Glossary extracted starting with automatic seeds, with BOW for the domain lan and language EN

diction	Word choice.
adaptation stage	The second stage in the stress response, including successful activation of the appropriate response systems and the reestablishment of homeostatic balance.
strict anaerobe	An organism that cannot survive in an atmosphere of oxygen
pedigree	A family tree describing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring across as many generations as possible.
proofreading	Reading and correction of the final draft, with the focus on spelling, punctuation, formatting, typographical conventions and prevention of textual inconsistencies
amplitude	The maximum extent of a single oscillation in a periodic event, such as a sound wave, measured as the distance from peak to trough in a single cycle
chloride ion	A chlorine atom that carries a negative charge because it has gained one electron.
kinetoplastid	Member of a phylum of eukaryotes in the Excavata kingdom characterized by the presence of a kinetoplast organelle.
reciprocal cross	If a cross is made between A males and B females, then the reciprocal cross is between B males and A females.
horizontal	transmission of fungal strains from one plant to another via spores, c.f
nucleotide	A portion of a DNA or RNA molecule that is composed of a single base and the adjoining sugar-phosphate unit of the strand
poet laureate	A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most representative of his country or area; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original duties included the composition of odes in honor of the sovereign's birthday and in celebration of State occasions of importance.
azetidine-2-carboxylic acid	C4 H7 N O2, a non-protein amino acid, an alpha-amino acid with a primary -imino group (-NH) and a carboxyl group attached to the same carbon atom.
present participle	Charlie is
calque	A borrowing by word-for-word translation: a loan translation.
shoot system	The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and flowers.
agar	A gelatinous material prepared from certain red algae that is used to solidify nutrient media for growing microorganisms.
aligned materials	student materials (texts, activities, manipulatives, homework, etc.) that reinforce classroom instruction of specific skills in reading
contraception	The prevention of pregnancy.
isotonic	Referring to a solution with a concentration of salt that is the same as that found in interstitial fluid and blood plasma (about 0.9% salt)
prep	symbol used in grammar rules for a preposition.
bond strength	The strength with which a chemical bond holds two atoms together; conventionally measured in terms of the amount of energy, in kilocalories per mole, required to break the bond.
arbuscular	a branching, more or less tree- or shrub-like mass of fungal coils inside a plant cell in endo- and perhaps also ectendomycorrhizae.
hybridization	The process by which a string of nucleotides becomes linked to a complementary series of nucleotides.
class	a rank in the taxonomic hierarchy with the termination -ales, a group of orders that is hypothesised to be monophyletic, placed in a division/phylum, c.f
tolerance	A condition in which, with repeated exposure to a drug, an individual becomes less responsive to a constant dose
guilt by association	A fallacious argument that occurs when a person's argument is attacked using that person's association with groups and people rather than using issues pertinent to the argument.
quorum sensing	A mechanism that allows individual bacteria to sense the density of their population.
saturated	Referring to the condition in which a maximal number of receptors of one type have been bound by molecules of a drug; additional doses of drug cannot produce additional binding.
prometaphase	The phase of mitosis in which the nuclear envelope breaks into fragments
carrying capacity	The maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, symbolized as K.
vowel	(1) A phone which is produced by allowing lung air to pass over the vibrating vocal cords and then freely out of the mouth
electrostatic pressure	The propensity of charged molecules or ions to move, via diffusion, toward areas with the opposite charge.
hemolymph	In invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues.
p.	post or after, often used in quotations
embryo	The earliest stage in a developing animal
monohybrid cross	A breeding experiment that uses parental varieties differing in a single character.
source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.
imperfect	The imperfective past tense of a verb, indicating that the action described happened repeatedly, habitually or continuously.
williams syndrome	A disorder characterized by fluent linguistic function, but poor performance on standard IQ tests and great difficulty with spatial processing
lagging strand	A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork.
chordate	Member of a major phylum (Chordata) within the deuterostomes, which includes the vertebrates and closely allied invertebrates such as tunicates and amphioxus
gastrin	A digestive hormone, secreted by the stomach, that stimulates the secretion of gastric juice.
hydrophilic	A molecule or portion of a molecule that readily dissolves in water via the formation of hydrogen bonds.
cap	A methylated guanine residue (
parody	An imitation of a poem or prose that apparently resembles the original fairly closely in style and seriousness, but is designed by its subject or method of treatment to make the original look ridiculous.
cyanobacteria	One of the major phyla of bacteria
independent variable	The factor that is manipulated by an experimenter
paraphyletic	Describes a group of organisms or genes that share a common ancestor to the exclusion of all other entities but in which some members of the group are excluded.
indicative mood	See imperative mood.
galls	Structures induced in a plant by a parasite (e.g., a bacterium or an insect) that nurture that parasite.
density	The number of individuals per unit area or volume.
daughter cell	A cell that is the offspring of a cell that has undergone mitosis or meiosis
probability distribution	A distribution that specifies the chance of every possible outcome; it may be discrete or continuous.
cultural evolution	Change in culture (i.e., information passed on by learning and imitation rather than by biological inheritance).
irregular verb	I sw
concordance	a list of the words used in a text or group of texts
monoecious	Seed plant sporophytes producing both seeds and pollen.
occipital lobes	Large regions of cortex covering much of the posterior part of each cerebral hemisphere, and specialized for visual processing
objective idealism	Those philosophical trends which see nature and history as the expression of ideal forces and therefore, while seeing the material world as knowable, reject the primacy of the material world, of which ideas can only be a reflection
proper noun	Name for a unique entity, e.g
telic	An aspectual category indicating an action which necessarily has a final point (e.g
parietal lobes	Large regions of cortex lying between the frontal and occipital lobes of each cerebral hemisphere
saturated fatty acid	A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.
d	This symbol is used in several ways
exhaustion stage	A stage in the response to stress that is caused by prolonged or frequently repeated stress and is characterized by increased susceptibility to disease.
junk dna	Sequences that accumulate by mutation and that are neutral or deleterious.
poetry	A type of literature that is written in meter.
branchiæ	Gills or organs for respiration in water.
line	A unit in the structure of a poem consisting of one or more metrical feet arranged as a rhythmical entity.
atavism	a teratum that is a throwback to an ancestral condition - in the past teratology was popular in part because terata were supposed to be such throwbacks (or it was hoped that they would be).
dystrophin	A protein that is needed for normal muscle function
electrophoresis	A technique in which molecules are pulled through a porous medium by an electric field and so are separated according to their charge and mobility.
polar molecule	A molecule (such as water) with opposite charges on opposite sides.
hemiplegia	Partial paralysis involving one side of the body.
genome	Total genetic material in a set of haploid chromosomes as in a germ cell
life cycle	The entire sequence of stages in the life of an organisms, from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next.
logistic population growth	A model describing population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity.
ejaculation	The forceful expulsion of semen from the penis.
granulocrine	transport of nectar outside the protoplast as groups of molecules in vesicles that fuse with the secretory cell membrane, the contents then being discharged outside, c.f
cornea	The transparent outer layer of the eye, whose curvature is fixed
fluid mosaic model	The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.
molecular weight	The sum of the atomic weights of the constituent atoms in a molecule.
amylose	a more or less coiled but unbranched element of starch, soluble in water, made up of alpha glucose units, c.f
fundamental	Here, the predominant frequency of an auditory tone or a visual scene
cytoplasmic male sterility	Loss of male function due to a cytoplasmically inherited factor in flowering plants.
camp	See cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
β-sheet	Common structural motif of proteins in which linear amino acid sequences (“strands”) located in different regions of the polypeptide chain align adjacent to each other and are stabilized by hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms located in different strands.
acrocentric	a chromosome in which the centromere is near one end, the spindle fibers attaching there during nuclear division, c.f
aliform	of paratracheal axial parenchyma, the parenchyma cells associated with the vessels forming a wing-shaped mass in transverse section, c.f
flavor neophobia	The avoidance of new foods.
multigene family	A collection of genes with similar or identical sequences, presumably of common origin.
genome	the DNA in a plant organelle, made up of the chloroplast, mitochondrial, nuclear genomes.
major histocompatibility complex	A set of closely linked genes in vertebrates that play a key role in the immune response
ejaculatory duct	In the male, a duct from each testis that join to form the urethra.
george w. bush	George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd President...
tonoplast	A membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the cell sap.
oceanic zone	The region of water lying over deep areas beyond the continental shelf.
molecular clock	The constant rate of accumulation of amino acid or DNA sequence differences.
cold aclimation response	The process by which plants increase their tolerance to freezing by exposure to low, nonfreezing temperatures.
aspect	A property of a verb form indicating the nature of an action as perfective (complete) or imperfective (incomplete or continuing).
rhodopsin	The photopigment in rods that responds to light.
development	Development refers to that process of change in which something becomes more and more concrete and mature, as opposed to the simple succession of one thing passing away as another comes into being or the transition
asexual reproduction	Formation of offspring that are genetically identical to the parent, by mitotic division.
confabulate	To fill in a gap in memory with a falsification; often seen in Korsakoff’s syndrome.
co-refer	Two items (an anaphor and its antecedent) that describe the same thing are said to co-refer.
ultradian	Referring to a rhythmic biological event whose period is shorter than that of a circadian rhythm, usually from several minutes to several hours long
theory	A set of interconnected hypotheses that leads to testable predictions.
ligand-gated ion channel receptor	A signal receptor protein in a cell membrane that can act as a channel for the passage of a specific ion across the membrane
grimm's law	Name given to a set of sound changes that differentiate the Germanic languages from the other Indo-European ones, see chapter 3.
adenosine monophosphate	A nucleotide consisting of adenine, ribose, and one phosphate group; can be formed by the removal of two phosphates from an ATP molecule; in its cyclic form, functions as a "second messenger" for a number of vertebrate hormones and neurotransmitters.
pyrenoid	In hornworts and Chlorophyta, a region of the chloroplast involved in starch formation.
conjugation	The transfer through a pilus of DNA from one bacterium or archaeon to another.
biological species concept	Definition of species as groups of individuals that can successfully interbreed with each other in nature but that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
quarto	A book size resulting from 4 pages being printed on one side of a sheet and the sheet then being folded twice.
order of importance	a pattern of organization that lists ideas from least to most important (CHAPTER 10 FLASHCARDS)
hepatic portal vessel	A large circulatory channel that conveys nutrient-laden blood from the small intestine to the liver, which regulates the blood's nutrient content.
crystallization	The final stage of birdsong formation, in which fully formed adult song is achieved.
performative verb	Performative verbs are utterances that constitute an action: He
net productivity	In a trophic level, a community, or an ecosystem, the amount of energy (in calories) stored in chemical compounds or the increase in biomass (in grams or metric tons) in a particular period of time; it is the difference between gross productivity and the energy used by the organisms in respiration.
chytrid	Fungus with flagellated stage; possible evolutionary link between fungi and protists.
sex steroids	Steroid hormones secreted by the gonads: androgens, estrogens, and progestins.
taste aversion	The conditioned avoidance of a particular food due to a previous pairing between the taste of that food and physical illness.
theory	A statement that explains other facts or that predicts the occurrence of events.
site-directed mutagenesis	A technique in molecular biology that changes the sequence of nucleotides in an existing gene.
crown	the part of a tree or shrub above the level of the lowest branch, c.f
equilibrium	In chemistry, the point at which all ongoing reactions are canceled or balanced by others, resulting in a stable, offset, or unchanging system.
plural noun	boy
empiricism	Doctrine that sense experience is the sole source of knowledge
main idea	the point of view that an essay discusses or develops
right-linear grammar	See Chomsky hierarchy.
granite	A rock consisting essentially of crystal of felspar and mica in a mass of quarts.
segregation	See Mendel's first law.
fiber	A lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles.
body paragraphs	the second, third, and fourth paragraphs in a five-paragraph essay; express ideas that support the main idea of the essay (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
copulatory lock	Reproductive behavior in which the male’s penis swells after ejaculation so that the male and female are forced to remain joined for 5–10 minutes; occurs in dogs and some rodents, but not in humans.
tropical rain forest	The most complex of all communities, located near the equator where rainfall is abundant; harbors more species of plants and animals than all other terrestrial biomes combined.
bc	Before Christ
genetic code	The system of nucleotide triplets in DNA and RNA that carries genetic information; referred to as a code because it determines the amino acid sequence in the enzymes and other protein molecules synthesized by the organism.
bacteriocin	A toxin produced by a bacterium that kills its competitors.
systemic acquired resistance	A defensive response in infected plants that helps protect healthy tissue from pathogenic invasion.
bundle sheath	the tissue surrounding a vascular bundle, see embedded and transcurrent.
cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source.
denaturation	For proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive
lateral	Sound produced by the passage of air around the sides of the tongue
absorption spectrum	The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light.
method of difference	A method of reasoning used in cause-and-effect analysis that examines examples wherein both the purported cause and the purported effect are absent, concluding that one is the cause of the other.
trimerophyte	Member of an early group of vascular plants.
resonance	The quality of richness or variety of sounds in poetic texture, as in Milton's:
covariance	A measure of association between two variables (x, y)
aldose	a monosaccharide or simple sugar with but a single aldehyde (C=O) group, inc
induction	Reasoning from a specific to general.
crustose	a form of lichen in which the thallus is thin and closely appressed to the substrate.
eye dialect	A nonstandard spelling used to show a speaker's pronunciation, especially when it is a pronunciation the writer considers dialectal or nonstandard.
partial pressures	The concentration of gases; a fraction of total pressure.
open class of words	A part of speech which is constantly being added to by the creation and borrowing of new members
mass number	The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
competitive exclusion	Species that use exactly the same resources cannot coexist in a stable equilibrium.
geotropism	the directional growth response (tropism) of a plant or part of a plant to gravity, seeapogeotropic, c.f
microevolution	A change in the gene pool of a population over a succession of generations.
epigram	A very short, witty poem: “Sir, I admit your general rule,/That every poet is a fool,/But you yourself may serve to show it,/That every fool is not a poet.” (Samuel Taylor Coleridge)
rhetorical question	A question to which the speaker does not expect an answer
aristotelian triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, subject, and the audience.
polymerase chain reaction	A method for amplifying as little as a single copy of a specific nucleic acid molecule, which is recognized because it binds to a pair of primer sequences.
ectoaperture	an aperture in the outer layer of the sporoderm or pollen grain, c.f
allen	This refers to the book by James Allen, Natural Language Processing, second edition, Benjamin Cummings, 1995.
nonsense mutation	A point mutation in a protein-coding region that produces a stop codon, prematurely truncating the protein sequence.
life cycle	A representation of all the stages of an organisms life from birth through reproduction.
integrase	An enzyme that catalyzes a site-specific recombination (integration or excision) involving a
fovea	The central portion of the retina, packed with the most photoreceptors and therefore the center of our gaze
peptidoglycan	The primary structural polymer of the cell walls of Eubacteria and Cyanobacteria.
period	The interval of time between two similar points of successive cycles, such as sunset to sunset.
genomic library	A set of thousands of DNA segments from a genome, each carried by a plasmid, phage, or other cloning vector.
synaptic cleft	A narrow gap separating the synaptic knob of a transmitting neuron from a receiving neutron to an effector.
formality	Chapter 7.
tandem duplication	A duplication mutation in which the duplicated DNA is found next to the original DNA.
entomostraca	A division of the class Crustacea, having all the segments of the body usually distinct, gills attached to the feet or organs of the mouth, and the feet fringed with fine hairs
epic	A long, serious poem that tells the story of a heroic figure
sporopollenin	A secondary product, a polymer synthesized by a side branch of a major metabolic pathway of plants that is resistant to almost all kinds of environmental damage; especially important in the evolutionary move of plants onto land.
sexual reproduction	Formation of offspring though syngamy or meiosis.
alternate	of floral parts, with members of adjacent whorls borne on alternating radii, e.g
competitive exclusion principle	The concept that when the populations of two species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other population.
oligotrophic lake	A nutrient-poor, clear, deep lake with minimum phytoplankton.
vertical inheritance	The transmission of traits from parent to offspring.
adenylyl cyclase	An enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a chemical signal.
progesterone	The primary type of progestin secreted by the ovary
pith	The inner tissue of most stems and some roots.
hemagglutinins	antibodies that agglutinate erythrocytes, commonly found in plant seeds, see lectins.
canon	In a literary sense, the authoritative works of a particular writer; also, an accepted list of works perceived to represent a cultural, ideological, historical, or biblical grouping.
anaphora	1) Poet's repetition for effect 2) Repetition 3) Rhetorical device like 'this earth, this realm, this england'
dicotyledons or dicotyledonous plants	A class of plants characterised by having two seed-leaves, by the formation of new wood between the bark and the old wood (exogenous growth) and by the reticulation of the veins of the leaves
pancreas	An endocrine gland, located near the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, that secretes insulin and glucagon
astrocyte	A star-shaped glial cell with numerous processes (extensions) that run in all directions
v	symbol used in grammar rules for a verb.
apicomplexan	Member of Apicomplexa, a phylum of eukaryotes, in the alveolate kingdom
assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration
phonetics	The study of the sounds of English, see chapter 2.
restrictive word group	A word group that is necessary to explain what the word it modifies means
leading strand	The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction.
secondary succession	A type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been severely cleared by some disturbance.
secondary consumer	A member of the trophic level of an ecosystem consisting of carnivores that eat herbivores.
marcus parsing	A parsing technique, not covered in COMP9414.
acritarch	An organic-walled microfossil, found in ancient rocks, that is interpreted as the reproductive cyst of a eukaryote.
survivorship curve	A plot of the number of members of a cohort that are still alive at each age; one way to represent age-specific mortality.
prewriting	An early stage in the writing process, consisting of loose activities such as brainstorming and outlining; a preparation for writing.
individual response stereotypy	The tendency of individuals to show the same response pattern to particular situations throughout their life span.
exon shuffling	Recombination events that mix exons from two different genes.
cretic	Used in classical poetry, a metrical foot consisting of a short syllable between two long syllables, as in THIR-ty-NINE.
alienation	Alienation is the process whereby people become foreign to the world they are living in.
plutonic rocks	Rocks supposed to have been produced by igneous action in the depths of the earth.
adverb of manner	Anne drives
warrant	Stated or unstated reasoning process that explains the relationship between the evidence and the claim.
physical map	A map that gives the physical location of a genetic variant on the DNA sequence
stress	The degree of force with which a syllable is uttered
inbreeding coefficient	The chance that two homologous genes in a diploid individual are identical by descent.
primary producer	An autotroph, which collectively make up the trophic level of an ecosystem that ultimately supports all other levels; usually a photosynthetic organism.
ecological niche	The sum total of an organism's utilization of the biotic and abiotic resources of its environment.
furcula	The forked bone formed by the union of the collarbones in many birds, such as the common Fowl.
fimbriate	of a margin, fringed with long slender hair-like processes, pl
understatement	Lack of emphasis in statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.
dualism	The notion, promoted by René Descartes, that the mind is subject only to spiritual interactions, while the body is subject only to material interactions.
thyroxine	See thyroid hormones.
immune response	A highly specific defensive reaction of the body to invasion by a foreign substance or organism; consists of a primary response in which the invader is recognized as foreign, or "not-self," and eliminated and a secondary response to subsequent attacks by the same invader
robustness	A parser or other NLP algorithm is robust if it can recover from or otherwise handle ill-formed or otherwise deviant natural language expressions
nomenclature	a system of names, or the rules by which a system of names is formed.
northern blot	A method of detecting a particular RNA transcript in a tissue or organ, by separating RNA from that source with gel electrophoresis, blotting the separated RNAs onto nitrocellulose, and then using a nucleotide probe to hybridize with, and highlight, the transcript of interest
lagging strand	During DNA replication, the strand that is synthesized in the 3′ to 5′ direction by ligation of short DNA strands synthesized discontinuously in the 5′ to 3′ direction.
density-independent factors	Any factor influencing population regulation that acts to reduce population by the same percentage, regardless of size.
algorithm	A logical process by which a problem can be solved.
ill-formed text	Much "naturally occurring" text contains some or many typographical errors or other errors
epinasty	describing the growth response of a plant part where the upper side grows faster than the lower side with the result that the part curves downwards, c.f
skolem functions and constants	Universally quantified variables can be handled (and are handled in Prolog) simply by assuming that any variable is universally quantified
differentiation	The separation or discrimination of parts or organs which in simpler forms of life are more or less united.
testcross	Breeding of an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype
double fertilisation	in angiosperms, where both gametes are involved in the fertilisation process, one producing the endosperm and the other the zygote.
stapes	Latin for “stirrup.” A middle-ear bone that is connected to the oval window; one of the three ossicles that conduct sounds across the middle ear
present simple	She
vowel	(1) A phone which is produced by allowing lung air to pass over the vibrating vocal cords and then freely out of the mouth is called a vowel
species	A group of individuals that can readily interbreed to produce fertile offspring
class	A taxonomic grouping of related, similar orders; category above order and below phylum.
minisatellite	Multiple copies of short sequences, from 9 base pairs up to several hundred base pairs
olfactory bulb	An anterior projection of the brain that terminates in the upper nasal passages and, through small openings in the skull, provides receptors for smell
tag question	special construction with statement that ends in a mini-question; the whole sentence is a tag question; the mini-question is a question tag; usually used to obtain confirmation eg: "The Earth is round, isn't it?", "You don't eat meat, do you?"
diatomaceous earth	a sedimentary rock formed of the silica cell walls of diatoms (division Bacillariophyta).
fitness landscape	Either a graph of fitness as a function of individual genotype or phenotype or of population mean fitness as a function of allele frequencies or trait means.
ligase	An enzyme which is of vital importance in recombinant DNA technology
redundancy	The property of having a particular process, usually an important one, monitored and regulated by more than one mechanism.
diffusion	The spontaneous spread of molecules of one substance among molecules of another substance until a uniform concentration is achieved
amines	amino acids minus their carboxyl groups, c.f
stereoisomer	A molecule that is a mirror image of another molecule with the same molecular formula.
meningitis	An acute inflammation of the membranes covering the central nervous system—the meninges—usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
base-pairing principle	In the formation of nucleic acids, the requirement that adenine must always pair with thymine (or uracil) and guanine with cytosine.
cfg	= context-free grammar
narrative	The narration of an event or story, stressing details of plot, incident, and action
oxidizing agent	The electron acceptor in a redox reaction.
natural selection	The process by which genotypes with higher fitness increase in frequency in a population.
exon	A protein-coding region of a protein-coding gene.
reverse transcription	Some viruses produce enzymes that reverse the transcription process by copying RNA back into a complementary DNA sequence
bootstrap	A statistical method for measuring consistency in datasets in which new simulated datasets are generated by sampling with replacement
enzyme	A complicated protein whose action increases the probability of a specific chemical reaction.
asymmetric carbon	A carbon atom covalently bonded to four different atoms or groups of atoms.
pleonasm	The use of more words than necessary; superfluous or redundant expression.
barr body	A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells, representing an inactivated X chromosome.
trimeter	A line of verse consisting of three metrical feet or three dipodies.
homology	A similarity due to inheritance from a common ancestor (see also
sex-linked trait	An inherited trait, such as color discrimination, determined by a gene located on a sex chromosome and that therefore shows a different pattern of inheritance in males and females.
pulse	A measurement of heart rate; distention of an artery that can be felt each time the heart contracts.
light-dependent reactions	The reactions of the first stage of photosynthesis, in which light energy is captured by chlorophyll molecules and converted to chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH molecules.
ectopic transmission	Cell-cell communication based on release of neurotransmitter in regions outside traditional synapses.
conversion	The process that creates a new word, e.g
oxygen debt	In muscle, the cumulative deficit of oxygen that develops during strenuous exercise when the supply of oxygen is inadequate for the demand; ATP is produced anaerobically by glycolysis, and the resulting pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, which is subsequently metabolized when adequate oxygen is available.
levels of language	Range from formal to informal and should be appropriate for audience, subject matter, and purpose.
kinorhynch	Member of a phylum of tiny spiny animals (phylum Kinorhyncha).
coincidence detector	A device that senses the co-occurrence of two events.
sensorineural deafness	A hearing impairment that originates from cochlear or auditory nerve lesions
elegiac	Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone.
change blindness	A failure to notice changes in comparisons of two alternating static visual scenes.
adj	symbol used in grammar rules for an adjective.
anapest	A metrical foot of three syllables, two short (or unstressed) followed by one long (or stressed), as in seventeen and to the moon
hybrid	The offspring of the union of two distinct species.
expansigenous	of cavities in plants, formed by cells expanding differentially by cell division and extension of walls lining the enlarging spaces, c.f
limerick	A light, humorous poem of five usually anapestic lines with the rhyme scheme of aabba.
nucleotide	A nitrogenous base attached to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate molecule
medial geniculate nuclei	Nuclei in the thalamus that receive input from the inferior colliculi and send output to the auditory cortex
filtrate	Fluid extracted by the excretory system from the blood or body cavity
operculum	A calcareous plate employed by many Mollusca to close the aperture of their shell
hardy-weinberg equilibrium	The steady-state relationship between relative frequencies of two or more alleles in an idealized population; both the allele frequencies and the genotype frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation in a population breeding at random in the absence of evolutionary forces.
authority	A reliable, respected source- someone with knowledge.
null hypothesis	A hypothesis that is presumed true and against which alternative hypotheses are tested statistically.
stromatolite	Rock made of banded domes of sediment in which are found the most ancient forms of life: prokaryotes dating back as far as 3.5 billion years.
narration	The writing that relates a story or a series of events, with emphasis on events and people.
ganoid fishes	Fishes covered with peculiar enamelled bony scales
future perfect	tense* used to express the past in the future; formed with WILL HAVE + VERB-ed eg: "I will have graduated by then"
epic simile	A kind of simile invented by Homer and copied by Vergil, Milton and other writers of epics
closed-loop control mechanism	A control mechanism that provides a flow of information from whatever is being controlled to the device that controls it
appeal to popularity	A fallacious argument that occurs when a debater uses the popularity of a person, product, or belief to justify a favorable conclusion about that person, product, or belief.
saltation	A variation of large effect; also, a major mutation.
isozymes	Enzymes with different amino acid sequences that catalyze the same reaction
ditty	A simple little poem meant to be sung.
convergence	The process by which features with no common ancestry become similar as a result of selection.
radicle	The minute root of an embryo plant.
vascular plants	Division of plants with vascular tissues, which function in transporting fluids.
synapsis	Pairing of homologous chromosomes in meiosis.
interstitial fluid	The internal environment of vertebrates, consisting of the fluid filling the spaces between cells.
metamorphic rocks	Sedimentary rocks which have undergone alteration, generally by the action of heat, subsequently to their deposition and consolidation.
value categories	An arrangement of values into groups so that a group (category) can be used as evidence.
poisson distribution	The probability that j independent events occur is (λj/j!)e–λ, where λ is the expected number of events.
autogenesis model	According to this model, eukaryotic cells evolved by the specialization of internal membranes originally derived from prokaryotic plasma membranes.
lipids	Large molecules (commonly called fats) consisting of fatty acids and glycerol that are insoluble in water.
ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals.
adipose tissue	Tissue made up of fat cells.
cytokines	In the vertebrate immune system, protein factors secreted by macrophages and helper T cells as regulators of neighboring cells.
recombination	Formation of new combinations of genes as a result of the sexual process.
claim	A controversial statement an arguer supports using reason
independent assortment	See Mendel's second law.
annelids	Member of Annelida, a phylum within the Lophotrochozoa
past participle	Emmy has
lacunæ	Spaces left among the tissues in some of the lower animals, and serving in place of vessels for the circulation of the fluids of the body.
tumor	A mass that forms within otherwise normal tissue, caused by the uncontrolled growth of a transformed cell.
ciliate	Member of a phylum of eukaryotes including single-celled species
cofactor	Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme
past tense	See tense.
pyrimidines	A class of nucleic acid bases including thymine (T), cytosine (C), and uracil (U).
genetic code	The code that translates 64 possible triplet codons into amino acids and translation stop signals.
english language assessment	Each student with a home language other than English must be assessed in English within 30 days of enrollment.
statistical power	The chance that the null hypothesis will be rejected when the data are generated by a different model.
organism	An individual living thing, such as a bacterium, fungus, protist, plant or animal.
cleavage	The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; specifically, the succession of rapid cell divisions without growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote into a ball of cells.
bioavailable	Referring to a substance, usually a drug, that is present in the body in a form that is able to interact with physiological mechanisms.
auxiliary verb	I
probability density	The probability that a random variable is in a small interval of size δx is equal to the probability density multiplied by δx.
hypotonic	Referring to a solution with a lower concentration of salt than that found in interstitial fluid and blood plasma (less than about 0.9% salt).Compare hypertonic and isotonic.
rhizopods	A class of lowly organised animals (protozoa), having a gelatinous body, the surface of which can be protruded in the form of root-like processes or filaments, which serve for locomotion and the prehension of food
erstarkungswachstum	syndrome of correlated ontogenetic changes associated with changes in the diamater of the apical meristem/shoot (Kaplan 1997, 1: chap
adverb of degree	Jack is
molting	A process in arthropods in which the exoskeleton is shed at intervals to allow growth by the secretion of a larger exoskeleton.
meiosis	(Greek for "lessening") Synonymm for understatement.
bulk flow	The movement of water due to a difference in pressure between two locations.
analogy	Similarity of function, although the structures of interest may look different
mitochondrion	The intracellular organelle that carries out oxidative respiration.
concrescence	various kinds of fusion between two organs, of which the two main kinds are adnate and connate.
substitution matrix	A table showing the probability of change occurring between different macromolecular residues (nucleotides or amino acids).
inclusive fitness	The relative number of an individual's alleles that are passed on from generation to generation, either as a result of his or her own reproductive success, or that of related individuals.
variance	The mean squared deviation from the average:
promoter	Initial binding site for RNA polymerase in the process of gene expression
euphuism	A prose style that is extremely, even ridiculously, elaborate and formal
endocrine gland	A gland that secretes products into the bloodstream to act on distant targets
dna sequencing	The process by which the order of nucleotides in a gene, or amino acids in a protein, is determined.
day-neutral plant	A plant whose flowering is not affected by photoperiod.
dialectal journal	A double-column journal in which one writes a quotation in one column and reflections on that quotation in the other column.
speciation	The process by which new species are formed.
electron carrier	A molecule that conveys electrons; one of several membrane proteins in electron transport chains in cells
intonation	Intonation refers to changes in the tone or frequency of sounds during speech
inheritance of acquired characteristics	Transmission of characteristics acquired during an organism’s lifetime to its offspring
prokaryote	An organism without membrane-bound organelles, and with DNA organized in a single naked circular strand, rather than in chromosomes.
chant royale	An elaborate fixed form of ballade in Old French poetry, consisting of five stanzas of eleven lines with a refrain at the end of each stanza, rhyming ababccddedE and an envoi of five lines rhyming ddedE.
tragedy of the commons	Where self-interested exploitation of common resources leads to a worse outcome for all
book lungs	Organs of gas exchange in spiders, consisting of stacked plates contained in an internal chamber.
specificity	Where individual molecules take up a stable conformation with specific biological functions.
ideational apraxia	An impairment in the ability to carry out a sequence of actions, even though each element or step can be done correctly
extracellular signal–regulated kinase	An important intracellular signal transduction system that can be activated by many different events that affect the cell surface.
abaxial	of the side or surface of an organ like a petal or organ system such as a branch, facing away from the axis that bears the organ or organ system, c.f
stem cells	The common, self-regenerating cells in the marrow of long bones that give rise, by differentiation and division, to red blood cells and all of the different types of white blood cells.
chronotope	Mikhail Bakhtin describes this term as "the intrinisic connectedness of temporal and spatial relationships that are artistically expressed in literature"(
independent variable	In an experiment, when one factor is manipulated, a second factor responds
fibrous protein	Insoluble structural protein in which the polypeptide chain is coiled along one dimension
chart parsing	A chart parser is a variety of parsing algorithm that maintains a table of well-formed substrings found so far in the sentence being parsed
environmental grain	An ecological term for the effect of spatial variation, or patchiness, relative to the size and behavior of an organism.
prion	A protein that can become improperly folded and thereby can induce other proteins to follow suit, leading to long protein chains that impair neural function.
genetic marker	A polymorphic locus that is used to observe genetic variation but that is not itself of primary interest.
nictitating membrane	A semi-transparent membrane, which can be drawn across the eye in Birds and Reptiles, either to moderate the effects of a strong light or to sweep particles of dust, &c., from the surface of the eye.
gland	An organ which secretes or separates some peculiar product from the blood or sap of animals or plants.
denitrification	The process by which certain bacteria living in poorly aerated soils break down nitrates, using the oxygen for their own respiration and releasing nitrogen back into the atmosphere.
determinism	Determinism is the acceptance of causality as an objective relation
interj	symbol used in grammar rules for an interjection.
present tense	See tense.
acetyl coa	The entry compound for the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.
demand	In economics, demand is a buyer's willingness and ability to pay a price for a specific quantity of a good or service
didactic poetry	Poetry which is clearly intended for the purpose of instruction -- to impart theoretical, moral, or practical knowledge, or to explain the principles of some art or science, as Virgil's Georgics, or Pope's An Essay on Criticism.
geometric mean	An average defined by the nth root of the product of n values:
dirge	A poem of grief or lamentation, especially one intended to accompany funeral or memorial rites.
xenopus	An amphibian (frog) who shared a common ancestor with mammals about 350 million years ago
neuters	Imperfectly developed females of certain social insects (such as Ants and Bees), which perform all the labours of the community
cnidarian	Member of a major animal phylum (Cnidaria) that includes corals, sea anemones, hydra, and jellyfish
immune memory	The increased response of the immune system to an antigen that had been encountered before
instrument	The thematic role of the entity by means of which an action is accomplished
flora	The totality of the plants growing naturally in a country, or during a given geological period.
genetic map	A map of the linear order of genes constructed by measuring the rates of recombination between them.
cross-tolerance	A condition in which the development of tolerance for an administered drug causes an individual to develop tolerance for another drug.
cambrian explosion	A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geological history; recorded in the fossil record about 545 to 525 million years ago.
striated muscle	A type of muscle with a striped appearance, generally under voluntary control
interior monologue	A narrative technique in which action and external events are conveyed indirectly through a fictional character's extended mental soliloquy of thoughts and feelings.
second messenger	A slow-acting substance in the postsynaptic cell that amplifies the effects of synaptic activity and signals synaptic activity within the postsynaptic cell.
doggerel	Poorly-written poetry
autoecious	referring to rust fungi in which the aecial and telial stages are on the one host plant, c.f
tag question	"You keep fit,
defective interfering virus	A virus that has lost some function and that depends on coinfection with intact virus for transmission.
defining relative clause:	The hotel
attentional bottleneck	A filter that results from the limits intrinsic to our attentional processes, with the result that only the most important stimuli are selected for special processing.
linkage group	A pair of homologous chromosomes.
conduplicatio	the repetition of a word or phrase, for emotional effect Exhibe exhibe, quaeso, Sexte Clodi, librarium illud legum vestrarum (Cicero Milone 33.2)
nitrogen cycle	Worldwide circulation and reutilization of nitrogen atoms, chiefly due to metabolic processes of living organisms; plants take up inorganic nitrogen and convert it into organic compounds (chiefly proteins), which are assimilated into the bodies of one or more animals; bacterial and fungal action on nitrogenous waste products and dead organisms return nitrogen atoms to the inorganic state.
primer	An already existing short RNA chain bound to template DNA to which DNA nucleotides are added during DNA synthesis.
bare infinitive:	She can
ballad	A poem that tells a story similar to a folk tale or legend and often has a repeated refrain
clockwise	of the direction of twining, the stem taking an ascending clockwise course when viewed from above, or of the genetic spiral, the course the spiral takes when going from older to younger leaves when viewed from above, c.f
translation	The process by which amino acids are linked together (directed by an mRNA molecule) to form protein molecules
indel	An insertion or a deletion mutation involving a small number of bases.
mechanoreceptor	A sensory receptor that detects physical deformations in the body's environment associated with pressure, touch, stretch, motion, and sound.
regression	The way in which a variable y depends on another variable x can be represented by a simple regression model, y = α + βx + ε, where ε is a random deviation
pretense	To cloak, to give a feigned appearance to, to pretend, profess, allege, esp
unaltered fossils	fossils which retain more or less their original chemical and structural composition; most commonly shells of calcite (mollusks) or silica (diatoms).
australopithecine	Of or related to Australopithecus, a primate genus, known only from the fossil record, thought to be an ancestor to humans
guide words	in a paper dictionary, the two words at the top of a dictionary page that show the first and last words on that page
admedial	towards the midline of the lamina, c.f
basal forebrain	A ventral region in the forebrain that has been implicated in sleep and Alzheimer’s disease
western blot	A method of detecting a particular protein molecule in a tissue or organ, by separating proteins from that source with gel electrophoresis, blotting the separated proteins onto nitrocellulose, and then using an antibody that binds, and highlights, the protein of interest
rhyme royal	A type of poetry consisting of stanzas of seven lines in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme ababbcc
agnosticism	Usually used to mean denying the possibility of knowing the nature or existence of God, but used by Marxists with the meaning of denying the possibility of knowledge of the objective world
coriaceous	leathery in texture, c.f
extraembryonic membranes	Four membranes (yolk sac, amnion, chorion, allantois) that support the developing embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals.
seasonal affective disorder	A putative depression brought about by the short days of winter.
gill	A localized extension of the body surface of many aquatic animals, specialized for gas exchange.
helobial	of endosperm formation, when the endosperm immediately divides into two cells of unequal size, a larger micropylar and a smaller chalazal, and in the micropylar chamber at least subsequent nuclear division is not accompanied by wall formation, c.f
counterclockwise	of the direction of twining, the stem taking an ascending counterclockwise course when viewed from above, or of the genetic spiral, the course the spiral takes when going from older to younger leaves when viewed from above, c.f
preposition of means	You can go to the Chinese restaurant
praeteritio	announcing that one will not discuss a particular topic (in the process of which the topic is in fact brought up)
dopamine hypothesis	The hypothesis that schizophrenia results from either excessive levels of synaptic dopamine or excessive postsynaptic sensitivity to dopamine.
aromatization hypothesis	The hypothesis that testicular androgens enter the brain and are converted there into estrogens to masculinize the developing nervous system of some rodents.
exaptation	A structure that evolves and functions in one environmental context but that can perform additional functions when placed in some new environment.
domain	A taxonomic category above the kingdom level; the three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
batrachotoxin	A toxin, produced by poison arrow frogs, that selectively interferes with Na+ channels.
dermis	The middle layer of skin, between the epidermis and the hypodermis
tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience.
substitutivity	See failure of substitutivity.
standard condition	The usual environment for laboratory rodents, with a few animals in a cage and adequate food and water, but no complex stimulation
sustainable development	The long-term prosperity of human societies and the ecosystems that support them.
capillary action	The movement of water or any liquid along a surface; results from the combined effect of cohesion and adhesion.
eukaryote	Any organism whose cells have the genetic material contained within a nuclear envelope.
cellular	of endosperm formation, where all nuclear divisions of the endosperm are accompanied by cell wall formation, c.f
habitat	The locality in which a plant or animal naturally lives.
curare	An alkaloid neurotoxin that causes paralysis by blocking acetylcholine receptors in muscle.
sphenopsid	A member of a group of plants that includes trees in the Carboniferous coal swamp forests as well as the living horsetail (Equisetum).
archaic	No longer in general use, but still found in some contemporary texts (such as Bible translations) and generally understood (but rarely used) by educated people
oolitic	A great series of secondary rocks, so called from the texture of some of its members, which appear to be made up of a mass of small egg-like calcareous bodies.
sliding-filament model	The theory explaining how muscle contracts, based on change within a sarcomere, the basic unit of muscle organization, stating that thin (actin) filaments slide across thick (myosin) filaments, shortening the sarcomere; the shortening of all sarcomeres in a myofibril shortens the entire myofibril.
laterals	sounds in which the tongue is contracted in a way that a greater volume of air flows around one or both sides of it without central escape of air, but not complete medial closure e.g
foliate papillae	One of three types of small structures on the tongue, located along the sides, that contain taste receptors
aubade	Poem written to celebrate the dawn e.g
positron emission tomography	A technique for examining brain function by combining tomography with injections of radioactive substances used by the brain
synteny	Refers to two genomes in which certain groups of linked (syntenic) genes are conserved in similar regional maps
sponges	Common name for members of the phylum Porifera, which are thought to be the earliest branching lineage of animals
autocatalytic network	A chemical system that outputs a chemical that is a catalyst for the original reaction or that leads to other reactions that eventually output a catalyst for the original reaction.
homeostasis	The tendency for the internal environment to remain constant.
occasion	An aspect of context, the cause or reason for writing.
antisense oligonucleotide	A short synthetic nucleic acid sequence that is complementary to an mRNA sequence
ideomotor apraxia	The inability to carry out a simple motor activity in response to a verbal command, even though this same activity is readily performed spontaneously
chloroplast	A photosynthetic organelle found in many plants, algae, and other microbial eukaryotes
ontogeny	The process by which an individual changes in the course of its lifetime—that is, grows up and grows old.
epidemiology	The statistical study of patterns of disease in a population.
bell’s palsy	A disorder, usually caused by viral infection, in which the facial nerve on one side stops conducting action potentials, resulting in paralysis on one side of the face
theta role	consonant (1) A phone which is produced other by allowing lung air to pass over the vibrating vocal cords and then freely out of the mouth, i.e
linkage map	A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes
pentameter	A line of poetry that has five metrical feet.
allusion	An indirect reference, often to another text or historic event.
tetrodotoxin	A toxin from puffer fish ovaries that blocks the voltage-gated sodium channel, preventing action potential conduction.
skolemization	See Skolem functions
synechdoche	(Pars pro toto; totum pro parte; plures pro uno): Vergil Ecl
pragmatic	Concerning the situational use of language and knowledge of the real world
glucose transporter	A molecule that spans the external membrane of a cell and transports glucose molecules from outside the cell to inside for use.
trochee	A metrical foot of two syllables, one long (or stressed) and one short (or unstressed)
annelids	A class of worms in which the surface of the body exhibits a more or less distinct division into rings or segments, generally provided with appendages for locomotion and with gills
cellular respiration	The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.
attitude	The speaker's position on a subject as revealed through the author's tone.
reservation	An exception made to a claim
behavioral teratology	The study of impairments in behavior that are produced by embryonic or fetal exposure to toxic substances.
chemical equilibrium	In a reversible chemical reaction, the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
unipolar depression	Depression that alternates with normal emotional states
troubadour	One of a class of Occitan lyric poets and poet-musicians, often of knightly rank, who flourished from the 11th through the 13th centuries in Southern France and neighboring areas of Italy and Spain, and who wrote of courtly love.
leukotriene	A type of prostaglandin produced by various white blood cells involved in the inflammatory and immune responses and in allergic reactions.
columella	cells of the root cap that are derived from an independent set of initials and which are involved in gravity sensing, c.f
enpr	Wiktionary's English Phonemic Representation system
initialism	See acronym.
tropism	A growth response that results in the curvature of whole plant organs toward or away from stimuli due to differential rates of cell elongation.
lungs	The invaginated respiratory surfaces of terrestrial vertebrates, land snails, and spiders that connect to the atmosphere by narrow tubes.
nutrient	A chemical that is needed for growth, maintenance, and repair of the body but is not used as a source of energy.
prosopopeia	see personification.
solvent	The liquid (often water) in which a compound is dissolved
internal fertilization	The process by which sperm fertilize eggs inside of the female’s body, as in all mammals, birds, and reptiles
context-sensitive	See context-sensitive grammar and Chomsky hierarchy and contrast with context-free grammar.
adaptation	A trait that functions to increase fitness and that evolved for that function.
fallacy of incompatibility	Occurs when a debater makes a statement as evidence that is at odds with another statement made by the debater, or when a debater's argument is incompatible with some action she has performed or recommended elsewhere.
centriole	The intracellular organelle that represents an inactivated basal body
positive feedback	The property by which some of the output of a system feeds back to increase the effect of input signals
spondee	A metrical foot of two syllables, both of which are long (or stressed).
differentiation	The process by which a cell becomes more and more specialized in its function and morphology through the regulation of gene expression and biochemical activities.
social darwinism	The idea that, by analogy with natural selection, societies evolve through competition between individuals or groups.
central limit theorem	A theorem that states that the sum of a large number of independent variables tends toward a normal distribution.
outgroup	A species or group of species that is closely related to the group of species being studied, but clearly not as closely related as any study-group members are to each other.
boulders	Large transported blocks of stone generally imbedded in clays or gravels.
cytoskeleton	The system of protein filaments in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that gives the cell its shape and its capacity for directed movement and that participates in the directed transport of molecules within a cell.
heroic couplet	Style of poetry consisting of iambic pentameters rhyming in pairs "aa bb cc ..." It was used extensively by Chaucer and many subsequent poets.
hyponasty	describing the growth response of a plant part where the lower side grows faster than the upper side with the result that the part curves upwards, c.f
temperature	A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
adv	symbol used in grammar rules for an adverb.
struggling reader	any student of any age who has not mastered the skills required to fluently read and comprehend text which is written at a level that one could reasonably expect a student of that age to read.
silencer	A DNA sequence which acts in the opposite direction of an
open-loop control mechanism	A control mechanism in which feedback from the output of the system is not provided to the input control
indeterminate growth	A type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives.
normal distribution	The bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of the sum of a large number of independent variables.
microsatellite	A short array of repeated sequences, each a few base pairs long
socratic irony	A form of irony, named after Socrates, in which a questioner pretends to be ignorant, and sympathetic to an assumption or point of view, so that his questions can rubbish the assumption.
sensory neuron	A nerve cell that receives information from the internal and external environments and transmits the signals to the central nervous system.
exposition	The writing that mainly explains and instructs, assuming no prior knowledge of the reader, contrasted to narration or reference manual.
exon	that part of a gene sequence that is transcribed and translated, c.f
cliché	A trite expression, worn out from too much use
behavioral intervention	An approach to finding relations between body variables and behavioral variables that involves intervening in the behavior of an organism and looking for resultant changes in body structure or function
genus	A group of species that resemble each other because of shared inheritance
gene	A stretch of DNA (or, in some viruses, RNA) sequence that codes for a protein or RNA molecule, together with associated regulatory elements.
complementary dna	A DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase
synecdoche	A figure of speech (from the Greek for "taking together") in which the name for someone or something is replaced by the name of part of it, as "hand" for "workman".
straw man	A logical fallacy that involves a creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position.
paragraph	a group of sentences that develops a central point or main idea (CHAPTER 4 FLASHCARDS, CHAPTER 11 FLASHCARDS)
olfactory epithelium	A sheet of cells, including olfactory receptors, that lines the dorsal portion of the nasal cavities and adjacent regions, including the septum that separates the left and right nasal cavities
transversion	A mutation in which a pyrimidine replaces a purine, or vice versa.
semantic feature	A semantic feature is a 'primitive' which a language processor (human or computer) is assumed to be able to determine independently of the language system
dioecious	Seed plant sporophytes producing either seeds or pollen, but not both.
endogenous	deep-seated in origin, c.f
codon	A set of three nucleotides that uniquely encodes one particular amino acid
swim bladder	An adaptation, derived from a lung, that enables bony fishes to adjust their density and thereby control their buoyancy.
adventitious root	A root of a vascular plant that arises anywhere other than from the radicle or the zone of lateral root formation.
synonymous mutation	A point mutation in a protein-coding region that changes a codon such that it does not alter the resulting amino acid sequence of the protein.
allomone	A chemical signal that is released outside the body by one species and affects the behavior of other species
nongenomic effect	An effect of a steroid hormone that is not mediated by direct changes in gene expression.
chlorophyte	Member of a phylum of eukaryotes that are all single-celled green algae and closely related to green plants.
negation	One of the NICE PROPERTIES of AUXILIARY VERBS, which can have a NEGATIVE marker added to them, e.g.
augmented transition network	A parsing formalism for augmented context free grammars
derived terms	A post-POS heading listing terms in the same language that are morphological derivatives.
palpi	Jointed appendages to some of the organs of the mouth in Insects and Crustacea.
sympatric speciation	The separation of a single population into two or more reproductively isolated species in the absence of any geographic barriers.
nitrogen fixation	The assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by certain prokaryotes into nitrogenous compounds that can be directly used by plants.
prion	A protein that can take on alternative stable conformations
atn	= augmented transition network
modern english	Abbreviated as ModE, the period from 1650 to the present.
to-infinitive:	She stopped
impression fossil	The cast or mold of the surface of an organism in usually fine-grained sedimentary rocks.
non-defining relative clause:	The hotel,
indigens	The aboriginal animal or vegetable inhabitants of a country or region.
osmoregulator	An animal whose body fluids have a different osmolarity than the environment, and that must either discharge excess water if it lives in a hypotonic environment or take in water if it inhabits a hypertonic environment.
proteasome	A giant protein complex that recognizes and destroys proteins tagged for elimination by the small protein ubiquitin.
slippery slope argument	An argument that connects a series of events in a causal chain that ultimately leads to disaster or calamity
whorls	The circles or spiral lines in which the parts of plants are arranged upon the axis of growth.
hybrid	an offspring of the fusion of gametes from genetically different parents, here used where the parents are of different species, c.f
criterion-referenced assessment	This is a type of assessment in which a child's score is compared against a predetermined criterion score to determine if the child is performing acceptably or unacceptably
carbon cycle	Worldwide circulation and reutilization of carbon atoms, chiefly due to metabolic processes of living organisms
hypertonic	Referring to a solution with a higher concentration of salt than that found in interstitial fluid and blood plasma (more than about 0.9% salt)
codon	Three bases that code for a single amino acid.
branching process	A process in which individuals produce a random number of offspring, independently of each other.
atrioventricular valve	A valve in the heart between each atrium and ventricle that prevents a backflow of blood when the ventricles contract.
pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals.
existence	In philosophy, “Existence” does not refer to something being “tangible” or material, as opposed to “ideal” or intangible — Ideas, espirit d’temps, etc exist just as much as sticks and stones
locus	The position on a chromosome occupied by a particular gene (plural: loci)
double fertilization	A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm.
segregation	The movement of two homologous chromosomes during meiosis, one to each pole of the cell
in situ hybridization	A method for detecting particular RNA transcripts in tissue sections by providing a nucleotide probe that is complementary to, and will therefore hybridize with, the transcript of interest
analogy	Non-homologous similarity of structure resulting from similarity of function.
microfilament	A very small filament (7 nm in diameter) found within all cells
transition	A mutation in which a purine replaces another purine or a pyrimidine replaces another pyrimidine.
deletion	(1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage
polar covalent bond	A type of covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity
monophyletic	Describes a set of taxa that all descend from a common ancestral taxon—that is, a group of organisms or genes that share a common ancestor to the exclusion of all other entities.
tetrameter	A line of poetry that has four metrical feet.
semicolon	a punctuation mark (;) used to separate independent clauses or items in a series
exoskeleton	A hard encasement on the surface of an animal, such as the shells of mollusks or the cuticles of arthropods, that provides protection and points of attachment for muscles.
epithalamium	A poem in honor of a bride and bridegroom.
short-day plant	A plant that flowers, usually in late summer, fall, or winter, only when the light period is shorter than a critical length.
heterosis	The increase in fitness seen in a cross between different populations.
pinnate	Bearing leaflets on each side of a central stalk.
population bottleneck	A brief reduction in population size, which causes a burst of random genetic drift
facilitated diffusion	The spontaneous passage of molecules and ions, bound to specific carrier proteins, across a biological membrane down their concentration gradients.
dizygotic twins	Twins formed from separate zygotes and therefore related in the same way as siblings.
fragile x syndrome	A hereditary mental disorder, partially explained by genomic imprinting and the addition of nucleotides to a triplet repeat near the end of an X chromosome.
antigen	Any macromolecule that triggers an immune response
microarray	An array of short oligonucleotides, bound to a substrate, that can be used to simultaneously measure the concentration of large numbers of different DNA or RNA sequences.
gated	Referring to the property by which an ion channel may be opened or closed by factors such as chemicals, voltage changes, or mechanical actions
brainstorming	a technique used to gather ideas in which the writer lists ideas as they come to him or her
thallus	Any plant body that is formed of parenchyma or plectenchyma but is not well-differentiated into organs.
fauna	The totality of the animals naturally inhabiting a certain country or region, or which have lived during a given geological period.
augustan poets	Group of English poets including Dryden, Pope, Addison and Swift who emulated Latin poets such as Ovid, Horace and Virgil
neuromodulator	A chemical agent that is released by a neuron and diffuses through a local region of the central nervous system, acting on neurons within that region; generally has the effect of modulating the response to neurotransmitters.
electrochemical gradient	The diffusion gradient of an ion, representing a type of potential energy that accounts for both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and its tendency to move relative to the membrane potential.
passive voice	one of two voices in English; an indirect form of expression in which the subject receives the action; see also active voice eg: "Rice is eaten by many people"
electron microscope	A microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope
ground tissue	a term of little use - it often refers to tissues other than the epidermis, periderm, and vascular tissue.
persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.
cause-and-effect reasoning	The type of reasoning that examines the reasons certain actions, events, or conditions (causes) create specific consequences (effects).
ribosomal rna	The highly conserved RNA molecules that are found within ribosomes
nomograph	A graph that allows a third variable to be measured when the values of two related variables are known.
gall	often very distinctive and even species-specific structures developed when insects, fungi or bacteria stimulate abnormal growth of a plant.
thesis	The indicator in an essay, usually one or two sentences, in which the author reveals the main point of the essay; the line of argument that the author is pursuing in his essay; the statement of author's position on an issue, such as:
outlining	a technique used to organize ideas in which the writer lists group names and supporting details in the order in which they’ll appear in the essay (CHAPTER 10 FLASHCARDS)
hexameter	A line of verse consisting of six metrical feet; the term, however, is usually used for dactylic hexameter, consisting of dactyls and spondees, the meter in which the Greek and Latin epics were written.
m phase	The mitotic phase of the cell cycle, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis.
spiral cleavage	A type of embryonic development in protostomes, in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells occur obliquely to the polar axis, resulting in cells of each tier sitting in the grooves between cells of adjacent tiers.
benthic zone	The bottom surfaces of aquatic environments.
meaning	the thing, action, feeling, idea etc that a word or words represent
international debating	Debating that occurs between representatives of different countries, nations, or cultures.
case	active An active sentence is one which has a basic pattern like the man is running or the dog bit the cat, i.e
lfg	= lexical functional grammar
3rd person singular	He like
claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence.
heterosporous	of a plant producing two kinds of spores, microspores and megaspores, as in all seed plants, c.f
missense mutation	A nucleotide substitution within a protein-coding region of a gene that leads to the replacement of one amino acid by a different amino acid.
directed molecular evolution	A laboratory version of evolution at the molecular level that can produce "designer molecules." A large starting population of molecules (typically nucleic acids) that varies randomly in base sequence and shape is subjected to replication with variation, followed by selection
parallelism	The repetition of syntactical similarities in passages closely connected for rhetorical effect, as in Pope's An Epistle to Dr
down syndrome	A human genetic disease resulting from having an extra chromosome 21, characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects.
learning	The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information, behavior patterns, or abilities, characterized by modifications of behavior as a result of practice, study, or experience.
analogy	comparing two sets of words to show some common similarity between the sets (e.g., cat is to kitten: as dog is to _____?)
rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience.
constituent	A constituent is a word or a group of words which acts syntactically as a unit
documentation	Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing.
deoxyribose	The sugar component of DNA, having one less hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA.
structural formula	A type of molecular notation in which the constituent atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds.
nerve	A ropelike bundle of neuron fibers (axons and dendrites) tightly wrapped in connective tissue.
ad	Anno Domini
dash	The symbol "–" (en-dash) or "—" (em-dash), used to mark an interruption in a sentence.
cohesion-tension theory	A theory accounting for the upward movement of water in plants
deposit-feeder	A heterotroph, such as an earthworm, that eats its way through detritus, salvaging bits and pieces of decaying organic matter.
cocaine	A drug of abuse, derived from the coca plant, that acts by potentiating catecholamine stimulation.
probe	See Nucleic acid probe.
malleus	Latin for “hammer.” A middle-ear bone that is connected to the tympanic membrane; one of the three ossicles that conduct sound across the middle ear
homeodomain	A sequence, approximately 60 amino acids long, that is encoded by a homeobox DNA sequence
retrovirus	A virus that has an RNA genome and replicates it through a DNA intermediate
clone	a set of organisms produced from one parent by vegetative reproduction.
osteichthyes	The vertebrate class of bony fishes, characterized by a skeleton reinforced by calcium phosphate; the most abundant and diverse vertebrates.
osmoconformer	An animal that does not actively adjust its internal osmolarity because it is isotonic with its environment.
tracheal system	A gas exchange system of branched, chitin-lined tubes that infiltrate the body and carry oxygen directly to cells in insects.
intron	A noncoding sequence that interrupts the coding sequence.
cyclic	of floral organs = whorled; of chemical compounds, when atoms form rings.
closed-class item	Word classes are of two types: OPEN-CLASS and closed-class
norm of reaction	The range of phenotypic possibilities for a single genotype, as influenced by the environment.
electron shell	An energy level at which an electron orbits the nucleus of an atom.
katharevousa	The classically based artificial Greek language created at the start of Greece's independence from the Ottoman Empire
collective noun	A noun which refers to a group (like army, group) of things or people as a collective entity
figurative	Not literal
axis	An imaginary line passing through a body or organ around which parts are symmetrically aligned.
alternation of generations	the characteristic life cycle of land plants or embryophytes: the haploid plant body produces gametes via mitotic divisions, the gametes fuse producing the multicellular diploid sporophyte, this produces haploid spores after meiotic events, and the spores germinate to produce the multicellular haploid gametophyte again; a haplodiplontic life cycle.
bark	All tissues external to the vascular cambium in a plant growing in thickness, consisting of phloem, phelloderm, cork cambium, and cork.
anastomosis	fusion to form a network, e.g
aborted	An organ is said to be aborted, when its development has been arrested at a very early stage.
tundra	A biome at the extreme limits of plant growth; at the northernmost limits, it is called arctic tundra, and at high altitudes, where plant forms are limited to low shrubby or matlike vegetation, it is called alpine tundra.
apposition	in cell wall formation, growth by deposition of layer after layer of wall material, c.f
ocular dominance column	A region of cortex in which one eye or the other provides a greater degree of synaptic input
explication of text	Explanation of a text's meaning through an analysis of all its constituent parts, including literary devices used also called close reading.
harmomegathic	changes caused by changes in humidity to fruit capsules or to pollen that result in opening or dehiscence of the former and change in shape to accomodate changes in the volume of the cytoplasm as it becomes de/rehydrated in the latter.
abdomen	In vertebrates, the portion of the trunk containing visceral organs other than heart and lungs; in arthropods, the posterior portion of the body, made up of similar segments and containing the reproductive organs and part of the digestive tract.
apocope	The loss of final sounds
anacoluthon	The change to a new grammatical construction before the first one is finished, causing an odd sequence of words.
haiku	A Japanese poem composed of three unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables
past participle	A verb form which functions as part of the structures for perfect aspect (when preceded by a form of have) and passive voice (when preceded by a form of be)
parenchyma	A tissue formed by division of cells in three dimensions; also the unspecialized type of such tissue found in vascular plants.
synecdoche	understanding one thing with another; the use of a part for the whole, or the whole for the part
timbre	The characteristic sound quality of a musical instrument, as determined by the relative intensities of its various harmonics.
amphipathic molecule	A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.
node of ranvier	A gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed
positive adverb	Jenny works
psychosomatic medicine	A field of study that emphasizes the role of psychological factors in disease.
quatrain	A poem, unit, or stanza of four lines of verse, usually with a rhyme scheme of abab or its variant, xbyb
phylogeny	Genealogy of species; the pattern of ancestry and descent of species in evolution.
nitrification	The oxidation of ammonia or ammonium to nitrites and nitrates, as by nitrifying bacteria.
deoxyribonucleic acid	A nucleic acid that is present in the chromosomes of cells and codes hereditary information
measure	Poetic rhythm or cadence as determined by the syllables in a line of poetry with respect to quantity and accent; also, meter; also, a metrical foot.
plur	A predicate operator that handle plurals
mismatch distribution	The distribution of numbers of differences between random pairs of sequences sampled from a population.
subjective	"Subjective" means in relation to the subject (i.e the person acting, the "observer"), commonly used in the sense of "in the eye of the beholder", as opposed to "objective"
aposiopesis	a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt, seemingly overcome by passion (fear, excitement, etc.) or modesty.
coordinate term	A term that is a different type of the same hypernym
synaesthesia	The term is applied in literature to the description of one kind of sensation in terms of another
saprophyte	A plant or microorganism that obtains its nourishment from dead organic matter, such as most fungi and bacteria and a few non-photosynthetic flowering plants.
operator	A segment of DNA that interacts with a repressor protein to regulate the transcription of the structural genes of an operon.
fourier analysis	The analysis of a complex pattern into the sum of sine waves
epiascidiate	of an ascidiate leaf, in which the inside of the cup-like part is developmentally equivalent to the adaxial surface of the lamina, and the outside equivalent to the abaxial surface, c.f
historical method of exposition	The Historical Method of Exposition means the explanation of a thing by means of “narrating” the history through which the thing comes to its final form
understatement	Implying that something is far less important or significant than it is
cryptogam	literally a plant whose sexual reproductive parts are not conspicuous; a plant that produces free spores, even if they are of different sizes; among vascular plants, ferns and fern allies, c.f
aminoacyl—trna synthetases	A family of enzymes, at least one for each amino acid, that catalyze the attachment of an amino acid to its specific tRNA molecule.
allopatric speciation	The formation of reproductively isolated species due to the divergence of populations that are geographically isolated from each other.
robustness	In regards to methods of analysis, a measure of how dependent a result is on the assumptions of the method being used to obtain the result.
sufficient causal argument	An argument that states that the presence of a cause virtually guarantees (is sufficient for) the presence of the effect.
third conditional	"if-then" conditional structure used to talk about a possible event in the past that did not happen (and is therefore now impossible) eg: "If we had won the lottery we would have bought a car"
noun	A word such as table, freedom, book, love.
gerundive	A gerundive is an adjective
desmotubule	tubular strand of tightly-constricted endoplasmic reticulum traversing plasmodesmata, the central rod-like part representing merged inner portions of the endoplasmic reticulum bilayer.
bundle of his	In the vertebrate heart, a group of muscle fibers that carry impulses from the atrioventricular node to the walls of the ventricles; the only electrical bridge between the atria and the ventricles.
autotrophic	The ability to synthesize high-energy carbon compounds from inorganic raw materials using energy from sunlight or from certain inorganic chemical reactions.
operant conditioning	A type of associative learning that directly affects behavior in a natural context; also called trial-and-error learning.
mitochondrial matrix	The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle.
gemma	Multicellular asexual reproductive structures of liverworts, consisting of disc-shaped masses of cells borne in a gemma cup.
organ-identity gene	A plant gene in which a mutation causes a floral organ to develop in the wrong location.
mantle	A heavy fold of tissue in mollusks that drapes over the visceral mass and may secrete a shell.
transliteration	the conversion of text in one script into an equivalent in another script
inflorescence	The mode of arrangement of the flowers of plants.
quantum	A unit of radiant energy.
photopic system	A system in the retina that operates at high levels of light, shows sensitivity to color, and involves the cones
purines	A class of nucleic acid bases including adenine (A) and guanine (G).
rna-mediated interference	Mechanism of RNA-based regulation of gene function that results from the inhibition of gene expression through the formation of double-stranded RNA.
rough draft	See also early draft and final draft.
microphyll	The flattened, photosynthetic leaf-like organ of the Lycophyta.
state verb	State verbs are generally not used in the continuous tenses: Jane
organism	An organised being, whether plant or animal.
interferon	A chemical messenger of the immune system, produced by virus-infected cells and capable of helping other cells resist the virus.
delusion	A false belief strongly held in spite of contrary evidence.
mitochondria	The eukaryote organelles responsible for aerobic respiration
reasoning	The process used to connect evidence to the claim
refrain	A line or group of lines that is repeated throughout a poem, usually after every stanza.
garside's rule	in pollen grains with three, equidistant polar apertures and which occur in tetrahedral tetrads, these apertures are in radial positions so meeting at points where three grains are in contact, i.e
acid precipitation	Rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.6.
excitatory postsynaptic potential	A depolarizing potential in the postsynaptic neuron that is caused by excitatory presynaptic impulses
oxymoron	apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another.
natural killer cell	Bone marrow-derived, mononuclear white blood cells (large granular lymphocytes) that are able to kill invading microorganisms without activation by cells of the immune system
blood pressure	The hydrostatic force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel.
euphemism	A term that is less vulgar or less offensive than the one it replaces.
dithyramb	In classical poetry, a type of melic verse associated with drunken revelry and performed to honor Dionysus (Bacchus), the Greek god of wine
neurotransmitter	A chemical messenger released from the synaptic terminal of a neuron at a chemical synapse that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to and stimulates the postsynaptic cell.
cytokine	A protein that induces the proliferation of other cells, as in the immune system
limerick	A light, humorous poem of five usually anapestic lines with the rhyme scheme of aabba
endoplasmic reticulum	Eukaryotic membrane compartment involved in translation, folding, and transport of proteins.
fetus	A developing individual after the embryo stage
maximal response	In pharmacology, the strongest effect that a drug can have on a particular measured response, no matter how much of the drug is given.
organic compound	A chemical comound containing the element carbon and usually synthesized by cells.
lay	A long narrative poem, especially one that was sung by medieval minstrels called trouvères
matter	Anything that takes up space and has mass.
lau v. nichols	Supreme Court case where the Court ruled that, "There is no equality of treatment merely by providing students the same facilities, textbooks, teachers and curriculum, for students who do not understand English are effectively foreclosed from any meaningful education"
gerund	She stopped
euphemism	Replacing an unpleasant word or expression with a more pleasant one
ambitransitive	Either transitive or intransitive
bars of sanio	two bar-like thickenings (crassulae) made up largely of primary cell wall material that are found on either side of a bordered pit.
past continuous	She
innervation	The supply of neural input to an organ or a region of the nervous system.
perfective past	Simple past, a verb form of perfective aspect and past tense, which is used to describe an action or event which is regarded as having been completed in the past, in relation to a time already in the past
artery	A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body.
endoplasmic reticulum	interconnected membrane-bounded sacs and canals inside the cell, when rough with embedded ribosomes in the membrane.
tertiary consumer	A member of a trophic level of an ecosystem consisting of carnivores that eat mainly other carnivores.
somatic intervention	An approach to finding relations between body variables and behavioral variables that involves manipulating body structure or function and looking for resultant changes in behavior
muscular dystrophy	A disease that leads to degeneration of and functional changes in muscles.
appeal to tradition	A fallacious argument made when a debater argues in favor of a particular action on the grounds of tradition rather than on the basis of that action's merits.
brachiopoda	A class of marine Mollusca, or soft-bodied animals, furnished with a bivalve shell, attached to submarine objects by a stalk which passes through an aperture in one of the valves, and furnished with fringed arms, by the action of which food is carried to the mouth.
muscle spindle	A muscle receptor that lies parallel to a muscle and sends impulses to the central nervous system when the muscle is stretched
comparative adverb	Kate works even
smooth muscle	A type of muscle fiber, as in the heart, that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system rather than by voluntary control
natural logarithm	The logarithm (log) to base e where e ≈ 2.718
distinguished non-terminal	See context-free grammar.
audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or a piece of writing is addressed.
acatalectic	A complete metrical line - as opposed to a catalectic or truncated line
osmosis	The passive movement of molecules from one place to another.
multiple sclerosis	Literally, “many scars”; a disorder characterized by widespread degeneration of myelin.
psychosurgery	Surgery in which brain lesions are produced to modify severe psychiatric disorders.
reader supplementation	Instances in the text wherein the reader supplements information/emotion/attitude to what the author provides
nucellus	Megasporangium of a seed plant; located within the integument.
signature	Used in printing to keep track of the printed pages, see chapter 7.
brachiopod	Member of the phylum Brachiopoda within the lophotrochozoa, composed of a group of marine animals that superficially resemble clams but are only distantly related to the mollusks.
range fractionation	A hypothesis of stimulus intensity perception stating that a wide range of intensity values can be encoded by a group of cells, each of which is a specialist for a particular range of stimulus intensities
endothecium	the hypodermis of an anther sac with distinctively thickened walls and involved in its dehiscence, especially when this is by slits, ultimately derived from the archesporium c.f
virulence	The degree of pathogenicity of a parasite.
exon	The coding region of a eukaryotic gene that is expressed
wmf	Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., the parent organization of Wiktionary and other projects
microtubule	A major component of the cytoskeleton, composed of the protein tubulin
hormone	A chemical secreted by an endocrine gland that is conveyed by the bloodstream and regulates target organs or tissues
retrotransposon	A DNA transposable element that replicates through an RNA intermediate and has long terminal repeats on both sides.
object	This property shows whether or not the action can be done to someone or something
amniote	A vertebrate possessing an amnion surrounding the embryo; reptiles, birds, and mammals are amniotes.
suggestopedia	Communicative approach that uses Baroque music (in the session phase of a lesson) and stresses a welcoming atmosphere and natural settings
cyclic amp	Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells, for example, in vertebrate endocrine cells
submersion + esl	English learners are given a separate ESL class for a prescribed period of time, usually one hour per day
herkogamy/hercogamy	where pollen presentation and pollen receipt is spatially separated within an individual flower, or between individual plants, so ranging from cases where the stamens and stigma are in different places in the same flower to dioecy, where stamens and stigmas are on diffferent plants, see enantiostyly, c.f
memory cell	A clone of long-lived lymphocytes, formed during the primary immune response, that remains in a lymph node until activated by exposure to the same antigen that triggered its formation
vowel	a sound that you make when you speak without closing your mouth or throat
population density	The number of individuals of a population per unit area or volume of living space.
genetic system	The system immediately responsible for transmission of genetic information.
divergence	The acquisition of differences after evolutionary separation (e.g., of species).
recursive	Another term borrowed from mathematics, this refers to structures and operations which can be endlessly repeated
correlation coefficient	The most commonly used measure of correlation between two variables (x, y)
dimer	Two molecules that are bound together
mitosis	Cell division into two identical daughter cells with the same chromosome number as the mother cell (see also
greenhouse effect	The warming of planet Earth due to the atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide, which absorbs infrared radiation and slows its escape from the irradiated Earth.
countable noun	thing that you can count, such as apple, pen, tree (see uncountable noun) eg: one apple, three pens, ten trees
posterior odds ratio	A ratio of the probability of a hypothesis given a particular set of data relative to the probability of another hypothesis given the same data (Prob(H1\|D)/Prob(H2\|D))
leitotes	(exadversio): a kind of understatement (an inverse of hyperbole), depending upon a double negative for its effect: not incompetent, not unworthy Juvenal: difficile est satiram non scribere.
mycelium	A mass of hyphae forming the body of a fungus.
rationalism	Rationalism emphasises the role of Reason in arriving at true knowledge, as opposed to
aromatization	The chemical reaction that converts testosterone to estradiol, and other androgens to other estrogens.
stoma	An opening in the epidermis of a plant controlled by two guard cells.
sterol	Amphipathic molecules (i.e., they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions) found in the membranes of many organisms, especially eukaryotes.
modifier	A word or group of words that describes, changes, qualifies, or limits the meaning of another word or group of words in a sentence (Plays staged by the drama class are always successful.)
octameter	A line of verse consisting of eight metrical feet.
carbohydrates	aldehydes or ketones with many hydroxyl groups added, either occuring as single molecules or variously linked, see monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides.
efficiency	A measure of the speed at which a method performs.
crossover	A recombination event within a chromosome at meiosis.
duplex theory	A theory that we localize sound by combining information about intensity differences and latency differences between the two ears.
phloem	The vascular tissue that transports food materials in the plant body.
eutrophic lake	A highly productive lake, having a high rate of biological productivity supported by a high rate of nutrient cycling.
bowman's capsule	A cup-shaped receptacle in the vertebrate kidney that is the initial, expanded segment of the nephron where filtrate enters from the blood.
protozoan pl. protozoa	A protist that lives primarily by ingesting food, an animal-like mode of nutrition.
apa style	A writing style and formatting standard widely used in the social sciences, and published by the American Psychological Association, a professional organization representing psychologists in the U.S.A.
white matter	A shiny layer underneath the cortex that consists largely of axons with white myelin sheaths
cone cell	(1) In plants, the reproductive structure of a conifer
real number	In mathematics, a real number is a value that represents a quantity along a continuous line
broadside ballad	A ballad written in doggerel, printed on a single sheet of paper and sold for a penny or two on English street corners in the late 16th and early 17th centuries
present continuous	She
syngameon	A botanical term, referring to a cluster of taxa that are morphologically distinct and yet exchange genes.
dysphoria	Unpleasant feelings; the opposite of euphoria.
pastoral	A poem that depicts rural life in a peaceful, idealized way.
floccose	bearing tufts of soft hairs or wool which tend to rub off and adhere in small masses.
compound eye	A type of multifaceted eye in insects and crustaceans consisting of up to several thousand light-detecting, focusing ommatidia; especially good at detecting movement.
natural language	NLP = Natural Language Processing.
pistils	The female organs of a flower, which occupy a position in the centre of the other floral organs
propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.
concession	A reluctant acknowledgement or yielding.
infinitesimal model	A model that assumes that quantitative trait variation is caused by a very large number of loci, with infinitesimally small additive effects
helicase	An enzyme that unwinds the double DNA helix near the replication fork before
executive function	A neural and cognitive system that helps develop plans of action and organizes the activities of other high-level processing systems.
nematode	Member of a major phylum within the Ecdysozoa of very diverse and abundant worm-like animals, including the round worms and thread worms (phylum Nemata).
oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines two contradictory statements.
compressed	flattened in one plane, either dorsally (bringing the adaxial and abaxial surfaces closer together) or laterally (bringing the sides closer together).
foot	Two or more syllables that together make up the smallest unit of rhythm in a poem
closed meristem	of a root apical meristem in which one or more tissue regions of the root can be traced to separate initials, c.f
dissociative thinking	A condition, seen in schizophrenia, that is characterized by disturbances of thought and difficulty relating events properly.
demography	The study of statistics relating to births and deaths in populations.
tracheid	A cell with strengthened walls that functions to transport fluid within plants.
antigen	A chemical that triggers an immune response by binding to a specific antibody.
evolution	The process by which a population of interbreeding individuals changes over time.
transition	Bilingual program whose goal is to help English learners ultimately adjust to an all English educational program
algae	A class of plants including the ordinary sea-weeds and the filamentous fresh-water weeds.
gce ordinary level	The O-level (Ordinary Level) is a subject-based qualification conferred as part of the General Certificate of Education (GCE)
eukaryotic cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles, present in protists, plants, fungi, and animals; also called eukaryote.
transduction	The movement of genes from a donor cell to a recipient cell with a virus as the vector.
opsonization	An immune response in which the binding of antibodies to the surface of a microbe facilitates phagocytosis of the microbe by a macrophage.
telomerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres; the enzyme includes a molecule of RNA that serves as a template for new telomere segments.
tableau vivant	A freeze-frame moment or living portrait in the story
s phase	The synthesis phase of the cell cycle, constituting the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
quantitative genetics	The study of the inheritance of genetically complex traits.
intuition	Intuition is the ability to understand truth directly, i.e
ericoid mycorrhizae	a variant of a ectendomycorrhiza very common in Ericaceae: fungal hyphae form complex coiled intrusions in the epidermal cells of hair roots, which otherwise consist of little more than an endodermis, tracheid, sieve tube + companion cell; the fungal intrusions are not broken down by the host, see also tuberculate ectomycorrhizae.
tumor suppressor gene	A gene whose protein products inhibit cell division, thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth (cancer).
integument	The outer multicellular layer of the ovule, which develops into the seed coat.
cloaca	The sex organ in many birds, through which sperm are discharged (in the male) and eggs are laid (in the female)
topic sentence	a sentence in a paragraph that tells what the rest of the paragraph is about; the topic sentence is often the first sentence in a paragraph (CHAPTER 4 FLASHCARDS, CHAPTER 11 FLASHCARDS)
centrosome	Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and important during cell division; also called microtubule-organizing center.
polysome	See Polyribosome.
poetic licence	The liberties that a poet may take in the name of poetry
androgen insensitivity syndrome	A syndrome caused by a mutation of the androgen receptor gene that renders tissues insensitive to androgenic hormones like testosterone
nonrestrictive modifier	See restrictive and nonrestrictive modifiers.
scepticism	a philosophical conception questioning the possibility of knowledge of objective reality
continental drift	The gradual movement of the Earth's continents that has occurred over hundreds of millions of years.
biometry	The application of statistical methods to biology.
functional group	A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.
elative	In Semitic languages, a stage of gradation in Arabic that can be used both for a superlative and comparative (see also degrees of comparison).
verb	In English, he is the subject of he ran a mile
heat of vaporization	The amount of heat required to change a given amount of a liquid into a gas; 540 calories are required to change 1 gram of liquid water into vapor.
x-bar theory	X-bar theory is a component of linguistic theory which attempts to identify syntactic features presumably common to all those human languages that fit in a presupposed (1965) framework....
foot	of the young sporophyte, the interface of the gametophyte and the dependent sporophyte, probably equivalent to the suspensor, see also placenta.
condensation reaction	A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water; also called dehydration reaction.
column	the lower, twisted part of a geniculate awn, or that part of a branched awn below the branching point; in grasses.
appositive	A word or group of words that adds information about a subject or object by identifying it in a different way (my dog Rover, Hal’s brother Fred)
dyslexia	A reading disorder attributed to brain impairment
backcross	A cross between a hybrid individual and one of the parental genotypes.
stereoisomers	Molecules whose atoms are connected with each other in the same way but are arranged differently in space
adverb of place	He ran
primary structure	The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids.
endocrine system	The internal system of chemical communication involving hormones, the ductless glands that secrete hormones, and the molecular receptors on or in target cells that respond to hormones; functions in concert with the nervous system to effect internal regulation and maintain homeostasis.
heartwood	the dead inner portion of the xylem (wood) of a trunk or large root, c.f
simple future	See tense.
minimal pair	A pair of words which contrast in only one phonological segment, e.g
c	"Of common gender"
autocrine	Referring to a signal that is secreted by a cell into its environment and that feeds back to the same cell
complete digestive tract	A digestive tube that runs between a mouth and an anus; also called alimentary canal
asexual reproduction	A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.
levene model	A model of a structured population in which individuals from a single gene pool spend part of their lives competing within small patches.
messenger rna	The RNA molecule that is transcribed from the DNA and takes sequence information to the ribosome, where it is translated into protein.
substitution	The replacement in a population of one nucleotide or amino acid by another.
omniscient narrator	An all-knowing, usually third-person narrator.
active	A sentence in which the doer of the action is the subject, as in I saw an elephant.
paradox	A statement that on first reading or hearing seems absurd, but on closer examination is found to be true.
ballade	A type of poem, usually with three stanzas of seven, eight, or ten lines and a shorter final stanza (or envoy) of four or five lines
secondary compound	A chemical compound synthesized through the diversion of products of major metabolic pathways for use in defense by prey species.
chitin	A polysaccharide composed of amino sugar subunits
conj	symbol used in grammar rules for a conjunction.
sexual selection	Selection arising from variation in the ability to find a mate.
eutrophication	A process in which an aquatic environment accumulates high nutrient levels due to factors such as industrial or urban pollution or run-off of fertilizers from nearby agricultural lands
output probability	= lexical generation probability, but used in the context of a Hidden Markov Model.
cell fractionation	The disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centrifugation.
aves	The vertebrate class of birds, characterized by feathers and other flight adaptations.
time order	a pattern of organization that lists ideas in the order in which they occurred (CHAPTER 10 FLASHCARDS)
anapest	A metrical foot of three syllables, two short (or unstressed) followed by one long (or stressed), as in seventeen
substrate	A language that represents a non-dominant group but that influences the dominant group, e.g
working memory	A buffer that holds memories available for ready access during performance of a task
autogamy	pollination and fertilisation occuring by pollen from within the same flower, c.f
teleostean fishes	Fishes of the kind familiar to us in the present day, having the skeleton usually completely ossified and the scales horny.
immunocytochemistry	A method for detecting a particular protein in tissues in which an antibody recognizes and binds to the protein and then chemical methods are used to leave a visible reaction product around each antibody
mast cell	A type of noncirculating white blood cell, found in connective tissue, that is the major protagonist in allergic reactions; when an allergen binds to complementary antibodies on the surface of a mast cell, large amounts of histamine are released from the cell.
mitochondrion	A cellular organelle that provides metabolic energy for the cell’s processes
axicorn	tissue on the inside of the fruit of Campanulaceae-Campanuloideae which moves as it dries and perforates the fruit wall, so allowing the dispersal of the seeds.
pharmacokinetics	Collective name for all the factors that affect the movement of a drug into, through, and out of the body.
secondary structure	The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between peptide linkages.
excretory system	The organ system that disposes of nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes.
metonymy	A figure of speech (from the Greek "change of name") in which the term for someone or something is replaced by a term for something closely associated, as "the crown" for "the king".
gene conversion	A meiotic process in which nonreciprocal exchange of genetic information occurs as a result of heteroduplex formation between non-sister chromatids
limnetic	Occurring in the deeper open water of lakes or ponds.
microvillus pl. microvilli	One of many fine, fingerlike projections of the epithelial cells in the lumen of the small intestine that increase its surface area.
plate tectonics	The mechanism by which the plates that make up the surface of the Earth interact with one another, including the formation and subduction of oceanic crust.
cyclic electron flow	A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and produces ATP but not NADPH or oxygen.
agent	The entity which performs the action described by a VERB (John kicked the ball)
signal peptide	A stretch of amino acids on polypeptides that targets proteins to specific destinations in eukaryotic cells.
unrestricted grammar	See Chomsky hierarchy.
coal ball	A carbonate rock surrounding carbonized plant (or rarely animal) material, generally found as an inclusion in coal strata.
comic relief	The use of comedy, especially low comedy such as slapstick, to ease the tension of a particularly dramatic or melodramatic passage
mean	Usually refers to the arithmetic mean: for n values, z1, ..., zn, = (Σizi)/n
electromagnetic spectrum	The entire spectrum of radiation; ranges in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer.
intertidal zone	The shallow zone of the ocean where land meets water.
expectation	The average value of a function g(x) of a random variable x is called its expectation,where f(x) is the probability density of x.
narrative text	Text which conveys a story or which relates events or dialog
scansion	The analysis of a poem's meter
sequence alignment	A way of arranging the primary sequence of two or more macromolecules (DNA, RNA, or protein) such that individual residues in each sequence are lined up with residues in the other sequence(s)
thyroid-stimulating hormone	A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that regulates the release of thyroid hormones.
discolorous	of different colours, having the two surfaces different in colour, c.f
aporia	expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think, say, or do.
preposition of movement	I got
autism	A disorder arising during childhood, characterized by social withdrawal and perseverative behavior.
epigenetics	The study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genes themselves.
ligament	A type of fibrous connective tissue that joins bones together at joints.
substance	“Substance” means objective reality viewed as the unity of all forms of its self-development — including both nature and society and consciousness
diallagy	plants drying during long hot summers, reviving when seasonal rain come, a form of anhydrobiosis, c.f
dosage compensation	A mechanism that ensures that sex-linked genes are expressed at the appropriate level in both males and females.
horseradish peroxidase	An enzyme found in horseradish and other plants that is used to determine the cells of origin of a particular set of axons
euphony	Harmony or beauty of sound which provides a pleasing effect to the ear, usually sought-for in poetry for effect
b cell	A type of lymphocyte that develops in the bone marrow and later produces antibodies, which mediate humoral immunity.
god	God is the way in which the dominant conception of knowledge and ethics in a given society are made to seem objective, by means of the conception of some extra-human entity which expresses or imposes this conception on to the world
protoplast	The contents of a plant cell exclusive of the cell wall.
arteriosclerosis	A cardiovascular disease caused by the formation of hard plaques within the arteries.
tagged corpus	See part of speech tagging.
extremophile	An organism that thrives in environments that are at the extremes of conditions where life is normally found.
hortatory	urging, or strongly encouraging.
pith	The core of the central vascular cylinder of monocot roots, consisting of parenchyma cells, which are ringed by vascular tissue; ground tissue interior to vascular bundles in dicot stems.
standard score	In statistics, the standard score is the (signed) number of standard deviations an observation or datum is above the mean
sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patters to create a desired effect.
secondary productivity	he rate at which all the heterotrophs in an ecosystem incorporate organic material into new biomass, which can be equated to chemical energy.
induction	Increase in gene expression in response to a regulatory signal.
de list	See history list.
primase	Enzyme used to initiate replication of DNA.
parser	A parser is an algorithm (or a program that implements that algorithm) that takes a grammar, a lexicon, and a string of words, decides whether the string of words can be derived from the grammar and lexicon (i.e
nearest-neighbor exchange	A method for searching phylogenetic tree space whereby a new tree is generated from a starting tree by swapping neighboring branches in the starting tree.
simple past	See tense.
causal argument	An argument that supports associations between causes and effects
aspiration	Release of air, e.g
mitosis	Cellular division process that is involved in asexual reproduction in eukaryotes in which each daughter cell gets a copy of the chromosomes of the parent.
capsid	The protein shell that encloses the viral genome; rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more completely shaped.
retina	The delicate inner coat of the eye, formed by nervous filaments spreading from the optic nerve, and serving for the perception of the impressions produced by light.
lymphokine	A chemical, released by an activated cytotoxic T cell, that attracts macrophages and stimulates phagocytosis.
food web	The elaborate, interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
determination	The progressive restriction of developmental potential, causing the possible fate of each cell to become more limited as the embryo develops.
phonology	The study of the sound patterns of a language.
eutherian mammals	Placental mammals; those whose young complete their embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta.
α-proteobacteria	A major class of bacteria that includes many photosynthetic species, many pathogens (e.g., Rickettsias), and many mutualistic symbionts, including the ancestors of mitochondria.
occupatio	forestalling an objection to one's point by raising the objection before someone else does: Cicero de lege Manilia 22 Cicero pro Milone 35: Non modo igitur nihil prodest sed obest etiam Clodi mors Miloni
principal verb	(See "Main Verb.")
middle lamella	A thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young plant cells.
context-free	See context-free grammar and Chomsky hierarchy and contrast with context-sensitive grammar.
endomembrane system	Series of intracellular membrane compartments found in eukaryotic cells.
dependent variable	The factor that an experimenter measures to monitor a change in response to changes in an independent variable.
invariable	Lacking distinct inflected forms
tyrosine kinase	An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to the amino acid tyrosine in a substrate protein.
heptameter	A line of poetry that has seven metrical feet.
palatalized	A sound in the course of whose articulation there is a movement towards the palatal area.
polyphyletic group	A group of organisms not including the common ancestor of all members of the group.
independence	Two events A and B are said to be statistically independent if Pr(B \| A) = Pr(B) - i.e
proposition	A proposition is a statement of which it is possible to decide whether it is true or false
heterozygote advantage	A mechanism that preserves variation in eukaryotic gene pools by conferring greater reproductive success on heterozygotes over individuals homozygous for any one of the associated alleles.
canopy	the branches and foliage of a tree, c.f
holometabolous	Metamorphosis through a pupal stage (as in flies, butterflies, and beetles)
thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a a work, may be explicit or implicit.
hypothetical subjunctive	If I
nonsynonymous mutation	A point mutation in a protein-coding region that changes a codon such that it alters the resulting amino acid sequence of the protein.
chi-square distribution	The distribution of the sum of squares of a number n of normally distributed variables; written as .
fad	Abbreviation of flavin adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that functions as an electron acceptor in the Krebs cycle.
evaporative cooling	The property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state.
denudation	The wearing away of the surface of the land by water.
phosphate group	A functional group important in energy transfer.
hydrogen bond	A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
self-incompatibility	The capability of certain flowers to block fertilization by pollen from the same or a closely related plant.
meiosis	A form of cell division of eukaryotes in which each of the four daughter cells has half as many chromosomes as the mother cell; produces meiospores in plants and gametes in animals.
homeobox	A sequence, approximately 180 nucleotides long, that is translated into a DNA-binding domain called the homeodomain
transfer rna	An RNA molecule that couples a specific amino acid to a specific sequence of three bases
presumption	A statement concerning what people ordinarily expect to happen in the course of normal events.
lateral gene transfer	The transmission of DNA from one evolutionary lineage to another
expression	In the context of genetics, the process by which a cell makes an mRNA transcript of a particular gene.
pidgin	A language that is acquired by adults for communication (trade) between speakers of very different languages.
positive adjective	Dick is
law of independent assortment	Mendel's second law, stating that each allele pair segregates independently during gamete formation; applies when genes for two traits are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes.
compartmentalization	Subdivision of molecules, cells, or genetic functions into discrete spatial or temporal units
fut	See modal operators - tense and tense - future.
inkhorn term	A 16th century term to criticize the (over)use of latinate/difficult terms.
paradigm	A group of related flexions, where all the flexions in a paradigm bear the same pattern of inflections (where they all take similar endings and other grammatical changes)
crassulacean acid metabolism	A process by which some species of plants in hot, dry climates take in carbon dioxide during the night, fixing it in organic acids; the carbon dioxide is released during the day and used immediately in the Calvin cycle.
present perfect continuous	tense used to describe an action that has recently stopped or an action continuing up to now; formed with HAVE + BEEN + VERB-ing eg: "I'm tired because I've been running", "He has been living in Canada for two years"
informal	Denotes spoken or written words that are used primarily in a familiar, or casual, context, where a clear, formal equivalent often exists that is employed in its place in formal contexts
ichthyologist	Biologists who specialize in the study of fish behavior, anatomy, physiology, and evolution.
imperfect subjunctive	Stem of the first principal part + re + primary personal endings: laudaret.
fimbrial	of leaf venation, high order veins joining and forming a continuous vein running just inside the margin of the blade, c.f
southern blot	A method of detecting a particular DNA sequence in the genome of an organism, by separating DNA with gel electrophoresis, blotting the separated DNAs onto nitrocellulose, and then using a nucleotide probe to hybridize with, and highlight, the gene of interest
chloroplast	The intracellular organelle that carries out photosynthesis.
ammonites	A group of fossil, spiral, chambered shells, allied to the existing pearly Nautilus, but having the partitions between the chambers waved in complicated patterns at their junction with the outer wall of the shell.
root	A vascularized organ of plants that grows into the substrate.
past continuous	tense often used to describe an interrupted action in the past; formed with WAS/WERE + VERB-ing eg: "I was reading when you called"
f factor	A fertility factor in bacteria, a DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient
angustiseptate	a fruit flattened at right angles to the septum so the septum crosses the narrowest part of the ovary, c.f
eccrine	transport of nectar outside the protoplast as individual molecules moving across the secretory cell membrane, c.f
cloning vector	An agent used to transfer DNA in genetic engineering, such as a plasmid that moves recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell, or a virus that transfers recombinant DNA by infection.
g protein	A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma-membrane signal receptor, known as a G-protein linked receptor, to other signal-transduction proteins inside the cell
recto	Term used in printing to indicate the front side of a page.
nadp	Abbreviation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme that functions as an electron acceptor in the lightdependent reactions of photosynthesis.
euphemism	substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant.
set zone	The range of a variable that a feedback system tries to maintain.
insertion sequence	A class of transposable elements found in bacteria and archaea.
demonstrative pronoun	The demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these, and those.
expression vector	A vector that allows a DNA sequence cloned into it to be transcribed when the vector is introduced into a cell.
digestion	The process by which food is broken down to provide energy and nutrients.
élite bilingualism	either the choice by parents of bringing up children through two languages, or societies in which members of a ruling group speak a second language
open circulatory system	An arrangement of internal transport in which blood bathes the organs directly and there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid.
manuscript	A text that has been written by hand, not printed or published in any form.
gathering ideas	the first step in the writing process in which the writer figures out the main idea of the essay and makes a list of supporting details (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
sexual dimorphism	The condition in which males and females show pronounced sex differences in appearance.
past perfect tense	See tense.
finite & infinite	Finite and Infinite are terms used in mathematics and philosophy concerned with the boundedness or exhaustibility of a thing
basement membrane	The floor of an epithelial membrane on which the basal cells rest.
closed circulatory system	A type of internal transport in which blood is confined to vessels.
tanka	A Japanese poem of five lines, the first and third composed of five syllables and the rest of seven.
connective tissues	Animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix.
status quo	The course of action currently pursued (i.e., the present system).
aggregate fruit	a cluster of fruits formed from the free carpels of one flower, c.f
major transitions	Identified by Maynard Smith and Szathmáry as major changes in the way hereditary information is transmitted
semantic grammar	A variant on a context free grammar, in which the non-terminals correspond to semantic rather than syntactic concepts
prior odds	A ratio of the probability of one hypothesis relative to the probability of another hypothesis ((Prob(H1)/Prob(H2)), prior to observing any data.
net primary productivity	The gross primary productivity minus the energy used by the producers for cellular respiration; represents the storage of chemical energy in an ecosystem available to consumers.
nonpolar covalent bond	A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity.
imperfective past	A verb form of imperfective aspect and past tense, which is used to describe an action or event which was happening continuously or repeatedly in the past, as in "Tom was painting the fence" or "Tom used to paint the fence."
binomial phrase	There are restaurants
degree adverb	A subclass of ADVERB which specifies the degree to which some property applies
dementia	Drastic failure of cognitive ability, including memory failure and loss of orientation.
rflp	See restriction fragment length polymorphism.
social promotion	Promoting a child to the next grade in order to keep the child with his or her peers and social group.
blood	A type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which blood cells are suspended.
trichromatic hypothesis	A hypothesis of color perception stating that there are three different types of cones, each excited by a different region of the spectrum and each having a separate pathway to the brain.
gpsg	= generalized phrase structure grammar
compression fossil	The organic remains of an organism which have been pressed flat between rock strata.
peristome	A ring of inward-directed teeth surrounding the opening of a moss capsule
receptor isoform	A version of a receptor protein (in this context, a hormone receptor) with slight differences in structure that give it different functional properties
predation	An interaction between species in which one species, the predator, eats the other, the prey.
transmission disequilibrium test	A statistical test that detects associations between genetic markers and disease alleles by looking for marker alleles that are transmitted in excess to affected offspring.
inductive argument	A type of argument in which a conclusion is drawn from a set of examples.
osmotic pressure	The tendency of a solvent to move through a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of a solute.
chance & necessity	Chance, or Accident is a transient, non-essential property of a thing or process, as opposed to what is essential, necessary and substantial
number	The term grammatical number refers to whether the concept described consists of a single unit (singular number), like "this pen", or to more than one unit (plural number), like "these pens", or "three pens".
translation	Synthesis of protein with amino acid sequence encoded by an RNA sequence.
chemostat	A device that allows populations of microorganisms to be maintained in a steady state.
anorexia nervosa	A syndrome in which individuals severely deprive themselves of food.
glycerol	A three-carbon molecule with three hydroxyl () groups attached; a glycerol molecule can combine with three fatty acid molecules to form a fat or an oil.
buttress	a vertical flange of tissue protruding from the base of the trunk of a tree or where a leaf joins the stem.
dramatic poem	A composition in verse portraying a story of life or character, usually involving conflict and emotions, in a plot evolving through action and dialogue.
pseudogene	A gene that has lost its function and is degenerating under mutation and drift.
okazaki fragments	Small fragments of DNA made during DNA replication of the lagging strand.
paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.
shotgun sequencing	A method of sequencing genomes and environmental samples in which random fragments of DNA are sequenced and then computational methods are used to “reassemble” genomes from the sample.
lamarckism	See inheritance of acquired characteristics.
radial glial cells	Glial cells that form early in development, spanning the width of the emerging cerebral hemispheres, and guide migrating neurons
harmonic mean	An average defined byIt gives greatest weight to small values
pollen	The male element in flowering plants; usually a fine dust produced by the anthers, which, by contact with the stigma effects the fecundation of the seeds
genetic assimilation	The process in which a phenotype, normally expressed only in a specific environment, through selection shows increased expression in that environment, which may cause the phenotype to be expressed under normal conditions as well.
southern blotting	A hybridization technique that enables researchers to determine the presence of certain nucleotide sequences in a sample of DNA.
tertiary	The latest geological epoch, immediately preceding the establishment of the present order of things.
opponent-process hypothesis	The theory that color vision depends on systems that produce opposite responses to light of different wavelengths
cristae	Infolded internal membranes, such as those seen in mitochondria and plastids.
fermentation	A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end-product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
origin of replication	A specific sequence of bases in a nucleic acid molecule to which the enzymes responsible for replicating the nucleic acid bind to initiate the copying process.
alternative splicing	The process by which the initial RNA made from a single gene can be spliced into different mature messenger RNAs, which in turn produce different proteins.
ballot	A document on which the judge records the decision, the reasons for the decision, and speaker points awarded to each debater.
zero conditional	"if-then" conditional structure used when the result of the condition is always true (based on fact) eg: "If you dial O, the operator comes on"
parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.
trophic structure	The different feeding relationships in an ecosystem that determine the route of energy flow and the pattern of chemical cycling.
analogy	similarity between two structures because they have the same or a similar function, c.f
silurian system	A Very ancient system of fossiliferous rocks belonging to the earlier part of the Palæozoic series.
adjp	symbol used in grammar rules for an adjective phrase.
promiscuity	A mating system in which animals mate with several members of the opposite sex and do not establish durable associations with sex partners.
imperative sentence	A sentence type usually used to issue orders or directions
credible	Worthy of belief; trustworthy
cardiac output	The volume of blood pumped per minute by the left ventricle of the heart.
cotyledon	A seed leaf present as part of an embryonic seed plant sporophyte
fascicular cambium	a lateral meristem developing from undifferentiated procambium in a vascular bundle, and, with the interfascicular cambium, making up the vascular cambium.
chart	A chart is a data structure used in parsing
csg	= context-sensitive grammar
hypophyseal portal system	A duplex system of capillaries spanning between the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus and the secretory tissue of the anterior pituitary.
substrate-level phosphorylation	The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.
reciprocal pronoun	pronoun that indicates that two or more subjects are acting mutually; there are two in English - each other, one another eg: "John and Mary were shouting at each other", "The students accused one another of cheating"
induction	See Induction & Deduction
sodium ion	A sodium atom that carries a positive charge because it has lost one electron.
carbonization	Process of fossilization in which heat and pressure of the rock layers drive off all volatile elements from remains of organisms, leaving only carbon.
aposematic	of insects, etc., with a warning colouration, perhaps because they are loaded with noxious plant secondary metabolites that they have sequestered, c.f
positional homology	When a multiple sequence alignment is used for phylogenetic analysis, residues that are lined up in different sequences are considered to share a common ancestry (i.e., they are derived from a common ancestral residue).
paralogous genes	Genes that are homologous (share a common ancestry) and have diverged from each other after gene duplication events (e.g., α- and β-globins)
trachea	The windpipe or passage for the admission of air to the lungs.
melic verse	An ornate form of Greek poetry of the 7th and 6th centuries BC which was written to be sung, either by a single voice or a chorus, to the accompaniment of musical instruments.
annulus	an area of the exine of a pollen grain surrounding a pore.
simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate and independent clause.
provirus	Viral DNA that inserts into a host genome.
primate	A member of the order of mammals that includes anthropoids and prosimians.
imprinting	A type of learned behavior with a significant innate component, acquired during a limited critical period.
stele	The central vascular cylinder in roots where xylem and phloem are located.
template	A pattern or mold guiding the formation of a negative or complementary copy.
linear equation	An equation of the form y = a + bx, where the variable x does not appear as a power or special function.
set phrase	Set phrase, a common expression whose wording is not subject to variation, or alternately, whose words cannot be replaced by synonymous words without compromising the meaning
crossing-over	Exchange of parts between two paired chromosomes during meiosis, resulting in new combinations of linked genes within the resulting haploid cells.
phagocyte	An immune system cell that engulfs invading molecules or microbes.
temperate deciduous forest	A biome located throughout midlatitude regions where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large, broad-leaf deciduous trees.
declarative	= indicative.
past perfect continuous	She
familiar	Describes a context where those conversing, through speech or written word, are well acquainted with one another and in casual situations often use more informal or colloquial terms to communicate.
endoaperture	an aperture in the inner layer of the sporoderm or pollen grain, c.f
chemical bond	An attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell elctrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms; the bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.
cell plate	A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.
apoptosis	Programmed cell death brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of "suicide" proteins in the cells destined to die.
mood	Indicates whether the sentence states a fact or asks a question (indicative mood), gives a command or direction (imperative mood), or expresses a condition contrary to fact, a wish, or a suggestion (subjunctive mood)
exon	The coding sequence of a eukaryotic gene (see also
quire	A set of sheets to be bound together with other sets of sheet, see chapter 7.
celsius scale	A temperature scale (°C) equal to 5/9 (°F – 32) that measures the freezing point of water at 0°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C.
tendon	Strong tissue that connects muscles to bone.
conditional	structure in English where one action depends on another ("if-then" or "then-if" structure); most common are 1st, 2nd, and 3rd conditionals eg: "If I win I will be happy", "I would be happy if I won"
interneuron	An association neuron; a nerve cell within the central nervous system that forms synapses with sensory and motor neurons and integrates sensory input and motor output.
blend	A word or name that starts with the start of one word and ends with the end of another, such as smog (from smoke and fog) or Wiktionary (from wiki and dictionary)
ecological succession	Transition in the species composition of a biological community, often following ecological disturbance of the community; the establishment of a biological community in an area virtually barren of life.
quatrain	A stanza or poem of four lines.
bifacial	of flattened structures, especially leaves, having distinct adaxial and abaxial surfaces, see dorsiventral, isobifacial, c.f
gas neurotransmitter	A soluble gas, such as nitric oxide or carbon monoxide, that is produced and released by a neuron to alter the functioning of another neuron
mismatch repair	The process of repairing simple DNA replication errors such as base misincorporation and small insertions or deletions.
homophone:	I'll
flagellum	For an individual cell, an organelle of propulsion formed from a cylinder of microtubules attached to a basal body.
ground tissue system	A tissue of mostly parenchyma cells that makes up the bulk of a young plant and fills the space between the dermal and vascular tissue systems.
supporting sentence	a sentence in a paragraph that gives more information about the main idea presented in the topic sentence (CHAPTER 4 FLASHCARDS, CHAPTER 11 FLASHCARDS)
stipules	Small leafy organs placed at the base of the footstalks of the leaves in many plants.
thigmomorphogenesis	A response in plants to chronic mechanical stimulation, resulting from increased ethylene production; an example is thickening stems in response to strong winds.
inflammatory response	A line of defense triggered by penetration of the skin or mucous membranes, in which small blood vessels in the vicinity of an injury dilate and become leakier, enhancing the infiltration of leukocytes; may also be widespread in the body.
cystolith	a stalked structure growing from the cell wall into the cell cavity, encrusted with calcium carbonate, borne in a lithocyst.
fetal alcohol syndrome	A disorder, including intellectual disability and characteristic facial anomalies, that affects children exposed to too much alcohol (through maternal ingestion) during fetal development.
substrate	Pertaining to the language of a culture which is inferior in status: Basque is said to be a substrate to Latin during the Romanization of the Iberian Peninsula.
hull	the palea and lemma surrounding some fruits of Poaceae, or the persistent sepals surrounding strawberry "fruits", or the seed coat of some cucurbit "fruits", or...
hexameter	A line of poetry that has six metrical feet.
gymnosperm	Seed plants that are not members of the Anthophyta.
messenger rna	A type of RNA synthesized from DNA in the genetic material that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.
hygroscopic	absorbing water, sometimes undergoing movements or changes brought about by changes in the water content.
hemichordate	Member of a diverse phylum of marine animals including the acorn worms and pterobranchs (phylum Hemichordata).
hyperbole	(From the Greek for "overshooting") Extreme exaggeration or overstatement, for either serious or (more usually) comic effect.
bacteriophage	A virus that infects bacteria
sucrose	Cane sugar; a common disaccharide found in many plants; a molecule of glucose linked to a molecule of fructose.
iamb	A metrical foot of two syllables, one short (or unstressed) and one long (or stressed)
figurative language	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect.
cleavage furrow	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.
superlative adverb	Pam works (the)
senile dementia	A neurological disorder of the aged that is characterized by progressive behavioral deterioration, including personality change and profound intellectual decline
spongy parenchyma	In plant leaves, a tissue composed of loosely arranged chloroplast-containing parenchyma cells.
meristem	A group of undifferentiated cells that gives rise to mature cells and organs as a plant grows; also called a bud.
thesis statement	a sentence that previews the content and organization of an essay by stating the topic and main idea of each of the three body paragraphs; usually the last sentence in the introductory paragraph (CHAPTER 11 FLASHCARDS)
nernst equation	An equation predicting the voltage needed to just counterbalance the diffusion force pushing an ion across a semipermeable membrane from the side with a high concentration to the side with a low concentration.
semicircular canals	A three-part chamber of the inner ear that functions in maintaining equilibrium.
reciprocity	In Hegel's Logic, Reciprocity
union	In set theory, the union (denoted by ∪) of a collection of sets is the set of all distinct elements in the collection
autonomy	Autonomy is the right and capacity of a person, country or people to determine their own actions.
ingestion	A heterotrophic mode of nutrition in which other organisms or detritus are eaten whole or in pieces.
exists	"exists" is a textual way of writing the existential quantifier, which is otherwise written as an back-to-front capital E
proton	A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of the atom.
aubade	A song or poem with a motif of greeting the dawn, often involving the parting of lovers, or a call for a beloved to arise, as in Shakespeare's "Song," from Cymbeline.
discourse entity list	See history list.
lepidoptera	An order of Insects, characterised by the possession of a spiral proboscis, and of four large more or less scaly wings
triolet	A poem or stanza of eight lines in which the first line is repeated as the fourth and seventh lines, and the second line as the eighth, with a rhyme scheme of ABaAabAB, as in Adelaide Crapsey's "Song."
phosphorylation	Addition of a phosphate group or groups to a molecule.
augmented grammar	An augmented grammar is what you get if you take grammar rules (usually from a context-free grammar) and add extra information to them, usually in the form of feature information
cryptic	of insects, etc., with a colouration, etc., that conceals them from potential predators, c.f
active	An active sentence is one which has a basic pattern like the man is running or the dog bit the cat, i.e
hofmeister's rule	origin of new organs on a meristem "where there is most room" (e.g
top-down process	A process in which higher-order cognitive processes control lower-order systems, often reflecting conscious control
gymnosperm	a seed-bearing plant with the ovules borne on the margins or surface of a sporophyll and not enclosed by fusion of the sporophyllar tissue, c.f
messenger rna	A strand of RNA that carries the code of a section of a DNA strand to the cytoplasm
shift-reduce parser	A type of parsing algorithm, not discussed in COMP9414.
mitosis	The process of division of somatic cells that involves duplication of DNA.
monotransitive verb	Monotransitive
fragile x syndrome	A condition that is a frequent cause of inherited intellectual disability; produced by a fragile site on the X chromosome that seems prone to breaking because the DNA there is unstable
degradation	The wearing down of land by the action of the sea or of meteoric agencies.
possessive pronoun	The car is
conjunction search	A search for an item that is based on two or more features (e.g., size and color) that together distinguish the target from distracters that may share some of the same attributes
morphology	This is a bombastic term I use sometimes in weak moments when I get writer's block
cyclitol	a cyclic sugar alcohol or polyol based on inositol isomers where hexitol are linked through the C1-C6 carbons to form a ring, a cyclic polyol, c.f
surface speech act	This term refers to analysing the type of sentence into standard syntactic categories - assertion, command, and the two kinds of question: yes/no-questions and wh-questions
wolffian duct	A duct system in the embryo that will develop into male structures (the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles) if testes are present in the embryo
anacreontic	A term describing odes written in the style of the Greek poet, Anacreon, convivial in tone or theme, relating to the praise of love and wine, as in Abraham Cowley's Anacreontiques.
catalysis	The facilitation of a chemical reaction by a molecule that is not itself altered by the reaction.
sugar	Any monosaccharide or disaccharide.
volition	“Volition” means the Will or intention
cosmic irony	A literary work in which God, "the gods" or Fate deliberately manipulates events so as to give one or more characters false hopes, only to mock and frustrate them.
purple patch	A passage (usually of prose but also of poetry) where the sudden heightening of diction makes the passage stand out from its context
ion	An atom or molecule that has acquired an electrical charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons.
international computers limited	International Computers Limited, or ICL, was a large British computer hardware, computer software and computer services company that operated from 1968 until 2002
set point	The point of reference in a feedback system
gradualism	A view of Earth's history that attributes profound change to the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes.
pinocytosis	The process by which synaptic neurotransmitter is repackaged into synaptic vesicles
pragmatographic	vivid description of an action or event
negative feedback	A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.
pistil	The seed-producing organ of a flower, composed of one or more carpels.
durio	a "type" of tile cell in which the radial files of dead, empty, erect cells in vascular rays are about the same height as the procumbent cells of the ray, c.f
protein electrophoresis	A method of analyzing a mixture of proteins by separating the molecules based on physical characteristics such as size, shape, or isoelectric point.
analogy	Analogy means the establishment of similarity in certain aspects, relations or properties between quite dissimilar things
guttation	The exudation of water droplets caused by root pressure in certain plants.
predicate operator	Predicate operators form a part of the logical form language
rhetorical question	A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer.
allergic reaction	An inflammatory response triggered by a weak antigen (an allergen) to which most individuals do not react; involves the release of large amounts of histamine from mast cells.
nucleoid region	The region in a prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA.
priapulid	Member of a phylum of worm-like animals (phylum Priapulida).
yellow	Yellow is the color of gold, butter, or ripe lemons
apoptosis	programmed cell death.
interleukin	Interleukin-1, a chemical regulator (cytokin) secreted by macrophages that have ingested a pathogen or foreign molecule and have bound with a helper T cell; stimulates T cells to grow and divide and elevates body temperature
epitope	A localized region on the surface of an antigen that is chemically recognized by antibodies; also called antigenic determinant.
idealism	Those philosophical trends which take the spiritual or non-material (ideal) as primary to the material, especially in relation to the question of the nature and origin of knowledge
wright–fisher model	A standard model of random genetic drift, in which each gene is drawn at random from 2N genes in the previous generation.
proton-motive force	The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis.
brainstorming	A method of problem solving in which members of a group contribute ideas spontaneously, by first coming up with a long list of even poor ideas and criticizing them later.
rhetorical question	This kind of question is used to make a statement rather than get an answer:
hdpsg	= head-driven phrase structure grammar
basidiospore	Meiospore produced in a basidium by the Basidiomycota.
phrase	A string of words can often act as an exact grammatical substitute for a single word; such a string is called a 'phrase'
degradation	The chemical breakdown of a neurotransmitter into inactive metabolites.
polymerase	An enzyme, such as DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase, that catalyzes the synthesis of a polymer from its subunits.
bottom-up process	A process in which lower-order mechanisms, like sensory inputs, trigger further processing by higher-order systems
proof copy	In printing and publishing, a version of a manuscript that has been typeset after copy editing.
morphology	intonation Intonation refers to changes in the tone or frequency of sounds during speech
slip-strand mispairing	A process in which a DNA polymerase adds too many or too few copies of a repetitive sequence during replication.
hydrophobic core	A portion of a protein that avoids dissolution in water and is composed of a set of hydrophobic amino acids.
circumlocution	Saying things in a very roundabout way, using many words when saying things directly would use far fewer words
arpanet	First established in November 1969, APANET was the first computer network where computers communicated with one another via exchanging packets of information, instead of circuit switching, as had first been done in 1965
aglycone	the non-carbohydrate group of a glycoside which appears on its hydrolysis (sometimes called aglucone).
glume	a "bract" in the inflorescence of a grass, sedge or similar plant, e.g
human genome project	An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.
autotroph	an organism independent of others in respect of organic nutrition, being able to fix carbon dioxide by photosynthesis, to form carbohydrates, c.f
latent	Something which is present but invisible, or inactive but capable of becoming active or visible, so a child may have latent knowledge of a concept, meaning the child understands the concept, but has not had an opportunity to demonstrate that understanding.
eukaryote	An organism with a membrane-bound nucleus, membrane-bound intracellular organelles, and chromosomes.
one-way	Bilingual program where native English speakers do not receive instruction in the native language of the English learners.
α-helix	Common structural motif of proteins in which a linear sequence of amino acids folds into a right-hand helix stabilized by internal hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms.
narcolepsy	A disorder that involves frequent, intense episodes of sleep, which last from 5 to 30 minutes and can occur anytime during the usual waking hours.
population genetics	Study of the processes that change the genetic composition of populations.
basic	anther wall development in which the primary parietal layer gives rise to two secondary parietal layers, the outer producing the endothecium and middle layer, the inner producing cells of the middle layer and tapetum, c.f
intercalating agent	A chemical that resembles DNA bases and can insert into DNA backbones during replication, leading to insertion or deletion mistakes in replication.
inner cell mass	A cluster of cells in a mammalian blastocyst that protrudes into one end of the cavity and subsequently develops into the embryo proper and some of the extraembryonic membranes.
brush presentation	a type of secondary pollen presentation in which the pollen in presented to the pollinator entangled in a mass of hairs, c.f
anecdote	A short account of an interesting event.
revising	the fourth and final step in the writing process, in which a writer reviews and corrects an essay (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
bilaterian	Member of the group that includes the majority of animal phyla and includes all animals with bilateral (left/right) symmetry.
cyanogenic glycosides	glycosides that by hydrolysis give a sugar moiety and hydrocyanic acid, c.f
nucleolus	The most prominent of subnuclear structures, which has a well-established role in ribosomal subunit assembly
vascular bundle	A strand of vascular tissue running through surrounding tissue such as parenchyma.
orbit	The bony cavity for the reception of the eye.
genetics	The study of inheritance, including the genes encoded in DNA.
ti plasmid	A plasmid of a tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into the host chromosome of a plant; frequently used as a carrier for genetic engineering in plants.
mammalia	The vertebrate class of mammals, characterized by body hair and mammary glands that produce milk to nourish the young.
colony	A group of cells, usually the asexual offspring of a single original cell, that do not show division of labor and that do not form a filament.
chemoaffinity hypothesis	The notion that each cell has a chemical identity that directs it to synapse on the proper target cell during development
graft hybrid	usually used when, after grafting members of two different species, a stable association of cells from both stock and scion that makes up a distinctive free-living plant results, also a graft chimaera, see chim(a)era.
scutellæ	The horny plates with which the feet of birds are generally more or less covered, especially in front.
articulata	A great division of the Animal Kingdom characterised generally by having the surface of the body divided into rings called segments, a greater or less number of which are furnished with jointed legs (such as Insects, Crustaceans and Centipedes).
bce	Before the Common Era
sex	Formation of new organism containing genetic material from more than a single parent
cardinal numeral	A subclass of numerals which includes one, 1, twenty, a hundred.
stasis	A system devised to determine the key issues of clash in a topic
chert	Very fine grained silica (SiO2) that forms layers or nodules in sequences of sedimentary rocks.
peroxisome	A membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotes involved in detoxification.
fungus	A heterotrophic, absorptive organism, either of the Kingdom Fungi or of similar ecology.
amniotic egg	A shelled, water-retaining egg that enables reptiles, birds, and egg-laying mammals to complete their life cycles on dry land.
food chain	The pathway along which food is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers.
homeobox	A 180-nucleotide sequence within a homeotic gene encoding the part of the protein that binds to the DNA of the genes regulated by the protein.
purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.
diction	The style of a work, as manifested by the choice of vocabulary, phrasing and figures of speech
g-protein linked receptor	A signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signal molecule by activating a G protein.
range	The extent of country over which a plant or animal is naturally spread
necessary causal argument	An argument that states that without the suspected cause, the effect cannot occur, thus the cause is necessary to produce the effect.
light reactions	The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process.
plastid	A specialized organelle found in plants, algae, and a variety of single-celled eukaryotes
hypoxia	A transient lack of oxygen.
likelihood	Given a hypothesis, the probability of observing certain data.
proofreading	Correction of DNA replication mistakes by the DNA polymerase enzyme.
sexual selection	Selection based on variation in secondary sex characteristics, leading to the enhancement of sexual dimorphism.
ion channel	A pore in the cell membrane that permits the passage of certain ions through the membrane when the channels are open
alternation of generations	This term is applied to a peculiar mode of reproduction which prevails among many of the lower animals, in which the egg produces a living form quite different from its parent, but from which the parent-form is reproduced by a process of budding, or by the division of the substance of the first product of the egg.
ahd	"American Heritage Dictionary"
covirus	One of a pair of viruses that have complementary functions and that must coinfect a cell for successful viral transmission.
alternate	of pits, when they are in diagonal rows and, when crowded, hexagonal in surface view, c.f
lexical functional grammar	A grammatical formalism, not covered in COMP9414.
future perfect	At 7 AM she
electron transport chain	A sequence of electron-carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
müllerian duct	A duct system in the embryo that will develop into female reproductive structures (fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina) if testes are not present
establishment growth	a rather vague term, but useful esp
sedimentary formations	Rocks deposited as sediments from water.
convection	The mass movement of warmed air or liquid to or from the surface of a body or object.
comparison and contrast	a pattern of organization that shows how things are alike and different (CHAPTER 10 FLASHCARDS)
anaphora	Very often used device in speeches or ballads
in situ hybridization	A labeled DNA or RNA probe is hybridized to a tissue section or whole embryo and viewed under the microscope to determine when and where a specific mRNA is expressed
deus ex machina	Literally "god from a machine", this originally referred to the classical Greek practice of resolving all the difficulties in a play by having a god descend on the stage via a mechanical apparatus
onychophoran	Member of a phylum of caterpillar-like animals
torpor	In animals, a physiological state that conserves energy by slowing down the heart and respiratory systems.
non-mendelian inheritance	Inheritance that does not follow Mendelian patterns
synthesis phase	In the cell cycle, the phase in which the DNA of the chromosomes is replicated and DNA-associated proteins, such as histones, are synthesized.
mutation	A heritable change in the genetic material of an organism that does not involve reciprocal recombination.
pyrimidine	A nitrogenous base, such as cytosine, thymine, or uracil, with a characteristic single-ring structure; one of the components of nucleic acids.
annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to the text.
amine	amino acid with the carboxyl group removed - very smelly!
fusiform initials	a kind of cambial initial found in the vascular cambium, vertically elongated cells with wedge-shaped ends the division and differentiation of which produces the vertically-elongated members of the vascular tissue, sieve tubes, vessels, etc., c.f
jongleur	A public entertainer in the Middle Ages who recited or sang chansons de geste, fabliaux, and other poems, sometimes of their own composition, but more often those written by the trouveres.
primary consumer	An herbivore; an organism in the trophic level of an ecosystem that eats plants or algae.
electric potential	The difference in the amount of electric charge between a region of positive charge and a region of negative charge
heteroecious	referring to rust fungi in which the aecial and telial stages are on different species of host plants, c.f
thick filament	A filament composed of staggered arrays of myosin molecules; a component of myofibrils in muscle fibers.
ectotherm	An animal whose body temperature is regulated by, and whose heat comes mainly from, the environment
exocarp	the outer layer of a fruit wall or pericarp, i.e
centromere	The region of chromosome that attaches to the spindle at mitosis and meiosis.
concentration gradient	Variation of the concentration of a substance within a region
amylopectin	a more or less coiled and branched element of starch, insoluble in water, made up of alpha glucose units, c.f
metabotropic receptor	A receptor protein that does not contain an ion channel but may, when activated, use a G protein system to alter the functioning of the postsynaptic cell
laurentian	A group of greatly altered and very ancient rocks, which is greatly developed along the course of the St
writer's anxiety	Anxiety with which writers sometimes have to deal when trying to write, starring in the blank paper, especially in the early phases of the writing process.
complete sentence	A word group that includes both a subject and a predicate and can stand alone
bole	the trunk of a tree below the lowest branch, c.f
xylem	The vascular tissue that transports water in the plant body; the functioning cells are dead at maturity.
calcium ion	A calcium atom that carries a double positive charge because it has lost two electrons.
sensory neuron	A neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment, such as light, odor, or touch.
syllable stress:	He's a pho
protein	A long string of amino acids
steroids	A class of lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.
reverse genetics	Term used to describe any of a variety of molecular methods that allow a wild-type allele of a gene to be targeted and replaced by an engineered mutant allele
seminal root	A root of a vascular plant that arises from the radicle or the zone of lateral root formation.
operon	A type of genetic unit which consists of one or more transcription units that are transcribed together into a polycistronic mRNA
placental mammal	A member of a group of mammals, including humans, whose young complete their embryonic development in the uterus, joined to the mother by a placenta
exogenous	superficial in origin, c.f
amyloplast	a leucoplast in which carbohydrate is stored as starch grains, c.f
logos	A Greek term that means "word"' an appeal to logic; of of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals.
ed50	Effective dose 50%; the dose of a drug that is required to produce half of its maximal effect
renaissance	Time period from 1450 to 1600 (1650 in England), characterized by a renewed interest in Greek, Latin, and other sources.
synapsis	The pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.
international phonetic alphabet	a system of symbols used to represent speech sounds
c3 photosynthesis	a photosynthetic pathway typically occuring entirely during daylight hours and involving the fixation of CO2 initially as a 3-C compound in the Calvin cycle (C3 photosynthesis), c.f
juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis.
simple present	See tense.
artificial selection	The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits.
apoptosis	The genetically programmed death of cells at specific times during embryonic morphogenesis and development, metamorphosis, and during cell turnover in adults including the maturation of T and B cells of the immune system
autoimmune disease	An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against itself.
immunoglobulin	A family of proteins involved in the immune system
spectrally opponent cell	A visual receptor cell that has opposite firing responses to different regions of the spectrum
query sequence	A macromolecular sequence (RNA, DNA, or protein) used for searching against a database.
narration	Retelling an event or series of events.
totipotency	The ability of embryonic cells to retain the potential to form all parts of the animal.
pressure-flow hypothesis	A hypothesis accounting for sap flow through the phloem system
consonant	a speech sound made by stopping all or some of the air going out of your mouth
terza rima	A type of poetry consisting of 10- or 11-syllable lines arranged in three-line “tercets” with the rhyme scheme aba bcb cdc,
nonstandard	Not conforming to the language as accepted by the majority of its speakers.
random walks	A sequence of random changes; the total change is the sum of all the random steps.
forall	"forall" is a textual way of writing the universal quantifier, which is otherwise written as an upside-down capital A
competition	Interaction between members of the same population or of two or more populations using the same resource, often present in limited supply.
natural selection	Differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interaction of organisms with their environment
relative	See Absolute and Relative
wavelength	Here, the length between two peaks in a repeated stimulus such as a wave, light, or sound
macroevolution	Evolutionary change on a grand scale, encompassing the origin of novel designs, evolutionary trends, adaptive radiation, and mass extinction.
patrilineal	Inherited from the father (e.g., the Y chromosome in mammals).
arabinose	(C5 H9 O4)-OH - an aldopentose epimeric with ribose at the 2 carbon, occurring naturally in both D- and L-forms, widely distributed in the form of complex polysaccharides, glycosides, and mucilages; arabinoside is a glycoside of arabinose and occurs widely in plant species as a component of sugars, also in gum arabic.
fiber tracheid	a fiber with thick walls and pointed ends that has bordered pits and is found in xylem tissue, c.f
forisomes	P-protein bodies found in the cytoplasm of sieve tubes in the phloem of Fabaceae involved in plugging the pores of the sieve plate by changing shape, being made up of contractile protein that is responsive to changes in Ca2+ concentration.
pupil	The aperture, formed by the iris, that allows light to enter the eye
head-driven phrase structure grammar	A grammatical formalism
recombination	The generation of new combinations of genes.
interphase	The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing
epenthesis	When a sound is inserted in between two other sounds, e.g
cell	when referring to anthers ("anthers 2-celled"), better to use sporangium/ia or theca(e).
anastrophe	A type of hyperbaton involving the inversion of the natural or usual syntactical order of a pair of words for rhetorical or poetic effect, as "hillocks green" for "green hillocks," or "high triumphs hold" for "hold high triumphs" in Milton's "L'Allegro," or from the same poem:
feature search	A search for an item in which the target, because it possesses a unique attribute, pops out right away, no matter how many distracters are present
fusiform gyrus	A region on the inferior surface of the cortex, at the junction of temporal and occipital lobes, that has been associated with recognition of faces
cacophony	Discordant sounds in the jarring juxtaposition of harsh letters or syllables which are grating to the ear, usually inadvertent, but sometimes deliberately used in poetry for effect.
guanine	Guanine (G, Gua) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA)
adjective phrase	Adjective Phrase (or adjectival phrase) is a phrasal grammatical category
pheromone	A chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects other members of the same species
biforine	raphide-containing cells that have thickened, lignified walls, but usually with thin-walled papillae at the end through which raphides are quickly extruded when the side walls are deformed, the "defensive raphide cells" of some.
horizontal transmission	Transmission of genetic information between different individuals other than from parent to offspring.
photoreceptor adaptation	The tendency of rods and cones to adjust their light sensitivity to match ambient levels of illumination.
abecedarian poem	An alphabetic acrostic poem; a poem having verses beginning with the successive letters of the alphabet.
semilunar valve	A valve located at the two exits of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle.
past	See modal operators - tense and tense.
active chart	= chart (in a chart parser)
parental behavior	Behavior of adult animals with the goal of enhancing the well-being of their own offspring, often at some cost to the parents.
iambic pentameter	A type of meter in poetry, in which there are five iambs to a line
tourette’s syndrome	A heightened sensitivity to tactile, auditory, and visual stimuli that may be accompanied by the buildup of an urge to emit verbal or phonic tics
semiconservative	Describes the replication of double-stranded DNA, where the two new molecules each carry one strand from their parent and a complementary strand that has been newly synthesized.
synthesis	The process of combining the parts to form a whole
pyramid of energy	A diagram of the energy flow between the trophic levels of an ecosystem; plants or other autotrophs (at the base of the pyramid) represent the greatest amount of energy, herbivores next, then primary carnivores, secondary carnivores, etc.
embryonic stem cell	A cell, derived from an embryo, that has the capacity to form any type of tissue that a donor might produce.
reproductive isolation	The separation of distinct gene pools, as a result of genetic differences that prevent successful interbreeding.
speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing.
second conditional	"if-then" conditional structure used to talk about an unlikely possibility in the future eg: "If we won the lottery we would buy a car"
sex determination	The process by which the decision is made for a fetus to develop as a male or a female
cyclic amp	See cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
gene	Physical and functional unit of heredity that carries information from one generation to the next
conjunctive tissue	variously defined, e.g., radial files usually of parenchymatous tissue alternating with and interior to each vascular cylinder produced by successive cambia, which together are produced by a master cambium, or a matrix of parenchyma or fibers in which the scattered vascular bundles of the stems of monocots are embedded.
a.	"Ante" (Latin for "before")
writing	the third step in the writing process in which the writer uses an organized idea list to write an essay (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
epicuticular wax	wax of variable composition and morphology found on the outer surfaces of the above-ground parts of plants.
circadian rhythm	A pattern of behavioral, biochemical, or physiological fluctuation that has a 24-hour period.
sight word	A word in a reading lesson containing parts that have not yet been taught, but that is highly predictable from the context of the story or which the child has memorized.
antheridium	the fertile organ of a male gametophyte or the male organ of a bisexual gametophyte, in which male gametes are formed, c.f
dependent variable	In an experiment, the dependent variable is the factor that responds when another factor is manipulated.
loess	A marly deposit of recent (Post-Tertiary) date, which occupies a great part of the valley of the Rhine.
conservation biology	A goal-oriented science that seeks to counter the biodiversity crisis, the current rapid decrease in Earth's variety of life.
antistrophe	The second stanza of a Pindaric ode
ribosomal dna	The DNA sequence that codes for the ribosomal RNAs, which form the core of the ribosome.
cockney	The English of the London population; in the 18th century typical of a certain social class.
abscission	the normal shedding from a plant of an organ that is mature or aged, e.g
bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue.
amphipathic	A molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic components (e.g., the phospholipids that make up membranes).
eocene	The earliest of the three divisions of the Tertiary epoch of geologists
population	A group of individuals of one species that live in a particular geographic area.
edema	The swelling of tissue, especially in the brain, in response to injury.
forb	a non-woody plant other than a grass, sedge, or rush, c.f
anticodon	A specialized base triplet on one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule.
aromatase	An enzyme that converts many androgens into estrogens.
assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof.
central dogma	Information can pass from nucleic acid to protein but not in the opposite direction.
lateral-line system	A sensory system, found in many kinds of fishes and some amphibians, that informs the animal of water motion in relation to the body surface.
plasmodium	The multinucleate mass of protoplasm that constitutes the vegetative body of Myxomycota.
oscillator circuit	A neural circuit that produces a recurring, repeating pattern of output.
splicing	An event which takes place within the nucleus whereby introns are removed from the precursor mRNA and the exons are joined together as a post-transcriptional modification
cellular differentiation	The structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism's development; dependent on the control of gene expression.
baroreceptor	A pressure receptor in the heart or a major artery that detects a fall in blood pressure.
persona	The speaker or voice of a literary work, i.e., who is doing the talking
grid cell	A neuron that selectively fires when the animal crosses the intersection points of an abstract grid map of the local environment.
homograph:	Everyone at the
alphabetic principle	Understanding that spoken words are decomposed into phonemes, and that the letters in written words represent the phonemes in spoken words when spoken words are represented in text.
huntingtin	A protein produced by a gene (called HTT) that, when containing too many trinucleotide repeats, results in Huntington’s disease in a carrier.
geological time scale	A time scale established by geologists that reflects a consistent sequence of historical periods, grouped into four eras: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.
first conditional	"if-then" conditional structure used for future actions or events that are seen as realistic possibilities eg: "If we win the lottery we will buy a car"
diastolic pressure	The pressure in an artery during the ventricular relaxation phase of the heart cycle.
medial preoptic area	A region of the anterior hypothalamus implicated in the control of many behaviors, including thermoregulation, sexual behavior, and gonadotropin secretion.
fibrous root system	a root system made up of many fine roots of the secondary root system (= "adventitious" roots), c.f
peptide	A short string of amino acids
self-consciousness	Self-consciousness is the awareness of being separate from the objective world and of being related to and a part of that world
endodermis	A layer of cells surrounding the vascular tissue in roots, stems, or leaves of many seed plants
instar	The stage of an arthropod's life cycle between molts (shedding of the exoskeleton)
dactyl	A metrical foot of three syllables, one long (or stressed) followed by two short (or unstressed), as in happily
homosporous	producing only one kind of spore, the gametophytes that grow from them usually producing both male and female gametes, as in many ferns and lycophytes, and bryophytes, c.f
intransitive verb	Prices
hypoascidiate	of an ascidiate leaf, in which the inside of the cup-like portion is developmentally equivalent to the abaxial surface of the lamina, and the outside equivalent to the adaxial surface, c.f
frequency-dependent selection	A decline in the reproductive success of a morph resulting from the morph's phenotype becoming too common in a population; a cause of balanced polymorphism in populations.
chromosome	a thread-like structure in the nucleus or chloroplasts of a cell, containing a linear sequence of genes, see centromere, also karyotype.
wernicke's aphasia	Wernicke's aphasia is the name of a type of aphasia involving difficulty with comprehension rather than speaking, associated with injury to Wernicke's area in the back left area of the brain (posterior upper temporal lobe).
internode	The segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached.
cuticle	A waxy layer formed on the outer tangential walls of epidermal cells in the Kingdom Plantae.
bile	A yellow secretion of the vertebrate liver, temporarily stored in the gallbladder and composed of organic salts that emulsify fats in the small intestine.
cellulose	A polysaccharide composed of glucose subunits
fossil	A remnant or trace of an organism of past geological ages that has been preserved in the Earths crust.
knowledge representation language	The term knowledge representation language (KRL) is used to refer to the language used by a particular system to encode the knowledge
present perfect tense	See tense.
halophyte	a plant adapted to living in more or less highly saline habitats, often accumulating high concentrations of salt in its tissues.
litotes	Pronounced lie TOE teez, this construction a way to affirms a positive by denying the negative
positional cloning	Process by which data from genetic crosses are used to identify a DNA fragment that contains a desired gene sequence.
nonsense mutation	A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
ataxia	An impairment in the direction, extent, and rate of muscular movement; often caused by cerebellar pathology.
speciation	The origin of new species in evolution.
binomial nomenclature	The system for naming organisms developed by Carl Linnaeus, in which every organism has a generic name and a specific epithet.
fischer's rule	in pollen grains with three, equidistant polar apertures and which occur in tetrahedral tetrads, these apertures are in an interradial position, so meeting at points where only two grains are in contact, i.e
law of segregation	Mendel's first law, stating that allele pairs separate during gamete formation, and then randomly re-form pairs during the fusion of gametes at fertilization.
heat	The total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter
elaioplast	a leucoplast that stores oil, c.f
rna world	The stage before the evolution of the genetic code when RNA was responsible for both heredity and catalysis.
homologous recombination	The process by which two pieces of DNA, identical or nearly identical in sequence (e.g., two copies of a chromosome), align and exchange a portion of DNA.
seta	The stalk that bears the capsule of the sporophyte of a moss or liverwort
convergent argument structure	Two or more bits of evidence that, in combination with one another, support a claim.
second law of thermodynamics	The principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
epithalamion	A poem in celebration of a wedding
channelopathy	A genetic abnormality of ion channels, causing a variety of symptoms.
sympathetic division	One of two divisions of the autonomic nervous system of vertebrates; generally increases energy expenditure and prepares the body for action.
neutral variation	Genetic diversity that confers no apparent selective advantage.
cochlear nuclei	Brainstem nuclei that receive input from auditory hair cells and send output to the superior olivary complex
endomembrane system	The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.
epidermis	The outermost layer of skin, over the dermis
multi-competence	the knowledge of more than one language in the same mind
territory	An area or space occupied and defended by an individual or a group; trespassers are attacked (and usually defeated); may be the site of breeding, nesting, food gathering, or any combination thereof.
clustering	A prewriting technique consisting of writing ideas down on a sheet of paper around a central idea within a circle, with the related ideas radially joined to the circle using rays.
pyy3-36	A peptide hormone, secreted by the intestines, that probably acts on hypothalamic appetite control mechanisms to suppress appetite.
parenthetical expression	An aside to readers or a transitional expression such as, for example
decodable texts	Texts which do not contain irregular words
grammar rule	See Chomsky hierarchy and context-free grammars.
hortative sentence	Sentence that exhorts, advices, calls to action.
paracrine	Referring to cellular communication in which a chemical signal diffuses to nearby target cells through the intermediate extracellular space
lycopod	Member of a group of plants that includes giant trees in the Carboniferous coal swamp forests and the living club mosses.
hydrophobic	A molecule or portion of a molecule that does not readily dissolve in water.
activation energy	The energy that must be possessed by atoms or molecules in order to react.
major histocompatibility complex	A large family of genes that identify an individual’s tissues (to aid in immune responses against foreign proteins).
dehydration reaction	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to one another with the removal of a water molecule.
induction	The process by which one set of cells influences the fate of neighboring cells, usually by secreting a chemical factor that changes gene expression in the target cells.
promoter	A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA.
gneiss	A rock approaching granite in composition, but more or less laminated, and really produced by the alteration of a sedimentary deposit after its consolidation.
t cell	A type of lymphocyte responsible for cell-mediated immunity that differentiates under the influence of the thymus.
ballade	Frequently represented in French poetry, a fixed form consisting of three seven or eight-line stanzas using no more than three recurrent rhymes, with an identical refrain after each stanza and a closing envoi repeating the rhymes of the last four lines of the stanza
envoy	The shorter final stanza of a poem, as in a ballade.
convergence	features that have evolved separately and have a similar function, but are not similar enough to pass Remane's criteria of similarity ("homology"), in particular, they fail the test of special properties, since at the level of genetic control they differ; a kind of homoplasy, c.f
clustering	a technique used to gather ideas in which the writer arranges ideas on an idea map to show how they relate to the main idea of an essay
modern synthesis	A comprehensive theory of evolution emphasizing natural selection, gradualism, and populations as the fundamental units of evolutionary change; also called neo-Darwinism.
reciprocally monophyletic	Two groups for which, at every locus, all genes within the group are more closely related to each other than they are to any organisms outside the group
strict aerobe	An organism that can survive only in an atmosphere of oxygen, which is used in aerobic respiration.
poetic license	While most often used to describe the poet's liberty to depart from prosaic diction and standard syntactical structures to achieve a desired effect, poetic license also includes the freedom for creative deviations from historical fact in the subject matter, such as the use of anachronisms.
complete graph	In the mathematical field of graph theory, a complete graph is a simple undirected graph in which every pair of distinct vertices is connected...
molecular recognition	The binding of two molecules though noncovalent bonds in which the shape of the molecules plays a key role in the strength of binding.
primase	An enzyme that makes the RNA primer required by DNA polymerase in DNA replication
superstrate	Pertaining to the language of a culture which is superior in status: Germanic is said to have had a superstrate influence on Latin in the Dark Ages.
predictive parser	A predictive parser is a parsing algorithm that operates top-down, starting with the start symbol, and predicting or guessing which grammar rule to used to rewrite the current sentential form Alternative grammar rules are stacked so that they can be explored (using backtracking) if the current sequences of guesses turns out to be wrong.
prolactin	A protein hormone, produced by the anterior pituitary, that promotes mammary development for lactation in female mammals
companion cell	a cell in phloem tissue of angiosperms, elongated, nucleate, metabolically very active and derived from the same mother cell that produces the closely associated sieve tube, intermediary cells and transfer cells are variants, c.f
nonhomologous gene displacement	A lateral gene transfer event in which a gene that carries out a particular function is replaced by a nonhomologous gene that carries out a similar function.
synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part of something stands for the whole or the whole for a part, as wheels for automobile or society for high society.
gene flow	The loss or gain of alleles from a population due to the emigration or immigration of fertile individuals, or the transfer of gametes, between populations.
complement system	A group of at least 20 blood proteins that cooperate with other defense mechanisms; may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse pathogens; activated by the onset of the immune response or by surface antigens on microorganisms or other foreign cells.
exploratory system	Systems that shape initially random variation so as to produce a well-coordinated functional outcome.
refraction	The bending of light rays by a change in the density of a medium, such as the cornea and the lens of the eyes.
negative feedback	The property by which some of the output of a system feeds back to reduce the effect of input signals
population viability analysis	A method of predicting whether or not a species will persist in a particular environment.
aposiopesis	A form of ellipsis where an argument is presented and the conclusion is deliberately omitted, to be supplied by the reader or listener.
allogamy	fertilisation involving gametes from different flowers or plants, a rather vague term, c.f
extraocular muscle	One of the muscles attached to the eyeball that control its position and movements.
horatian ode	An ode relating to or resembling the works or style of the Roman poet, Horace, consisting of a series of uniform stanzas, complex in their metrical system and rhyme scheme
actuality	A philosophical concept concerned with the development of processes and conceptions
stroke	Damage to a region of brain tissue that results from blockage or rupture of vessels that supply blood to that region.
second messenger	A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signal received by a signal receptor protein.
bottleneck effect	Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.
genomic imprinting	The parental effect on gene expression
microrna	A family of RNA molecules, approximately 22 nucleotides long, that regulates the expression of some eukaryotic genes.
frameshift mutation	An insertion or a deletion mutation that leads to a change in the reading frame in a protein-coding gene.
ce	Common Era
lateral hypothalamus	A hypothalamic region involved in the control of appetite and other functions
specialisation	The setting apart of a particular organ for the performance of a particular function.
structure	Structure means the inner organisation of a system, constituting a unity of stable interrelations between the elements, as well as laws governing the interrelations
aberration	In the refraction of light by a convex lens the rays passing through different parts of the lens are brought to a focus at slightly different distances, this is called spherical aberration; at the same time the coloured rays are separated by the prismatic action of the lens and likewise brought to a focus at different distances, this is chromatic aberration.
net primary production	In a community or an ecosystem, the increase in the amount of plant or algal material between the beginning and end of a specified time period, such as a growing season.
verso	Term used in printing to indicate the back side of a page.
schizophrenia	A severe psychopathology characterized by negative symptoms such as emotional withdrawal and impoverished thought, and by positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.
lateral line system	A mechanoreceptor system consisting of a series of pores and receptor units (neuromasts) along the sides of the body of fishes and aquatic amphibians; detects water movements made by an animal itself and by other moving objects.
polysyndeton	The deliberate use of series of conjunctions.
decoding	Using knowledge of the conventions of spelling-sound relationships and knowledge about pronunciation of irregular words to derive a pronunciation of written words.
coalescent process	A model in which as one moves back in time, each pair of lineages coalesces at a rate 1/2Ne.
structural gene	A gene that codes for a polypeptide.
cation exchange	A process in which positively charged minerals are made available to a plant when hydrogen ions in the soil displace mineral ions from the clay particles.
cacophony	Writing designed to be very harsh and unpleasant
allusion	An implied or indirect reference to something assumed to be known, such as a historical event or personage, a well-known quotation from literature, or a famous work of art, such as Keats' allusion to Titian's painting of Bacchus in "Ode to a Nightingale."
sporopollenin	The inert polymerized carotenoid that forms the outer cell wall of meiospores in the Kingdom Plantae.
ecological pyramid	A graphic representation of the quantitative relationships of numbers of organisms, biomass, or energy flow between the trophic levels of an ecosystem
genetic drift	Changes in the gene pool of a small population due to chance.
null hypothesis	In statistical analysis, a hypothesis proposing that there is no statistically significant difference between the observed results of an experiment and the expected results.
hierarchy	An ordering of groups in which larger groups encompass sets of smaller groups.
brachylogy	a general term for abbreviated or condensed expression, of which asyndeton and zeugma are types
background selection	The reduction in genetic diversity caused by selection against deleterious alleles at linked loci.
hymenoptera	An order of insects possessing biting jaws and usually four membranous wings in which there are a few veins
analogy	An argument that supports associations between things based on their similarity or dissimilarity.
past perfect continuous	tense that refers to action that happened in the past and continued to a certain point in the past; formed with HAD BEEN + VERB-ing eg: "I had been waiting for three hours when he arrived"
kb	= knowledge base
morpheme	The smallest grammatical unit of a language; a word or meaningful part of a word.
heat-shock protein	A protein that helps protect other proteins during heat stress, found in plants, animals, and microorganisms.
potassium ion	A potassium atom that carries a positive charge because it has lost one electron.
genotype	the total complement of hereditary factors (genes) acquired by an organism from its parents and available for transmission to its offspring, c.f
rhythm	An essential of all poetry, the regular or progressive pattern of recurrent accents in the flow of a poem as determined by the arses and theses of the metrical feet, i.e., the rise and fall of stress
growth factor	A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells.
additive model	A model in which a quantitative trait is the sum of effects of all the genes involved and of a random environment.
jussive subjunctive	In British English, the optional inclusion of
locally stable	An equilibrium is locally stable if any sufficiently small perturbation decreases in magnitude
parenthetical expression	An aside to readers or a transitional expression such as, for example or in contrast
incus	Latin for “anvil.” A middle-ear bone situated between the malleus (attached to the tympanic membrane) and the stapes (attached to the cochlea); one of the three ossicles that conduct sound across the middle ear
adhd	See attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
antennæ	Jointed organs appended to the head in Insects, Crustacea and Centipedes, and not belonging to the mouth.
adaptive radiation	The emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced into an environment, presenting a diversity of new opportunities and problems.
round window	A membrane separating the cochlear duct from the middle-ear cavity
enhancer	A DNA sequence that recognizes certain transcription factors that can stimulate transcription of nearby genes.
proton pump	An active transport mechanism in cell membranes that consumes ATP to force hydrogen ions out of a cell and, in the process, generates a membrane potential.
monozygotic twins	See identical twins.
analogy	That resemblance of structures which depends upon similarity of function, as in the wings of insects and birds
parallel evolution	The process by which features that once were different become similar by experiencing the same changes in different evolutionary lineages.
literally	Exactly as stated; read or understood without additional interpretation; not figurative or metaphorical.
viterbi algorithm	The Viterbi algorithm is an algorithm applicable in a range of situations that allows a space that apparently has an exponential number of points in it to be searched in polynomial time.
pain	The discomfort normally associated with tissue damage.
leaching	The dissolving of minerals and other elements in soil or rocks by the downward movement of water.
ubi sunt	A literary motif dealing with the transitory nature of things, like life, beauty, youth, etc.
grammar	A theory or hypothesis, about the organization of language in the mind of speakers of that language--the underlying knowledge that permits understanding and production of language.
error	A distorted or one-sided perception of reality conditioned by restricted practice, as opposed to (deliberate) falsehood, or mistakes which refer to actions
homeostatic	Referring to the process of maintaining a particular physiological parameter relatively constant.
aesthetic movement	1880's literary movement associated with Walter Pater and John Ruskin who advocated that art should serve no useful purpose
imperative sentence	A sentence that requests or commands.
proposition	A final claim made by a debater and supported by a combination of claims.
postsynaptic membrane	The specialized membrane on the surface of the cell that receives information from a presynaptic neuron
genitive marker	The -'s ending on NOUNS which usually indicates possession, e.g
exmedial	away from the midline of the lamina, c.f
epithelium	a compact layer of cells, often secretory, lining a cavity or covering a surface, c.f
seed	A multicellular structure containing the embryo of a seed plant, ordinarily with stored food, the whole protected by a seed coat.
cell-mediated immunity	The type of immunity that functions in defense against fungi, protists, bacteria, and viruses inside host cells and against tissue transplants, with highly specialized cells that circulate in the blood and lymphoid tissue.
synapsis	The lining up of homologous chromosomes in meiosis.
portmanteau	A blend that combines meanings.
pluperfect	See tense.
ode	A lyric poem that is serious and thoughtful in tone and has a very precise, formal structure
comparison	A noting of the similarities and differences--or just the similarities--between two or more things of the same class.
finite	A verb-form which can be the basis of a complete sentence
ed.	"Editor"
free-nuclear	of helobial and nuclear endosperm formation, where nuclear divisions are at least initially not accompanied by cell wall formation.
amniocentesis	Removal of amniotic fluid that surrounds the embryo
bombast	Bombast is an inflated, extremely verbose style of writing that is wholly inappropriate to the subject matter
chemoreceptor	A receptor that transmits information about the total solute concentration in a solution or about individual kinds of molecules.
conceit	A fanciful poetic image or metaphor that likens one thing to something else that is seemingly very different
necessity	See Chance & Necessity
transcription	Replication of an RNA strand complementary to a DNA sequence.
niche	The set of ecological environments in which a species can survive and reproduce.
erk	See extracellular signal–regulated kinase.
logos	A rhetorical technique that appeals to logic or reason.
anaphora	[liturgy] The Anaphora is the most solemn part of the Divine Liturgy, in which the offerings of bread and wine are consecrated as the body and blood of Christ
tropic hormone	A hormone that has another endocrine gland as a target.
mask	A method for identifying which positions in a multiple sequence alignment to use for phylogenetic reconstruction.
meiosis	An understatement; the presentation of a thing with underemphasis in order to achieve a greater effect, such as, "the building of the pyramids took a little bit of effort."
introductory paragraph	the first paragraph of a five-paragraph essay; indicates the issue the essay is going to address and states the main idea (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
advp	symbol used in grammar rules for an adverbial phrase.
crossing over	The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during synapsis of meiosis I.
electronegativity	The tendency for an atom to pull electrons toward itself.
recovery of function	The recovery of behavioral capacity following brain damage from stroke or injury.
decomposition of movement	Difficulty of movement in which gestures are broken up into individual segments instead of being executed smoothly; a symptom of cerebellar lesions.
exponential distribution	A continuous distribution with density λ exp(λx)
cumulative distribution	The probability that a random variable will be less than a given value is called its cumulative distribution.
cacophony	harsh joining of sounds.
chromista	In some classification systems, a kingdom consisting of brown algae, golden algae, and diatoms.
palæozoic	The oldest system of fossiliferous rocks.
eugenics	Improvement of the human gene pool through selective breeding.
androgynous	having staminate and carpellate flowers in the same inflorescence, a variant of monoecious.
epigram	A very short poem that ends with a witty or surprising turn of thought.
follicle	a dry, dehiscent fruit formed from one carpel and dehiscing along the line of fusion of its edges, i.e
dialectical materialism	Dialectical Materialism is another name for Marxism, coined by Karl Kautsky and popularised in the Second International after the death of Marx and Engels, emphasising the origins of Marx's thinking in the materialist
b cell	B cells belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, making them a vital part of the immune system—specifically the humoral immunity branch of the adaptive immune system...
evolutionary synthesis	The synthesis during the 1930s and 1940s of population genetics with other fields of biology (e.g., paleontology, systematics, and botany).
metagenomics	Large-scale sequencing of DNA isolated directly from environmental samples (e.g., soil, air, and water).
cryptovivipary	of seeds, germinating when the fruit is still on the plant, but the seedling not becoming apparent (see some Cactaceae), a variant of vivipary, c.f
tetrapod	A vertebrate possessing two pairs of limbs, such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
parasitism	A symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont (parasite) benefits at the expense of the host by living either within the host (endoparasite) or outside the host (ectoparasite)
litotes	understatement, for intensification, by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed
aspect	Term for a verb form or stucture which shows how the action of the verb is viewed
sandwiched modifier	A modifier standing between two parts of a modified term:
dat	"Dative"
preposition of location	I work
c4 photosynthesis	a photosynthetic pathway typically occuring entirely during daylight hours and involving the fixation of CO2 initially as a 4-C compound spatially separated from cells/organelles to which the 4-C compound is moved and then broken down and where the final product of the whole processs is a 3-C compound produced by the Calvin cycle (C3 photosynthesis), c.f
cam	a photosynthetic pathway in which stomata are closed during the day and open during the night, carbon being fixed in the dark as 4C compounds (e.g
electrogenic pump	An ion transport protein generating voltage across the membrane.
materialism	Those philosophical trends which assert the material world (the world outside of consciousness) to be primary to thought, especially in relation to the question of the origin of knowledge
dna probe	A chemically synthesized, radioactively labeled segment of nucleic acid used to find a gene of interest by hydrogen-bonding to a complementary sequence.
cadence	The progressive rhythmical pattern in lines of verse; also, the natural tone or modulation of the voice determined by the alternation of accented or unaccented syllables.
kinase	An enzyme that adds phosphate groups onto other molecules.
dative of purpose	A common idiomatic use of the dative is to indicate the purpose of something: Hunc librum dono misi, I sent this book as a gift; Haec pecunia tibi auxilio erit, this money will be as a help to you (will be helpful to you)
vascular plant	A plant that produces vascular tissue.
moraines	The accumulations of fragments of rock brought down by glaciers.
context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.
phenogram	A branching diagram that links entities by estimates of overall similarity.
triiodothyronine	See thyroid hormones.
ovule	An integumented megasporangium of a seed plant; develops into a seed.
personification	A figure of speech in which things or abstract ideas are given human attributes: dead leaves dance in the wind, blind justice.
sexual reproduction	A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.
comma splice	An error consisting of joining two independent clauses with a comma.
sry gene	A gene on the Y chromosome that directs the developing gonads to become testes
neurotrophin	A chemical that prevents neurons from dying.
stem-loop structure	A hairpin structure in an RNA molecule that is maintained by complementary base pairing.
radiometric dating	A method of dating samples based on analysis of radioactive isotopes and the products of their decay.
haustorium pl. haustoria	In parasitic fungi, a nutrient-absorbing hyphal tip that penetrates the tissues of the host but remains outside the host cell membranes.
chondrin	A protein-carbohydrate complex secreted by chondrocytes; chondrin and collagen fibers form cartilage.
filiform apparatus	a complex of cell wall invaginations in synergids, see also transfer cells.
heptameter	A line of verse consisting of seven metrical feet
ribonucleic acid	A nucleic acid that implements information found in DNA
neutral theory	The theory that genetic variation is neutral and is shaped primarily by mutation and random genetic drift.
convergent evolution	The evolutionary process by which responses to similar ecological features bring about similarities in behavior or structure among animals that are only distantly related (i.e., that differ in genetic heritage).
dermal tissue system	The protective covering of plants; generally a single layer of tightly packed epidermal cells covering young plant organs formed by primary growth.
poets' corner	A portion of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey which contains the remains of many famous literary figures, including Chaucer and Spenser, and also displays memorials to others who are buried elsewhere.
ultracentrifuge	A very high-speed centrifuge used to separate macromolecules.
noncount noun	A noun that cannot be made plural because it refers to an item that cannot be counted (cheese, salt, air)
uk	UK English, i.e
epidermis	The outermost cell layer of a plant.
personification	attribution of personality to an impersonal thing.
indefinite pronoun	A pronoun standing for an unspecified person or thing, including singular forms (any, each, everyone, no one)
electron	A particle with a single negative charge; one or more electrons orbit the nucleus of the atom.
glacial period	A period of great cold and of enormous extension of ice upon the surface of the earth
module	Different languages have different concepts of a module but there are several shared ideas
guard cells	the two cells that open and close the stomata to allow gas exchange, see also subsidiary cell.
majuscule	See "Upper Case."
heterochrony	The change in the relative timing or duration of events during development achieved by altering the relative onset or ending of particular developmental processes.
confidence interval	The range of parameter values that do not deviate significantly from a null hypothesis.
feedback inhibition	A method of metabolic control in which the end-product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.
external fertilization	The process by which eggs are fertilized outside of the female’s body, as in many fishes and amphibians
cerebrospinal fluid	The fluid that fills the cerebral ventricles
narrative	Telling a story
regular verb	She walk
analogy	A similarity due to convergent evolution (common function) but not inheritance from a common ancestor (bat's wings and bird's wings)
lobopod	The fossil members of a phylum of caterpillar-like animals
symplast	In plants, the continuum of cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata between cells.
action potential	A rapid change in the membrane potential of an excitable cell, caused by stimulus-triggered, selective opening and closing of voltage-sensitive gates in sodium and potassium ion channels.
emergences	an outgrowth from the plant surface involving both epidermal and subepidermal tissues, but not vascularised, and typically more massive than trichomes.
consonant	(1) A phone which is produced other by allowing lung air to pass over the vibrating vocal cords and then freely out of the mouth, i.e
gas hydrate	Frozen deposits rich in hydrocarbons that occur in the deep ocean basins.
adaptive radiation	Diversification of a single lineage into species that exploit diverse ecological niches.
norm-referenced assessment	This is a type of assessment that allows an individual child's score to be compared against the scores of other children who have previously taken the same assessment
unaffected meaning	The possible implications and normal general meaning of a particular kind of grammatical construction
estuary english	A variety of English spoken in London and along the river Thames and its estuaries in Southeastern England.
parental generation	In an experimental genetic cross, the parents of the F1 generation; homozygous for the trait(s) being studied.
cork cambium	a lateral meristem cutting off cork externally and phelloderm internally, c.f
gel electrophoresis	A method of separating molecules of differing size or electrical charge by forcing them to flow through a gel
terminator	A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene; it signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene.
amygdala	A group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe
sexual differentiation	The process by which individuals develop either malelike or femalelike bodies and behavior.
present perfect continuous	Tonight she
nucleic acid probe	In DNA technology, a labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to tag a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample
bryozoan	Member of a phylum (Ectoprocta or Bryozoa) of sessile colonial animals, commonly referred to as sea mats or moss animals, that are superficially similar to corals but are instead members of the Lophotrochozoa.
beneficiary	Alternative term for recipient.
polysemous text	Roland Barthes (1974) alerted us to the notion that texts operated a plurality of codes that them open to a plurality of readings, and Umberto Eco (1981) offers the most extensive analysis of that plurality
lateralization	The tendency for the right and left halves of a system to differ from one another.
cause and effect	a pattern of organization that lists the reasons why something occurred or predicts the possible results if an event or action takes place (CHAPTER 10 FLASHCARDS)
atomic weight	The total atomic mass, which is the mass in grams of one mole of the atom.
future continuous	She
fungiform papillae	One of three types of small structures on the tongue, located in the front, that contain taste receptors
pres	See modal operators - tense and tense - present.
casparian strip	A region of the radial cell walls of the endodermis that is impregnated with suberin and that prevents apoplastic transport.
reaction norm	The set of phenotypes expressed by a single genotype across a range of environments.
atheism	Atheism is the system of views denying the existence of God and usually other religious ideas such as life after death
verb	Traditionally, the part of speech which expresses an action, event or state.
fitness	The number of offspring left by an individual after one generation
collenchyma	mechanical tissue, the cells are often elongated, their walls may be heavily thickened at the angles and are made up of pectic and cellulosic material, c.f
thesis	The central idea in a work to which all the parts of the work refer.
lyric	A poem, such as a sonnet or an ode, that expresses the thoughts and feelings of the poet
mosaic development	A pattern of development, such as that of a mollusk, in which the early blastomeres each give rise to a specific part of the embryo
mutation	A change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene as a result of unfaithful replication.
life history	An organism’s pattern of survival and reproduction.
envoy	A short final stanza of a poem, especially a ballade or sestina, serving as a concise summary, as in Villon's "Des Dames du Temps Jadis."
testosterone	A hormone, produced by male gonads, that controls a variety of bodily changes that become visible at puberty
genetic engineering	The manipulation of organisms by the artificial introduction of DNA sequence in order to change their characteristics.
transitive verb	action verb that has a direct object (receiver of the action); see also intransitive verb eg: "The kids always eat a snack while they watch TV"
polymerase chain reaction	A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules and nucleotides.
insertion sequence	The simplest kind of a transposon, consisting of inserted repeats of DNA flanking a gene for transposase, the enzyme that catalyzes transposition.
conglomerate	A rock made up of fragments of rock or pebbles, cemented together by some other material.
hmm	= Hidden Markov model
smooth muscle	A type of muscle lacking the striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle because of the uniform distribution of myosin filaments in the cell.
parody	A ludicrous imitation, usually intended for comic effect but often for ridicule, of both the style and content of another work
caudal	Of or belonging to the tail.
intron	A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.
gram stain	A staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls.
gums	complex water-soluble polysaccharide chains, c.f
positive feedback	A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change.
formal	Describes a context where word choice and syntax are primarily limited to those terms and constructions that are accepted by academia or official institutions as most appropriate and correct
deltoid	triangular, with the sides of about equal length, deltate.
circling	a technique used to organize an idea list in which the writer draws circles to show how the ideas go together in groups (CHAPTER 10 FLASHCARDS)
aids	The name of the late stages of HIV infection; defined by a specified reduction of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections.
melodrama	A form of writing (a book, play or film) marked by very exaggerated characterisation
proceleusmatic	A classical poetry, a metrical foot consisting of four short syllables.
presumption	The assumption that current policies will be maintained until someone makes a case that another policy is a better option.
adaxial	of the side or surface of an organ like a petal or organ system such as a branch, facing towards the axis that bears the organ or organ system, c.f
arsis	The accented part of a poetic foot; the point where an ictus is put.
dihybrid cross	A breeding experiment in which parental varieties differing in two traits are mated.
satellite dna	Highly repeated DNA sequence, which was originally detected as a “satellite” component with a density distinct from the rest of the genome
missense mutation	The most common type of mutation involving a base-pair substitution within a gene that changes a codon, but the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid.
biological species	A population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed.
light-independent reactions	The carbon-fixing reactions of the second stage of photosynthesis; energy stored in ATP and NADPH by the light-dependent reactions is used to reduce carbon from carbon dioxide to simple sugars; light is not required for these reactions.
conciseness	Economy of expression
cauda equina	Literally “horse’s tail” (in Latin)
carboniferous	This term is applied to the great formation which includes, among other rocks, the coal-measures
folio	Book printed by folding a sheet of paper once so that one side contains two pages.
immersion programs	Bilingual program similar to double or two-way program
oed	Oxford English Dictionary
radicle	The embryonic root of a seed plant.
transcription factor	A molecule that binds to the promoter and regulates transcription.
embryo	sporophyte plant in an early stage of development, usually still within the gametophyte.
angle of divergence	in a genetic spiral/parastichy, the smaller angle relative to the stem circumference separating the points of origin of two successively initiated leaves, c.f
comparative adjective	form of an adjective or adverb made with "-er" or "more" that is used to show differences or similarities between two things (not three or more things) eg: colder, more quickly
anabolic steroids	Synthetic chemical variants of the male sex hormone testosterone; they produce increased muscle mass but also suppress testosterone production, leading to shrinkage of the testes, growth of the breasts, and premature baldness; long-term use increases the risk of kidney and liver damage and of liver cancer.
active transport	The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins.
steroid receptor cofactors	Proteins that affect the cell’s response when a steroid hormone binds its receptor.
countercurrent exchange	The opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss.
cytotoxic t cell	A type of lymphocyte that kills infected cells and cancer cells.
natural logarithm	The natural logarithm log(x) is the inverse of the exponential function: log(exp(y)) = y
slime mold	Eukaryotes, from multiple phyla, that normally exist as single-celled amoeba-like organisms but that sometimes gather together into “slugs,” which move together as a unit.
quantitative trait locus	A region of genome that influences a quantitative trait.
atp synthase	A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial cristae (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen-ion concentration gradient to make ATP
polyandry	A mating system in which one female mates with more than one male
likelihood ratio	A ratio of the probability of generating a particular data set given one hypothesis relative to the probability of generating the same data given another hypothesis ((Prob(D\|H1)/Prob(D\|H2))
semen	A mixture of fluid, including sperm, that is released during ejaculation.
endophytism	symptomless association of other living organisms, often fungi, that grow within living plants, hence endophyte, c.f
cyclin-dependent kinase	A protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin.
depolarization	A reduction in membrane potential (the interior of the neuron becomes less negative)
chromatid	One of the two replicated strands of DNA and associated proteins forming a chromosome following replication.
cell membrane	The outer membrane of the cell; the plasma membrane.
word stress:	She's an
host	an organism on which a parasite lives and by which it is nourished, also applied, loosely, to a plant supporting an epiphyte.
quenya	Quenya is a fictional language devised by J
fission	The process of splitting in two
autoradiography	A histological technique that shows the distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissues
pollination	Arrival of the pollen grain at the stigma of flowering plants, or at the micropyle of other seed plants.
sodium-potassium pump	A special transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that transports sodium out of and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients.
informational genes	Genes involved in core “informational” processes including DNA replication and repair, transcription, and translation
fitness	The genetic contribution of an individual to succeeding generations relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population.
segments	The transverse rings of which the body of an articulate animal or Annelid is composed.
ard	Admission, Review, and Dismissal – Committee that meets to discuss a student's educational placement into, out of our continuing in a special education setting.
amino group	A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.
chemosynthetic	Applied to autotrophic bacteria that use the energy released by specific inorganic reactions to power their life processes, including the synthesis of organic molecules.
metabolism	The breakdown of complex molecules into smaller molecules.
covariance matrix	An n × n matrix giving the covariances between a set of n variables
vernacular	A
microsporidia	A group of single-celled eukaryotes that were once considered to be their own phylum but are now considered part of the fungal phylum.
pacing	The relative speed or slowness with which a story is told or an ideal is presented.
conditional knockout	A gene that can be selectively deactivated in adulthood in specific tissues.
enlightenment	A social and philosophical movement in the 18th century characterized by a firm belief in reason, leading to the American and French Revolutions, as well as to a criticism of religious organizations.
gland	a structure, within or on the surface of a plant, with a secretory function.
capital letters	See "Upper Case."
tendon	A type of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
subtree pruning and regrafting	A method for searching phylogenetic tree space whereby a new tree is generated from a starting tree by moving entire branches (along with subbranches) to a new position in the tree.
aquaporin	A transport protein in the plasma membranes of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane (osmosis).
rhetorical question	This means asking a question, not with the intent of eliciting information, but intending the reader or hearer to know the answer and to achieve an emphasis stronger than a direct statement
indusium	The tissue covering the sori of some ferns.
natural killer cell	A nonspecific defensive cell that attacks tumor cells and destroys infected body cells, especially those harboring viruses.
oligonucleotide	A short piece of DNA, no more than about 20 base pairs long.
neural crest	A band of cells along the border where the neural tube pinches off from the ectoderm; the cells migrate to various parts of the embryo and form the pigment cells in the skin, bones of the skull, the teeth, the adrenal glands, and parts of the peripheral nervous system.
hartig net	the network formed by fungal hyphal that weave between the epidermal cells of the root in ectomycorrhizal associations.
pharmacodynamics	Collective name for the factors that affect the relationship between a drug and its target receptors, such as affinity and efficacy.
cam cycling	a photosynthetic pathway in which stomata do not entirely close during the day and the CO2 entering the plant's metabolic cycles comes from recycling of respiratory CO2, c.f
synergist	A muscle that acts together with another muscle
hungary	Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe
cross veins	when describing venation, refering to veins that proceed across lower order veins, as in Lowiaceae, Araceae-Orontioideae, etc..
refrain	This is a passage, typically a line but sometimes a group of lines or even only a part of a line, that recurs at the end of each stanza of a poem
corpus	the inner part of the shoot apical meristem of flowering plants and Gnetales in which cell divisions are not oriented, c.f
emphasizing pronoun	The Queen
diffuse porous	of porous wood, with vessels scattered throughout the year's growth, c.f
neologism	A newly coined term or meaning
matrix	The nonliving component of connective tissue, consisting of a web of fibers embedded in homogeneous ground substance that may be liquid, jellylike, or solid.
chain rhyme	Also called interlocking rhyme, a rhyme scheme in which a rhyme in a line of one stanza is used as a link to a rhyme in the next stanza, as in the aba bcb cdc, etc
echinoderm	Member of a major phylum within the deuterostomes that includes sea urchins, starfish, crinoids, and sea cucumbers
segmentation	Breaking down a spoken word into word parts by inserting a pause between each part
standard deviation	Square root of the variance; a measure of the typical magnitude of a random fluctuation.
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	Also called Lou Gehrig’s disease
anhydrobiosis	the ability of an organism to undergo essentially complete yet reversable dehydration at some stage of its life history (the plant is an anhydrobiote), see diallagyresurrection plant.
companion cell	A type of plant cell that is connected to a sieve-tube member by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve one or more adjacent sieve-tube members.
retina	The receptive surface inside the eye that contains photoreceptors and other neurons
corpus callosum	The main band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
leonine verse	Named for a 12th century poet, Leonius, who first composed such verse, it consists of hexameters or of hexameters and pentameters in which the final syllable rhymes with one preceding the caesura, in the middle of the line.
perfective aspect	A term used in Greek grammar to indicate that the aspect of a verb form expresses a past and completed action -- but a past action with current and ongoing effects, or with a resulting current state of circumstances
chemical reaction	A process leading to chemical changes in matter; involves the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds.
dna polymerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork by the addition of nucleotides to the existing chain.
comparative adjective	Dan is even
adstrate	Pertaining to the language of a culture which is equal in status: English loanwords in Spanish may be said to be an instance of adstrate influence.
numbers	Metrical feet or verse in general.
double circulation	A circulation scheme with separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, which ensures vigorous blood flow to all organs.
rhyniophyte	Member of an early group of vascular plants.
hemiparesis	Weakness of one side of the body.
klüver-bucy syndrome	A condition, brought about by bilateral amygdala damage, that is characterized by dramatic emotional changes including reduction in fear and anxiety.
ecdysozoan	Member of a major subdivision within the protostomes that includes the arthropods, nematodes, and several smaller phyla
uncial	See "Upper Case."
cultural adaptation/culture shock cycle	Model of what happens when a person is introduced into a new culture and then must return to their home culture
future perfect	See tense.
zygote	The diploid cell formed by union of two haploid gametes.
adenosine diphosphate	A nucleotide consisting of adenine, ribose, and two phosphate groups; formed by the removal of one phosphate from an ATP molecule.
biotransformation	The process in which enzymes convert a drug into a metabolite that is itself active, possibly in ways that are substantially different from the actions of the original substance.
pleated sheet	One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.
box	A small portion of a gene or protein that appears in many genes or proteins that are related in structure; the box usually has some specific function, sometimes called a "motif", like binding DNA or interacting with specific proteins or other molecules.
social dominance	A hierarchical pattern of social organization involving domination of some members of a group by other members in a relatively orderly and long-lasting pattern.
basal reader	A kind of book that is used to teach reading
appearance	A philosophical term concerned with the relativity of perception and the difference between immediately given sensual knowledge and conceptual knowledge of the lawfulness of things
probe	Here, a manufactured sequence of DNA that is made to include a label (a colorful or radioactive molecule) that lets us track its location.
light microscope	An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens.