
outcome measure	Measurement unit used to assess the effectiveness of a program or intervention, such as measures of disease activity, progression, or changes in MRI scans
audit trail	Documentation of events that allows auditors to identify the original source of the data and track the path of changes made to the original documentation.
electrophoresis	A procedure by means of which the members of a heterogenous population of charged particles can be separated by virtue of their dissimilar migration characteristics in an electric field.
intervention difference	See analysis.
resistance	The ability of an organism to defend itself, either from disease or from being harmed
computed tomography	A three-dimensional image or picture of the body showing three measurements, such as height, width and depth
inflationary factor	See escalation factor.
sputum	Expectorated matter that is coughed out from the lungs
cro	Contract Research Organization
crozier	A recurved hook at the tip of an ascogenous hypha, the penultimate cell of which will become the
emergence	growth of a seedling shoot through the soil surface
complementary medicine	Treatment that falls outside the standard medical approaches
hypertonia	A condition of excessive muscle tone; increased resistance to passive stretch.
clamp connection	A recurving outgrowth of a cell that, at cell division, acts as a bridge to allow passage of one of the products of nuclear division into the penultimate cell, thereby assuring maintenance of the dikaryotic condition (of members of the Basidiomycotina).
endocrine disruption	process by which an exogenous substance causes adverse health effects consequent to changes in endocrine function.
vulnerable populations	Individuals who lack the capacity to provide informed consent or whose willingness to participate research may be subject to undue influence or coercion
quadrantanopsia	Blindness in one quarter of the visual field.
monoclonal antibody	Custom-made, identical antibody that recognizes only one epitope.
placebo effect	A physical or emotional change, occurring after a treatment is administered that is not the result of the treatment
advisory council	Investigators cannot apply for selective pay funding; rather, they are nominated by NIAID program officers
ribosome	A cytoplasmic organelle composed of ribonucleic acid and protein that functions in the synthesis of protein
investigational device exemption	Exemption from certain regulatory requirements that apply to commercially distributed medical devices in order to allow manufacturers to distribute devices that are intended solely for investigational use on human subjects
human subjects research	See human subjects and research using human specimens or data.
enzyme	A protein produced by cells to accelerate a specific chemical reaction without itself being altered
award type	See activity code.
assurance	A legally binding written document that requires a public or private institution to comply with applicable federal minimum standards for the protection of human subjects in research.
pharmacology/toxicology	The science of drugs and poisonous materials (respectively) and their effects on the body
contract proposal	See proposal.
homologous	Similar in appearance or structure, but not necessarily function.
hyporeflexia	Weakening of the reflexes.
meta-analysis	the compilation and subsequent analysis of a large collection of individual studies for the purpose of integrating the findings
iavi	International AIDS Vaccine Initiative
randomization	Any of the many methods used to assign subjects to an experimental group or control group so that assignment is not influenced in any way by those making the assignments or by the researchers conducting the trial
intervention	A vaccine (or drug or behavioral therapy) used in a clinical trial to improve health or alter the course of disease.
toxoid	Toxoid
dose-ranging study	A clinical trial in which two or more doses of an agent (such as a drug) are tested against each other to determine which dose works best and is least harmful.
hering-breuer reflex	The nervous mechanism that tends to limit inspiratory excursions, mediated by stretch receptors in the intercostal muscles whose activity leads to inhibition of inspiratory neurons in the brain stem.
prevalence	The number of people in a given population affected with a particular disease or condition at a given time
competence	A legal term denoting capacity to act on one's own behalf; the ability to understand information presented, to understand the consequences of acting (or not acting) on that information, and to make a choice
private information	As defined by DHHS regulations means information about behavior that occurs in a context in which an individual can reasonably expect that no observation or recording is taking place, and information that has been provided for specific purposes by an individual and that the individual can reasonably expect will not be made public (for example, a medical record).
virus	An organism, smaller than bacteria, that causes infections like influenza, viral pneumonia, colds, and hepatitis (see BACTERIA and PNEUMONIA).
ploidy	The number of (complete) sets of chromosomes in a cell.
clinical trial	Any investigation in human subjects intended to determine the clinical pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and/or other pharmacodynamic effects of an investigational agent, and/or to identify any adverse reactions to an investigational agent to assess the agent’s safety and efficacy.
affected community	This includes HIV-positive people, persons living with AIDS and other individuals, including their families, friends and advocates, directly impacted by HIV infection and its physical, psychological and sociological ramifications.
pancreatic	Relating to the pancreas, a gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes.
pharmacotherapy	Medication-based therapy.
protocol amendment	A written description of changes to, or the formal clarification of, a protocol.
hepatitis	Refers to “inflammation of the liver”, which can be caused by many things such as viruses, bacterial infections, trauma, adverse drug reactions, or alcoholism
half-life	The time required for half the amount of a drug to be eliminated from the body.
recent research	The NHRI normally uses research done in the last three years
clinical study report	A Clinical Study Report (CSR) is a formal report that provides a comprehensive description of the design, methods and results of a clinical trial
consent form	A document explaining all relevant study information to assist the study volunteer in understanding the expectations and requirements of participation in a clinical trial
esophagus	The tube that leads from the throat (pharynx) to the stomach.
hypothesis	A supposition or assumption advanced as a basis for reasoning or argument, or as a guide to experimental investigation.
serum	The fluid fraction of coagulated (clotted) blood.
i band	The isotropic or light band of striated muscle; contains only actin filaments.
meniere's disease	Deafness, tinnitus, and vertigo resulting from accumulation of endolymph in the labyrinth.
primary evoked potential	The change in potential recorded in a primary sensory cortical area following stimulation of the receptors associated with that area.
oprr	See: Office for Protection from Research Risks.
rank	Indicates the order in which studies appear in the Search Results list
ethical	When a trial is in accordance with the rules/standards for right conduct or practice.
synaptic cleft	Space between pre- and postsynaptic cells at a chemical synapse across which the transmitter substance must diffuse.
nasopharyngitis	Inflammation of the nasal membrane and pharynx
lignification	hardening of tissue through the deposition of lignin in the cell wall
hgv	Genelabs scientists discovered the Hepatitis G virus
saccade	An abrupt, rapid, small eye movement; usually occur in a series during scanning; also occurs as a part of nystagmus.
hipaa	See: Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act of 1996
competent authority	A national agency responsible under its national law for the control or regulation of a particular area, in this case pertaining to the control and regulation of clinical trials.
mos	Medical Outcomes Study
control	Economic reduction of crop losses caused by plant diseases.
iec	see Independent Ethics Committee
sorus	A cluster or mass of spores or sporangia
spinal canal	The hollow passage through which the spinal cord runs.
parthenogenesis	reproduction by the development of an unfertilized egg
lupus	A Latin word that literally means "wolf." Lupus is also used to refer to a disease called Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), a serious, chronic autoimmune disease that often induces a facial rash that causes its sufferers to have a wolf-like appearance
fdp	See Federal Demonstration Partnership.
agnosia	Loss of the power to recognize the import of sensory stimuli.
gene	A section of DNA that encodes a specific functional product (protein)
threshold	Minimal stimulus required for a response or sensation.
exotoxin	A toxic substance, made by bacteria, that is released outside the bacterial cell.
chemotherapy	The use of chemical(s) (e.g., antibiotics or fungicides) for the treatment of a disease.
oxidized	Reacted with an unstable oxygen containing compound.
oap	Office of Antimicrobial Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)
cfr	Code of Federal Regulations
advocacy and support groups	Organizations and groups that actively support participants and their families with valuable resources, including self-empowerment and survival tools.
nda	See: New Drug Application.
conventional	Following what is traditional or customary
t4	The primary hormone produced by the thyroid gland.
fixed-price contracts	Go to FAR 49.
placebo	An inactive substance designed to resemble the drug being tested
confidentiality	The FDA and medical ethics require that the identities and medical information of all clinical trial participants be kept confidential
monitoring	Activities to check patients' health status during a trial
surfactant	A chemical that can reduce the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved so that it spreads out more easily.
autonomic nervous system	The part of the nervous system that controls the working of the heart muscle, the muscles of the digestive tract, the lungs and the glands.
alkaline phosphatase	An enzyme that is normally present in certain cells within the liver, bone, kidney, intestine and placenta
exclusion criteria	The standards as outlined in the protocol, used to determine whether a person may or may not be allowed to participate in a clinical trial
cold nodule	A lump in the thyroid gland that does not take up iodine on a scan as well as the surrounding thyroid tissue does.
lengthening reaction	Sudden release of tension of a spastic muscle that occurs near the maximum length as the muscle is gradually lengthened, syn
stippling	series of small dots or speckles in which chlorophyll is absent
orac	A method of measuring antioxidant capacities
510 device	A medical device that is considered substantially equivalent to a device that was or is being legally marketed
monocyte	A large white blood cell that ingests microbes or other cells and foreign particles
auxotroph	A strain of microorganism lacking the ability to synthesize one or more essential growth factors.
reproducible	To make a counterpart, image, or copy
space constant	Distance along the membrane at which an imposed transmembrane voltage falls to l/e of its initial value, abbr
surface assymetry index	A measurement of how round the surface of the eye is.
pharmaceuticals	The Pharmaceutical Industry develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceuticals licensed for use as medications
sf 424 application guide	Applicants must NOT submit current and pending support with the application (using the attachment on the Research and Related Senior/Key Person Profile form from Grants.gov).
bmi	A measurement comparing fat to muscle in the human body
anti-tnfα	Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
template	A gauge, pattern or mold used as a guide to the form of the piece being made
esnap	Formerly used term
microclimate	weather conditions on a small scale, e.g
vaccine-preventable diseases	Vaccine-preventable diseases
rna	A single-stranded molecule composed of chemical building blocks, similar to DNA
convulsion	Convulsion
tinnitus	A sensation of ringing, buzzing, roaring, clicking in the ears, not of external origin, in some cases audible to people other than the patient.
sanitation	Principle of plant disease control involving removal and burning of infected plant parts and decontamination of tools, equipment, hands, etc.
fasciation	malformation in shoots or floral organs manifested as enlargements and flattening as if several parts were fused
pi	Principal Investigator
dyscalculia	Impairment of ability to solve mathematical problems.
davp	Division of Antiviral Drug Products, Office of Antimicrobial Products
pcr	A highly sophisticated scientific method of detecting the presence of hepatitis B virus DNA or hepatitis C virus RNA in the blood
measles vaccine	Measles vaccine
karnofsky score	A subjective score between 0-100, assigned by a physician to describe a patient's ability to perform common tasks.
transformation	A process in which exogenous DNA is taken up by a (recipient) cell or
experimental drug	A drug that is not approved by the FDA for use in humans, or approved as a treatment for a particular indication.
benefit	In the research context, something of positive value derived from research procedures
post nasal drip	Flow of mucous from the back of the nasal passage, normally due to an infection or allergy.
metabotropic transmission	Synaptic transmission in which the transmitter substance causes activation of a second messenger that causes the change in postsynaptic membrane potential.
gout	Characterized by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood and produces lumps in and around joints
adverse reaction	Unwanted side effect resulting from a drug or mixture of drugs
phytomedicines	Medicines derived from plants.
genetic screening	Tests to identify persons who have an inherited predisposition to a certain phenotype or who are at risk of producing offspring with inherited diseases or disorders.
stroma	A compact mass of vegetative tissue, sometimes intermixed with host tissue, often bearing
embryo	Organism in the early stages of development, the first six weeks in humans.
astereognosis	Inability to recognize objects by feeling them.
antiviral agent	A substance that has the capacity to stimulate cellular defenses against viruses