Glossary extracted starting with automatic seeds, with BOW for the domain psy and language EN
| carotenoid | The pigments that make fruits and vegetables orange, red, and yellow |
| electromyogram | a test that measures the electrical activity of a muscle or a group of muscles |
| dementia | A condition characterized by several significant psychological deficits. |
| prepatent period | The time elapsing between the initiation of a parasite's infection of a definitive host and the appearance of the products of parasite reproduction, e.g., eggs, larvae, etc. |
| luteinization | Conversion of the ovarian follicle to a corpus luteum. |
| intraparietal sulcus | A region in the human parietal lobe, homologous to the monkey lateral intraparietal area, that is especially involved in voluntary, top-down control of attention |
| rhabdomyosarcoma | A malignant tumor of striated muscle cells. |
| analgesics | Pain-killing medications. |
| l-tyrosine | Amino acid precursor to the neurotransmitter Dopamine which increases attention and focus. |
| comt inhibitor | drugs that inhibit the enzyme catechol-O-methyl transferase |
| dorsal horn | dorsal part of the spinal cord gray matter where axons from sensory neurons enter and make their first synapses (Close-up of the Nervous System) |
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone | A hypothalamic hormone that controls the release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary |
| cell death | Also called apoptosis |
| viruses | An infectious submicroscopic agent that is composed of RNA, DNA and a |
| complex environment | See enriched condition |
| bone | Shape classification of bone; Mostly |
| salvage pathway | metabolic pathway that diverts purine and pyrimidine bases or nucleosides from complete degradation and converts them back to intact nucleotides; 10.3.2 |
| thyroid disease | Malfunction of the thyroid gland that results in either abnormally high or low levels of circulating thyroid hormone. |
| prostaglandins | A group of fatty acid-derived compounds that are important as regulators of a number of physiological processes involving allergic reactions, contraction of smooth muscle, dilation of blood vessels, blood clotting, and others. |
| lactation | The production of milk by the mare. |
| concept | an idea or group of ideas that might be used as the basis for a psychological theory. |
| hyperopia | Farsightedness |
| distal | Away from the point of |
| cranial | Toward the head; pertaining to the head. |
| presynaptic inhibition | the interference with chemical transmission by blocking the action potential or the release of the neurotransmitter |
| sarcolemma | The outer membrane surrounding every skeletal muscle fiber. |
| bar detector | See simple cortical cell |
| hyperthermia | Abnormally elevated body temperature; also, a method of heating tumors to lethal temperatures in an attempt to kill tumor cells. |
| axon | A fiber that extends from a neuron and sends signals to other neurons. |
| ganglion cells | A class of cells in the retina whose axons form the optic nerve |
| audition | the sense of hearing; the ability to detect information from sound waves |
| papilledema | Swelling of the optic nerve. |
| definitive host | Host in or on which a parasite reaches sexual maturity or undergoes sexual reproduction. |
| symptom | A specific manifestation of a patient's condition indicative of an abnormal physical or mental state; a subjective perception of illness. |
| neuropeptide y | A peptide neurotransmitter that may carry some of the signals for feeding. |
| neural circuit | the set of neurons that are connected in sequence to produce a sensation, behavior, or function; neural pathway or network; see circuit (Bead Neuron) |
| virology | The study of viruses. |
| dna | Deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material of living cellular organisms and of certain viruses. |
| bulimia | Also called bulimia nervosa |
| meissner’s corpuscle | Also called tactile corpuscle |
| inertia | the tendency of a body to remain in a state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force (Balance: The Ears Have It) |
| extragonadal | External to the testes |
| fetal alcohol syndrome | fetal alcohol syndromeFunction: noun: a highly variable group of birth defects including mental retardation, deficient growth, central nervous system dysfunction, and malformations of the skull and face that tend to occur in the offspring of women who consume large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy abbr |
| insula | The insula is an oval-shaped region of the brain hidden from the surface |
| iron | An essential trace element found in hemoglobin and myoglobin, two proteins that store and transport oxygen. |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a serious neurological disease that causes muscle weakness, disability and eventually death |
| insider | A person in a multiple system or group |
| astereognosis | The inability to recognize objects by touching and feeling them |
| action pattern | See act. |
| infradian | Referring to a rhythmic biological event whose period is longer than that of a circadian rhythm—that is, longer than a day |
| optic chiasm | where the optic nerves from the left and right eyes come together |
| somatosensation | the senses of touch, pressure, and pain as localized on the body surface |
| cross bridge cycle | the alternate binding, movement and release of actin by myosin during muscle |
| clitoris | The female phallus |
| endorphin | Neurotransmitter with similar properties as opiates |
| phonemic encoding | A way of encoding verbal information that emphasizes how words sound. |
| rigidity | muscle stiffness seen in Parkinson’s disease. |
| inverse agonist | A substance that binds to a receptor and causes it to do the opposite of what the naturally occurring transmitter does. |
| dichotic presentation | The simultaneous delivery of different stimuli to both the right and the left ears at the same time |
| enzyme | A protein that acts as a catalyst in mediating and speeding a specific chemical reaction. |
| stage | A measure of the extent of disease present in the body. |
| stroke | Resource is related to or associated with application to Stroke |
| inferior colliculus | a structure in the midbrain that is used in hearing |
| antioxidant | An agent that prevents the loss of oxygen in chemical reactions. |
| epidemiology | The study of the patterns, causes, and control of disease in groups of people |
| simple diffusion | The passive movement of a |
| reversibility | The ability to reverse actions mentally. |
| continuous heart murmur | A murmur that is present during both contraction and relaxation of heart muscle. |
| immune system | system that protects the body from disease-causing microorganisms and affects susceptibility to diseases |
| smell | A |
| renal vein | Carries deoxygenated |
| cardiovascular | Involving the heart and the blood vessels. |
| indifferent gonads | The undifferentiated gonads of the early mammalian fetus, which will eventually develop into either testes or ovaries |
| gaba receptor complex | a receptor structure with separate sites for GABA, sedative/convulsants, and benzodiazepines that regulates Cl- channels |
| dextrose | Glucose; blood sugar. |
| ejaculation | The forceful expulsion of semen from the penis. |
| diaphysis | The central shaft of a long bone. |
| cornea | The transparent outer layer of the eye, whose curvature is fixed |
| smell | the ability to detect specific chemicals floating in the air we breathe |
| defecation | To void feces from the |
| trpv1 | See transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1. |
| free radicals | Toxic substances that are continuously produced by all cells of the human body. |
| output zone | The part of a neuron at which the cell sends information to another cell |
| cutaneous | Pertaining to the skin. |
| trigger event | An external or environmental factor such as head trauma, stress or exposure to a toxin that may contribute to the development of a condition or disease. |
| mnemonic | a device or way (a rhyme, a word) to aid in remembering something; HOMES to remember the 5 Great Lakes (Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior) (Memory Items) |
| acetylcholine | A chemical messenger (neurotransmitter) released by cholinergic nerves in the striatum area of the brain |
| morphology | The shape and structure of an organ or of an entire organism. |
| transcranial magnetic stimulation | A noninvasive technique for examining brain function that applies strong magnetic fields to stimulate cortical neurons, in order to identify discrete areas of the brain that are particularly active during specific behaviors |
| action | in the Transtheoretical Model, a stage in the life of a smoker characterized by having quit smoking within the past six months |
| perceptual constancy | the tendency for objects to provide the same perceptual experience despite changes in the retinal image, e.g |
| aerobic exercise | The type of exercise that is characterized by constant movement for at least twenty minutes which results in increased oxygen flow. |
| multiple myeloma | An uncommon malignant tumor of plasma cells arising from the bone marrow. |
| pylorus | The terminal portion of the stomach, connecting it with the duodenum (first part of the small intestine). |
| cjd | See Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. |
| ideomotor apraxia | The inability to carry out a simple motor activity in response to a verbal command, even though this same activity is readily performed spontaneously |
| conditioned | A change so that a response that may have been associated with one |
| cannon-bard theory | The idea that the experience of emotion happens at the same time that physiological arousal happens. |
| graded synaptic potential | small change in membrane potential of the post-synaptic dendrite caused by transmitter released from the pre-synaptic nerve terminal; synaptic potentials are much smaller than action potentials. |
| innate defenses | Body defenses which defend the |
| dopamine | A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system. |
| informed consent | procedure (often legally required prior to treatment administration) in which a patient receives a full and understandable explanation of the treatment being offered and makes a decision about whether to accept or refuse the treatment |
| orthostatic hypotension | A large decrease in blood pressure upon standing; may result in fainting. |
| heart murmur | An abnormal heart sound produced when blood flows too rapidly or too chaotically through a portion of the heart; a common sign of heart disease. |
| psychological games | Mind games and power games. |
| auditory n1 effect | A negative deflection of the event-related potential, occurring about 100 milliseconds after stimulus presentation, that is enhanced for selectively attended auditory input compared to ignored input |
| empirically validated treatments | Treatments that are shown by research to be more effective for a particular problem than a placebo or no treatment. |
| cremaster muscle | Muscle that suspends the testicle. |
| insulin | A hormone that enables you to move blood sugar (glucose) out of the blood and into cells where it’s needed for various chores. |
| ultradian | Referring to a rhythmic biological event whose period is shorter than that of a circadian rhythm, usually from several minutes to several hours long |
| neurotransmitter | a chemical substance used by one nerve cell to communicate with another nerve cell |
| melatonin | A hormone secreted by the pineal gland |
| syntax | The grammatical rules for constructing phrases and sentences in a language. |
| preconscious | The part of the mind that contains information that is outside of a person’s attention, which is not currently being attended to, but which is readily accessible if needed. |
| bulbar | Bulbar ALS is the type in which onset symptoms are in the facial muscles, speech and swallowing. |
| epistaxis | Bleeding from the nostril; nosebleed |
| sperm | Male reproductive |
| cofactor | Any substance that needs to be present in addition to an enzyme to catalyze a certain reaction |
| diurnal | Active during the light periods of the daily cycle |
| whorls | A pattern within a fingerprint in which the ridge makes at least one complete circuit. |
| autoradiography | A staining technique that shows the distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissues |
| muscle wasting | also known as muscle atrophy, is a decrease in the mass of the muscle; it can be a partial or complete wasting away of muscle |
| componential intelligence | The ability assessed by intelligence tests. |
| sws | See slow-wave sleep. |
| binocular fixation | The ability, particularly well developed in primates, to focus both eyes on a single object. |
| crystallization | The final stage of birdsong formation, in which fully formed adult song is achieved. |
| symbolic cuing task | A task that tests endogenous attention by presenting a visual stimulus and asking subjects to respond as soon as the stimulus appears on a screen |
| dexamethasone suppression test | A test of pituitary-adrenal function in which the subject is given dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid hormone, which should cause a decline in the production of adrenal corticosteroids |
| site-directed mutagenesis | A technique in molecular biology that changes the sequence of nucleotides in an existing gene. |
| infarct | Localized tissue death resulting from obstruction of the blood supply to the affected site. |
| mass killer | An individual who kills many people at the same time. |
| dysphagia | Difficult or painful swallowing. |
| torsion dystonia | see Dystonia |
| parkin | A protein that has been implicated in Parkinson’s disease |
| oliguria | Reduction in the amount of urine excreted. |
| rna | A long-chain, usually single-stranded |
| alternative or complementary medicine | Treatments or medications that are not viewed as traditional and have not undergone a rigorous scientific evaluation. Includes the use of herbal and mineral supplements and acupuncture, as well as other remedies and treatments. |
| amygdala | A structure in the forebrain that is an important component of the limbic system and plays a central role in emotional learning, particularly within the context of fear. |
| chromosome | A complex of condensed strands of DNA and associated protein molecules; found in the nucleus of cells. |
| cellular differentiation | The process by which cells mature into specialized, fully functioning units. |
| systolic | Refers to the contraction of the heart muscle that pumps or ejects blood out of the heart |
| k complex | A sharp, negative EEG potential that is seen in stage 2 sleep |
| substance p | A neurotransmitter whose levels have been shown to be higher in patients with fibromyalgia. Substance P’s main purpose is to send pain messages to the body. |
| enzyme | A protein that catalyzes or speeds up chemical reactions |
| lumpectomy | A surgical procedure to remove a tumor and surrounding tissue from the breast. |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| motivation | An internal process that makes a person move toward a goal. |
| rtms | See transcranial magnetic stimulation. |
| nutrient | A chemical that is needed for growth, maintenance, and repair of the body but is not used as a source of energy |
| efficacy | Also called intrinsic activity |
| encephalitis | An infection of the brain. |
| blood plasma | The acellular fluid fraction of the blood, which makes up ~55% of the total blood volume |
| stratum basale | Basal layer of the |
| vmh | See ventromedial hypothalamus. |
| dopa decarboxylase | An enzyme present in the body that converts levodopa to dopamine. |
| presynaptic neuron | the neuron that sends messages to other neurons |
| ectoderm | The outer cellular layer of the developing fetus |
| vesicovaginal reflux | The retention of incompletely voided urine in the forward portion of the vagina, next to the cervix; also called urovagina. |
| multisensory | See polymodal. |
| aplasia | Imperfect development or absence of a tissue or organ. |
| syrinx | The vocal organ in birds. |
| pancreas | An endocrine gland, located near the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, that secretes insulin and glucagon |
| vasodilation | an increase in the size of blood vessels. |
| chemosis | Excessive swelling of the conjunctiva (membranes covering the inner surface of the eyelids). |
| androgen | Male sex hormone; e.g., testosterone. |
| sensory receptor | A |
| threshold | The stimulus intensity that is just adequate to trigger an action potential at the axon hillock. |
| pleura | Thin, transparent membrane covering the lungs and lining the chest cavity. |
| motor neuron | A neuron that carries information from the central nervous system to muscle. |
| therapy outcome studies | experimental studies that assess the effects of an intervention designed to reduce psychopathology in an experimental group, while performing no intervention or a different type of intervention on another group |
| irresistible impulse rule | legal principle stating that even a person who knowingly performs a wrongful act can be absolved of responsibility if he or she was driven by an irresistible impulse to perform the act or had a diminished capacity to resist performing the act |
| t lymphocyte | Also called T cell |
| obsessions | irrational thoughts and images that are normally unfounded, but over which a person may appear to have little control over, and which may ultimately affect the normal functioning of a person. |
| bile duct | The large |
| congenital | Present at birth. |
| arthritis | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints, and can also cause inflammation of the tissue around the joints, as well as in other organs in the body |
| spinal nerve | Also called somatic nerve |
| alkalosis | A condition involving an abnormal increase in |
| noninstrument test | A portable test requiring no calibration or formal instrumentation of any kind that is sometimes employed at a location outside of a juvenile probation and parole office or facility, such as a jail or an offender's home or place of employment |
| positive reinforcement | In training, giving a reward such as food for suitable behavior. |
| psychological disorders | Any condition that affects ones mind |
| hypodermis | Subcutaneous |
| alzheimer's disease | it can also occur from a side effect or interaction between multiple drugs that the elderly patient may be taking |
| assessment | process of gathering information about a person's symptoms and their possible causes |
| als | See amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| lewy body | A pink-staining sphere, found in the bodies of dying cells, that is considered to be a marker for Parkinson's disease. |
| myofibril | bundles of |
| aspermogenesis | Failure to produce sperm. |
| squeeze technique | sex therapy technique used for premature ejaculation; the man's partner stimulates him to an erection, and then when he signals that ejaculation is imminent, the partner applies a firm but gentle squeeze to his penis, either at the glans or at the base, for 3 or 4 seconds; the goal of this technique is for the man to learn to identify the point of ejaculatory inevitability and to control his arousal level at that point |
| osmotic pressure | The |
| vascular ring defect | Abnormal retention of embryonic blood vessels in the region of the aorta. |
| synovitis | Inflammation of the lining membrane of a joint. |
| antagonist | a drug that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter |
| renal artery | Either of two branches of the abdominal aorta which supplies the |
| fluoroestradiol | 16-alpha-[18F]-fluoroestradiol (FES) is a new radiotracer for PET scanning under development |
| bulbourethral gland | Two small |
| atherosclerosis | Hardening of arteries because of cholesterol deposits. |
| fever | A rise in body temperature caused by a change in the thermoregulatory set-point in the brain; usually caused by disease. |
| mania | Mania is best described as a state of abnormally elevated or irritable mood, arousal or other energy levels |
| alveolar pores | Holes which connect neighbouring alveolar sacs of the |
| selenium | A trace mineral with anti-oxidant properties that may provide protection from toxins, particularly mercury. |
| urge to void | The sensation felt when |
| group therapy | when therapeutic sessions are carried out in groups rather than individually, whereby the therapist acts as a facilitator amongst the group |
| treatment | Medical or surgical management of a patient |
| prostate gland | A gland near a man's bladder and urethra that secretes a thin fluid that is part of semen. |
| amygdala | An almond-shaped cluster of small structures near the limbic region |
| chat | See choline acetyltransferase |
| detox | Short for Detoxification, refers to the removing of the residual toxins left in the human body as a result of taking drugs |
| hepatomegaly | Enlargement of the liver. |
| light touch receptors | A |
| rhinitis | Inflammation of the nasal passages. |
| phase shift | A shift in the activity of a biological rhythm, typically provided by a synchronizing environmental stimulus |
| secondary progressive ms | Clinical course of MS that initially is relapsing MS and then becomes progressive at a variable rate |
| hair matrix cells | Cells at the base of the hair follicles that together with the dermal papilla are responsible for the production of hair. |
| ct scan | Computerized Tomography; a type of x-ray; also known as a CAT Scan. |
| abdomen | the hindmost of an insect's three major body sections; the center for digestion and reproduction (M |
| short term memory loss | Being unable to remember things from the recent past easily, concentrate or anticipate things when driving |
| delta wave | The slowest type of EEG wave, characteristic of stages 3 and 4 slow-wave sleep |
| emphysema | Emphysema is a lung condition featuring an abnormal accumulation of air in the lung's many tiny air sacs, a tissue called alveoli |
| coracidium | Free-swimming larval form of pseudophyllidean tapeworms. |
| tract | A specific area or |
| epoxide hydrolase | enzyme that hydrolyzes epoxide groups that may be introduced into xenobiotic molecules by cytochrome P450; 4.4.3 |
| personality | a set of qualities that make a person (or thing) distinct from another. |
| polyene antibiotics | class of antibiotics that contain an extended polyene moiety and bind to ergosterol or other sterols in cell membranes; 11.8.1 |
| pons | A portion of the metencephalon; part of the brainstem connecting midbrain to medulla |
| wada test | a technique to anaesthetise one hemisphere of the brain at a time, by injecting a short-acting anaesthetic (sodium amytal) into the carotid artery serving one hemisphere, then a short time later repeating the procedure for the other hemisphere, in order to see which hemisphere is important for language in participants. |
| anterolateral system | Also called spinothalamic system |
| area centralis | Specialized area of the retina, near the optic disc, that possesses an abundance of cone photoreceptors and is largely responsible for the most precise and accurate vision. |
| depth/distance perception | the capability to view the world three-dimensionally, utilising monocular and binocular cues to appraise depth and distance between objects. |
| akinesia | delay in initiating movement; inability to move; 'freezing'. |
| wavelength | Here, the length between two peaks in a repeated stimulus such as a wave, light, or sound |
| dentin | The tooth layer lying between the inner pulp (containing the tooth's blood and nerve supply) and the overlying enamel. |
| melanocytes | Cells throughout the skin that produce pigment called melanin that makes the skin tan. |
| spina bifida | A congenital defect in which a child is born with a protrusion of the meninges, usually caused by a defect in the skull or spinal column |
| coccygeal | Referring to the lowest spinal vertebra (the coccyx, also known as the tailbone) |
| individual response stereotypy | The tendency of individuals to show the same response pattern to particular situations throughout their life span. |
| coughing | A cough is the response to an irritation, such as mucus, that causes the muscles controlling the breathing process to expel air from the lungs suddenly and noisily to keep the air passages free from the irritating material. |
| dimer | A complex of two proteins that have bound together. |
| axial skeleton | One of the two main |
| cytoplasm | Cell protoplasm; the fluid and particulates within a cell, exclusive of the cell nucleus. |
| anabolic | Something that induces constructive |
| b complex vitamins | The B vitamins work together to do a great many things for the body, including the maintenance of nerve cells |
| ganglion cell | Any of a class of cells in the retina whose axons form the optic nerve |
| altruism | an animal is considered to be engaging in altruistic behaviour when by so doing it increases the survival chances of another animal whilst decreasing its own. |
| breast-specific gamma imaging | Also called molecular breast imaging |
| dystonia | Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder which causes muscles to spasm and contract involuntarily |
| thalamus | structure of the brain that directs incoming information from sense receptors (such as vision and hearing) to the cerebrum |
| episodic memory | Memory of a particular incident or a particular time and place. |
| calmodulin | small regulatory protein that binds calcium and then associates with multiple intracellular proteins to either activate or inactivate them; 2.6 |
| anthropology | The science of the origin, culture, and development of human beings |
| retrieval | A process in memory during which a stored memory is used by an organism |
| neuropharmacology | The branch of health science concerned with the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system. |
| glutamate | An amino acid neurotransmitter, glutamate is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, exerting powerful stimulatory effects on neuronal tissue |
| keratinization | The process whereby keratinocytes in the epidermis mature to form the outer, horny layer of the skin. |
| cellular respiration | The transfer of |
| lpn | Licensed Practical Nurse. CPC uses LPNs to provide nursing care at our residential facilities. These individuals have nursing training and are able to dispense medications. |
| alopecia | Absence or loss of hair. |
| substance p | a peptide neurotransmitter that is released in the spinal cord by incoming pain fibers |
| superficial | Towards the body surface; opposite meaning to |
| siberian ginseng | (Eleutherococcus senticosus) is a premier adrenal adaptogen, boosting adrenal function when low and calming it down when in excess |
| toys as brain food | Article discusses the role that creative play has in a child's development. |
| ossicles | Very small bones. |
| globus pallidus | a sub-cortical structure of the brain |
| dermis | Basal layer of the |
| nanometer | A metric unit of length equal to one billionth of a meter. |
| gh | See growth hormone |
| correlation coefficient | a descriptive statistic measuring the degree of relationship between two variables; for positive correlations, it is a number which varies between 0.0 and + 1.0, and for negative correlations between 0.0 and -1.0; in both cases, the closer the value is to I, the stronger the relationship between the two variables. |
| integration | A controversial act where all the people in a multiple system merge into one |
| gene linkage | Phenomenon wherein genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together more often than they are split apart. |
| tolerance | The amount of a drug that needs to be consumed to markedly alter mood. |
| parkinsonism | Generic term referring to slowness and mobility problems that result from or look like Parkinson's disease |
| short term | A short period of time |
| myoclonus | Abrupt, jerking movements of the arms or legs, usually occurring during sleep. |
| cardiomyopathy | Enlargement of the heart, caused either by a thickening or thinning of the heart muscle. |
| neural groove | In the developing embryo, the groove between the neural folds |
| aneurysm | A circulatory problem caused by the weakened wall of a blood vessel, resulting in a protrusion through the wall that is in danger of bursting |
| resting tremor | A tremor of a limb that increases when the limb is at rest. |
| meningitis | An acute inflammation of the membranes covering the central nervous system—the meninges—usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection. |
| pools | any of several locations (e.g., bladder or fat deposits) where a drug may be present in the body while having no effect |
| osmolality | The number of solute particles per unit volume of solvent. |
| striatum | the area of the brain that controls movement, balance, and walking. |
| intrinsic nerve plexus | A |
| norepinephrine | a chemical transmitter involved in regulating the involuntary nervous system. |
| duodenum | The first portion of the |
| transcranial magnetic stimulation | Localized, noninvasive stimulation of cortical neurons through the application of strong magnetic fields |
| reaction formation | A defense mechanism that involves behaving in a way that is opposite to behavior, feelings, or thoughts that are considered unacceptable. |
| renal hilum | The area of the |
| receptor subtype | Any type of receptor having functional characteristics that distinguish it from other types of receptors for the same neurotransmitter |
| lordosis | Downward curvature of the lumbar spine; "swayback." |
| refractory state | functional state of a receptor molecule, or of a cell, in which it is inactive and at the same time not amenable to activation; 2.5.5 |
| lymphokines | compounds released by sensitized T cells in the cellular immune response |
| thrush | Degenerative condition of the frog of the foot, characterized by infection and blackening of the affected area; usually occurs in horses housed under unsanitary conditions. |
| carcinoma | A cancer (malignant tumor) of epithelial cells. |
| myoclonus | jerking, involuntary movements of the arms and legs; may occur normally during sleep. |
| homeostasis | The normal equilibrium of body function. |
| cognitive schema | A mental model of some aspect of the world. |
| general intelligence factor | An ability that underlies all intelligent behavior, proposed by Charles Spearman. |
| blood-brain barrier | The mechanisms that make the movement of substances from blood vessels into brain cells more difficult than exchanges in other body organs, thus affording the brain greater protection from exposure to some substances found in the blood |
| phlebotomy | Therapeutic blood-letting. |
| cardiac muscle cells | Short, branching |
| satiety | A feeling of fulfillment or satisfaction |
| maceration | Softening or dissolution of skin cell layers, resulting from overexposure to moisture or topical medications. |
| wolf tooth | A vestigial first premolar tooth, sometimes present. |
| levodopa-induced dyskinesias | abnormal involuntary movements seen in some patients with Parkinson’s disease that are induced when they take levodopa |
| gap junction | See electrical synapse |
| autoantibody | An antibody directed against "self," i.e., against the body. |
| monoamine oxidase inhibitors | class of antidepressant drugs |
| on-center ganglion cell | A retinal ganglion cell that is activated when light is presented to the center, rather than the periphery, of the cell’s receptive field |
| pulmonary embolism | A detached clot from elsewhere in the body occluding a blood vessel within the lungs. |
| golgi tendon organ | One of the receptors located in tendons that send impulses to the central nervous system when a muscle contracts |
| growth hormone | A |
| orexins | Also called hypocretins |
| binge eating | The rapid intake of large quantities of food, often poor in nutritional value and high in calories |
| ribosomes | Structures in the cell body where genetic information is translated to produce proteins. |
| astrocyte | A star-shaped glial cell with numerous processes (extensions) that run in all directions |
| ipsp | See inhibitory postsynaptic potential |
| septum | A dividing wall, such as that dividing the right and left sides of the heart or the right and left nasal cavities. |
| wernicke’s area | A part of the brain, in the left temporal lobe, that is involved in understanding language. |
| capsid | protein shell, usually of icosahedral symmetry, that encases the nucleic acids of a viral genome |
| synaptic cleft | The space between two nerve cells. |
| acetylcholinesterase | An enzyme that inactivates the transmitter acetylcholine both at synaptic sites and elsewhere in the nervous system. |
| estrus | "Heat"; a recurrent period of varying length, during which the mare produces a watery secretion from the genital tract, becomes sexually receptive to the stallion, and ovulates |
| mucous membranes | Lubricating membranes lining the internal surfaces of body cavities, such as the mouth, digestive tract, respiratory tract, and urinary tract. |
| synapse | the tiny gap between two nerve cells; across which impulses pass by release of neurotransmitters. |
| somatomedins | Small proteins produced mainly in the liver that exert an anabolic effect on the body, resulting in proliferation of bone, cartilage, and soft tissues, and enlargement of body organs; also known as insulinlike growth factors. |
| semipermeable membranes | cell membranes having pores that allow small particles to pass through but restrict the passage of larger particles |
| orexin | See hypocretin |
| axis | A direct connection between two or more points |
| occlude | To close off or obstruct. |
| alexia | The inability to read |
| restless | Finding it difficult to stay still or concentrate on driving, so that the driver behaves in an unexpected manner or takes unnecessary risks |
| inferior colliculi | Paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that receive auditory information |
| pacemaker | A body part which maintains the rhythmic activity of the |
| retrieval cues | Stimuli that help to get information out of memory. |
| polyneuralgia | Condition characterized by pain in many nerves |
| mri | Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
| antagonist drugs | drugs that block or change the effects of an addictive drug, reducing desire for the drug |
| foramen | An opening or passege in bone |
| acupuncture | The insertion of needles at designated points on the skin to alleviate pain or neurological malfunction |
| tonic receptor | A receptor in which the frequency of action potentials declines slowly or not at all as stimulation is maintained |
| lower confidence limit | The lower limit of a confidence interval |
| bone | Shape classification of bone; Bones that do not fit into the category of long, short or |
| trichromatic hypothesis | A hypothesis of color perception stating that there are three different types of cones, each excited by a different region of the spectrum and each having a separate pathway to the brain |
| parasitology | The study of parasites. |
| zyban | A prescription smoking cessation medication that contains bupropion in a sustained-release formulation. |
| receptor binding | the attachment of a drug to a receptor site; this drug/receptor complex can be isolated for study |
| lordosis | A female receptive posture in four-legged animals in which the hindquarter is raised and the tail is turned to one side, facilitating intromission by the male |
| trachea | The tubular |
| cloacal exstrophy | A rare medical condition in which XY individuals are born completely lacking a penis. |
| integumentary system | Body coverings that protect the outside of the |
| axo-axonic | Referring to a synapse in which a presynaptic axon terminal synapses onto another axon’s terminal |
| heaves | Common term for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. |
| advance directives | documents (such as a Living Will) completed and signed by a person who is legally competent to explain his/her wishes for medical care should he/she become unable to make those decisions at a later time. |
| peristalsis | Wavelike contractions that move food through the digestive tract. |
| sensory adaptation | The decrease in sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. |
| lithium | An element that, administered to patients, often relieves the symptoms of bipolar disorder. |
| experimenter bias | A source of error that arises when researchers’ preferences or expectations influence the outcome of research. |
| mental health | Mental health is an optimal way of thinking, relating to others, and feeling |
| euthymic mood state | A generally positive mood state, or state of emotional wellness, marked by the absence of chronic or serious mood disorders which might affect social functioning negatively. |
| action potential | Transient depolarization (inversion) of the normally negative-inside electrical potential across the cytoplasmic membrane, mediated by voltage-gated ion channels |
| reliability | degree of consistency in a measurement— that is, the extent to which it yields accurate measurements of a phenomenon across several trials, across different populations, and in different forms |
| fatal familial insomnia | An inherited disorder in which humans sleep normally at the beginning of their life but in midlife stop sleeping, and 7–24 months later die. |
| pyramidal cell | A type of large nerve cell that has a roughly pyramid-shaped cell body and is found in the cerebral cortex |
| antigen-binding sites | Areas on the |
| action potential | An electrical charge that travels along the axon to the neuron's terminal, where it triggers the release of a neurotransmitter |
| gram-negative | class of bacteria with cell walls that have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide; 11.2.1, 11.7.3 |
| scientific method | systematic method of obtaining and evaluating information relevant to a problem |
| prognathism | Condition characterized by an elongated lower jaw. |
| detrusor | Smooth muscle layer of the bladder wall; contraction of the detrusor results in voiding of urine. |
| dds | Department of Developmental Services |
| non-ionic diffusion | The transport across membranes of an ionizable drug molecule in its non-ionized form; 3.4.7, 3.7.8 |
| shadowing | A task in which the subject is asked to focus attention on one ear or the other while stimuli are being presented separately to both ears, and to repeat aloud the material presented to the attended ear |
| absorption | The process of being absorbed |
| cerebral embolism | A situation in which a wandering clot (embolus) or some other particle lodges in a blood vessel in the brain. |
| igg | A class of antibody. |
| photon | A quantum of light energy. |
| psychoactive drugs | Drugs that have effects on sensory experience, perception, mood, thinking, and behavior. |
| formulation chemistry | Formulation is a process by which a compound is prepared in a suitable form for administration to animals or human being depending on the dose, route and target tissue. |
| re-parent | Treating a client or a client treating themselves in a way that is consistent with good parenting. |
| rem behavior disorder | A sleep disorder in which a person physically acts out a dream. |
| senescence | the stage of late adulthood |
| osteochondritis dissecans | Cartilage disorder characterized by the presence of large flaps of cartilage or loose cartilaginous bodies within a joint. |
| alternate-forms reliability | The ability of a test to produce the same results when two different versions of it are given to the same group of people. |
| in-group | a reference to any group of which we perceive ourselves to be a member, based on global dimensions (e.g |
| language | A system of symbols and rules used for meaningful communication. |
| pcr | See polymerase chain reaction |
| microelectrode | An especially small electrode used to record electrical potentials from living cells. |
| acrosome reaction | The exposing of the acrosome as the |
| reflex | An innate response to a stimulus. |
| rem behavior disorder | A sleep disorder in which a person physically acts out a dream |
| causalgia | Causalgia, also known as Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, is a chronic condition which directly affects the nerves and blood vessels of one or more extremities |
| scn | See suprachiasmatic nucleus. |
| auditory p300 | See P3 effect. |
| nice | The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) provides guidance, sets quality standards and manages a national database to improve people's health and prevent and treat ill health |
| kindling | A method of experimentally inducing an epileptic seizure by repeatedly stimulating a brain region |
| pressure | A sense of being compelled to behave in a particular way because of expectations set by oneself or others. |
| back pain | Pain felt in the upper or lower back, or along the spine, that can be caused by car accidents, muscle strains, sports injuries or a lifetime of bad habits. |
| anxiolytics | Drugs that have an antianxiety effect and are used widely to relieve emotional tension |
| basidiobolomycosis | A form of phycomycosis caused by Basidiobolus; occurs only rarely in the United States. |
| embolism | Sudden blockage of an artery by a blood clot |
| extracellular signal–regulated kinase | An important intracellular signal transduction system that can be activated by many different events that affect the cell surface. |
| hormones | biochemical substances that are produced by specific cells, tissues, or glands in the body |
| validation | The act of showing another person that they are truly being listened to and understood, without judgment |
| prt | Pivotal Response Training |
| g proteins | A class of proteins that reside next to the intracellular portion of a receptor and that are activated when the receptor binds an appropriate ligand on the extracellular surface. |
| family systems therapy | psychotherapy that focuses on the family, rather than the individual, as the source of problems; family therapists challenge communication styles, disrupt pathological family dynamics, and challenge defensive conceptions in order to harmonize relationships among all members and within each member |
| bradykinesia | Slowness of movement. |
| hepatopancreatic sphincter | A muscular |
| declarative memory | The remembering of factual information |
| calcium | An essential mineral important for forming and maintaining bones and teeth. |
| atrial fibrillation | Arrhythmia characterized by irregular, disorganized, chaotic changes in the electrical activity of the upper chambers of the heart, resulting in abnormal contractions. |
| post-traumatic stress disorder | a debilitating condition that often follows a terrifying physical or emotional event causing the person who survived the event to have persistent, frightening thoughts and memories, or flashbacks, of the ordeal |
| taste | A |
| amino acid | One of the 20 building blocks of protein. |
| collective unconscious | according to Carl Jung, the wisdom accumulated by a society over hundreds of years of human existence and stored in the memories of individuals |
| steroid hormones | Hormones manufactured by the body from cholesterol and protein. |
| adrenocorticoids | Also called adrenal steroids |
| transduction | The conversion of one form of energy to another, as converting light into neuronal activity |
| opacity | The degree to which light or electromagnetic radiation is permitted to pass through a material. |
| sensitization | 1 |
| personal space | the physical region around us that we deem to be our own, in order to regulate interactions with others. |
| organic amnesia | loss of memory caused by brain injury resulting from disease, drugs, accidents (blows to head), or surgery |
| tract | a bundle of axons in the central nervous system; a pathway |
| osmotic thirst | A desire to ingest fluids that is stimulated by loss of water from the extracellular compartment |
| implantation | The attachment of an |
| acute/chronic | The term ‘acute' is used in medicine and psychology to describe a condition with rapid onset and short duration (or both) |
| anti-social behaviour | this is a general term used to refer to any behaviour that harms or offends another person |
| tympanic membrane | Eardrum. |
| denial | a defence mechanism , whereby an individual may denies or rejects some aspect of reality. |
| otitis media | Inflammation of the middle ear; also called tympanitis. |
| social roles | Patterns of behavior that are considered appropriate for a person in a particular context. |
| word deafness | A form of central deafness that is characterized by the specific inability to hear words, although other sounds can be detected |
| pleural effusion | Excessive fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity. |
| myoclonus | Involuntary rapid, jerky twitching or contraction of muscles. |
| nas | National Autistic Society |
| functional disorder | A broad class of mental impairments that cannot be traced to an organic or physical origin. |
| lumbar | Referring to the 5 spinal segments that make up the upper part of the lower back |
| nervous system | Electrical and |
| statistically significant | Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups in a study |
| dopamine | A neurotransmitter present in regions of the brain that regulate movement, emotion, motivation, and feelings of pleasure. |
| estradiol | The primary type of estrogen that is secreted by the ovary |
| wick effect | The effect of an individual's body fat feeds a smouldering flame, burning the person to ash without surrounding items being burned. |
| sleep-onset insomnia | Difficulty in falling sleep |
| selective attention | See attention |
| physical therapy | The use of exercises and physical activities to help condition muscles and restore strength and movement |
| stimulus | in general, any event, situation, object or factor that may affect behaviour; in the behaviourist approach, a stimulus must be a measurable change in the environment. |
| electrostatic pressure | The propensity of charged molecules or ions to move, via diffusion, toward areas with the opposite charge. |
| action potential amplitude | The maximum amplitude of an action potential is a constant value, greater than 0mV |
| encephalization factor | A measure of brain size relative to body size. |
| fetal development overview | Site provides an outline of the events that occur in fetal development |
| axon hillock | The cone-shaped area on the cell body from which the axon originates |
| androgens | steroid hormones that induce development and sustain function of male sexual organs and body attributes |
| wavelength | The distance between the peaks of waves. |
| fusion imaging | The combination of the two imaging techniques that allows information from two different studies to be viewed in a single set of images. |
| postpartum | Occurring after birth. |
| choke | The constriction of a shotgun barrel to reduce the spread of the shot, thus increasing its range. |
| appraisal | The process of evaluating an environmental challenge to determine whether resources are available for dealing with it. |
| antiemetics | Medications for controlling vomiting. |
| behavioral medicine | See health psychology |
| allele | Any of multiple forms of a gene located at the same point on a particular pair of chromosomes. |
| fundus | General term for the back of the eye. |
| bell's palsy | Resource is related to or associated with application to Bell's palsy |
| reciprocal determinism | The process of interaction between a person’s characteristics and the environment |
| sib | self-injurious behavior |
| occlusion | The fit or "bite" of the upper and lower teeth together when in contact following closure of the mouth. |
| peptides | Some peptides function as neurotransmitters that often act as helper signals with other neurotransmitters in ways similar to how the endorphins help to regulate the feeling of pain |
| reversible figure | An ambiguous drawing that can be interpreted in more than one way. |
| antagonist | 1.) A drug or other molecule that blocks receptors |
| med-50 | minimum effective dose for 50 percent of the population |
| dendrite number | Software application for the quantification of the neuronal properties of 'Dendrite Number'. |
| ic | See impoverished condition |
| conditioning | A form of learning in which an organism comes to associate two stimuli, or a stimulus and a response |
| alarm stage | A |
| adult neurogenesis | The creation of new neurons in the brain of an adult. |
| bar detector | See simple cortical cell. |
| bicarbonate ion | An alkaline ion composed of hydrogen, carbon and |
| lymphocytosis | Abnormal increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes. |
| ligament | Strengthening band of fibrous tissue, for supporting and stabilizing a joint structure. |
| iproniazid | a drug that inhibits the activity of the enzyme monoamine oxidase and is commonly used in the treatment of depression |
| mao | an intracellular enzyme (monoamine oxidase) that converts catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms |
| atropine | An alkaloid drug that relaxes smooth muscle, increases the heart rate, and in the eye causes dilation of the pupil. |
| facultative parasite | A parasite whose life cycle can be completed without a parasitic phase, but which may optionally include a parasitic phase under certain circumstances. |
| endorphins | the term applied to a group of endogenous peptides that are involved in pain reduction |
| incus | The central bone of the three ossicles of the middle |
| batrachotoxin | A toxin, produced by poison arrow frogs, that selectively interferes with Na+ channels. |
| loose adipose connective tissue | fatty |
| atrial natriuretic peptide | A hormone, secreted by the heart, that normally reduces blood pressure, inhibits drinking, and promotes the excretion of water and salt at the kidneys |
| chondroids | Pus in the guttural pouch that, over time, has becomed thickened into variously sized, cheesy concretions. |
| hemogram | Results of blood examination including red blood cell count, packed cell volume (PCV) or hematocrit, and total and differential white blood cell counts. |
| akinetic | Lack of movement. |
| snb | See spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus. |
| ossicles | Bones in the middle ear. |
| firing rate | the number of action potentials generated per second |
| alarm reaction | The initial response to stress. |
| haloperidol | a drug that blocks dopamine (D2) receptors and is commonly used in the treatment of schizophrenia |
| habituation | the process whereby an organism's response to repeated stimuli temporarily decreases. |
| ventral horns | The ventral section of |
| curare | An alkaloid neurotoxin that causes paralysis by blocking acetylcholine receptors in muscle. |
| tectorial membrane | A gelatenous |
| requip™ | see Ropinirole |
| cutaneous membrane | Skin; Dry epithelial |
| merkels discs | small structures in the skin that provide touch information to sensory nerves |
| olfactory bulb | A round, knoblike structure of the brain responsible for processing the sense of smell |
| chorioretinitis | Inflammation of the choroid and retina of the eye. |
| epilepsy | A brain disorder marked by major, sudden changes in the electrophysiological state of the brain that are referred to as seizures |
| plasma | The fluid portion of the blood (excluding the blood cells). |
| ventricular system | A system of fluid-filled cavities inside the brain |
| aromatherapy | the use of selected fragrances in lotions and inhalants in an effort to affect mood and promote health. |
| reticulated leukotrichia | A form of leukotrichia seen primarily in Quarter Horses. |
| oviduct | A pair of |
| cauda equina | (meaning "horse's tail" in Latin) the bundle of nerve roots below the end of the spinal cord. |
| distal | away from, far end |
| larynx | Also called the voicebox |
| schizophrenia | a severe form of mental disorder, characterised by distortions and disturbances of perception, thought, language and emotions. |
| communication system | A sophisticated chemical relay network that dynamically exchanges information between every cell of the body |
| lateral intraparietal area | A region in the monkey parietal lobe, homologous to the human intraparietal sulcus, that is especially involved in voluntary, top-down control of attention |
| blood volume | the total amount of blood in a body |
| pallidotomy | an older surgical treatment for severe Parkinson’s disease in which the globus pallidus internal segment would be destroyed |
| pharmacokinetics | The study of the metabolism and action of drugs with particular emphasis on the time required for absorption, duration of action, distribution in the body and method excretion. |
| period | The interval of time between two similar points of successive cycles, such as sunset to sunset. |
| homeostasis | The state in which the body is in balance. |
| transgenic | Referring to an animal in which a new or altered gene has been deliberately introduced into the genome |
| cardiac catheterization | The passing of a catheter through a peripheral blood vessel and inside the heart, either for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. |
| nosocomial infection | An infection acquired in the hospital environment. |
| lymph | Generally clear fluid drained from tissues, that circulates within the lymphatic vessels and contains fats, proteins, and specialized cells (lymphocytes). |
| opponent process theory | A theory of color vision that states that the visual system has receptors responding in opposite ways to wavelengths associated with three pairs of colors. |
| self-fulfilling prophesy | A belief that one holds that makes it more probable for that belief to come true. |
| myelin | Fatty substance forming the outer tunic (myelin sheath) around many nerve axons; facilitates the conduction of nerve impulses along the axons. |
| sulfur | Sulfur is an important part of several amino acids (the building blocks of protein), especially methionine and cysteine |
| endomysium | thin |
| recognition | The process of identifying learned information by using external cues. |
| coagulation | Blood clotting. |
| hyperpolarization | deviation of the membrane potential from its normal value to a more strongly negative (inside) value; 5.3.1 |
| co-release | See co-localization. |
| endocannabinoid | An endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors; thus, an analog of marijuana that is produced by the brain. |
| integrative approach | Therapy approaches that combine the ideas and techniques of several different schools of psychology. |
| fetal resorption | Disintegration of the fetus while in the uterus. |
| sprouting | formation of new branches on axons or dendrites as they grow (Neuropathfinding) |
| amnesia | Severe impairment of memory. |
| adenosine | In the context of neural transmission, a neuromodulator that alters synaptic activity |
| free association | method of uncovering unconscious conflicts in which the client is taught to talk about whatever comes to mind, without censoring any thoughts |
| midbrain | The part of the brain between the hindbrain and forebrain that is involved in locating events in space and that contains a dopamine-releasing system of neurons. |
| intermediate-term memory | A form of memory that lasts longer than short-term memory, but not as long as long-term memory. |
| rapid puffing/smoking | A smoking cessation technique that involves pairing smoking in a concentrated manner with negative associations or responses (e.g., nausea) |
| tyrosine hydroxylase | the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines |
| yoked control | a procedure in which the environmental consequences for one subject are linked to the behavior of another subject |
| positron-emission tomography | method of localizing and measuring brain activity by detecting photons that result from the metabolization of an injected isotope |
| ulcerative keratitis | Inflammation of the cornea accompanied by corneal ulceration. |
| myasthenia gravis | A disease in which acetylcholine receptors on the muscle cells are destroyed, so that muscles can no longer respond to the acetylcholine signal in order to contract |
| naturalistic observation | a study whereby the observer does not manipulate any variables within a natural setting where behaviour takes place, by merely observing and recording |
| neuron | a nerve cell |
| headache-secondary | Includes headaches that result from other medical conditions |
| primary motor cortex | In the frontal lobe of the cerebrum, the brain part involved in controlling muscle movement. |
| stridor | Loud, strained, high-pitched noise on inhalation. |
| standardization | The use of uniform procedures when administering and scoring tests. |
| poor control | Not having the same degree of control over one's actions when driving, so not being able to get out of difficult situations on the road as efficiently |
| mouth | The area of the mouth located behind the |
| pain | An unpleasant feeling that may or may not be related to an injury, illness, or other bodily trauma |
| duct | Tiny tube or passageway. |
| elevated intraocular pressure | Elevated intraocular pressure can be coined a term that is used to describe an intense amount of fluid pressure buildup in the inside of a patient's eye |
| ifsp | Is an acronym that stands for Individual Family Service Plan |
| bilaterally symmetrical | Occurring simultaneously in approximately the same place on each side of the body. |
| ligand-gated ion channel | ion channel that opens—or, in some cases, closes—in response to the binding of a ligand molecule |
| opacity | An opaque area or spot, as in the lens or cornea of the eye. |
| bradykinesia | slowness of movement, impaired dexterity, decreased blinking, drooling, expressionless face. |
| vestibular system | The sensory system that detects balance |
| sleep apnea | A condition in which your breathing is halted briefly while you sleep because your airways partially or totally collapsed. |
| peripheral nervous system | The cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves and their connections to muscle or to sensory receptors. |
| thyroid hormone | Collective name for the two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). |
| scala media | Also called middle canal |
| ossicles | Three bones in the middle ear called the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup. |
| cystadenoma | A benign tumor of cystic and glandular structures. |
| cytotoxic | Harmful to cells. |
| metastasis | Spread of tumor cells from the primary tumor site to distant body sites; a characteristic of malignant tumors. |
| open-loop control mechanism | A control mechanism in which feedback from the output of the system is not provided to the input control |
| i-123 mibg scintigraphy | I-123-MIBG scintigraphy is an imaging test used to detect neuroendocrine tumors.The procedure involves the injection of the radiotracer I-123-MIBG into the patient's bloodstream and imaging with a gamma camera or SPECT. |
| sympathetic nervous system | A branch of the autonomic nervous system responsible for mobilizing the body's energy and resources during times of stress and arousal. |
| sliding filament theory | muscle |
| glycogenesis | The physiological process by which glycogen is produced. |
| puncture wound | An injury caused by the piercing of the body, often by a hand-held object. |
| ascites | The accumulation of fluid within the abdominal cavity. |
| apical dendrite | The dendrite that extends from a pyramidal cell to the outermost surface of the cortex |
| dissonance theory | A theory that proposes that people change their attitudes when they have attitudes that are inconsistent with one another. |
| pneumonia | pneu*mo*nia Pronunciation: \n(y)u-ˈmō-nyə\ Function: noun 1: a disease of the lungs that is characterized esp |
| curare | a drug that causes muscular paralysis by blocking the action of acetylcholine at the nerve-muscle junction |
| genus | A group of species that resemble each other because of shared inheritance |
| unconditioned stimulus | A stimulus that evokes an innate response. |
| organ | Multiple |
| range | a descriptive statistic that shows the difference between the highest and the lowest scores in a data set. |
| pseudostratified epithelium | A single layer of columnar epithelial |
| cervical disk disease | Cervical disc disease is a condition that is encountered in most physiatric practice and relates to conditions such as herniated nucleus pulpous, degenerative disc disease and internal disc disruption |
| renal cortex | The outer portion of the |
| latent infection | Dormant stage of certain infections during which the infectious agent is known to be present but is not actively replicating and cannot be detected by usual means. |
| light adaptation | the process by which the eye adjusts to increasing levels of light intensity, whereby the pupil shrinks and cones function to aid the adjustment. |
| gaba | See gamma-aminobutyric acid. |
| contraindication | Treatment that can cause unwanted or dangerous interactions when used in individuals with specific conditions or diseases (such as allergies, high blood pressure, or pregnancy) or medical treatments (such as other medications). |
| telogen | The phase of hair follicle activity during which the follicle is resting and not producing new hair. |
| speculative search | A search based on information rather than actual evidence. |
| avoidance-avoidance conflict | A conflict that arises when a choice must be made between two undesirable alternatives. |
| hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system | A |
| nongenomic effect | An effect of a steroid hormone that is not mediated by direct changes in gene expression. |
| retropulsion | The tendency to step backwards if bumped from the front or upon initiating walking, usually seen in patients who tend to lean backwards because of problems with balance. |
| similarity | The tendency to group similar objects together. |
| coping skills | Strategies to deal with problems in a person’s life |
| capillary beds | A network of |
| pineal gland | a brain structure that plays an important role in circadian rhythms |
| living trust | Many financial planners feel like these alternatives to simple wills are the most over-sold and unnecessary document being marketed to senior adults |
| reserpine | A drug that causes the depletion of monoamines and can lead to depression. |
| sialolith | Small stony concretion that forms within a duct draining a salivary gland, potentially resulting in blockage of the duct. |
| embryonic vesicle | The fertilized egg (embryo) with its surrounding fluid and membranes |
| somatic cell nuclear transfer | See SCNT |
| spatial summation | integration by a postsynaptic neuron of simultaneous synaptic currents that arise from the terminals of different presynaptic neurons |
| perineum | Region between the thighs encompassing the anus and genitalia. |
| air quality | relative healthiness of the air for breathing as determined by the presence or absence of harmful pollutants, e.g., secondhand smoke |
| glanders | An ancient and once worldwide bacterial disease of equids, now rare and restricted to certain areas of the Middle East and Asia; caused by Pseudomonas mallei. |
| cr | See classical conditioning. |
| license | A national or State permission to practice. |
| muscle fiber | A collection large, cylindrical cells, making up most of a muscle, that can contract in response to neurotransmitter released from a motoneuron |
| stimulus cuing | A technique for testing reaction time to sensory stimuli in which a cue to the location in which the stimulus will be presented is provided before the stimulus itself. |
| perseverate | To continue to show a behavior repeatedly. |
| gestalt | a German word (translated as configuration?or organised whole? that emphasises that the whole (whether of a person or image) is greater than the sum of its parts. |
| flashbulb memories | Vivid, detailed memories of important events. |
| third party communication | Not talking directly to a person and instead using a go between for messages. |
| initiate | To begin or start |
| odor | The sensation of smell |
| homozygous | Having inherited the same allele for a particular trait from both parents. |
| mediastinoscopy | A surgical procedure performed to determine whether non-small cell cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in the chest cavity |
| vascular endothelium | Cells lining the inner surface of blood vessels. |
| antagonist | A drug that blocks or counteracts the effect of another drug. |
| creutzfeldt-jakob disease | Resource is related to or associated with application to Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease |
| in situ hybridization | A method for detecting particular RNA transcripts in tissue sections by providing a nucleotide probe that is complementary to, and will therefore hybridize with, the transcript of interest |
| orthostatic hypotension | lightheadedness upon standing up that is caused by a drop in blood pressure |
| substance p | A peptide transmitter that is involved in pain transmission |
| foliate papillae | One of three types of small structures on the tongue, located along the sides, that contain taste receptors |
| allergy | A hypersensitive state of the immune response, wherein exposure to a particular substance (an allergen) results in a noxious and sometimes physically harmful immunologic response. |
| brown fat | Also called brown adipose tissue |
| working through | method used in psychodynamic therapies in which the client repeatedly goes over and over painful memories and difficult issues as a way to understand and accept them |
| homosexuality | a term used to describe either sexual contact with members of the same sex, or a sexual preference for one's own sex. |
| creatine | A naturally occurring amino acid that helps to supply energy to muscle cells |
| cutaneous receptor | A type of |
| melatonin | An amine hormone that is secreted by the pineal gland at night |
| voltage-gated na+ channel | A Na+-selective channel that opens or closes in response to changes in the voltage of the local membrane potential; it mediates the action potential |
| pericardium | The thin, membranous sac that surrounds the heart, stabilizing its position and protecting it from disease affecting nearby structures. |
| cushing’s syndrome | A condition in which levels of adrenal glucocorticoids are abnormally high. |
| paradoxical sleep | See rapid-eye-movement sleep |
| l-dopa | The immediate precursor of the transmitter dopamine. |
| kartagener syndrome | A rare genetic disorder characterized by enlarged bronchial tubes, sinusitis and cross-positioning of body organs. |
| bronchi | The larger air passages leading from the trachea and branching within the lungs. |
| psp | See progressive supranuclear palsy. |
| carnitine | A nonessential amino acid that plays a role in metabolizing fat and producing energy |
| hypodermis | Alternative name for subcutis. |
| hue | One of three basic dimensions (along with brightness and saturation) of light perception |
| coffin bone | The distal phalanx or toe of the forelimb, incorporated within the hoof. |
| e | (see Epinephrine) |
| sudden death | death resulting from massive parasympathetic discharge that can be triggered by an acute stressor for which there is no obvious coping response |
| asphyxia | Death caused by suffocation as a result of the lack of oxygen and increase of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| serephos | A mixture of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphorus. |
| sarcomere | units of |
| exposure therapies | Therapies that aim to eliminate anxiety responses by having clients face real or imagined versions of feared stimuli. |
| nucleotides | The subunits of |
| vta | See ventral tegmental area. |
| acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter that is released by cholinergic nerve cells to communicate with other nerve cells |
| chiari malformation | a problem present at birth that affects the area in the back of the head where the brain and the spinal cord connect. |
| dystonia | involuntary spasms of muscle contraction, which cause abnormal movements and postures. |
| superego | part of the unconscious that consists of absolute moral standards internalized from one's parents during childhood and from one's culture |
| stress | Stress occurs when forces from the outside world impinge on the individual |
| lymphoid | Pertaining to |
| probability | a numerical measure of the chance that something will happen, expressed as a number between 1 (certainty) and 0 (impossibility) |
| tonotopic organization | A major organizational feature in auditory systems in which neurons are arranged as an orderly map of stimulus frequency, with cells responsive to high frequencies located at a distance from those responsive to low frequencies. |
| gastric | Pertaining to the stomach. |
| dementia | A range of symptoms such as disorientation, confusion, memory loss, impaired judgment, and alterations in mood and personality — symptoms can arise from a variety of causes |
| principle of proximity | The Gestalt psychology principle that states that people tend to perceive objects as a group when they are close together. |
| placentitis | Inflammation of the placenta. |
| innervation | The distribution of nerves to a particular tissue or body part. |
| range of motion | The extent that a joint will move from full extension to full flexion. |
| trophoblast | The outer layer of a |
| cecum | The first segment of the large intestine, consisting of a large dilated pouch. |
| infection | The results of the presence of harmful microorganisms in the body |
| gustatory system | The sensory system that detects taste |
| platelets | A cytoplasmic |
| autonomic nervous system | the portion of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the visceral organs, glands, and circulatory system |
| membrane potential | electrical difference between the inside and outside of a neuron or muscle cell |
| fading | Cigarette fading (or smoking reduction) involves reducing the number of cigarettes smoked prior to quitting smoking. |
| screening | Testing blood samples or blood donations for the presence of disease |
| utilitarianism | states that what is ethically acceptable is that which produces the greatest pleasure and happiness (in comparison to pain and suffering) for the greatest number of people. |
| fetlock joint | The joint between the long pastern bone and the cannon bone. |
| strychnine | a stimulant drug that acts primarily by blocking the inhibitory effects of glycine receptors |
| tai-chi | Chinese system of slow meditative physical exercise designed for relaxation and balance and health. |
| cestocidal | Able to kill tapeworms. |
| alveolar glands | Also called the |
| placebo effect | The effect on a subject of receiving a fake drug or treatment |
| phospholipase c | enzyme that cleaves the headgroup, including the phosphate, from a phospholipid substrate, leaving diacylglycerol in the membrane; 2.5.4 |
| split-brain surgery | A surgical operation in which the corpus callosum is cut, separating the two hemispheres of the brain. |
| dialectical reasoning | A process of going back and forth between opposing points of view in order to come up with a satisfactory solution to a problem. |
| developmental dyslexia | See dyslexia. |
| iep | In the United States an Individualized Education Program, commonly referred to as an IEP, is mandated by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act |
| receptor | macromolecule that is bound and activated, inhibited, or otherwise functionally influenced by a drug or other ligand |
| genus | One of the major classifying categories of taxonomy, further divided into species or subgenera. |
| ketamine | A dissociative anesthetic drug, similar to PCP, that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist. |
| medial preoptic area | A region of the anterior hypothalamus implicated in the control of many behaviors, including thermoregulation, sexual behavior, and gonadotropin secretion |
| phlegm | Viscous secretion produced by the respiratory tract. |
| gram-negative | class of bacteria with cell walls that have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide; 11.2.1 |
| anorexia | Anorexia is the decreased sensation of appetite which may indicate a serious clinical condition |
| subfornical organ | One of the circumventricular organs |
| actin filaments | thin filaments; form part of the contractile filaments in muscle |
| platelets | Cell fragments released from megakaryocytes, that play an important role in blood clotting. |
| plexus | A network of |
| clitoris | A small erectile |
| uveitis | Inflammation of the uvea of the eye. |
| vanilloid receptor 1 | See transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1. |
| inverse agonist | an inhibitory drug that reduces the activity of its receptor to a level below that of the unbound state; 2.4.2 |
| irregular bone | Shape classification of bone; Bones that do not fit into the category of long, short or |
| ovaries | The female gonads, which produce eggs for reproduction |
| thermocautery | Destruction of tissue using a hot point or instrument. |
| application | the putting into practice of research findings on tobacco control |
| attentional bottleneck | A filter that results from the limits intrinsic to our attentional processes, with the result that only the most important stimuli are selected for special processing |
| drug-induced parkinsonism | parkinonism that is induced as a side effect from certain drugs |
| cramps | Muscles contracting painfully can cause the person to have difficulty controlling their car |
| sample | group of people taken from a population of interest to participate in a study |
| depolarize | Loss or reduction of |
| echinococcosis | Hydatid disease |
| ovulatory cycle | The periodic occurrence of ovulation |
| terrifying thoughts and feelings | Experiencing frightening thoughts or feel very scared |
| northern blot | A method of detecting a particular RNA transcript in a tissue or organ, by separating RNA from that source with gel electrophoresis, blotting the separated RNA molecules onto nitrocellulose, and then using a nucleotide probe to hybridize with, and highlight, the transcript of interest |
| deciduous teeth | "Milk teeth," the temporary teeth that are lost to make way for the permanent teeth. |
| muscle | Muscle is the tissue of the body which primarily functions as a source of power |
| serous fluid | Any thin |
| cachexia | Cachexia is any general reduction in vitality and strength of body and mind resulting from a debilitating chronic disease |
| ascending colon | The first part of the |
| psychopharmacology | Drug therapy targeting the brain |
| umami | One of the five basic tastes—the meaty, savory flavor |
| proglottid | One of the chain of segments comprising the strobila or body of a tapeworm parasite. |
| shaft | An elongated, cylindrical part of the body |
| muscular dystrophy | The name given to a group of diseases that are, for the most part, genetically determined and which cause gradual wasting of muscle with accompanying weakness and deformity. |
| swallowing | To pass food through the |
| dorsal root | Bundle of nerve fibers taking information into the spinal cord. |
| stereotypy | repetitive movements that are involuntary and abnormal |
| cocaine | A highly addictive nervous system stimulant made from the leaves of the coca plant that initially creates a sense of euphoria and self confidence |
| natural selection | The process of differential survival and reproduction of Þtter |
| chronic | Of long duration, not acute; a term used to describe a disease that cannot be cured. |
| sensitization | an exaggerated response to a drug because of prior exposure to that drug |
| bradykinesia | slowness of movement |
| patella | Knee cap, a small triangular sesamoid bone located in front of the knee. |
| doppler echocardiography | Technique using sound waves to examine the direction and velocity of blood flow within the heart and great vessels. |
| photoreceptors | Specialized light receptors (rods and cones) present in the retina of the eye. |
| ocular dominance column | A region of cortex in which one eye or the other provides a greater degree of synaptic input |
| supersensitivity psychosis | An exaggerated psychosis that may emerge when doses of antipsychotic medication are reduced, probably as a consequence of the up-regulation of receptors that occurred during drug treatment |
| norepinephrine | An important neurotransmitter that conveys information from nerve to nerve and is apparently important for memory, alertness, and learning. |
| p20–50 effect | A positive deflection of the event-related potential, occurring about 20–50 milliseconds after stimulus presentation, that is enhanced for selectively attended auditory input compared to ignored input |
| cam | See cell adhesion molecule. |
| melanin | Dark pigment of skin and hair. |
| test-retest reliability | measure of measurements consistency, by correlating (the same) test performance on two different occasions. |
| morphine | An opiate compound derived from the poppy flower |
| calcium channels | membrane pores that determine Ca++ permeability, thereby regulating membrane excitability |
| urine | The fluid filtrate of the kidneys. |
| nucleotide | A portion of a DNA or RNA molecule that is composed of a single base and the adjoining sugar-phosphate unit of the strand |
| trait | a specific personal characteristic or attribute which occurs consistently and influences behaviour across a range of situations. |
| miller's disease | Colloquial term for nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism. |
| psychosomatic medicine | A field of study that emphasizes the role of psychological factors in disease. |
| fission | The process of splitting in two |
| smooth muscles | Involuntary muscles that help organs such as the stomach and bladder carry out their functions. |
| compassionate love | Warmth, trust, and tolerance of a person with whom one is romantically involved. |
| parkinsonism | the name given to a group of disorders with similar features - four primary symptoms (tremor, rigidity, postural instability, and bradykinesia) that are the result of the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells. |
| rapid eye movement | Part of the sleep cycle when active dreaming takes place |
| emotional intelligence site | "The information on this independent site covers everything from the academic and corporate definitions of emotional intelligence to articles on parenting, relationships and emotional and sexual abuse." |
| water soluble vitamins | Vitamins that dissolve in water, thus you excrete any extra in your urine. |
| proprioception | the response to internal stimuli. |
| equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy | Chronic, progressive disease of young horses, characterized by abnormalities of gait; the cause is thought to be related to a vitamin E deficiency and is associated with lack of green forage or the feeding of heat-processed pelleted rations |
| hepatic vein | Any of three |
| barefoot morphology | The science of reading footprints in order to establish the pace, size, and body weight of the individual. |
| lesion | Any disease-induced abnormality of tissue structure or tissue function. |
| illusion | A misperception of a real external stimulus. |
| polyneuritis | Inflammation occurring simultaneously in more than one nerve. |
| enzymes | Complex |
| idea | An Acronym that stands for Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. |
| median | measure of central tendency that utilises the mid-point of the ranked data. |
| symptomatic | 1 |
| vagusstoff | Loewi's term for the chemical (acetylcholine) released by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve |
| ttx | See tetrodotoxin. |
| craniosynostosis | a condition in which the sutures (soft spots) in the skull of an infant close too early, causing problems with normal brain and skull growth |
| abi | See auditory brainstem implant. |
| hyphema | Bleeding into the anterior chamber of the eye. |
| urinary system | Eliminates of nitrogenous wastes; controls |
| frustration | The experience of being thwarted in the process of achieving a goal. |
| hybridization | The process by which one string of nucleotides becomes linked to a complementary series of nucleotides |
| cah | See congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
| hemangiosarcoma | Malignant tumor of blood vessels and associated tissue. |
| transdermal nicotine | Also known as the nicotine patch; smoking cessation medication that delivers nicotine by diffusion through the skin. |
| opioid link | a short neuron in the spinal cord that relays pain inhibitory messages from descending serotonergic fibers by releasing opioid neurotransmitters that block incoming pain signals |
| annihilation | The process of a particle and its corresponding anti-particle (a particle with the same mass but opposite electric charge) combining to produce energy in the form of photons. |
| parasympathetic nervous system | A branch of the autonomic nervous system concerned with the conservation of the body's energy and resources during relaxed states. |
| palsy | Paralysis. |
| caffeine | A stimulant compound found in coffee, cacao, and other plants |
| dilation | The stretching or enlarging of an |
| zygote | a fertilised cell that is produced after a sperm fertilises an egg. |
| amino acids | Commonly known as the building blocks of protein. |
| positive reinforcement | In operant conditioning, the presentation of a stimulus after a response so that the response will be more likely to occur. |
| basal ganglia | Several large clusters of nerve cells deep in the brain below the cerebral hemispheres; crucial in coordinating motor commands |
| trp2 | See transient receptor potential 2 |
| cell | The most basic functioning unit of living organisms, composed of a nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, and other constituents |
| arcuate nucleus | a hypothalamic nucleus that releases opiate transmitters in the limbic system |
| quantum | A unit of radiant energy. |
| chipper | Smokers who smoke at a low rate, e.g., 1-5 cigarettes per day |
| dyspraxia | Resource is related to or associated with application to Dyspraxia |
| emphysema | A lung disease in which tissue deterioration results in increased air retention and reduced exchange of gases |
| nicotine | A compound found in plants, including tobacco, that acts as an agonist on a large class of cholinergic receptors |
| substance abuse | the use of a drug or some other substance to an extent which interferes with work or family environments |
| respiratory system | Exchanges gases between the internal and external environments |
| patient n.a. | A patient who is unable to encode new declarative memories, because of damage to the dorsomedial thalamus and the mammillary bodies |
| nerve impulse | the electrical signal produced when a neuron is active, which passes from the dendrites, along the axon, to the specific terminals. |
| db | See decibel |
| synaptic cleft | A fluid filled space between |
| digestion | The process by which food is broken down to provide energy and nutrients |
| spinal cord injury | Coming Soon Learn more |
| ossifying myopathy | Condition most commonly affecting the hindlimbs of the horse, in which scarring and/or bone formation occurs within injured muscles. |
| n | Symbol used for the number of subjects or data in a distribution |
| vestibular nucleus | A brainstem nucleus that receives information from the vestibular organs through cranial nerve VIII (the vestibulocochlear nerve) |
| ataxia | unsteady gait with poor balance. |
| neovascularization | Growth of new blood vessels into an abnormal site, such as a tumor. |
| transfusion | The introduction of whole blood or components of blood (such as plasma, platelets) from one person to another. |
| endogenous ligand | Any substance, produced within the body, that selectively binds to the type of receptor that is under study |
| amplitude | The maximum extent of a single oscillation in a periodic event, such as a sound wave, measured as the distance from peak to trough in a single cycle |
| sulcus | A furrow of a convoluted brain surface |
| duct | A tube or vessel that carries secretions from |
| atypical neuroleptics | A class of antischizophrenic drugs that have actions other than the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism that characterizes the typical neuroleptics |
| humanism | A school of thought that encourages seeing people’s lives as those people would see them. |
| allergenic | Inducing allergy. |
| vasopressin | Alternative name for antidiuretic hormone (ADH). |
| membrane attack complex | A complex of 5 different |
| basal ganglia | Clusters of neurons, which include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus and substantia nigra, that are located deep in the brain and play an important role in movement |
| keratitis | Inflammation of the cornea. |
| microelectrode | An especially small electrode used to record electrical potentials in living cells |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone | hypophyseal peptide hormone that stimulates proliferation and hormone secretion in the the thyroid; 7.2 |
| pathogenic | Capable of causing disease |
| vestibule | A small body cavity or entrance |
| ventricular remodeling | Changes in size, shape, and function of the heart as a result of an injury to the heart, such as a heart attack |
| odontology | The study of the teeth, including their anatomy, growth and diseases. |
| pericarditis | Inflammation or infection of the pericardium. |
| cerebral embolism | a brain attack that occurs when a blood clot (embolus) or some other particle forms in a blood vessel and travels to a blood vessel in the brain to the point where it blocks blood flow in the vessel; often the clot forms away from the brain, usually in the heart. |
| peripheral nervous system | A division of the nervous system consisting of all nerves that are not part of the brain or spinal cord. |
| postural instability | Uncontrollable problems with standing or walking, or impaired balance and coordination, which are symptoms of Parkinson's disease for some patients and do not respond to dopamine replacement therapy. |
| brain and behavior | See biological psychology |
| gas chromatography | A method of breaking down a compound into its individual components as they travel through a non-reactive gas. |
| antihistamine | a drug that interferes with the effects of histamine on cells |
| jaundice | Yellow discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes, caused by the deposition of bile pigment; most commonly a result of liver and/or bile-duct disease. |
| botulism | A rare disease caused by a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum; it targets the neuromuscular nerve endings, producing a flaccid paralysis. |
| visceral pleura | Membrane covering the surface of the organs in the chest cavity. |
| regression | A defense mechanism that involves reverting to a more immature state of psychological development. |
| glioma | A benign tumor of neuroglial cells |
| neonatal | Referring to newborns |
| tapering | The process of slowly decreasing the dose of medication over several days or weeks until the medication is completely discontinued |
| homoplasy | A physical resemblance that is due to convergent evolution, such as the similar body form of tuna and dolphins |
| cyclothymic disorder | milder but more chronic form of bipolar disorder that consists of alternation between hypomanic episodes and mild depressive episodes over a period of at least 2 years |
| ductless glands | Any |
| addiction | See dependence. |
| schwann cell | The glial cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system. |
| patient n.a. | A patient who is unable to encode new declarative memories, because of damage to the dorsal thalamus and the mammillary bodies. |
| gastric juices | Fluids and |
| initiation phase | A phase in |
| meningitis | Inflammation of the meninges |
| transverse plane | See coronal plane. |
| golgi apparatus | Modifies |
| jejunum | The middle portion of the |
| mucous membrane | Mucosa; Moist epithelial |
| contagious equine metritis | Highly contagious disease characterized by inflammation of the female genital tract and production of a thin, profuse, grayish-white discharge from the vulva; caused by a bacterium, Taylorella equigenitallium. |
| ectopic transmission | Cell-cell communication based on release of neurotransmitter in regions outside traditional synapses. |
| t-lymphocyte | A type of lymphocyte that matures in the |
| active | Requires energy for a specific process |
| lcsw | Licensed Clinical Social Worker |
| neutrophilia | An abnormal increase in the number of circulating neutrophils. |
| placebo | A "dummy" medication ("sugar pill") having no specific activity or action in the body |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone | A tropic hormone, released by the anterior pituitary gland, that signals the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones |
| mitosis | The process of division of somatic cells that involves duplication of DNA |
| consciousness | The state of awareness of one’s own existence and experience. |
| psychosis | state involving a loss of contact with reality as well as an inability to differentiate between reality and one's subjective state |
| interstitial fluid | The fluid surrounding cells. |
| organic cation transporter | class of transport protein important in drug transport; operates either by facilitated diffusion or secondary active transport; 3.5 |
| primacy effect | remembering the first information given, see also recency effect (Recency & Primacy Effect) |
| somatotropic hormone or somatotropin | See growth hormone |
| ct or cat scan | See computerized axial tomography. |
| nephrolith | Kidney stone. |
| learned helplessness | A learning paradigm in which individuals are subjected to inescapable, unpleasant conditions. |
| neurotomy | Incision into a nerve |
| internal attribution | An inference that an event or a person’s behavior is due to personal factors such as traits, abilities, or feelings |
| interpersonal effectiveness skills | A set of DBT coping skills aimed at negotiating with others to achieve objectives without sacrificing personal values or damaging relationships. |
| dht | See dihydrotestosterone |
| hyperandrogenism | Excessive production of male sex hormones. |
| perseverate | To continue to show a behavior repeatedly |
| embryology | Site describes the development of an embryo from fertilization to birth. |
| purging | persons with bulimia nervosa engage in a destructive pattern of ridding their bodies of the excess calories (to control their weight) by vomiting, abusing laxatives or diuretics, taking enemas, and/or exercising obsessively - a process called purging. |
| scala vestibuli | Canal within the bony canal of the |
| journal of family psychology | Journal is concerned with research related to family issues. |
| muscular dystrophy | the name given to a group of diseases that are, for the most part, genetically determined and cause gradual wasting of muscle with accompanying weakness and deformity. |
| aqueous humor | The fluid occupying the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. |
| lipid bilayer | The structure of the neuronal cell membrane, which consists of two layers of lipid molecules, within which float various specialized proteins, such as receptors |
| swamp fever | Equine infectious anemia. |
| delta wave | The slowest type of EEG wave, characteristic of stage 3 sleep |
| alpha receptor | a specific receptor type for norepinephrine and related compounds |
| subinvolution | Partial involution (return to normal size) of an organ, as of the uterus following delivery of the fetus. |
| ritualistic behavior | a regimen associated with the self-administration of a drug |
| humanized antibody | hybrid monoclonal antibody that combines a mouse-derived antigen recognition site with a human antibody scaffold |
| disengagement theory | mutual process of disengagement in activities expected by the individual and by society. |
| myelin sheath | The fatty coating around some axons that increases the speed of neural impulse transmission. |
| epididymis | In the male, the duct connecting the testis to the vas deferens; used for the storage, maturation, and movement of sperm |
| local potential | An electrical potential that is initiated by stimulation at a specific site, which is a graded response that spreads passively across the cell membrane, decreasing in strength with time and distance |
| mri | Abbreviation for "Magnetic Resonance Imagin." MRI is a procedure in which radio waves and a powerful magnet linked to a computer are used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body |
| churn | To stir or agitate |
| dyslexia | A reading handicap in which the brain reverses the order of some letters and numbers |
| adsorb | To bind to a surface. |
| reticular formation | a diffuse net of small neurons in the brain stem that participates in the ascending arousal system |
| affinity | See binding affinity. |
| afterimage | A color we perceive after another color is removed. |
| decibel | A measure of sound intensity, perceived as loudness |
| prothrombin activator | When PF3 (from |
| skill learning | Learning to perform a task that requires motor coordination. |
| repolarization | the return to resting polarity of the cell membrane that has been depolarized |
| stage | A period in development when people show typical behavior patterns and capacities. |
| leiomyosarcoma | Malignant tumor of smooth muscle cells. |
| complex cortical cell | A cell in the visual cortex that responds best to a bar of a particular size and orientation anywhere within a particular area of the visual field |
| urge | In smokers, an "urge" is a desire to smoke that can vary in intensity from mild to very strong |
| acetaldehyde dehydrogenase | an enzyme that rapidly converts acetaldehyde into harmless acetic acid |
| phantom limb | a mysterious phenomenon experienced by amputees who often continue to experience sensations which seem to originate from the missing limb. |
| polygenic traits | Traits that are the result of the action of more than a single gene. |
| organism | An individual consisting of a |
| direct phosphorylation | phosphorylation of ADP to |
| sampling error | an error that occurs as a result of having a non-representative sample. |
| ephedrine | a drug that acts indirectly by causing the release of norepinephrine from the neuron |
| self-antigen | Markers on blood |
| granuloma | Lesion indicative of a chronic inflammatory response, characterized by the accumulation of white blood cells around an offending agent for the purpose of walling off the agent from the rest of the body. |
| liver lobule | anatomical and functional unit of liver tissue; 3.6.2 |
| viscera | Any of the large interior organs of the body. |
| monopolar neuron | See unipolar neuron. |
| flinch/jump test | a procedure to measure the pain threshold |
| myocarditis | Also called acute heart dysfunction |
| cutaneous habronemiasis | A skin disease of horses caused by stomach worms (Habronema spp.); also called summer sores. |
| epidermis | The outermost layer of the skin |
| leukocytosis | An abnormal increase in the |
| saline | A physiologically balanced salt solution; physiological sodium chloride solution. |
| diapedesis | The movement of |
| periaqueductal gray | The neuronal body–rich region of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles; involved in pain perception. |
| voltage-gated na+ channel | An Na+-selective channel that opens or closes in response to changes in the voltage of the local membrane potential |
| dopamine | a neurotransmitter that allows messages to be passed from neuron to neuron across a synapse. |
| constipation | Condition in which bowel movements happen less frequently than is normal for the particular individual, or the stool is small, hard and difficult or painful to pass. |
| detoxification | Reduction in toxic properties of compounds. |
| pericardial effusion | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac. |
| ion | An atom or molecule that has acquired an electrical charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons |
| festination | Walking with a series of quick, small, shuffling steps as if hurrying forward to keep balance. |
| releasing hormones | A |
| essential fatty acid | A fat that your body needs but cannot assemble from other fats |
| epiphany | A life changing new thought or feeling. |
| sensory pathway | The chain of neural connections from sensory receptor cells to the cortex. |
| animism | the belief that inanimate objects are alive and as such have life-like qualities such as feelings and intentions |
| stimulation | To excite allowing for |
| lewy body | A pink-staining sphere, found in the bodies of dying cells, that is considered to be a marker for Parkinson’s disease. |
| prepuce | Fold of skin enclosing the penis; also called the sheath. |
| procedural memory | Memory of how to do things |
| chromosome | A visible carrier of the genetic information. |
| fetus | A developing individual after the embryo stage |
| anp | See atrial natriuretic peptide. |
| density test | A test in which glass fragments are floated to establish if they are from the same source. |
| nephritis | Kidney inflammation. |
| monocyte | Nondescript white blood cell found in the circulation, which converts into an active macrophage upon entry into tissue. |
| trauma | An injury that can be either physical or emotional. |
| clozapine | An atypical neuroleptic. |
| amnion | The fluid filled sac which forms around the |
| calcium ion | A calcium atom that carries a double positive charge because it has lost two electrons |
| functional genomics | Functional genomics is the area of genetics that focuses on determining the function of genetic information present in a cell or its ?genome function". |
| semantic memory | see memory, semantic (Your Incredible Memory) |
| sulfonamides | class of antimicrobial drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis; 1.3.3 |
| hypothalamus | A thumb sized region deep in the middle of the brain that monitors the body's internal functions and helps regulate things like hunger, thirst, body temperature, and hormones. |
| vagina | A moist canal that extends from the |
| neuroprotective | If an agent provides protection to any part of the body's nervous system, it is said to provide neuroprotection. |
| glial cells | Cells that give structural support to neurons and nourish and insulate them. |
| process | A jutting out or protruding part |
| chorea | rapid, jerky, dance-like movement of the body. |
| acetylcholine | A natural neurotransmitter that helps focus, concentration, and memory. |
| punishment | aversive events that are contingent upon the occurrence of a specific response |
| reasonable adjustment | The Disability Discrimination Act 1992 requires employers to change the workplace environment or work arrangements so that a person with disability is not disadvantaged in the workplace, to the extent that these changes do not involve unjustifiable hardship for the employer |
| myenteric plexus | A network of |
| antimicrobial | Killing or suppressing the growth of microorganisms; also, any antibiotic or antifungal medication. |
| protozoa | taxonomic category that includes single-celled, eukaryotic pathogens |
| neuroleptic | Referring to a specific effect of a pharmacologic agent on the nervous system, specifically a drug whose principal effect is on psychomotor activity. |
| act | (1) legislation, which in Canada may be federal, provincial or territorial (see also Federal Legislation and Provincial Legislation); (2) in Ontario, the result after a bill has undergone Third Reading, been passed by the Legislative Assembly and received Royal Assent |
| receptor tyrosine kinase | a receptor that is also a protein kinase |
| theriogenology | Study of the physiology and pathology of animal reproduction. |
| duplex theory | A theory that we localize sound by combining information about intensity differences and latency differences between the two ears. |
| electrolytes | Simple, inorganic salts that act as charged particles in water solutions, i.e., they are able to conduct electricity; examples include sodium, potassium, and chloride |
| virilizing | Producing male characteristics. |
| pia mater | The innermost of the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord |
| ovum | Female reproductive |
| relaxin | The |
| dualism | The notion, promoted by RenÈ Descartes, that the mind has an immaterial aspect that is distinct from the material body and brain |
| agonist | a chemical (drug) that stimulates a receptor for a neurotransmitter, inducing an effect similar to that of the natural neurotransmitter. |
| carbon monoxide | Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas produced by the burning of tobacco |
| decomposition of movement | Difficulty of movement in which gestures are broken up into individual segments instead of being executed smoothly; it is a symptom of cerebellar lesions |
| ixodid ticks | Hard-bodied ticks; distinguished from argasid (soft-bodied) ticks. |
| reporter-gene systems | The use of engineered genes that are designed to adhere to specific cells in body that may be detected by molecular imaging technologies. |
| sinemet | An anti-Parkinson drug. |
| ionotropic receptor | A receptor protein that includes an ion channel that is opened when the receptor is bound by an appropriate ligand |
| refractory phase | 1 |
| atrioventricular bundle | A bundle of muscle |
| dopamine | A neurotransmitter involved in voluntary movement, learning, memory, and emotion. |
| epigenetic regulation | Changes in gene expression that are due to environmental effects rather than to changes in the nucleotide sequence of the gene |
| stimulus | A physical event that triggers a sensory response |
| diabetic ketoacidosis | Serious, life-threatening complication of untreated or poorly treated diabetes mellitus, characterized by the buildup of ketone bodies in the circulation and a fall in blood pH, i.e., increasing acidity of the blood. |
| mitochondria | Specialized structures within body cells that are responsible for producing energy. |
| inhalation pneumonia | Pneumonia caused by inhalation of noxious fumes, as during a house or forest fire. |
| rem sleep | See rapid-eye-movement sleep |
| mental health | Health of the mind. |
| mao-b | an enzyme in our body that naturally breaks down several chemicals in our brain including dopamine. |
| auditory canal | The passage from the outer |
| impaired coordination | Finding it difficult to do several common tasks at the same time, such as safely steering the car, changing gears and checking mirrors |
| touch receptor | Also known as Meissner's corpuscles; a type of |
| expressed emotion | family interaction style in which families are overinvolved with each other, are overprotective of the disturbed family member, voice self-sacrificing attitudes to the disturbed family member, and simultaneously are critical, hostile, and resentful of this member |
| naturopathic | The treatment of disease that avoids drugs and surgery and stresses natural agents. |
| viral | Relating to or caused by a |
| genotype | The genetic makeup of a given physical trait; also, the total genetic makeup of an individual organism. |
| mummification | The desiccation of a body due to very hot and dry conditions, or exposure to very cold temperatures. |
| resting tremor | a tremor of a limb that increases when the limb is at rest. |
| dynein | A protein in nerve cells that helps move materials inside the cells |
| familial | Running in a family line; occurring in a family line with greater frequency than by chance alone. |
| stomatitis | Inflammation of the lining of the mouth. |
| hypophysis | See pituitary gland. |
| midbrain | a middle area of the brainstem that contains many important nerves (including the origins of the third and fourth cranial nerves which control eye movement and eyelid opening). |
| hydrogen peroxide assay | This assay is used to identify neuroprotective changes that can shield neurons from Hydrogen Peroxide injury. |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | An anxiety disorder in which the affected individual experiences recurrent unwanted thoughts and engages in repetitive behaviors without reason or the ability to stop |
| differentiation | the acquisition of cell type-specific morphological and biochemical traits by cells forming through division of undifferentiated stem cells |
| 5-htp | The intermediary metabolite between L-tryptophan and serotonin |
| opioids | A class of peptides produced in various regions of the brain that bind to opioid receptors and act like opiates |
| hepatic portal system | A group of |
| carbachol | an acetylcholine mimicker that is not inactivated by acetylcholinesterase |
| obligatory parasite | A parasite whose life cycle cannot be completed without a parasitic phase at some stage. |
| saliva | A clear, aqueous |
| shunt | a shunt is a hole or passage that moves, or allows movement of fluid from one part of the body to another. |
| fitness | Regular physical activity can reduce the risk of disease |
| fused tetanus | maximum force |
| avolition | When a person lacks energy and initiative. |
| inspiratory muscles | Muscles used in |
| phalanx | General term for any bone forming part of a finger or toe. |
| peripheral nervous system | All the nerves of the body except the brain and spinal cord. |
| triiodothyronine | An important iodine-containing hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that assists in regulating the cellular metabolic rate of the body; much more powerful than its companion hormone thyroxine, it is considered to be the active form of thyroid hormone in tissue. |
| adrenal | Related to or produced by the |
| respiratory gas transport | The third stage in |
| teratogen | A chemical or biological agent capable of causing malformations in embryos; a well-known example is thalidomide |
| validity | degree of correspondence between a measurement and the phenomenon under study |
| hematinics | Compounds that improve the quality of the blood; "blood builders." |
| genotype | Also called genome |
| csf | a clear, watery liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, and is also found throughout the ventricle (brain cavities and tunnels) |
| antineoplastic | A drug that is selectively toxic to rapidly dividing cells such as malignant cells. |
| fibrous tissue | Tough connective tissue. |
| systolic blood pressure | The pressure that occurs when the heart contracts and pushes blood into the arterial system. |
| down syndrome | Intellectual disability that is associated with an extra copy of chromosome 21 |
| implicit attitudes | Beliefs that are unconscious but that can still influence decisions and behavior. |
| camp responsive element–bindingprotein | See CREB. |
| hair root | The lower, anchoring structure of a hair. |
| evoked potential studies | A group of diagnostic tests that measure changes in brain waves during particular stimuli |
| keratitis | Inflammation of the corneum |
| down-regulation | A compensatory decrease in receptor availability at the synapses of a neuron |
| tectum | the dorsal (top) portion of the midbrain (mesencephalon) |
| swallowing centre | A group of |
| tremor | Involuntary, uncontrollable, rhythmic movements (fast or slow) that may affect the hands, head, voice or other body parts |
| lamellated corpuscle | See Pacinian corpuscle |
| circadian rhythm | a roughly 24-hour cycle which is determined by an internal body clock, e.g |
| cgmp | See cyclic guanosine monophosphate. |
| taste | the ability to detect specific chemicals in solutions and in food we put in our mouths |
| pathogen | Disease-causing type of |
| splanchnic nerves | Three |
| ornithine | One of the amino acids that aids in the production of growth hormone — produced by arginine. |
| locus | A specific site on the chromosome. |
| amino acids | are the building blocks of protein in the body |
| sensory conflict theory | A theory of motion sickness suggesting that discrepancies between vestibular information and visual information simulate food poisoning and therefore trigger nausea |
| enriched condition | Also called complex environment |
| partial reinforcement effect | Phenomenon in which responses resist extinction because of partial or intermittent schedules of reinforcement. |
| pelvic symphysis | The joint formed by the union of the two halves of the pubic bone of the pelvis. |
| cerebellum | Portion of the brain concerned with motor function, balance, and the coordination of movement. |
| blind testing | The practice of knowingly submitting urine specimens containing drugs to determine laboratory accuracy. |
| endocast | A cast of the cranial cavity of a skull, especially useful for studying fossils of extinct species. |
| ventral tegmental area | A portion of the midbrain that projects dopaminergic fibers to the nucleus accumbens. |
| systems theory | a theoretical framework involving multiple interrelated elements, where the properties of the whole are different from the properties of the parts; systems are viewed as governed by processes of negative feedback (which promotes stability) and positive feedback (which promotes instability) |
| virus isolation | Procedure of propagating a virus artificially in the laboratory; more specifically, the process of recovering a virus from a tissue or fluid sample of an infected animal or human being. |
| hyperhidrosis | Excessive sweating. |
| organ of corti | The spiral-shaped organ of hearing within the inner ear, containing specialized sensory receptors. |
| parkinsonian effects | Drug-induced effects resulting from anti-psychotic medications that mirror classical Parkinson's disease symptoms, such as reduction in motor abilities and coordination, shuffling gait, drooling, muscle rigidity and tremors |
| motile | Capable of movement. |
| disorientation | Confusion about the date or time of day, where one is (place), or who one is (identity). |
| offender profiling | a technique used based on an examination of the crime scene, including how the crime was committed, and a consideration of previous offender profiles, to build and predict a detailed description (including socio-demographic characteristics) of a criminal offender. |
| kleptomania | disorder characterized by chronic shoplifting, taking items not needed for personal use or monetary value; before the theft, these individuals feel a mounting tension that turns to relief or gratification after the theft |
| perception | the process of selection, meaningful organisation and interpretation of information from the senses. |
| organ of corti | A structure in the inner ear that lies on the basilar membrane of the cochlea and contains the hair cells and terminations of the auditory nerve |
| megacalorie | One thousand kilocalories; a useful term for quantifying the energy in a ration. |
| psychopharmacology | the study of the effects that drugs have on behaviour. |
| iaps | See inhibitors of apoptosis proteins. |
| acronym | A word made out of the first letters of several words. |
| tolerance | See drug tolerance |
| pancreatic islets | groups of endocrine gland cells that are interspersed in the tissue of the exocrine pancreas tissue; 6.6.2 |
| sign | A characteristic of a disease; "signs" are seen by observation, while "symptoms" are characteristics reported by the patient; thus, animals exhibit signs of disease, while human beings report symptoms. |
| biological approach | view that biological factors cause and should be used to treat abnormality |
| extinction | Short for extinction of simultaneous double stimulation, an inability to recognize the double nature of stimuli presented simultaneously to both sides of the body |
| prejudice | A negative belief or feeling about a particular group of individuals. |
| l-dopa | The immediate precursor of the transmitter dopamine |
| transverse colon | The middle part of the |
| hypoplasia | Underdevelopment or incomplete development of a given tissue. |
| bone | Shape classification of bone; Thin |
| immune | Free from acquiring a certain infectious disease; resistant to an infectious disease. |
| negative cognitive triad | perspective seen in depressed people in which they have negative views of themselves, of the world, and of the future |
| other omics | Software related to the extraction of information related to "other omics" in contrast to 'genomics' |
| follicular thyroid cancer | One of several types of thyroid cancer; it may be identified and staged with low-dose I-123, and potentially treated with I-131 radiotherapy. |
| anatomy | The study of the |
| leonurus cardiaca | A flowering plant in the mint family |
| semicircular canal | Any one of the three fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear that are part of the vestibular system |
| intractable pain | Persistent pain which does not respond to at least 3 dosages of parenteral analgesics given over a 12-24 hr period; pain that does not respond to appropriate doses of opioid analgesics. |
| quale | A purely subjective experience of perception |
| hypocretin | Also called orexin |
| melena | Dark, pitchy stool caused by bleeding into the digestive tract. |
| thc | See Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. |
| binary fission | Method of bacterial and protozoal multiplication wherein the parental cell divides into two approximately equal daughter cells. |
| cell body | the bulbous part of the neuron, also called the soma, that contains the nucleus |
| hyperpolarization | an increase in potential difference across a membrane, making the cell interior more negative that it is at rest |
| digital pulse | The pulse as felt in the digital arteries of the feet; important for the detection of laminitis (founder). |
| sperm competition | The selective pressure that males of promiscuous species exert on each other to produce gametes that can outcompete the sperm of other males, because sperm from multiple males may be present in the genital tract of a single female. |
| colon | The lower part of the intestines composed of the |
| basal ganglia | A region deep within the brain consisting of large clusters of neurons responsible for voluntary movements such as walking and movement coordination |
| neurotransmission | The constant exchange of messages between neurons |
| osseous tissue | bone; consists of bone |
| phylogeny | The evolutionary history of a particular group of organisms |
| eoae | See evoked otoacoustic emission. |
| transmammary | Through the milk or colostrum. |
| asa | Autism Society of America |
| bicarbonate | The combination of hydrogen, carbon and |
| ssi | Social Security Income |
| saltatory conduction | The form of conduction that is characteristic of myelinated axons, in which the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next. |
| population | (or target population) the entire group to which the results of the study are intended to apply to and from which those individuals selected to participate in the study will be drawn. |
| c-fos | An immediate early gene commonly used to identify activated neurons.See Box 2.1. |
| immune system | A complex system that is responsible for distinguishing us from everything foreign to us, and for protecting us against infections and foreign substances |
| trace conditioning | in Pavlovian conditioning, a procedure in which the CS is terminated for a brief period before the US is presented |
| fovea | The centermost part of the eye located in the center of the retina and contains only cone photoreceptors. |
| auditory hallucinations | Psychotic disturbance in perception in which a person hears sounds or voices although these are not real or actually present |
| spherule | The parasitic, noninfectious stage of the fungus Coccidioides immitis, formed during the organism's growth phase in host tissue. |
| hallucinations | Hearing sounds or seeing animals, objects or people that are not real. |
| microvasculature | The smallest blood vessels (capillaries). |
| klüver-bucy syndrome | A condition, brought about by bilateral amygdala damage, that is characterized by dramatic emotional changes including reduction in fear and anxiety. |
| cancellous bone | Bone tissue having a spongy or latticelike internal structure; an example is the bone marrow. |
| frog | Thickened, horny area located in the middle of the sole of the foot. |
| icd | The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization |
| fascicle | bundle of |
| histogram or bar graph | A plot that shows how data are distributed. |
| operant conditioning | See instrumental conditioning |
| humoral immune response | An immune response that is mediated by the transformation of |
| fomite | An inanimate object, such as a door knob, that may carry an infectious agent |
| soma | See cell body |
| principle of parsimony | The principle of applying the simplest possible explanation to any set of observations; also called Occam’s razor. |
| dmg | Dimethylglycine |
| sleeper effect | the effect of persuasive messages may not have an immediate effect, but may be revealed in a change of behaviour after a period of time. |
| inclusive fitness | The reproductive fitness of an individual organism plus any effect that the organism has on increasing reproductive fitness in related organisms. |
| huntingtin | A protein produced by a gene (called HTT) that, when containing too many trinucleotide repeats, results in Huntington’s disease in a carrier |
| ips | See intraparietal sulcus. |
| increased risk taking | Taking risks that the driver wouldn't otherwise take, and not realising how unnecessarily dangerous the risk can be |
| genotype | the genetic code which is inherited and carried in DNA. |
| mutations | Small changes in genes. |
| tunica externa | The outer layer of a |
| catechol-o-methyl transferase | an enzyme that metabolizes (breaks down) levodopa and dopamine. |
| dentate gyrus | A strip of gray matter in the hippocampal formation |
| polysynovitis | Inflammation of the lining membrane of a joint. |
| fiq | An instrument designed to quantify the overall impact of fibromyalgia on a patient in several areas including function, pain level, fatique, sleep disturbance, and psychological distress. The FIQ is scored from 0 to 100, with the latter number being the worst case. The FIQ is widely used in research studies and to assess change in patient status after treatment. The FIQ has been translated into many languages |
| translational medicine | Translational medicine is the process of moving basic laboratory research into mainstream medical practice |
| short-term memory | A memory system that stores a limited amount of information for a brief period. |
| ameboid motion | Movement resembling an amoeba |
| venule | small vein; 3.3.1 |
| synesthesia | A condition in which stimuli in one modality evoke the involuntary experience of an additional sensation in another modality |
| gene | The segment of DNA that codes for the production of a particular protein. |
| pathfinding | the process of the axons finding the right neuron or target to connect to (Neuropathfinding) |
| dendrites | fine processes of a neuron, often providing the main receptive area of the cell onto which synaptic contacts are made |
| acetylcholinesterase | An enzyme that inactivates the transmitter acetylcholine |
| coagulation cascade | The cascade of events during the |
| blepharospasm | Spasmodic winking caused by the involuntary contraction of an eyelid muscle. |
| complement system | A specialized series of blood proteins whose major role is to disrupt the surface structure of microbes and altered body cells, resulting in their destruction. |
| movement disorders specialist | A neurologist with specific training in the subspecialty of movement disorders |
| concussion | A violent blow to the head, usually resulting in the loss of consciousness. |
| inner cell mass | The mass of the |
| androstenedione | The chief sex hormone secreted by the human adrenal cortex |
| microglia | a type of glial cell in the CNS |
| cross-tolerance | A condition in which the development of tolerance for an administered drug causes an individual to develop tolerance for another drug. |
| sc | See standard condition. |
| vestibular system | The sensory system involved in balance. |
| spinocerebellar ataxia | This condition is a degenerative, progressive, genetic disease which affects both the brain and spinal cord, causing difficulty with coordination |
| endotherm | An animal whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes |
| cell differentiation | A process where a less specialized |
| prolactin | A protein hormone, produced by the anterior pituitary, that promotes mammary development for lactation in female mammals |
| womb envy | In Karen Horney’s view, the discontent and resentment that men experience because of their inability to bear children. |
| restless leg syndrome | An uncontrollable need to move ones legs. Includes unexplainable feelings of crawling, creeping, pulling, tingling and twitching beneath the skin, usually between the thighs and ankles. |
| wearing off | waning of the antiparkinsonian effect of the medications (levodopa), especially shortly before the next dose time |
| harmonic | A multiple of a particular frequency called the fundamental |
| prostatitis | Inflammation of the prostate gland. |
| ankyloblepharon | Failure of one or both eyelids of the newborn to open at the appropriate time. |
| marginate | In |
| lysosome | Engulfs particles in the cytoplasm and breaks them down into usable |
| genital tubercle | In the early fetus, a “bump” between the legs that can develop into either a clitoris or a penis |
| fat tissue | See adipose tissue |
| hypomimia | Decreased facial expression due to rigidity of facial muscles. |
| local depolarization | Loss or reduction of |
| behavioral healthcare | A term that is used to include both mental health and chemical dependency programs. |
| refractory | Transiently inactivated or exhausted. |
| palsy | Paralysis of a muscle group. |
| interstitial fluid | the extracellular fluid that bathes cells throughout the body |
| coitus | See copulation. |
| positron | A particle with the same mass as an electron but the opposite charge |
| pinocytosis | Type of |
| annual cessation rate | percentage of current smokers from a defined population who successfully quit smoking in a given one-year period |
| thoracic | relating to or involving the thorax (M |
| troponin | regulatory |
| morpheme | The smallest grammatical unit of a language; a word or meaningful part of a word |
| thyroid gland | Endocrine gland located on either side of the trachea that produces hormones (thyroxine, triiodothyronine) important in regulating the body's metabolic rate. |
| hippocampus | A medial temporal lobe structure that is important for learning and memory |
| receptor | See neurotransmitter receptor |
| high-functioning autism | High-functioning autism is defined by children who are autistic by definition yet are able to communicate, do not have overly severe social impairments, and have only minor deficits in autism |
| gdnf | Abbreviation for "Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor." GDNF is part of a family of naturally occurring human growth factors (also known as trophic factors) known to nourish and foster the growth and development of dopamine-generating neurons |
| capillary | tiny blood vessels between arteries and veins |
| b1 | Known for its effects on mental attitude and the nervous system |
| remission | A period of time during which all or some of the symptoms of a disease have disappeared or decreased in severity |
| aorta | The major artery that carries blood out to your body. |
| oncogenesis | The process of tumor development. |
| myofascial pain syndrome | A condition characterized by regional pain as well as by local areas of pain (called trigger points) that the doctor can identify upon touching them |
| vagotomy | A procedure in which several branches of the vagus nerve are severed to reduce acid secretion in the stomach |
| radiotracer | A type of imaging agent used in nuclear medicine, a branch of molecular imaging |
| declarative memory | A memory that can be stated or described |
| somatic nerve | See spinal nerve. |
| protein hormones | Also called peptide hormones |
| broca’s area | A part of the brain, in the left frontal lobe, that is involved in speech production. |
| injection | A method of administering drugs or nutrients into the body using a needle. |
| adaptogen | natural substances that help the body adapt to stressful conditions |
| anestrus | The sexually inactive period between two estrus cycles. |
| axon terminals | The enlarged ending where |
| adaptation | 1 |
| nephron | A tubular structure that is the Þltering unit of the kidney; consists of a |
| alcohol dependence | diagnosis given to someone who has a physiological tolerance to alcohol, spends a lot of time intoxicated or in withdrawal, or continues to drink despite significant legal, social, medical, or occupational problems that result from alcohol (often referred to as alcoholism) |
| pseudobulbar palsy | A condition characterized by difficulties with speech, chewing and swallowing |
| skewbald | White and any color other than black (horse coloration). |
| spatial memory | is the ability of animals to form a internal representation or map of its familiar area or home range. |
| pregnane x receptor | nuclear hormone receptor involved in induction of enzymes in drug metabolism; 4.3 |
| degenerative arthropathy | Degenerative arthropathy is a degenerative disease of the joints, in which there is metabolic defect in the joint (articular) cartilage. |
| focal ventral midline dermatitis | A frequently encountered skin disease of horses kept in close proximity to cattle; probably caused by the bites of horn flies. |
| fabella | Small sesamoid bone occasionally found in the area of the knee. |
| progressive bulbar palsy | A condition that begins with difficulties in speaking, chewing and swallowing due to lower motor nerve cell (neuron) deterioration |
| helminthosis | Any parasitic worm infestation. |
| rna interference | See RNAi |
| imaging probe | A molecule that can bind both to a radiotracer and to a molecule of interest, such as cancer cells, within the body so that they may be imaged with molecular imaging technologies. |
| reservoir host | An animal from which infection may be passed to domesticated stock or to human beings. |
| putamen | One of the basal ganglia |
| phoneme | A sound that is produced for language |
| peripheral nervous system | nerves beyond the brain and spinal cord |
| equilibrium | Balance between opposing forces |
| concentration gradient | Variation of the concentration of a substance within a region |
| bilirubin | A yellow bile pigment, a breakdown product of recycled hemoglobin from red blood cells; the pigment causing jaundice. |
| arborize | To branch. |
| medial forebrain bundle | A collection of axons traveling in the midline region of the forebrain |
| auditory brainstem implant | A type of auditory prosthesis in which implanted microphones directly stimulate the auditory nuclei of the brainstem rather than the cochlea |
| endocrine system | system of glands that produces many different hormones |
| angiotensinogen | A globulin |
| neurosecretory neurons | Small |
| efferent | In reference to an axon, carrying information from the nervous system to the periphery |
| adjuvant chemotherapy | Use of anticancer drugs following surgical or radiation treatments in an effort to destroy residual (microscopic) tumor cells that may have been left behind. |
| conduction deafness | A hearing impairment in which the sound vibrations in air fail to be converted into waves of fluid in the cochlea |
| sodium ion | A sodium atom that carries a positive charge because it has lost one electron. |
| coenzyme q10 | The most common form of Coenzyme Q, a vitamin-like antioxidant |
| imaging techniques | see CAT, MEG, MRI and PET scans. |
| heart rate | The heart's rate of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole). |
| myocarditis | Inflammatory heart-muscle disease. |
| neurosecretory cells | neurons that receive signals from other nerve cells and respond by releasing hormones into body fluids or into a storage organ from which hormones are released at a later time |
| innate abilities | Abilities that are present from birth. |
| cone | A primary receptor cell for vision located in the retina |
| nerve | A bundle of nerve fibers or axons |
| positive result | Drug detected at or above the threshold of a test. |
| congestive heart failure | Syndrome caused by the inadequate pumping of blood by the heart. |
| sod assay | Bob Brown at Massachusetts General Hospital is completing this project |
| cauda equina | Literally, “horse’s tail” (in Latin) |
| side effect | A drug response that accompanies the principal response for which a medication is taken |
| cerebral palsy | A condition that appears at birth or shortly afterward as a partial muscle paralysis |
| cranial nerve | A nerve that is connected directly to the brain |
| bromocriptine | A dopamine agonist and anti Parkinson drug. |
| acariasis | General term for a mite infestation. |
| sustained-attention task | A task in which a single stimulus source or location must be held in the attentional spotlight for a protracted period |
| neuron | Nerve cell |
| neurturin | A naturally occurring human growth factor (or trophic factor) in the same family as GDNF, known to nourish and foster the growth of dopamine-generating neurons |
| cranial nerves | 12 |
| pressure points | Areas where a |
| dopamine | A chemical substance, a neurotransmitter, found in the brain that regulates movement, balance, and walking. |
| onuf’s nucleus | The human homolog of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) in rats. |
| self-efficacy | Confidence in one’s ability to meet challenges effectively. |
| prophylaxis | Disease prevention. |
| enzootic | Widespread in a population and always present, but producing disease in only relatively few animals; said of infectious disease agents |
| leptospires | Spiral-shaped bacteria belonging to the spirochete group. |
| third force | term used to describe the development of the humanistic perspective as an alternative to the psychoanalytic and behaviourist perspectives. |
| axon collateral | A branch of an axon from a single neuron. |
| lewy body | the classic sign of Parkinson’s disease seen in the cells of the nerve cells of the brain when examined under the microscope |
| substantia nigra | From the Latin for "black substance," the substantia nigra is a part of the basal ganglia that is rich in dopamine-producing nerve cells and the black pigment neuromelanin |
| ur | in Pavlovian conditioning, the reflexive response that is elicited by a biologically important event (the US) |
| hormone | The hormones produced by the body’s endocrine system are an integral part of the Communication System |
| exocrine glands | A |
| undifferentiated | To have no special |
| mental age | the level of intellectual functioning which is suitable for children of a particular age |
| abnormal behaviour | behaviour which is regarded by society as deviant or maladaptive; according to DSM, an individual must be suffering or show maladaptive functioning in order for behaviour to be described as abnormal. |
| survival needs | Factors that must be present within an acceptable range in order to sustain life |
| ovulation | The release of a mature |
| thalamus | Rounded structure in the middle region of the brain that relays sensory signals to the Cerebral Cortex |
| emmetropia | The normal condition of the eye |
| il3 | Small proteins released by cells that play a role in bone marrow cell proliferation and differentiation. |
| myelin sheath | A fatty layer that encases and insulates |
| rna | Ribonucleic acid, the chemical responsible for carrying instructions from DNA for the synthesis of proteins enabling various life-enabling functions in body cells. |
| calorie | Unit defined as the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius (centigrade) |
| sodium - potassium pump | membrane protein responsible for maintaining asymmetrical concentrations of Na+ and K+ ions across the cell membrane |
| receptor cell | A specialized cell that responds to a particular energy or substance in the internal or external environment, and converts this energy into a change in the electrical potential across its membrane |
| coronary band | Ring of vascular tissue along the upper edge of the hoof wall from which the horn of the hoof grows. |
| neuroma | A tumor originating from nerve cells |
| filtration slits | Pores in |
| alopecia | A loss of hair, baldness. |
| fixed-ratio schedule | A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement happens after a set number of responses. |
| double-blind test | A test of a drug or treatment in which neither the subjects nor the attending researchers know which subjects are receiving the drug (treatment) and which are receiving the placebo (control). |
| h+ | Hydrogen ion |
| round window | A membrane separating the tympanic canal from the middle ear |
| adi-r | The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) is a clinical diagnostic instrument for assessing autism in children and adults. |
| leydig cells | Specialized cells in the testes that produce the male sex hormone testosterone. |
| lipase | An enzyme that breaks down fat. |
| self-efficacy | an individual's belief in ability and performance on a task or in a situation. |
| semen | A mixture of fluid, including sperm, that is released during ejaculation. |
| axon collateral | A branch of an axon |
| hemorrhagic shock | Shock caused by severe bleeding (usually from trauma) resulting in depletion of blood from the circulatory system, so that less oxygen is transported from the lungs to the tissues. |
| s2 | See secondary somatosensory cortex. |
| idea | Individuals with Disabilities Education Act |
| subcutaneous edema | Accumulation of fluid beneath the skin. |
| pandas | Pediatric Autoimmune Disorders Associated with Strep |
| biomedical therapies | Treatments that involve efforts to directly alter biological functioning through medication, electric shocks, or surgery. |
| stapes | The innermost, stippup-shaped bone of the three ossicles of the middle |
| scnt | Abbreviation for "Somatic cell nuclear transfer." SCNT is a technique in which a nucleus from a patient's body cell, such as a skin cell, is introduced into an unfertilized egg from which the original genetic material has been removed |
| anterior chamber | The fluid-filled space at the front of the eye, situated between the cornea and the iris. |
| case study | a detailed description of a single individual, typically used to provide information on the person's history and to aid in interpreting the person's behaviour. |
| multi-infarct dementia | Resource is related to or associated with application to Multi-Infarct Dementia |
| molars | The large grinding teeth. |
| arabian fading syndrome | Juvenile Arabian leukoderma. |
| antigen a | A surface |
| psychosocial dwarfism | Reduced stature caused by stress early in life that inhibits deep sleep |
| colic | Acute abdominal pain. |
| pyrogens | A substance that produces a fever due to metabolic changes in the |
| structure | The arrangement and organization of parts in a substance or body |
| splinting | Tightening of the muscles in an area in order to avoid pain associated with muscle movement. |
| sensorineural deafness | A hearing impairment most often caused by the permanent damage or destruction of hair cells, or by interruption of the vestibulocochlear nerve that carries auditory information to the brain |
| squamous cell carcinoma | A malignant skin tumor of cells within the squamous cell layer of the epidermis. |
| fmri | See functional MRI. |
| biomarker | A molecule or substance in the body that is used as an indicator of a specific biological process occurring in the body |
| confidence | is generally described as a state of being certain, either that a hypothesis or prediction is correct, or that a chosen course of action is the best or most effective given the circumstances at the time. |
| extensor muscle | any muscle that causes the straightening of a limb or other part. |
| link method | The process of associating items with one another in order to remember them. |
| stem cell | A cell that is undifferentiated and therefore can take on the fate of any cell that a donor organism can produce. |
| hippocampus | A seahorse-shaped structure located within the brain and considered an important part of the limbic system |
| lyse | To destroy a |
| nostrils | The two external openings of the nose |
| melanoma | The third most common form of skin cancer that begins in melanocytes, the cells throughout the skin that produce pigment called melanin that makes the skin tan. |
| dementia | Resource is related to or associated with application to Dementia |
| neurofibrils | Threadlike |
| fungiform papillae | One of three types of small structures on the tongue, located in the front, that contain taste receptors |
| miticide | Any medication that kills mites. |
| myelin sheath | Compact fatty material that surrounds and insulates the axons of some neurons and accelerates the transmission of electrical signals. |
| epigenetic | An influence other than the structure of DNA that affects inherited traits. |
| pathogenesis | The production or development of a disease. |
| managed health care | A type of insurance plan that has a network of providers at a reduced fee. |
| conflict | The experience of having two or more incompatible desires or motives. |
| nernst equation | An equation predicting the voltage needed to just counterbalance the diffusion force pushing an ion across a semipermeable membrane from the side with a high concentration to the side with a low concentration. |
| oligoanalgesia | The under-treatment, ineffectual treatment, or lack of treatment of pain. Some patients with fibromyalgia have this problem until they find a good physician. |
| axo-somatic synapse | A synapse at which a presynaptic axon terminal synapses onto the cell body (soma) of the postsynaptic neuron |
| semicircular canal | One of the three fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear that are part of the vestibular system |
| strangulation | The prevention of respiration by the compression of the air passage. |
| holistically | All together, as a unit |
| catecholamines | A class of monoamines that serve as neurotransmitters, including dopamine and norepinephrine |
| reticular formation | A structure that includes parts of the hindbrain and midbrain and that is involved in sleep, wakefulness, pain perception, breathing, and muscle reflexes. |
| orthosteric | binding mode of a drug that binds "in the right place", i.e |
| feedback | when information from the end is also used to modify the process that produced it; in a feedback loop, information moves backwards to add into an earlier part of the pathway. |
| saccule | A small, fluid-filled sac under the utricle in the vestibular system that responds to static positions of the head |
| incisors | The front teeth. |
| stable attribution | An inference that an event or behavior is due to stable, unchanging factors. |
| cloaca | The sex organ in many birds, through which sperm are discharged (in the male) and eggs are laid (in the female) |
| plaques | deposits of amyloid protein that accumulate in the extracellular spaces of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and other forebrain structures in people with Alzheimer's disease |
| blepharitis | Inflammatory disease of the eyelids. |
| alcoholism | A chronic, progressive, and potentially fatal disease that is characterized by consuming too much alcohol. |
| dystocia | Difficult birth. |
| atrium | One of the two upper chambers of the heart. |
| tinnitus | A sensation of noises or ringing in the ears not caused by external sound |
| brain | The main organ in the nervous system. |
| top-down process | A process in which higher-order cognitive processes control lower-order systems, often reflecting conscious control |
| tactile hallucinations | unreal perceptions that something is happening to the outside of one's body—for example, that bugs are crawling up one's back |
| willfulness | Resistance, or getting stuck in one’s own position |
| hyperpathia | An exaggerated response to something that causes pain, with continued pain after the cause of the pain is no longer present. |
| wound healing | The process of repairing |
| identity diffusion | A state of confusion when a person lacks a clear sense of identity and hasn’t yet begun exploring issues related to identity development. |
| chronic pain | Pain that lasts more than a month after an injury heals |
| conformity | a type of social influence expressed through exposure to the views of a majority and our submission to those views. |
| species | One of the major classifying categories of taxonomy, representing divisions of a genus, and sometimes further classified into subspecies. |
| dorsal | In anatomy, toward the back of the body or the top of the brain |
| continuous positive airway pressure | a method of respiratory ventilation used by people with sleep apnea |
| neurosecretory cell | Also called neuroendocrine cell |
| cardiovascular system | consists of two parts, the heart and the blood vessels |
| antioxidants | Substances such as vitamin E and selenium that protect cells against damage caused by by-products of normal metabolic processes. |
| autoreceptor | A receptor for a synaptic transmitter that is located in the presynaptic membrane and tells the axon terminal how much transmitter has been released. |
| the future of children | Site provides links to journal articles concerning issues relevant to children. |
| panic attack | panic attackFunction: noun: an episode of intense fear or apprehension that is of sudden onset and may occur for no apparent reason or as a reaction to an identifiable triggering stimulus (as a stressful event); specif: one that is accompanied by usu |
| goiter | A swelling of the thyroid gland resulting from iodine deficiency. |
| polyestrous | Having more than a single estrous cycle per year. |
| extrapyramidal system | A motor system that includes the basal ganglia and some closely related brainstem structures |
| massed practice | The process of learning material over a short period; also called cramming. |
| nervous system | The system of cells, tissues and organs that regulates the body's responses to internal and external stimuli |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | Type of |
| malignant | Capable of spreading and invading other tissues; said of tumors. |
| subthalamic nucleus | a small lens-shaped nucleus in the brain where it is a part of the basal ganglia system. |
| second messengers | compounds that initiate changes in neuronal function following the arrival of the neurotransmitter ("first" messenger) |
| wobbler syndrome | A common cause of incoordination in young horses, particularly Thoroughbreds; results from spinal cord compression caused by a narrowing of the vertebral canal, malalignment of neck vertebrae, or excessive growth of the surrounding soft tissue; also called wobbles. |
| mr spectroscopy | MR spectroscopy (MRS) is a variation of conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
| arthropod | An invertebrate organism with a hard outer skeleton (exoskeleton) and a segmented body; examples include insects, spiders, and crustaceans. |
| death gene | A gene that is expressed only when a cell becomes committed to natural cell death (apoptosis). |
| turgor | Skin elasticity. |
| androgens | A class of hormones that includes testosterone and other male hormones |
| strangulation | Constriction resulting in impairment of the blood supply. |
| fimbriae | A fringe of |
| global aphasia | The total loss of ability to understand language, or to speak, read, or write |
| syrinx | The vocal organ in birds |
| tsh | See thyroid-stimulating hormone. |
| tactile corpuscle | See Meissner’s corpuscle |
| autism | Is a pervasive developmental disability (PDD) that is usually diagnosed within the first three years of life |
| easy problem of consciousness | The problem of how to read current conscious experiences directly from people’s brains as they’re happening |
| anterograde amnesia | Difficulty in forming new memories beginning with the onset of a disorder |
| headache | includes headaches that result from other medical conditions |
| gamete | A sex cell (sperm or ovum) that contains only unpaired chromosomes and therefore has only half of the usual total number of chromosomes. |
| temporal coding | Frequency discrimination in which the pitch of a sound is determined by the rate of firing of auditory neurons |
| vaginismus | in women, involuntary contractions of the muscles surrounding the outer third of the vagina that interfere with penetration and sexual functioning |
| behaviour | Behaviour is the observable actions of a person |
| nernst equation | equation that relates the magnitude of an ion gradient across a membrane to the resulting diffusion equilibrium potential; 6.2.2 |
| physitis | Generalized bone disease of young growing horses, characterized by enlargement of the growth plates of certain long bones and of the vertebrae of the neck. |
| supportive psychotherapy | A treatment technique that helps a patient reduce stress and cope with his or her disorder without probing disturbing thoughts or emotions. |
| wernicke's area | area of the left temporal cortex Wernicke proposed to be the centre of language comprehension, whereby sound patterns of words are stored, in order to convert speech sounds into words. |
| projection | A defense mechanism in which a person shifts blame from themselves to another. |
| aerobic | Requiring the presence of oxygen to grow. |
| granulocytes | White blood cells that contain stainable granules; examples include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. |
| private pay | Someone who pays all fees associated with his or her care without submitting a claim to an insurance company. |
| postural instability | the tendency to fall without explanation, usually when pivoting. |
| drug effect | the end result of a drug's action that is reflected by a change in physiology or behavior |
| motility | Ability to move. |
| placenta | The tissue that passes oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood into the fetus and removes waste materials from the fetus. |
| vomitus | Vomited material. |
| gene | Genes are the basic biological units of heredity |
| prosencephalon | See forebrain. |
| müllerian duct | A duct system in the embryo that will develop into female reproductive structures (fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina) if testes are not present |
| pinna | The cartilaginous portion of the external |
| qualitative | Chemical analysis to identify the components of a mixture. |
| pantothenic acid | A B-vitamin vital to enzyme reactions that enable you to use carbohydrates and create steroid biochemicals such as hormones. |
| headache | pain or discomfort in the head or face area |
| vno | See vomeronasal organ |
| adrenaline | See epinephrine |
| rest tremor | a tremor that occurs in the limb when it is at rest, which typically diminishes when the limb is voluntarily moved |
| microvilli | Small hairlike |
| cingulate cortex | Also called cingulate gyrus or cingulum |
| the jean piaget society | Interdisciplinary group dedicated to exploring the developmental construction of human knowledge. |
| rigidity | Increased resistance to the passive movement of a limb. |
| middle canal | Also called scala media |
| monocular deprivation | Depriving one eye of form vision |
| vacuole | Small, round to oval space or cavity within a cell. |
| thyrotropin-releasing hormone | A hypothalamic hormone that regulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary |
| comt | COMT is the second enzyme involved in the metabolism of levodopa to produce 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD). |
| ovulation | Release of an egg from an ovary. |
| olfactory | Relating to the sense of |
| atherosclerosis | A disease in which fatty deposits consisting of fat, cholesterol and other substances collect along the walls of arteries |
| synapse | a small physical gap between two neurons, which is connected by the flow of neurotransmitter chemicals |
| narcotics | Drugs that can relieve pain; also called opiates. |
| cognitive | a process of information storage and retrieval, which can be utilised flexibly in behaviour |
| cyanocobalamin | A cobalt compound commonly used as vitamin B12 in vitamin pills and nutritional supplements. |
| lipophilic | Readily dissolved or absorbed into lipids |
| somatosensory system | A set of specialized receptors and neural mechanisms responsible for body sensations such as touch and pain |
| drc | See dose-response curve. |
| galvayne's groove | A dark line that forms on the outside of the corner incisor teeth; its length and appearance are useful in aging a horse. |
| ossification | The process by which bone is formed |
| creep feed | Feed provided in a separate area where the foal can eat without interference from the mare. |
| estimator variables | in witness testimony, variables that affect the accuracy of witness testimony, that the justice system has little control over, including weather and amount of time witness was at the scene |
| streptomycetes | soil bacteria that are genetically related to mycobacteria |
| positive punishment | In operant conditioning, the presentation of a stimulus after a response so that the response will be less likely to occur. |
| alpha-synuclein | A protein normally found in neurons, and present in high concentrations in Lewy bodies |
| schwann cell | A type of glial cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system |
| nasal septum | Vertical dividing wall that separates the two nasal passages or nares. |
| conjunctiva | Mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the white surface (sclera) of the eyball. |
| hyaline cartilage | Rubbery, blue-white |
| aortic valve | The semilunar valve on the left side of the heart; also called the aortic semilunar outflow valve. |
| spinal muscular atrophy | A hereditary neurological disease in which only the lower motor nerve cells are affected. |
| frequency | The number of times per second a sound wave cycles from the highest to the lowest point. |
| corticospinal tract | The bundle of nerves that reach from the motor area of the brain (see cortex) to the spinal cord, connecting to the nerves that go out to control the muscles. |
| bronchi | The two branches of the |
| arthritis canada | Site provides a link to the Arthritis Society which contains information about the disease that commonly plagues seniors. |
| synovial membrane | Connective (areolar) |
| postcentral gyrus | The strip of parietal cortex, just behind the central sulcus, that receives somatosensory information from the entire body |
| bronchoconstriction | Narrowing of the larger airways. |
| mental age | The chronological age that typically corresponds to a particular level of performance |
| lks | Landau-Kleffner Syndrome |
| feature integration theory | The idea that conjunction searches involve sequential shifts of attention that help coordinate multiple cognitive feature maps—overlapping representations of the search array based on individual stimulus attributes. |
| lumbar | Relating to the abdominal region or the vertebrae lying between the |
| midbrain | Also called mesencephalon |
| angiotensin-converting enzyme | An enzyme that |
| vegetarians | People who eat vegetables, fruits and grains and usually eggs and dairy products. |
| adenoma | Any benign tumor originating in glandular tissue. |
| gauge | A measure of the diameter of an injection needle. |
| homeostasis | self-regulating process by which a system remains stable by adjusting to changing conditions (Dendritic Spines Lab, Virtual Neurons) |
| cartilage | Specialized connective tissue especially important in bone growth and the formation of joints. |
| neurofibroma | Benign tumor of the nervous system arising from Schwann cells. |
| chronic | Continuing over a long period of time, or recurring frequently |
| ovariohysterectomy | Surgical removal of the uterus and ovaries. |
| experimental extinction | in Pavlovian conditioning, the repeated presentation of a CS that had previously signaled a biologically important event (the US) |
| sexuality | The quality or state of being sexual. |
| ecstasy | See MDMA. |
| otorrhea | discharge of pus into the external auditory canal |
| radial glial cells | Glial cells that form early in development, spanning the width of the emerging cerebral hemispheres, and guide migrating neurons |
| neurectomy | Surgical cutting of a nerve to relieve pain. |
| neuron | A nerve cell used to transmit information within the central nervous system |
| hard problem of consciousness | The problem of how to read people’s subjective experience of consciousness and determine the qualia that accompany perception |
| stage 3 sleep | A stage of slow-wave sleep that is defined by the presence of large-amplitude, slow delta waves |
| prion | An infectious particle that is similar to a |
| unstable attribution | An inference that an event or behavior is due to unstable, temporary factors. |
| smooth muscle | A type of muscle fiber, as in the heart, that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system rather than by voluntary control |
| ovum | An egg, the female gamete |
| tricuspid valve | The atrioventricular valve on the right side of the heart. |
| apoe | See apolipoprotein E. |
| co-localization | Also called co-release |
| phospholipase a2 | enzyme that cleaves the fatty acyl residue connected to the second (central) carbon of the glycerol backbone; 2.5.4 |
| dorsal horns | The |
| syndrome | A set of signs and symptoms that tend to appear together |
| advance directives | Documents (such as a Living Will) completed and signed by a person who is legally competent to explain wishes for medical care should he or she become unable to make those decisions at a later time. |
| motor learning | is the process of improving the smoothness and accuracy of movements through practice |
| posterior | towards the back |
| neuroprotective | mechanisms within the nervous system which protect neurons from apoptosis or degeneration, for example following a brain injury or as a result of chronic neurodegenerative diseases. |
| kinesthesis | The sense of the position and movement of body parts. |
| ego psychology | branch of psychodynamic theory emphasizing the importance of the individual's ability to regulate defenses in ways that allow healthy functioning within the realities of society |
| perianal | In the region of the anus. |
| calculogenic | Stone-forming. |
| premunition | Maintenance of immunity to a parasite by the persistent presence of small numbers of the parasite, usually in the gastrointestinal tract; premunition immunity wanes if the parasite is completely eliminated from the body. |
| i-131 radiotherapy | A treatment for hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer and lymphoma in which radioactive iodine I-131 is delivered directly to thyroid or cancer cells in order to destroy them. |
| norepinephrine | A neurotransmitter found mainly in areas of the brain involved in governing autonomic nervous system activity, especially blood pressure and heart rate. |
| absolute price | the actual retail price of a tobacco product in a given place at a given time not adjusting for inflation and disposable income (cf |
| angiography | A brain-imaging technique in which a specialized X-ray image of the head is taken shortly after the cerebral blood vessels have been filled with a radiopaque dye by means of a catheter |
| ocd | Function: abbreviation obsessive-compulsive disorder |
| external urethral sphincter | The spincter muscle located at the junction of the |
| baroreceptor | A pressure receptor in the heart or a major artery that detects a change in blood pressure |
| lipids | Large molecules (commonly called fats) consisting of fatty acids and glycerol that are insoluble in water. |
| arsenic | A nutrient essential to animals and plants but toxic for humans. |
| cardiovascular system | The heart and blood vessels of the body. |
| oxidative stress | Accumulation of destructive molecules called free radicals can lead to motor neuron death |
| medicaid | A jointly funded, Federal-State health insurance program for low-income and needy people |
| millivolt | A thousandth of a volt |
| cones | Photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that are responsible for color vision and visual acuity. |
| superior colliculi | Paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that process visual information |
| appendicular skeleton | One of the two main |
| social phobia | extreme fear of being judged or embarrassed in front of people, causing the individual to avoid social situations |
| ectotherm | An animal whose body temperature is regulated by, and whose heat comes mainly from, the environment |
| neuroregenerative | If an agent provides growth and regeneration to any part of the nervous system, it is said to be neuroregenerative. |
| niacin | This pair of naturally occurring nutrients — nicotinic acid and nicotinamide — is essential for proper growth and for enzyme reactions that enable oxygen to flow into body tissues. |
| peripheral nervous system | the set of neurons and parts of neurons that lie outside of the CNS |
| epidermoid cyst | Follicular cyst |
| ground | The background in which a figure stands when people organize visual information. |
| factor analysis | A statistical procedure that clusters variables into dimensions depending on similarities among the variables. |
| afferent division | Portion of the |
| cogwheel rigidity | muscle stiffness seen in Parkinson’s disease |
| nodular necrobiosis | Equine collagenolytic granuloma. |
| alpha-synuclein | A protein that has been implicated in Parkinson’s disease |
| mhpg | a metabolite (3-methoxy-4 hydroxyphenylethylene glycol) of dopamine and norepinephrine that may be a biochemical marker for the diagnosis of depression |
| 5-α-reductase | enzyme that reduces testosterone to the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone |
| blepharospasm | Involuntary clinching of the eyelid. |
| shadowing | A task in which the subject is asked to focus attention on one ear or the other while stimuli are being presented separately to both ears, and to repeat aloud the material presented to the attended ear. |
| positive reinforcement | in operant conditioning, a process of increasing the likelihood of a response by immediately following the response with a desirable stimulus (a positive reinforcer). |
| symptoms | Signs of a disease or condition. |
| palmar digital neurectomy | Permanent nerve block performed to relieve navicular disease. |
| moral reasoning | The reasons and processes that cause people to think the way they do about right and wrong. |
| stress | Any circumstance that upsets homeostatic balance |
| sequestrum | A fragment of dead bone that has broken off from the underlying normal bone tissue. |
| means-ends analysis | a type of problem solving strategy that is used in computer programs, whereby problems are broken down into their constituent parts and then solved in turn until the solution is found. |
| electrolytes | Mineral compounds that, when dissolved in water, become electrically charged particles called ions. |
| maxilla | The upper jaw. |
| unconscious | The part of the mind that contains thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories of which people have no awareness but that can influence people’s behavior. |
| echoic memory | Auditory sensory memory. |
| waxy flexibility | Characteristic of catatonia in which the person remains in bodily postures positioned by another person. |
| dysphagia | difficulty in swallowing. |
| cholinomimetics | a class of compounds that mimic the actions of acetylcholine |
| pinky syndrome | Juvenile Arabian leukoderma. |
| dbs | See deep brain stimulation. |
| postural tremor | a tremor that occurs when holding the limb up against gravity. |
| trachea | Cartilage-lined tubular airway that descends from the larynx into the chest and branches at its lower end into two bronchi that enter the lungs; it conducts air between the upper nasal passages and the lungs; colloquially known as the windpipe. |
| efferent division | Portion of the |
| nucleus | 1 |
| ed50 | Effective dose 50%; the dose of a drug that is required to produce half of its maximal effect |
| mucus | Slimy substance secreted by certain membranes (mucous membranes); contains a variety of secretions, salts, and cells. |
| antitarget | a macromolecule that is frequently involved in drug toxicity and therefore must be specifically examined for susceptibility to novel compounds during drug development; 15.1 |
| archicortex | See allocortex. |
| vision | the sense of sight; the ability to detect information from wavelengths of light |
| glycine | An amino acid transmitter, often inhibitory |
| clitoris | Small mound of erectile tissue in the female reproductive tract; the female analog of the male penis. |
| methyl atropine | a positively charged form of atropine that does not cross the blood-brain barrier |
| ballistic | Referring to a rapid muscular movement that is generally fully preprogrammed and thus not susceptible to error correction during execution |
| parasympathetic nervous system | Part of the autonomic nervous system that keeps the body still and conserves energy |
| gynecology | The study and medical treatment of the diseases of women, in particular those affecting the reproduction system and urinary tract |
| temporal lobes | Large cerebral lobes located on each hemisphere of the |
| single-case experimental design | experimental design in which an individual or a small number of individuals are studied intensively; the individual is put through some sort of manipulation or intervention, and his or her behavior is examined before and after this manipulation to determine the effects |
| personality inventories | questionnaires that assess people's typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving; used to obtain information about people's wellbeing, self-concept, attitudes, and beliefs |
| theory | An explanation that organizes separate pieces of information in a coherent way. |
| carotid artery | Either of the two major arteries that ascend the left and right sides of the neck to the brain, supplying blood to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries |
| cerebral palsy | Cerebral palsy is a group of non-progressive and non-contagious motor conditions that cause physical disability in human development |
| peristalsis | Muscular movements of the intestinal tract that function to propel contents longitudinally through the tract. |
| fibrin | A fibrous |
| calcitonin | A calcium-regulating hormone produced by the thyroid gland. |
| vitamin a | A fat-soluble vitamin that acts as a moisturizing nutrient, promotes healthy bones and teeth, supports your reproductive system and helps your immune system fight infection. |
| hemiplegia | Partial paralysis involving one side of the body |
| extrastriate cortex | Visual cortex outside of the primary visual (striate) cortex |
| osteotomy | Surgical cutting of bone. |
| foot drop | Condition of weakness in the muscles of the leg caused by poor nerve conduction, which interferes with a person's ability to extend the ankle and walk with a normal pattern |
| free radicals | A free radical is a compound or molecule fragment that has one or more unpaired electrons in its makeup |
| grand mal seizure | A type of generalized epileptic seizure in which nerve cells fire in high-frequency bursts, usually accompanied by involuntary rhythmic contractions of the body |
| stage of resistance | the second stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome in which the organism's physiological systems are actively combating the stressor |
| aspartic acid | An amino acid found in its highest quantities in the brain |
| magnetic resonance imaging | a diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of large magnets, radiofrequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body. |
| congenital hypothyroidism | See cretinism. |
| stuttering | significant problem in speech fluency, often including frequent repetitions of sounds or syllables |
| agonist | In pharmacology; a drug that mimics the normal |
| anesthetist | A specialist trained in the administration of anesthetics |
| heroin | A semisynthetic opiate derivative used in a variety of cough and cold preparations |
| dihydrotestosterone | The 5-alpha-reduced metabolite of testosterone; DHT is a potent androgen that is principally responsible for the masculinization of the external genitalia in mammalian sexual differentiation |
| gram stain | A staining technique used to classify |
| ganglion | A cluster of nerve cells. |
| nocturnal emissions | Signal of the onset of puberty for boys; also called wet dreams. |
| nephridium | The excretory organ in þatworms and other invertebrates; a blind-ended tubule that expels waste through an excretory pore. |
| regression toward the mean | The tendency for extreme states to move toward the average when assessed a second time. |
| basal membrane | thin layer composed of proteins and proteoglycans to which endothelial or epithelial cells adhere |
| short bone | Shape classification of bone; Mostly |
| primary germ layers | Three cellular groups which make up the layers of the |
| aversion therapy | treatment that involves the pairing of unpleasant stimuli with deviant or maladaptive sources of pleasure in order to induce an aversive reaction to the formerly pleasurable stimulus |
| ratio schedule | A schedule in which reinforcement happens after a certain number of responses. |
| subcutaneous tissue | See hypodermis. |
| sex-linked trait | any genetically-determined characteristic, that is linked to one sex more than the other, for instance male performance at tests of spatial ability is superior to women. |
| chemical transmitter | See neurotransmitter |
| patient k.c. | A patient who sustained damage to the cortex that renders him unable to form and retrieve new episodic memories, especially autobiographical memories. |
| bone spavin | Degenerative arthritis of the lower joints of the hocks; the most common cause of hindlimb lameness in horses. |
| auditory hallucination | auditory perception of a phenomenon that is not real, such as hearing a voice when one is alone |
| chorea | quick, brief jerk movements that are involuntary and abnormal |
| pheromone | A chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects other members of the same species |
| transcranial magnetic stimulation | A noninvasive procedure for treating severe depression that involves stimulation of the brain by means of a magnetic coil. |
| mao | See monoamine oxidase. |
| pelvis | Hip. |
| parental behavior | Behavior of adult animals with the goal of enhancing the well-being of their own offspring, often at some cost to the parents. |
| peripheral nervous system | The part of the nervous system outside the brain and the spinal cord that includes the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. |
| inflammatory response | Swelling; a response to injury or |
| hyperemia | Reddening caused by increased blood flow. |
| receptive language | The ability to understand language. |
| spermatic cord | Combined structure extending from the groin area to the testes, through which run the vas deferens and a number of vessels and nerves. |
| genes | The individual units of inheritance, composed of stretches of DNA found along the chromosomes within the nucleus of every cell. |
| oviducts | Uterine or fallopian tubes. |
| sex determination | The process by which the decision is made for a fetus to develop as a male or a female |
| grand mal seizure | A type of generalized epileptic seizure in which nerve cells fire in high-frequency bursts |
| first pass effect | extent of metabolic inactivation of a drug as it passes through the liver immediately after intestinal uptake |
| algae | Single-celled organisms that include seaweed, many fresh-water plants, and certain opportunistic pathogens such as Prototheca. |
| fourth ventricle | The passageway within the pons that receives cerebrospinal fluid from the third ventricle and releases it to surround the brain and spinal cord |
| negative skew | A curve or distribution of scores that has extreme scores below the mean that are atypical of the majority of scores. |
| caudal | See posterior |
| inferior | Towards the feet; down; opposite meaning to |
| standing heat | Behavioral estrus; the full behavioral signs of estrus. |
| extracellular fluid | The fluid in the spaces between cells (interstitial fluid) and in the vascular system |
| phytonutrients | Nutrients found only in plants that are the substances that produce many of the beneficial effects associated with a diet that includes lots of fruits, vegetables, beans, and grains. |
| leiomyoma | Benign tumor of smooth muscle cells. |
| mucuna pruriens | A natural source of L-dopa, the direct precursor to Dopamine. |
| hydrotherapy | Use of water externally as a therapeutic measure. |
| tympanic membrane | A thin |
| cross-tolerance | the reduced response to a drug due to exposure to some other drug |
| sensitive period | (or critical period): a period in development when an organism is best able to develop a response, for instance development of language. |
| circadian rhythm | A pattern of behavioral, biochemical, or physiological fluctuation that has a 24-hour period. |
| protocol | A precise and detailed plan for the study of a biomedical problem or for a regimen of an experimental therapy. |
| cephalic | is a term that refers to the head or top of the body. |
| specific nerve energies | The doctrine that the receptors and neural channels for the different senses are independent and operate in their own special ways, and can produce only one particular sensation each. |
| sensory transduction | The process in which a receptor cell converts the energy in a stimulus into a change in the electrical potential across its membrane. |
| reaction time | The amount of time a subject takes to respond to a stimulus. |
| t cell | a specialized white blood cell that is formed in the thymus gland and participates in the cellular immune response |
| patch clamp technique | experimental setup to study the conductivity of ion channels in small numbers or singly on live cells; 6.4.1 |
| hydrolysis | The |
| representativeness heuristic | A rule-of-thumb strategy that estimates the probability of an event based on how typical that event is. |
| availability | (1) broadly, conditions that have an impact on opportunities for buying or otherwise obtaining tobacco products, how often and where tobacco products are seen, and as a consequence how normative they are in a given environment; (2) more narrowly, the physical presence of tobacco products in the retail environment, as determined by the number and characteristics of tobacco sales outlets as well as hours and days of sale (see also Outlet Density) |
| posterior chamber | That portion of the eye between the iris and the lens. |
| ulnar | A loop pattern in a fingerprint which opens towards the little finger. |
| glomerulonephritis | An inflammatory disease involving the capillaries (small blood vessels) of the kidney glomeruli. |
| purulent | Pus-forming. |
| insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus | Diabetes mellitus characterized by an inability to utilize blood glucose because of inadequate amounts of circulating insulin. |
| severe pain | Severe pain is an unpleasant feeling that is often caused by a very intense or damaging stimulus |
| enamel hypoplasia | Underdevelopment or incomplete development of the enamel layer of a tooth |
| semantic encoding | A way of encoding verbal information that emphasizes the meaning of words. |
| intellect | the faculty of reasoning, knowing and thinking, as distinct from feeling; the understanding or mental powers of a particular person etc. |
| trace conditioning | A form of conditioning in which a longer delay separates the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli |
| vulvodynia | Generalized discomfort in the vulva with no visible rash. |
| hyporeflexia | Weak or absent muscle response when a normal stimulus is applied. |
| serotype | Variant of an infectious agent based on immunological testing. |
| perceptual defence | a phenomenon whereby words that have a high degree of emotional content or might be considered 'taboo' are perceptually recognised less easily than neutral valence words. |
| balance | the sense of body movement with respect to gravity |
| multilocular | Having many compartments. |
| villi | Tiny hairlike projections lining the interior of the small intestine, that serve to increase greatly the surface area available for the absorption of nutrients. |
| biotransformation | The process in which enzymes convert a drug into a metabolite that is itself active, possibly in ways that are substantially different from the actions of the original substance. |
| antibody | A defense protein that binds to foreign molecules to allow elimination of the foreign molecule. |
| evolution by natural selection | The Darwinian theory that evolution proceeds by differential success in reproduction. |
| sham rage | See decorticate rage. |
| internal carotid artery | See carotid arteries. |
| dissociative identity disorder | A neurotic mental disorder where a person's field of consciousness is limited in order to fulfill an unconscious goal |
| neurotransmitters | Chemical substances that carry impulses from one nerve cell to another; found in the space (synapse) that separates the transmitting neuron's terminal (axon) from the receiving neuron's terminal (dendrite). |
| regurgitation | Involuntary return of undigested food to the mouth after swallowing; differs from vomiting in that it is a passive process (i.e., unaccompanied by the reflex, propulsive movements characteristic of vomiting). |
| ataxia | A movement disorder marked by loss of balance and decreased muscle coordination during voluntary movements. |
| aromatase | An enzyme that converts many androgens into estrogens. |
| chemotherapy induced anorexia | Chemotherapy-induced anorexia, often refered to as cachexia, is among one of the most debilitating and life-threatening aspects of cancer |
| anagen | The phase of hair follicle activity during which hair is actively being produced. |
| efficacy | Effectiveness of a drug as a therapeutic agent, particularly over long-term use. |
| cerebral atherosclerosis | Accumulation of fatty plaques that cause arteries that supply the brain to gradually close |
| ontogeny | the evolution (i.e |
| short-term memory | A form of memory that usually lasts only for seconds, or as long as rehearsal continues |
| hydrocephalus | the lack of absorption, blockage of flow, or overproduction of the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) that is found inside of the ventricles (fluid-filled areas) inside of the brain |
| intuition | What you feel when you feel that something is right or wrong, even though you're not sure why or how. |
| animal models | Normal animals modified mechanically, genetically or chemically, used to demonstrate all or part of the characteristics of a disease |
| gastrointestinal tract | A long twisting tube within the human body along which food passes for digestion |
| ultraviolet radiation | High-energy radiation existing beyond the violet region of the electromagnetic spectrum; ultraviolet rays emitted by the sun are responsible for a number of effects on the skin, including tanning, burning, and activation of vitamin D. |
| psychiatric disability | Refers to the impact of a mental illness on a person's functioning in different aspects of life such as the ability to live independently, maintain friendships, maintain employment and participate meaningfully in the community. |
| parallel fiber | One of the axons of the granule cells that form the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex |
| muscle cell | Short, branching |
| polygraph | Popularly known as a lie detector |
| grease heel | General term for a variety of inflammatory skin conditions affecting the pastern region. |
| lacerations | Tears in the skin and underlying muscle. |
| impotence | Impotence is best defined as a psychological condition where a male erection or penetration fails due to thoughts or feelings (psychological reason) rather than physical impossibility |
| chemical synapse | a junction between a neuron and another cell in which the signal from the presynaptic neuron is carried across the synaptic cleft by neurotransmitter molecules |
| uterus | Organ in the female wherein the fertilized egg implants and develops through embryonic and fetal stages until birth; womb. |
| zygote | The fertilized egg. |
| extensor muscle | Any muscle that causes the straightening of a limb or other part. |
| heart attack | Heart attack happens when a blood clot completely obstructs a coronary artery supplying blood to the heart muscle |
| lou gehrig's disease | See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| cadmium | A mineral substance toxic to humans found in cigarette smoke, contaminated seafood, and refined foods. |
| alzheimer's disease | A form of degenerative brain disease resulting in progressive mental deterioration with disorientation, memory disturbance and confusion |
| advocacy | A service provided by our case management and treatment staff to assist our clients in getting their needs met by community providers other than CPC. CPC staff will advocate for the client’s needs with other agencies. |
| ppt | Planning and Placement Team |
| lymphatic collecting vessel | A vessel that accumulates |
| cone | The section of a bong or pipe into which cannabis is packed |
| ontogeny | The process by which an individual changes in the course of its lifetime—that is, grows up and grows old |
| latency | a property of neurons specifying the time (in milliseconds) between arrival of a stimulus and production of the response; the time between a stimulus and its response |
| "eloquent" brain | The parts of the brain that control the senses, speech, and motor functions. |
| compulsion | Repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior that is performed according to certain rules or in a stereotyped fashion |
| ecg stress test | Also called exercise treadmill testing |
| investigational drug | A new drug that is undergoing clinical trials to prove its effectiveness and safety (see clinical trials). |
| acetylcarnitine | Acetyl L Carnitine transports fats to the body's cell's mitochondria, where they are converted to energy |
| uremic poisoning | An excess amount of uric acid in the blood. |
| mao inhibitor | drugs that inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase |
| density | The concentration of a nutrient in a feed. |
| diaphysis | The |
| 5α-reductase | An enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone. |
| dopamine | a neurotransmitter that regulates movement and emotions. |
| ions | Positively and negatively charged atoms and molecules. |
| convenience sample | a quasi-random sampling procedure in which the potential sample pool actually differs from the population - for example, selecting university students instead of people in general; the impact on representativeness (if any) often depends on what behaviour is being studied. |
| cardiac catheterization | A procedure in which a catheter, a thin flexible tube, is passed into the right or left side of the heart |
| spalling | The cracking of concrete in a fire, indicating how hot it burned. |
| acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter that allows messages to be passed from neuron to neuron across a synapse; released by cholinergic nerves. |
| spinal cord | a thick bundle of nerve fibers that runs from the base of the brain to the hip area, running through the spine (vertebrae). |
| parkinson’s disease | A degenerative neurological disorder, characterized by tremors at rest, muscular rigidity, and reduction in voluntary movement, caused by loss of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra |
| primary lateral sclerosis | A progressive neurological disease in which the upper motor nerve cells deteriorate |
| labeled lines | The concept that each nerve input to the brain reports only a particular type of information |
| neurotrophic factor | Also called trophic factor |
| outsider | Some multiples refer to any person outside their group with this term |
| on-off phenomena | Abrupt changes in performance during the day caused by the taking effect or wearing off of anti-Parkinson drugs |
| biopsy | The procedure by which a small sample of tissue is obtained for microscopic examination or culture, for the purpose of making a medical diagnosis. |
| catatonic immobility | Disturbance of motor behavior in which the person remains motionless, sometimes in an awkward posture, for extended periods. |
| stratum spinosum | Fourth layer of the |
| hyperkalemia | Abnormally elevated levels of potassium in the blood. |
| 22q11.2 deletion syndrome | A rare genetic disorder caused by the absence of a small portion of genetic material |
| stage 3 sleep | A stage of slow-wave sleep that is defined by the spindles seen in stage 2 sleep, mixed with larger-amplitude slow waves |
| pharmacodynamics | The study of the way drugs effect a living organism including the relationship between size of dose and the effect of the drug. |
| dizziness | Finding it difficult to concentrate on driving or take notice of surroundings because of lightheaded and unsteady feelings |
| axo-somatic | Referring to a synapse in which a presynaptic axon terminal synapses onto the cell body (soma) of the postsynaptic neuron |
| non-invasively | A procedure performed without making a surgical incision or inserting a medical instrument into the body. |
| trichromatic theory | A theory of color vision that states that there are three different types of cones in the retina, which are sensitive to light of three different wavelengths |
| coenzyme | A substance that works along with other enzymes. |
| liposomes | artificial membrane vesicles, consisting of a lipid bilayer that encloses an aequeous interior volume; 14.4.4 |
| bigamy | A mating system in which an individual has two mates or spouses |
| division | A separated group |
| agoraphobia | anxiety disorder characterized by fear of places and situations in which it would be difficult to escape, such as enclosed places, open spaces, and crowds |
| social defeat | a procedure to produce the experience of submission which can lead to neurochemical changes associated with the stress response |
| p1 effect | A positive deflection of the event-related potential, occurring 70–100 ms after stimulus presentation, that is enhanced for selectively attended visual input compared to ignored input. |
| esophagitis | Inflammation of the esophagus |
| asymptomatic | Not exhibiting clinical signs. |
| chemical transmission | the transfer of information from one cell to another through the release of a chemical messenger |
| urethrolith | Urinary stone lodged in the urethra. |
| induction | The process by which one set of cells influences the fate of neighboring cells, usually by secreting a chemical factor that changes gene expression in the target cells. |
| active immunization | Vaccination. |
| olfactory dysfunction | A reduced or impaired ability to detect odors, which can be an early sign of Parkinson's disease |
| availability heuristic | a rule of thumb used to make decisions about frequencies of events based on how easily relevant examples can be remembered a cognitive short cut |
| gametes | Reproductive cells, each containing a single set of chromosomes; ova (eggs) in the female and spermatozoa (sperm) in the male. |
| monocular deprivation | Depriving one eye of light |
| axon terminal | Also called synaptic bouton |
| striatum | The area of the brain that controls movement, balance and walking. |
| declarative memory | see memory, declarative (Mirror Image, Your Incredible Memory) |
| target organ | organs that have specific receptor sites for circulating hormones |
| neurotrophic factor | A target-derived chemical that acts as if it “feeds” certain neurons to help them survive |
| dopamine | A catecholamine neurotransmitter known to have multiple functions depending on where it acts |
| multiple sclerosis | An autoimmune disease in which the body's natural defenses attack the myelin sheath covering the axons of neurons in the central nervous system |
| quality assurance | Planned, systematic activities, both operational and organizational, that ensure a testing system routinely produces reliable results. |
| antigen rh | A surface |
| cd14 | A cell marker on bone marrow derived cells |
| contextual intelligence | The ability to function effectively in daily situations. |
| object relations | view held by a group of modern psychodynamic theorists that one develops a self-concept and appraisals of others in a four-stage process during childhood and retains them throughout adulthood; psychopathology consists of an incomplete progression through these stages or an acquisition of poor self- and other concepts |
| founder | Common name for laminitis. |
| brainstorm | When you think of many different ideas, and sort them out later. |
| olfactory tract | A |
| pituitary gland | gland at the base of the brain; makes and releases growth, reproductive, and other hormones into the blood stream (Sheep Brain Dissection) |
| amino acid transmitters | The most prevalent neurotransmitters in the brain, these include glutamate and aspartate, which have excitatory actions on nerve cells, and glycine and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), which have inhibitory actions on nerve cells. |
| placebo | an inactive compound that may have an effect when it is administered as though it were a specific drug |
| phoneme | A sound that is produced for language. |
| pep | Psycho-educational profile |
| pituitary gland | a gland attached to the base of the brain that secretes hormones. |
| neurosecretory cell | See neuroendocrine cell |
| arcuate nucleus | An arc-shaped hypothalamic nucleus implicated in appetite control |
| photoreceptor adaptation | The tendency of rods and cones to adjust their light sensitivity to match ambient levels of illumination |
| stereoscopic vision | the perceptual experience of a three-dimensional image through the combination of two different views of the same scene from the two eyes. |
| peg | See blob. |
| sham rage | See decorticate rage |
| adenyl cyclase | a compound that serves as a second messenger to initiate neuromodulatory changes |
| cerebrum | The largest part of the human brain associated with higher order functioning, such as thinking, perceiving, planning, and understanding language, as well as the control of voluntary behavior. |
| somatic nerve | See spinal nerve |
| refraction | The bending of light rays by a change in the density of a medium, such as the cornea and the lens of the eyes. |
| taar | See trace amine–associated receptor |
| diagnosis | Identification or naming of a disease by its signs and symptoms. |
| fusiform gyrus | A region on the inferior surface of the cortex, at the junction of the temporal and occipital lobes, that has been associated with recognition of faces |
| mri: magnetic resonance imaging | Computerized images based on nuclear magnetic resonance of atoms within the body induced by radio waves. |
| releasing hormones | A class of hormones, produced in the hypothalamus, that traverse the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system to control the pituitary’s release of tropic hormones |
| epididymis | An |
| polysynaptic reflex | When a reflex arc consists of one or more |
| muscle spindle | A muscle receptor that lies parallel to a muscle and sends impulses to the central nervous system when the muscle is stretched |
| trauma | term used either for a physical injury (as a result of an external force), or a psychological injury (caused by an emotional event). |
| vegans | People who eat only foods of plant origin. |
| striated muscle | Skeletal muscle. |
| nitric oxide | A soluble gas that serves as a retrograde gas neurotransmitter in the nervous system. |
| triglycerides | A component of fat, consisting of fatty acids linked to glycerol. |
| serotonin | a compound (5-hydroxytryptamine) that is common throughout the body, and also serves as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system |
| allograft | Tissue graft obtained from an individual of the same species as the recipient. |
| auditory hallucination | A condition of hearing things without the voices or noises being present. |
| withers | Ridge between the shoulder blades. |
| motor development | The increasing coordination of muscles that makes physical movements possible. |
| dietary fat | The fat that you get from the food you eat. |
| potassium | A metallic element represented by the symbol K that is important in |
| singlet | A person who is the sole occupant of their body; a person who is not in a plural system |
| ileocecal orifice | The point at which the small intestine joins the large intestine. |
| urethra | Membranous tube that transports urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body. |
| dendritic knob | A portion of olfactory receptor cells present in the olfactory epithelium |
| second messenger | A slow-acting substance in a target cell that amplifies the effects of synaptic or hormonal activity and regulates activity within the target cell |
| torticollis | dystonia that involves the neck |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | A syndrome in which the affected individual engages in recurring, repetitive acts that are carried out without rhyme, reason, or the ability to stop. |
| exogenous | Originating externally; arising from external rather than internal factors; the opposite of endogenous. |
| bowel impaction | stools (feces) that are firmly wedged in the bowel, and have become so hard and dry that they cannot be removed from the body naturally |
| palpebral | Pertaining to an eyelid. |
| indirect action | the action of drugs that have little or no effect on the postsynaptic receptors, but produce their effects by stimulating the release of the normal neurotransmitter |
| sesamoid bone | Special type of |
| saturation | One of three basic dimensions of light perception, varying from rich to pale |
| calcium gluconate | A mineral supplement that is a good calcium source and filler. |
| hypostatic gene | A gene whose expression is masked by another gene. |
| millivolt | A thousandth of a volt. |
| pharmacological stress test | Various stress tests involve walking on a treadmill or other exercise in order to assess the electrical activity of the heart while under stress and while at rest |
| etiology | The causes or origins of a disease |
| thyroid gland | endocrine gland located in the front of the neck that produces thyroid hormones (thyroxine, triiodothyronine) and calcitonin; 7.2.3 |
| glycolysis | The |
| sertoli cells | Cells within the testicular tubules that are important for nuture and development of spermatozoa (sperm). |
| heterozygous | Having inherited a different allele from each parent, at a given locus on a chromosome; contrasted with homozygous, in which the same allele for a given trait is inherited from both parents. |
| mast cells | A cell found in |
| tau | A protein associated with neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer’s disease |
| massage therapy | this treatment method involves the manipulation of the soft tissues of the body (skin, muscles and the structures contained therein) for therapeutic effect |
| steroids | any of a number of natural or synthetic substances that regulate body function. |
| paranasal sinuses | Nasal chambers that act to filter, warm, and humidify incoming air. |
| muscle weakness | Loss of muscle strength with increased fatigue, loss of coordination, difficulty with motor skills and lack of ability to carry out certain other skills. |
| bradyphrenia | Slowness of thought processes. |
| erectile tissue | Tissue capable of erection, i.e., stiffening following engorgement of blood; found in the penis of the male and the clitoris of the female |
| striate cortex | See primary visual cortex. |
| swallowing | The reflexive muscular contraction that causes substances to pass from the mouth through the esophagus and into the body |
| process outgrowth | The extensive growth of axons and dendrites. |
| galanin | A neurotransmitter released when fat stores need filling up. |
| teratology | The study of abnormal development and congenital malformations. |
| oval window | An oval opening that connects the middle and inner |
| shape constancy | refers to the tendency to perceive the shape of an object, despite variations in the size of the retinal image. |
| semisynthesis | organic-synthetic process that starts with a complex molecule obtained from some biological source, typically a plant or microbe |
| temporal region | Area of the head in front of the ears and lateral to the forehead. |
| cataract extraction | The surgical removal of a cataract and replacement with a donor lens |
| melatonin | A hormone that regulates the sleep cycle. |
| ltm | See long-term memory |
| respiratory muscles | Muscles used in |
| nocturnal | Active during the dark periods of the daily cycle |
| primary peristaltic wave | A muscular movement of the |
| meditation | a mental discipline by which one attempts to get beyond the reflexive, 'thinking' mind into a deeper state of relaxation or awareness. |
| chemotaxis | Movement of a |
| caudal | towards the tail; the tail end of the nervous system |
| neuromuscular junction | The point where a motor |
| olfaction | The sensory system that detects smell; the act of smelling |
| peripheral resistance | How difficult it is for the |
| metabolism | The action of enzymes to alter a drug chemically and facilitate its removal from the body. |
| hippocampus | the oldest part of cerebral cortex responsible for spatial localization, formation of declarative memory, and transfer of short-term to long-term memories (Sheep Brain Dissection, Memory Items) |
| scrotum | Dependent pouch of skin containing the testicles. |
| confabulate | To fill in a gap in memory with a falsification |
| neuralgia | Pain along the length of a nerve. |
| chemical neuroanatomy | The distribution of key chemicals, such as transmitters and enzymes, within the structure of the nervous system. |
| trh | See thyrotropin-releasing hormone. |
| neurodegeneration | The slow and progressive death (degeneration) of certain brain systems in conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and Lou Gehrig's disease (ALS). |
| aquaporins | Channels spanning the cell membrane that are specialized for conducting water molecules into or out of the cell. |
| gonadal hypoplasia | Underdevelopment of the gonads (testes or ovaries). |
| sinus headache | these are caused by the inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the sinuses in the head |
| giant axon | A large-diameter axon; found in some invertebrates |
| excitatory | To excite an action or impulse |
| arteries | Thick, muscular vessels that drive oxygenated blood from the heart toward the tissues. |
| social schemas | Mental models that represent and categorize social events and people. |
| stress-management interventions | strategies that teach clients to overcome the problems in their lives that are increasing their stress |
| cuticle | The outermost layer of a hair shaft; also, the thick, noncellular covering on the surface of a roundworm (nematode) parasite. |
| liver biopsy | The removal of a small piece of tissue from the liver using a special needle |
| primary motor cortex | The apparent executive region for the initiation of movement; primarily the precentral gyrus |
| retinohypothalamic pathway | The projection of retinal ganglion cells to the suprachiasmatic nuclei. |
| norepinephrine | Chemical transmitter involved in regulating the involuntary nervous system. |
| sheath | Fold of skin enclosing the penis; prepuce. |
| mitosis | Process wherein a body cell divides into two exact copies of itself, each new cell receiving two complete sets of chromosomes. |
| nocardiosis | Bacterial infection caused by members of the genus Nocardia; in horses Nocardia is most often a cause of local wound infections. |
| negri bodies | Intracellular inclusion bodies sometimes found in brain cells of animals or humans with rabies. |
| sweat glands | A small, tubular |
| carbohydrate loading | A dietary regimen designed to increase temporarily the amount of glycogen stored in your muscles in anticipation of an athletic event. |
| thalamotomy | an older surgical treatment for severe tremor in which part of the thalamus is destroyed |
| serum alkaline phosphatase | An enzyme present in the blood that is produced in many body tissues and is of greatest diagnostic significance in diseases of the bone and liver. |
| flexor muscle | Any muscle that causes the bending of a limb or other body part. |
| secondary sex characteristics | Sex-specific physical traits that are not essential to reproduction, such as breasts, widened hips, facial hair, and deepened voices. |
| blink rate | the number of times per minute that the eyelid automatically closes - normally 10 to 30 per minute. |
| percentile score | A score that indicates the percentage of people who achieved the same as or less than a particular score. |
| fluid intelligence | an abstract form of intelligence that includes the ability to analyse complex relationships, reason and find solutions to problems. |
| erk | See extracellular signal–regulated kinase. |
| attributions | Inferences people make about the causes of events and behavior. |
| micturition | The act of expelling |
| vestibulocochlear nerve | Cranial nerve VIII, which runs from the cochlea to the brainstem auditory nuclei |
| endogenous attention | Also called voluntary attention |
| isolated condition | See impoverished condition |
| corpora nigra | A row of dark protuberances normally present along the upper border of the equine iris; also called granula iridica. |
| partial directed coherence | A resource that performs Partial Directed Coherence analysis. |
| intraperitoneal administration | the administration of a drug by injection through the abdominal wall into the space surrounding the viscera |
| edematous | Swollen with fluid |
| chaos theory | a branch of mathematics dealing with non-linear functions which has been applied to the modelling of situations such as the weather and stock markets; non-linear systems are not predictable, because very small changes in initial conditions can result in radical differences at a later point. |
| collagen | An important component of the lower layers of the skin |
| synaptic transmitter | See neurotransmitter |
| monozygotic | Referring to twins derived from a single fertilized egg (identical twins) |
| nce score | A standard score that sets the mean to fifty and standard deviation to 21.06, allowing the 99th percentile to have a score of 99 and the first percentile a score of 1. |
| priming | Also called repetition priming |
| cauda equina | The nerve roots at the termination of the spinal cord. |
| blood-brain barrier | A membrane that lets some substances from the blood into the brain but keeps out others. |
| sexual dimorphism | The condition in which males and females of the same species show pronounced sex differences in appearance |
| sdn-poa | See sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area |
| elimination | The process by which drugs and metabolites are removed from the body. |
| resting tremor | One of the primary symptoms of Parkinson’s disease; typically present in arm, leg, lips, chin or tongue; tremor occurs or worsens when at rest; decreases with active motions. |
| soluble fiber | This fiber, such as pectins in apples and beta-glucans in oats and barley, seems to lower the amount of cholesterol circulating in your blood (your cholesterol level) |
| xanthines | a group of stimulant compounds (including caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline) that occur naturally in coffee, tea, chocolate and cola and act by increasing Ca++ permeability |
| habituation | Learning process wherein the response to a repeated stimulus gradually declines, resulting eventually in the total absence of the response; becoming desensitized. |
| all-or-none property | The fact that the size (amplitude) of the action potential is independent of the size of the stimulus |
| thoracic duct | The main vessel of the |
| mirror neuron | A neuron that is active both when an individual makes a particular movement and when that individual sees another individual make that same movement. |
| phylogeny | evolution and development of a species |
| oxytocin | A hormone, released from the posterior pituitary, that triggers milk letdown in the nursing female |
| mycoplasmas | Microscopic organisms closely related to bacteria that are ubiquitous inhabitants of the respiratory and genital tracts. |
| dynamic synapse | the concept of the synapse as a system that undergoes constant change through the regulation of transmitter release, number of receptors, and so forth |
| amniotic sac | The fluid filled sac which forms around the |
| educational modifications | Are modifications to a child’s class work, homework, and/or tests based on the child’s specific learning characteristics and style. |
| ventral | In anatomy, toward the belly or front of the body, or the bottom of the brain |
| whisker barrel | A barrel-shaped column of somatosensory cortex in rodents that receives information from a particular whisker. |
| trephination | procedure in which holes were drilled in the skulls of people displaying abnormal behavior, presumably to allow evil spirits to depart their bodies; performed in the Stone Age |
| procedures | A series of steps to be performed in a regular definite order under specified conditions. |
| photoperiod | The length of time per day that an animal is exposed to natural or artificial light. |
| endogenous | Produced inside the body |
| botulinal toxin | The neurotoxin produced in botulism. |
| akinesia | a decrease or lack of movement, or an inability to move. |
| egg | See ovum |
| covert attention | Attention in which the focus can be directed independently of sensory orientation (e.g., you’re attending to one sensory stimulus while looking at another) |
| sample | the group of individuals selected fromthe population to participate in a study so that the researcher can make generalisations about the whole of the original population. |
| antidiuretic hormone | A |
| melatonin | a hormone, released by the pineal gland, that participates in circadian rhythms |
| parrot mouth | Dental malformation consisting of an overshot jaw; actually caused by a shortening of the lower jaw. |
| hypovolemic thirst | A desire to ingest fluids that is stimulated by a reduction in volume of the extracellular fluid |
| involution | Period of repair in which there is a return to normal size and composition, as of the uterus following birth and expulsion of the placenta. |
| curb | Inflammation and thickening of the plantar ligament (the ligament that courses along the back of the calcaneus bone in the hock). |
| retrieval | The process of getting information out of memory. |
| fornix | A fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body |
| paratenic host | An "optional" host in a parasite's life cycle in which juvenile stages may persist but do not develop. |
| orexin neurons | Specialized neurons that provide an excitatory signal to the arousal system, particularly to the norepinephrine neurons |
| balint’s syndrome | A disorder, caused by damage to both parietal lobes, that is characterized by difficulty in steering visual gaze (oculomotor ataxia), in accurately reaching for objects using visual guidance (optic ataxia), and in directing attention to more than one object or feature at a time (simultagnosia) |
| visual perception | the process by which sensory information from the eyes is transformed to produce an experience of depth, distance, colour, etc. |
| synaptic transmitter | See neurotransmitter. |
| psp | See progressive supranuclear palsy |
| cte | See chronic traumatic encephalopathy. |
| stem cells | Very immature cells with potential to differentiate into a wide variety of cells, including neurons |
| pulmonary | Pertaining to the lungs. |
| phallus | The clitoris or penis. |
| medial | Closer to the midline of the body. |
| trunk | the body of a human or animal excluding the head and limbs. |
| x chromosome | together with the Y chromosome, carries the genetic information that determines the sex of an organism |
| tuberomammillary nucleus | A region of the basal hypothalamus, near the pituitary stalk, that plays a role in generating slow-wave sleep |
| spinothalamic system | See anterolateral system |
| night terror | A sudden arousal from stage 3 or stage 4 slow-wave sleep that is marked by intense fear and autonomic activation |
| anuria | Complete cessation of urine production. |
| larvae | The young of an insect prior to metamorphosis. |
| cupula | A small gelatinous column that forms part of the lateral-line system of aquatic animals and also occurs within the vestibular system of mammals |
| stimulus | Anything |
| sidebones | Term describing ossification (bone formation) of the collateral cartilages of the foot; usually occurs in the forefeet of horses with poor conformation. |
| ego | part of the psyche that channels libido to be acceptable to the superego and within the constraints of reality |
| progressive supranuclear palsy | a degenerative neurologic disorder that causes motor disturbances similar to Parkinson's |
| photophobia | Visual hypersensitivity to light. |
| forebrain | The biggest and most complex part of the brain, which includes structures such as the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the limbic system, and the cerebrum. |
| polioviruses | A class of viruses that destroy motoneurons of the spinal cord and brainstem. |
| evolutionary psychology | A field devoted to asking how natural selection has shaped behavior in humans. |
| roots | The two distinct branches of a spinal nerve, each of which serves a separate function |
| axillary lymph nodes | Lymph nodes that are located in the axillary, or armpit, area. |
| hair bulb | The deepest portion of the hair follicle; its cells are referred to as hair matrix cells. |
| thyroid stimulating hormone | A |
| normal distribution | A symmetrical bell-shaped curve that represents how characteristics such as IQ are distributed in a large population. |
| resistance | in psychodynamic therapy, when a client finds it difficult or impossible to address certain material, the client's resistance signals an unconscious conflict, which the therapist then tries to interpret |
| electrostatic pressure | The propensity of charged molecules or ions to move, via diffusion, toward areas with the opposite charge |
| persistent | A disease or other medical condition that returns or continues over a long time. |
| place theory | A theory of frequency discrimination stating that pitch perception depends on the place of maximal displacement of the basilar membrane produced by a sound |
| side effects | any unintended effect of a drug |
| hinny | Animal produced by crossing a jennet (female donkey) with an equine stallion. |
| ureter | One of two muscular tubes which transports |
| spinal cord | part of the central nervous system located inside the backbone containing cell bodies and bundles of nerve fibers; connects the brain to different sensory and motor parts of the body (Sheep Brain Dissection, Close-up of the Nervous System, Motor Learning) |
| deviation iq score | A standard score used for reporting IQ scores where the mean is set to 100 and standard deviation to 15 |
| behavioral theories of depression | theories that view depression as resulting from negative life events that represent a reduction in positive reinforcement; sympathetic responses to depressive behavior then serve as positive reinforcement for the depression itself |
| membrane | A thin |
| convergent evolution | The evolutionary process by which responses to similar ecological features bring about similarities in behavior or structure among animals that are only distantly related (i.e., that differ in genetic heritage). |
| sporozoites | In certain protozoa, the daughter cells resulting from division of a fertilized cell (zygote). |
| circannual | Occurring on a roughly annual basis. |
| interval schedule | The schedule in which reinforcement happens after a particular time interval. |
| submandibular | Beneath the lower jaw. |
| bacteria | Minute, single-celled organisms ubiquitous in the environment; they contain a cell wall and a nucleus lacking a delimiting membrane, and divide by binary fission (the parental cell dividing into two approximately equal daughter cells). |
| rheumatoid arthritis | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints, and can also cause inflammation of the tissue around the joints, as well as in other organs in the body. |
| photoreceptors | Neural cells in the retina that respond to light. |
| optic nerve | A bundle of ganglion cell axons that originate in the retina. |
| sperm | The gamete produced by males for fertilization of eggs (ova). |
| insanity defense | defense used by people accused of a crime in which they state that they cannot be held responsible for their illegal acts because they were mentally incapacitated at the time of the act |
| globus pallidus | part of the brain |
| collagen | A fibrous protien contained in |
| ureterolith | Urinary stone lodged in the ureter. |
| osteoporosis | Severe loss of bone tissue. |
| location | A place or position |
| carf | The Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities. This is the national accrediting body that surveys CPC’s programs and business practices every three years to ensure that we are providing efficient, effective, high quality services backed by sound organizational management. |
| putamen | part of the brain |
| snuff | Smokeless tobacco that consists of cured, finely-ground tobacco marketed in various forms (e.g., dry, moist, fine cut) |
| null hypothesis | The hypothesis that states there is no difference between two or more sets of data. |
| meniere's disease | Meniere's disease is a disease of the inner ear that is characterized by episodes of dizziness, tinnitus and progressive hearing loss. |
| intrafusal fiber | Any of the small muscle fibers that lie within each muscle spindle |
| voluntary attention | See endogenous attention. |
| ventromedial hypothalamus | A hypothalamic region involved in eating and sexual behaviors |
| gf | Gluten free |
| valvular degeneration | Heart disease wherein the leaflets or cusps comprising a heart valve curl back on themselves, allowing the valve to leak. |
| locus of control | People’s perception of whether or not they have control over circumstances in their lives. |
| typical neuroleptics | A major class of antischizophrenic drugs that share antagonist activity at dopamine D2 receptors |
| pulse | The palpable throbbing of |
| lewy bodies | Abnormal protein clumps that accumulate in dead or dying dopamine-producing cells of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease |
| parkinsonism | a progressive dysfunction of dopamine fibers in the extrapyramidal motor system |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | Part of the endomembrane |
| variable | in an experimental setting, any measured factor which shows variation across cases or conditions. |
| thymosin | A |
| progestins | A major class of steroid hormones that are produced by the ovary, including progesterone |
| trace minerals | Minerals that are required in the diet only in very minute amounts; for horses these usually include copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc. |
| distal convoluted tubule | The part of the |
| transmitter | See neurotransmitter. |
| social stories | Developed by Carol Gray, social stories are simple stories that describe social events and situations that are difficult for a child with a PDD to understand |
| dystonia | Involuntary spasms of muscle contraction which cause abnormal movements and postures (see Dyskinesia). |
| pancreatic duct | A |
| procedural memory | See nondeclarative memory |
| imaging biomarker | Imaging biomarkers are measurable characteristics obtained by imaging that indicate a specific biological process is occurring in the body |
| nonfluent speech | Talking with considerable effort, short sentences, and the absence of the usual melodic character of conversational speech. |
| dermatophilosis | Relatively sporadic skin disease caused by an unusual threadlike bacterium, Dermatophilus congolensis; also known as streptothricosis and rain-scald. |
| ect | See electroconvulsive shock therapy. |
| autopsy | The internal medical examination of a body used to determine the cause and circumstances of death. |
| area 17 | See primary visual cortex. |
| ataxia | A loss of movement coordination, often caused by disease of the cerebellum |
| number | A word or symbol used to count |
| vitamins | Any of various organic substances that are essential in minute quantities to the nutrition of most animals and some plants, act especially as coenzymes and precursors of coenzymes in the regulation of metabolic processes but do not provide energy or serve as building units, and are present in natural foodstuffs or sometimes produced within the body. |
| crib death | See sudden infant death syndrome |
| b cell | a specialized white blood cell that is formed in the bone marrow and participates in the humoral immune response |
| anterior | towards the front. |
| peripheral nervous system | Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a term referring to the nerves that lie outside of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) |
| vector | An |
| equine viral arteritis | Contagious viral disease of horses causing fever, ocular and respiratory signs, fluid distension or swelling of the limbs, and abortion |
| ischemic injury | Injury caused by loss of blood supply to a tissue. |
| facial masking | A symptom experienced by some people with Parkinson's, in which the face is immobile with reduced blinking. |
| lockjaw | Synonym for trismus, a clinical sign of tetanus. |
| neuropathic pain | Pain that persists long after the injury that started it has healed |
| anemia | An abnormal decrease in the |
| leukotrichia | Abnormal whitening of the hair, often in localized patches. |
| mineralocorticoids | A group of |
| hemarthrosis | Bleeding into a joint. |
| hallucinations | a strong perception of an event or object when no such situation is present; may occur in any of the senses (i.e., visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, or tactile). |
| folliculitis | Inflammation of one or more hair follicles. |
| forced-choice item | a test where respondents select one of a number of differing responses, in order to reduce likelihood of socially desirable responses. |
| therapeutic cloning | See SCNT |
| melanoma | A (usually) malignant tumor of pigmented skin cells. |
| benign essential tremor | see Essential Tremor. |
| sleep enuresis | Bed-wetting. |
| long-term memory | A memory system that stores an unlimited amount of information permanently. |
| reproductive system | Creation of offspring and the production of related |
| precapillary sphincters | A sphincter at the arterial end of a |
| dependence | An inordinate feeling of need for a substance, activity, or person. |
| situational variables | confounding effects as a result of environmental influences, such as lighting, noise levels and temperature. |
| neuron | Neurons are the nerve cells which make up the central nervous system |
| nonassociative learning | A type of learning in which presentation of a particular stimulus alters the strength or probability of a response according to the strength and temporal spacing of that stimulus |
| hemophilia a | Recessive, X-linked bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency of clotting factor VIII; the most common bleeding disorder of horses. |
| lateral | to the side |
| goiter | An enlarged thyroid gland. |
| small intestine | The part of the small intestine that lies between the |
| thyroid | An organ located at the base of the throat that makes hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight. |
| figure | What stands out when people organize visual information. |
| middle canal | See scala media. |
| neologism | An entirely novel word, sometimes produced by a patient with aphasia. |
| anions | negatively charged ion |
| ganglion | A collection of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system |
| melanopsin | A photopigment found within particular retinal ganglion cells that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus |
| diabetes | A condition caused by a deficiency of insulin. |
| aphasia | The inability to speak |
| tricyclic antidepressants | A class of drugs that act by increasing the synaptic accumulation of serotonin and norepinephrine. |
| axon | The long, hair-like extension of a nerve cell that carries a message to the next nerve cell. |
| observe | Just notice the thoughts, feelings, urges, and sensations inside you |
| internal validity | extent to which all factors that could extraneously affect a study's results are controlled within a laboratory study |
| picogram | One trillionth of a gram. |
| morula | A solid mass of blastomeres (embryonic |
| adenosine triphosphate | The major form of energy used by cells in the body. |
| volume of distribution | ratio of the number of molecules of a drug in the body, divided by the plasma concentration of this drug; 3.6.6 |
| pyothorax | Accumulation of pus within the chest; also called thoracic empyema. |
| chalazion | A chronic form of hordeolum |
| simple | Not complex, easy to understand |
| word recognition threshold | is the minimum exposure of a word necessary to recognise and identify it |
| ectoderm | The outer cellular layer of the developing fetus, giving rise to the skin and the nervous system |
| polygenic | combination of many genes, each of which makes a small contribution to an inherited trait |
| catheter | A flexible tubular instrument for insertion into a blood vessel or body cavity. |
| cauda equina | The bundle of spiral |
| imaging device | A technological apparatus used to produce detailed images of the inside of the body for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes |
| medial axis | Shape analysis application using 'Medial Axis' techniques. |
| neuronal specificity | the similarity among brains in terms of anatomical pathways, neurochemistry, and other features of organization |
| plaque | A buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances that accumulates in the walls of the arteries. |
| dose-response curve | A formal plot of a drug’s effects (on the y-axis) versus the dose given (on the x-axis) |
| dissociation | process whereby different facets of an individual's sense of self, memories, or consciousness become split off from one another |
| ghrelin | From the Indo-European root meaning growth, ghrelin is secreted in the lining of the stomach. |
| pituitary | major endocrine gland that lies partly on the outgrowth of the brain and just below the hypothalamus; produces the largest number of different hormones and controls the secretions of other endocrine glands |
| elastin | Protein found in elastic connective tissue fibers that imparts flexibility to the tissue |
| nonfluent aphasia | Also called Broca’s aphasia |
| ketones | A metabolic fuel source liberated by the breakdown of body fats and proteins. |
| pregnenolone | Pregnenolone is a hormone produced in our bodies from cholesterol |
| ciliary body | The circular muscle located directly behind the iris of the eye. |
| fetal circulation | The |
| myelination | The process by which myelin sheaths develop around axons |
| neurotoxin | Any toxin targeting the nervous system. |
| autoradiography | A histological technique that shows the distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissues |
| motivation | The psychological process that induces or sustains a particular behavior |
| steroid hormones | A class of hormones, each of which is composed of four interconnected rings of carbon atoms. |
| cushing’s syndrome | A condition in which levels of adrenal glucocorticoids are abnormally high |
| protein phosphorylation | transfer of a phosphate group from ATP or GTP to a substrate protein by a protein kinase |
| center of mass | Software application for the quantification of the volumetric property of 'Center of Mass'. |
| basal ganglia | Structures located deep in the brain that play an important role in the initiation of movements |
| wernicke's area | A brain region responsible for comprehension of language and production of meaningful speech. |
| fat-soluble vitamins | Vitamins A, D, E, and K. |
| soma | the cell body of the neuron; it contains the nucleus. |
| sinoatrial node | A section of |
| electrodessication and curettage | A type of surgical procedure used to treat melanoma that involves alternately scraping and burning the tumor. |
| sebaceous glands | Minute skin glands, many of which are attached to hair follicles; they secrete sebum, an oily secretion that lubricates and protects the skin. |
| sinemet | The brand name of the most commonly prescribed version of the drug levodopa, consisting of a combination of levodopa and carbidopa. For more information see what patients on our Patient Council have to share on the topic of medication. |
| synaptic remodeling | See synapse rearrangement |
| fetal psychology | This article discusses the development of a fetus' ability to move, taste, hear, see, learn, and be alert. |
| conditional knockout | A gene that can be selectively deactivated in adulthood in specific tissues. |
| motor unit | A single motor axon and all the muscle fibers that it innervates. |
| hippocampus | A part of the limbic system involved in memory. |
| hepatology | The field of medicine that focuses on diseases of the liver |
| the maslow nidus | This site provides links to articles written by Maslow. |
| athetosis | slow, involuntary movements of the hands and feet. |
| cerebrocerebellum | The lowermost part of the cerebellum, consisting especially of the lateral parts of each cerebellar hemispehere |
| fetishism | paraphilia in which a person uses inanimate objects as the preferred or exclusive source of sexual arousal |
| learning | The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information, behavior patterns, or abilities, characterized by modifications of behavior as a result of practice, study, or experience. |
| suprachiasmatic nucleus | the area of the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythms (day and night cycles and the biological clock) and reproduction cycles. |
| putrefaction | One of the final changes to take place in the human body, essentially the anaerobic bacterial digestion of the remains. |
| menstrual phase | The phase of the menstrual cycle where the lining of the |
| edman degradation | experimental technique for protein sequence determination through successive removal of single amino acids from the N-terminus; 6.10.5 |
| protein | Nitrogenous compounds that are essential constituents of living |
| positron emission tomography | A computerized procedure that involves a scan using an injected radioactive chemical to provide a map of blood flow within the body |
| host | The living organism in or on which a parasite resides. |
| gene amplification | See polymerase chain reaction. |
| altricial | Referring to animals that are born in an undeveloped state and depend on maternal care, as human infants do |
| estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer | Unlike normal breast cells, cancer cells arising in the breast do not always have receptors for estrogen, the hormone that typically acts on breast tissue. |
| sheared heels | Breakdown of the tissue between the bulbs of the heel, caused by the hoof wall's being out of balance. |
| collateral sprouting | The formation of a new branch on an axon, usually in response to the uncovering of unoccupied postsynaptic sites |
| benign | A process or a growth in the body, or in an organ, that is not cancerous |
| merkel’s disc | A skin receptor cell type that detects light touch |
| brain ventricles | cavities in the brain that contain a clear, colourless fluid called cerebrospinal fluid which acts as a buffer against damage caused by blows to the head. |
| dermatomycosis | Any fungal skin infection. |
| hemagglutinins | Autoantibodies directed against the body's own red blood cells. |
| boil | A deep-seated bacterial infection of a hair follicle, producing a painful skin nodule containing pus; also called a furuncle. |
| tachistoscope test | A test in which stimuli are very briefly exposed in either the left or right visual half-field. |
| follicles | Ovarian structures containing immature ova. |
| metabolic tolerance | The form of drug tolerance that arises when the metabolic machinery of the body becomes more efficient at clearing the drug, as a consequence of repeated exposure. |
| febrile | Having a fever. |
| progestins | class of steroid hormones that maintain the mucous membrane of the uterus in a state ready for accepting the fertilized egg cell, and sustain the function of the placenta throughout pregnancy |
| ipsp | See inhibitory postsynaptic potential. |
| nastic movement | A plant's response to a stimulus in which the direction of the response is independent of the direction of the stimulus |
| d1 and d2 receptors | two receptor types for dopamine |
| sustention tremor | A limb tremor that increases when the limb is stretched. |
| angiotensin ii | A hormone that is produced in the blood by the action of renin and that may play a role in the control of thirst |
| offender | Any individual placed under institutional or field supervision by a probation department, parole board, or court. |
| color flow doppler echocardiography | Technique using sound waves to examine the direction and velocity of blood flow within the heart and great vessels, allowing the cardiologist to observe directly the regions of abnormal blood flow that develop in association with most common cardiac abnormalities. |
| intracellular fluid | Also called cytoplasm |
| vasodilation | widening of blood vessels, caused by relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells (vasorelaxation) |
| adenohypophysis | See anterior pituitary. |
| nystagmus | Rapid, involuntary movements of the eyes in the horizontal or, occasionally, vertical direction. |
| lagophthalmos | An inability to close the eyelids completely. |
| hernia | Protrusion of an organ or tissue through an abnormal fissure; rupture. |
| conflict | the response to a situation in which behavior that normally has a desirable outcome may sometimes be punished |
| cryosurgery | A procedure that uses liquid nitrogen to freeze and destroy cells; it may be used to treat melanoma. |
| hyoid | A u-shaped bone at the base of the tongue which supports the tongue muscles. |
| atopic dermatitis | Heritable hypersensitivity to pollens or other environmental allergens, which results clinically in immunologic and inflammatory reactions in the skin. |
| proximate analysis | A measure of the nutrient content of a diet, including the maximum moisture, maximum fiber, minimum crude protein, and minimum crude fat content. |
| monoclonal antibody imaging | The use of a laboratory-developed molecule called a monoclonal antibody that is designed to attach to specific cancer cells in order to produce pictures of a tumor inside the body |
| retrieval | The third process of the memory system, in which a stored memory is used by an organism |
| arborization | The elaborate branching of the dendrites of some neurons. |
| mycology | The study of fungi. |
| temperature receptor | A type of |
| labia majora | The outer folds of skin of the |
| erection | When a previously flaccid body part containing cavernous |
| chromosome | A complex of condensed strands of DNA and associated protein molecules |
| meissner’s corpuscle | A skin receptor cell type that detects light touch |
| polymorphism | Genetic variation. |
| regulation | An adaptive response to early injury, as when developing individuals compensate for missing or injured cells. |
| micrographia | small, cramped handwriting. |
| intermittent reinforcement | A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement happens only on some of the occasions a particular response occurs |
| islets of langerhans | Clusters of cells in the pancreas that release two hormones (insulin and glucagon) with opposite effects on glucose utilization |
| step mouth | Abnormality of older horses characterized by a wavelike or stair-step configuration of the premolars and molars from front to back; also called wave mouth. |
| metabolic energy | The caloric content of a diet; can be roughly estimated from the proximate analysis. |
| candidiasis | A relatively uncommon infection of skin and mucous membranes of the oral cavity, respiratory tract, and genital area of horses, caused by yeast of the genus Candida. |
| memory | the capacity to encode, retain, store and retrieve information. |
| diabetes insipidus | Excessive urination, caused by the failure of vasopressin to induce the kidneys to conserve water. |
| dorsal | Pertaining to the back; toward the back. |
| agency | the belief that human beings are free to make decisions and have control over their own lives. |
| retina | The receptive surface inside the eye that contains photoreceptors and other neurons |
| inferential statistics | Statistics used to determine the likelihood that a result is just due to chance. |
| periosteal | Relating to the periosteum which is the |
| mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue | Lymphoid tissue associated with the linings of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts. |
| paraphilia | atypical sexual activity that involves one of the following: (1) nonhuman objects, (2) nonconsenting adults, (3 )the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one's partner, or (4) children |
| prolactin | A |
| app | See amyloid precursor protein. |
| neuromuscular junction | The region where the motoneuron terminal and the adjoining muscle fiber meet; the point where the nerve transmits its message to the muscle fiber. |
| interference theory | refers to the process that occurs when incoming information disrupts memory traces |
| symptom | a change from normal structure, function, or sensation as would be experienced by the patient and indicative of disease. |
| serotonergic | Referring to neurons that use serotonin as their synaptic transmitter. |
| alpha/beta adrenergic blockers | This drug combines a nonselective beta blocker plus an alpha blocker that decreases the heart rate and cardiac output. |
| agonist | drug that activates its receptor; 2.1.2 |
| proliferative optic neuropathy | An incidental finding in old horses, consisting of excessive tissue growth in the area of the optic disk (at the back of the eye). |
| enzymes | Naturally occurring chemical substances in the human body that help a chemical reaction take place. |
| epitheliogenesis imperfecta | A rare, lethal skin defect of draft-horse foals; inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder |
| chain of custody | The policies and procedures that govern collection, handling, storage, transportation, and testing of a urine specimen and dissemination of test results in a manner that ensures that the specimen and the results are correctly matched to the person who donated the specimen and that the specimen is not altered or tampered with from the point of collection through the reporting of test results. |
| receptive field | The stimulus region and features that affect the activity of a cell in a sensory system |
| hypotrichosis | Condition characterized by a sparse hair coat. |
| acetylcholine | A chemical which acts as a neurotransmitter |
| seminal vesicles | Pouches attached to the urinary bladder. |
| mdma | Also called Ecstasy |
| psychic epidemics | phenomena in which large numbers of people begin to engage in unusual behaviors that appear to have a psychological origin |
| gas neurotransmitter | A soluble gas, such as nitric oxide or carbon monoxide, that is produced and released by a neuron to alter the functioning of another neuron |
| cyanocobalamin | Vitamin B12. |
| adaptation stage | The second stage in the stress response, including successful activation of the appropriate response systems and the reestablishment of homeostatic balance. |
| ihc | See inner hair cell. |
| pastern joint | The joint between the short pastern bone and the long pastern bone. |
| tpj | See temporoparietal junction |
| intention tremor | a type of tremor associated with damage to the cerebellum, a part of the brain associated with coordination |
| modified-live virus | Attenuated (weakened) virus that no longer produces clinical disease in the host but retains the ability to induce a protective immune response, and can be used as a vaccine; technically a misnomer, since viruses are not living organisms. |
| chloride ion | A chlorine atom that carries a negative charge because it has gained one electron. |
| empty nest | The time in parents’ lives when their children have grown up and moved away from home. |
| side effects | Unwanted effects from taking mediation. |
| intensity difference | A perceived difference in loudness between the two ears, which the nervous system can use to localize a sound source |
| median eminence | Midline feature on the base of the brain marking the point at which the infundibulum exits the hypothalamus to connect to the pituitary |
| cartilaginous rings | Rings of the |
| digital pressure | Pressure applied by the fingers. |
| hydrometra | Accumulation of watery fluid within the uterus. |
| bipolar disorder | Also called manic-depressive illness |
| laryngitis | Inflammation of the larynx. |
| concept | A mental category that groups similar objects, events, qualities, or actions. |
| festination | walking with a series of quick, small, shuffling steps as if hurrying forward to keep balance. |
| parathyroid hormone | Hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the body. |
| fibrin | An insoluble protein that forms the nucleus of a blood clot. |
| hypothyroidism | Abnormally decreased thyroid function. |
| hrp | See horseradish peroxidase |
| serotonin | neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of mood and impulsive responses |
| storage | The process of maintaining information in memory. |
| maternal immunity | A form of temporary immunity that is passed from the mare to the foal in utero (in the uterus) and/or after birth in the colostrum and milk; primarily antibody, maternal immunity serves to protect the foal until its own immune defenses become fully operative. |
| upper gi tract | The portion of the gastrointestinal |
| genetic | inherited; having to do with information that is passed from parents to children through genes in sperm and egg cells. |
| x-linked diseases | Genetic diseases of males caused by defective genes located on the X chromosome; also called sex-linked diseases. |
| immune system | An immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. |
| merge | See integration |
| congenital | Present from birth. |
| strange situation | An experiment devised for studying attachment behavior. |
| learned helplessness theory | view that exposure to uncontrollable negative events leads to a belief in one's inability to control important outcomes and a subsequent loss of motivation, indecisiveness, and failure of action |
| descriptive statistics | Numbers that researchers use to describe their data so it can be organized and summarized. |
| essential tremor | involuntary rhythmic tremors of the hands and arms |
| independent variable | The factor that is manipulated by an experimenter |
| adulticide | Medication to kill adult worms. |
| ais | See androgen insensitivity syndrome. |
| pill-rolling | Alternating movements of the thumb and forefinger that give the appearance of rolling a small object between the fingers; a characteristic slow tremor in the fingers of Parkinson's patients. |
| dynamic causal analysis | A resource that performs Dynamic Causal analysis. |
| flat bone | Shape classification of bone; Thin |
| functional mri | A type of magnetic resonant imaging (MRI) scanning in which scientists can see what parts of the brain are active while a subject is performing a task, such as solving a math problem in the MRI scanner |
| dental float | Veterinary instrument for grinding down enamel points. |
| spatial-frequency model | A model of vision that emphasizes the analysis of different spatial frequencies, of various orientations and in various parts of the visual field, as the basis of visual perception of form |
| striatum | The caudate nucleus and putamen together. |
| little | Used as a noun, a young person in a multiple system |
| subjective well-being | The perception people have about their happiness and satisfaction with life. |
| creb | cAMP responsive element–binding protein |
| recovery phase | A phase in |
| radial keratotomy | A procedure in which incisions are made into the cornea to flatten it to correct myopia |
| hva | a metabolite (homovanillic acid) of dopamine that may serve as a biochemical marker in the diagnosis of certain types of schizophrenia |
| speech disorders | Symptoms that affect up to 90 percent of individuals with Parkinson's disease at some time in the course of their disease, and that commonly include reduced volume, monopitch, hoarseness, a breathy voice quality and/or imprecise articulation |
| optic chiasm | The point at which the two optic nerves meet |
| apoptosis | See cell death. |
| calcium channel blockers | Calcium channel blockers may be used in conjunction with nitrates or beta blockers to treat angina |
| sleep disorders | Chronic troubles with the amount, duration or quality of sleep an individual experiences |
| ions | Electrically charged atoms or molecules. |
| rett syndrome | Resource is related to or associated with application to Rett Syndrome |
| tricyclics | A class of antidepressant drugs that increase the level of norepinephrine and serotonin. |
| rbd | See REM behavior disorder |
| endothelium | innermost cellular layer in blood (and lymph) vessels |
| cortex | The outer layer of a structure |
| pharynx | Area extending from the rear of the mouth and nasal passages to the larynx and esophagus. |
| ovulation | The production and release of an egg (ovum). |
| drug | a chemical compound (natural or synthetic) that is administered for its specific effects |
| rotigotine | a drug given to treat Parkinson’s disease |
| carbon monoxide | carbon monoxideFunction: noun: a colorless odorless very toxic gas CO that burns to carbon dioxide with a blue flame and is formed as a product of the incomplete combustion of carbon |
| hemiplegia | Partial paralysis involving one side of the body. |
| saltatory conduction | The form of conduction that is characteristic of myelinated axons, in which the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next |
| primary hypersomnia | sleep disorder in which people are chronically sleepy and sleep for long periods of time, leading to social and occupational impairment |
| opioid receptor | A receptor that responds to endogenous and/or exogenous opioids. |
| assassins | From the eleventh through the thirteenth century, a sect of Shiite Muslims called the Assassins used assassination as a tool for purifying the Muslim religion |
| pulmonary function test | A specialized lung test that takes about 10 minutes and requires that the patient blow big breaths into a machine; this test helps the doctor evaluate the health status of the patient's lungs. |
| intensity | See amplitude |
| golgi stain | A tissue stain that fills a small proportion of neurons with a dark, silver-based precipitate |
| mutation | A permanent change, a structural alteration, in the DNA or RNA |
| helminths | Parasitic worms. |
| blood-brain barrier | The protective membrane that separates the bloodstream from brain tissue. |
| necrotic | Composed of dead cells. |
| vor | See vestibulo-ocular reflex. |
| bladder | A membranous sac which acts as a storage chamber for fluid |
| serology | The analysis of bodily fluids such as blood, saliva and semen. |
| metabolic water | Water the body obtains from solid food and the breakdown of ingested fat, carbohydrate, and protein. |
| fmri | See functional MRI |
| unicellular | Single-celled. |
| camp | See cyclic adenosine monophosphate. |
| afferent arteriole | Brings |
| combat fatigue | See posttraumatic stress disorder. |
| secretory phase | The phase of the menstrual cycle where |
| multinucleated | Containing more than one |
| cryothalamotomy | A surgical procedure in which a supercooled probe is inserted into a part of the brain called the thalamus in order to stop tremors. |
| mrna | See messenger RNA |
| coronary heart disease | chronic illness that is a leading cause of death in the United States, occurring when the blood vessels that supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients are narrowed or closed by plaque, resulting in a myocardial infarction (heart attack) when closed completely |
| sucrose | Table sugar. |
| pallidotomy | a surgical procedure in which a part of the brain, called the globus pallidus, is lesioned in order to improve symptoms of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. |
| degrees of freedom | The number of individual scores that can vary without changing the sample mean |
| bone marrow | The soft, |
| chemoattractants | Compounds that attract particular classes of growth cones |
| hypoadrenocorticism | Addison's disease; insufficient secretion of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex. |
| malignancy | behavior of tumors, characterized by genetic instability, local invasiveness, and metastasis formation; 12.1.1 |
| deductive reasoning | The process by which a particular conclusion is drawn from a set of general premises or statements. |
| oxygenated | Filled with oxygen; said of arterial blood. |
| heart failure | Also called congestive heart failure |
| hippocampus | structure of the brain involved in memory and in the stress response |
| transsexuals | people who experience chronic discomfort with their gender and genitals as well as a desire to be rid of their genitals and to live as a member of the opposite sex |
| activities | the events or actions that are part of a tobacco control program |
| freezing | Temporary, involuntary inability to take a step or initiate movement. |
| photoaffinity labeling | experimental technique for identifying binding sites of specific ligands; 6.10.2 |
| metabolite | The product of metabolism. |
| topographic projection | A mapping that preserves the point-to-point correspondence between neighboring parts space |
| deamination | The removal of the amino group, NH2, from an organic compound |
| granulosa cells | The cells that surround the developing ovarian follicle. |
| pheromone | A small volatile chemical signal that functions in communication between animals and acts much like a hormone in influencing physiology and behavior. |
| medial amygdala | A portion of the amygdala that receives olfactory and pheromonal information |
| catabolic | Something that induces destructive |
| chemorepellents | Compounds that repel particular classes of growth cones |
| biological response modifiers | Substances such as the interferons and the interleukins that modify immune responses. |
| neurotransmitter | A chemical that acts as a messenger to carry signals or information from one nerve cell to another. |
| hz | See hertz. |
| epinephrine | A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands; it acts to increase blood sugar levels and blood pressure and to accelerate the heart rate |
| cyst | Simple, saclike cavity that can develop in any of a number of different body tissues; it usually contains fluid or a semisolid, cheesy or doughy material. |
| pediatrician | A doctor who specializes in treating children. |
| alzheimer's disease | Resource is related to or associated with application to Alzheimer's Disease |
| polyprotein | translation product that is destined to be proteolytically cleaved into multiple functionally unconnected proteins |
| t-cells | A type of white blood cells that are involved in rejecting foreign tissue, regulating immunity, and controlling the production of antibodies to fight infection. |
| gluconeogenesis | The metabolism of body fats and proteins to create glucose. |
| vestibular system | specialized sensory organs in the inner ear that sense head and body movements, the nerve that conveys this information into the brain, and the brain stem nuclei that process this information |
| disability | The Australian Public Service Commission recognises two definitions: |
| equilibrium | In chemistry, the point at which all ongoing reactions are canceled or balanced by others, resulting in a stable, offset, or unchanging system. |
| nicotinic | Referring to cholinergic receptors that respond to nicotine as well as to acetylcholine |
| endocrine organ | An organ that secretes a hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate cellular activity of certain other organs. |
| aphasia | Resource is related to or associated with application to Aphasia |
| proliferative phase | The phase of the menstrual cycle where |
| epithelium | Cellular covering of the internal and external surfaces of the body |
| humoral immunity | The transformation of |
| equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis | Tick-transmitted disease characterized by fever, depression, reluctance to move, depressed white blood cell and platelet counts, and lower-limb swelling; caused by a rickettsia, Ehrlichia equi |
| da | See dopamine. |
| fallopian tubes | Uterine tubes or oviducts. |
| central canal | A small canal running through the |
| delusions | a perception that is thought to be true by the person experiencing it, although the perception is wrong |
| method of loci | The process of imagining oneself physically in a familiar place in order to remember something. |
| supervised living | A slightly lower level of service than Long-Term Rehabilitation, provided in CPC’s residential treatment facilities. |
| cardiac insufficiency | Heart failure. |
| distorted perception | Being unable to see, hear, smell or touch accurately |
| cntf | A type of growth factor |
| antibody | A protein produced by the body's immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, called an antigen |
| agre | Autism Genetic Resource Exchange |
| jennet | A female donkey. |
| dependent variable | factor that an experimenter seeks to predict |
| instrumental conditioning | Also called operant conditioning |
| apocrine sweat glands | Sweat glands that empty their contents into an associated hair follicle. |
| sma | See supplementary motor area |
| control center | Determines the " |
| lymph-node aspirate | Sample of fluid and cells from deep within a lymph node, obtained using a needle and syringe. |
| nucleosomes | Spherical bodies formed by coils of |
| aids | Resource is related to or associated with AIDS |
| integument | The skin. |
| epigenetics | The study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genes themselves |
| genotype | A pattern of genetic information that is unique to an individual or group |
| gas exchange | The exchange of |
| tactile | Referring to touch. |
| insanity | A legal term that refers to the mental inability to take responsibility for one’s actions. |
| psychopharmacology | an analysis of the effects of drugs on mood, emotions, and other aspects of human behavior |
| generative | The characteristic symbols of a language that can be combined to produce an infinite number of messages. |
| echocardiography | Examination of the heart by means of ultrasonic sound waves, for the purpose of disease diagnosis; also known as cardiac ultrasound |
| heart rate | heart rateFunction: noun: a measure of cardiac activity usu |
| sodium-potassium pump | The energetically expensive mechanism that pushes sodium ions out of a cell, and potassium ions in. |
| agonist | a drug that increases neurotransmitter activity by stimulating the dopamine receptors directly. |
| community mental health movement | A movement that advocates treating people with psychological problems in their own communities, providing outpatient treatment, and preventing psychological disorders. |
| emotional intelligence | An ability that helps people perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions. |
| constraint-induced movement therapy | A therapy for recovery of movement after stroke or injury in which the person’s unaffected limb is constrained while he is required to perform tasks with the affected limb. |
| mindfulness | The practice of being aware of one’s inner emotional state and/or immediate surroundings |
| prescription drug | prescription drugFunction: noun: a drug that can be obtained only by means of a physician's prescription |
| cornea | The transperent outer fibrous coat of the eye which covers the pupil and iris, is continuous with the sclera and admits light to the eye's interior |
| serine | A non-essential amino acid |
| epidemiology | The study of factors that influence the frequency and distribution of diseases, such as cancer, in an effort to find the cause and therefore prevent them |
| autokinetic effect | an optical illusion experienced when a person in a totally dark room sees a stationary spot of light appearing to move. |
| castration anxiety | The fear a male child has that his father will cut off his penis for desiring his mother. |
| nondisjunction | The failure of |
| pleuritis | Inflammation of the pleura. |
| operant conditioning | a form of learning that is determined by consequences that either reinforce or punish particular behaviours, that can increase or decrease the probability of the behaviour. |
| sensitization | A change in behavior or biological response by an organism that is produced by delivering a strong, generally noxious, stimulus. |
| folic acid | A cofactor in methylation reactions and has been studied for its anti-depressant activity |
| nortriptyline | An antidepressant that has been found in research studies to be potentially effective for smoking cessation; however, the Food and Drug Administration has not approved nortriptyline as a smoking cessation aid. |
| rationalization | A defense mechanism that involves using incorrect but self-serving explanations to justify unacceptable behavior, thoughts, or feelings. |
| metabolism | All the life-sustaining biochemical processes in the body; the conversion of nutrients into energy. |
| neuromarketing | a new branch of neuroscience concerned with determining public preferences and marketing strategies based upon fMRI brain scans (Whose Choice is it Anyway?) |
| nonself marker | A foreign |
| fovea | The central portion of the retina, packed with the most photoreceptors and therefore the center of our gaze |
| mitral regurgitation | Partial backflow of blood through a dysfunctioning mitral valve. |
| child welfare information gateway | Child Welfare Information Gateway connects professionals and concerned citizens to timely, essential information and resources targeted to the safety, permanency, and well-being of children and families. |
| structurally | Relating to the |
| chromosome 1q21.1 duplication syndrome | A rare chromosomal disorder caused by the duplication of a portion of chromosome 1 at a specific location (1q21.1) |
| active transport | a metabolic process that can transfer relatively large molecules across a cell membrane |
| marijuana | A dried preparation of the Cannabis sativa plant, usually smoked to obtain THC. |
| decomposition of movement | Difficulty of movement in which gestures are broken up into individual segments instead of being executed smoothly; a symptom of cerebellar lesions. |
| classical conditioning | a basic form of learning, whereby a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), that naturally produces an unconditioned response (UCR) |
| bar chart | this is used to display nominal data and average scores in the form of a graph |
| amyloid plaque | Also called senile plaque |
| stroke | Damage to a region of brain tissue that results from the blockage or rupture of vessels that supply blood to that region |
| electrical synapse | Also called gap junction |
| embolus | A "wandering" blood clot. |
| cervix | Oval-shaped mass in the female reproductive tract whose opening connects the uterus with the vagina. |
| allele | An alternative form of a given gene |
| neuritis | inflammation of a nerve |
| glucose | An important sugar molecule used by the body and brain for energy |
| methyl scopolamine | a positively charged form of scopolamine that does not cross the blood-brain barrier |
| pathogenicity | The relative ability of an organism to cause disease. |
| mandible | The lower jaw. |
| apoptosis | Programmed cell death induced by specialized biochemical pathways, often serving a specific purpose in the development of an animal. |
| long term | A long period of time |
| bilirubin | A reddish |
| self-effacing bias | The tendency of people in certain cultures to attribute their successes to situational factors rather than to personal attributes and to attribute their failures to lack of effort. |
| least permeable | Least likely to be penetrated by |
| progesterone | The primary type of progestin secreted by the ovary |
| bi-polar disorder | An affective disorder characterized by intense shifts of mood. |
| pink1 | A gene of unknown function implicated in rare cases of Parkinson's disease. |
| hypochondriasis | A disorder in which a person has constant fears of having a serious disease. |
| adenylate cyclase | membrane-associated enzyme that converts ATP to the second messenger cAMP; 5.3.1 |
| paresis | Partial paralysis |
| thalamus | a part of the brain |
| otitis interna | Inflammation of the inner ear; also called labyrinthitis. |
| affect | Behavior that expresses a subjectively experienced feeling state (emotion); affect is responsive to changing emotional states, whereas mood refers to a pervasive and sustained emotion |
| spasticity | Markedly increased rigidity in response to forced movement of the limbs. |
| rest and digest | Referring to the |
| abdominal | relating to or involving the abdomen (M |
| norepinephrine | A neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory, dreaming, awakening, emotion, and responses to stress. |
| queensland itch | Commonly encountered skin disease of horses, caused by an allergic reaction to the bites of midges belonging to the genus Culicoides; also called sweet itch. |
| blurring | A feeling of being unsure of one's own identity when in front |
| neoplasia | Uncontrolled, progressive proliferation of cells under conditions that normally should be restrictive of cell growth; formation of a tumor. |
| encephalomalacia | softening of brain tissue |
| photon | The smallest unit of light, or electromagnetic radiation. |
| limbic system | exists in mammals only |
| follicular pharyngitis | Alternative name for chronic pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia. |
| bacillus calmette-guerin | A live, avirulent bacterial cell preparation of the bovine tuberculosis organism, Mycobacterium bovis; useful for immunizing people against tuberculosis and for nonspecifically stimulating the immune system. |
| dna | See deoxyribonucleic acid. |
| variable-ratio schedule | A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement happens after a particular average number of responses. |
| renal pelvis | The funnel shaped cavity of the |
| optic nerve | Cranial nerve II; the collection of ganglion cell axons that extend from the retina to the optic chiasm |
| pharmacological properties | A drug's half life, molecular weight, permeability, chemical structure and methods of action through the pathways it affects. |
| hemiparesis | Weakness of one side of the body |
| can infants count? | Article discusses some of the evidence for and against the claim that infants are capable of counting. |
| enteritis | Inflammation of the small intestine; contrasts with colitis (inflammation of the large intestine) |
| autonomously | Uncontrollably. |
| event related potential | Software related to analysis of Event Related Potentials. |
| potassium ion | A potassium atom that carries a positive charge because it has lost one electron |
| on-center bipolar cell | A retinal bipolar cell that is excited by light in the center of its receptive field |
| thyroxine | See thyroid hormones. |
| incomplete protein | A protein low in one or more amino acids. |
| intraparietal sulcus | A region in the human parietal lobe, homologous to the monkey lateral intraparietal area, that is especially involved in voluntary, top-down control of attention. |
| pergolide | a drug that had been given to treat Parkinson’s disease |
| identifiable neurons | Neurons that are large and similar from one individual to the next, enabling investigators to recognize them and give them names. |
| pedicle | A small stalk or stem. |
| relearning | A method for measuring forgetting and retention, which involves assessing the amount of time it takes to memorize information a second time. |
| bone plating | Method of fracture repair wherein the bone fragments are replaced in their original location and held in place with a perforated metal plate (bone plate), which is attached to the fragments with small screws. |
| neutropenia | An abnormal decrease in the number of circulating neutrophils. |
| basophilic | Staining dark blue. |
| synesthesia | A condition in which stimuli in one modality evoke the involuntary experience of an additional sensation in another modality. |
| species | A group of individuals that can readily interbreed to produce fertile offspring |
| acquired prosopagnosia | See prosopagnosia. |
| bungarotoxin | A neurotoxin, isolated from the venom of the banded krait, that selectively blocks acetylcholine receptors. |
| vertebral column | The column of bones, or vertebrae, that extends down the back and functions as a structural element for the body while also surrounding and protecting the spinal cord. |
| circuit | sets of neurons connected in a pathway that perform a function; a neuronal circuit carries information from one point in the body or nervous system to another |
| placenta | The organized tissue in the uterus joining the fetus to the mother. |
| conditioned salivary reflex | A reflex involving sensory inputs such as emotion, thoughts or smells processed by the cerebral |
| hemorrhage | Bleeding. |
| blink rate | The number of times per minute that the eyelid automatically closes -- normally 10 to 30 per minute. |
| muscarinic receptors | specific acetylcholine receptors (defined by their response to muscarine) that are present in the parasympathetic organs and in the central nervous system |
| detergent action | Emulsification of fats by isolating small fat droplets from each other |
| angiosarcoma | Tumor of blood or lymphatic vessels. |
| striola | The center of the middle |
| rna interference | Sequence-specific inhibition of gene expression at the level of mRNA, induced by double-stranded RNA sequences; 13.3.5 |
| phosphorylated | has had a phosphate added; Ex |
| seborrhea | oily skin. |
| gross neuroanatomy | Anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye |
| hypoalbuminemia | Abnormally low levels of the protein albumin in the blood, often reflecting abnormally low body stores of protein. |
| soma | see cell body |
| virulence | Measure of the disease-causing capacity of an infectious disease agent. |
| cr | in Pavlovian conditioning, the conditioned response to a signal that reliably predicts the occurrence of a biologically important event |
| sids | See sudden infant death syndrome |
| jurisdiction | The authority to exert power legally within a specific area. |
| purkinje cell | A type of large nerve cell in the cerebellar cortex. |
| central nervous system | The portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord |
| nerve terminal | the end region of an axon; usually a site of synaptic contact with another cell |
| glucosuria | Spillage of glucose into the urine, as in diabetes mellitus. |
| tunica intima | The inner layer of a |
| urinary calculus | General term for a stone lodged anywhere within the urinary tract; also known as a urolith. |
| hypomimia | decreased facial expression due to rigidity of facial muscles. |
| dyspnea | Difficulty breathing; labored breathing. |
| pyelonephritis | Any infection of the kidney involving as well the renal pelvis. |
| blepharoplasty | Procedure to repair damage to the eyelid |
| androgen insensitivity syndrome | A syndrome caused by a mutation of the androgen receptor gene that renders tissues insensitive to androgenic hormones like testosterone |
| norepinephrine | Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter synthesized by the amino acids L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine, along with vitamins B6, C, niacin and others |
| coincidence detector | A device that senses the co-occurrence of two events. |
| dorsal root ganglions | A nodule on a |
| tympanic membrane | Also called eardrum |
| renal columns | Areas of the |
| asthma | chronic sometimes fatal respiratory disease characterized by laboured breathing, wheezing, a sense of constriction in the chest and coughing, for which exposure to secondhand smoke is a risk factor in children and adults |
| change blindness | A failure to notice changes in comparisons of two alternating static visual scenes. |
| iconic memory | Visual sensory memory. |
| infrasound | Very low frequency sound; in general, below the threshold for human hearing, at about 20 Hz |
| dermatome | A strip of skin innervated by a particular spinal root |
| lumbar puncture | a procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give drugs |
| narrative method | The process of making up a story in order to remember something. |
| suicide | Taking one's own life or attempting to do so. |
| nerve cell | See neuron |
| spinal reflex | A reflex response that is carried out after a |
| reflexive attention | See endogenous attention. |
| immunotherapy | A treatment that imitates cellular activity in the body's immune system in which white cells recognize invading organisms and respond by secreting a protein substance called an antibody that hones in on an antigen on foreign cells, allowing other white cells to destroy it |
| unthrifty | Unkempt in appearance and failing to thrive. |
| cellular response | an immune response that is characterized by the proliferation of T cells |
| bipolar neuron | A nerve cell that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other end; found in some vertebrate sensory systems |
| packed cell volume | A measurement of the volume of red blood cells in relation to the volume of blood fluid, expressed as a percentage; also called the hematocrit. |
| proteolytic enzymes | Hydrolase |
| actinomycosis | Pus-producing diseases caused by bacteria of the genus Actinomyces. |
| parental investment | The sum of resources spent in order to produce and raise offspring. |
| geriatrics | Branch of medical science concerned with the diseases, disabilities, and care of aged patients. |
| ejection fraction | The fraction of blood pumped out of the right and left ventricles with each heart beat. |
| wernicke-geschwind model | See connectionist model of aphasia |
| spasm | a condition in which a muscle or group of muscles involuntarily contract. |
| lymphocyte | A type of white blood cell capable of responding to the presence of foreign material in the body; lymphocytes play a central role in directing and coordinating immune responses. |
| apocrine cyst | Cyst caused by obstruction of a sweat gland. |
| myocardial perfusion imaging | A study that assesses heart function and whether the heart is receiving enough blood and oxygen. A physician may perform a MPI study to help diagnose symptoms of coronary artery disease (CAD), such as shortness of breath or chest pain; heart rhythm problems; or to evaluate or plan treatment for a heart condition. |
| insecure attachment | a form of attachment between infant and caregiver that develops as a result of the caregiver's lack of sensitive responding to the infant's needs |
| stretch reflex | The contraction of a muscle in response to stretch of that muscle |
| papillary thyroid cancer | One of several types of differentiated thyroid cancer; it may be treated with I-131 radiotherapy. |
| striate muscle | A type of muscle that has a striped appearance; it is generally under voluntary control |
| fixation | An unnatural attachment to an earlier state of development or an object. |
| sterols | Natural compounds found in oils in grains, fruits, and vegetables, including soybeans. |
| schizont | A developmental stage of certain protozoa, specifically, a dividing cell undergoing schizogony; also called a meront. |
| hyper- | A prefix meaning above or beyond; excessive. |
| independent variable | factor that is manipulated by an experimenter or used to predict the dependent variable |
| pharmacodynamics | Collective name for the factors that affect the relationship between a drug and its target receptors, such as affinity and efficacy. |
| orthostatic tremor | a type of tremor that occurs in the legs, but only when standing up |
| cytoskeleton | The lattice of specialized proteins that gives a cell its shape |
| frequency theory | A theory explaining how people discriminate low-pitched sounds that have a frequency below 1000 Hz. |
| polypeptide | Any peptide containing two or more amino acids; often referred to simply as a peptide. |
| choline acetyltransferase | An important enzyme involved in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. |
| learning disorders | seen in childhood; also identified in adulthood |
| putamen | A part of the brain, one of the three major areas that make up the basal ganglia, an area deep in the brain that organizes motor behavior. |
| wernicke’s aphasia | See fluent aphasia |
| semen | A mixture of fluid, including sperm, that is released during ejaculation |
| alarm reaction | The initial response to stress |
| motor | Causing or involving motion |
| attitudes | Evaluations people make about objects, ideas, events, or other people. |
| streptothricosis | Dermatophilosis. |
| potassium ion | A positively charged |
| radioimmunotherapy | Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is a personalized cancer treatment that combines radiation therapy with the precise targeting ability of immunotherapy, a treatment that mimics cellular activity in the body's immune system. |
| parasympathetic tone | The normal response of the |
| excitotoxicity | The property by which neurons die when overstimulated, as with large amounts of glutamate. |
| meconium | The contents of the foal's first bowel movement. |
| fundamentalism | This term is used to refer to people who dedicate their lives to pursuing the fundamentals of their religion. |
| odontologist | An individual specialising in dentistry, particularly bite mark impressions. |
| glutamatergic | Referring to cells that use glutamate as their synaptic transmitter. |
| hallucinogens | A class of drugs that alter sensory perception and produce peculiar experiences. |
| coding | The rules by which action potentials in a sensory system reflect a physical stimulus. |
| risky shift | The tendency for a dominant, risky point of view in a group to be strengthened to an even riskier position after a group discussion. |
| insulinlike growth factors | Alternative name for somatomedins. |
| dopamine agonist | A class of drugs commonly prescribed in Parkinson's disease that bind to dopamine receptors and mimic dopamine's actions in the brain |
| sinus empyema | Formation of pus in the paranasal sinuses; the underlying cause in many cases is dental disease. |
| symptom | Any change in the body or its functions, as perceived by the patient, which could indicate the presence of disease. |
| antisense oligonucleotide | a stretch of single-stranded DNA or RNA, typically 15–25 nucleotides in length, that is complementary to some cellular or viral RNA molecule, and selectively interferes with its function through base-pairing; 1.2.2 |
| personality disorder | personality disorderFunction: noun: a psychopathological condition or group of conditions in which an individual's entire life pattern is considered deviant or nonadaptive although the individual shows neither neurotic symptoms nor psychotic disorganization |
| being out | The experience of being in control of the body, interacting with the world-at-large |
| standard deviation | a measure of dispersion; average difference of a set of scores from the mean measure. |
| kilogram | One thousand grams (2.2 pounds). |
| second messenger | A slow-acting substance in the postsynaptic cell that amplifies the effects of synaptic activity and signals synaptic activity within the postsynaptic cell. |
| growth cone | the tip of the growing axon that senses and uses chemical signals to find its targets (Neuropathfinding) |
| time distortion | The subjective distortion of time for a person in trance and under the influence of certain drugs. |
| breech presentation | Birth in which the fetus is delivered rear-end first. |
| vascularized | Supplied with blood vessels. |
| ascarid | A type of roundworm. |
| circadian rhythm | A cycle of behavior or physiological change lasting approximately 24 hours. |
| rhinopneumonitis | Respiratory condition of horses caused by equine herpesvirus. |
| ld50 | Lethal dose 50%; the dose of a drug at which half the treated animals will die |
| reaction time | time it takes to react to a stimulus (Motor Learning) |
| epigenetics | study of how environmental conditions can change the expression of genes without changing the gene sequence |
| sodium ion | A sodium atom that carries a positive charge because it has lost one electron |
| cytoskeleton | Filaments that provide support and movement for the |
| negative punishment | In operant conditioning, the removal of a stimulus after a response so that the response will be less likely to occur. |
| alzheimer’s disease | a progressive neurodegenerative disorder in which mental capacities are lost, especially memory |
| presenting self | Otherwise known as the main front, your singlet facade, the person that most people think "you" are |
| meningioma | A benign tumor of the meninges |
| messenger rna | A strand of RNA that carries the code of a section of a DNA strand to the cytoplasm |
| indoleamines | A class of monoamines that serve as neurotransmitters, including serotonin and melatonin |
| synapse rearrangement | Also called synaptic remodeling |
| random assignment | A way of placing subjects into either an experimental or a control group such that subjects have an equal chance of being placed in either one group or the other. |
| placenta | An |
| nightmares | Nightmares are dreams that cause high anxiety or terror |
| parietal pleura | Thin transparent membrane that forms the inner lining of the chest cavity. |
| blood vessels | Any tubular channel through which |
| dd | Developmental Disabilities |
| antisocial personality disorder | pervasive pattern of criminal, impulsive, callous, and/or ruthless behavior, predicated on disregard for the rights of others and an absence of respect for social norms |
| plantar ligament | Ligament that courses along the back of the calcaneus bone in the hock. |
| interferon | Group of immune system proteins—alpha, beta and gamma—that are produced by different cells in the body |
| testosterone | a male sex hormone produced by the testes, that is responsible for production of sperm and the development of the secondary sexual characteristics |
| controls | the steps taken to limit factors that could distort the collection of valid and reliable data. |
| dematiaceous fungi | Dark, pigmented fungi represented by the genera Drechslera, Alternaria, and others. |
| community support services | CPC’s Case Management program (see “Case Manager/case Management” definition above). Community Support Services are offered at the Belltown, Northgate and Wallingford Locations. |
| vasculitis | Inflammation of a blood vessel or vessels; also called angiitis. |
| catatonic schizophrenia | a form of schizophrenia, characterised by a patient who displays motor abnormalities, for instance, changing between a state of complete immobility to energised excitement. |
| embolism | An obstruction within an artery, typically by a clot of blood or an air bubble. |
| sacrum | Bone formed by the fusion of the sacral vertebrae, at the lower end of the spinal column. |
| nerve impulse | See action potential. |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone | hypophyseal peptide hormone that stimulates proliferation and hormone secretion in the the thyroid; 7.2, 7.2.2, 7.3.5 |
| pheromones | Chemical secretions that elicit a specific behavioral response (often attraction) in another individual of the same species. |
| recognition | the act of remembering words or situations that were previously learned or studied |
| sensory cortex | any part of the brain that receives messages from a sense organ (like the eyes, nose, tongue, or ears) or messages of touch and temperature from anywhere in the body. |
| sexual inhibition | The tendency to withhold sex and show little interest in sex. |
| inspiration | The act of breathing air in; inhalation. |
| tropomyosin | regulatory |
| sleep apnea | sometimes sufferers awaken with a headache |
| rotation | movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis without |
| scala tympani | See tympanic canal |
| cell-mediated immunity | The recognition and destruction of |
| dysthymic disorder | A type of depressive disorder where a person experiences low grade depressive symptoms consistently over a long period of time with returning to a euthymic (normal) mood |
| alkylating anticancer drugs | drugs that covalently react with DNA to introduce alkyl moieties into it |
| tar | An oily substance resulting from the burning of tobacco and consisting of thousands of chemicals, some of which are carcinogenic or otherwise harmful, |
| trematodes | Flukes. |
| fibrosis | Scar |
| hyperpigmentation | Localized, abnormal darkening of the normal skin color. |
| cones | A class of photoreceptor cells in the retina that are responsible for color vision |
| delayed non-matching-to-sample task | A test in which the subject must respond to the unfamiliar stimulus of a pair |
| pain management | Controlling chronic pain to a tolerable level, with medications, massage therapy, physical therapy, and other treatments. |
| cathartics | Drugs to induce evacuation of the bowel. |
| jejunum | The middle (and longest) portion of the small intestine, situated between the duodenum and the ileum. |
| simple cortical cell | Also called bar detector or edge detector |
| codeine | A derivative of opium that is prescribed for coughing and for pain relief. |
| lateral | In anatomy, toward the side of the body |
| poll | The back of the head. |
| flooding | A type of exposure therapy in which the client is exposed to a feared stimulus suddenly rather than gradually. |
| ceruminous glands | Glands that produce the waxy coating of the ear canal. |
| synapse | the abutment between the end terminal of a nerve cell fiber and the cell body of the next nerve cell |
| gamma camera | A specialized camera that is capable of detecting gamma rays- the byproduct of a radiotracer, which is a combination of a radioactive atom, called an isotope, and another substance |
| outgroup | A group to which one does not belong. |
| adjunctive | Supplemental or secondary (but not essential) to the primary agent; sometimes used to describe medications to enhance levodopa therapy. |
| equilibration | in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, maintaining balance between the environment and the mental structures (schemas) which we use to represent that environment. |
| cutaneous onchocerciasis | Skin disease caused by Onchocerca cervicalis, a threadworm that lives in the nuchal ligament of the neck. |
| delusions | A condition in which the patient has lost touch with reality and experiences hallucinations and misperceptions. |
| tremor | involuntary shaking of the hands, arms, legs, jaw, or tongue. |
| broca’s aphasia | See nonfluent aphasia. |
| palsy | Paralysis of a muscle or group of muscles. |
| formaldehyde | A pungent gas used as a disinfectant, antiseptic, and fixative for tissues. |
| spinal nerves | Nerves arising from the spinal cord that form nerves of the peripheral nervous system. |
| uterine torsion | Twisting of the uterus, which may occur late in pregnancy when the uterus is very enlarged. |
| somatosensory cortex | an area of the sensory cortex in the parietal lobes that receives messages of touch, temperature, and certain other bodily sensations. |
| inductive reasoning | is the process by which a conclusion is drawn about the probability of psychological phenomena, based on evidence and past experience, from the specific to the general. |
| nulliparous | Having never given birth. |
| punnett square | Checkerboard diagram for delineating possible outcomes of mating two individuals of defined genotype. |
| hemoglobin | The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen through the body. |
| alternative therapies | many non-drug approaches are beneficial to headache sufferers and can help them achieve a pain-free lifestyle |
| basal forebrain | A ventral region in the forebrain that has been implicated in sleep and Alzheimer’s disease |
| allodynia | Condition when normally non-painful stimuli evoke pain. Persons with fibromyalgia feel pain from stimuli that elicit no response from healthy individuals. |
| axon | the neuronal process that sends the signal or message away from the cell body toward target cells or neurons (Connect the Neurons, Close-up of the Nervous System, Bead Neuron) |
| post-traumatic arthritis | Post-traumatic arthritis develops after an injury such as a break or a dislocation, or after certain surgeries |
| cah | See congenital adrenal hyperplasia. |
| arachnoid | one of the three membranes that protects the brain and spinal cord |
| ocular dominance histogram | A graph that portrays the strength of response of a brain neuron to stimuli presented to either the left eye or the right eye |
| limbic system | a set of brain structures involved in emotional and motivational responses |
| seasonal affective disorder | A putative depression brought about by the short days of winter. |
| preformed chemical mediators | a collection of compounds released by sensitized mast cells in the hay fever reaction |
| nt | Neuro-typical |
| neonatal isoerythrolysis | Acute hemolytic anemia of the newborn caused by ingestion of antibodies in the mare's colostrum and milk that are directed against the neonate's red blood cells; also called hemolytic disease of the newborn. |
| law of effect | a principle of learning put forward by Thorndike, which proposes that whenever a response is followed by a reward, it is strengthened and therefore more likely to be repeated. |
| evolutionary psychology | A field of study devoted to asking how natural selection has shaped behavior in humans and other animals |
| lipoproteins | Also known as LDLs or bad cholesterol, lipoprotein ferry cholesterol around and out of the body. |
| reabsorption | The act of being absorbed a second time. |
| opiate | Any of a class of compounds that exert an effect like that of opium, including reduced pain sensitivity |
| harmonics | Multiples of a particular frequency called the fundamental |
| acidosis | Systemic condition characterized by abnormally acid blood. |
| experimental psychology | is a field of psychology that typically involves laboratory research in basic areas of the discipline. |
| sensory division | Portion of the |
| lewy body | a pink-staining sphere found in nerve cells, considered to be a pathological marker for Parkinson disease. |
| dermis | The middle layer of skin, between the epidermis and the hypodermis |
| expression | In the context of genetics, the process by which a cell makes an mRNA transcript of a particular gene. |
| dietary guidelines for americans | A collection of sensible suggestions first published by the Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services (USDA/HHS) in 1980, with five revised editions since then (1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005). |
| hypochondriac region | Abdominopelvic region |
| huntington’s disease | Also called Huntington’s chorea |
| smooth muscle | The type of muscle found in the walls of blood vessels and the major internal organs. |
| imaging | Any method used to produce a picture of internal body structures. |
| circle of willis | A circular collection of |
| systems of care | Systems of Care is a term that describes when individuals from a community come together to identify what are the needs of the community and ultimately what they can do as a group to resolve those needs |
| habituation | A form of nonassociative learning in which an organism becomes less responsive following repeated presentations of a stimulus |
| attenuator model of attention | Treisman's proposal that, instead of selecting one channel and blocking the others, the filtering mechanism (a) selects one channel and passes it on for semantic analysis, and (b) allows the unattended channels through for processing but in weakened (attenuated) form. |
| nissl substance | A material found in |
| cementum | Specialized type of connective tissue that covers the tooth roots. |
| cerebellum | A large area located at |
| culicoides hypersensitivity | Allergic skin disease caused by the bites of midges of the genus Culicoides; also known as Queensland itch and sweet itch. |
| dan | Defeat Autism Now |
| socialisation | is used by sociologists, social psychologists and educationalists to refer to the process of learning ones culture and how to live within it |
| thrombus | A blood clot |
| nucleus | The core of an atom that contains particles known as protons and neutrons |
| compensatory smoking | When a smoker inhales more smoke, or smokes more intensely, to compensate for reductions in nicotine content of tobacco smoke or number of cigarettes smoked per day. |
| renal excretion | the removal of a drug from the body through the action of the kidneys |
| occam’s razor | See principle of parsimony. |
| electroconvulsive shock therapy | A last-resort treatment for intractable depression in which a strong electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure |
| acetylcholinesterase | an enzyme that rapidly inactivates acetylcholine that has been released at the synapse |
| gross neuroanatomy | Anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye. |
| pulvinar | In humans, the posterior portion of the thalamus, heavily involved in visual processing and direction of attention. |
| asperger syndrome | Site provides information, papers, articles, and links to other web sites concerning Asperger Syndrome |
| endocytosis | Type of |
| homeostasis | The tendency for the internal environment to remain constant. |
| cerebrum | consists of two parts (lobes), left and right, which form the largest and most developed part of the brain; initiation and coordination of all voluntary movement take place within the cerebrum |
| victimology | The study of victim information in order to obtain details of a perpetrator's opportunity and selection process. |
| colonoscopy | Endoscopic examination of the colon. |
| ovaries | The female reproductive |
| lymph node | Any of the body's many nodular accumulations of lymphoid cells; they are interconnected by means of lymphatic vessels. |
| pemphigus foliaceus | Autoimmune skin disease characterized by autoantibody production and the subsequent development of vesicles and pustules in the superficial layers of the skin. |
| agnosia | The inability to recognize objects, despite being able to describe them in terms of form and color; may occur after localized brain damage. |
| testosterone | The principal male sex hormone, produced in the testes. |
| epidemiology | The statistical study of patterns of disease in a population. |
| reflex | In general, muscle movement orchestrated by the nervous system in response to a stimulus and without conscious (voluntary) control; an example is the knee-jerk reflex. |
| luteal phase | In the reproductive cycle, the period during which the ovarian follicle converts to a corpus luteum and secretes the hormone progesterone. |
| parasite | Any organism that is dependent in some manner for its continued existence on another organism (its host), most often to the detriment of the host. |
| adrenal glands | endocrine glands, located just above the kidneys, which play an important role in arousal and stress; the outer layer, the cortex, secretes corticosteroids and the medulla (the inner core) secretes epinephrine(adrenaline) and norepinephrine(noradrenaline). |
| prion | A protein that can become improperly folded and thereby can induce other proteins to follow suit, leading to long protein chains that impair neural function. |
| physiatrist | A physician who specializes in physical/rehabilitation medicine. |
| aba | Applied Behavior Analysis |
| systemic lupus erythematosus | A rare, chronic, multisystemic autoimmune disorder, characterized by the production of autoantibodies to DNA and normal cellular constituents. |
| norepinephrine | Also called noradrenaline |
| weschler adult intelligence scale | an intelligencetestwhich measures elements of adult intelligence, including verbal intelligence and performance intelligence, which are then divided into specific abilities so that an individual performance and any deficiencies can be assessed. |
| adh | See arginine vasopressin. |
| tyzzer's disease | An extremely rare and highly fatal liver disease of foals caused by a spore-forming bacterium, Bacillus piliformis. |
| monosynaptic reflex | When a reflex arc consists of only two |
| migraine | Resource is related to or associated with application to Migraine |
| substantia nigra | a small area of the brain containing a cluster of black-pigmented nerve cells that produce dopamine which is then transmitted to the striatum. |
| resistance | A client’s usually unconscious efforts to block the progress of treatment. |
| secondary immune response | A fast immune response produced by memory cells once a |
| blood-typing | Laboratory procedure by which the red blood cells in a blood sample are identified as belonging to one of several blood groups. |
| pancreas | An organ in the body that secretes chemicals (enzymes) helping digestion as well as insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels. |
| follicle-stimulating hormone | A hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates the production of sperm in the male and growth of the follicle (which produces the egg) in the female. |
| menopause | The gradual, permanent cessation of menstruation. |
| behavioral teratology | The study of impairments in behavior that are produced by embryonic or fetal exposure to toxic substances. |
| male erectile disorder | in men, recurrent inability to attain or maintain an erection until the completion of sexual activity |
| follicular sheath | Long tubelike structure through which a hair passes through the dermis (middle layer of the skin) and exits to the skin surface. |
| endogenous | caused by factors within the body or mind or arising from internal structural or functional causes. |
| postsynaptic inhibition | the interference with chemical transmission by blocking or changing the shape of the receptors for the neurotransmitter |
| spermatogenesis | The process whereby sperm cells within the testes of the stallion undergo cell divisions and cellular changes that result in the produce of mature spermatozoa (sperm). |
| akinesia | Inability to move ("freezing") or difficulty in initiating or maintaining a body motion |
| incidental cancers | Unexpected cancerous lesions identified by diagnostic imaging tests in addition to different primary disease being investigated. |
| diaschisis | A temporary period of generalized impairment following brain injury. |
| constitutional signs | Generalized clinical signs, such as inappetence, lethargy, weight loss. |
| leptin | A peptide hormone released by fat cells |
| inorganic nutrients | Nutrients that don’t contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. |
| squammous epithelium | Flattened tile-like epithelial |
| apraxia | An impairment in the ability to carry out complex sequential movements, even though there is no muscle paralysis |
| pomc neuron | A neuron, involved in the hypothalamic appetite control system, that produces both pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript |
| mucocutaneous junctions | Areas where mucous membranes and skin adjoin, such as the lip margins. |
| allocortex | Formerly called archicortex or paleocortex |
| nutrient | A chemical that is needed for growth, maintenance, and repair of the body but is not used as a source of energy. |
| palsy | paralysis of a muscle group. |
| cerebellum | A part of the hindbrain that controls balance and coordination of movement. |
| hmg-coa reductase | key enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol |
| self-limiting | Said of disease, with reference to any illness that will run its (usually benign) course without the need for treatment. |
| vomeronasal system | A specialized sensory system that detects pheromones and transmits information to the brain |
| soma | Another name for the neuron's main cellular space, containing the cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus and extends into the dendrites and axons. |
| peg tube | Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube - a tube placed directly into the stomach through the abdominal wall to provide another way to receive nourishment and liquids. |
| ventral edema | Tissue swelling affecting the underside of the body. |
| chronic fatigue syndrome | Chronic fatigue syndrome is a condition of prolonged and severe tiredness or weariness (fatigue) that is not relieved by rest and is not directly caused by other conditions |
| segmentation | The process of dividing into separate groups or segments |
| messenger rna | Also called transcript or message |
| hypothyroidism | A condition in which the thyroid gland is not making enough thyroid hormone, hormones that control the way the body uses energy. |
| lymphocyte | A type of white blood cell formed in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow |
| visual field | The whole area that you can see without moving your head or eyes |
| concordance | Agreement in types of data that occur in natural pairs—in autism a pair of identical twins is "concordant" if BOTH are affected or unaffected |
| opponent-process hypothesis | The theory that color vision depends on systems that produce opposite responses to light of different wavelengths |
| upper motor neurons | Nerve cells (motor neurons) originating in the brain's motor cortex and running through the spinal cord. |
| hyperglycemia | Abnormally elevated levels of glucose (blood sugar) in the blood. |
| tyrosine | the amino acid from which dopamine is made. |
| axon | branched structure of nerve cell that conducts action potentials generated in this cell to the synapses it forms with other nerve cells; 6.1.3, 6.1.4 |
| poliomyelitis | A disease characterized by inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord |
| moments of inertia | Software application for the quantification of the volumetric property of 'Moments of Inertia'. |
| soma | See cell body. |
| ne | See norepinephrine |
| rem sleep | a portion of the sleep cycle that is characterized by rapid eye movement, behavioral sleep, an "alert" EEG pattern, and dream reports |
| dephosphorylated | has had a phosphate removed; Ex |
| enkephalin | One of the three kinds of endogenous opioids |
| cart | See cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. |
| cell cycle | Cycle controlling |
| therapy | Treatment of a disease. |
| ais | See androgen insensitivity syndrome |
| acupuncture | acupuncture is an ancient Chinese remedy for a variety of illnesses |
| positive chemotaxis | To move towards a |
| species-specific behaviour | behaviours which are characteristic of all members of a particular species |
| sensation | Occurs when physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs. |
| phenotype | The sum of an individual’s physical characteristics at one particular time |
| optic chiasm | controls vision and the optic nerve |
| correlation coefficient | A measurement that indicates the strength of the relationship between two variables |
| technetium-99m-sestamibi | Also referred to as Tc-99m-Sestamibi (MIBI) |
| cardiomyopathy | A weakening of the heart muscle or change in the structure of the heart muscle structure |
| granulation tissue | Newly formed, velvety tissue, rich in blood vessels but lacking nerve endings, that develops at the site of a healing wound; "proud flesh." |
| deindividuation | a process through which group members cease to view themselves as individuals |
| divided-attention task | A task in which the subject is asked to focus attention on two or more stimuli simultaneously |
| systolic | The maximum |
| immunocompetent | Having a normal capacity to produce an immune response; in lymphocytes, mature lymphocytes having gained |
| glaucoma | Group of diseases caused by increased pressure within the eyeball, which damages the optic nerve and can result in blindness. |
| pinna | The external portion or flap of the ear. |
| ovarian follicle | An ovum (egg) and its surrounding cells. |
| alogia | Deficiency in the amount or content of speech, a disturbance often seen in people with schizophrenia |
| magnetoencephalography | A passive and noninvasive functional brain-imaging technique that measures the tiny magnetic fields produced by active neurons, in order to identify regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task. |
| codon | A set of three nucleotides that uniquely encodes one particular amino acid |
| optic ataxia | Spatial disorientation in which the patient is unable to accurately reach for objects using visual guidance |
| neuroimmune | In the microglial theory of ALS, the inflammatory immunological response to CNS injury causes damage in ALS |
| ethics | a major branch of philosophy. The study of principles relating to right and wrong conduct; Morality; The standards that govern the conduct of a person, especially a member of a profession. |
| bradykinesia | slowness of movement. |
| interneuron | A nerve cell that is neither a sensory neuron nor a motoneuron; interneurons receive input from and send output to other neurons |
| orchitis | Inflammatory disease of the testicle. |
| vagina | The genital canal of the mare, extending from the cervix of the uterus outward to the vulva. |
| extrinsic motivation | The motivation to act for external rewards. |
| boundaries | A persons emotional and physical space needs - here one person ends off and another person begins. |
| hormone-receptor complex | When a |
| melatonin | A hormone of the Pineal gland and a precursor to Serotonin. |
| hallucinogens | substances, including LSD and MDMA (ecstasy), that produce perceptual illusions and distortions even in small doses |
| serotonin | a chemical necessary for communication between certain nerve cells. |
| anterior pituitary | The front portion of the pituitary, a small gland in the head called the master gland |
| reticular formation | Also called reticular activating system |
| magnesium | A trace mineral used to make body tissue, especially bone. |
| aorta | main artery of the systemic circulation |
| cartilage | Elastic tissue found in joints and in other parts of the body |
| half life | The time taken for the concentration of a drug in the bloodstream to decrease by one-half |
| shivering | Rapid involuntary muscle contractions that generate heat in hypothermic animals. |
| taurine | A nonessential amino acid known for its heart benefits. |
| sid | Sensory Integration Disorder |
| hypotonic | Referring to a solution with a lower concentration of salt than that found in interstitial fluid and blood plasma (less than about 0.9% salt).Compare hypertonic and isotonic. |
| nicotine | An alkaloid (nitrogen-containing chemical) made by the tobacco plant or produced synthetically that is one of the major chemicals in cigarettes |
| adaptation | a feature of an organism that has been shaped by natural selection so that it enhances the fitness of its possessor |
| differentiation | The development of cellular specialization as cells mature. |
| hot dog headache | hot dogs and smoked meats such as salami contain sodium nitrite |
| tectorial membrane | A membrane that sitsatop the organ of Corti in the cochlear duct |
| ankylosis | The immobility and consolidation of a joint, secondary to trauma, infection, or surgery. |
| dynorphins | One of three kinds of endogenous opioids |
| somatotropin | See growth hormone. |
| mitigating circumstances | Factors that may diminish the degree of guilt in a criminal offence, such as age or influence of drugs. |
| sphygmomanometer | A deviced used to measure |
| ampulla | An enlarged region of each semicircular canal that contains the receptor cells (hair cells) of the vestibular system |
| bursitis | Inflammation of a bursa. |
| ectoparasite | External parasite; examples include ticks, fleas, and mites |
| outer hair cell | One of the two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea |
| tolerance | The normal state whereby the immune system remains nonreactive or "tolerant" to the body's own cells. |
| seminoma | The most common type of testicular tumor in the horse. |
| association studies | genetic studies in which researchers identify physical disorders associated with a target psychological disorder for which genetic abnormalities or markers are known; the DNA of individuals with the psychological disorder and their first-degree relatives is then examined to determine if they also have this genetic marker (one form of molecular genetic studies) |
| striation | Stripes; alternating banding pattern found in skeletal and |
| confusion | Not able to think clearly and understand in order to make a logical decision. |
| ribonucleic acid | A nucleic acid that implements information found in DNA |
| sleep cycle | A period of slow-wave sleep followed by a period of REM sleep |
| renal system | Eliminates of nitrogenous wastes; controls |
| auditory p300 | See P3 effect |
| papillae | A small |
| manganese | A trace mineral that is found in your body’s glands and bones |
| hepatitis c | Hepatitis C is an often chronic infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which can result in cirrhosis of the liver |
| pramipexole | a drug given to treat Parkinson’s disease |
| umbilical cord | Blood-vessel connection between the mare and the fetus. |
| mujahideen | A general designation for Muslim fighters engaged in jihad, as well as the name of various Muslim political and paramilitary groups, such as the Afghan (q.v.) Mujahideen. |
| walking disease | Older name for pyrrolizidine alkaloid intoxication. |
| punch-drunk | See chronic traumatic encephalopathy. |
| pollakiuria | Increased frequency of urination. |
| sleep apnea | is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep |
| periocular | Pertaining to the area around the eye. |
| moldy corn poisoning | Common name for leukoencephalomalacia. |
| s1 | See primary somatosensory cortex. |
| symptom | Any condition that a person considers to show the presence of a disease or abnormality |
| peptides | Chains of amino acids that can function as neurotransmitters or hormones. |
| neurobehavioral | Having to do with the way the brain affects emotion, behavior, and learning |
| acute | Of short duration and relatively severe; having a rapid onset. |
| catatonic schizophrenia | type of schizophrenia in which people show a variety of motor behaviors and ways of speaking that suggest almost complete unresponsiveness to their environment |
| differentiation | See cell differentiation. |
| binocular deprivation | Depriving both eyes of form vision, as by sealing the eyelids |
| subfertility | A state of being less than normally fertile, but not infertile. |
| response tendency | A learned tendency to behave in a particular way. |
| fef | See frontal eye field |
| amantadine | an antiviral drug that was found to have a beneficial effect on parkinsonism |
| rhombencephalon | See hindbrain. |
| somatic nervous system | the part of the nervous system that receives input from the body |
| top-down processing | perceptual processing in which previous experiences, existing knowledge, expectations, motivations or the context in which perception takes place, affect how a perceived object is interpreted and classified. |
| diploid zygote | A |
| conidiobolomycosis | A form of phycomycosis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus, characterized by a thick nasal discharge, coughing, respiratory difficulty, and halitosis (bad breath). |
| off-center bipolar cell | A retinal bipolar cell that is inhibited by light in the center of its receptive field |
| shy-drager syndrome | See multiple system atrophy |
| minimal discriminable frequency difference | The smallest change in frequency that can be detected reliably between two tones. |
| cone | Any of several classes of photoreceptor cells in the retina that are responsible for color vision |
| brachial | Relating to the forelimb |
| phenylketonuria | An inherited disorder of protein metabolism in which the absence of an enzyme leads to a toxic buildup of certain compounds, causing intellectual disability |
| evoked potential | See event-related potential |
| tyrosine | An essential amino acid necessary for dopamine and norepinephrine — the alertness neurotransmitters. |
| pneumovagina | Aspiration of air and debris into the vagina; also known as wind-sucking. |
| principle of closure | The Gestalt psychology principle that states that people tend to interpret familiar incomplete forms as complete by filling in gaps. |
| stimulus | A physical event that triggers a sensory response. |
| aldosterone | A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; important in the regulation of sodium and potassium levels and, in turn, in retaining water within the body. |
| flaccid muscles | A condition characterized by a decrease or loss of normal muscle tone due to the deterioration of the lower motor nerve cells. |
| refractory period | A short period directly following |
| gastroesophageal sphincter | Sphincter located between the esophagus and the stomach. |
| sensory receptor organ | An organ specialized to receive particular stimuli |
| ergosterol | major sterol of fungal and some protozoal cell membranes |
| head-shaking | A normal behavior that developed as a defense mechanism against irritating and often biting insects. |
| synaptic bouton | See axon terminal |
| embryonic stem cells | Primitive (undifferentiated) cells from the embryo that have the potential to become a wide variety of specialized cell types |
| somatostatin | a chemical necessary for communication between certain nerve cells. |
| osmosensory neuron | A specialized neuron that measures the movement of water into and out of the intracellular compartment |
| neuropeptide | See peptide neurotransmitter. |
| depression | Serious form of despair that is beyond the normal feelings of sadness. |
| trigone | The triangular area of the inner surface of the |
| elective surgery | Surgery that is medically necessary but need not be performed immediately |
| irreversibility | The inability to mentally reverse an operation. |
| co-present | The experience of more than one person fronting at once; more than one person experiencing the world-at-large at the same time, without necessarily being able to know what other people at the front are thinking or feeling. |
| central nervous system | Collective term for the major part of the nervous system that is principally comprised of the brain and spinal cord. |
| clinical trial | Depending on the type of product and the stage of its development, investigators enroll healthy volunteers and/or patients into small pilot studies initially, followed by larger scale studies in patients that often compare the new product with the currently prescribed treatment. |
| paresis | Diminished ability to move a muscle or a body part voluntarily. |
| horizontal plane | The plane that divides the body or brain into upper and lower parts |
| anomic suicide | suicide committed by people who experience a severe disorientation and role confusion because of a large change in their relationship to society |
| blood smear | A thin layer of blood smeared on a glass slide, stained, and viewed under a microscope; used to identify the maturity and type of blood cells present and to detect any abnormalities of those cells. |
| ach | See acetylcholine. |
| pomc/cart neurons | Neurons involved in the hypothalamic appetite control system, so named because they produce both pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript |
| lymph node biopsy | The removal of all or part of a lymph node to be examined under a microscope for evidence of cancer cells. |
| aldosterone | A mineralocorticoid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that induces the kidneys to conserve sodium ions. |
| coitus | Sexual intercourse. |
| pharmacokinetics | The pattern of absorption, distribution, and excretion of a drug over time. |
| seborrhea | General term used to describe clinical signs of excessive scaling, crusting, and greasiness of the skin. |
| psychoneuroimmunology | The study of the immune system and its interaction with the nervous system and behavior. |
| suicide | the intentional taking of one's own life. |
| fundamental | The predominant frequency of an auditory tone or a visual scene |
| shoe boil | Common term for olecranon bursitis. |
| vitamin b12 | A methyl donor and thus serves as a cofactor for endogenous SAMe, serotonin and catecholamine synthesis |
| obesity | condition of being significantly overweight, defined by the Centers for Disease Control as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or over, where BMI is calculated as weight in pounds multiplied by 703, then divided by the square of height in inches |
| hypocretins | Also called orexins |
| endometrium | A |
| stem cell | Unspecialized cells that renew themselves for long periods through cell division. |
| semen | A fluid produced in the male reproductive |
| off-center/on-surround | Referring to a concentric receptive field in which stimulation of the center inhibits the cell of interest while stimulation of the surround excites it |
| fibrinogen | Clotting factor in the blood, is converted into its active form (fibrin) by the enzyme thrombin. |
| locus | The site on a chromosome where a specific gene is located. |
| discospondylitis | Inflammation of an intervertebral disk. |
| soe | In order to be registered as a Chartered Clinical Psychologist in the UK, practitioners must satisfy the British Psychological Society (BPS) that they have completed an appropriate period of study and supervised practice |
| elimination | see drug elimination |
| anion | A negatively charged ion, such as a protein or chloride ion |
| right lymphatic duct | A lymphatic vessel which receives |
| mitral valve | The atrioventricular valve on the left side of the heart. |
| computed tomography | A procedure that involves the use of a computer to interpret a series of images and construct from them a 3-dimensional view of the brain; also known as a CT scan |
| endothelial | A thin layer of epithelial |
| stanols | Compounds created by adding hydrogen atoms to sterols from wood pulp and other plant sources. |
| delta | A characteristic junction in a loop ridge fingerprint pattern. |
| cartilage | Rubbery, blue-white |
| lateral sulcus | See Sylvian fissure |
| basilar membrane | A membrane in the cochlea that contains the principal structures involved in auditory transduction |
| temporal lobe | the region at the lower side of each cerebral hemisphere; contains centers of hearing and memory. |
| erp | See event-related potential |
| suprachiasmatic nucleus | A small region of the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm that is the location of a circadian oscillator |
| posterior pituitary | Also called neurohypophysis |
| tropic hormones | A class of anterior pituitary hormones that affect the secretion of other endocrine glands |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | a phenomenon whereby expectations of how others will act or behave, affects interactions and elicits the anticipated response. |
| neurofibrillary tangle | An abnormal whorl of neurofilaments within nerve cells that is seen in Alzheimer’s disease |
| same | A supplement that is often helpful for a persons’ mood. |
| pattern recognition | the process by which we transform and organise the raw sensory information into a meaningful whole. |
| cardiac cycle | A single complete heartbeat consisting of systole ( |
| naltrexone | A drug that antagonises the effects of opioid drugs |
| septicemia | The presence of bacteria in the blood circulation, accompanied by related clinical signs of disease. |
| ion channels | Selectively permeable water-filled channels that pass through the cell membrane and allow ions or other small molecules to enter or leave the cell. |
| cryptosporidiosis | Diarrheal disease of debilitated or immunodeficient foals, caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium parvum. |
| cochlear implant | An electromechanical device that detects sounds and selectively stimulates nerves in different regions of the cochlea via surgically implanted electrodes |
| bell and pad method | treatment for enuresis in which a pad placed under a sleeping child to detect traces of urine sets off a bell when urine is detected, awakening the child to condition him or her to wake up and use the bathroom before urinating |
| recovery of function | The recovery of behavioral capacity following brain damage from stroke or injury. |
| nightmare | A long, frightening dream that awakens the sleeper from REM sleep |
| minimal inhibitory concentration | Laboratory test procedure for determining the sensitivity or resistance of a bacterial isolate to several antibiotics. |
| learning model of addiction | The idea that addiction is a way of coping with stress. |
| echoencephalography | A procedure that uses ultrasound technology to record brain structures |
| colorectal | Pertaining to the colon, the longest part of the large intestine or the rectum, the terminal continuation of the colon. |
| stratified epithelium | More than one layer of epithelial |
| calories | The amount of heat produced when food is metabolized in your body cells. |
| threshold | the sum of incoming inputs needed to start an action potential; this value varies and is determined by the number of sodium channels in a neuron's cell body and the recent firing rate of that neuron |
| cck | See cholecystokinin. |
| cognitive dissonance | in Festinger's theory, a state of tension created when there are conflicts between an individual's behaviour and beliefs, or between two beliefs. |
| fluorine | The chemical element represented by the symbol F and the atomic number 9 |
| cochlea | A snail-shaped, fluid-filled organ of the inner ear responsible for converting sound into electrical potentials to produce an auditory sensation. |
| nanotechnology | The use of extremely small physical structures (100 nanometers or smaller) for a directed outcome |
| fungal tumor | Eumycotic mycetoma. |
| development | The series of age-related changes that occurs over the course of a person’s life span. |
| cartilage | Highly compressible |
| vomeronasal organ | A collection of specialized receptor cells, near to but separate from the olfactory epithelium, that detect pheromones and send electrical signals to the accessory olfactory bulb in the brain. |
| t lymphocytes | Specialized lymphocytes that mature within the thymus; two important types are cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. |
| anti-contraband measure | action, intervention or law that discourages the illegal sale of untaxed cigarettes (see also Tracking and Tracing) |
| confused thinking | Being unable to think straight therefore not being as good at judging distances and speed |
| oral administration | the administration of drugs by ingestion through the mouth |
| metencephalon | A subdivision of the hindbrain that includes the cerebellum and the pons |
| non-motor symptoms | Poorly understood symptoms of Parkinson's that affect body systems other than movement |
| forebrain | Also called prosencephalon |
| sleepiness / severe tiredness | Being in danger of falling asleep at the wheel |
| diffusion | The spontaneous spread of molecules until a uniform concentration is achieved |
| anorectic | Having no appetite. |
| myofibers | Muscle fibers. |
| negative feedback control | Occurs when information produced by the feedback reverses the direction of the response; regulates the secretion of most |
| emg | EMG or Electromyogram is a special test to measure electrical activity of muscles at rest and during contraction |
| upper quartile | the data point that is at the 75 per cent point of the data set when the data is ranked in order. |
| isolated condition | See impoverished condition. |
| coolidge effect | The propensity of an animal that has appeared sexually satiated with a present partner to resume sexual activity when provided with a novel partner. |
| experiential intelligence | The ability to adapt to new situations and produce new ideas. |
| psychosexual stages | according to Freud, stages in the developmental process children pass through; in each stage, sex drives are focused on the stimulation of certain areas of the body, and particular psychological issues can arouse anxiety |
| bipolar cells | Specialized sensory neurons that transmit impulses of the |
| iegs | See immediate early genes. |
| confabulation | A phenomenon in which a person thinks he or she remembers something that did not really happen. |
| semilunar valves | The heart valves that separate each ventricle from the great artery with which it is connected (either aorta or pulmonary artery) |
| amnesia | Severe impairment of memory |
| chunking | The process of combining small bits of information into bigger, familiar pieces. |
| blood urea nitrogen | A measure of the nitrogenous waste products circulating in the blood; elevated levels are usually indicative of kidney malfunction. |
| oxytocin | hypophyseal peptide hormone involved in regulating mammary gland and sexual organ function; 7.2.3 |
| atria | Two chambers of the |
| putrefactive | Pertaining to the normal decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms. |
| storage | the retention of encoded information in memory over time. |
| pseudopod | A temporary |
| fda | U.S |
| corpus delicti | The essential body of facts that suggest a crime has occurred |
| sarcoma | General term for malignant tumors of connective-tissue cells (those cells within an organ or structure that bind it together and support it). |
| law of effect | A law proposed by Edward Thorndike stating that any behavior that has good consequences will tend to be repeated, and any behavior that has bad consequences will tend to be avoided. |
| dopa decarboxylase | the enzyme that transforms L-dopa (levodopa) into dopamine. |
| inferior vena cava | major vein that collects all venous blood from the entire body below the heart |
| releasing hormone | A hormone produced by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus of the vertebrate brain that stimulates or inhibits the secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary. |
| spatial cognition | The ability to navigate and to understand the spatial relationship between objects |
| cuboidal epithelium | Cube-shaped epithelial |
| extrafusal fiber | One of the ordinary muscle fibers that lie outside the spindles and provide most of the force for muscle contraction |
| hormones | Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands to regulate the activity of target cells |
| muscarinic | Referring to cholinergic receptors that respond to the chemical muscarine as well as to acetylcholine |
| fungi | A large group of organisms characterized by the presence of a rigid cell wall and the absence of chlorophyll, and whose primary purpose is the decomposition of organic material; examples include the yeasts and molds, mushrooms, smuts, and rusts. |
| coloboma | A defect of any tissue of the eye. |
| renin | An enzyme released by the juxtaglomerular cells of the |
| bicipital bursitis | Inflammation of the bicipital bursa, located underneath the biceps tendon. |
| myosin | A protein that, along with actin, mediates the contraction of muscle fibers |
| rbd | See REM behavior disorder. |
| caesarean section | Delivery of a fetus by surgically removing it from the uterus. |
| lecithin | A type of lipid, Lecithin is a natural component of the sheath that protects the brain. |
| psoriasis | Psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease that affects an individual’s epidermis or skin |
| saturated fat | Fats mostly from animal sources that are solid at room temperature |
| dystrophin | A protein, a chemical substance made by muscle fibers. |
| maximal response | In pharmacology, the strongest effect that a drug can have on a particular measured response, no matter how much of the drug is given. |
| drug action | the biochemical effect of a drug on the neuron, especially at the synapse |
| striatum | part of the basal ganglia involved with the subconscious regulation of movement. |
| microbe | Microorganism that can only be seen through the microscope |
| statistical significance | likelihood that a study's results have occurred only by chance |
| depression | A psychiatric condition characterized by such symptoms as an unhappy mood; loss of interests, energy, and appetite; and difficulty concentrating |
| grey matter | Reddish-gray |
| zona pellucida | Thick, transparent outer envelope or casing that surrounds an ovum (egg). |
| cryptorchidism | Developmental defect wherein one or both of the testicles has not descended into the scrotum. |
| mucous membranes | the smooth membranes lining the nose and mouth; some drugs can be readily administered through these membranes |
| autosomal | Referring to any of the chromosomes excluding the sex chromosomes. |
| catatonia | group of disorganized behaviors that reflect an extreme lack of responsiveness to the outside world |
| energy density | The amount of energy contained in a given quantity of food |
| endospore | The type of spore produced during the spherule stage of the life cycle of the fungus Coccidioides immitis, the cause of coccidioidomycosis ("valley fever") |
| eukaryote | Any organism whose cells have the genetic material contained within a nuclear envelope |
| binocular | Two-eyed |
| syndrome | A configuration of symptoms that occur together and constitute a recognizable condition. |
| monotreme | An egg-laying mammal belonging to an order that contains only the echidnas and the platypus. |
| headmate | Persons who share your mental space, applicable if you feel you have "people in your head", whether they actively take the front or not |
| comt | an extracellular enzyme, catecholamine O-methyl transferase, that participates in the breakdown of catecholamines |
| patent ductus arteriosus | Abnormal persistence after birth of an embryonic blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta; only rarely seen in horses. |
| post synaptic | located on the receiving side of a synaptic connection |
| angiography | The radiographic visualization of blood vessels, accomplished by the intravenous injection of a contrast medium that allows the shape and course of the vessels to be delineated on X-ray examination. |
| homocysteine | A toxic waste product produced during cellular metabolism and a normal byproduct of digestion of meat, fish, dairy and all other animal protein sources |
| resting potential | A difference in electrical potential across the membrane of a nerve cell during an inactive period |
| muscular system | Creates movement, including locomotion and facial expression |
| receptor isoform | A version of a receptor protein (in this context, a hormone receptor) with slight differences in structure that give it different functional properties |
| digoxin | Medication that increases the strength of the heartbeat while decreasing the heart rate; used most often for the treatment of congestive heart failure. |
| sleep state misperception | Commonly, a person’s perception that he has not been asleep when in fact he was |
| carcinogen | Any substance that causes cancer. |
| blood vessels | Arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, capillaries: the conduits for the transport of blood throughout the body. |
| aboriginal culture and spirituality | traditional and religious practices of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, including the ceremonial use of tobacco for which exemptions are provided under the Smoke-Free Ontario Act |
| activity theory | proposes that individuals prefer to remain active and productive in later life, even resisting disengagement from society - contrasts with social disengagement theory. |
| decibel | A measure of sound intensity |
| postganglionic | Literally, “after the ganglion.” Referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the autonomic ganglia to various targets in the body |
| myasthenia gravis | A disease in which acetylcholine receptors on muscle cells are destroyed so that muscles can no longer respond to the acetylcholine signal to contract |
| pituitary | The master gland of the endocrine system, which regulates the function of many other glands. |
| quadruped | An animal such as the horse that walks on all four limbs. |
| potassium | An important mineral contained mainly within cells, potassium helps to balance and interact with sodium in controlling blood pressure and supporting electrical impulses across cell membranes. |
| dystonia | sustained muscle contractions that are involutnary and abnormal |
| intravenous | Within a vein; often used in the context of an injection into the vein of a medication dissolved in a liquid. |
| vertex spike | An sharp-wave EEG pattern that is seen during stage 1 slow-wave sleep |
| vena cava | Two large |
| cerebral thrombosis | the most common type of brain attack; occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms and blocks blood flow in an artery bringing blood to part of the brain. |
| insula | A region of cortex lying below the surface, within the lateral sulcus, of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes |
| sacral | Referring to the five spinal segments that make up the lower part of the lower back |
| spirochetes | Filamentous, spiral-shaped bacteria, such as the leptospires and Borrelia. |
| intramuscular administration | the administration of a drug by injection directly into a muscle |
| anterior uvea | The iris and ciliary body of the eye. |
| opioid | Any of a class of peptides produced in various regions of the brain that bind to opioid receptors and act like opiates. |
| hypodermic syringe | a device for injecting drugs under the skin |
| optic radiation | Axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus that terminate in the primary visual areas of the occipital cortex |
| extracellular | outside the cell |
| dopamine | A neurotransmitter chemical produced in the brain that helps control movement, balance, and walking |
| creatine kinase | A muscle-specific enzyme found in serum; determination of CK levels represents a useful tool for the diagnosis of muscle disorders. |
| epinephrine | A hormone, released by the adrenal medulla and specialized sites in the brain |
| l-dopa | a precursor of dopamine and norepinephrine |
| consolidation | Transfer of information into long-term memory. |
| broca’s area | A region of the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in the production of speech |
| neurochemistry | The branch of neuroscience concerned with the fundamental chemical composition and processes of the nervous system. |
| cecum | A blind ending pouch at the beginning of the |
| nucleus | The largest, most prominent |
| ltd | See long-term depression. |
| urolithiasis | The formation of urinary stones; uncommon in horses. |
| dbs | Abbreviation for "Deep Brain Stimulation." For more information see what patients on our Patient Council have to share on the topic of DBS and late stage treatments. |
| cholinergic | Referring to cells that use acetylcholine as their synaptic transmitter. |
| dti | See diffusion tensor imaging. |
| suture | A surgical stitch. |
| somnambulism | Sleepwalking. |
| opioid receptor | A receptor that responds to endogenous opioids and/or exogenous opiates |
| prenatal development presentation | Site provides a week by week summary concerning the development of a fetus |
| cognitive therapy | a form of therapy which focuses on the role of faulty beliefs and thought patterns in abnormal behaviour; because it also encourages testing beliefs via behavioural strategies, it is sometimes called' cognitive behavioural therapy' |
| double-blind | A procedure in which neither the subjects nor the experimenter knows which subjects belong to the experimental and control groups. |
| stimulant | a drug which increases activation of the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system; decreasing fatigue, increasing physical activity and alertness, diminish hunger, and result in a temporary elevation of mood. |
| puberty | The beginning of adolescence, marked by menarche in girls and the beginning of nocturnal emissions in boys. |
| cochlear duct | A spiral tube within the |
| indirect life cycle | With regard to parasites, a life cycle that can only be completed with the participation of an intermediate host. |
| erythrocyte | Red blood cell, the carrier of oxygen in the blood |
| pain | Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience designed by the body as motivation to withdraw from the situation causing damage to |
| lie scales | Statistics used to provide information about the likelihood that a subject is lying in a test. |
| temporoparietal junction | The point in the brain where the temporal and parietal lobes meet; plays a role in shifting attention to a new location after target onset. |
| reactive attachment disorder | A disorder that is present before 5 years of age, where the child has difficulty making and maintaining healthy attachments with caregivers or where the child displays excessive familiarity with strangers (i.e |
| aptamer | DNA or RNA molecule that has been selected for affinity to a target molecule, which usually is not a nuceic acid; 13.3.6 |
| meningitis | Inflammation of the meninges. |
| neuroglia | See glial cells. |
| erythema | Reddening of the skin, due to congestion of the underlying capillaries |
| hormone | One of many types of circulating chemical signals in all multicellular organisms that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids and coordinate the various parts of the organism by integrating with target cells |
| compensatory response | a physiological or behavioral response that opposes the direct effects of a drug or environmental stimulus |
| biological psychology | Also called behavioral neuroscience |
| septic shock | Shock caused by invasion of the body by bacteria that produce substances injurious to cells such that the cells can no longer utilize oxygen. |
| adipose tissue | fatty |
| ovarian | Pertaining to the |
| aromatase | An enzyme that converts many androgens into estrogens |
| ballism | rapid, flinging movements of the arms or legs which are involuntary and abnormal. |
| synapse | A tiny gap between the ends of nerve fibers across which nerve impulses pass from one neuron to another; at the synapse, an impulse causes the release of a neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the gap and triggers an electrical impulse in the next neuron. |
| membrane potential | The electrical potential difference inside the |
| saturation | One of three basic dimensions (along with brightness and hue) of light perception |
| trichromatic hypothesis | A hypothesis of color perception stating that there are three different types of cones, each excited by a different region of the spectrum and each having a separate pathway to the brain. |
| eupnea | Normal and easy |
| autoimmune disorder | A disorder caused when the immune system mistakenly attacks a person’s own body, thereby interfering with normal functioning. |
| anatomical directional terms | Terms used to describe the |
| addiction | A chronic, relapsing disease characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and use and by neurochemical and molecular changes in the brain; sometimes used synonymously with "dependence." |
| ali rule | legal principle stating that a person is not responsible for criminal conduct if he or she lacks the capacity to appreciate the criminality (wrongfulness) of the act or to conform his or her conduct to the requirements of the law as a result of mental disease |
| alcoholic families | Families where one member of the family is alcoholic. |
| essential fatty acids | Fatty acids that have structural functions in cell membranes and serve as precursors for prostaglandins |
| complete tetanus | maximum force |
| anesthetic | a drug that causes the loss of sensation |
| retinal disparity | The difference between the images picked up by the two eyes. |
| ligand | A substance that binds to receptor molecules, such as those at the surface of the cell. |
| posterior paresis | Partial paralysis of either or both hind limbs. |
| sensitive period | The period during development in which an organism can be permanently altered by a particular experience or treatment. |
| carbohydrate | Various natural compounds such as sugar, starches, and celluloses. |
| convergent problem | a problem which has a single solution, and all elements lead towards that solution; also called closed-end or well-defined problems. |
| sensate focus | a term usually associated with a set of specific sexual exercises for couples or for individuals |
| half-life | the amount of time required for half of the drug dosage to be inactivated or removed from the body |
| motor neuron | See motoneuron. |
| empirical data | information derived from measurements made in "real life" situations (eg, field data). |
| malleus | Latin for “hammer.” A middle-ear bone that is connected to the tympanic membrane; one of the three ossicles that conduct sound across the middle ear |
| haemoglobin | The protein in a red blood cell responsible for carrying the oxygen in the bloodstream. |
| evolution | The process by which a population of interbreeding individuals changes over time. |
| essential amino acid | An amino acid that is required for growth but cannot be synthesized by |
| orientation column | A column of visual cortex that responds to rod-shaped stimuli of a particular orientation |
| availability heuristic | A rule-of-thumb strategy in which people estimate probability based on how quickly they remember relevant instances of an event. |
| hormone | chemical messengers, secreted by the endocrine glands, that affect a range of aspects of metabolism and body functioning, for instance, mood and sexual characteristics. |
| chromosomes | Thin strands of DNA that contain genes. |
| descriptive statistics | the description and summation of sets of scores in statistics |
| amacrine cell | A specialized retinal cell that contacts both bipolar cells and ganglion cells, and is especially significant in inhibitory interactions within the retina |
| visual acuity | Sharpness of vision. |
| fraternal birth order effect | A phenomenon in human populations, such that the more older biological brothers a boy has, the more likely he is to develop a homosexual orientation |
| detect | To perceive or notice |
| meiosis | sexual reproduction of |
| dementia | An impairment of mental function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion |
| hypoallergenic | Minimizing allergic reactions. |
| protein binding | the attachment of a drug molecule to a large protein molecule which effectively inactivates the drug |
| f scale | a measuring instrument used by Adorno to measure the authoritarian personality, by exploring the extent to which people agree with statements such 'Obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn.' |
| impaired steering control | Being unable to safely control the car using the steering wheel, so the car may drift |
| system | A group of |
| routes of administration | The different ways in which a drug can be delivered (i.e |
| continuity | in developmental theory, the view that changes occur through a continuous gradual process, rather than as a series of discrete stages; continuity is an assertion about the processes that underlie development, as well as the changes observed in behaviour. |
| hepatic lobules | Hexagonal |
| superordinate circuit | Also called modulatory circuit |
| cross-match | Procedure by which blood samples from donor and recipient are tested before blood transfusion, in order to determine compatibility. |
| eustachian tube | Short canal that connects the middle ear with the back of the throat |
| phobic disorder | An intense, irrational fear that becomes centered on a specific object, activity, or situation that a person feels compelled to avoid. |
| depressant | A drug that reduces the excitability of neurons |
| emotion mind | A (generally undesirable) state of mind where feelings govern behavior. |
| circumduction | body movement that combines |
| lumbosacral | Pertaining to the lower back region |
| gross appearance | Appearance as viewed by the unaided (naked) eye; as opposed to microscopic appearance. |
| balanitis | Inflammation of the penis. |
| inhalants | solvents, such as gasoline, glue, or paint thinner, that one inhales to produce a high and that can cause permanent central nervous system damage as well as liver and kidney disease |
| tyramine | a dietary amino acid; causes the "wine and cheese" effect during treatment with MAO inhibitors |
| overlearning | Continuing to practice material even after it is learned in order to increase retention. |
| nasal turbinates | Delicate, scroll-like, rolled bony structures within the nasal cavity that filter, warm, and humidify inhaled air; also referred to simply as turbinates. |
| nmda receptors | N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, one of three major classes of glutamate receptors, which have been implicated in activities ranging from learning and memory to development and specification of nerve contacts in a developing animal. |
| lre | Is an Acronym that stands for Least Restrictive Environment |
| ganglion | A cluster of nerve cell bodies. |
| epidermal appendages | Collectively the hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands |
| mesovarium | Fold of tissue that holds the ovaries in place. |
| ct scan | a medical test that uses a computer linked to an x-ray machine to take pictures of the inside of the body. |
| zona pellucida | Transperent, noncellular outer layer of the |
| receptor cell | Specialized sensory cells designed to pick up and transmit sensory information. |
| oocyte | Developing egg cell (ovum) in the ovary. |
| detoxification | The process of providing medical care during the removal of dependence-producing substances from the body so that withdrawal symptoms are minimized and physiological function is safely restored |
| helper t cells | T lymphocytes that have a major role in assisting other lymphocytes, known as B cells, to produce antibody against an antigen. |
| pyoderma | General term for any skin disease in which pus is formed. |
| larvae | Immature forms or stages in the life cycle of certain small animals, such as insects or parasites. |
| muscle cell | Long, |
| vmh | See ventromedial hypothalamus |
| cardiac sarcoidosis | A chronic and inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects the heart |
| photoreceptor | A |
| peristalsis | wavelike contractions that move food through the digestive tract. |
| headache | Resource is related to or associated with application to Headache |
| attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder | Resource is related to or associated with application to Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder |
| adrenaline | A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands; it acts to increase blood sugar levels and blood pressure and to accelerate the heart rate. |
| horny layer | A cell layer of the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin; it is composed entirely of tightly adherent, dead keratinocytes containing abundant quantities of keratin. |
| myometrium | The muscular layer of the |
| atp | Adenosine-5'-triphosphate |
| spatial summation | cumulative depolarization of a postsynaptic membrane by simultaneous activity in several adjoining synapses; 6.9.2 |
| ion | An atom or molecule that has acquired an electrical charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons. |
| scotoma | A localized, disease-caused "blind spot" in the retina. |
| notochord | A midline structure arising early in the embryonic development of vertebrates |
| integration centers | A portion of the |
| carbidopa | a drug given to alleviate some of the side effects associated with levodopa |
| ischemia | the loss of blood (and oxygen) supply to an organ or portion of an organ |
| craniosacral division | Also known as the |
| homocysteine | An amino acid produced when you digest proteins |
| basilar artery | An artery, formed by the fusion of the vertebral arteries, that supplies blood to the brainstem and to posterior cerebral arteries |
| musth | An annual period of heightened aggressiveness and sexual activity in male elephants |
| cyclic gmp | See cyclic guanosine monophosphate. |
| epiphyseal line | The remnant of the |
| child rearing styles | varying style of parenting classified according to the extent parents are demanding of their child and/or responsive to the childs needs, including authoritative and authoritarian parenting. |
| monoplegia | Paralysis of a single limb |
| axonal transport | The transportation of materials from the neuronal cell body to distant regions in the dendrites and axons, and from the axon terminals back to the cell body |
| electroretinogram | Examination of the electrical activity of the retina (light-sensitive layer of cells at the back of the eye), for the purpose of disease diagnosis |
| muscle fiber | Large, cylindrical cells, making up most of a muscle, that can contract in response to neurotransmitter released from a motoneuron |
| tension | pulling force |
| patent infection | With regard to parasites, an infection in a definitive host that results in the appearance of products of the parasite's reproduction (eggs, larvae, etc.). |
| acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter that carries nerve impulses across a synapse from one neuron to another or from a neuron to a muscle. |
| same | (S-adenosyl methionine) is an important physiologic compound that occurs in every living cell |
| range | The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a set of scores. |
| tissue | A group of |
| cranial cavity | A |
| placental villi | A web of |
| frontal plane | See coronal plane |
| tunica media | The middle, muscular layer of a |
| additive strategy | The process of listing the attributes of each element of a decision, weighing them according to importance, adding them up, and determining which one is more appealing based on the result. |
| neurotransmitter | small molecule that is released by a nerve cell and activates or inhibits another nerve cell or other excitable cell nearby; 1.2.1 |
| organ of corti | A |
| α-melanocyte stimulating hormone | A peptide that binds the melanocortin recetor. |
| stratum lucidum | Second layer of the |
| mental hygiene movement | movement to treat mental patients more humanely and to view mental disorders as medical diseases |
| root | The portion of a tooth that lies below the gumline. |
| nigrostriatal pathway | fibers from cells of the substantia nigra that project to dopamine receptors in the striatum and comprise a major pathway of the extrapyramidal motor system |
| glia | Specialized cells that nourish and support neurons. |
| isolated forebrain | An experimental preparation in which an animal’s nervous system has been cut in the upper midbrain, dividing the forebrain from the brainstem |
| pia | the innermost layer of the meninges |
| myocardium | The muscular layer of the heart; heart muscle. |
| mesenteric | Pertaining to the mesentery, the membrane that lines the abdominal organs and attaches them to the body wall. |
| adoption | (1) in Diffusion of Innovation, the taking up of a new idea, product or practice by members of a given culture, which sometimes follows a pattern over time from low to high rates of adoption ending in common practice; (2) in RE-AIM, the number, proportion and representativeness of settings and staff who are willing to offer a tobacco control program |
| stereotactic surgery | a type of neurosurgery |
| cervical | Referring to the topmost 8 segments of the spinal cord, in the neck region |
| collateral sprouting | The formation of a new branch on an axon, usually in response to the uncovering of unoccupied postsynaptic sites. |
| diabetes mellitus | Excessive glucose in the urine, caused by the failure of insulin to induce glucose absorption by the body |
| sleep spindle | A characteristic 14- to 18-hertz wave in the EEG of a person said to be in stage 2 sleep |
| renal medulla | The innermost part of the |
| encephalopathy | Resource is related to or associated with application to Encephalopathy |
| neuroimaging probes | Imaging agents developed especially for diagnostic imaging of specific areas or functions of the central nervous system. |
| ageism | a form of stereotyping and discrimination against the elderly. |
| pinna | The external part of the ear. |
| dysgerminoma | Malignant but extremely rare tumor of the ovary. |
| medial | Towards the midline; opposite meaning to |
| liposuction | The surgical removal of fat tissue |
| arginine vasopressin | Also called antidiuretic hormone or simply vasopressin |
| neonatal maladjustment syndrome | Disease or group of diseases of foals characterized by progressive neurologic dysfunction. |
| capacity | quantifies the amount of information that can be held in memory, e.g |
| lumbar | Referring to the five spinal segments that make up the upper part of the lower back |
| congenital testicular hypoplasia | Underdevelopment of the testicles. |
| antidepressant | A major classification of drugs used medically to improve mood in severely depressed patients |
| acupuncture | The insertion of needles at designated points on the skin to alleviate pain or neurological malfunction. |
| bronchus | One of the two branches of the |
| nociceptor | A receptor that responds to stimuli (e.g., pain or changes in temperature) that produce tissue damage or pose the threat of damage |
| neuroprotective | Providing protection to or stimulating the regrowth of any part of the body's nervous system |
| apraxia | a neurological disorder characterized by loss of the ability to execute or carry out learned purposeful movements, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform the movements. |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone | Hormone elaborated by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). |
| v1 | See primary visual cortex |
| node of ranvier | A gap between two of the |
| melanocortin type-4 receptors | A specific subtype of melanocortinreceptor. |
| arthritis | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints, and can also cause inflammation of the tissue around the joints, as well as in other organs in the body. |
| retrospective study | A retrospective study is a study that looks backwards in time |
| neuroplasticity | See neural plasticity |
| ventral | lower or underneath |
| babesiosis | Any of several diseases caused by protozoa of the genus Babesia. |
| bile | A green fluid |
| recessive gene | A gene that can be expressed only when both members of a chromosome pair contain the same allele for a given characteristic (i.e., the same allele must be inherited from both the dam and the sire). |
| diatom | Microscopic algae found in bodies of water, beneficial in narrowing down the source of a water sample. |
| tardive dyskinesia | abnormal involuntary movements seen in people that have been taking certain medications used to treat schizophrenia |
| blood-brain barrier | A protective barrier formed by the blood vessels and glia of the brain |
| agouti-related peptide | A peptide that is a naturally occurring antagonist to α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone at melanocortin receptors. |
| nervous tissue | Composed of |
| operant conditioning | form of learning in which behaviors lead to consequences that either reinforce or punish the organism, leading to an increased or a decreased probability of a future response |
| wasting syndrome | Wasting Syndrome is the progressive involuntary weight loss seen in patients with debilitating medical conidtions such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, tuberculosis ,and more. Symptoms include profound involuntary weight loss of greater than 10% of baseline body weight, chronic diarrhea, chronic weakness and fever |
| dementia | not a disease itself, but group of symptoms that characterize diseases and conditions; it is commonly defined as a decline in intellectual functioning that is severe enough to interfere with the ability to perform routine activities. |
| peak-dose dyskinesia | a type of levodopa-induced dyskinesias that occurs when the antiparkinsonian effect of levodopa is working well |
| olfactory nerves | Nerves found in the nasal turbinates in which the sense of smell originates. |
| epinephrine | epi*neph*rineFunction: noun: a colorless crystalline feebly basic sympathomimetic hormone C9H13NO3 that is the principal blood-pressure-raising hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, is prepared from adrenal extracts or made synthetically, and is used medicinally esp |
| satiety | Appeasement of the appetite; a feeling of sufficiency or satisfaction with regard to food intake. |
| lgn | See lateral geniculate nucleus. |
| arteriogram | An X-ray scan of arteries going to and through the brain |
| extension | body movement that increases the angle of a joint and brings to bones further apart, and is the opposite movement to |
| ipsilateral | On the same side of the body; opposite meaning to |
| cation | a positively charged ion (e.g., Na+ or Ca++) |
| social trap | A situation in which one harms oneself and others by acting in one’s self-interest. |
| gastrula stage | Stage during embryonic development when the |
| control group | in an experimental study, group of subjects whose experience resembles that of the experimental group in all ways except that they do not receive the key manipulation |
| pepsin | A digestive enzyme found in gastric juice which causes |
| transverse plane | Plane dividing the body into |
| peg word method | Process of remembering a rhyme that associates numbers with words and words with the items to be remembered. |
| paw-lick test | a procedure to measure the pain threshold |
| catecholamines | a chemical class of compounds that includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine |
| caps | Remnants of deciduous premolar teeth that are left behind when the permanent premolars erupt. |
| discriminative stimulus | In operant conditioning, a cue that indicates the kind of consequence that’s likely to occur after a response. |
| gastric | Relating to or involving the stomach. |
| alcohol | a central nervous system depressant that is produced by fermentation |
| huntingtin | A protein produced by a gene (called HTT) that, when containing too many trinucleotide repeats, results in Huntington’s disease in a carrier. |
| external ear | The part of the ear that we readily see (the pinna) and the canal that leads to the eardrum |
| granulocytic leukemia | Cancer of granulocytes. |
| chyme | The mass of partially digested food that leaves the |
| order effects | differences in participants performance that occurs as a result of participants experiencing different conditions in a specific order |
| higher-order conditioning | In classical conditioning, the process by which a neutral stimulus comes to act as a conditioned stimulus by being paired with another stimulus that already evokes a conditioned response. |
| gold salts | Gold salts contain actual gold (from 29% to 50% of the total drug) in capsules or in solution for injection |
| intracellular compartment | The fluid space of the body that is contained within cells |
| transgenic | An organism whose sperm or egg contain genetic material originally derived from an organism other than the parents or in addition to the parental genetic material. |
| beta cells | Cells within the islets of Langerhans in the endocrine pancreas; they are the source of the hormone insulin. |
| botryomycosis | Type of wound infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus that occurs following trauma; common sites include the lower extremities and scrotum. |
| bulimia | Resource is related to or associated with application to Bulimia |
| intrathecal administration | the administration of a drug (typically an anesthetic) by injection through the spinal sheath into the local region surrounding the spinal cord |
| concentration | Amount of a drug in a unit volume of biological fluid, expressed as weight per volume |
| amyloid precursor protein | A protein that, when cleaved by several enzymes, produces beta-amyloid, which can lead to Alzheimer’s disease |
| muscle fatigue | condition in which muscles can no longer contract even if stimulated; often results from |
| neuron | Your brain is made up nerve cells called neurons |
| continuity | The tendency to perceive interrupted lines and patterns as being continuous by filling in gaps. |
| neurotransmitter | A chemical substance (such as dopamine, acetylcholine, or norepinephrine) that carries impulses from one nerve cell to another. |
| bone | Special type of |
| lipids | Chemical family name for fats and related compounds such as cholesterol is lipids (from lipos, the Greek word for fat). |
| community mental health movement | movement launched in 1963 that attempted to provide coordinated mental health services to people in community-based treatment centers |
| psychotomimetic | A drug that induces a state resembling schizophrenia. |
| dysphagia | Difficulty swallowing |
| tovero | Equine coat-color pattern with characteristics of both tobiano and overo. |
| petit mal seizure | Also called absence attack |
| autocrine | Referring to a signal that is secreted by a cell into its environment and that feeds back to the same cell. |
| brainteaser | A question or puzzle to challenge your mind. |
| efferent | carrying something (like a nerve impulse) away from the central part. |
| congenital | present at birth |
| down syndrome | A condition that typically occurs when, at the time of conception, an extra copy of chromosome 21 is present in the egg |
| efferent | In reference to an axon, carrying information from the nervous system to the periphery, or from a region of interest to another region |
| maintenance drug therapy | Continuing a therapeutic drug after it has reached its maximum efficacy, and at a minimum effective level to prevent an early relapse or a later recurrence of illness. |
| electromyography | Examination of the electrical activity within a muscle at rest or during voluntary or evoked muscular contractions, for the purpose of disease diagnosis |
| dexamethasone suppression test | A test of pituitary-adrenal function in which the subject is given dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid hormone, which should cause a decline in the production of adrenal corticosteroids. |
| deoxyribonucleic acid | The genetic material of living cellular organisms and of certain viruses. |
| standard deviation | A statistic that indicates the degree to which scores vary around the mean of a distribution. |
| emphysema | An irreversible chronic lung disease in which the alveoli (small air sacs in the lung) become damaged; smoking is the most common cause of emphysema. |
| corpus callosum | a wide band of nerve fibres which connect the two hemispheres of the brain. |
| metabolic | pertaining to all chemical functions within the body. |
| aδ fiber | A moderately large, myelinated, and therefore fast-conducting axon, usually transmitting pain information |
| motor information | Information sent from the |
| child development | Site provides links to articles concerning the development of infants to school-age children, language and communication development, intelligence development, emotional and social development, and brain development. |
| anemia | Low red blood cell count, reduced hemoglobin levels, or reduced volume of packed red cells. |
| resiliency | The ultimate goal of the mental health recovery process. Resiliency is where a person is able to successfully “bounce back” from stressful, depressing or disappointing life situations and experiences without experiencing a relapse in their mental health or chemical dependency problems. |
| cytokines | "Messenger molecules" by which cells of the immune system signal and instruct one another; the interferons and the interleukins are examples. |
| soluble guanylate cyclase | cytosolic enzyme that converts GTP to the second messenger cyclic GMP (cGMP) |
| substantia nigra | part of the brain |
| livido reticularis | Purplish or bluish mottling of the skin caused by certain Parkinson medications. |
| neural chain | A simple kind of neural circuit in which neurons are attached linearly, end-to-end |
| larynx | Muscular, cartilage-containing structure comprising the upper part of the respiratory tract between the pharynx and trachea, and containing the vocal chords; the "voice-box." |
| mastocytosis | Abnormal infiltration of mast cells into a body tissue. |
| luteal phase | The 2 week phase of the menstrual cycle beginning with the development of the |
| neural plasticity | Also called neuroplasticity |
| neuronal circuit | see circuit |
| cell membrane | The lipid bilayer that ensheathes a cell |
| gnih | See gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone. |
| early-selection model | A model of attention postulating that the attentional bottleneck imposed by the nervous system can exert control early in the processing pathway, filtering out stimuli before even preliminary perceptual analysis has occurred |
| dilated | Enlarged or widened; expanded. |
| botany | The scientific study if plants, relevant to forensics in terms of plant matter found at a crime scene or on an item of evidence. |
| blood-brain barrier | A tightly sealed, semi permeable layer of cells surrounding the brain's blood vessels that lets in oxygen and other essential nutrients, while working to filter out microbes, toxins, and other substances potentially harmful to the brain. |
| dietary reference intakes | Three important types of reference values of healthy nutrient intake |
| peripheral nervous system | Part of the |
| ingestion | To take food or drink into the body via the |
| subcutaneous | Beneath the skin; a route of injection. |
| lewy body dementia | The second most common type of progressive dementia after Alzheimer’s disease and a cause of a progressive decline in mental abilities, visual hallucinations, significant fluctuations in alertness and attention and rigid muscles, slowed movement and tremors |
| nucleotide | An individual unit of DNA. |
| dopamine | a neurotransmitter released by the dopaminergic nerve cells to communicate with other nerve cells |
| sodium-potassium pump | The energetically expensive mechanism that pushes sodium ions out of a cell, and potassium ions in |
| vehicle | the carrier (usually a solution) mixed with the drug in order to facilitate its administration |
| astrocyte | a type of glial cell that supports neurons. |
| alpha motoneuron | A motoneuron that controls the main contractile fibers (extrafusal fibers) of a muscle |
| antipsychotics | See neuroleptics. |
| septohippocampal system | the local neuronal circuits between the septum and the hippocampus which release acetylcholine in the regulation of the hippocampal theta rhythm |
| effusion | Fluid escaping into a body cavity or tissue |
| correlation coefficient | statistic used to indicate the degree of relationship between two variables |
| flavor | The sense of taste combined with the sense of smell |
| critical value | the value that is compared with the observed (calculated) value in an inferential statistical test |
| mesoderm | The middle of the three germ layers of the |
| glia | Means "glue." The cells of your brain that are not neurons or blood vessel cells |
| ohc | See outer hair cell. |
| efferent | outgoing information or neuronal connection; going away from or out of the central nervous system |
| trophic factor | See neurotrophic factor |
| child trauma academy | Site provides a number of articles concerning many issues related to child abuse. |
| contralateral | On the opposite side. |
| sulfur granules | Yellowish clumps of bacteria mixed with dead and dying cells, commonly observed in the pus draining from lesions of actinomycosis. |
| fulminant | Sudden and intense. |
| parabiotic | Referring to a surgical preparation that joins two animals to share a single blood supply. |
| benign tumor | disinhibited growth of clonal cells that remains local and confined within a clear anatomical boundary (often a connective tissue capsule) |
| ligand | A substance that binds to receptor molecules, such as a neurotransmitter or drug that binds postsynaptic receptors.[3, 4] |
| central deafness | A hearing impairment that is related to lesions in auditory pathways or centers, including sites in the brainstem, thalamus, or cortex |
| locus coeruleus | the primary location of neurons that send axons through the MFB to release norepinephrine in the anterior cortex |
| plasma cells | An |
| epsp | see excitatory post-synaptic potential |
| iliac region | Abdominopelvic region |
| bulla | A large vesicle. |
| ruffini corpuscle | A skin receptor cell type that detects stretching of the skin |
| corticospinal system | See pyramidal system. |
| heparin | An anticoagulant; it prevents blood clotting by indirectly inhibiting the formation of fibrin (the chief protein component of blood clots). |
| t cell | See T lymphocyte. |
| asthma | A disease of the breathing system initiated by an allergic reaction or a chemical with repeated attacks of coughing, sticky mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, and a tight feeling in the chest |
| booster | Any dose of vaccine given subsequent to the initial dose, or subsequent to natural exposure, and designed to maintain the immune state or improve it. |
| fermentable | Able to be digested by intestinal microorganisms. |
| quale | A purely subjective experience of perception. |
| lou gehrig's disease | Lou Gehrig's Disease is the commonly used name for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a serious neurological disease that causes muscle weakness, disability and eventually death. |
| sarcolemma | the |
| methylcellulose | A chemical compound derived from cellulose which is a type of cellulose-plant fiber, one that balls up in the stomach and provides a sustained release effect while the digestive tract works to break it down. |
| monogenic traits | Traits determined by a single gene. |
| somatosensory 1 | See primary somatosensory cortex. |
| keratectomy | Surgical removal of a portion of the cornea. |
| osteopenia | Loss of bone calcium. |
| crohn's disease | Resource is related to or associated with application to Crohn's disease |
| repolarization | A change in |
| ketamine | An hallucinogenic dissociative anaesthetic that is used in surgery and veterinary medicine |
| alpha rhythm | A brain potential of 8–12 hertz that occurs during relaxed wakefulness |
| neurosteroids | Steroids produced in the brain. |
| ancillary | Auxiliary; serving as an aid. |
| monoamine hormone | See amine hormone |
| androgen | Any of a class of hormones that includes testosterone and other male hormones |
| recumbent | Lying down. |
| cochlear nuclei | Brainstem nuclei that receive input from auditory hair cells and send output to the superior olivary complex |
| intubation | The process of inserting a tube into a patient′s lungs to help with breathing. |
| bots | The larvae of hairy, beelike flies of the genus Gasterophilus; they are often found in the stomach of the horse. |
| torsion | A twisting. |
| nicotine | a compound (present in tobacco) that mimics acetylcholine at receptors in the autonomic nervous system, the central nervous system, and the somatic muscles |
| sternum | Breastbone. |
| secondary sensory ending | Also called flower spray ending |
| psychopathy | set of broad personality traits including superficial charm, a grandiose sense of self-worth, a tendency toward boredom and need for stimulation, pathological lying, an ability to be cunning and manipulative, and a lack of remorse |
| left ventricle | A chamber on the left side of the |
| laminitis | Inflammation of the laminae of the foot, which serve to attach the coffin bone to the hoof wall; also known as founder. |
| sodium channels | membrane pores along the axon which open to increase Na+ permeability during the propagation of the action potential |
| antagonists | Chemicals that block the action of a particular neurotransmitter. |
| ataxia | loss of balance. |
| congenital adrenal hyperplasia | Any of several genetic mutations that can result in exposure of a female fetus to adrenal androgens, which results in a clitoris that is larger than normal at birth. |
| nerves | Bundles of neuronal processes enclosed in |
| histamine | Powerful molecule produced by mast cells and basophils, that is responsible for an army of unpleasant effects seen in allergy; it causes contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries and increases the heart rate, among other actions. |
| infective stage | The specific stage in the life cycle of a parasite that is able to initiate an infection in a definitive or intermediate host. |
| hemothorax | Pooling of blood in the chest cavity. |
| peripheral nervous system | the part of the nervous system that includes the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves. |
| taboo | something that is avoided, banned, or not allowed because of a cultural belief. |
| ph | A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, reflective of acidity (pH below 7) or alkalinity (pH above 7), with a pH value of 7 representing neutrality. |
| simultaneous conditioning | used in classical conditioning where the unconditioned (UCS) and the conditioned stimuli (CS) are presented simultaneously rather than one (the UCS) preceding the other, (the CS). |
| neuromuscular junctions | The intimate connections between muscle cells and adjacent nerve cells, representing a specialized extension of the sarcolemma. |
| workplace stressors | aspects of the working environment (e.g |
| diabetes | A medical condition that develops due to excessive excretion and secretion of urine, and a problem with the ratio of insulin and glucose in the body. |
| endogenous | originating internally; developing from within, rather than caused by external factors; the opposite of exogenous. |
| abiotrophy | Progressive loss of function of a tissue or organ. |
| spinal nerves | 31 |
| hygroma | Fluid-filled sac or cyst, most often caused by trauma. |
| necrosis | Cell death. |
| glia cell | cell in brain tissue that is not a nerve cell |
| convergence | The phenomenon of neural connections in which many cells send signals to a single cell |
| acth | a pituitary hormone (adrenocorticotropic hormone) that stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex during stress |
| vector | A term usually applied to insects, ticks, and mites that carry disease-causing microorganisms from an infected animal to a noninfected animal. |
| norms | Data that provide information about how a person’s test score compares with the scores of other test takers. |
| krebs cycle | A series of biochemical reactions where |
| adaptation stage | The second stage in the stress response, including successful activation of the appropriate response systems and the reestablishment of homeostatic balance |
| theobromine | a naturally occurring xanthine derivative that acts as a central nervous system stimulant |
| presynaptic membrane | A portion of the |
| recurrent uveitis | Periodic ophthalmia. |
| tangential thoughts | Thoughts that do not stay on one subject for any length of time. |
| sids | Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS or crib death) is the leading cause of death for U.S |
| laparoscopy | Visual inspection of the interior of the abdominal cavity with a specialized instrument (a laparoscope), inserted through the body wall. |
| specific phobia | An excessive fear of a single object, issue, or event. |
| retrograde messenger | Transmitter that is released by the postsynaptic region, nd travels back across the synapse, and alters the functioning of the presynaptic neuron. |
| retrograde amnesia | deficit in the ability to recall previously learned information or past events |
| na+ channels | Ion channels made up of |
| sleep paralysis | A state during the transition to or from sleep, in which the ability to move or talk is temporarily lost. |
| microspectrophotometry | A method of identifying a sample by emitting a beam of electrons over the specimen and analysing the election emissions created. |
| ct scan | computerized axial tomography uses a computer that merges many x-rays from several angles into a single picture |
| holocrine secretion | Type of secretion in a gland wherein each entire gland cell disintegrates, with the cell contents becoming the secretion. |
| environmental tobacco smoke | Also known as secondhand smoke or passive smoking; occurs when people inhale the smoke of others |
| durham rule | legal principle stating that the presence of a mental disorder is sufficient to absolve an individual of responsibility for a crime |
| insoluble fibers | Dietary fibers such as cellulose and wheat bran; they are good bulk-forming agents and are only poorly fermented (digested) by bacteria in the large intestine. |
| mini-mental state examination | the mini-mental state examination which is also known as the MMSE, standardized MMSE, SMMSE, or the Folstein, is a brief examination consisting of eleven questions intended to evaluate an adult patient's level of cognitive functioning. |
| lymphadenopathy | Enlargement of one or more lymph nodes, as from inflammation, infection, or cancer. |
| scab | Hardened mass of |
| myasthenia gravis | a life-long condition in which the body's immune system fights its own body |
| inspiration | The inhalation of air into the |
| loose connective tissue | A type of |
| slow-wave sleep | Sleep, divided into stages 1–4, that is defined by the presence of slow-wave EEG activity |
| psychopharmacology | See neuropharmacology. |
| snp's & genes | Software that extracts information related to SNP's and/or genes |
| diastole | The passive |
| agonist | a chemical or drug that enhances the activity of a neurotransmitter such as dopamine. |
| aerosol exposure | Exposure to an infectious agent by means of contaminated moisture droplets drifting in the air. |
| electroconvulsive therapy | a procedure, frequently used in the treatment of depression, that involves the passage of electric current through the brain to induce seizure activity |
| centrifuge | To spin in order to separate the light and heavier particulates in a fluid sample; a machine for performing this procedure. |
| vesicular stomatitis | Disease characterized by fever and the development of vesicles (blisters) and ulcerations of the mouth, tongue, coronary band, and teats; caused by a rhabdovirus. |
| electromyograph | An instrument that records muscle activity. |
| xyy syndrome | a chromosomal abnormality where there are three sex chromosomes |
| teratogen | Any compound or agent that disrupts normal development in utero, producing defects in the developing embryo. |
| working memory | An active memory system that holds information while it’s processed or examined. |
| seminiferous tubules | Small channels within the testes wherein the spermatozoa (sperm) develop. |
| principle of similarity | The Gestalt psychology principle that states that people tend to group similar objects together. |
| peristaltic | Pertaining to peristalsis which is the involuntary muscular |
| electrocardiogram | Examination of the electrical activity of the heart, for the purpose of disease diagnosis |
| parkinsonism-plus syndrome | one of the diseases that cause parkinsonism that are not idiopathic Parkinson’s disease |
| physiological acidosis | Occurs when |
| median | Being neither multiple nor singlet |
| hypothalamic pituitary stalk | The point of connection of the |
| precocial | Referring to animals that are born in a relatively developed state and that are able to survive without maternal care |
| median eminence | A midline feature on the base of the brain that marks the point at which the pituitary stalk exits the hypothalamus to connect to the pituitary |
| allergic bronchitis | Allergic inflammation of the bronchi. |
| abdominopelvic cavity | A ventral cavity consisting of the abdominal cavity (between the |
| dementia | This site provides a summary of many of the issues that concern people with Dementia and Alzheimer's disease |
| auditory fatigue | occurs on exposure to intense sounds which cause a persistent reduction in apparent loudness. |
| sensory memory | A memory system that stores incoming sensory information for an instant. |
| cranial nerves | Nerves originating largely in the brain stem that control the facial muscles and certain specialized activities of the head (sight, smell, hearing). |
| quadriplegia | Paralysis from the neck down including all four limbs |
| acid | See LSD. |
| antagonist | In pharmacology; a drug that blocks a |
| mental retardation | Insufficient intellectual capacity (due to genetic endowment, disease or injury) to cope with environmental demands resulting in the inability to establish an independent social existence. |
| dermatome | A strip of skin innervated by a particular spinal nerve |
| amh | See anti-müllerian hormone. |
| ejaculation | The forceful expulsion of semen from the penis |
| gamete | A sex cell (sperm or ovum) that contains only unpaired chromosomes and therefore has only half of the usual number of chromosomes |
| rectal administration | the administration of drugs through the membrane surfaces of the colon |
| syncope | Temporary loss of consciousness |
| aphasia | impaired ability to produce and comprehend language |
| pyloric sphincter | A muscular ring that closes off the |
| plasma | The fluid portion of |
| conceptus | Embryo or fetus plus the accompanying extraembryonic membranes. |
| exhaustive disease syndrome | Condition seen in endurance horses, three-day event horses, and horses on long trail rides; characterized by a significant level of dehydration, owing both to massive losses of fluid and electrolytes in sweat and to decreased fluid intake |
| olfactory cortex | An area of the |
| adrenal steroid hormone | Also called adrenocorticoid |
| delusion of reference | false belief that external events, such as other people's actions or natural disasters, relate somehow to oneself |
| adolescent medicine | a subspecialty of pediatric medicine with a focus on providing healthcare to adolescent patients and treating medical problems that are common during adolescence. |
| constraint-induced movement therapy | A therapy for recovery of movement after stroke or injury in which the person’s unaffected limb is constrained while he is required to perform tasks with the affected limb |
| catharsis | expression of emotions connected to memories and conflicts, which, according to Freud, leads to the release of energy used to keep these memories in the unconscious |
| replicability | The ability of research to repeatedly yield the same results when done by different researchers. |
| ovaries | The female gonads, which produce eggs (ova) for reproduction |
| arterioles | Small arteries. |
| competitive inhibition | inhibition by a drug that reversibly binds to a receptor or enzyme and displaces the physiological ligand or substrate; 2.3.1 |
| electrosurgery | Surgical techniques (such as electrocautery) wherein electrical methods are used to remove tissue and/or seal broken blood vessels to alleviate hemorrhage |
| proceptive | Referring to a state in which an animal advertises its readiness to mate through species-typical behaviors, such as ear wiggling in the female rat. |
| spleen | An organ located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach that is part of the lymphatic system |
| specific body defenses | Response of the immune system to specific |
| experimental control | the experimental condition which receives no treatments (negative control) or receives treatments already known to cause the desired effect (positive control) (Chemotaxis using C |
| local potential | An electrical potential that is initiated by stimulation at a specific site, which is a graded response that spreads passively across the cell membrane, decreasing in strength with time and distance. |
| ganglion | A collection of nerve cell bodies outside the centralnervous system |
| ophthalmomalacia | softening of the eye |
| lymph | A clear fluid similar in composition to |
| ultrasonography | Noninvasive diagnostic technique for visualizing the internal structures of the body by means of sound (echo) reflections; ultrasound. |
| optic disk | The point in the retina at which the optic nerve leaves the eye |
| primary sensory cortex | For a given sensory modality, the region of cortex that receives most of the information about that modality from the thalamus or, in the case of olfaction, directly from the secondary sensory neurons |
| mononucleosis | Infectious disease that can cause extreme lethargy, which may be confused with fibromyalgia; however, mononucleosis can be diagnosed with a blood test. |
| azilect™ | see Rasagiline. |
| social responsibility norm | A societal rule that tells people they should help others who need help even if doing so is costly. |
| weaving | A stable vice characterized by a repetitive rocking motion made by rhythmically swinging the head and neck from side to side while transferring the weight back and forth from one foreleg to the other. |
| analogy | Similarity of function, although the structures of interest may look different |
| athetosis | Slow, involuntary movements of the hands and feet. |
| dorsal | toward the back of the body or top of the head (Sheep Brain Dissection) |
| sweeny | Atrophy of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles, located over the scapula (shoulder-blade); usually caused by damage to the nerve supply to these muscles. |
| transmitter | See neurotransmitter |
| egg | See ovum. |
| rasagiline | a drug that increases the duration of effect of levodopa |
| optic chiasma | The site at the base of the |
| states | Temporary behaviors or feelings. |
| aphagia | Refusal to eat; often related to damage to the lateral hypothalamus |
| astrocytes | specialized glial cells that comprise a part of the blood-brain barrier |
| refraction | The bending of light rays by a change in the density of a medium, such as the cornea and the lens of the eyes |
| plasma cells | End-stage B lymphocytes (B cells), whose function is to produce antibodies. |
| choline | A building-block of acetylcholine, Choline plays a part in the transmission of nerve impulses |
| fluorescein | A fluorane dye used for, among other things, identifying ulcers on the cornea. |
| intussusception | Prolapse ("telescoping") of one section of bowel into an adjoining section. |
| dissociative | A type of drug that produces a dreamlike state in which consciousness is partly separated from sensory inputs |
| dura mater | a tough, translucent membrane that protects the brain and spinal cord. |
| depression | Resource is related to or associated with application to Depression |
| stem cell transplant | Transplantation of stem cells from various sources has provided improvement in animal spinal neurodegenerative disease models such as stroke, epilepsy, Parkinson's and spinal cord injury |
| fibrous tunic | The outer layer of the eyeball. |
| ultrasound | High-frequency sound; in general, above the threshold for human hearing, at about 20,000 Hz |
| residual limb pain | The term residual limb pain typically refers to the part of the body that remains after an amputation has been performed |
| deinstitutionalization | movement in which thousands of mental patients were released from mental institutions; a result of the patients' rights movement, which was aimed at stopping the dehumanization of mental patients and at restoring their basic legal rights |
| mental illness | phrase used to refer to a physical illness that causes severe abnormal thoughts, behaviors, and feelings |
| diaphragm | The muscular partition that separates the abdominal cavity from the |
| bullous pemphigoid | A very rare autoimmune skin disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies and the development of vesicles and bullae beneath the epidermis. |
| yellow star thistle poisoning | Degenerative brain disease caused by ingestion of yellow star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis) or Russian knapweed (Centaurea repens). |
| perforin | A |
| depolarize | movement of membrane potential to a higher (more positive) value |
| gaba | Gamma-amino-butyric acid, a neurotransmitter that inhibits synapse action, which can be important if your brain is overreacting to a stimulus. |
| surgical shock | a generalized stress syndrome associated with surgical procedures |
| place cell | A neuron within the hippocampus that selectively fires when the animal is in a particular location. |
| attentional spotlight | The shifting of our limited selective attention around the environment to highlight stimuli for enhanced processing |
| chronic | A condition where something is continuing for a long time. |
| distemper | Alternative name for strangles. |
| postsynaptic potential | The voltage change that occurs at a receptor site of a postsynaptic neuron when a neurotransmitter molecule links up with a receptor molecule. |
| golgi stain | A histological stain that fills a small proportion of neurons with a dark, silver-based precipitate |
| group polarisation | the tendency for groups to shift to make more extreme decisions than decisions made independently by members of the group |
| intracellular | Inside the |
| illusion | A misinterpretation of a sensory stimulus. |
| psychiatric disorders | Any condition that affects ones mind |
| teratoma | Ovarian tumor characterized by the formation of cysts as well as a bizarre combination of different embryonic tissues such as bone, cartilage, teeth, and hair. |
| psychological theories | theories that view mental disorders as caused by psychological processes, such as beliefs, thinking styles, and coping styles |
| timbre | The particular quality of a sound. |
| cobalamin | Cobalt-containing component of vitamin B12. |
| ophthalmoplegia | paralysis of the eye |
| cholesterol | A fatty substance that has no calories and provides no energy. |
| circadian rhythms | Biological cycles that occur about every twenty-four hours. |
| neuropsychological tests | tests of cognitive, sensory, and/or motor skills that attempt to differentiate people with deficits in these areas from normal subjects |
| object permanence | The ability to recognize that an object exists even when the object is not present and not perceived. |
| kcal | See kilocalorie |
| parasitemia | Presence of a parasite in the blood circulation. |
| reality principle | The awareness that gratification of impulses has to be delayed in order to accommodate the demands of the real world |
| intermediate | Between two |
| superior colliculi | Paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that receive visual information and are involved in direction of visual gaze and visual attention to intended stimuli |
| milk letdown reflex | When the |
| neuritis | Inflammation of a nerve. |
| photophobia | a heightened sensitivity to light. |
| pus | Fluid produced by an inflammatory process, containing many white blood cells. |
| klüver-bucy syndrome | A condition, brought about by bilateral amygdala damage, that is characterized by dramatic emotional changes including reduction in fear and anxiety |
| caffeine | a naturally occurring xanthine derivative that acts as a central nervous system stimulant |
| degradation | The chemical breakdown of a neurotransmitter into inactive metabolites. |
| variability | in statistics, the dispersion of scores within a set of data. |
| echolalia | a condition often found in autisticchildren and catatonic schizophrenics, whereby individuals demonstrate a pathological repetition of other's words, either immediately or delayed for hours or days. |
| cognitive map | A mental representation of the relative spatial organization of objects and information |
| biochemical | A chemical in the body. |
| hippocampal gyrus | See subiculum. |
| delusion of reference | A delusion whose theme is that events, objects, or the people in the person's immediate environment have a particular and unusual significance, usually of a negative or pejorative nature. |
| parturition | The act of giving birth. |
| nonassociative learning | A type of learning in which presentation of a particular stimulus alters the strength or probability of a response according to the strength and temporal spacing of that stimulus; includes habituation and sensitization |
| pea | an amphetamine-like compound that may serve as a biochemical marker in the diagnosis of certain types of schizophrenia |
| light therapy | treatment for seasonal affective disorder that involves exposure to bright lights during the winter months |
| heritable | Capable of being inherited or of passing on by inheritance from one individual to another. |
| substantia nigra | A small cluster of black-pigmented nerve cells in the brain that produce dopamine |
| leukoencephalomalacia | Degenerative brain disorder, apparently caused by a toxin produced by the mold Fusarium moniliforme; also called cornstalk disease, moldy corn poisoning, forage disease, and blind staggers. |
| radicotomy | A surgical incision into a nerve root |
| proliferation | the rapid increase in the number of sensitized T cells during the cellular immune response |
| synaptic cleft | The gap between two cells at a synapse. |
| parasympathetic nervous system | A component of the autonomic nervous system that arises from both the cranial nerves and the sacral spinal cord |
| ocr | Office for Civil Rights |
| biological psychology | the study of the relationship between the physiological systems in the body and behaviour. |
| spasm | A condition in which a muscle or group of muscles involuntarily contract. |
| antitussives | Cough suppressants. |
| foramina | Openings or passeges in bone |
| sialorrhea | Drooling |
| telemedicine | A type of medication management where the medical provider (Psychiatrist or APRN) is in one location and meets with the client by video conference at a separate location |
| linguistic relativity hypothesis | A theory proposed by Benjamin Lee Whorf that claims that language determines the way people think. |
| cardiogenic shock | Shock caused by a diseased heart that has become so dysfunctional that it can no longer pump sufficient blood to the body. |
| neuromuscular junction | The region where the motoneuron terminal and the adjoining muscle fiber meet; the point where the nerve transmits its message to the muscle fiber |
| hematocrit | The percentage of red blood cells in a specified volume of whole blood; measurement of the hematocrit is performed to check for anemia; also called packed cell volume (PCV). |
| flexor muscle | any muscle that causes the bending of a limb or other body part. |
| tetanus | An intense volley of action potentials |
| antigen-presenting cell | A phagocytic |
| flagging | Rhythmic up-and-down movements of the stallion's tail during ejaculation. |
| tetrahydrocannabinol | See delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol |
| ocular dominance histogram | A graph that plots how strongly a brain neuron responds to stimuli presented to either the left eye or the right eye |
| pia mater | The highly vascular |
| lamellipodia | Sheetlike extensions of a growth cone |
| skinner box | A device used to study operant conditioning. |
| dialectics | The notion that truth is constructed based on many viewpoints, and that multiple truths can coexist. |
| gram-positive | class of bacteria, characterized by a comparatively simple cell wall structure that lacks an outer membrane; 11.2.1 |
| metabolic | Part of metabolism, the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms to convert fuel into energy. |
| fibrinogen | A |
| metabolic rate | The pace at which your body uses calories. |
| valine | A nonessential amino acid that produces energy, which spares energy stored in your blood glucose |
| frontal plane | See coronal plane. |
| acetylcholine | A neurotransmitter that is produced and released by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, by motoneurons, and by neurons throughout the brain |
| axon | A single extension from the nerve cell that carries nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons |
| otolith | A small crystal on the gelatinous membrane in the vestibular system. |
| n-acetyl l-tyrosine | An amino acid involved in catecholamine production that is converted to L-dopa by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase |
| circadian rhythm | the daily cyclic fluctuations of the body's physiological systems |
| multiple correlation | A correlational technique used when there is one X and two or more Y |
| dopamine agonist | a class of medications used to treat Parkinson's disease and includes ropinirole (Requip®), and pramipexole (Mirapex®). |
| posthitis | Inflammation of the prepuce. |
| mechanical vector | A vector that merely serves physically to transport a parasite from one host to another. |
| bipolar disorder | A mood disorder characterized by periods of elevation in mood and depressive episodes. |
| bronchioles | The smaller branches of the |
| tumor | A large nodule, or obvious cancerous mass. |
| tensor tympani | The muscle attached to the malleus that modulates mechanical linkage to protect the delicate receptor cells of the inner ear from damaging sounds |
| striatum | Part of the basal ganglia, it is a large cluster of nerve cells, consisting of the caudate nucleus and the putamen, that controls movement, balance, and walking; the neurons of the striatum require dopamine to function. |
| lymph | A clear, watery fluid that contains white blood cells, plasma and other substances and is transported throughout the body in tubes known as lymph vessels |
| ltp | See long-term potentiation |
| endoderm | The inner of the three germ layers of the |
| bloat | Distension of the stomach. |
| cannon bone | The third metacarpal bone, above the fetlock joint. |
| saccule | The smaller of the two membranous sacs of the inner |
| intromission | Insertion of the erect penis into the vagina during copulation |
| tracheostomy | Surgically created opening through the skin into the trachea, to allow for insertion of a tube for breathing and to clear airway obstructions. |
| auditory canal | See ear canal |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | A disease characterized by progressive atrophy of muscle; also called Lou Gehrig's disease |
| preganglionic motor neuron | A |
| sclerotic | Hardened. |
| internal anal sphincter | An internal circle of smooth muscle around the |
| rheumatoid arthritis | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints, and can also cause inflammation of the tissue around the joints, as well as in other organs in the body. |
| tocopherols | General term for vitamin E. |
| aphasia | Disturbance in language comprehension or production, often as a result of a stroke. |
| dissociative drug | A type of drug that produces a dreamlike state in which consciousness is partly separated from sensory inputs. |
| custom | a practice from the past that people continue to observe. |
| herbs | A plant or part of a plant that is used as medicine. |
| sacroiliac joint | Joint where the pelvis connects with the spine. |
| suprachiasmatic nucleus | The main biological clock regulating circadian rhythms of sleep in humans. |
| genetic disposition | A term to describe the degree to which an individual is at genetic risk of an illness being passed on from one generation to the next. |
| feminization | Development of certain female sex characteristics in a male. |
| hemispatial neglect | Failure to pay any attention to objects presented to one side of the body |
| mood disorders | A set of psychiatric diagnoses in which the major problem is mood regulation |
| schizoid personality disorder | syndrome marked by a chronic lack of interest in and avoidance of interpersonal relationships as well as emotional coldness in interactions with others |
| casts | Solid, tubular deposits in the urine, usually cast off from the walls of kidney tubules. |
| postsynaptic potential | A local potential that is initiated by stimulation at a synapse, can vary in amplitude, and spreads passively across the cell membrane, decreasing in strength with time and distance |
| adrenal cortex | An endocrine organ that secretes steroid hormones for metabolic functions; for example, in response to stress. |
| hypopyon | Accumulation of white blood cells (pus) in the anterior chamber of the eye. |
| axons | the elongated cylindrical process of a nerve cell along which action potentials are conducted; a nerve fiber |
| lethargy | An abnormal state of drowsiness or dullness. |
| concordance | A characteristic that is seen in both individuals of a pair of twins |
| ambiguous language | Language that can be understood in several ways. |
| arachnoid | The thin covering (one of the three meninges) of the brain that lies between the dura mater and the pia mater |
| angiotensin ii | A |
| otolith | A small crystal on the gelatinous membrane in the vestibular system |
| cachexia | Seriously poor health; malnutrition and wasting. |
| phosphorus | A mineral essential for strong bones and teeth |
| motor division | Portion of the |
| blood pressure | The |
| gestalt psychology | A German school of thought that studies how people organize visual information into patterns and forms. |
| basal metabolic rate | The rate at which energy is used when a person is at complete rest. |
| accommodation | The process of focusing by the ciliary muscles and the lens to form a sharp image on the retina. |
| central nervous system | The brain, spinal chord, and the network of nerve cells. |
| meningocele | protrusion of the meninges |
| dl-phenylalanine | A racemic source of “D” and “L” Phenylalanine |
| hemorrhagic diathesis | Disease condition in which an abnormal bleeding tendency exists, as in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). |
| cellulitis | Diffuse inflammation resulting from (usually bacterial) infection of deep connective tissue, sometimes forming an abscess. |
| sensory memory | a modality-specific form of memory, involved in temporary preservation of sensory stimuli, serving as a buffer between the senses and short-term memory. |
| polycythemia | An excessive number of red blood cells. |
| meninges | The |
| cholecystokinin | A |
| hippocampal theta | a characteristic EEG pattern in the septohippocampal system that appears to be mediated by cholinergic neurons |
| equine collagenolytic granuloma | The most common nodular skin disease of horses, possibly caused by a hypersensitivity to insect bites; also called nodular necrobiosis |
| threshold potential | the potential at which a response (action potential or muscle twitch) is produced |
| median plane | Plane dividing the body into its left and right halves; the plane extends vertically through the body through the |
| endorphin | The body's natural pain killer |
| long-term care | Care that supports patients with chronic impairment for an indefinite period of time; it is provided in nursing facilities, at home or in the community. |
| transporter | A specialized receptor in the presynaptic membrane that recognizes transmitter molecules and returns them to the presynaptic neuron for reuse |
| chronic traumatic encephalopathy | Also called dementia pugilistica or punch-drunk |
| sodium | Commonly known as salt, this mineral helps regulate your body’s fluid balance. |
| compulsive behavior | Behaviors that are usually uncontrollable and often repetitive or obsessive. |
| electroconvulsive therapy | treatment for depression that involves the induction of a brain seizure by passing electrical current through the patient's brain while he or she is anesthetized |
| cyanosis | A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes, resulting ultimately from a deficiency of oxygen in the blood. |
| evoked potentials | A procedure to record the brain's electrical response to visual, auditory and sensory stimuli. |
| sensory neuron | A neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment, such as light, odor, or touch. |
| values | Perceptions of what is important in life. |
| protein | A long string of amino acids |
| re-staging | A re-evaluation of the extent of disease, after a round of treatment, that provides the basis for ongoing management. |
| animal language | as an area of research, this refers to either (a) attempts to teach nonhuman animals to speak, or (b) studies of animals' 'natural' language in their own natural environment. |
| cholecystokinin | A peptide hormone that is released by the gut after ingestion of food that is high in protein and/or fat |
| clozapine | An atypical neuroleptic |
| blind spot | The portion of the visual field from which light falls on the optic disc |
| ruffini’s ending | A skin receptor cell type that detects stretching of the skin |
| icing or heating therapy | Refers to therapy in which the painful areas of the body are stimulated through treatments with either ice or heat (such as a heating pad). |
| stage 1 sleep | The initial stage of slow-wave sleep, which is characterized by small-amplitude EEG waves of irregular frequency, slow heart rate, and reduced muscle tension |
| acupuncture | a procedure to produce pain reduction by the mechanical stimulation of nerves |
| lymphatic system | Returns fluid from the body |
| genetics | The branch of biology that deals with heredity, especially the mechanisms of hereditary transmission via DNA and the variation of inherited characteristics (genes) among similar or related organisms. For more information see genetics as a priority area. |
| probe | Here, a manufactured sequence of DNA that is made to include a label (a colorful or radioactive molecule) that lets us track its location. |
| falling phase | A phase in |
| transplacental | By way of the placenta; across the placenta. |
| scala vestibuli | Also called vestibular canal |
| mastoiditis | Inflammation of the mastoid process |
| trinucleotide repeat | Repetition of the same three nucleotides within a gene, which can lead to dysfunction, as in Huntington’s disease |
| obestatin | A peptide hormone emanating from the gut that acts probably on the appetite controller of the hypothalamus to decrease appetite |
| osmosensory neuron | A specialized neuron that monitors the concentration of the extracellular fluid by measuring the movement of water into and out of the intracellular compartment |
| fear conditioning | A form of classical conditioning in which a previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unpleasant stimulus, like foot shock, until the previously neutral stimulus alone elicits the responses seen in fear |
| motion sickness | The experience of nausea brought on by unnatural passive movement, as in a car or boat. |
| dss | Department of Social Services |
| mitotic | Actively undergoing cell division. |
| erythema chronicum migrans | A skin reaction seen in human beings with Lyme borreliosis |
| avidin | A constituent protein of egg whites that can impair absorption of the vitamin biotin. |
| osteosarcoma | A malignant tumor of bone. |
| asperger syndrome | Resource is related to or associated with application to Asperger Syndrome |
| axon hillock | the transitional region between an axon and the nerve cell body |
| transduction | The conversion of one form of energy to another. |
| conditioned fear | the response to a signal that has been paired with an aversive stimulus |
| medial | In anatomy, toward the middle of an organ or organism |
| period | The interval of time between two similar points of successive cycles, such as sunset to sunset |
| anomia | The inability to name persons or objects readily. |
| korsakoff’s syndrome | A memory disorder, related to a thiamine deficiency, that is generally associated with chronic alcoholism |
| conjunctivitis | Inflammation of the conjunctiva. |
| blood pressure cuff | A deviced used to measure |
| coggins test | Test for detection of antibody to equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus. |
| flexion | body movement that decreases the angle of a joint and brings two bones closer together |
| wave mouth | Abnormality of older horses characterized by a wavelike or stair-step configuration of the premolars and molars from front to back; also called step mouth. |
| subiculum | Also called subicular complex or hippocampal gyrus |
| cochlea | A portion of the bony labyrinth of the inner |
| vta | See ventral tegmental area |
| dissociative thinking | A condition, seen in schizophrenia, that is characterized by disturbances of thought and difficulty relating events properly. |
| beta islets | An |
| niacin | Has been shown in tests to improve memory. |
| orthostatic hypotension | A drop in blood pressure upon standing; can cause fainting. |
| morphine | a narcotic drug that is one of the components of opium |
| pyloric sphincter | Sphincter located between the stomach and duodenum. |
| bromocriptine | a drug given to treat Parkinson’s disease |
| the visible embryo | This site offers a visual and written description of abnormal and normal development of a human embryo from conception to birth. |
| ergot | a grain fungus that is a stimulant of the sympathetic nervous system |
| hindbrain | Also called rhombencephalon |
| ropinirole | a drug given to treat Parkinson’s disease |
| bcl-2 | A family of proteins that regulate apoptosis. |
| localization of function | The concept that different brain regions specialize in specific behaviors |
| thymus | Lymphoid organ located in the chest that produces hormones (thymopoietin, thymosin) and that regulates the maturation process of specialized lymphocytes known as T cells. |
| epiphyseal plate | Region between the |
| alopecia areata | Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease in which the person's immune system attacks the hair follicles, causing the person's hair to fall out |
| motor cortex | the part of both frontal lobes of the brain that controls voluntary muscle movements. |
| autonomic nervous system | functional part of the nervous system that is not under voluntary, conscious control |
| quantitative | Chemical analysis to determine the amounts of proportions of a mixture. |
| hobbling | Tieing the legs together. |
| depigmentation | Localized loss of normal skin color. |
| lacrimal gland | Tear gland. |
| seizure | occurs when part(s) of the brain receives a burst of abnormal electrical signals that temporarily interrupts normal electrical brain function. |
| iritis | inflammation of the iris |
| beta-blockers | a class of drugs often used for the treatment of essential tremor |
| apnea | Cessation of breathing. |
| cyclic amp | See cyclic adenosine monophosphate. |
| hair cells | A hairlike sensory |
| fundamental | Here, the predominant frequency of an auditory tone or a visual scene |
| necrolysis | Separation or peeling of tissue caused by cell death. |
| posterior pituitary | The |
| discrete variable | measurement using of a discrete category (eg |
| encoding | The process of putting information into memory. |
| opium | a narcotic compound (derived from the opium poppy), that is comprised of morphine and codeine |
| deferred prosecution | Someone who has been charged with a misdemeanor or gross misdemeanor that is the result of or caused by alcohol or drug dependency or mental illness can be sent to a court-ordered treatment program rather than jail. |
| pelvic splanchnic nerves | Nerves which send impulses to the |
| big | Used as a noun, an adult person in a multiple system |
| dextromethorphan | Medication that is commonly used to treat coughs. Some research has indicated dextromethorphan may provide some pain relief in fibromyalgia. |
| radioimmunoassay | A technique that uses antibodies to measure the concentration of a substance, such as a hormone, in blood |
| expiration | The act of breathing air out; exhalation |
| somatic hallucinations | unreal perceptions that something is happening inside one's body—for example, that worms are eating one's intestines |
| olfactory bulb | The olfactory bulb receives and processes smells |
| receptor | a specialized molecule on the surface of nerve cell that serves as the location for reception of a signal from another nerve cell |
| apraxia | An impairment in the ability to begin and execute skilled voluntary movements, even though there is no muscle paralysis |
| c-11-pib | Carbon-11-labeled-Pittsburgh Compound B (C-11 PIB), also known as PIB, an imaging agent or probe used in brain imaging to bind to the abnormal plaques associated with Alzheimer's disease and so they can be visualized on a PET scan. |
| amendment | modification of legislation by parliamentary or constitutional procedure for the purpose of improving or updating the legislation in some way |
| penis envy | In psychoanalytic theory, a sense of discontent and resentment that Freud thought women experience, resulting from their wish for a penis. |
| hematuria | Presence of blood in the urine. |
| breakdown injury | Rupture of the suspensory apparatus, i.e., loss of one or more supporting structures of the fetlock. |
| micrographia | Small, cramped handwriting that is a symptom for many Parkinson's patients. |
| self-esteem | The degree to which a person cares about themselves. |
| prepubertal | Pertaining to the period before sexual maturity. |
| matrix metalloproteinase | An enzyme whose activation levels are imaged with PET to help assess changes in the size, shape, and function of the heart after injury such as a heart attack to (called ventricular remodeling). |
| keratolytic | Capable of causing softening and peeling of the outer (horny) layer of the skin. |
| open reduction | Any procedure to repair a fracture wherein the broken bone is exposed surgically. |
| insulin | A hormone, released by beta cells in the islets of Langerhans, that lowers blood glucose |
| encephalitis | a condition characterized by inflammation of the brain |
| vaginitis | Inflammation of the vagina. |
| vaccine | A medication that stimulates the production of antibodies to protect against a specific disease |
| mitochondrion | A cellular organelle that provides metabolic energy for the cell’s processes |
| dopamine | A neurotransmitter present in regions of the brain that regulate movement, emotion, motivation, and the feeling of pleasure. |
| locus coeruleus | A small nucleus in the brainstem whose neurons produce norepinephrine and modulate large areas of the forebrain |
| frontrunner | Usually, a person who habitually occupies the front position or is accustomed to doing so |
| implicit memory | Unconscious retention of information that affects thoughts and behavior. |
| hyperhidrosis | excessive sweating. |
| voyeurism | obtainment of sexual arousal by compulsively and secretly watching another person undressing, bathing, engaging in sex, or being naked |
| gaba | See gamma-aminobutyric acid |
| anosmia | The inability to detect odors |
| lateral-line system | A sensory system, found in many kinds of fishes and some amphibians, that informs the animal of water motion in relation to the body surface. |
| delusions | a condition in which the patient has lost touch with reality and experiences hallucinations and misperceptions. |
| amyloid | An insoluble protein substance that causes disease (amyloidosis) when deposited in large quantities in tissues. |
| positive feedback | A feedback |
| mainstream smoke | Smoke that is exhaled by a smoker (in contrast to "sidestream smoke" that comes from a burning cigarette). |
| stuttering | The tendency of otherwise normal people to produce speech sounds only haltingly, tripping over certain syllables or unable to start vocalizing certain words |
| enzyme | A complicated protein whose action increases the probability of a specific chemical reaction. |
| culture | a system of values, beliefs and practices that characterise a particular group, for example a national or ethnic group. |
| scrotum | An external sac of skin where the testes are contained |
| epinephrine or adrenalin | A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress |
| myelination | The process of myelin formation |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone | A hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates release of corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex. |
| collagen | Protein constituent of connective tissue. |
| non-judgmentally | Do your best to let go of judging experiences, people, etc., as either “good” or “bad.” Do your best to let go of judging yourself |
| oral contraceptive | A birth control pill, typically consisting of steroid hormones to prevent ovulation |
| hiv/aids | AIDS is a chronic, life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). |
| cortisol | A corticosteroid hormone. |
| phenomena | in the scientific sense, a phenomenon is an observable occurrence, pattern, or relationship between events. |
| fda 2000 | FDA 2000 project is a library of FDA approved compounds based on assay studies completed by Steve Gullans at Harvard. |
| kilocalorie | The amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree on a Centigrade (Celsius) thermometer at sea level. |
| hpc | Health Professionals Council is a regulator, and was set up to protect the public |
| dopamine | A chemical transmitter in the brain similar to adrenaline |
| elastic cartilage | Consists of chondrocytes and |
| bacterin | Any killed bacterial vaccine. |
| adrenal cortex | An endocrine organ that secretes corticosteroids for metabolic functions: aldosterone for sodium retention in the kidneys, androgens for male sexual development, and estrogens for female sexual development. |
| rorschach test | A series of ten inkblots that subjects are asked to describe |
| uremia | Abnormally elevated levels of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood. |
| retinal disparity | The binocular cue to distance referring to the distance between the two images sent to the brain by our eyes. The farther apart these images, the closer the object. |
| v1 | See primary visual cortex. |
| endocardium | The innermost of the three layers of the walls of the |
| spinal animal | An animal whose spinal cord has been surgically disconnected from the brain to enable the study of behaviors that do not require brain control. |
| group | A social unit composed of two or more people who interact and depend on one another in some way. |
| thalamus | A mass of gray matter (nerve cells) located deep in the brain that is responsible for motor control and serves as a relay center for sensory signals. |
| choroid | Thin, pigmented middle layer of the eye containing nerves and blood vessels; it supplies blood to the retina. |
| vestibulo-ocular reflex | The brainstem mechanism that maintains gaze on a visual object despite movements of the head. |
| neuroplasticity | Also called neural plasticity |
| subtractive model | a method of analyzing structure/function relationships by determining which function is no longer present following the removal of a specific brain structure |
| agonists | Chemicals that mimic the action of a particular neurotransmitter. |
| taste pore | Small openings in the |
| ionotropic receptor | Also called ligand-gated ion channel |
| allergen | Any substance that can induce an allergic reaction. |
| causality | The relation of cause and effect, such that we can conclude that an experimental manipulation has specifically caused an observed result |
| retrograde | Backward. |
| generator potential | A local change in the resting potential of a receptor cell that mediates between the impact of stimuli and the initiation of nerve impulses. |
| gastrula | An early stage of the developing embryo that follows the blastula stage. |
| peer | an individual who is in some way equal to the person with whom they are being compared on a specific dimension. |
| hierarchy of needs theory | The idea, proposed by Abraham Maslow, that people are motivated by needs on four levels |
| evoked potentials | procedures that record the brain's electrical response to visual, auditory, and sensory stimuli. |
| prodomal phase | The phase during which a deteriorating state of health is recognized that later culminates in full-blown illness |
| case study | A research method in which an individual subject is studied in depth. |
| tracheitis | Inflammation of the trachea. |
| sensory neuron | see neuron, sensory (Virtual Neurons) |
| amine neurotransmitter | A neurotransmitter based on modifications of a single amino acid nucleus |
| describe | Now put words, or labels, on what you see and how you feel |
| massage therapy | A form of treatment in which painful areas of the body are gently rubbed to help with pain management. |
| neuron | nerve cell; 1.2.2 |
| noradrenaline | See norepinephrine |
| accessory organs | An |
| synaptic cleft | The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic elements |
| medulla | A part of the hindbrain that controls essential functions that are not under conscious control, such as breathing. |
| lipid film | A layering of fat. |
| seasonal affective disorder | disorder identified by a 2-year period in which a person experiences major depression during winter months and then recovers fully during the summer; some people with this disorder also experience mild mania during summer months |
| distal | Farther, more distant. |
| glucocorticoid | Any of a class of steroid hormones, released by the adrenal cortex, that affect carbohydrate metabolism and inflammation. |
| decorticate rage | Also called sham rage |
| gravel | Common term describing drainage at the coronary band of the foot; caused by infection that migrates up the hoof wall and breaks out as an abscess at the coronary band. |
| sids | See sudden infant death syndrome. |
| gastrin | A |
| specific phobias | extreme fears of specific objects or situations that cause an individual to routinely avoid those objects or situations |
| picrotoxin | a stimulant drug that acts on the GABA receptor complex to reduce Cl- permeability |
| amnion | The placental membrane immediately surrounding the foal. |
| conditioned reflexes | A response to a |
| zeitgeist | refers to the ideas, trends and values that are dominant in a culture at a particular point in history. |
| inflammatory autoimmune-mediated arthritis | Inflammatory auto-immune mediated arthritis is associated with any immune-mediated inflammatory disease |
| occlusion | The normal positioning of |
| trichinosis | Serious, occasionally fatal food-borne disease of humans caused by a parasitic worm, Trichinella spiralis, whose larval forms are found in muscle tissue |
| suprachiasmatic nucleus | A small region of the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm that is the location of a circadian clock |
| melatonin | A hormone derived from serotonin and secreted by the pineal gland |
| hemoptysis | Coughing up blood. |
| aerobic | Requires |
| psychophysics | The study of the relationship between physical properties of stimuli and people’s experience of the stimuli. |
| bertillonage | Invented by Alphonse Bertillon, a now obsolete method of classifying human beings by a set of body measurements. |
| etiology | The study of the causes or origins of a disease. |
| inflammation | The immunologic response of body tissue to injury, characterized by mobilization of white blood cells and antibodies, swelling and fluid accumulation. |
| telegraphic speech | refers to the reduced sentences (resembling telegrams) that distinguish children's speech patterns from around 18 months to two years, demonstrating the basics of early grammar by containing crucial nouns and verbs. |
| exocrine | Relating to a secretion released through a |
| stenosis | A constriction or narrowing of a vessel or duct. |
| smooth movement | See ramp movement. |
| catabolism | Destructive |
| hyperestrogenism | Excessive production of the female sex hormone estrogen. |
| arachidonic acid | An essential fatty acid found in animal fats; a precursor in the biosynthesis of compounds such as the prostaglandins. |
| conversion symptom | A loss or alteration of physical functioning that suggests a physical disorder but that is actually a direct expression of a psychological conflict or need. |
| cat scan | Go to |
| triglycerides | Fats your body uses to make adipose tissue and burns for energy. |
| secondary sensory cortex | See nonprimary sensory cortex |
| primary process thinking | Thinking that is irrational, illogical, and motivated by a desire of immediate gratification of impulses. |
| nominal scale | Any scale that contains no magnitude. Often nominal is thought of as name only, meaning that the variables of a nominal scale can be identified but not measured. |
| fecal flotation | Laboratory procedure for identification of parasite eggs in a fecal specimen. |
| sympathetic | the division of the autonomic nervous system that is involved with arousal processes; postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine |
| cerebellum | the highly folded part of the central nervous system above or dorsal to the brainstem that helps control movement, balance, and muscle coordination (Sheep Brain Dissection, Close-up of the Nervous System, Mirror Image) |
| fat | See lipid |
| gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone | A hypothalamic peptide hormone that reduces gonadotropin secretion by inhibiting the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
| cataract | A condition in which the eye lens transparency is reduced |
| veins | A |
| atypical neuroleptic | An antipsychotic drug that has actions other than or in addition to the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism that characterizes the typical neuroleptics |
| trigger | Something that sets off a disease in people who are genetically predisposed to developing the disease or causes a certain symptom to occur in a person who has a disease. |
| human chorionic gonadotropin | Hormone produced by the placenta that can stimulate ovulation. |
| humoral response | an immune response that involves the production and release of specific antibodies by the B cells |
| lymphatic capillaries | Thin-walled vessels that |
| throatlatch | Area of the throat under which the strap of a bridle or halter passes. |
| palsy | paralysis of a muscle or group of muscles. |
| micrographia | a symptom of Parkinson’s disease in which handwriting is very small and difficult to read |
| chorea | A general term for movement disorders that can be confused with Parkinson's disease, which are characterized by involuntary, random, jerking movements of muscles in the body, face, or extremities. |
| peritoneum | A |
| akathisia | a feeling of inner discomfort that is alleviated by moving about, such that you appear restless and unable to sit still |
| affective contrast | an opponent emotion produced by the removal of a relatively novel emotion-inducing stimulus |
| cytochrome p450 | class of enzymes that perform a wide spectrum on oxidative reactions on both endogenous metabolites and xenobiotics; 3.3.3, 4.2, 8.7 |
| acorus calamus | Is a plant from the Acoracae family |
| late-selection model | A model of attention postulating that the attentional bottleneck imposed by the nervous system exerts control late in the processing pathway, filtering out stimuli only after substantial analysis has occurred |
| stroke | Damage to a region of brain tissue that results from blockage or rupture of vessels that supply blood to that region. |
| double-blind test | A test of a drug or treatment in which neither the subjects nor the attending researchers know which subjects are receiving the drug (treatment) and which are receiving the placebo (control) |
| declarative memory | The ability to learn and consciously remember everyday facts and events. |
| thalamus | interior part of the brain responsible for intermediate processing of motor and sensory functions and sleep |
| cartilage | Consists of chondrocytes and |
| salvage pathway | metabolic pathway that diverts purine and pyrimidine bases or nucleosides from complete degradation and converts them back to intact nucleotides; 10.3.2, 10.3.3, 10.3.6, 12.5.1, 12.5.8 |
| action tremor | A tremor that increases when the hand is moving voluntarily. |
| behavioral therapy | therapy that focuses on changing a person's specific behaviors by replacing unwanted behaviors with desired behaviors |
| argasid ticks | Soft-bodied ticks; distinguished from ixodid (hard-bodied) ticks. |
| recall | The process of remembering without any external cues. |
| pharmacological tolerance | physiological adjustments that reduce a drug's action following repeated exposures to the drug |
| contractions | Tightening of the |
| botox | a neurotoxin that is injected into a particular muscle |
| synthesis | The idea that two opposing views and needs can coexist, both be valid, and both be satisfied without the need for compromise |
| nicotine patch | A nicotine-containing patch that delivers nicotine through the skin; available without a prescription |
| diabetes | Resource is related to or associated with application to Diabetes |
| canker | Chronic overgrowth of the horn-producing tissues of the foot, occurring most commonly in horses housed under unsanitary conditions. |
| familial als | A progressive neurological disease that affects more than one member of the same family |
| rod | photoreceptor cell in the retina of the eye that functions in low light; detects light and dark but not color |
| anterior cerebral artery | Either of two large arteries, arising from the carotid arteries, that provide blood to the anterior poles and medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres |
| lateral | Away from the midline; opposite meaning to |
| inductive reasoning | The drawing of a general conclusion from certain premises or statements. |
| tropic hormone | Any of a class of anterior pituitary hormones that affect the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands |
| vertex spike | A sharp-wave EEG pattern that is seen during stage 1 sleep |
| comatose | Unconscious and unable to be aroused. |
| mycobacteria | class of bacteria with thick, multilayered cell walls |
| motion sickness | The experience of nausea brought on by unnatural passive movement, as in a car or boat |
| achievement motive | An impulse to master challenges and reach a high standard of excellence. |
| bright pain | acute, sharp pain that occurs in response to an aversive stimulus such as a pin prick |
| binding problem | The question of how the brain understands which individual attributes blend together into a single object, when these different features are processed by different regions in the brain. |
| opiates | A class of compounds that exert an effect like that of opium, including reduced pain sensitivity |
| tasmar™ | see Tolcapone. |
| bioluminescent imaging | One of two major types of optical imaging, in which light-producing molecules designed to attach to specific cells such as cancer cells or brain chemicals are injected into the patient's bloodstream |
| nausea | The driver can be distracted from driving and unable to concentrate due to a sickness feeling |
| beta cells | An |
| dual dependence | Dependence for emergent drug effects that occur only when two drugs are taken simultaneously. |
| magnocellular | Of or consisting of relatively large cells |
| willingness | The ability to open oneself to suggestions, acceptance of change |
| inhibitory postsynaptic potential | localized and short-lived hyperpolarization of a postsynaptic membrane, caused by a single firing of a presynaptic terminal that releases an inhibitory transmitter; 6.9.2 |
| halo effect | a form of perceptual bias which transpires when our rating of a person on one characteristic as being positive or negative of a person affects the rating of the individual on other characteristics (similarly positive or negative) |
| personality | The collection of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make up a person. |
| plegia | Paralysis, the loss of the ability to move |
| phase iii metabolism | a bit of a misnomer; denotes no actual chemical reaction but excretion of drug metabolites |
| recall | the act of retrieving memory (Your Incredible Memory) |
| cunean bursitis | Inflammation of the cunean bursa underneath the cunean tendon, which travels over the front and inside of the hock. |
| phase ii metabolism | conjugation of a drug that involves a reactive site on the drug molecule that was created or exposed in a phase I reaction |
| lysozyme | An enzyme found in |
| feat | Families for Early Autism Treatment |
| photon | The energy unit of visible light, having characteristics both of a wave as well as a discrete particle. |
| myelin | Soft, white coating composed of lipids (fats) and protein, surrounding nerve fibers in the central nervous system |
| mental health | A state of emotional well-being in which an individual is able to use his or her thinking and feeling abilities, relate well to other people, and meet the ordinary demands of everyday life. |
| james-lange theory | the theory that the expression of an emotion occurs before the experience of an emotion |
| synapse | a structure where an impulse passes from one neuron to another across a gap |
| nervous system | a vast network of cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body (M |
| cardiovascular system | Circulates gases, nutrients and wastes via the |
| instrument test | A chemical test using a machine that remains in a stable location and must be calibrated and adjusted regularly. |
| corona radiata | Small follicular |
| parietal | Pertaining to the walls of a cavity |
| gonads | Ovaries (in the mare) and testes (in the stallion); the reproductive glands that produce ova (eggs) in the female and spermatozoa (sperm) in the male, as well as the sex hormones progesterone and estrogen (ovaries), and testosterone (testes). |
| cell assembly | A large group of cells that tend to be active at the same time because they have been activated simultaneously or in close succession in the past. |
| neuroscience | The scientific study of the nervous system |
| reflexive baroreceptors | Specialized |
| binocular cues | Depth perception cues that require both eyes. |
| neurogenesis | The mitotic division of nonneuronal cells to produce neurons |
| acetaldehyde | A noxious chemical related to formaldehyde and one of the chemicals that the liver produces in the process of clearing alcohol out of the body. |
| chromatography | A technique used to separate a sample into its components based on the speed at which they move through a stationary matrix. |
| associative learning | A type of learning in which an association is formed between two stimuli or between a stimulus and a response; includes both classical and instrumental conditioning |
| agonist | 1.) A neurotransmitter, drug, or other molecule that stimulates receptors to produce a desired reaction |
| myoclonus | Jerking, involuntary movements of the arms and legs |
| normative social influence | An individual’s tendency to conform because of a need to be accepted or not rejected by a group. |
| iep | Individualized Education Plan |
| convergence | The turning inward of eyes when an object is viewed close up. |
| nucleus | A term used two ways in brain studies: 1) as the central part of a neuron or other types of cells where genetic information is stored and put into action; 2) a cluster of neurons within a discrete location in the brain, like the locus coeruleus. |
| adipose tissue | Commonly called fat tissue |
| criminalistics | The field of science applying science to law and criminal investigations. |
| chunking | combining individual letters or numbers into larger meaningful units |
| glycogen | A complex carbohydrate made by the combining of glucose molecules for a short-term store of energy |
| conduct disorder | syndrome marked by chronic disregard for the rights of others, including specific behaviors such as stealing, lying, and engaging in acts of violence |
| homeostatic | Referring to the process of maintaining a particular physiological parameter relatively constant. |
| postprandial | Occurring after a meal. |
| ptyalism | Excessive drooling; hypersalivation. |
| alcohol abuse | The overuse of alcohol which results in problem behaviors. |
| aerosol therapy | Treatment in which drug therapy (antibiotic or other compound) is delivered by misting or spraying the drug into the airways, usually by means of a funnel or cone placed over the nose; useful in treating pneumonia and certain other respiratory ailments |
| dopa decarboxylase | an enzyme present in the body that converts levodopa to dopamine. |
| community integration | The behavioral healthcare industry term for the services provided at CPC’s structured day programs. Community Integration (also called Community-Based Rehabilitation) services are designed for adults with long-term mental illness who want or need more support with their recovery than is generally provided by standard case management. The Community Integration program is a modified clubhouse style program that provides a daily place where clients can go to socialize, get a free or reduced-cost meal, and if they choose, participate in the tasks associated with running the program. |
| frozen-section biopsy | Biopsy sample frozen and cut for immediate examination and diagnosis, as during exploratory surgery. |
| telegraphic speech | Speech that contains no articles or prepositions. |
| lymphoma | Cancer of the lymphatic system, which includes the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow |
| action potential propagation | The process by which an |
| theta wave | a regular EEG pattern that accompanies the early stages of falling asleep |
| synapse | A physical gap between two neurons that functions as the site of information transfer from one neuron to another. |
| anterior commissure | a small fiber that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain. |
| polygamy | A mating system in which an individual mates with more than one other animal |
| ependymal layer | See ventricular zone |
| simultagnosia | A profound restriction of attention, often limited to a single item or feature. |
| directed transfer analysis | A resource that performs Direted Transfer analysis. |
| 5-hiaa | a metabolite (5-hydroxy indole acetic acid) of serotonin that may serve as a biochemical marker in the diagnosis of suicidal depression |
| behavioral inhibition | the withholding of previously rewarded responses that would now lead to nonreward or punishment |
| unilateral | Occurring on only one side. |
| selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | also known as an SSRI, is an antidepressant drug that acts by blocking the reuptake of serotonin so that more serotonin is available to act on receptors in the brain. |
| anaphylactic reaction | A rapidly developing, exaggerated (and sometimes life-threatening) allergic reaction. |
| sustained attention task | A task in which a single stimulus source or location must be held in the attentional spotlight for a protracted period. |
| addiction | A compulsive physiological need for a drug. |
| lewy bodies | Pink-staining spheres found in nerve cells, considered to be a pathological marker for Parkinson's disease. |
| touch | A |
| carpal canal syndrome | Annular ligament constriction on the back side of the carpus, causing lameness. |
| fixed interval schedule | a reinforcement applied on a systematic time basis, for instance, every four minutes. |
| grandparenthood in canada | Site provides information about grandparenthood including demographics; meanings of being a grandparent; contact, help and emotional closeness that grandparents experience; sources of diversity in relationships between grandparents and grandchildren; and grandparents expectations and rights. |
| diabetes mellitus | Diabetes, a chronic disease caused by either insufficient production of insulin by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, or by resistance of target tissues to the effects of insulin |
| aromatase | Enzyme of the cytochrome P450 family that introduces an aromatic ring into various androgenic steroids and thereby converts them to estrogens |
| hunger | The internal state of an animal seeking food |
| patient-controlled analgesia | A way of giving pain medication that allows the patient to control when and how much medication they get depending on their need |
| origin | attachment of a |
| transmission | The spread of disease from one |
| titration | a technical term to indicate the process of adjusting the dose of a drug to the proper level. |
| glandular epithelium | Produces |
| valley fever | Coccidioidomycosis. |
| counselling | Counselling is a general term that covers a variety of non-specific supportive interventions for people with psychological adjustment problems |
| axon | branched structure of nerve cell that conducts action potentials generated in this cell to the synapses it forms with other nerve cells; 6.1.3 |
| transport host | An animal in which part of the immature phase of a parasite's life cycle is spent, but no development occurs. |
| nadh | A derivative of the B vitamin niacin, NADH is coenzyme that plays a major part in energy production in cells |
| lie detector | See polygraph. |
| lipid soluble | the ability of a relatively large molecule to enter a cell by dissolving in the lipid (fat) membrane of the cell |
| poliovirus | A virus that destroys motoneurons of the spinal cord and brainstem, causing permanent paralysis |
| informational social influence | An individual’s tendency to conform because a group provides one with information. |
| acupuncture | The Chinese practice of putting needles in various parts of the body for surgery and general health. |
| ur | See classical conditioning. |
| mucus | A slimy fluid produced by the |
| milk | A white liquid that is |
| complete blood count | Blood analysis containing an enumeration of the number of red and white blood cells per unit of blood volume, the proportions of the different white blood cell types, and the amount of hemoglobin present. |
| hallucination | Hallucinations are experiences of sensations that have no source |
| mao | See monoamine oxidase |
| agonist-specific coupling | response of a receptor to an agonist that leads to preferential activation of one of its downstream signaling cascades over the others; 2.5.3 |
| nk cells | Cytotoxic lymphocytes that release |
| khat | Also spelled qat |
| extraocular muscle | One of the muscles attached to the eyeball that control its position and movements. |
| gene therapy | A novel approach to treat, cure or prevent disease by changing the expression of a person's genes |
| typical neuroleptic | An antischizophrenic drug that shows antagonist activity at dopamine D2 receptors |
| external attribution | An inference that a person’s behavior is due to situational factors |
| life events | refer to events that require a significant adjustment in a person's life, for instance divorce, moving house etc |
| crime times | "Research reviews and information on biological causes of criminal, violent, and psychopathic behaviour." |
| angiography | An imaging study that is used to evaluate patients for coronary artery disease |
| primary hypoparathyroidism | Hypoparathyroidism resulting from an absolute or relative deficiency of secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). |
| orthotolidine | A solution used to determine whether a stain contains blood. |
| spatial summation | in muscle |
| ossicles | Three small bones (incus, malleus, and stapes) that transmit sound across the middle ear, from the tympanic membrane to the oval window |
| hypophosphatemia | Abnormally low levels of phosphorus in the blood. |
| festination | An involuntary quickening of steps and shuffling after starting to walk |
| parasympathetic nervous system | The division of the autonomic nervous system that arises from both the cranial nerves and the sacral spinal cord |
| spleen | A ductless lymphoid organ lying below the |
| immunosuppression | Prevention or interference with the development of an immunologic response; may reflect natural immunologic unresponsiveness (tolerance); may be artificially induced by chemical, biological, or physical agents, or may be caused by disease. |
| collecting tubules | The part of the |
| agnosia | The inability to recognize objects, despite being able to describe them in terms of form and color |
| correlation | the degree of relatedness between two sets of scores |
| hearing | A |
| vesicle | A circumscribed elevation of the epidermis, filled with serum; blister. |
| cingulate cortex | See cingulate gyrus |
| dorsal | Situated toward the back |
| cancer | The general term for any malignant tumor. |
| triiodothyronine | See thyroid hormones. |
| fertilization | The union of the two gametes ( |
| active listening | A feature of client-centered th erapy that involves empathetic listening, by which the therapist echoes, restates, and clarifies what the client says. |
| set point | A genetically influenced determinant for body weight. |
| inhibitory postsynaptic potential | A negative change in voltage that occurs when a neurotransmitter binds to an inhibitory receptor. |
| lou gehrig's disease | Lou Gehrig's Disease is the commonly used name for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a serious neurological disease that causes muscle weakness, disability and eventually death |
| symbolic cuing | A technique for testing endogenous attention in which a visual stimulus is presented and subjects are asked to respond as soon as the stimulus appears on a screen |
| phase shift | A shift in the activity of a biological rhythm, typically provided by a synchronizing environmental stimulus. |
| thyroxine | One of two important iodine-containing hormones secreted by the thyroid gland that assist in regulating the cellular metabolic rate of the body. |
| bloodstain interpretation | The interpretation of the shape, size, orientation, and distribution of bloodstains. |
| oncologist | Cancer specialist. |
| postural tremor | The rhythmic shaking of the hands with arms outstretched. |
| scalloped response pattern | The phenomenon in which responses are slow in the beginning of the interval and faster just before reinforcement happens |
| receptive relaxation | The expanding of the |
| pineal gland | A secretory gland in the brain midline that is the source of melatonin release |
| neuropeptide | See peptide transmitter |
| double blind | A type of study in which neither the subject taking the drug nor the investigator giving them the drug know whether it is the active, real drug or a placebo. |
| melanin | Pigment produced by skin or melanocyte cells that give the skin a darker hue. |
| phosphatidylserine | A phospholipid found in membranes of brain cells |
| extrinsic nerve plexus | A |
| ipsp | see inhibitory post-synaptic potential |
| stage of alarm | the first stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome, which initiates responses to the stressor |
| nst | See nucleus of the solitary tract. |
| magnetoencephalography | A passive and noninvasive technique for examining brain function that measures the tiny magnetic fields produced by active neurons, in order to identify regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task |
| cuticle | The protective outer sheath of a hair, composed of a series of overlapping scales. |
| sodium pump | an active transport system that regulates the resting potential by maintaining the high extracellular concentration of Na+ |
| survivor multiple | A multiple system where one or more people in the system have survived abuse and/or trauma |
| standardized tests | Tests with uniform procedures for administration and scoring. |
| automatic thoughts | Self-defeating judgments people make about themselves. |
| ctla4 | cell marker on the surface of some immune cells. |
| granger causality | A resource that performs Granger Causality analysis. |
| arthrospores | Infective units of the filamentous mold form of the fungal pathogen Coccidioides immitis, the cause of coccidioidomycosis ("valley fever"). |
| mydriatic drugs | This group of drugs us used to dilate the pupil (mydriasis) and paralyze the muscles of accommodation (cycloplegia) of the iris |
| infrasound | Very low frequency sound; in general, below the threshold of human hearing, at about 20 Hz |
| target organ or tissue | A specific |
| longitudinal | type of research evaluating the same group(s) of people for an extended period of time |
| mechanical | Controlled or operated by |
| egocentricity | evident at the preoperational stage, whereby a young child is unable to take the perspective of another person |
| extraocular | External to the eyeball |
| inflammation | Swelling which is generally painful, red, and warm. |
| psychologist | a specialist in the study of the structure and function of the brain and related behaviors or mental processes |
| anucleate | not possessing a cell nucleus |
| wavelength | The length between two peaks in a repeated stimulus such as a wave, light, or sound |
| schizophrenia | Resource is related to or associated with application to Schizophrenia |
| parkinson's disease | Resource is related to or associated with application to Parkinson's Disease |
| pancreatic amylase | A hydrolase enzyme |
| sprain | Joint injury involving damage to one or more ligaments, but without actual ligament rupture. |
| chronic daily headache | an umbrella term that includes 4 primary headache entities: chronic/transformational migraine; chronic tension-type headache; new daily persistent headache; and hemicrania continua |
| nonprimary motor cortex | Frontal lobe regions adjacent to the primary motor cortex that contribute to motor control and modulate the activity of the primary motor cortex |
| competitive inhibition | the competition of drug molecules with the neurotransmitter molecules for access to the receptor site |
| astrocyte | A star shaped |
| parcopa™ | a formulation of carbidopa with levodopa that is a pill that dissolves in the mouth |
| withdrawal syndrome | Unpleasant physiological changes that occur when the drug is discontinued abruptly or when its effect is counteracted by a specific agent, such as a drug antagonist. |
| arc elasticity | the ratio of the proportional change in one variable (e.g., smoking prevalence) to the proportional change in another (e.g., cigarette price) as actually measured between points over a discrete range |
| huntington’s disease | A genetic disorder, with onset in middle age, in which the destruction of basal ganglia results in a syndrome of abrupt, involuntary writhing movements and changes in mental functioning |
| saltatory conduction | A type of |
| rostral | See anterior. |
| hydatid disease | Disease of humans caused by the tapeworms Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis; characterized by the production in the tissues of large, fluid-filled structures (hydatid cysts), in which the parasite undergoes a further process of maturation. |
| courtship | The period during which two potential sexual partners increase their attractiveness toward each other. |
| ligand-gated ion channel | Also known as chemically gated ion channel |
| lymph vessels | Thin tubes that carry lymph through the lymphatic system |
| serine | An amino acid that can be made in your tissues from glycine or threonine, so it is considered nonessential. |
| descending colon | The part of the |
| sexual differentiation | The process by which individuals develop either malelike or femalelike bodies and behavior. |
| extraocular muscle | One of the muscles attached to the eyeball that control its position and movements |
| autonomic nervous system | part of the nervous system that maintains the normal functioning of the body's inner environment The ANS has two subdivisions: (a) the sympathetic division whose activity mobilises energy resources and prepares the body for action, and (b) the parasympathetic divisionwhose activity tends to conserve the body's energy resources and restore inner calm. |
| kilocalorie | Unit defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius (centigrade); the "large" calorie; commonly called simply Calorie. |
| growth cone | A distinctive structure at the growing end of most axons |
| vno | See vomeronasal organ. |
| nissl stain | A tissue stain that outlines all cell bodies because the dyes are attracted to RNA, which encircles the nucleus |
| secure attachment | an attachment bond between the mother (or primary caregiver) and infant, whereby the mother is sensitive and responsive to the childs needs, who will not experience significant distress at separation from the caregiver, but who seek comfort from caregiver when frightened |
| lateralization | The tendency for the right and left halves of a system to differ from one another. |
| postsynaptic neuron | the neuron that receives chemical messages from other neurons |
| alogia | deficit in both the quantity of speech and the quality of its expression |
| illogical | contrary to logic; lacking sense or sound reasoning. |
| dependence | Also called addiction |
| pergolide | An anti-Parkinson drug. |
| conservation | understanding that physical characteristics of number or quantity do not change, even though the appearance may change, and is demonstrated by children in the pre-operational stage of Piagets theory of development. |
| depolarization | the reduction or reversal of the potential difference that exists across the cell membrane at rest |
| mean | The arithmetic average of a set of scores. |
| mutation | A change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene as a result of unfaithful replication. |
| x-ray | a diagnostic test which uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film. |
| rigidity | changes of the muscle tone associated with increased resistance noted to the passive movement of a limb. |
| nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism | Disease caused by an imbalance in the quantities of calcium and phosphorus in the diet, resulting in a net withdrawal of calcium from the bones; also called "big head" or "millers' disease." |
| intromission | Insertion of the erect penis into the vagina during copulation. |
| stop-start technique | sex therapy technique used for premature ejaculation; the man or his partner stimulates his penis until he is about to ejaculate; the man then relaxes and concentrates on the sensations in his body until his level of arousal declines; the goal of this technique is for the man to learn to identify the point of ejaculatory inevitability and to control his arousal level at that point |
| milk letdown reflex | The reflexive release of milk by the mammary glands of a nursing female in response to suckling, or to stimuli associated with suckling |
| transcription | The process during which mRNA forms bases complementary to a strand of DNA |
| discordant | Referring to any trait that is seen in only one individual of a pair of twins |
| bath salts | Ingredients of the drug bath salts include mephedrone, methylone, MDPV, or MDPK |
| attachment | a two-way bond between two individuals (humans or some other animal species), in which each individual gains a sense of security from the other. |
| hair follicle | The structural unit of hair production within the skin, containing two major components, the follicular sheath and the hair bulb; two major types exist, simple follicles and compound follicles. |
| direct contact | Contraction of a |
| sexually receptive | Referring to the state in which an individual (in mammals, typically the female) is willing to copulate |
| ecological niche | The unique assortment of environmental opportunities and challenges to which each organism is adapted. |
| paleocortex | See allocortex. |
| taste | There are ten thousand taste buds in the mouth |
| pecs | Picture Exchange Communication System |
| natural selection | See evolution by natural selection. |
| glutamate receptor | nonselective cation channels which allows the flow of K+, Na+ and sometimes Ca2+ in response to glutamate binding |
| health canada | Site provides a Canadian perspective on health issues. |
| sleep deprivation | The partial or total prevention of sleep. |
| transmitter | short for neurotransmitter |
| intracranial administration | the administration of a drug locally into the brain, usually by the Intra cerebral or Intra cisternal route |
| knockout organism | An individual in which a particular gene has been disabled by an experimenter |
| teratogen | An agent such as a virus, a drug, or radiation that can cause deformities in an embryo or fetus. |
| dissociative disorders | Disorders characterized by disturbances in consciousness, memory, identity, and perception. |
| somatostatin | A chemical necessary for communication between nerve cells. |
| sensory transduction | The process in which a receptor cell converts the energy in a stimulus into a change in the electrical potential across its membrane |
| mammary glands | Sebacous glands that are modified to |
| degenerative arthritis | Degenerative arthritis, also called osteoarthritis, is a type of arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints Osteoarthritis, also called degenerative arthritis, is a type of arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints. |
| incubation period | The time between exposure to an infectious disease agent and the onset of clinical signs of disease. |
| satiety | A physical feeling of fullness after eating. |
| hippocampus | Structure in the limbic region that helps to store and process memories, and then helps to find them when you want to remember something |
| complement system | a system of plasma proteins that participates in immune defense by facilitating phagocytosis or by directly attacking the cell membranes of pathogenic microbes |
| peracute | Of extremely rapid onset. |
| oxygen | A colourless and odourless gaseous element which is found in the atmosphere and in |
| disequilibrium | a technical term for a feeling of imbalance when walking. |
| interneuron | A neuron that is neither a sensory neuron nor a motoneuron |
| placebo effect | Relief of a symptom, such as pain, that results following a treatment that is known to be ineffective or inert |
| overconfidence effect | The tendency for people to be too certain that their beliefs, decisions, estimates, and accuracy of recall are correct. |
| loudness | The subjective experience of the pressure level of a sound |
| anencephaly | a condition that is present at birth and affects the formation of the brain and the skull bones that surround the head, resulting in only minimal development of the brain |
| mitosis | The process of division of somatic cells that involves duplication of DNA. |
| hard problem of consciousness | Understanding the brain processes that produce people’s subjective experiences of their conscious perceptions—that is, their qualia |
| sexual selection | Process in which females choose their mates based on certain characteristics that will then be passed on to their male offspring. |
| anthrax | A rapidly fatal illness caused by multiplication and spread of the bacterium Bacillus anthracis following ingestion of the bacterial spores. |
| hypokinesia | A clinical term for the slow or diminished movement associated with Parkinson's disease |
| crisis | a psychological conflict which needs to be resolved if the individual is to move on to the next stage of development. |
| endoparasite | Any parasite found inside the host, chiefly in the gastrointestinal tract |
| addictive personality | A common belief that particular personality traits predispose to addiction to drugs, sex, eating, etc |
| physical dependence | a state where the body has adapted to and has become dependent on drugs, and sudden absence can result in withdrawal. |
| free radicals | Molecular fragments that can bond and possibly cause cancer. |
| myelin sheath | a fatty substance that surrounds and protects some nerve fibers. |
| palsy | Antiquated term for paralysis or an uncontrollable shaking of the body |
| axon | The appendage of a |
| facilitated diffusion | The passive movement of |
| monounsaturated fat | A fat such as olive oil with a one carbon double bond |
| phobia | A persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that results in a compelling desire to avoid the dreaded object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus). |
| sinusitis | Inflammation of a sinus. |
| ordinate | when plotting data on a graph, the ordinate refers to information on the vertical or y axis of the graph |
| escape learning | the acquisition of a response that terminates an aversive stimulus |
| auditory hallucination | A perceived voice or sound that is not real. |
| bile acids | Steroid acids made from cholesterol, they are components of bile. |
| sinusoids | A small space for |
| organismic variables | age, sex, body weight, and so forth can influence the size or direction of a drug effect |
| dorsal column system | A somatosensory system that delivers most touch stimuli via the dorsal columns of spinal white matter to the brain |
| negative reinforcement | In training, the use of an unpleasant stimulus, such as a whip or bit, if a task is not performed. |
| social support | people and/or services that are supportive during difficult periods, including information (e.g |
| temporal resolution | The ability to track changes in the brain that occur very quickly |
| aa | AAFunction: abbreviation1 achievement age2 Alcoholics Anonymous |
| glycogen | A carbohydrate in storage form in your body. |
| polyandry | A mating system in which one female mates with more than one male |
| growth cone | The growing tip of an axon or a dendrite |
| within-subjects experiment | An experiment in which the same set of subjects is compared before and after an experimental manipulation |
| trace amine-associated receptors | A family of probable pheromone receptors produced by neurons in the main olfactory epithelium |
| germinal centers | The site of |
| gas colic | Colic caused by overconsumption of lush grass feed, resulting in excessive gas production in the intestine. |
| mirror neuron | A neuron that is active both when an individual makes a particular movement and when that individual sees another individual make the same movement |
| agonist | 1 |
| polyunsaturated fat | A fat, such as corn oil, that is liquid at room temperature and stays liquid even when chilled. |
| echo stress test | Also called stress echocardiography |
| isotonic | Referring to a solution with a concentration of salt that is the same as that found in interstitial fluid and blood plasma (about 0.9% salt) |
| onuf’s nucleus | The human homolog of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus in rats |
| daidzein | A phytoestrogen found in extracts of soybeans, red clover, and kudzu root. |
| cerveau isolè | See isolated forebrain |
| cusps | The sharp points of the tooth crown. |
| movement | A single relocation of a body part, usually resulting from a brief muscle contraction; less complex than an act |
| mast cell inhibitors | Mast cell inhibitors act to stabilize the cell membranes of mast cells and prevent the release of histamine |
| phoneme | minimal units of speech, that create differences in speech production and reception. |
| theory | a structured set of concepts to explain a phenomena or group of phenomena. |
| side effect | An action or effect of a drug other than that desired |
| atypical antipsychotics | drugs that seem to be even more effective in treating schizophrenia than phenothiazines without the same neurological side effects; they bind to a different type of dopamine receptor than other neuroleptic drugs |
| biopsychosocial model | a model of heath and illness are determined by multiple factors, including social, cultural, psychological and biological, which can thus have multiple effects. |
| false positive | Report that a drug or metabolite has been detected when the drug or drug metabolite is not present in the specimen. |
| smooth mouth | "Smoothing" of the tooth surfaces seen in very old horses. |
| transformation | Making a series of changes to achieve a specific goal. |
| dementia pugilistica | See chronic traumatic encephalopathy. |
| h2 receptor | a type of histamine receptor that mediates the release of gastric acid from the stomach |
| minor calyces | The small spaces of the |
| vitamin | General term for a number of substances required in very small quantities for the normal functioning of the body's metabolic processes. |
| gender | A learned distinction between masculinity and femininity. |
| sacral | Relating to the sacral region of the spinal column |
| dna | The basic chemical substance that makes up the gene. |
| anterograde amnesia | The inability to form new memories beginning with the onset of a disorder |
| akinesia | Delay in initiating movement; inability to move; “freezing”. |
| erythropoietin | A |
| excitatory post-synaptic potential | short-lived movement of membrane potential to a higher value when neurotransmitter binds to receptors on dendrites; temporary depolarization of post-synaptic membrane potential caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the post-synaptic cell as a result of opening of ligand-gated channels |
| trauma | An overwhelmingly difficult event in a persons’ life. |
| idea | The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a United States federal law that governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education, and related services to children with disabilities |
| testosterone | A hormone, produced by male gonads, that controls a variety of bodily changes that become visible at puberty |
| circumventricular organs | a specialized group of brain structures that lie outside the blood-brain barrier allowing them to monitor changes in body conditions |
| submucosal plexus | A network of |
| corticosterone | A corticosteroid hormone. |
| apneusis | Prolonged |
| serovar | Variant or subspecies of leptospire. |
| cervical | Referring to topmost eight segments of the spinal cord, in the neck region |
| adolescence: change & continuity | Students at Pennsylvania University created this extremely thorough website with dozens of links and references for information on adolescent development ranging from biological to social to family and peer influences. |
| strangles | Extremely important, highly contagious bacterial disease of young horses caused by Streptococcus equi; characterized by inflammation of the pharyngeal mucous membranes, with swelling, inflammation, and abscess formation in the associated lymph nodes; also called distemper. |
| periaqueductal gray | The neuronal body–rich region of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles; it is involved in pain perception |
| immunization | The administration of a vaccine in order to produce protective immunity against the infectious disease agent(s) present in the vaccine. |
| dystonia | A slow movement or extended spasm in a group of muscles. |
| coombs' test | An immunologic procedure for the detection of autoantibody attached to red blood cells; also called an antiglobulin test; important in disease diagnosis as well as in cross-matching blood samples for transfusion purposes. |
| synaptogenesis | The establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow |
| organizational effect | A permanent alteration of the nervous system, and thus permanent change in behavior, resulting from the action of a steroid hormone on an animal early in its development |
| acetylcholinesterase inhibitors | A class of drugs used to treat mild to moderate dementia in Parkinson's disease |
| dose-response curve | the relationship between different dosages of a drug and the accompanying changes in physiology or behavior |
| modes of transmission | Ways that |
| catecholamine | A group of neurotransmitters that are derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and/or tyrosine |
| co-running | More than one person is not only present at the front, but both (or more) are actively using the body |
| long-term memory | memories that are stored in a variety of places in the brain over long periods of time (Recency and Primacy Effects) |
| hypodermis | Also called subcutaneous tissue |
| ileus | Loss of normal intestinal motility. |
| hormone | Any molecule produced by an organ or tissue, usually in extremely small quantities, that has a specific regulatory effect on the activity of another organ or tissue. |
| insulin | Critically important hormone produced by the beta cells of the endocrine pancreas; responsible for regulating the blood concentration of glucose, the body's most important fuel molecule. |
| ascites | A large, abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen that can occur due to liver failure, cirrhosis and liver cancer |
| aromatization hypothesis | The hypothesis that testicular androgens enter the brain and are converted there into estrogens to masculinize the developing nervous system of some rodents |
| semicircular canals | Three fluid-filled tubes that are the main structures in the vestibular system |
| inflammatory bowel disease | Inflammatory bowel disease, informally known to many simply as I.B.D., is a group of inflammatory-based conditions that directly affect the areas of the colon and small intestine |
| fusiform | Cylindrical shape tapered at both ends |
| range fractionation | The means by which sensory systems cover a wide range of intensity values, as each sensory receptor cell specializes in just one part of the overall range of intensities |
| frequency | the |
| synovial fluid | Joint fluid, the material that lubricates the joint surfaces. |
| electrolytes | charged ions like sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate |
| tectorial membrane | A membrane that sits atop the organ of Corti in the cochlear duct |
| pure tone | A tone with a single frequency of vibration |
| homeostasis | a state of equilibrium or balance of the internal conditions of the body. |
| solute | A solid compound that is dissolved in a liquid |
| frontal plane | Plane dividing the anterior from |
| soma | The neuron cell body |
| constipation | Difficulty in having a bowel movement where the material in the bowels is hard due to a lack of exercise, fluid intake, and roughage in the diet, or due to certain drugs. |
| glucose transporter | A molecule that spans the external membrane of a cell and transports glucose molecules from outside the cell to inside for use. |
| autonomic nervous system | The part of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural connections to glands and to smooth muscles of internal organs |
| cs | in Pavlovian conditioning, the signal that reliably predicts the occurrence of a biologically important event |
| agonist | A molecule, usually a drug, that binds a receptor molecule and initiates a response like that of another molecule, usually a neurotransmitter |
| polyphenols | Compounds in plants that give foods their color, also known as bioflavonoids, that often work as antioxidants |
| sleep spindle | A characteristic 14- to 18-Hz wave in the EEG of a person said to be in stage 2 sleep |
| vomeronasal organ | A collection of specialized receptor cells, near to but separate from the olfactory epithelium, that detect pheromones and send electrical signals to the accessory olfactory bulb in the brain |
| electro-oculography | The electrical recording of eye movements, useful in determining sleep stages. |
| autonomic | Occuring involuntarily |
| minivalves | Small one-way |
| myelogenous | Originating within the bone marrow. |
| l'hermitte's sign | Abnormal sensation of electricity or "pins and needles" going down the spine into the arms and legs that occurs when the neck is bent forward. |
| content validity | A test’s ability to measure all the important aspects of the characteristic being measured. |
| gustatory system | The taste system |
| hypotonic | Referring to a solution with a lower concentration of salt than that found in interstitial fluid and blood plasma (less than about 0.9% salt) |
| homeostasis | The active process of maintaining a particular physiological parameter relatively constant |
| autcom | Autism National Committee |
| arthritis | Literally means joint inflammation. Term is often used to indicate more than 100 rheumatic diseases that affect not only the joints but also other connective tissues of the body. |
| alberta health services | provincial health authority in Alberta whose goal is to provide accessible and sustainable patient-focused health services to all the citizens of Alberta; AHS is the current governing body for the AADAC and the Alberta Cancer Board and Foundation |
| mineralocorticoids | Corticosteroids whose primary function is regulation of water and electrolyte balance; they act by retaining sodium and excreting potassium within the kidney tubules. |
| microtubule | A small, hollow, cylindrical structure (20–26 nm in diameter) in axons that is involved in axonal transport. |
| cannon keratosis | Seborrhea affecting the front surface of the rear cannon bone. |
| anomia | The inability to name persons or objects readily |
| risk-stratification | Activities such as lab and clinical testing used to determine a person’s risk for suffering a particular condition, such as coronary artery disease, and the need, or lack thereof, for preventive intervention. |
| fornix | a pathway that connects the hippocampus and the mamillary bodies. |
| hydrochloric acid | An acidic solution that is diluted in gastric juice |
| pcr | A highly sophisticated scientific method of detecting the presence of hepatitis B virus DNA or hepatitis C virus RNA in the blood |
| schizandra | Helps to increase energy and protects the body against stress. |
| mean | measure of central tendency, calculated by the total sum of all the scores, divided by the total number of scores. |
| constructive theories of perception | top-down (or concept driven) theories that emphasise the need for several sources of information in order to construct our perception of the world |
| nervous system | A complex, highly coordinated network of tissues that communicate via electrochemical signals. |
| general paresis | disease that leads to paralysis, insanity, and eventually death; discovery of this disease helped establish a connection between biological diseases and mental disorders |
| symptomatic therapy | Therapy aimed at alleviating the signs or symptoms of a disease rather than treating its underlying cause. |
| amyloid precursor protein | A protein that, when cleaved by several enzymes, produces β-amyloid |
| electron transport chain | A process that occurs across the |
| angioedema | Recurrent wheals or welts in the skin, caused by dilation and/or increased permeability of capillaries. |
| dendrite | branched structure of a nerve cell that forms synapses with upstream nerve cells; 6.1.3, 6.1.4 |
| pharyngeal | Pertaining to the pharynx. |
| neuroscience | The scientific disciplines concerned with the development, structure, function, chemistry, pharmacology, clinical assessments and pathology of the nervous system. |
| drug therapy | Treatment that involves the use of medications |
| limbic system | limbic systemFunction: noun: a group of subcortical structures (as the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, and the amygdala) of the brain that are concerned esp |
| subarachnoid space | The space between the arachnoid |
| metaphysis | The region immediately beneath the growth plate (epiphysis) of a bone. |
| mac attack | The process of target |
| gender stereotypes | Societal beliefs about the characteristics of males and females. |
| innervate | To provide neural input to |
| ileum | The lower portion of the |
| caffeine | A stimulant compound found in coffee, cacao, and other plants. |
| esophageal | The tube that carries food, liquids and saliva from the mouth to the stomach; relating to the esophagus. |
| synaptic terminals | An area of an |
| chloride channels | membrane pores that determine Cl- permeability, thereby regulating membrane excitability |
| analysis of variance | (1) briefly, a statistical method for assessing the size of differences among means of two or more variables; (2) more explicitly, a statistical method for isolating and assessing the contribution of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable |
| learning | The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information, behavior patterns, or abilities, characterized by modifications of behavior as a result of practice, study, or experience |
| myelin | A white, fatty material that surrounds the axons of nerve cells. |
| complete protein | A protein that contains ample amounts of all essential amino acids. |
| aggregation | A collection or cluster of particles, parts or bodies |
| stress immunization | The concept that mild stress early in life makes an individual better able to handle stress later in life. |
| relaxation therapy | Technique that allows a person under extreme stress to decrease stress levels. |
| tolerance | A condition in which, with repeated exposure to a drug, an individual becomes less responsive to a constant dose |
| atrophy | wasting, shrinkage of muscle tissue or nerve tissue. |
| creb | A gene involved in learning and memory |
| low pressure | Force that is less than normal |
| mutations | Changes in DNA, such as “misspellings” in the gene sequence or incorrect amounts of DNA, that can prevent a gene from functioning properly. |
| scn | See suprachiasmatic nucleus |
| beta-lipotropin | a pituitary hormone incorporating several of the same sequences of amino acids that comprise peptides that are known to be important in the stress response |
| fluoride | Many cities in the United States add fluoride to the municipal water supply to prevent tooth decay, and many toothpastes contain it as an additive; but this use is somewhat controversial |
| belief perseverance | The process of rejecting evidence that refutes one’s beliefs. |
| myosin filaments | thick filaments; form part of the contractile filaments in muscle |
| aura | neurological events which sometimes happen before a migraine attack, such as flickering lights or black spots in the field of vision, strange smells, vertigo or nausea. |
| central pattern generator | Neural circuitry that is responsible for generating the rhythmic pattern of a behavior such as walking. |
| self-report inventory | A paper-and-pen test that requires people to answer questions about their typical behavior. |
| fixed-interval schedule | A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement happens after a set amount of time. |
| aldosterone | A |
| toxicology | Division of medical and biological science concerned with drugs |
| cranial nerve | A nerve that carries sensory and motor output for the head and neck region |
| lipid | A large molecule (commonly called a fat) that consists of fatty acids and glycerol that are insoluble in water |
| primacy effect | The superior performance seen in a memory task for items at the start of a list; it is usually attributed to long-term memory |
| divergence | The phenomenon of neural connections in which one cell sends signals to many other cells |
| circumvallate papillae | One of three types of small structures on the tongue, located in the back, that contain taste receptors |
| nucleic acids | Polymers composed of |
| refractory | Temporarily unresponsive or inactivated |
| cranial nerves | 12 pairs of nerves that exit from the brain. |
| festination | Short, shuffling steps; involuntary speeding up of the gait. |
| vaccine | Any substance, bearing antigens on its surface, that causes activation of an animal?s immune system without causing actual disease |
| polyuria | Excessive urination. |
| hepatic necrosis | Liver-cell death. |
| antibiotic sensitivity testing | Laboratory test procedure for identifying the sensitivity or resistance of a bacterial isolate to several antibiotics. |
| light adaptation | The process by which receptor cells become less sensitive to light. |
| myelin | The fatty material that sheathes nerve cells and makes it possible for them to fire the electrical messages that enable you to think, see, speak, move, and perform the multitude of tasks natural to a living body; brain tissue also is rich in fat. |
| automatic internal cardiac defibrillator | A device to prevent sudden cardiac death that is surgically placed under the skin in the chest or abdomen |
| inflammatory disease | Diseases that are characterized by activation of the immune system to abnormal levels that lead to disease. |
| fundus | The upper portion of the |
| head | the frontmost part of an animal that usually contains the brain, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth |
| equine infectious anemia | One of the most important viral diseases of horses, caused by a retrovirus; it is a chronic infection resulting in a persistent (lifelong) carrier state with periodic exacerbations of anemic illness; also called swamp fever |
| anterior | Also called rostral |
| urachus | Structure that during fetal life transports the foal's urine into the placental fluids; it normally closes off after birth. |
| metabolism | The set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms to convert fuel into energy. |
| osmosis | The passive movement of a solvent, usually water, through a semipermeable membrane until a uniform concentration of solute (often salt) is achieved on both sides of the membrane |
| testes | The male gonads, which produce sperm and androgenic steroid hormones |
| basal cell layer | The bottom cell layer of the epidermis (the outermost layer of the skin). |
| clot | A mass of coagulated |
| roaring | Common name for laryngeal hemiplegia. |
| intractable vomitting | Intractable vomiting is a condition that is best described as the repeated vomiting that is resistant to any medical treatment |
| distal | In anatomy, toward the periphery of an organism or toward the end of a limb |
| title xix | Title XIX (or Title 19) refers to the part of the United States Social Security Laws governing state medical assistance programs (i.e |
| gender identity disorder | condition in which a person believes that he or she was born with the wrong sex's genitals and is fundamentally a person of the opposite sex |
| urinary retention | a lack of ability to urinate. |
| catecholamines | Hormones released by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. |
| confirmation bias | The tendency to look for and accept evidence that supports what one wants to believe and to ignore or reject evidence that refutes those beliefs. |
| clonidine | A prescription medication (Catapres; generic available) primarily used to lower blood pressure |
| beta activity | See desynchronized EEG. |
| recruitment | the |
| neurofibrillary tangles | twists or tangles of filaments within nerve cells, especially prominent in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, common in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients |
| eructation | Forceful, retrograde expulsion of air from the stomach; "burping" or "belching." |
| choline | A nutrient that is not a vitamin, mineral, protein, carbohydrate, or fat, but it’s usually lumped in with the B-vitamins |
| extrapyramidal motor system | one of the systems of the brain responsible for body movement |
| factitious disorders | pretending to have physical or psychological symptoms for a secondary gain, such as assuming a sick role in order to eliminate responsibilities. |
| tectum | The dorsal portion of the midbrain, including the inferior and superior colliculi. |
| justification of effort | The idea that if one works hard to reach a goal, one is likely to value that goal. |
| tuberomammillary nucleus | A region of the basal hypothalamus, near the pituitary stalk, that plays a role in generating SWS. |
| budding | Form of asexual reproduction in certain protozoa wherein a dividing cell divides into two unequal parts, the larger part being considered the parent and the smaller one the bud. |
| external intercostal muscles | Outer layer of intercostal muscles; contract during |
| t1r | A family of taste receptor proteins that, when particular members bind together, form taste receptors for sweet flavors and umami flavors |
| fibrosis | Formation of fibrous tissue; scarring. |
| allergy | Reaction of the specific immune system against drugs or other allergens such as pollen, foodstuffs or microbial macromolecules leading to formation of allergen-specific antibodies or lymphocytes and clinical symptoms upon repeated allergen exposure; 1.2.3 |
| temporal summation | summation of postsynaptic membrane potentials that occur close to one another in time, but not simultaneously |
| efferent spinal nerve | A |
| tonsils | A pair of lymphod masses located on either side of the throat |
| action tremor | A tremor that occurs or increases when the hand is moving voluntarily. |
| middle cerebral artery | Either of two large arteries, arising from the carotid arteries, that provide blood to most of the lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres |
| endorphins | Neurotransmitters produced in the brain that generate cellular and behavioral effects like those of morphine. |
| homogeneous | Uniform. |
| dysarthria | Slurred or otherwise impaired speech |
| colitis | Inflammation of the large bowel (colon); contrasts with enteritis (inflammation of the small intestine). |
| avp | See arginine vasopressin |
| meditation | refers to techniques that focus the mind and promote a state of calmness so that the mind and body can be brought into greater harmony to facilitate health and healing. |
| babbling | A producton of sounds that resemble many different languages. |
| follicle-stimulating hormone | A |
| mao isozymes | different forms of MAO that are present throughout the body (MAO-A) and in the brain (MAO-B) |
| intermittent explosive disorder | Failure to resist aggressive impulses and the person often displays extremely aggressive behaviors that are grossly out of proportion to the issue at hand |
| fibrosarcoma | A malignant tumor of connective tissue cells. |
| border cell | A neuron that selectively fires when the animal arrives at the perimeter of the local spatial cognitive map. |
| repetition priming | See priming |
| affective withdrawal | a strong opponent emotion produced by the removal of a familiar emotion-inducing stimulus |
| fatigue | A common, poorly understood symptom of Parkinson's disease; a state in which one feels tired or exhausted, and the capacity for normal work or activity is reduced. |
| muscular dystrophy | Resource is related to or associated with application to Muscular Dystrophy |
| gallbladder | A small muscular sac located in the right lobe of the |
| opponent-process hypothesis | A hypothesis of color perception stating that different systems produce opposite responses to light of different wavelengths |
| external urethral sphincter | Sphincter located at the junction of the bladder and urethra |
| selective attention | The ability to focus on some pieces of sensory information and ignore others. |
| delay conditioning | A form of conditioning in which only a brief delay separates the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli |
| operant conditioning | A type of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences. |
| impaired judgement | Being unable to make a correct decision |
| leptospirosis | Bacterial disease caused by leptospires (spiral-shaped bacteria). |
| isolated forebrain | Sometimes referred to by the French term, cerveau isolé |
| lungs | The pair of |
| acquired dyslexia | See dyslexia. |
| toxicity | The capacity of a drug to damage body tissue or seriously impair body functions. |
| participate | Throw yourself into whatever you are doing or experiencing in the moment, 100% |
| dystonia | a movement disorder that causes sustained muscle contraction producing repetitive movements or abnormal postures |
| homology | A physical resemblance that is based on common ancestry, such as the similarity in forelimb structures of different mammals |
| contraction | Shortening; Muscles are specialized in contraction |
| mammillary body | One of a pair of limbic system structures that are connected to the hippocampus |
| phosphatidylserine | An Acetylcholine booster. |
| taste bud | A cluster of 50–150 cells that detects tastes |
| grandiose delusion | A belief centered around the idea that one is very important or famous. |
| isocortex | See neocortex. |
| knee jerk reflex | A variant of the stretch reflex in which stretching of the tendon beneath the knee leads to an upward kick of the leg |
| pinna | The visible part of the ear. |
| war neurosis | See posttraumatic stress disorder |
| sesamoid bone | Any small, nodular bone (such as the kneecap) that is located within the tendon of a muscle or the capsule of a joint. |
| trp8 | See cool-menthol receptor 1. |
| amine hormones | Also called monoamine hormones |
| collective unconscious | The part of our minds, according to Carl Jung, that contains universal memories of our common human past. |
| biomarkers | Specific, measurable physical traits used to determine or indicate the effects or progress of a disease or condition |
| hyperchloremia | Abnormally elevated levels of chloride in the blood. |
| glucagon | A pancreatic hormone that converts glycogen to glucose, and thus increases blood glucose |
| sc | See standard condition |
| minor depression | refers to a less extreme form of clinical depression and does not meet the criterion of major depression. |
| stage 2 sleep | A stage of slow-wave sleep that is defined by bursts of regular 14- to 18-hertz EEG waves called sleep spindles |
| linear regression | A type of analysis of data—linear regression is used to make predictions about a single value |
| genera | Plural form of genus. |
| toxoplasmosis | A protozoan disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii. |
| reductionism | The scientific strategy of breaking a system down into increasingly smaller parts in order to understand it |
| 5-ht | See serotonin |
| somatic nervous system | The part of the peripheral nervous system that is connected to the skeletal muscles and sense organs. |
| cell-autonomous | Referring to cell processes that are directed by the cell itself rather than being under the influence of other cells. |
| rosemary | A profoundly acting anti-oxidant in the nervous system |
| mirapex™ | see Pramipexole |
| halfway houses | living facilities that offer people with long-term mental health problems the opportunity to live in a structured, supportive environment while they are trying to reestablish employment and ties to family and friends |
| cat | Cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) is a brief therapy that was developed in the context of the National Health Service |
| philosophy of mind | is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind, mental events, mental functions, mental properties, consciousness and their relationship to the physical body, particularly the brain. |
| implantation | The process by which the embryo becomes embedded in the wall of the uterus. |
| endogenous biological rhythms | Biological cycles that originate from inside the body rather than depend on cues from the environment. |
| endocrine system | A network of tissues that allows the body to communicate via hormones. |
| echocardiography | An imaging technology that uses sound waves to create a moving pictures of the heart |
| axo-dendritic synapse | A synapse at which a presynaptic axon terminal synapses onto a dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron, either via a dendritic spine or directly onto the dendrite itself |
| pancreas | A large |
| gastrin-releasing peptide | A neuropeptide that stimulates neurons in the dorsal horn to provide the sensation of itch. |
| superior | Towards the head; up; opposite meaning to |
| dopamine | A neurotransmitter that reacts similarly to adrenaline. It affects the part of the brain that controls movement and the ability to experience pleasure and pain. |
| changing career patterns | It is very common in today's society for people to change careers throughout their working lives |
| postcopulatory behavior | The final stage in mating behavior |
| receptor sites | specific protein structures in the cell membrane that match the structure of the neurotransmitter molecule |
| fdg | 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). May also be referred to as Fluorine-18 or F-18 FDG. A frequently used radiotracer in PET scanning |
| chronic interstitial nephritis | Chronic, progressive destruction of the kidneys, marked by a reduction in kidney size and scarring of kidney tissue. |
| gingivitis | Inflammation of the gums. |
| corpus callosum | A band of fibers that divides the cerebrum into two halves. |
| heredity | The transmission of qualities from ancestors. |
| linoleic acid | An essential fatty acid acquired from vegetable sources; important in the biosynthesis of cell membranes. |
| circumventricular organ | An organ that lies in the wall of a cerebral ventricle and monitors the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid |
| emulsify | To |
| sympathetic | Pertaining to the |
| multiple baseline design | type of study in which an intervention is given to the same individual but begun in different settings or is given to different individuals but at different points in time and in which the effects of the intervention are systematically observed |
| amnesia | impairment in the ability to learn new information or to recall previously learned information or past events |
| tic | quick, brief movements that are involuntary and abnormal |
| neuroscience | the study of the brain and the nervous system. |
| sex differences | commonly observed differences between males and females, that may be primary (associated with reproduction), secondary (biological, but not associated with reproduction) and differences of mental, emotional or behavioural characteristics. |
| monaural | Pertaining to one ear |
| myopia | Nearsightedness |
| tailbone | See coccygeal |
| tolerance | a reduced response to a drug following repeated exposures to the drug |
| otitis externa | Inflammation of the outer ear. |
| colon | The portion of the large intestine connecting the cecum (lowermost portion of the small intestine) with the rectum. |
| sexual differentiation | The process by which individuals develop either malelike or femalelike bodies and behavior |
| excitotoxicity | Overstimulation of nerve cells by nerve impulses |
| venules | Small veins. |
| toxicity | The extent, quality or degree of being poisonous. |
| blood-brain barrier | the protective membrane that separates circulating blood from brain cells. |
| simplicity | The tendency to perceive forms as simple, symmetrical figures rather than as irregular ones. |
| chills | A condition of appearing pale while cold and shivering; sometimes with a fever. |
| seminiferous tubules | Coiled tubules located in the |
| meront | Alternative term for schizont. |
| strongyles | Nematode parasites of horses; come in two varieties, large and small strongyles |
| syngamy | Alternative term for gametogamy. |
| fibroblast | Immature fibrocyte. |
| representative sample | A sample that corresponds to the population from which it is drawn in terms of age, sex, and other qualities on the variables being studied. |
| athetosis | Slow, involuntary movements of the hands and feet (see Dyskinesia). |
| skull | the bones that comprise the head. |
| glomerulus | A complex arbor of dendrites from a group of olfactory cells |
| blob | Also called peg |
| periosteum | The highly sensitive connective tissue sheathing the bones; it contains a rich blood supply and provides for the nutrition, growth, repair, and protection of the underlying bone. |
| hard palate | Bone and tissue composing the roof of the mouth, separating the nasal cavity from the oral cavity. |
| coronary artery disease | A condition involving the narrowing of the coronary arteries that carry blood and oxygen to the heart muscle. |
| solution | A mixture of a dissolving fluid (the solvent) and dissolved substances (the |
| self-efficacy beliefs | beliefs that one can engage in the behaviors necessary to overcome a situation |
| detached retina | Occurs when the retina tears away from the choroid layer of the eye |
| tens | See transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. |
| resorption ester | a prodrug in which a polar moiety such as a carboxyl or hydroxyl group has been converted to an ester, so as to make the molecule less polar and improve its intestinal absorption; 3.4.5 |
| phosphoinositides | A class of common second-messenger compounds in postsynaptic cells. |
| cooperativity | synchronized ligand binding and conformational transition by the multiple subunits of an oligomeric receptor or enzyme; 2.5.1 |
| skeletal muscle | The type of muscle making up most of the muscles of movement attached to the skeleton; also known as striated muscle. |
| white muscle disease | Muscle abnormality resulting from inadequate intake of selenium or vitamin E. |
| retropulsion | the tendency to fall backwards. |
| hydration | The process of providing water or fluid by mouth, tube, or intravenously. |
| alpha methyl tyrosine | an inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase |
| ecological niche | The unique assortment of environmental opportunities and challenges to which each organism is adapted |
| antidiuretic hormone | See arginine vasopressin |
| corticobasal ganglionic degeneration | the old name for corticobasal degeneration |
| prostate-specific antigen | A protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland that is present in small quantities in the blood of normal men but often elevated in the presence of prostate cancer or other prostate disorders. |
| cell nucleus | The spherical central structure of a cell that contains the chromosomes. |
| wolffian duct | A duct system in the embryo that will develop into male structures (the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles) if testes are present in the embryo |
| correlation | The covariation of two measures |
| anonymity | a state for an individual within a crowd where each person loses their sense of individuality. |
| amine | An organic compound that is derived from |
| neuroma | Tumor arising from a nerve. |
| biochemistry | The chemistry of biology; the application of the tools and concepts of chemistry to living systems |
| olfactory hairs | Fine, hair-like |
| bradyphrenia | slowness of thought processes |
| theory of natural selection | A theory that explains the process of evolution |
| dualism | The notion, promoted by René Descartes, that the mind is subject only to spiritual interactions, while the body is subject only to material interactions. |
| headache-primary | Includes tension (muscular contraction), vascular (migraine), and cluster headaches not caused by other underlying medical conditions. |
| immunotherapy | The use of medications that boost the immune response, to assist in the treatment of a disease. |
| levodopa | Also called L-dopa, the most commonly administered drug to treat Parkinson's symptoms |
| corns | Chronic lesions found in the sole of the foot, at the angle formed by the wall and the bar of the sole. |
| sleep apnea | A sleep disorder in which respiration slows or stops periodically, waking the patient |
| dhpg | a metabolite (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylene glycol) of catecholamines that may serve as a biochemical marker for certain types of depression |
| nerve block anesthesia | An injection made into a nerve to block the conduction of impulses between the nerve and the CNS |
| crowding | the feeling that is induced if our expectations about the use of space are violated by the presence of others. |
| genital herpes | An inflammatory skin disease in the genital area caused by herpes simplex virus or varicella-zoster virus; an eruption of groups of deep-seated vesicles on erythematous bases |
| osmotic pressure | The tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane |
| posterior | Situated behind or to the rear |
| monensin | Feed additive for cattle and poultry; toxic for horses. |
| precursors | An earlier stage in a nutritional process such as Melatonin being a precursor of Serotonin. |
| msdd | MultiSystem Developmental Disorder |
| anticholinergic | A class of drugs often effective in reducing the tremor of Parkinson's disease |
| effector cells | a cell that acts to change the condition of an organism in response to neuronal or hormonal signals |
| sporadic parkinson's disease | The most common form of Parkinson's disease, accounting for upwards of 95 percent of cases, and arising from causes likely to include a combination of genetic and environmental factors |
| neurotoxin | a compound that leads to the impairment or destruction of neurons |
| receptor | A part of the |
| wernicke’s area | A region of temporoparietal cortex in the brain that is involved in the perception and production of speech |
| act | Also called action pattern |
| semen | Thick milky fluid from the male containing the male reproductive cells or spermatozoa (sperm). |
| exercise treadmill testing | Also called ECG Stress Test |
| dependent variable | The factor that an experimenter measures to monitor a change in response to changes in an independent variable |
| optic nerve | The second pair of |
| dyskinesia | Difficulty or distortion in voluntary movement |
| hepatopathy | Any disease of the liver, particularly one characterized by degenerative changes. |
| mucometra | Presence of mucus in the uterus. |
| asperger’s syndrome | Sometimes called high-functioning autism |
| terrorism | the calculated use of unexpected, shocking, and unlawful violence against noncombatants (including, in addition to civilians, off-duty military and security personnel in peaceful situations) and other symbolic targets perpetrated by a clandestine member(s) of a subnational group or a clandestine agent for the psychological purpose of publicizing a political or religious cause and/or intimidating or coercing a government(s) or civilian population into accepting demands on behalf of the cause. |
| abdominal migraine | a type of migraine in which the pain is not located in the head but rather in the upper part of the abdomen |
| da | See dopamine |
| afterpotential | The positive or negative change in membrane potential that may follow an action potential |
| cervix | The narrow, |
| granule cell | A type of small nerve cell |
| peripheral nervous system | nerves outside the spinal cord and brain (not part of the central nervous system). |
| lipid | Fat(s). |
| adenylate cyclase | membrane-associated enzyme that converts ATP to the second messenger cAMP; 5.3.1, 5.7.2 |
| alcohol abuse | Alcohol abuse could easily be best described as the "harmful" use of alcohol to an extent where it is considered unhealthy |
| neurotransmitter receptor | Also called simply receptor |
| proband | The first member of a family to come to the notice of a researcher, and through whom investigation of a pedigree began |
| ada | Americans with Disabilities Act |
| cytokines | Cellular |
| relative refractory phase | See refractory phase (definition 1). |
| social neuroscience | A field of study that uses the tools of neuroscience to discover the biological bases of social behavior, and the effects of social circumstances on brain activity |
| hebbian synapse | A synapse that is strengthened when it successfully drives the postsynaptic cell |
| rods | A class of light-sensitive receptor cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that are most active at low levels of light |
| reserpine | a drug which causes the gradual depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from neurons |
| instrumental response | See instrumental conditioning. |
| mastication | The action of chewing. |
| bronchoscopy | Endoscopic examination of the trachea and bronchi. |
| bacterial endocarditis | Inflammation of the lining of the heart, caused by bacterial infection of one or more heart valves. |
| mane-chewing | A stable vice exhibited primarily by yearlings and two-year-olds. |
| emotion | A complex, subjective experience that is accompanied by biological and behavioral changes. |
| minerals | Nutrients composed of only one kind of atom |
| recovery of function | The recovery of behavioral capacity following brain damage from stroke or injury |
| bacteriology | The study of bacteria. |
| archetypes | Images or thoughts that have the same meaning for all human beings. |
| synaptic cleft | The space between an axon terminal and the myofiber it supplies, and across which the nerve impulse is transmitted by means of "messenger molecules" such as acetylcholine. |
| dendrite | a threadlike extension from a nerve cell that serves as an antenna to receive messages from the axons of other nerve cells. |
| phagocyte | Any cell type (such as a neutrophil or macrophage) able to engulf and digest minute particulate matter. |
| thoracic | Pertaining to the chest. |
| smoker's cough | The chronic cough experienced by smokers because smoking impairs the lung's ability to clean out harmful material |
| ear | The |
| encèphale isolè | See isolated brain |
| macular degeneration | Progressive deterioration of the macula lutea that leads to a loss of visual focus |
| estradiol | Also called 17β-estradiol |
| descriptive statistics | The branch of statistics that focuses on describing in numerical format what is happening now within a population |
| gastritis | Inflammation of the stomach. |
| selective igm deficiency | Immunologic disorder characterized by subnormal levels of circulating IgM; seen primarily in the Arabian and Quarter Horse breeds. |
| purinergic receptor channels | a family of cation-permeable ligand-gated ion channels that open in response to the binding of extracellular purines, like adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). |
| explicit attitudes | Conscious beliefs that can guide decisions and behavior. |
| joint capsule | Thin, saclike structure that envelopes a joint and contains within it all the elements of the joint, such as the the articular cartilage, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, etc. |
| closed-loop control mechanism | A control mechanism that provides a flow of information from whatever is being controlled to the device that controls it |
| clones | Asexually produced organisms that are genetically identical |
| negative results | Test results indicating a drug is not detected at or above the threshold of a test. |
| magnetic resonance imaging | A technique that uses magnetic fields to create a high-quality, three-dimensional image of organs and structures inside the body |
| personality disorder | chronic pattern of maladaptive cognition, emotion, and behavior that begins by adolescence or early adulthood and continues into later adulthood |
| hallucinogens | Drugs that cause sensory and perceptual distortions. |
| myelin | compact fatty material that surrounds axons of some neurons; acts as an insulator to enhance electrical conduction of action potentials (Sheep Brain Dissection, Close-up of the Nervous System) |
| degenerative arthropathy | Degenerative arthropathy is a degenerative disease of the joints, in which there is metabolic defect in the joint (articular) cartilage |
| action potential | an electrical signal that travels along the axon, away from the cell body to the axon terminal where it triggers the release of neurotransmitters (Virtual Neurons, Connect the Neurons) |
| sinemet™ | a pill in which carbidopa and levodopa is combined in a single tablet |
| anxiolytic | an agent or a class of medications that reduce anxiety. |
| locus coeruleus | Literally, “blue spot.” A small nucleus in the brainstem whose neurons produce norepinephrine and modulate large areas of the forebrain. |
| reflexive attention | See exogenous attention |
| preclinical models | See animal models. |
| abc transporter | membrane protein that uses ATP for active transport of out of or, in some cases, into the cell |
| depolarization | A decrease in membrane potential (the interior of the neuron becomes less negative) |
| piebald | Black and white (horse coloration). |
| muscle spasms | In terms of medicine, a muscle spasm is most appropriately defined as a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle, muscle group or hollow organ such as the heart, or even a similarly sudden contraction of an orifice |
| nicotinic | A |
| rapid-eye movement | a normal stage of sleep characterized by the rapid movement of the eyes |
| osmotic thirst | A desire to ingest fluids that is stimulated by excessive loss of water from the extracellular compartment |
| fovea | a small area on the retina, that contains closely packed cones, onto which light from an object is focused upon. |
| trophic factor | A substance that promotes cell growth and survival |
| fungi | A single celled microorganism which lives by decomposing the organic material on which it grows |
| paraphasia | A symptom of aphasia that is distinguished by the substitution of a word by a sound, an incorrect word, an unintended word, or a neologism (a meaningless word). |
| eardrum | See tympanic membrane |
| flynn effect | Phenomenon showing that people’s performance on IQ tests has improved over time in industrialized countries. |
| action tremor | a tremor that occurs during movement of the limb. |
| gene | A length of DNA that encodes the information for constructing a particular protein |
| proximal | close to, nearest |
| meningitis | an inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that cover the brain. |
| horizontal cell | A specialized retinal cell that contacts both receptor cells and bipolar cells |
| ribonucleic acid | A nucleic acid occurring in all cells and involved in cell division, gene expression, and protein synthesis; also serves as the genetic material for some viruses. |
| copulatory lock | Reproductive behavior in which the male’s penis swells after ejaculation so that the male and female are forced to remain joined for 5–10 minutes; it occurs in dogs and some rodents, but not in humans |
| pathology | A branch of medical science studying the cause, nature and effect of diseases. |
| pns | peripheral nervous system consisting of nerves beyond the brain and spinal cord |
| cytochrome p450 | The family of enzymes in the liver that metabolize drugs |
| gray matter | the darker-colored tissues of the central nervous system; in the brain, the gray matter includes the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, the basal ganglia, and the outer layers of the cerebellum. |
| blastocyst | An embryonic stage where two individual |
| phagocyte | An immune system cell that engulfs invading molecules or microbes. |
| overcompensation | a Freudian defence mechanism, whereby an individual attempts to offset weakness in an area of their lives by focusing on another aspect of it. |
| ear canal | Also called auditory canal |
| hepatic portal vein | A |
| brisk reflex | A condition that describes the deterioration of the upper motor nerve cells (neurons). |
| morphing | Changing from one shape to another. |
| acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter in the striatum area of the brain |
| ependymal layer | See ventricular zone. |
| magnesium glycinate | A mineral to help with depression--calcium/magnesium ratio- Both Magnesium and glycine (see above) have an inhibitory effect on the Locus Ceruleus, inhibiting Norepinephrine release |
| caudal | See posterior. |
| periodontal ligament | Structure composed of tiny fibers that serves to attach the tooth root to the bone of the jaw. |
| retinal | One of the two components of photopigments in the retina |
| endocrine gland | A gland that secretes products into the bloodstream to act on distant targets |
| heredity | the biological transmission of inherited characteristics from parents to offspring. |
| short tandem repeats | A method used to obtain a DNA profile after replication through PCR has occurred |
| tetraiodothyronine | See thyroid hormones. |
| carotid arteries | The major arteries that ascend the left and right sides of the neck to the brain, supplying blood to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries |
| serotonin | a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, emotion, sleep and appetite. |
| sexual selection | individuals have features that make them attractive to members of the opposite sex (intersexual selection), or help them to compete with members of the same sex for access to mates (intrasexual selection). |
| hematopoiesis | The production of new red blood cells. |
| neuropil | The conglomeration of dendrites and the synapses upon them. |
| diaphragmatic hernia | Rupture of the diaphragm, with movement of some of the abdominal contents into the chest cavity. |
| lysine | An essential amino acid best known for lessening and preventing herpes simplex virus infections. |
| glutamate | The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. |
| stereognosis | the appreciation of form through touch |
| cleavage | Mitotic |
| b6 | Promotes mental capabilities by assisting in the transport of amino acids to the brain, where they are used to manufacture neurotransmitters. |
| nicotine nasal spray | Nicotine-containing nasal spray that delivers nicotine in a mist that is absorbed in the nasal passages |
| cannula | A tube inserted into a duct or body cavity, for the purpose either of infusing or removing fluid. |
| basilar membrane | A membrane in the inner ear that runs along the length of the cochlea. |
| phytochemicals or phytonutrients | plant- or fruit-derived chemical compounds |
| cytokine | A protein that induces the proliferation of other cells, as in the immune system |
| sleep-maintenance insomnia | Difficulty in staying asleep |
| thrombosis | Formation of a blood clot (thrombus) that results in obstruction of a blood vessel at the site of clot formation; contrasts with embolism, which is a blood-borne clot that lodges at a site distant from its site of formation. |
| all-or-none property | The fact that the amplitude of the action potential is independent of the magnitude of the stimulus |
| vitamin b6 | Pyridoxal 5 phosphate is the active form of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) |
| gerontological society of america | The home page to the Gerontological Society of America provides links to journals, web sites, and other resources concerning gerontology. |
| polygyny | A mating system in which a single male mates with many females. |
| gene amplification | See polymerase chain reaction |
| altruistic suicide | suicide committed by people who believe that taking their own life will benefit society |
| situational attribution | attributing behaviour to be caused by factors outside of a persons control, for instance task difficulty or weather. |
| blind spot | That portion of the visual field behind the line of sight, that cannot be seen without changing eye and head position. |
| crohn's disease | Crohn's disease is an incurable chronic disease of the intestinal tract |
| penicillins | A large group of antibiotics derived primarily from fungi of the genus Penicillium; of pivotal importance in the treatment of diseases caused by certain bacteria such as the streptococci, clostridia, and spirochetes, penicillins interfere with the vital synthesis of bacterial cell walls. |
| ed-50 | the amount of drug that serves as an effective dose for 50 percent of the population |
| intensity differences | Perceived differences in loudness between the two ears, which can be used to localize a sound source |
| vas deferens | Ducts that serve as the transport conduit for sperm from the testes to the urethra; also called ductus deferens. |
| thoracic | Referring to the 12 spinal segments below the cervical (neck) portion of the spinal cord, corresponding to the chest |
| muscle spindle | senses the stretch of a muscle and sends that information back to the spinal cord and cerebellum to help control muscle length |
| complex environment | See enriched condition. |
| elastic lamina | The elastic |
| ejaculatory duct | A |
| gnrh | See gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
| hyperpolarize | movement of membrane potential to a lower (more negative) value |
| growth hormone | hypophyseal peptide hormone that promotes production of growth factors in several tissues |
| accommodation | The process by which the shape of an eye’s lens adjusts to focus light from objects nearby or far away |
| bias | The distortion of results by a variable that is not part of the hypothesis. |
| striated muscle | A type of muscle with a striped appearance, generally under voluntary control |
| social clocks | Social and cultural norms that indicate the typical ages at which people experience particular life events, behaviors, and issues. |
| malignant | Cancerous cells able to grow into surrounding tissue, spread to other parts of the body and destroy normal cells. |
| hypertonic | Abnormal tension of arteries or muscles. |
| hepatic lipidosis | Abnormal accumulation of fat in liver cells. |
| caudal | To the rear of; toward the tail. |
| benign | Not malignant; a tumor that is not cancerous (i.e., will not spread). |
| polarized | Exhibiting a difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell |
| trophic factor | One of a class of proteins that help keep cells healthy. |
| psychosis | Describes conditions which affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality |
| myelinate | to form myelin around an axon |
| quadriparesis | Partial paralysis in all four limbs. |
| coitus | See copulation |
| myofilaments | cellular |
| lipidosis | Abnormal accumulation of fat within cells. |
| evoked otoacoustic emission | A sound produced by the cochlea in response to acoustic stimulation |
| sleepwalking | Sleepwalking is a condition in which an individual walks or does other activities while asleep |
| temporal summation | in muscle |
| enzyme | A complicated protein whose action increases the probability of a specific chemical reaction |
| primary sensory ending | Also called annulospiral ending |
| nerve fiber | Collections of many axons growing along side each other on their way to other parts of the body or brain. |
| tomography | Obtaining an X-ray image of a selected layer in an object. |
| competitive ligand | A substance that directly competes with the endogenous ligand for binding to a receptor molecule |
| hyperplasia | Overgrowth due to an abnormal increase in the number of cells in a given tissue; contrasted with hypertrophy. |
| slower reaction time | Being unable to react to unexpected events on the road quickly, correctly or safely |
| unconditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, stimulus that naturally elicits a reaction, as food elicits salivation in dogs |
| urethra | A membranous tube that provides a pathway for |
| magnetic resonance imaging | method of measuring both brain structure and brain function through the construction of a magnetic field that affects hydrogen atoms in the brain, emitting signals that a computer then records and uses to produce a three-dimensional image of the brain |
| malabsorption | Faulty absorption of nutrients by the intestine. |
| gnrh | See gonadotropin-releasing hormone. |
| bronchioles | Smaller branches of air passages leading from the bronchi to the alveoli (the small air sacs within the lungs, through the walls of which gas exchange between the blood and air occurs). |
| hypernatremia | Abnormally elevated levels of sodium in the blood. |
| mucociliary escalator | A coordinated and forceful wavelike movement of the cilia lining the air passageways from the trachea to the bronchioles; essential for the normal removal of mucus and inhaled particulate matter and bacteria. |
| excise | To cut out; remove surgically |
| inhalation procedure | the administration of drugs through the membrane surfaces of the lungs |
| electrooculograph | An instrument that records eye movements. |
| testis | A pair of male reproductive glands which produce spermatozoa and |
| radiotherapy | Radiation therapy. |
| animism | The belief that inanimate objects are alive. |
| posterior cerebral arteries | Two large arteries, arising from the basilar artery, that provide blood to posterior aspects of the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brainstem. |
| sternal | Resting on the breastbone or sternum. |
| dna | One of two types of molecules that encode genetic information |
| glycine | an amino acid that is also a neurotransmitter (usually inhibitory) in the spinal cord and brain |
| masectomy | Surgical removal of the breast, usually to remove cancerous tissue. |
| medial preoptic area | A region of the anterior hypothalamus implicated in the control of many behaviors, including thermoregulation, sexual behavior, and gonadotropin secretion. |
| in utero | Within the uterus. |
| sample | A collection of subjects, drawn from a population, that a researcher studies. |
| parkin-9 gene | There are genes that have now been implicated in the cause of a subtype of Young-Onset Parkinson's disease known as the Parkin-9 gene or LRRK-2 gene. |
| antigen | Any foreign substance, such as a protein, toxin or other particle that stimulates the body's immune system to produce antibodies |
| bucked shins | Painful condition caused by inflammation and hemorrhage over the front surface of the cannon bone; a common injury of 2- and 3-year-old race horses. |
| diffusion of responsibility | The tendency for an individual to feel less responsible in the presence of others because responsibility is distributed among all the people present. |
| equilibrium potential | The point at which the movement of ions across the cell membrane is balanced, as the electrostatic pressure pulling ions in one direction is offset by the diffusion force pushing them in the opposite direction |
| ventral | In a direction toward the belly surface. |
| pvn | See paraventricular nucleus. |
| mineralocorticoids | A class of steroid hormones, released by the adrenal cortex, that affect ion concentrations in body tissues. |
| genome | The total genetic information of an individual cell or virus. |
| tinnitus | A sensation of noises or ringing in the ears. |
| paralysis | Total absence of voluntary movement in a muscle or set of muscles. |
| neurofibrillary tangle | An abnormal whorl of neurofilaments within nerve cells |
| fixed ratio schedule | a reinforcement applied according to a number of predetermined responses, for instance one reinforcement for every three responses. |
| hemoglobinuria | Presence of hemoglobin in the urine; "red water." |
| ari | Autism Research Institute |
| autonomic ganglion | A collection of nerve cell bodies, belonging to the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system, that is found in any of various locations and contributes to the innervation of major organs. |
| palpate | To examine by feeling with the hands and fingers. |
| motor unit | a |
| cortical column | One of the vertical columns that constitute the basic organization of the neocortex. |
| face blindness | See prosopagnosia |
| mammary gland | Breast. |
| stem cells | Cells that can differentiate into many different cell types when subjected to the right biochemical signals |
| noradrenaline | See norepinephrine. |
| parkinsonism | a syndrome consisting of several neurologic abnormalities: rest tremor, bradykinesia (slowness of movements), muscle rigidity, and impairment of gait and balance |
| ramp movement | Also called smooth movement |
| patch | A large macule. |
| filopodia | Very fine, tubular outgrowths from a cell |
| areolar tissue | Fluid, spongy |
| benzodiazepines | A class of antianxiety drugs |
| family systems theories | theories that see the family as a complex system that works to maintain the status quo |
| cirrhosis | A serious liver condition characterized by irreversible scarring of the liver that can lead to liver failure and death |
| müllerian regression hormone | See anti-müllerian hormone |
| allele | Any particular version of a gene. |
| counter factual thinking | thinking about events that did not actually take place, such as winning when we in fact lost. |
| orgasm | The climax of sexual experience, marked by extremely pleasurable sensations. |
| myelogram | A procedure that uses dye injected into the spinal canal to make the structure clearly visible on x-rays. |
| receptor | 1 |
| presynaptic neuron | A |
| ganglion | a cluster of nerve cell bodies. |
| rheumatoid arthritis | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints, and can also cause inflammation of the tissue around the joints, as well as in other organs in the body |
| proestrus | In the estrus cycle, the period just before estrus. |
| magnetic resonance imaging | Imaging technique based on detection of the response of water molecules to strong magnetic fields |
| meninges | three membranes (the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater) that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord against shocks, knocks, and vibrations; blood vessels run between the arachnoid and pia mater before entering into the cortex |
| ontogeny | The process by which an individual changes in the course of its lifetime—that is, grows up and grows old. |
| primary lymphoid organs | Organs in which the production and maturation of lymphocytes takes place; in horses they include the bone marrow, the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), and the thymus. |
| inattentional blindness | The failure to perceive nonattended stimuli that seem so obvious as to be impossible to miss (e.g., a gorilla strolling across the screen). |
| family studies | Studies in which researchers examine trait similarities among members of a family to figure out whether that trait might be inherited. |
| stress | The physiological response to stimuli |
| endoscopy | Procedure wherein tubelike viewing apparatus (an endoscope) is inserted into an orifice or body cavity, for the purpose of examining the internal portions of that cavity or a hollow organ |
| antipsychotic drugs | Drugs which help counteract or reverse psychosis, a disturbance in thought processing and behavior leading to a loss of contact with reality. |
| decision-making | The process of weighing alternatives and choosing among them. |
| the origins of babble | Article discusses the development of language in infants. |
| electrical synapse | a junction between two cells at which a signal is carried from one cell to the other by the passage of a charged particle through gap junctions |
| quadriplegia | Quadriplegia, also known as tetraplegia, is a form of bodily paralysis that is caused by an illness or a sustained injury to a part of the body that results in partial or total loss of the use of the limbs and torso |
| electrodiagnostic tests | Studies including electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction velocity ( NCV), that evaluate and diagnose disorders of the muscles and motor neurons |
| hair shaft | The upper, free portion of a hair; as distinguished from the hair root. |
| cognitive appraisal | The idea that people’s experience of emotion depends on the way they appraise or evaluate the events around them. |
| bioassay | Determination of the potency or concentration of a compound by its effect upon animals, isolated tissues, or microorganisms, as compared with an analysis of its chemical or physical properties. |
| levodopa | a drug given to treat Parkinson’s disease |
| optic tract | The axons of retinal ganglion cells after they have passed the optic chiasm; most terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus |
| opiates | A major class of drugs that depress the central nervous system and are used principally to relieve pain |
| choroid plexus | A vascular |
| antigen | a foreign body that induces the formation of antibodies |
| dilation | Expansion. |
| p3 effect | A positive deflection of the event-related potential, occurring about 300 milliseconds after stimulus presentation, that is associated with higher-order auditory stimulus processing and late attentional selection |
| pyy3-36 | A peptide hormone, secreted by the intestines, that probably acts on hypothalamic appetite control mechanisms to suppress appetite |
| genetics | The study of inheritance, including the genes encoded in DNA. |
| keratinocytes | Skin cells that produce keratin; they are the major cell type of the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. |
| exertional dyspnea | A condition characterized by shortness of breath during physical activity. |
| serous pericardium | The inner layer of the |
| cerebellum | a large structure consisting of two halves (hemispheres) located in the lower part of the brain; responsible for the coordination of movement and balance. |
| intima | The innermost layer of an |
| epinephrine | A form of adrenaline |
| emg | See electromyography. |
| chromosome 1q21.1 deletion syndrome | A rare chromosomal disorder caused by the deletion of a portion of chromosome 1 at a specific location (1q21.1) |
| dysarthria | Slurred speech due to inability to control articulation. |
| authoritarian personality | personality style strongly associated with prejudiced attitudes, where the person is intolerant of ambiguity or uncertainty, submissive to those in authority and dismissive or arrogant towards those perceived to be of lower social status. |
| tyrosine | The amino acid from which dopamine is made. |
| dermatophytes | Fungi causing ringworm. |
| adherence | The degree to which the client follows the prescribed course of medication administration |
| hepatic artery | A branch of the celiac |
| phosphate | A molecule made with the mineral phosphorus. |
| basophil | A specialized white blood cell containing histamine and serotonin. |
| fatal familial insomnia | An inherited disorder in which humans sleep normally at the beginning of their life but in midlife stop sleeping and, 7–24 months later, die |
| idiopathic | Having no known cause. |
| collective unconscious | in Jung's theory, a biologically based portion of the unconscious which reflects universal themes and ideas, not individual experience. |
| uroperitoneum | Accumulation of urine in the abdominal cavity. |
| norepinephrine | neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of mood |
| aortic arch | The curved portion of the aorta that lies between the ascending and descending aorta |
| overcompensation | According to Alfred Adler, the attempt to cover up a sense of inferiority by focusing on outward signs of superiority such as status, wealth, and power. |
| enamel points | Sharp points that develop in the enamel of the teeth, owing to the normal positioning and growth of the teeth in the mouth; the sharp points can be ground down with a special instrument called a dental float |
| qat | See khat. |
| heuristic | A general rule of thumb that may lead to, but doesn’t guarantee, a correct solution to a problem. |
| psychoactive | A chemical substance that exerts psychological effects including changes in mood, cognition, and behavior |
| depression | A psychiatric disorder characterized by sad mood, loss of pleasure, guilt, disturbed sleep and appetite, and/or self-blame lasting two weeks or more |
| myofibrils | Slender threadlike structures, bundles of which make up each muscle fiber. |
| multipotent | Having the potential to form only some types of body |
| dehiscence | Breakdown of healing at a wound or suture site. |
| reconsolidation | The return of a memory trace to stable long-term storage after it has been temporarily made changeable during the process of recall |
| primary prevention | strategies that aim to prevent disease in currently healthy individuals, by focusing on the development of good health habits and discouraging poor ones. |
| sweet itch | Queensland itch. |
| hypoxemia | Abnormally low blood oxygen levels |
| sagittal plane | The plane that bisects the body or brain into right and left portions |
| mode | The most frequently occurring score in a set of scores. |
| two way avoidance | an avoidance training procedure in which the signaled shock is presented alternately in either end of a shuttle box |
| perinatal period | The period shortly before and after birth. |
| acrosomal | The anterior end of the spermatozoon which releases |
| bean | Common term for urethral diverticular concretion. |
| convert | To change into a different form or property |
| cognitive | Having to do with the mind and the process of thinking. |
| tolerance | A physiological state in which there is a need to increase drug dosage progressively to produce the effect originally achieved by a smaller dose. |
| contraindicated | medically not recommended |
| frequency | the rate of a repeated event; usually measured in # of events per second = Hertz = Hz |
| tobacco | A highly addictive North American plant whose leaves (usually dried and smoked) are a major source of nicotine |
| final common pathway | The motoneurons of the spinal cord, so called because they receive and integrate all motor signals from the brain and then direct movement accordingly |
| behavioral intervention | An approach to finding relations between body variables and behavioral variables that involves intervening in the behavior of an organism and looking for resultant changes in body structure or function |
| stapes | Latin for “stirrup.” A middle-ear bone that is connected to the oval window |
| feed-forward | when information from one point in a process jumps ahead and adds into the process further on |
| big head | Colloquial term for nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism. |
| follicular phase | The phase of the menstrual cycle where the |
| lh | 1 |
| epidermis | Apical layer of the |
| cerebral embolism | a brain attack that occurs when a wandering clot (embolus) or some other particle forms in a blood vessel away from the brain - usually in the heart. |
| polyclonal gammopathy | Increase in serum gamma globulins (blood proteins that include most of the antibody classes) that tends to be spread over a wide range of protein types. |
| phagocyte | A cell that can engulf particles such as bacteria, other microorganisms, aged red blood cells, foreign matter, etc. |
| kilocalorie | A measure of energy commonly applied to food; formally defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1°C |
| carcinogen | A chemical or other substance that causes cancer; tobacco smoke has more than 40 known carcinogens. |
| behavioral medicine | See health psychology. |
| rhythmic segmentation | Rhythmic muscular movements of the intestinal tract that serve to delay the passage of intestinal contents until digestion and absorption have been completed. |
| analgesia | Absence of or reduction in pain. |
| malleus | Latin for “hammer.” A middle-ear bone that is connected to the tympanic membrane |
| metabolites | By-products of metabolism. |
| zone of proximal development | the distance between a child's current abilities (when working unaided) and their potential abilities or what are able to achieve under expert guidance. |
| verminous pneumonia | Pneumonia caused by parasitic worms. |
| physiology | The study of the |
| allomone | A chemical signal that is released outside the body by one species and affects the behavior of other species |
| diaphragm | The large muscle used for breathing which separates the abdominal and chest cavities. |
| reasonable mind | A state of mind where logic, intellect, and rationality govern behavior |
| incus | Latin for “anvil.” A middle-ear bone situated between the malleus (attached to the tympanic membrane) and the stapes (attached to the cochlea) |
| trans fatty acid | Fats that are partially hydrogenated and increase bad cholesterol. |
| durable power of attorney | legal authorization for someone to act as your 'agent' in financial and business matters should you become physically or mentally unable to represent yourself |
| nervous system | One of eleven major body |
| eicosanoids | class of mediators biosynthetically derived from arachidonic acid |
| dyskinesia | Involuntary, uncontrollable, and often excessive movements that are a common side effect of levodopa treatment for Parkinson's disease |
| chemoreceptor | A |
| azotemia | An elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels in the bloodstream. |
| sleep state misperception | Commonly, a person’s perception that he has not been asleep when in fact he has |
| reciprocity norm | An implicit rule in many societies that tells people they should return favors or gifts given to them. |
| phenotypic screening | strategy for drug discovery in which the desired functional response of a cell or organism is observed directly after application of each candidate drug, and the search is not limited to a specific molecular target; 1.3 |
| fibrocartilage | Highly compressible |
| imagination | is the ability to form mental images, or the ability to spontaneously generate images within one's own mind. |
| stroke | acute occlusion or rupture of an artery of the brain, typically arising at an atherosclerotic lesion of that artery; 1.1.2 |
| reticular formation | An extensive region of the brainstem (extending from the medulla through the thalamus) that is involved in arousal (waking) |
| basal ganglia | clusters of nuclei deep within the cerebrum, and the upper parts of the brain stem that play an important part in producing smooth, continuous muscular actions in starting and stopping movements. |
| antimetabolite | inhibitor of an enzyme that functions in a metabolic pathway; 1.3.3 |
| ileocecal valve | A muscular sphincter located at the junction of the |
| mutant | An animal carrying a gene that differs from the norm or from the alleles carried by its parents. |
| hypoactive sexual desire disorder | condition in which a person's desire for sex is diminished to the point that it causes him or her significant distress or interpersonal difficulties and is not due to transient life circumstances or another sexual dysfunction |
| cte | See chronic traumatic encephalopathy |
| myeloid leukemia | Myeloid leukemia, specifically recognizing acute myeloid leukemia, is a cancer of te myeloid line of blood cells and is best characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow of an individual |
| precision | The ability of a testing method to perform consistently and to be free from external and internal sources of variation. |
| alpha receptor | A |
| evidence-based practice | Treatments for which systematic empirical research has provided evidence of statistically significant effectiveness as treatment for specific problems. |
| intelligence quotient | A person’s mental age divided by his or her chronological age and multiplied by 100. |
| mutation | A permanent genetic change, sometimes resulting in altered structure or function. |
| patient h.m. | A patient who, because of damage to medial temporal lobe structures, was unable to encode new declarative memories |
| circadian rhythms | The natural rhythms regulating the body's internal mechanisms for rest and sleep |
| sleep | a natural and periodic state of rest during which consciousness of the world is suspended. |
| dura mater | tough, leathery outermost layer of the membranes surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord; lines the inside of the skull and drapes loosely around the spinal cord |
| edge detector | See simple cortical cell |
| retina | The light-sensitive layer of cells at the back of the eye. |
| acinar cells | Spindle shaped |
| ovulatory cycle | The periodic occurrence of ovulation in females |
| palpitations | Palpitations are uncomfortable sensations of the heart beating hard, rapidly, or irregularly |
| sacral | Referring to the 5 spinal segments that make up the lower part of the lower back |
| human relations publications | University of Missouri has written a number of web pages dedicated to topics in human relations |
| reflex | Involuntary response of the nervous system to a stimulus, such as the stretch reflex, which is elicited by tapping a tendon with a reflex hammer, resulting in a muscle contraction |
| retention | The proportion of learned information that is retained or remembered. |
| hepatopancreatic duct | A |
| neurorrhaphy | The suture of a nerve |
| immediate early gene | A gene that shows rapid but temporary increases in expression in cells that have become activated |
| neurons | Nervous system cells that communicate via electrochemical signals. |
| releasing hormone | Any of a class of hormones, produced in the hypothalamus, that traverse the hypothalamic–pituitary portal system to control the pituitary’s release of tropic hormones |
| reconsolidation | The return of a memory trace to stable long-term storage after it has been temporarily made volatile during the process of recall. |
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone | Hormone released from the hypothalamus of the brain, that triggers the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland. |
| subject | An individual person or animal that a researcher studies. |
| antibodies | A |
| nematode | General term for a roundworm. |
| cue-induced drug use | An increased likelihood to use a drug (especially an addictive drug) because of the presence of environmental stimuli that were present during previous use of the same drug. |
| heuristic | cognitive strategies, or rules of thumb? Heuristics provide informal strategies to aid problem solving, which are usually more successful than random search, but less effective than algorithms.. |
| neuroleptic | Also called antipsychotic |
| ventricular preload | The ability of the ventricles of the heart to fill adequately during the relaxation phase (diastole) of the heartbeat. |
| cerebral thrombosis | Condition of a stationary blood clot in an artery of the |
| nuclear medicine/nuclear imaging | The use of very small amounts of radioactive materials (called radiopharmaceuticals or radiotracers) to evaluate molecular, metabolic, physiologic and pathologic conditions of the body for the purposes of diagnosis, therapy and research |
| operant behavior | B |
| eclampsia | Calcium deficiency in a lactating mare |
| squamous cell layer | A layer of cells within the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin; also known as the prickle cell layer, it lies above the basal cell layer and below the granular cell layer. |
| perimenopausal | the years leading up to menopause, during which levels of female hormones fluctuate more widely than normal from month to month as hormone production gradually decreases and periods become irregular |
| adenoids | A |
| acetabulum | The "cup" or "socket" portion of the hip joint. |
| odontogram | A file containing an individual's dental information. |
| nigral | of or referring to the substantia nigra. |
| muscle fiber | muscle cells fused into a long multinucleated cell which can contract and exert force; motorneurons innervate muscle fibers, not individual muscle cells |
| catecholamines | The neurotransmitters dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, which are active in both the brain and the peripheral sympathetic nervous system |
| chemically gated ion channel | See ligand-gated ion channel. |
| parlodel™ | see bromocriptine |
| deoxygenated | Having a low oxygen content; said of venous blood. |
| place cell | A neuron in the hippocampus that selectively fires when the animal is in a particular location |
| pacinian corpuscle | A skin receptor cell type that detects vibration |
| neurophysiology | The study of the life processes of neurons |
| glycogenolysis | The conversion of glycogen back into glucose, triggered when blood concentrations of glucose drop too low. |
| gaskin | The portion of the hind limb below the stifle. |
| gated | Referring to the property by which an ion channel may be opened or closed by factors such as chemicals, voltage changes, or mechanical actions |
| hair cells | Sensory receptors in the cochlea that convert mechanical vibrations to electrical signals; they in turn excite the 30,000 fibers of the auditory nerve that carry the signals to the brainstem. |
| neurotransmitter | A chemical released by neurons at a synapse for the purpose of relaying information to other neurons via receptors. |
| zygote | The fertilized egg |
| brightness | One of three basic dimensions (along with hue and saturation) of light perception |
| microbe | Any minute living organism, particularly one capable of causing disease; viruses, because they are not living organisms, technically are not considered "microbes," but are more correctly referred to by a term such as "infectious agent." |
| physiological | relating to the way that living things function rather than to their shape or structure. |
| cross-tolerance | A condition in which the development of tolerance for one drug causes an individual to develop tolerance for another drug |
| cicatrization | Scar-tissue formation. |
| protein kinase | An enzyme that adds phosphate groups (PO4) to protein molecules. |
| bioavailable | Referring to a substance, usually a drug, that is present in the body in a form that is able to interact with physiological mechanisms. |
| dysequilibrium | Unsteadiness or balance problems |
| caudate nucleus | One of the basal ganglia; it has a long extension or tail |
| flagella | A long, hairlike appendage of some unicellular |
| toxicology | The study of drugs, poisons and their effects on the body. |
| selective attention | perceptual process of focusing on specific elements of a stimulus. |
| behavioral neuroscience | See biological psychology. |
| lateral inhibition | The phenomenon by which interconnected neurons inhibit their neighbors, producing contrast at the edges of regions |
| fragile x syndrome | A condition that is a frequent cause of inherited intellectual disability; produced by a fragile site on the X chromosome that seems prone to breaking because the DNA there is unstable. |
| hypocalcemia | Abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood. |
| tubular secretion | active transport of solutes into the nascent urine |
| lyme disease | Bacterial illness spread by a tick, which can cause severe tiredness. A blood test can confirm the presence of Lyme disease. |
| sodium | A metallic element with the symbol Na that is necessary for maintaining osmotic |
| substance p | A peptide transmitter implicated in pain transmission. |
| dna | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| partial agonist | A drug that, when bound to a receptor, has less effect than the endogenous ligand would |
| rising phase | A phase in |
| striatum | The largest component of the basal ganglia, the striatum controls movement, balance, and walking |
| inverse agonist | an inhibitory drug that reduces the activity of its receptor to a level below that of the unbound state; 2.4.2, 2.4.4 |
| antibiotic | A chemical substance produced by microorganisms that is capable of inhibiting or killing other microorganisms; many antibiotics are used medically for the treatment of serious bacterial infections |
| plasmid | A self-replicating (autonomous) circle of DNA distinct from the chromosomal genome of bacteria |
| antioxidants | Nutrients that prevent a chemical reaction called oxidation, which enables molecular fragments called free radicals to join together, forming potentially carcinogenic compounds in your body. |
| golgi tendon organ | Any of the receptors within tendons that send impulses to the central nervous system when a muscle contracts |
| poor concentration | Unable to focus on the task of driving and being easily distracted by less important things |
| immune system | The body’s defense system against invasion by foreign bodies such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and malignant cells. |
| low | A small amount |
| t2r | A family of bitter taste receptors |
| zygote | The |
| taxonomy | The classification of organisms |
| chemotherapy | A systemic treatment for cancer that involves the use of chemical agents to destroy or stop cancer cells from growing. Systemic treatment affects all cells of the body. |
| conchae | The shell shaped turbinate bones of the nose |
| rain-scald | Common term for dermatophilosis. |
| substantia nigra | a group of cells in the brain where dopamine is produced. |
| thoracocentesis | Procedure in which a sterile hypodermic needle is inserted into the chest cavity in order to remove accumulated air or fluid, or to obtain a sample of fluid or lung tissue for examination. |
| osteocyte | Cell type in bone that, in response to certain hormones, is responsible for maintaining normal calcium and phosphorus levels in the bloodstream. |
| group cohesiveness | The strength of the liking and commitment group members have toward one another and to the group. |
| retroactive interference | Forgetting of old information because of newly learned information. |
| neurodegenerative | a disease in which there is a progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including death of neurons. |
| vasoconstriction | a decrease in the size of blood vessels. |
| ataxia | Resource is related to or associated with application to Ataxia |
| dependence | A chronic, relapsing disease characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and use and by neurochemical and molecular changes in the brain |
| fiber | A threadlike |
| tachypnea | Abnormally rapid breathing. |
| thalamus | a relay station for all sensory messages that enter the brain; part of the basal ganglia. |
| adulteration | The addition of foreign material to a specimen so that it will invalidate a test. |
| conduction velocity | The speed at which an action potential is propagated along the length of an axon (or section of peripheral nerve). |
| pyometritis | Purulent inflammation of the uterus. |
| afferent | In reference to an axon, carrying nerve impulses from a sensory organ to the central nervous system, or from one region to another region of interest |
| electrochemical equilibrium | the state at which the concentration gradient of an ion across a membrane is precisely balanced by the electric potential across the membrane |
| ocular dominance slab | A slab of visual cortex, about 0.5 mm wide, in which the neurons of all layers respond preferentially to stimulation of one eye |
| coronary artery disease | Thickening of the coronary arteries due to buildup of plaque (fatty deposits); causes narrowing of the arteries so that the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart is restricted or blocked |
| peptide | A compound containing two or more amino acids |
| phaeohyphomycosis | An uncommon chronic infection of the subcutaneous tissues caused by dark, pigmented fungi (dematiaceous fungi). |
| gambler’s fallacy | The false belief that a chance event is more likely if it hasn’t happened recently. |
| ventral tegmental area | a collection of neurons in the region of the pons that project axons through the MFB and release dopamine in the limbic system and anterior cortex |
| leptin | A peptide hormone released by fat cells. |
| cortical deafness | A hearing impairment that is caused by a fault or defect in the cortex. |
| toxemia | Presence of toxins in the blood, accompanied by related signs of disease. |
| neoplasm | Tumor. |
| parenteral | By injection (i.e., not by the oral route); injectable. |
| place coding | Frequency discrimination in which the pitch of a sound is determined by the location of activated hair cells along the length of the basilar membrane |
| buprenorphine | A synthetic agonist/antagonist that can be used in substitution treatment for heroin dependence |
| yoga | a system of exercises practiced as part of the Hindu discipline to promote control of the body and mind. |
| excretion | The elimination of a substance, such as |
| cervical spondylosis | Degenerative and proliferative disease of the neck vertebrae. |
| lrrk-2 gene | There are genes that have now been implicated in the cause of a subtype of Young-Onset Parkinson's disease known as the LRRK-2 gene or Parkin 9 gene. |
| frotteurism | obtainment of sexual gratification by rubbing one's genitals against or fondling the body parts of a nonconsenting person |
| hypothesis | A testable prediction of what is going to happen given a certain set of conditions. |
| diastolic heart murmur | Murmur that is present only during diastole (the relaxation phase of the heartbeat). |
| edema | The accumulation of abnormally large quantities of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces (spaces between cells); pulmonary edema refers specifically to fluid buildup in the lungs |
| protocol | A detailed plan of a scientific experiment or medical treatment |
| chondrosarcoma | A malignant tumor of cartilage. |
| neurosonography | a procedure that uses ultra high-frequency sound waves that enable the physician to analyze blood flow in cases of possible stroke. |
| memory | 1 |
| red nucleus | A brainstem structure related to motor control. |
| sound waves | Longitudinal |
| pure light | Light of a single wavelength. |
| timbre | The characteristic sound quality of a musical instrument, as determined by the relative intensities of its various harmonics. |
| psychoneuroimmunology | The study of the immune system and its interaction with the nervous system and behavior |
| synapse | A junction between two nerve cells or neurons where information is transferred from one cell to another in a process called neurotransmission |
| executive functions | functions of the brain that involve the ability to sustain concentration; use abstract reasoning and concept formation; anticipate, plan, and program; initiate purposeful behavior; self-monitor; and shift from maladaptive patterns of behavior to more adaptive ones |
| attentional spotlight | The shifting of our limited selective attention around the environment to highlight stimuli for enhanced processing. |
| short-term memory | an early stage in the processing of information in the brain; information only held for a few minutes |
| attitude | a personal belief of an evaluative nature, such as good or bad, likeable or not likeable, which influences our reactions towards people or things. |
| embryonic stem cell | A cell, derived from an embryo, that has the capacity to form any type of tissue |
| dissociative amnesia | loss of memory for important facts about a person's own life and personal identity, usually including the awareness of this memory loss |
| inter-observer reliability | a measure of the extent to which different individuals generate the same records when they observe the same sequence of behaviour |
| foreskin | A fold of skin on the |
| essential tremor | A condition more common than Parkinson's disease, which often includes shaking of the hands or head, and an unsteady quality of the voice. |
| hypertrophy | Overgrowth due to an abnormal increase in the size of cells in a given tissue; contrasted with hyperplasia. |
| hair cell | One of the receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea |
| dopamine-non-responsive | Refers to symptoms of Parkinson's disease characterized by a lack of improvement when treated with current dopamine-replacement therapies |
| carnivores | Meat eaters. |
| deoxyribonucleic acid | A nucleic acid that is present in the chromosomes of cells and codes hereditary information |
| creatine phosphate | energy storage molecule found only in muscle containing a |
| zeitgeber | Literally, “time-giver” (in German) |
| ovoviviparous | Of or relating to ovoviviparity, reproduction in which eggs remain inside the mother’s body until they hatch or are about to hatch |
| neurohypophysis | See posterior pituitary. |
| skeletal muscle cells | Long, |
| blind-ended | A vessel that has a sealed end instead of being continuous with other vessels |
| fourier analysis | The analysis of a complex pattern into the sum of sine waves |
| estrus | The period during which female animals are sexually receptive. |
| i band | region of a |
| ventricular septal defect | Congenital abnormality in which a hole exists in the wall (septum) separating the left and right ventricles of the heart; the most commonly recognized congenital heart defect of horses. |
| reduction | The setting of a bone fracture. |
| atrophy | Shrinkage. |
| electrocardiography | A procedure in which a special machine connected to electrodes that are placed on a patient’s chest measures the electrical activity of the heart. |
| dopamine | A chemical substance, a neurotransmitter, found in the brain that regulates movement, balance, and walking |
| mpoa | See medial preoptic area |
| hermaphroditism | Presence of male and female sex organs in the same individual. |
| thorax | the middle section of an insect's body; the legs and wings attach to the thorax, making it the center for locomotion (M |
| somatotropic hormone | See growth hormone. |
| cirrhosis | Liver disease characterized by replacement of functioning liver cells by scar tissue. |
| rosacea | Rosacea is best defined as a chronic inflammatory-based skin condition that primarily tends to affect adults |
| elisa | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; any of the many highly sensitive color-based test methods for detecting either antibody or antigen in blood, serum, or plasma |
| fibrous dysplasia | Fibrous Dysplasia is characterized as a skeletal disorder in which scar-like tissue develops where normal bone once was |
| urine | The liquid product of the |
| thyroid gland | One of nine endocrine glands in the body, located in front of the neck just below the Adam’s apple |
| myocardium | The middle of the three layers of the walls of the |
| nst | See nucleus of the solitary tract |
| need for treatment | legal criterion operationalized as a signed certificate by two physicians stating that a person requires treatment but will not agree to it voluntarily; formerly a sufficient cause to hospitalize the person involuntarily and force him or her to undergo treatment |
| oculomotor apraxia | A severe difficulty in voluntarily steering visual gaze toward specific targets. |
| traits | Characteristic behaviors and feelings that are consistent and long lasting. |
| off-center/on-surround | Referring to a concentric receptive field in which the center inhibits the cell of interest while the surround excites it |
| on-off phenomenon | a motor complication of treatment of Parkinson’s disease with levodopa in which the antiparkinsonian effect of the drug abruptly and unpredictably stops, often followed by equally unpredictable resumption of the effect |
| urolith | General term for a urinary stone. |
| reuptake | The process by which neurotransmitter molecules return to presynaptic neurons. |
| gametogamy | Sexual reproduction involving the formation of male and female reproductive cells which fuse to form a zygote; also called syngamy. |
| hindbrain | Portion of the brain consisting of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum. |
| adh | See antidiuretic hormone |
| dorsomedial thalamus | A limbic system structure that is connected to the hippocampus |
| tolerance | A condition in which higher doses of a drug are required to produce the same effect as during initial drug use |
| brain circulation | The |
| buerger's disease | A disease of the arteries and veins characterized by pain, color changes, and coldness in the fingers and toes; results from thickening of the walls of blood vessels |
| inflammation | Protective response, often localized, involving white blood cells and other components of the body, wherein a disease agent or other irritant factor is sequestered and attempts made to destroy it or neutralize its effects. |
| motivated forgetting | The idea that people forget things they don’t want to remember; also called psychogenic amnesia. |
| peripheral artery disease | A condition in which the blood vessels that supply the legs and feet with oxygenated blood become narrow and hard, leading to decreased blood flow to the lower extremities and causing injury to nerves and other tissues. |
| local anesthetic | A drug, such as procaine or lidocaine, that blocks sodium channels to stop neural transmission in pain fibers. |
| inhibition of return | The phenomenon, observed in peripheral spatial cuing tasks and occurring when the interval between cue and target stimulus is 200 milliseconds or more, in which the detection of stimuli at the former location of the cue is increasingly impaired |
| laxity | Looseness. |
| ips | See intraparietal sulcus |
| radiograph | An X ray film. |
| 5-ht | See serotonin. |
| glucose | An important sugar molecule used by the body and brain for energy. |
| mr | Mentally Retarded |
| trajectory | The path of a fired projectile. |
| all-or-none law | States that neurons fire to generate an action potential only if stimulation reaches a minimum threshold. |
| dacryolithiasis | The presence of hard, rock-like particles in the lacrimal apparatus |
| general anesthetic | A drug that renders an individual unconscious. |
| sesamoiditis | Inflammation of the proximal sesamoid bones, sometimes involving the suspensory ligament and distal sesamoidian ligaments as well. |
| taurine | A non-essential amino acid |
| subicular complex | See subiculum. |
| ataxia | Lack of coordination and unsteadiness that result from the brain's failure to regulate the body's posture and the strength and direction of limb movements |
| fetal alcohol syndrome | Site provides information and links to a vast number of resources about fetal alcohol syndrome. |
| collectivism | an orientation which emphasises a person's connections and obligations to a social group (family, tribe, etc.); when applied to describe a culture, typically contrasted to individualism. |
| deep-brain stimulation | A treatment for Parkinson’s disease in which an electrode is implanted into the brain, usually into the subthalamic nucleus, but sometimes into other areas such as the globus pallidus or the thalamus |
| wobbler | Wobbler is a neurodegenerative disease model that arose in a laboratory mouse by chance |
| lapse | A brief, temporary resumption of smoking, perhaps a few cigarettes, after a cessation attempt; synonymous with "slip." |
| schema | mental frameworks which structure knowledge, beliefs and expectations, of objects, people and situations, to guide cognitive processes and behaviour. |
| terminal endings | the final portion of the neuron that contains the mechanisms for the release of the neurotransmitter |
| trace amine–associated receptor | Any one of a family of probable pheromone receptors produced by neurons in the main olfactory epithelium |
| hypoproteinemia | Abnormally low level of plasma proteins in the blood. |
| serotonin | serotonin is a brain chemical important for normal nerve and brain function |
| x-ray | A noninvasive medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions |
| hymen | Membranous tissue partially or completely covering the external opening of the vagina in virgin mares. |
| subcutis | The skin layer lying beneath the dermis, and composed of fat cells and strands of collagenous connective tissue; also called hypodermis. |
| dispositional attribution | when behavior is attributed to internal factors that are directly controllable by a person, e.g |
| phycomycosis | General term describing several tropical and subtropical diseases caused by different organisms, including Basidiobolus haptosporus (causing basidiobolomycosis), Conidiobolus coronatus (causing conidiobolomycosis), and Pythium insidiosum (causing pythiosis). |
| isolated brain | An experimental preparation in which an animal’s brainstem has been separated from the spinal cord by a cut below the medulla |
| neuron | Nerve cells that make up the central nervous system |
| metacercaria | Infective larval form of flukes that arises from the cercaria stage. |
| free nerve ending | An axon that terminates in the skin without any specialized cell associated with it and that detects pain and/or changes in temperature |
| degenerative | Progressively deteriorating over time |
| aspiration smear | Diagnostic procedure in which fluid, containing cells, is withdrawn from a tissue or body cavity and then smeared onto a glass microscope slide for examination. |
| insight | The extent of a person's understanding of the origins, nature and mechanisms of his or her mental illness. |
| peripheral nervous system | The nerves that connect your spinal cord to the rest of your body. |
| insanity | legal term denoting a state of mental incapacitation during the time a crime was committed |
| parkinson’s disease | A degenerative neurological disorder, characterized by tremors at rest, muscular rigidity, and reduction in voluntary movement, that involves dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. |
| shape decomposition | Software application for the decomposition of shape representations into more basic shape elements. |
| diffusion tensor imaging | A special use of MRI that takes advantage of the differences in how water molecules are constrained in myelin to reveal axonal tracts connecting brain regions. |
| concentrates | Rich sources of individual nutrients that are used to enhance the quality of the diet. |
| presynaptic membrane | The specialized membrane of the axon terminal of the neuron that transmits information by releasing neurotransmitter |
| blepharoptosis | A drooping eyelid |
| eczema | Eczema is a skin condition that presents as a scaly rash |
| pleural cavity | The potential space between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura. |
| superior temporal sulcus | This region in the temporal lobe is important in coding social signals, e.g |
| leukopenia | An abnormal decrease in the |
| rheumatologist | Physician who specializes in treating arthritis, autoimmune diseases and fibromyalgia. |
| dysarthria | difficulty with enunciation; slurring of speech |
| trigger point injection | Injections directly into the trigger point location. One to two percent procaine or lidocaine (local anesthetics) are usually preferred, but Botox has recently been found to help temporarily reduce localized pain and migraine headaches. Patients trying this treatment for myofascial pain should question their doctors carefully to insure the physician can clearly locate the trigger point location and that the physician has experience with trigger point injections. The physician may wish to perform myofascial spray and stretch techniques prior to the injections to enhance their benefit. The physician will apply a vapocoolant spray, such as ethyl chloride, on the skin over the trigger point while performing a passive stretch of the muscle. |
| physical dependence | An adaptive physiological state that occurs with regular drug use and results in a withdrawal syndrome when drug use is stopped. |
| anorexia nervosa | Resource is related to or associated with application to Anorexia nervosa |
| motor unit | A functional unit made up of an alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it contains and controls, ranging from a few to a hundred or more. |
| phagocytosis | Type of |
| heart | A hollow, muscular |
| inner hair cell | One of the two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea |
| tetrahydrocannabinol | See Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. |
| urospermia | Urination during ejaculation. |
| token economy | A behavior modification program based on operant conditioning principles. |
| axon terminals | Branchings of a nerve axon within muscle, forming neuromuscular junctions with the myofibers supplied by the nerve. |
| vestibular | Pertaining to the balance mechanism in the inner ear and brain. |
| gamma motoneuron | Also called gamma efferent |
| biological pathway | The molecular interaction involved in biological processes; often a cascade of actions among molecules in a cell that leads to a product or outcome. |
| organ of corti | a receptive organ in the inner ear, whereby sound waves are changed into nerve impulses. |
| leptin | A hormone secreted by fat cells. |
| hypothalamus | The part of the brain concerned with operation of much of the autonomic (unconscious) nervous system, the production of specific hormones that are subsequently stored in and released by the pituitary gland, and the regulation of body temperature, sleep cycles, and food and water intake. |
| dura mater | The outermost of the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord |
| duodenum | The first part of the small intestine, connecting the stomach with the jejunum. |
| systole | The contraction/ejection phase of the heartbeat. |
| endocrinopathy | Hormonal imbalance leading to disease |
| cystic fibrosis | genetic disease caused by a homozygous deficiency of a chloride transport protein; 13.3.4 |
| endorphin | One of the three kinds of endogenous opioids |
| meniere's disease | A chronic disease of the inner ear that causes dizziness and ringing of the ears |
| yerkes-dodson law | a correlation between task performance and an optimal level of arousal, whereby performance will first improve as a person's arousal level increases but then reach a point at which further arousal (possibly in the form of stress) will result in a decrease in performance. |
| unconditioned response | in classical conditioning, response that naturally follows when a certain stimulus appears, such as a dog salivating when it smells food |
| bilateral | Occurring on both sides. |
| mao inhibitor | a drug that inhibits the activity of MAO, allowing neurotransmitter levels to increase; commonly used in the treatment of depression |
| conditioned response | in classical conditioning, response that first followed a natural stimulus but that now follows a conditioned stimulus |
| modeling | process of learning behaviors by imitating others, especially authority figures or people like oneself |
| motor neuron | see neuron, motor (Virtual Neurons) |
| cardiac ultrasound | Examination of the heart by means of ultrasonic sound waves, for the purpose of disease diagnosis; also known as echocardiography. |
| aromatization | The chemical reaction that converts testosterone to estradiol, and other androgens to other estrogens. |
| neurotransmitters | Chemical substances that carry impulses from one nerve cell to another; found in the space (synapse) that separates the transmitting neuron’s terminal (axon) from the receiving neuron’s terminal (dendrite). |
| dti | Discrete Trial Intervention |
| nystagmus | an involuntary rhythmic eye movement that occurs when a person is spun around and then suddenly stops (Balance: The Ears Have It) |
| unilateral papular dermatosis | Poorly understood skin disease of Quarter Horses. |
| monozygotic twin | Identical twins produced from the same egg |
| vertigo | Vertigo is a feeling of spinning movement, and at times accompanied by nausea and vomiting occur |
| thyroid hormones | Two hormones, triiodothyronine and thyroxine (also called tetraiodothyronine), released from the thyroid gland that have widespread effects, including growth and maintenance of the brain. |
| oropharynx | The back of the throat; tonsillar area, between the soft palate and epiglottis. |
| substantia nigra | The area of the brain where cells produce dopamine. |
| adenocarcinoma | Any malignant tumor originating in glandular tissue. |
| lre | Least Restrictive Environment |
| meg | See magnetoencephalography |
| projective test | A test that requires psychologists to make judgments based on a subject’s responses to ambiguous stimuli |
| dishabituation | The restoration of response amplitude following habituation. |
| malleus | The largest, hammer shaped bone of the three ossicles of the middle |
| judgment | The ability to compare facts and ideas, understand their relations and draw correct conclusions from them |
| protein | An amino acid and a peptide |
| classical conditioning | The association between a stimulus and a response. |
| proceptive | Referring to a state in which an animal advertises its readiness to mate through species-typical behaviors, such as ear wiggling in the female rat |
| menarche | A woman’s first menstrual period. |
| immunofluorescence assay | Assay technique for the detection of antigen or antibody using antibodies labeled with a fluorescent dye. |
| autism spectrum disorders | A condition characterized by impaired social skills; verbal and nonverbal communication difficulties; and narrow, obsessive interests or repetitive behaviors. |
| cellular immunity | The response of |
| aluminum | A heavy metal used in deodorants, some cookware, and foil |
| chest pain | Chest pain is a common complaint by a patient in the ER |
| onset | The time of appearance of the first symptoms of a condition, prior to seeking diagnosis. |
| dystonia | a slow movement or extended spasm in a group of muscles. |
| isoleucine | An essential amino acid that helps give you energy. |
| sarcoma | malignant tumor derived from non-epithelial tissues such as bones, cartilage and muscle; 12.3.1 |
| mucoid | Resembling mucus. |
| zelapar™ | see Selegiline. |
| exogenous ligand | Any substance, originating from outside the body, that selectively binds to the type of receptor that is under study |
| respiration | Breathing. |
| bdnf | See brain-derived neurotrophic factor. |
| enteric nervous system | Also known as the |
| ciliary muscle | One of the muscles that controls the shape of the lens inside the eye, focusing an image on the retina |
| hypoluteoidism | Sterility in the female caused by insufficient secretion of the hormone progesterone. |
| therapeutic window | The amount of a drug that is required for an effect without toxicity. |
| thc | Tetrahydrocannabinol |
| agraphia | The inability to write |
| starch | A white, tasteless complex carbohydrate that is found in wheat, corn, rice and potatoes |
| phenylketonuria | An inherited disorder of protein metabolism in which the absence of an enzyme leads to a toxic buildup of certain compounds, causing intellectual disability. |
| degranulation | Release of granules from a cell. |
| g protein-coupled receptor | receptor protein in the cytoplasmic membrane that binds a ligand on the extracellular side and then activates a heterotrimeric G protein on the intracellular side; 5 |
| ototoxic | Toxic to the ears, especially the middle or inner ear. |
| polymer | A long-chain molecule composed of many repeated units. |
| phytochemicals | Chemicals manufactured only in plants that are the substances that produce many of the beneficial effects associated with a diet that includes lots of fruits, vegetables, beans, and grains. |
| adaptation | An inherited characteristic that increases in a population because it provides a survival or reproductive advantage. |
| tachistoscope test | A test in which stimuli are very briefly presented to either the left or right visual half field |
| aminoglycosides | The aminoglycosides comprise a group of antibiotics that kill bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of protein in the bacterial wall, causing disruption of intracellular contents and cell death |
| cantharidin | The toxin in blister beetles responsible for blister beetle poisoning in horses. |
| cor pulmonale | Disease of the right side of the heart caused by increased pressure within the pulmonary artery. |
| urea | Nitrogen-containing compound generated by the breakdown of ingested proteins. |
| allergic contact dermatitis | An uncommon skin disease caused by a hypersensitivity reaction, as occurs in hikers and backpackers following contact with poison ivy or poison oak. |
| affordability | price of cigarettes in relation to disposable income |
| akinesia | no movement. |
| npy neuron | A neuron, involved in the hypothalamic appetite control system, that produces both neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide |
| hydrophilic | Having the property of attracting or absorbing water molecules. |
| james-lange theory | The idea that people experience emotion because they perceive their bodies’ physiological responses to external events. |
| epidural | The injection of a spinal block anesthetic into the epidural space |
| inhibitory | To inhibit an action or impulse |
| middle cerebral arteries | Two large arteries, arising from the internal carotids, that provide blood to most of the lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres. |
| conduction zone | The part of the neuron over which the nerve’s electrical signal may be actively propagated |
| taxonomy | The classification of organisms into different categories on the basis of their individual physical and biochemical relationships to each other. |
| acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter active both in the brain, where it regulates memory, and in the peripheral nervous system, where it controls the actions of skeletal and smooth muscles |
| labilev | Rapidly shifting mood; unstable. |
| ghb | Also known as sodium oxybate. Trade name Xyrem. Prescription medication approved by the FDA for treatment of cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy. Recent research results show that Xyrem also relieves pain and improves sleep in fibromyalgia patients. |
| anxiolytic | An agent or a class of medications that reduce anxiety. |
| gait dysfunction | See postural instability |
| progestin | Any of a major class of steroid hormones that are produced by the ovary, including progesterone |
| pneumothorax | Accumulation of air within the pleural cavity, inside the chest but outside the lungs, impeding the ability of the lungs to expand normally; collapsed lung. |
| gratification | is the positive emotional response (happiness) to a fulfilment of desire. |
| humoral immune response | The mounting of an antibody response to an antigen by the immune system. |
| cloacal exstrophy | A rare medical condition in which XY individuals are born completely lacking a penis |
| continuous reinforcement | a reinforcement schedule in which every response is followed by a reinforcer; equivalent to an FR (Fixed Ratio) 1 schedule. |
| synaptic vesicle | small packets in the terminal endings of neurons where neurotransmitter molecules are stored for release |
| b cell | See B lymphocyte |
| spinocerebellum | The uppermost part of the cerebellum, consisting mostly of the vermis and the anterior lobe |
| mnemonics | Strategies for improving memory. |
| dehydration | Excessive loss of water. |
| ectoderm | The outer of the three germ layers of the |
| juxtaglomerular apparatus | A unit of the |
| positive symptom | In psychiatry, an abnormal behavioral state |
| hydrophilic | Readily combining with or dissolving in |
| hippocampus | A part of the brain that plays a central role in many functions, including the processing of memories. |
| rebound effects | the behavioral effects, opposite to those produced by a drug, that occur when the drug is abruptly withdrawn |
| confirmation bias | a form of cognitive error based on the tendency to seek out information which supports one's beliefs, and ignore contradictory information. |
| endorphins | a neuropeptide which plays an important role in pain and mood states. |
| rostral | towards the nose or front of the nervous system; see also anterior (Sheep Brain Dissection) |
| cerebellitis | inflammation of the cerebellum |
| tetanospasmin | The neurotoxin produced in tetanus. |
| proprioception | Body sense; information about the position and movement of the body that is sent to the brain. |
| hertz | Cycles per second, as of an auditory stimulus |
| ketonuria | Spillage of ketone bodies (ketones) into the urine in diabetic ketoacidosis. |
| antrum | The area of the |
| micrographia | A change in handwriting with the script becoming smaller and more cramped. |
| pitch | A dimension of auditory experience in which sounds vary from low to high. |
| body language | sometimes referred to as 'non-verbal communication', in other words, what you can tell about someone's mood or frame of mind by the expression on their face, the way they are standing or sitting, etc. |
| innervate | To provide neural input. |
| structure-activity relationship | the correlation between chemical structure and drug effects |
| ect | See electroconvulsive shock therapy |
| depression | Depression is an illness that involves the body, mood, and thoughts and affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and |
| osteoarthritis | Osteoarthritis, also called degenerative arthritis, is a type of arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints Osteoarthritis, also called degenerative arthritis, is a type of arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints |
| pathogenic | Able to cause disease. |
| basal cell tumor | Benign tumor of basal cells, present in the basal cell layer of the epidermis (the outermost layer of the skin). |
| vasodilation | Dilation (expansion in diameter) of a blood vessel. |
| monogamy | A mating system in which a female and a male form a breeding pair that may last for one breeding period or for a lifetime |
| differentiated thyroid cancer | A type of cancer of the thyroid gland |
| cranial | Pertaining to the skull or cranium |
| lsd | a drug (lysergic acid diethylamide) that causes various forms of hallucinations |
| drug elimination | removal of the drug from the body through excretion with the urine or bile, often subsequent to enzymatic modification; 3.2 |
| fsh | See follicle-stimulating hormone. |
| holoprosencephaly | Resource is related to or associated with application to Holoprosencephaly |
| hiv/aids | AIDS is a chronic, life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
| ghrelin | A peptide hormone emanating from the gut |
| nuclear cardiology | The use of a radiotracer and an imaging device to study physiological processes of the cardiovascular system, primarily the heart |
| galvanic skin response | An increase in the skin’s rate of electrical conductivity |
| triad design | a procedure that involves the simultaneous testing of three groups: an untreated group, an experimental group, and a yoked control group |
| cocktail party effect | refers to (,I) a person's ability to concentrate on just one conversation although others are going on all around and (b) the way a person engaged in (attending to) one conversation will nevertheless hear their own name if it is mentioned in a nearby conversation. |
| biological psychology | Also called behavioral neuroscience, brain and behavior, and physiological psychology |
| vertigo | a condition where a person feels as if s/he is spinning when s/he is not (Balance: The Ears Have It) |
| variable regions | A pair of polypeptide chains that are a subunit of an immunoglobulin and have a |
| tectum | The dorsal portion of the midbrain consisting of the inferior and superior colliculi |
| enzyme | Any of a myriad number of different proteins produced by cells, capable of accelerating biochemical reactions occurring within the cells |
| fragile x syndrome | A condition that is a frequent cause of inherited intellectual disability; produced by a fragile site on the X chromosome that seems prone to breaking because the DNA there is unstable |
| eosinophil | A white blood cell that contains granules readily stained with eosin; functions in the allergic reaction to parasitic infections |
| projective hypothesis | The idea that people interpret ambiguous stimuli in ways that reveal their concerns, needs, conflicts, desires, and feelings. |
| gestalt therapy | a therapy that considers all dimensions of a person's life and experience, to stimulate personal growth and increased self-awareness, in order to develop a sense of the whole person. |
| oligodendrocyte | A type of glial cell that forms myelin in the central nervous system |
| raphe nuclei | A string of nuclei in the midline of the midbrain and brainstem that contain most of the serotonergic neurons of the brain. |
| fetal alcohol syndrome | A disorder, including intellectual disability and characteristic facial anomalies, that affects children exposed to too much alcohol (through maternal ingestion) during fetal development. |
| autocrine | Referring to a signal that is secreted by a cell into its environment and that feeds back to the same cell |
| resting potential | the membrane potential (-70 millivolts inside) of an inactive neuron |
| graded response | A membrane electrical potential that spreads passively across the cell membrane, decreasing in strength with time and distance. |
| bonding | the process whereby the young of a species form a bond with their parent(s) |
| thrombophlebitis | Inflammation of a vein, accompanied by the formation of a blood clot. |
| hydrogenated | Hydrogenation is a process that turns an oil, such as corn oil, into a solid fat that can be used in products such as margarines. |
| circle of willis | A structure at the base of the brain that is formed by the joining of the carotid and basilar arteries |
| lyme disease | Lyme disease is an emerging infectious disease caused by at least three species of bacteria belonging to the genus Borrelia. |
| tract | A bundle of axons found within the central nervous system |
| congenital hypotrichosis | Hairlessness. |
| visual field | The whole area that you can see without moving your head or eyes. |
| incisional hernia | A defect in a healing incision wound that results in a bulging out of the underlying tissues. |
| stx | See saxitoxin. |
| interferons | A specialized group of protein molecules capable of inhibiting virus replication and the growth of tumor cells, and of modulating the activities of certain components of the immune system. |
| chronic paroxysmal hemicrania | this is much more common in women than in men |
| biotransformation | The process in which enzymes convert a drug into a metabolite that is itself active, possibly in ways that are substantially different from the actions of the original substance |
| color blindness | A hereditary condition that makes people unable to distinguish between colors. |
| gram stain | A routine stain used for the laboratory identification of bacteria. |
| suntheanine | A patented, enzymatically-synthesized source of pure theanine |
| dacryocystitis | Inflammation of the lacrimal apparatus |
| anaphylactic shock | a severe allergic response that can result in respiratory collapse and death |
| heroin | Diacetylmorphine; an artificially modified, very potent form of morphine. |
| uterine inversion | Protrusion of a portion of the uterus through the cervix; uterine prolapse. |
| personality | A word formerly used to describe a person in a multiple group |
| thalamotomy | A surgical procedure, now less commonly performed than it once was, in which cells in the thalamus are destroyed in an effort to eradicate debilitating tremors. |
| α-msh | See α-melanocyte stimulating hormone. |
| degenerative joint disease | Term for a group of disorders resulting in progressive deterioration of the articular cartilage of a joint, accompanied by bone proliferation around the joint margins and thickening of the soft tissues of the joint; also called degenerative arthritis. |
| prenatal period | The time between conception and birth. |
| zinc | A trace element that protects nerve and brain tissue and bolsters the immune system. |
| orthostatic hypotension | A drop in blood pressure resulting in a dizzy or faint feeling that is produced after suddenly sitting up or standing up |
| basal ganglia | several large clusters of nerve cells, including the striatum and the substantia nigra, deep in the brain below the cerebral hemispheres. |
| volley theory | A theory of frequency discrimination that emphasizes the relation between sound frequency and the firing pattern of nerve cells |
| cimetidine | a drug (Tagamet) used in the treatment of gastric ulcers to specifically block the H2 receptors for histamine and to reduce the release of gastric acid |
| amblyopia | Reduced visual acuity that is not caused by optical or retinal impairments |
| root canal | The chamber within each tooth that contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic channels; also known as the pulp chamber. |
| neural induction | The process during embryonic development whereby molecules trigger ectoderm tissue to become nerve tissue. |
| inhibition of return | The phenomenon, observed in peripheral spatial cuing tasks and occurring when the interval between cue and target stimulus is 200 ms or more, in which detection of stimuli at the former location of the cue is increasingly impaired. |
| ligand | In medical imaging, ligands are molecules that can bind both to a tracer (radioactive or light emitting) and to a molecule of interest within a living system |
| enteric coating | encapsulation of a drug with an inert polymer that remains solid at the low pH in the stomach but dissolves in the slightly alkaline milieu of the small intestine; 14.4.1 |
| prolactin | Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that simulates and sustains lactation; also called lactogenic hormone. |
| epimysium | fibrous |
| primary visual cortex | Also called striate cortex or area 17 |
| nerves | A bundle of fibers that uses electrical and chemical signals to transmit sensory and motor information from one body part to another.. |
| isotope | Atoms of a single element that have differing masses |
| fetal alcohol syndrome | A disorder, including intellectual disability and characteristic facial abnormalities, that affects children exposed to too much alcohol (through maternal ingestion) during fetal development |
| meg | See magnetoencephalography. |
| tolcapone | a drug that increases the duration of effect of levodopa |
| taars | See trace amine-associated receptors. |
| gonad | Any of the sexual organs (ovaries in females, testes in males), which produce gametes for reproduction |
| interferon beta-1b | Interferons belong to a family of proteins that occur naturally in the body, helping to regulate the body’s immune system and fight disease |
| melanotrichia | Abnormal darkening of the hair color. |
| superior olivary nucleus | Either of two brainstem nuclei—left and right—that receive input from both right and left cochlear nuclei, and provide the first binaural analysis of auditory information |
| chronic | Long-term; of lengthy duration; persisting over a long period. |
| kicking chains | Restraint device placed on the hind leg above the fetlock to discourage kicking. |
| rehearsal | The process of practicing material in order to remember it. |
| spleen | Large abdominal organ that removes senescent (aged) red blood cells and foreign material from the bloodstream; an important component of the immune system. |
| self-report data | Information that people being surveyed give about themselves. |
| method of loci | a technique to increase memory effectiveness through memorising a series of different locations (such as rooms in a house) and then imagining an item to be remembered at each location |
| recency effect | The superior performance seen in a memory task for items at the end of a list; attributed to short-term memory |
| target cells | cells within the body that have the appropriate receptors to respond to specific hormones. |
| angiotensin ii | A substance that is produced in the blood by the action of renin and that play a role in the control of thirst. |
| apa division 20 | Site of APA's Division for Adult Development and Aging contains many resources. |
| sex steroids | Steroid hormones secreted by the gonads: androgens, estrogens, and progestins. |
| internal urethral sphincter | The spincter muscle located at the junction of the |
| dysuria | Painful or difficult urination. |
| permax™ | see Pergolide |
| reticular formation | a network of nerve cells in the brainstem that are involved in maintaining sleep or wakefulness. |
| amyloidosis | Disease process characterized by deposition of amyloid in various tissues of the body, including the kidneys. |
| cyclic vomiting syndrome | Cyclic vomiting syndrome is a condition in which affected individuals have severe nausea and vomiting that come in cycles |
| astigmatism | A condition in which the curvature of the eye is defective producing blurred vision; abbreviated Ast |
| farcy | A form of glanders that affects the skin; characterized by nodules, ulcers, and swollen lymph nodes and lymphatic channels, most often involving the legs or abdomen. |
| patient registry | A database used to record cases of diseases of public health importance |
| guillain-barr | A reversible condition that affects the nerves in the body |
| δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol | The major active ingredient in marijuana. |
| autism society of america | Offers support and information packages. |
| phagocytosis | uptake of particles by cells, mostly specialized phagocytes such as neutrophil granulocytes and macrophages |
| horseradish peroxidase | An enzyme found in horseradish and other plants that is used to determine the cells of origin of a particular set of axons |
| depersonalization | An alteration in the perception or experience of the self so that the feeling of one's own reality is temporarily lost |
| fungiform papillae | Mushroom shaped |
| dose-response curve | A formal graph of a drug’s effects (on the y-axis) versus the dose given (on the x-axis) |
| sulfonamides | These anti-infective drugs are not classified as antibiotics, but they do inhibit the growth of bacteria in the following way |
| autism | Resource is related to or associated with application to Autism |
| chewing tobacco | A type of smokeless tobacco that is potentially addictive because it contains nicotine |
| checklist | a simple list of all the behaviours being recorded |
| epilation | Plucking of hair by the roots |
| pylorus | Area of the |
| modulatory circuit | See superordinate circuit. |
| synapse | the junction between a terminal of a neuron and either another neuron or a muscle or gland cell, over which nerve impulses pass. |
| transfer entropy analysis | A resource that performs Transfer Entropy analysis. |
| gingiva | The gums of the mouth. |
| sulcus | the valleys or spaces between the folds or gyri of the brain (Sheep Brain Dissection) |
| self-serving bias | The tendency to attribute successes to internal factors and failures to situational factors. |
| parthenogenesis | Literally, “virgin birth.” The production of offspring without the contribution of a male or sperm. |
| otitis media | A form of otitis in which the middle ear is involved to cause pain and a temporary loss of hearing |
| negative reinforcement | In operant conditioning, the removal of a stimulus after a response so that the response will be more likely to occur. |
| endogenous | Originating within the body |
| polygenic traits | Traits influenced by several genes. |
| congenital prosopagnosia | See prosopagnosia. |
| expression | See gene expression |
| somatic treatments | treatments of mental disorders that employ physical and chemical methods, e.g Electroconvulsive Shock Treatment(ECT). |
| displacement | A defense mechanism that involves transferring feelings about a person or event to someone or something else. |
| rabies | An acute, often fatal, infection of the central nervous system |
| hrp | See horseradish peroxidase. |
| amphetamine dependency | Amphetamine dependence is a compulsive disease that revolves around frequent use of amphetamines, methamphetamines or MDMA and ecstasy |
| graphology | Graphology is the study and analysis of handwriting especially in relation to human psychology |
| emotion | A subjective mental state that is usually accompanied by distinctive behaviors as well as involuntary physiological changes |
| nerves | Bundles of |
| group comparison study | study that compares two or more distinct groups on a variable of interest |
| proximal cause | a factor which is a direct influence on behaviour, such as one's attitude or an aspect of the immediate situation. |
| cerebral thrombosis | The most common type of brain attack, it occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms and blocks blood flow in an artery bringing blood to part of the brain. |
| lithium | An element that, administered to patients, often relieves the symptoms of bipolar disorder |
| disaccharide | Any type of sugar that is composed of two monosaccharides |
| muscular and respiratory pumps | The muscles and |
| periodic ophthalmia | Recurrent inflammation of the eye associated with an abnormal immunologic reaction to leptospires (spiral-shaped bacteria) or threadworms; also known as recurrent uveitis or moon blindness. |
| radius | The outer and shorter of the two human forearm bones. |
| twitch | short, |
| graduate work | Study in a college at the graduate level. |
| bungarotoxin | A neurotoxin, isolated from the venom of the banded krait, that selectively blocks acetylcholine receptors |
| chronic carrier state | Situation in which an animal or human being maintains (carries) an infectious disease agent for a prolonged period of time. |
| digestive system | Responsible for the |
| shell shock | See posttraumatic stress disorder. |
| integrative | Combines and coordinates diverse elements into a whole; forms, coordinates, or blends into a functioning or unified whole. |
| metabotropic | receptor that activates a series of intracellular biochemical reactions |
| dacryocystorhinostomy | A procedure in which a channel is surgically created between the nasal cavity and lacrimal sac to promote drainage |
| prostate gland | Gland in male mammals that surrounds the urethra where it joins the bladder and is important in the production of seminal fluid. |
| amh | See anti-müllerian hormone |
| hypertonic | Referring to a solution with a higher concentration of salt than that found in interstitial fluid and blood plasma (more than about 0.9% salt) |
| personality | Personality refers to enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours that characterise an individual |
| lymphatic vessels | Thin-walled vessels containing |
| operant conditioning | "Trial and error" learning, usually involving a reward. |
| motor plan | Also called motor program |
| afferent | Towards the center |
| cervical | Relating to the neck |
| bronchopneumonia | Lung inflammation that is initiated within the bronchioles. |
| idiopathic | of unknown cause. |
| melanocyte-stimulating hormone | Hormone produced by the pituitary gland that mediates the deposition of melanin (dark pigment of skin and hair) in the body. |
| tms | See transcranial magnetic stimulation. |
| oral contraceptive | A birth control pill, typically consisting of steroid hormones to prevent ovulation. |
| cervix | The lower part of the uterus, connecting the uterus with the vagina; pertaining to the cervix. |
| ventral root | See roots. |
| postural hypotension | a drop in blood pressure (hypotension) due to a change in body position (posture) when a person moves to a more vertical position from sitting to standing or from lying down to sitting or standing |
| dvd | Developmental Verbal Dyspraxia |
| procedural memory | see memory, procedural (Mirror Image, Your Incredible Memory) |
| axon | The extended part of a neuron that carries an impulse towards the synapse and transmits the message to other neurons. |
| special senses | Senses that are designed to |
| turbinates | Complex shapes underlying the olfactory mucosa that direct inspired air over receptor cells |
| dizygotic | Referring to twins derived from separate eggs (fraternal twins) |
| nimh | National Institutes for Mental Health |
| tetrodotoxin | A toxin from puffer fish ovaries that blocks the voltage-gated sodium channel, preventing action potential conduction. |
| laryngoscopy | Visual examination of the larynx. |
| brodmann’s areas | A classification of cortical regions based on subtle variations in the relative appearance of the six layers of neocortex. |
| melatonin | A peptide hormone synthesized from serotonin in the pineal gland |
| ventricular zone | Also called ependymal layer |
| isolated brain | Sometimes referred to by the French term, encéphale isolé |
| recency effect | remembering the most recently received information, see also primacy effect (Recency & Primacy Effect) |
| next generation sequencing | Software that deals with extraction of information about high-density genetic sequencing |
| uterus | Also called the womb |
| manic episode | An extended period of increased energy and either elated or irritable mood. |
| optic disk | That portion of the optic nerve visible at the surface of the retina; also called optic nerve head. |
| metritis | Inflammation of the uterus. |
| ihc | See inner hair cell |
| choroid plexus | vascular structures within the ventricular system that produce cerebrospinal fluid. |
| metamorphosis | development or transformation of an organism; involves significant changes in physical form (e.g |
| valve | A |
| latent content | The hidden meaning of a dream. |
| mhc | the template (major histocompatibility complex) in T cells that is used to determine self versus non-self |
| indent | An impression left on paper caused by the force from a pen tip. |
| head injury | a broad term that describes a vast array of injuries that occur to the scalp, skull, brain, and underlying tissue and blood vessels in the child's head |
| cell membrane | Phospholipid bilayer surrounding |
| mbt | Mentalization-based treatment (MBT) is an innovative form of psychodynamic psychotherapy |
| vestibular canal | Also called scala vestibuli |
| expressed emotion | Hostility, criticism, and overinvolvement demonstrated by some families toward a family member with a psychological disorder |
| free will | The feeling that our conscious self is the author of our actions and decisions |
| excitotoxicity | The property by which neurons die when overstimulated, as with large amounts of glutamate |
| posterior cerebral artery | Either of two large arteries, arising from the basilar artery, that provide blood to posterior aspects of the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brainstem |
| vasopressin | hypophyseal peptide hormone involved in regulating blood pressure and urine volume; 7.2.3 |
| social security disability compensation | Monthly compensation and medical insurance (Medicare) provided by the Social Security Administration to eligible individuals who cannot work because of fibromyalgia or other medical problems. Individuals must apply to be considered. |
| forgetting curve | A graph that shows how quickly learned information is forgotten over time. |
| vagina | The opening from the outside of the body to the cervix and uterus in females |
| erythropoietin | A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow |
| field impairment assessment | A series of assessments administered by a trained professional designed to identify those driving impaired, under the influence of drugs |
| hyponatremia | Abnormally low levels of sodium in the blood. |
| metabolites | Any substance produced by or involved in a chemical reaction that is part of metabolism. |
| intersex | Referring to an individual with atypical genital development and sexual differentiation that generally resembles a form intermediate between typical male and typical female genitals. |
| mad cow disease | See bovine spongiform encephalopathy. |
| sympathetic chain | Pair of longitudinal cords of the |
| allergy | an abnormally strong response of the immune system to a harmless foreign substance |
| incidence | The occurrence of new cases of a condition |
| nucleus | An atom's core; contains protons and one or more neutrons (except hydrogen, which has no neutrons). |
| asymptomatic | Refers to infection or disease without signs of illness |
| psychosomatic | The influence of the mind over bodily functions, especially disease |
| polyp | A small fleshy mass projecting from the surface of a mucous membrane. |
| leucine | An essential branched-chain amino acid |
| diuretic | Something that makes you urinate more. |
| adrenal medulla | An endocrine organ that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in concert with the activation of the sympathetic nervous system; for example, in response to stress. |
| mv | See millivolt. |
| intracellular | inside the cell |
| nausea and vomiting | Nausea is an uneasiness of the stomach that often precedes vomiting |
| lateral geniculate nucleus | The part of the thalamus that receives information from the optic tract and sends it to visual areas in the occipital cortex |
| bile | Fluid produced by the liver and deposited in the small intestine through the bile ducts, for the purpose of aiding the digestion of nutrients. |
| thoracolumbar division | Also known as the |
| physical dependence | a drug-induced change in the body's physiology that necessitates the presence of the drug for normal function |
| conjugation | A process in which |
| nichcy | National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities |
| plaque | The mixture of oral bacteria, bacterial sugars, salivary proteins, and food and cellular debris, that accumulates on the teeth; also, a flat area in the skin. |
| no | See nitric oxide. |
| health promotion | refers to strategies and tactics that help enable people to gain control of, and therefore enhance, their health through changes in lifestyle and preventative practices, significantly reduce the risk of illness. |
| hepatic ducts | A pair of |
| meiosis | Process involved in the formation of gametes (reproductive cells), wherein cell division produces new cells (spermatozoa and ova) containing only one set of chromosomes. |
| lymphocytic thyroiditis | Immune-mediated inflammation of the thyroid gland. |
| choline | A B vitamin important for proper function of the nervous system and for preventing fat deposition in the liver. |
| altruism | as with animal altruism, this involves some cost to the altruist and some benefit to the recipient |
| glucodetector | A cell that detects and informs the nervous system about levels of circulating glucose. |
| chorion | The outer |
| liver enzymes | in this context, enzymes formed by the liver that facilitate the breakdown of drugs |
| pacemaker | Nerve tissue that controls the heart's rate of contraction and relaxation; also known as the sinoatrial node |
| fatty tissues | That area of the body where chemicals can be stored. |
| proximal | In anatomy, near the trunk or center of an organism |
| ultrasound | Essentially an anatomical imaging technology that uses sound waves to create images of tissue within the body |
| tetralogy of fallot | Congenital heart defect characterized by the presence of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and severe pulmonic stenosis, together with an abnormally positioned aorta and thickening of the right ventricle. |
| genome | See genotype |
| pineal body | a pinecone-shaped gland-like structure located in the brain |
| corpus callosum | A bridge of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the Cerebral Cortex. |
| pantethine | Vitamin B5 metabolite, an adrenal support nutrient. |
| nanoparticle | Any microscopic particle less than about 100 nanometers (nm) in diameter |
| alpha rhythm | A brain potential of 8–12 Hz that occurs during relaxed wakefulness |
| central sleep apnea | sleep disorder characterized by complete cessation of respiratory activity for brief periods of time (20 seconds or more); sufferers do not have frequent awakenings and do not tend to feel tired during the day; occurs when the brain does not send the signal to breathe to the respiratory system |
| motive | An impulse that causes a person to act. |
| supporting cells | A group of |
| shingles | An acute infection caused by the herpes zoster virus, the same virus as causes chickenpox |
| labeled lines | The concept that each nerve input to the brain reports only a particular type of information. |
| peripheral spatial cuing | A technique for testing exogenous attention in which a visual stimulus is preceded by a simple task-irrelevant sensory stimulus either in the location where the stimulus will appear or in an incorrect location |
| leukocoria | A whitening of the pupil of the eye. |
| birth psychology | In the pages of the Association for Pre- & Perinatal Psychology and Health (APPPAH) "you'll be able to explore the many mental and emotional dimensions of pregnancy and birth in everything from scholarly articles to personal stories and late-breaking headlines.". |
| utricle | The larger of two membranous sacs which is connected to the |
| stem cell | A cell that is undifferentiated and therefore can take on the fate of any cell that a donor organism can produce |
| osteitis | Inflammation of a bone. |
| feature detector model | A model of visual pattern analysis that emphasizes linear and angular components of the stimulus array |
| resistance stage | A |
| ideational apraxia | An impairment in the ability to carry out a sequence of actions, even though each element or step can be done correctly |
| dermatosis | Any skin disease, particularly one without an inflammatory component. |
| spirituality | A belief that there is meaning in life, which is highly idiosyncratic. |
| salivary amylase | An enzyme found in |
| otalgia | pain in the ear |
| permeability | Leakiness; ability to be penetrated. |
| antidepressant drugs | drugs used to treat the symptoms of depression, such as sad mood, negative thinking, and disturbances of sleep and appetite; common types are tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors |
| uterine tubes | Paired fallopian tubes of the uterus wherein fertilization of the eggs with sperm occurs; also called oviducts. |
| confabulate | To fill in a gap in memory with a falsification; often seen in Korsakoff’s syndrome. |
| growth factor | A naturally occurring protein chemical that stimulates cell division differentiation and proliferation |
| raphe nuclei | A string of nuclei in the midline of the midbrain and brainstem that contain most of the serotonergic neurons of the brain |
| test cross | A mating between a homozygous recessive and an animal with the phenotype of the dominant allele. |
| auditory nerve | A nerve that sends impulses from the ear to the brain. |
| stress immunization | The concept that mild stress early in life makes an individual better able to handle stress later in life |
| biological vector | A vector in which a developmental stage of a particular parasite necessarily occurs. |
| ion channel | A pore in the cell membrane that permits the passage of certain ions through the membrane when the channels are open |
| receptor cell | A specialized cell that responds to a particular energy or substance in the internal or external environment, and converts this energy into a change in the electrical potential across its membrane. |
| frequency | The number of cycles per second in a sound wave; measured in hertz (Hz) |
| chemical dependency | A behavioral health disorder. When an individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related to their use, chemical (or substance) dependency may be diagnosed |
| pinna | The external part of the ear |
| gallbladder | The small sac-shaped organ beneath the liver, in which bile is stored after secretion from the liver and before it is released into the intestine. |
| working memory | See short-term memory |
| melanoblasts | Immature melanin-forming cells that originate early in fetal life. |
| face fusiform area | A region of the lateral part of the brain, the "Fusiform Gyrus", is active during the recognition of human faces in typically developing people. |
| attention | Also called selective attention |
| bran disease | Generalized disorder caused primarily by a deficiency of calcium in the diet in the face of a phosphorus excess. |
| postpartum depression | Postpartum depression is a form of depression that occurs within a year after delivery |
| α-synuclein | A protein that has been implicated in Parkinson’s disease. |
| agonist | A chemical that binds to a receptor on a cell and triggers a response by that cell. |
| correlational research method | A research method that provides information about the relationship between variables |
| cerebral aqueduct | the part of the ventricular system that connects the third and fourth ventricles |
| anabolic steroids | Anabolic steroids change the natural balance in the body between anabolism (tissue building) and catabolism (tissue breakdown) These drugs increase tissue building and have been used for years by athletes to increase muscle mass, strength, and endurance |
| cell membrane | The lipid bilayer that ensheathes a cell. |
| disease model of addiction | The idea that addiction is a disease that has to be medically treated. |
| gonadotropin releasing hormone | A |
| beta-blockers | Refers to a class of drugs that reduces anxiety by blocking the beta receptors in the autonomic nervous system (regulates the involuntary processes of the internal organs and blood vessels) |
| double-bind theory | a theory of schizophrenia proposed by Bateson, which argues that faulty communication patterns within the family contribute to the onset of schizophrenia. |
| adapt | To adjust to different conditions |
| anamnestic response | Immunologic memory; the ability of the immune system to "remember" a foreign substance to which it has been exposed, and to produce an even more effective response to it upon subsequent reexposure. |
| non-ionic diffusion | The transport across membranes of an ionizable drug molecule in its non-ionized form; 3.4.7 |
| radioactivity | The spontaneous decay or disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus accompanied by the emission of radiation. |
| curare | A neurotoxin that causes paralysis by blocking acetylcholine receptors in muscle |
| psychomotor agitation | Excessive motor activity associated with a feeling of inner tension; the activity is usually nonproductive and repetitious |
| open-ended questions | questions that do not contain fixed, pre-determined responses, that allow a respondent to answer relatively freely. |
| anabolism | The body's conversion of simple substances to more complex compounds. |
| operant conditioning | A type of behavioral learning where a behavior is either reinforced or punished. |
| monoamine hormones | See amine hormones. |
| glial cells | nerve cells that form a supporting network for the neurons in the brain |
| acupuncture | Insertion of tiny needles into distinct muscle areas to stimulate the production of endorphins (natural painkilling biochemicals). |
| phasic receptor | A receptor in which the frequency of action potentials drops rapidly as stimulation is maintained |
| bulbar muscles | The muscles that control the speech, chewing and swallowing. |
| blood | The fluid and its component cells, that circulate through the blood vessels and carry oxygen and other nutrients to body cells. |
| thalamus | Portion of the brain that serves as a relay center for sensory information coming from the rest of the body, and for nerve impulses concerned with balance and coordination arising from the cerebellum. |
| amplitude | The height of a wave. |
| tremor | rhythmic shaking movements that are abnormal |
| icc | See immunocytochemistry |
| braxton-hicks contractions | Irregular |
| acupressure points | The same points on the body as acupuncture points. |
| over confidence | The feeling of being invincible on the road can lead to the driver taking unnecessary risks, without realising the danger |
| mitochondrion | Folded inner |
| long-term depression | A lasting decrease in the magnitude of responses of neurons after afferent cells have been stimulated with electrical stimuli of relatively low frequency |
| schwann's cells | cells that produce myelin |
| iconic memory | A very brief type of memory that stores the sensory impression of a scene |
| peptide hormone | See protein hormone |
| sensorium | The functional state of the special senses, especially as related to the condition of consciousness. |
| igm anti-hbc | A subclass of the hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb or anti-HBc). Positivity indicates recent infection with HBV (less than 6 months). Its presence indicates acute infection. |
| photoreceptor | A neural cell in the retina that responds to light |
| l-dopa | abbreviation for the chemical L-dihydroxyphenylalanine |
| micrographia | small handwriting seen in Parkinson's Disease. |
| principle of simplicity | The Gestalt psychology principle that states that people tend to perceive forms as simple, symmetrical figures rather than as irregular ones. |
| neupro™ | see Rotigotine. |
| striations | Fine markings left behind on an item, such as on a bullet, caused by rifling in the barrel. |
| cardiopulmonary bypass | Open-heart surgery wherein a heart-lung machine oxygenates and pumps blood while the heart is stopped. |
| pepsinogen | A |
| long-term memory | An enduring form of memory that lasts days, weeks, months, or years and has a very large capacity. |
| circumstantiality | A term used to describe speech that is indirect and delayed in reaching the point because of unnecessary, tedious details, and parenthetic remarks. |
| dysfunctional family | A Family that displays some form of abuse and have poor boundaries. |
| rilutek | The only FDA-approved drug available to treat ALS |
| mitosis | Asexual reproduction of |
| cerebrocerebellum | The lowermost part of the cerebellum, consisting especially of the lateral parts of each cerebellar hemisphere |
| variable | a factor or condition that is subject to change, especially one that is allowed to change in a scientific experiment to test a hypothesis. |
| hypothalamus | The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing factors, which regulate the anterior pituitary. |
| preganglionic | Literally, “before the ganglion.” Referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia |
| person perception | The process of forming impressions about other people. |
| thioredoxin | small enzyme molecule that reduces multiple substrates, including xenobiotics and disulfide bonds in proteins |
| scotoma | A region of blindness within the visual fields, caused by injury to the visual pathway or brain |
| feature search | A search for an item in which the target pops out right away, because it possesses a unique attribute, no matter how many distracters are present |
| lateral ventricle | A complexly shaped lateral portion of the ventricular system within each hemisphere of the brain |
| display rules | Norms that tell people whether, which, how, and when emotions should be displayed. |
| familial tremor | see Essential Tremor |
| dura | Outermost layer of the meninges. |
| carbohydrate | complex organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that store energy and act as structural components of cells |
| ngf | See nerve growth factor. |
| child and family news | Although this site is intended to supply ideas and information for journalists, students may be interested in reading about some of the issues concerning child and family news that Tufts University believes are notable |
| volume measurement | Software application for the quantification of the volumetric property of 'Volume'. |
| stricture | Narrowing of the diameter of a hollow tube, usually the result of contraction caused by local tissue damage. |
| ionize | To separate into ions (charged atoms). |
| weapon focus effect | the tendency for witnesses to a crime involving a weapon (e.g |
| cocktail party effect | The selective enhancement of attention in order to filter out distracters, such as while listening to one person talking in the midst of a noisy party. |
| α-motoneuron | a nerve cell that resides in the brain stem or spinal cord and controls, via its long axon, a group of skeletal muscle cells; 6.1.5 |
| sensitive period | Also called critical period |
| lens | A biconvex body in the eye that lies directly behind the pupil and |
| ventral horn | ventral part of spinal cord gray matter containing large motor neuron cell bodies (Close-up of the Nervous System) |
| pulvinar | In humans, the posterior portion of the thalamus |
| chorea | Rapid, jerky, dance-like movement of the body. |
| wada test | A test in which a short-lasting anesthetic is delivered into one carotid artery to determine which cerebral hemisphere principally mediates language |
| natural environment teaching/incidental teaching | This refers to teaching a child while in their home or community |
| dopamine | A chemical messenger (neurotransmitter) in the brain that controls movement. |
| congenital insensitivity to pain | The condition of being born without the ability to perceive pain. |
| sublimation | in Freud's theory, a defence mechanism whereby energy is redirected towards a socially desirable creative activity. |
| urovagina | Urine "pooling" in the vagina; also called vesicovaginal reflux. |
| hypothermia | Abnormally low body temperature; cooling of the body to slow metabolism. |
| apoptosis | See cell death |
| glucocorticoids | Hormones that produce an array of effects in response to stress |
| auditory nerve | A bundle of nerve fibers extending from the cochlea of the ear to the brain that contains two branches: the cochlear nerve, which transmits sound information, and the vestibular nerve, which relays information related to balance. |
| serotonin | A neurotransmitter that is involved in mood (such as helping you to feel happy), sleep, mental health, blood pressure and heartbeat. |
| innervation ratio | The ratio expressing the number of muscle fibers innervated by a single motor axon |
| melanocortins | One category of endogenous opioid peptides. |
| fetal stage | The last stage of prenatal development, lasting from two months after conception until birth. |
| afferent | carrying something (like a nerve impulse) toward the central part. |
| gh | See growth hormone. |
| pain | The discomfort normally associated with tissue damage |
| corpus callosum | The main band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres |
| seminal vesicle | A pair of glandular sacs located near the |
| lens | Transparent refractive structure that finely focuses images onto the retina for clear and sharp vision. |
| delusion | A false personal belief based on incorrect inference about external reality and firmly sustained in spite of what almost everyone else believes and in spite of what constitutes incontrovertible and obvious proof of evidence to the contrary. |
| internal intercostal muscles | Inner layer of intercostal muscles; contract during |
| combat fatigue | See posttraumatic stress disorder |
| uvea | Cellular layer of the eye that contains blood vessels, the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. |
| aortic stenosis | Constriction (abnormal narrowing) of the connection between the left ventricle and the aorta. |
| metabotropic receptor | A receptor protein that does not contain ion channels but may, when activated, use a G protein system to open nearby ion channels or to produce other cellular effects |
| absence attack | See petit mal seizure. |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | a terminal neurological disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of motor cells in the spinal cord and brain |
| insula | A region of cortex lying below the surface, within the lateral sulcus, of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. |
| gonads | A sex |
| contracture | Permanent shortening of the muscles and tendons adjacent to a joint, which can result from severe, untreated spasticity and interferes with normal movement around the affected joint |
| cachexia | Cachexia is any general reduction in vitality and strength of body and mind resulting from a debilitating chronic disease. |
| fee for service | An arrangement for health care in which people pay providers for health care services. |
| infundibulum | See pituitary stalk. |
| in vitro | Literally, “in glass” (in Latin) |
| a band | region of a |
| transpleural administration | the administration of a drug by injection into the space surrounding the lungs |
| surfactant | A soaplike substance produced by specialized cells lining the alveoli of the lungs; responsible for decreasing the pressure (surface tension) within the alveoli and preventing them from collapsing during normal respiratory movements. |
| diastolic blood pressure | The pressure that occurs when the heart is not pumping blood into the arterial system (i.e., during the relaxation period between contractions). |
| freezing | Temporary, involuntary inability to move. |
| sialorrhea | increased saliva production and drooling. |
| rna | See ribonucleic acid. |
| seasonal affective disorder | A depression putatively brought about by the short days of winter |
| chromosomes | The very large and complex molecules of DNA that occur in the nucleus of every cell and that carry the genetic information needed to make every protein in the body. |
| hermaphrodite | An individual possessing the reproductive organs of both sexes, either simultaneously or at different points in time |
| green-fluorescent protein | protein, isolated originally from a jellyfish species, which autocatalytically forms an internal fluorophore that emits visible (green) light |
| interestrus | Diestrus; the quiescent period between one heat period and the next. |
| atresia | Congenital absence or occlusion of an orifice or tubular organ. |
| visual cortex | See occipital cortex |
| emotion | an pattern of intense changes in physiological arousal, behavior, cognitive processes and environmental influences that are described in subjective terms such as happiness, fear or anger. |
| substance | naturally occurring or synthetically produced product that alters perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors when ingested, smoked, or injected |
| progestogen | Any compound with progesteronelike activity. |
| stereocilium | A relatively stiff hair that protrudes from a hair cell in the auditory or vestibular system |
| chylomicron | A microscopic particle, containing fats, cholesterol, phospholipids, and protein, formed in the small intestine and absorbed into the blood during digestion. |
| reinforcing stimulus | See instrumental conditioning. |
| pt | Physical Therapy/Therapist |
| ache | See acetylcholinesterase |
| prognosis | The outlook for recovery from a disease. |
| ophthalmorrhagia | hemorrhage of the eye |
| cue-dependent coding | the concept that all information is stored in memory as a set of relationships called the context; remembering is seen as dependent on restoring the cues which formed the original context. |
| potassium | element with a single positive charge found mostly inside neurons and muscles; K+ can move through some ion channels. |
| groupthink | the tendency for decision making groups to reach a conclusion that is extreme and which tend to be unwise or unrealistic, as a result of discounting information that is inconsistent with their view and expressing disapproval against any member who disagrees. |
| opportunistic pathogen | Any organism that is able to induce disease only if the host's immune or other defenses are compromised. |
| afterpotential | The positive or negative change in membrane potential that may follow an action potential. |
| synapse | the gap between successive neurons where chemical transmission takes place |
| nonprimary sensory cortex | Also called secondary sensory cortex |
| glial cells | Also sometimes called glia or neuroglia |
| bradycardia | A type of arrhythmia, or heart rhythm problem, that occurs when the heart beats too slow. |
| monopolar neuron | See unipolar neuron |
| otoscopy | A visual examination of the ear using a handheld instructment called an otoscope |
| papilla | A small bump that projects from the surface of the tongue |
| osmosis | The passive movement of molecules from one place to another. |
| survival advantage | The outcome of a characteristic that helps an organism to live long enough to reproduce and pass on its genes. |
| fasciculation | Small, involuntary, irregular, visible contractions of individual muscle fibers |
| hemoglobin | An iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells; it serves as the carrier of oxygen to the tissues. |
| sma | See supplementary motor area. |
| neurotransmitters | chemical substances that carry impulses from one nerve cell to another; found in the space (synapse) that separates the transmitting neuron's terminal (axon) from the receiving neuron's terminal (dendrite). |
| acetaldehyde | toxic substance found in tobacco smoke which causes irritation of skin, eyes and respiratory tract and is thought to be associated with risk of cancer and fetal infection |
| mid-continuum | See Median |
| absolute refractory phase | A brief period of complete insensitivity to stimuli |
| egocentrism | The inability to take someone else’s point of view. |
| concordance | a technique for studying inheritance by examining characteristics of individuals whose genetic relationship is known. |
| dangerousness to others | legal criterion for involuntary commitment that is met when a person would pose a threat or danger to other people if not incarcerated |
| observational learning | a process of socialisation that takes place as a result of an individual observing and imitating the behaviour of another person who serves as a model, as opposed to through direct experience |
| gossypol | A toxic fatty acid that can be found in cottonseed meal. |
| chorea | Excessive involuntary movements, ranging from twisting or writhing to flailing movements of the extremities (see Dyskinesia). |
| bottom-up process | A process in which lower-order mechanisms, like sensory inputs, trigger further processing by higher-order systems |
| viviparous | Of or relating to viviparity (literally, “live birth”), reproduction in which the zygote develops extensively within the female until a well-formed individual emerges |
| cervicobrachial syndrome | Cervicobrachial syndrome is a nonspecific term describing some combination of pain, numbness, weakness, and swelling in the region of the neck and shoulder. |
| splenectomy | Surgical removal of the spleen. |
| medication management | A service provided by GLMHC whereby clients may be prescribed medications by a medical provider (Psychiatrist or APRN) that assist in the treatment of the persons mental health disorder |
| micrographia | a change in handwriting with the script becoming smaller and more cramped. |
| human chorionic gonadotropin | A |
| gastroenterology | The field of medicine that focuses on the function and disorders of the GI system, which includes the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, intestines, and liver. |
| basilar membrane | A supportive |
| d2 receptor | a subtype of dopamine receptor. |
| sleep paralysis | A state, during the transition to or from sleep, in which the ability to move or talk is temporarily lost |
| flight-or-fight response | a sympathetic nervous system response that prepares an organism to cope with a stressful event |
| conditioned response | In classical and operant conditioning, a response that resembles an unconditioned response, achieved by pairing a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. |
| unshared environments | Term indicating that even identical twins living in the same home may have different prenatal and family experiences. |
| reflexes | An involuntary response to a |
| action tremor | a tremor that increases when the hand is moving voluntarily. |
| negative feedback | A feedback |
| alcohol abuse | diagnosis given to someone who uses alcohol in dangerous situations, fails to meet obligations at work or at home due to alcohol use, and has recurrent legal or social problems as a result of alcohol use |
| adrenal steroids | See adrenocorticoids. |
| adrenaline | See epinephrine. |
| equids | Members of the horse family |
| ach | See acetylcholine |
| hindbrain | The most posterior part of the brain comprises the pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum. |
| dysphagia | Difficulty in swallowing. |
| inhibitory post-synaptic potential | short-lived movement of membrane potential to a lower value when neurotransmitter binds to receptors on dendrites; temporary hyperpolarization of post-synaptic membrane potential caused by the flow of positively charged ions out of the post-synaptic cell (or negatively charged ions moving in) as a result of opening of ligand-gated channels |
| cochlea | Curled bone in the inner ear which contains the organ of Corti, the actual organ of hearing. |
| precursor | a compound that can be readily transformed into an active substance by the body |
| phosphoinositide cycle | a second messenger system that initiates neuromodulatory changes |
| up-regulation | A compensatory increase in receptor availability at the synapses of a neuron |
| the caregiver's handbook | This handbook discusses caring for elders, provides ideas that caregivers can use to look after themselves, and discusses the emotional and intellectual well-being of the elderly. |
| auditory ossicles | The three smallest bones of the human body contained in the middle |
| ait | Auditory Integration Training |
| operational definition | A way of stating precisely how a variable will be measured. |
| antigen | A substance capable of inducing a specific immune response in the body, by binding to a specific antibody; can be a property of bacteria, viruses, other foreign proteins, or even host tissue cells. |
| choke | Physical obstruction of the esophagus. |
| lateral columns | A column of |
| freezing | temporary involuntary inability to take a step or initiate movement. |
| pedunculated | Situated on a stalk. |
| hypochloremia | Abnormally low levels of chloride in the blood. |
| tympanic canal | See scala tympani. |
| monocyte | A phagocytic |
| signal transduction pathway | A cascade of biochemical reactions which occurs when a |
| redia | Larval stage of flukes arising from the sporocyst stage. |
| oral cavity | The area of the mouth located behind the |
| cool-menthol receptor 1 | Also called TRP8 |
| plasma compartment | the fluid portion of the blood |
| acrostic | A sentence or phrase in which each word begins with a letter that acts as a memory cue. |
| block to polyspermy | A |
| fluent aphasia | Also called Wernicke’s aphasia |
| guttural pouch tympany | Distension of the guttural pouch. |
| assessment | a core function of public health involving the systematic collection and analysis of data to be used for decision making |
| low density lipoprotein | plasma lipoprotein species rich in cholesterol |
| anticoagulant | Chemical that prevents blood from clotting. |
| borna disease | Rare, highly fatal disease of horses and sheep in Germany and Switzerland; caused by an RNA virus that thus far has proved extremely difficult to characterize or classify. |
| pulmonic valve | The semilunar valve on the right side of the heart; also called the pulmonic semilunar outflow valve. |
| experiment | A research method that provides information about causal relationships between variables. |
| blindsight | The paradoxical phenomenon whereby, within a scotoma, a person cannot consciously perceive visual cues but may still be able to make some visual discrimination |
| diabetes mellitus | endocrine and metabolic disease caused by lack of insulin activity, either due to lack of hormone, lack of tissue sensitivity to insulin, or excess activity of hormones antagonistic to insulin; 10.4.1 |
| computed tomography | A medical imaging technique that uses a computer to acquire a volume of x-ray based images, generally reconstructed as two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) pictures of inside the body |
| obstructive sleep apnea | the more common form of sleep apnea in which throat muscles collapse preventing patient from breathing and culminating in the short episode of breathing interruption (apnea). |
| cerebellum | A large structure located at the roof of in the hindbrain that helps control the coordination of movement by making connections to the pons, medulla, spinal cord, and thalamus |
| bone | One of the two basic types of bone |
| affective psychosis | A psychiatric disease relating to mood states |
| hypoxia | A transient lack of oxygen. |
| wind-sucking | A stable vice in which the horse flexes its neck while forcibly swallowing air; also, aspiration of air and debris into the vagina (pneumovagina). |
| masked facies | decreased expressiveness and decreased animation of the face |
| coccidioidomycosis | The main systemic fungal infection of importance in horses in the United States, characterized by chronic weight loss, persistent coughing, musculoskeletal and/or abdominal pain, intermittent fever, and superficial abscesses; caused by Coccidioides immitis. |
| pia mater | innermost layer of the membranes surrounding and protecting the brain that closely follows the bumps and wrinkles of the brain’s surface |
| neuronal network | neuronal circuit; see circuit |
| biology | The study of living |
| cardiac sphincter | A muscular ring between the |
| core biopsy | Biopsy obtained from an awake patient using local anesthesia and a specialized small-bore biopsy needle. |
| stage 4 sleep | A stage of slow-wave sleep that is defined by the presence of delta waves at least half the time |
| voltage-gated | A type of ion channel that is activated by changes in electrical potential near the ion channel |
| health psychology | Also called behavioral medicine |
| ganglion | a cluster of nerve cells. |
| nissl stain | A histological stain that outlines all cell bodies because the dyes are attracted to RNA, which encircles the nucleus |
| immunological memory | The capacity of the immune system to remember an |
| glans | A small, round |
| intracerebral administration | the administration of a drug by injection or application directly into brain tissue |
| hypothesis | testable statement about two or more variables and the relationship between them |
| potassium iodide | A source of iodine for the thyroid gland |
| operational definition | a definition of a variable or condition on the basis of the exact operation or procedure that determines its existence and makes it usable |
| gene | A length of DNA that encodes the information for constructing a particular protein. |
| erp | See event-related potential. |
| portals of entry | Areas where |
| sequential hermaphrodites | Species in which individuals may be exclusively of one sex, and then switch to the other sex |
| ventral columns | A column made up of the |
| dopamine | a chemical neurotransmitter in the brain, important for learning and the experience of pleasure and reward. |
| phospholipase a2 | enzyme that cleaves the fatty acyl residue connected to the second (central) carbon of the glycerol backbone; 2.5.4, 9.1.1 |
| convergent thinking | A style of thinking in which a person narrows down a list of possibilities to arrive at a single right answer. |
| mild cognitive impairment | A condition in which memory or other cognitive functions are below normal but do not interfere with daily functioning |
| infrared | A band of the electromagnetic spectrum which cannot be seen by the human eye. |
| schizophrenia | A psychotic illness in which the changes in behaviour or symptoms have been continuing for a period of at least six months |
| pneumonia | An inflammatory condition of the lungs; characterized by the filling of air spaces with fluid, resulting in impaired gas exchange. |
| dark adaptation | the gradual process through which the eyes adjust from a change in illumination from light to low light intensity. |
| soma-tostatin | a chemical necessary for communication between nerve cells. |
| hypokalemia | Abnormally low levels of potassium in the blood. |
| retina | A multilayered sensory tissue that lines the back of the eye and contains the receptor cells to detect light. |
| spongy bone | One of the two basic types of bone |
| disordered eating | A temporary eating pattern to cope with a temporary stress or an overly strict weight-loss diet. |
| intrinsic activity | See efficacy |
| binding affinity | Also called simply affinity |
| maldigestion | Faulty digestion. |
| mv | See millivolt |
| myelencephalon | See medulla. |
| hypothalamus | A complex brain structure composed of many nuclei with various functions, including regulating the activities of internal organs, monitoring information from the autonomic nervous system, controlling the pituitary gland, and regulating sleep and appetite. |
| gender | term commonly used to refer to the psychological characteristics (e.g |
| phenotype | The visible, physical expression of a genetic trait, e.g., blue eyes or red hair. |
| presenilin | An enzyme that cleaves amyloid precursor protein, forming beta-amyloid, which can lead to Alzheimer’s disease |
| mitochondrial dysfunction | Mitochondria are the "power plants" of the cell, generating energy needed for cell activity |
| cells | The fundamental structural unit of living |
| retina | A thin layer of neural tissue in the back of the eye. |
| lycopene | The red carotenoid in tomatoes. |
| neurotransmitter | A specialized chemical messenger (e.g |
| anal sphincter | The circular band or ring of muscle that controls the release of feces from the anus. |
| dorsal root | See roots. |
| phenotype | The expression of the genes present in an individual |
| derealization | A feeling of estrangement or detachment from one's environment |
| histology | The microscopic examination of normal tissue. |
| perceptual constancy | The ability to recognize that an object is the same even when it produces different images on the retina. |
| radioisotopes | Radioactive elements. |
| vertigo | A sensation of whirling motion |
| rigidity | increased resistance to the passive movement of a limb. |
| sow mouth | Dental malformation consisting of an underextended upper jaw. |
| noradrenergic | Referring to systems using norepinephrine (noradrenaline) as a transmitter. |
| intraveneous infusion | A method for delivering a drug in solution by placing a catheter in a vein and "infusing" or delivering the fluid with the active drug. |
| accredited/accreditation | An accredited agency (which CPC is) is one that has had their programs and practices reviewed by a neutral, expert third party to ensure that they meet specific standards of quality. For more information, see the Accreditation page, or the CARF entry below. |
| anaerobic | Can live in the absence of |
| symbolic thought | The ability to represent objects in terms of mental symbols. |
| unsaturated | Fats from that lower your bad cholesterol, for example olive oil and the oils of nuts and seeds. |
| 17-beta-estradiol | See estradiol |
| function | to perform a specific action or activity |
| botox injections | Injections of minute amounts of botulinum toxins into the muscles and other areas of the body where patients feel pain. |
| area postrema | a specialized brain structure that lies outside the blood-brain barrier and controls the vomiting reflex |
| prostate | 2prostateFunction: adjective: of, relating to, or being the prostate gland |
| clubhouse | A psychosocial rehabilitation program designed to provide a welcoming community for mental health consumers interested in participating in meaningful work. For more information, visit the CPC clubhouse’s web site at www.wallingfordhouse.org. |
| placebo | Inactive, non-drug compound designed to look just like the test drug |
| calcium ion | A calcium atom that carries a double positive charge because it has lost two electrons. |
| immunoglobulins | a set of five different types of antibodies, produced by B cells, which are probably involved in separate types of humoral immune responses |
| organ system | Multiple |
| ligand-gated ion channel | See ionotropic receptor |
| filamentous | Threadlike. |
| twin studies | Studies in which researchers examine trait similarities between identical and fraternal twin pairs to figure out whether that trait might be inherited. |
| dexamethasone suppression test | a measurement of the ability of dexamethasone (a synthetic cortisol) to suppress cortisol production which has been useful in the diagnosis of depression |
| entrainment | The process of synchronizing a biological rhythm to an environmental stimulus |
| bone scan | A diagnostic imaging test in which radioactive material called a radiotracer when injected into the patient's bloodstream accumulates predominantly in the bones and can be detected by an imaging device |
| metabolizable energy | The difference between the gross energy of a food and the energy that is lost in urine and feces. |
| antioxidant | A chemical compound or substance that inhibits oxidation - damage to cells' membranes, proteins or genetic material by free radicals (the same chemical reaction that causes iron to rust) |
| technetium-99m-sulfur-colloid | Also called Tc-99m-colloid. A radiotracer used in lymphoscintigraphy that can be detected by a gamma camera to help identify the first, or sentinel, lymph nodes into which a melanoma site drains. |
| sand colic | Colic resulting when horses are fed on the ground in areas where the soil is sandy, or when they develop the vice of eating soil. |
| tumor | An abnormal growth of tissue that results from excessive cell division that can be benign or malignant (cancerous). |
| general adaptation syndrome | the sequence of physiological responses to stress as described by Hans Selye |
| tardive dyskinesia | an impairment of extrapyramidal motor system functions that eventually appears as a side effect of phenothiazines |
| saratoga campus | Patient & Family Information | Directions | Join Our Team |
| intraarterial administration | the administration of a drug by injection directly into an artery |
| sidestream smoke | Smoke that comes from a lit or smoldering cigarette (in contrast to "mainstream smoke" that is exhaled by a smoker). |
| opium | An extract of the seedpod juice of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum |
| glomerulus | A complex arbor of dendrites from a group of olfactory cells. |
| exhaustion stage | A stage in the response to stress that is caused by prolonged or frequently repeated stress and is characterized by increased susceptibility to disease. |
| anosmia | The inability to smell. |
| electromyography | The electrical recording of muscle activity |
| lymphadenitis | Inflammation of one or more lymph nodes. |
| driver | Usually, a frontrunner |
| dopamine | a chemical substance, a neurotransmitter, found in the brain that regulates movement, balance, and walking. |
| frequency | The number of cycles per second in a sound wave, measured in hertz |
| insulin | A hormone secreted by the pancreas. |
| glia | Specialized cells that nourish and support neurons. |
| substantia nigra | A small area of the brain containing a cluster of black-pigmented nerve cells that produce dopamine which is then transmitted to the striatum. |
| dendrite | branched structure of a nerve cell that forms synapses with upstream nerve cells; 6.1.3 |
| gamma efferent | See gamma motoneuron. |
| hyperphagia | Excessive eating |
| on-center/off-surround | Referring to a concentric receptive field in which stimulation of the center excites the cell of interest while stimulation of the surround inhibits it |
| split half reliability | an evaluation of the internal consistency of a test, by splitting test items randomly into two halves and comparing participants' performance on the two halves |
| simultagnosia | A profound restriction of attention, often limited to a single item or feature |
| cilia | Hair cells that are embedded in the basilar membrane of the ear. |
| aphasia | An impairment in language understanding and/or production that is caused by brain injury. |
| integrative medicine | The practice of combining conventional allopathic medicine with complementary and alternative approaches in an effort to create a comprehensive treatment plan |
| dissociative identity disorder | syndrome in which a person develops more than one distinct identity or personality, each of which can have distinct facial and verbal expressions, gestures, interpersonal styles, attitudes, and even physiological responses |
| selenium | An important antioxidant and cancer-prevention mineral that varies in availability depending on its content in soils in different areas of the world. |
| arteriogram | a procedure that provides a scan of arteries and/or veins going to and through the brain. |
| drc | See dose-response curve |
| endocannabinoids | class of eicosanoids that are involved in synaptic negative feedback regulation; 9.5.3 |
| hopelessness | sense that the future is bleak and there is no way to make it more positive |
| parkin | A gene, mutations in which have been associated with a familial form of Parkinson's disease |
| feature search | A search for an item in which the target, because it possesses a unique attribute, pops out right away, no matter how many distracters are present |
| pancreatic lipase | A hydrolase enzyme |
| purkinje cell | A special kind of neuron |
| diffusion | the random movement of ions or other particles toward a uniform distribution or concentration (e.g., across the neuronal membrane) |
| inguinal | Pertaining to the groin area. |
| tourette syndrome | Resource is related to or associated with application to Tourette Syndrome |
| localize | An |
| limbus | The line of demarcation between the cornea and sclera of the eye. |
| mri | a medical imaging technique that uses magnetic forces to obtain detailed images of the body |
| follicle | The structure of the ovary that contains immature ova |
| atrioventricular node | The heart region electrically connecting the atria and ventricles; it slows the conduction of the depolarization wave so that a short period of time is interposed between atrial and ventricular contractions. |
| pair bond | A durable and exclusive relationship between a male and a female. |
| agonist | A chemical or drug that enhances the activity of a neurotransmitter such as dopamine. |
| microfilament | A very small filament (7 nm in diameter) found within all cells |
| utricle | A small, fluid-filled sac in the vestibular system above the saccule that responds to static positions of the head |
| anus | The external opening of the digestive |
| chromium | A trace mineral that helps insulin facilitate the entrance of glucose into your cells and is a requirement for energy |
| ectopic | In or at an abnormal site; not in the normal position |
| non-specific defenses | Body defenses which defend the |
| hurthle cell thyroid cancer | One of several types of thyroid cancer; it may be treated with high-dose I-131 radiotherapy. |
| conjunction search | A search for an item that is based on two or more features (e.g., size and color) that together distinguish the target from distracters that may share some of the same attributes |
| tetraplegia | Paralysis of all four limbs. |
| free-running | Referring to a rhythm of behavior shown by an animal deprived of external cues about time of day |
| cephalalgia | The clinical term for a headache or a generalized pain the region of the head |
| hyperlipidemia | Abnormally elevated levels of fat in the blood. |
| action potential | Also called nerve impulse |
| dopamine transporter | a membrane-spanning protein that pumps the neurotransmitter dopamine out of the synapse and into its vesicles for storage until later use. |
| anticholinergic drug | drugs that are antagonists at the acetylcholine neurotransmitter receptor (i.e., they block the action of acetylcholine) |
| pecs | Is an acronym for the Picture Exchange Communication System |
| superior | In anatomy, above |
| dull pain | the long-term, throbbing sensation of pain |
| teeth | Bony |
| divided attention task | A task in which the subject is asked to simultaneously focus attention on two or more stimuli. |
| brain | the organ in the body that is responsible for thought, memory, sensory interpretation, movement, and other vital functions. |
| outpatient | Someone who receives services from a hospital or clinic without requiring an overnight stay. All of CPC’s regular mental health and chemical dependency services are delivered this way. |
| tuberculosis | An ancient disease of humans and animals, caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Mycobacterium |
| personality disorder | A personality disorder refers to a class of personality types and enduring behaviors associated with significant distress or disability, which appear to deviate from social expectations particularly in relating to others (Wikipedia) |
| pyramidal system | Also called corticospinal system |
| pancytopenia | Condition wherein red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet cell numbers are all decreased in the circulation. |
| micelle | In digestion, a small droplet of fat surrounded by |
| tertiary prevention | program focusing on people who already have a disease with the aim of preventing relapse and reducing the impact of the disease on the person's quality of life |
| sws | See slow-wave sleep |
| membrane potential | electrical potential across the cell membrane, caused by ion concentration gradients across and ion channels within the membrane |
| active expiration | The forceful expelling of the air from the |
| diabetic peripheral vascular disease | Narrowing of the lumen of arteries in the legs, causing a reduction in circulation |
| leadership | the ability of an individual or member of a group to influence other group members, in achieving group goals |
| hyperkinesis | (see Attention deficit disorder) |
| islets of langerhans | The endocrine cells of the pancreas; the beta cells within the islets of Langerhans are the source of the critically important hormone insulin. |
| consolidation | A stage of memory formation in which information in short-term or intermediate-term memory is transferred to long-term memory |
| pallidotomy | a surgical procedure in which a part of the brain, called the globus pallidus, is cut in order to reduce symptoms of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. |
| optic tract | The axons of retinal ganglion cells after they have passed the optic chiasm; most of these axons terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus |
| cholesterol | A |
| labyrinth | an organ in the middle ear that holds the 3 semicircular canals which come together in the vestibule, close to the cochlea (Balance: The Ears Have It) |
| dyskinesia | abnormal involuntary movements |
| microbiology | A branch of |
| affect | A feeling a person is experiencing and how that is displayed outwardly by a person’s body as in a smile or grimace. |
| t1r | A family of taste receptor proteins that, when particular members heterodimerize, form taste receptors for sweet flavors and umami flavors |
| short-term memory | Also called working memory |
| sublimation | A defense mechanism that involves channeling unacceptable thoughts and feelings into socially acceptable behavior. |
| cribbing | A stable vice in which the horse places its upper teeth on the edge of a feeder or fence, arches its neck, inhales, and often produces a grunt or belching sound. |
| cyclooxygenase | enzyme that converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2, a key intermediate in the synthesis of other prostaglandins and of thromboxanes |
| oscillator circuit | A neural circuit that produces a recurring, repeating pattern of output. |
| castration | Surgical removal of the testes; sterilization of the male. |
| rostral | See anterior |
| ribosome | An organelle in the cell body where genetic information is translated to produce proteins |
| hodgkin's disease | Also known as Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), one of two types of lymphoma or cancer of the lymphatic system, which includes the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow. |
| opsin | One of the two components of photopigments in the retina |
| grid cell | A neuron that selectively fires when the animal crosses the intersection points of an abstract grid map of the local environment. |
| leukocytes | white blood cells that commonly participate in the body's response to injury or immunological challenges |
| cancer | A class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues and, if not stopped, bring about death of the body. |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | Commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease, ALS causes motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord to disintegrate, resulting in loss of control of voluntary muscle movements such as walking. |
| copd | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a lung disease in which the airways in the lungs produce excess mucus resulting in frequent coughing |
| accessibility | in long-term memory, the principle that remembering and forgetting are dependent on effective retrieval; without the proper cues, information which exists in long-term memory may not be accessible. |
| deep | Away from the body surface; opposite meaning to |
| glands | specialized groups of cells in the endocrine system that secrete hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct |
| prison study | A famous study done by Philip Zimbardo that showed the influence of roles. |
| radiography | The use of X rays or gamma rays to view the internal structures of the body. |
| externa | The outermost layer of an |
| autism | childhood disorder marked by deficits in social interaction (such as a lack of interest in one's family or other children), communication (such as failing to modulate one's voice to signify emotional expression), and activities and interests (such as engaging in bizarre, repetitive behaviors) |
| liver | A large glandular |
| identity achievement | A state in which a person commits to an identity after considering alternative possibilities. |
| pons | A part of the hindbrain that, with other brain structures, controls respiration and regulates heart rhythms |
| evoked potential | See event-related potential. |
| diphasic dyskinesia | a type of levodopa-induced dyskinesias that occurs when the antiparkinsonian effect of levodopa is first starting to kick in and when it is wearing off, so that the drug is not working that well at the time of the movements |
| binaural | Pertaining to two ears |
| optic disc | The region of the retina devoid of receptor cells because ganglion cell axons and blood vessels exit the eyeball there |
| serous membrane | Serosa; Moist epithelial |
| pharyngitis | Inflammation of the pharynx; "sore throat." |
| lordosis | A female receptive posture in quadrupeds in which the hindquarter is raised and the tail is turned to one side, facilitating intromission by the male |
| heart disease | Function: noun 1: an abnormal organic condition of the heart or of the heart and circulation |
| arteritis | Inflammation of an artery. |
| projective personality tests | Tests that require subjects to respond to ambiguous stimuli, such as pictures and phrases, that can be interpreted in many different ways. |
| scutum | The hard "shield" present on the back of a hard tick. |
| dystrophin | a protein; a chemical substance made by muscle fibers. |
| punch-drunk | See chronic traumatic encephalopathy |
| thalamus | a structure consisting of two egg-shaped masses of nerve tissue, each about the size of a walnut, deep within the brain |
| exogenous attention | Also called reflexive attention |
| informed consent | A subject’s voluntary agreement to participate in a research study, given after he or she has learned enough about the study to make a knowledgeable decision to participate. |
| interpretation | A psychoanalytic technique that involves suggesting the hidden meanings of free associations, dreams, feelings, memories, and behavior to the client. |
| circadian rhythm | A pattern of behavioral, biochemical, or physiological fluctuation that has a 24-hour period |
| physis | A growth plate of a bone; an area where new bone growth originates. |
| aphasia | An impairment in language understanding and/or production that is caused by brain injury |
| tympany | Distension. |
| cartilage | Dense connective tissue found in many parts of the body, primarily in association with bony joints and interfaces. |
| sympathetic nervous system | Part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for action and expends energy. |
| operation headstart | an enrichment intervention programme used in the US in the 1960s for preschool children, aimed at changing the effects of social disadvantage. |
| 17β-estradiol | See estradiol. |
| glutamate | An amino acid transmitter, the most common excitatory transmitter |
| ic | See impoverished condition. |
| exogenous | Originating outside the body |
| cell-cell interactions | The general process during development in which one cell affects the differentiation of other, usually neighboring, cells. |
| frontal eye field | An area in the frontal lobe of the brain that contains neurons important for establishing gaze in accordance with cognitive goals (top-down processes) rather than with any characteristics of stimuli (bottom-up processes) |
| accuracy | The ability of a testing method to consistently produce the true identity or quantity of the measured substance. |
| equine coital exanthema | Disease characterized by painful wartlike lesions on the skin of the vulva and perineum or on the shaft of the penis; caused by equine herpesvirus type 3 |
| negative afterimage | a perceptual illusion (usually of the visual system) which follows the termination of a strong stimulus |
| crystallization | The final stage of birdsong formation, in which fully formed adult song is achieved |
| token economy | Social learning behavior modification system in which individuals earn items they can exchange for desired rewards by displaying appropriate behaviors. |
| meningitis | An acute inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection |
| homeostasis | Maintenance of a state of physiological equilibrium in the body. |
| thymus | A glandular |
| myelopathy | Damage to the spinal cord. Can develop as a result of compression of the spinal cord. Often first detected as difficulty walking due to generalized weakness or problems with balance and coordination. |
| myoclonus | abrupt, jerking movements of the arms or legs, commonly occurring during sleep and benign, but could be a separate movement disorder. |
| luteinizing hormone | hypophyseal peptide hormone that stimulates ovulation and progestin formation in women and androgen formation in men; 7.4.9 |
| neostriatum | another name for the striatum. |
| dichromat | A person who is sensitive to only two of the three wavelengths of light. |
| enteric | Referring to the small intestine |
| enteric nervous system | An extensive meshlike system of neurons that governs the functioning of the gut |
| epidermis | The outermost layer of skin, over the dermis |
| electron | A subatomic particle that carries a negative charge |
| intractable pain | Persistent pain which does not respond to at least 3 dosages of parenteral analgesics given over a 12-24 hr period; pain that does not respond to appropriate doses of opioid analgesics |
| coccygeal | Referring to the lowest spinal vertebra (also known as the tailbone) |
| harm-reduction model | approach to treating substance use disorders that views alcohol use as normative behavior and focuses education on the immediate risks of the excessive use of alcohol (such as alcohol related accidents) and on the payoffs of moderation (such as avoidance of hangovers) |
| sensory neuron | A nerve cell that is directly affected by changes in the environment, such as light, odor, or touch |
| pyy3-36 | A peptide hormone, secreted by the intestines, that probably acts on hypothalamic appetite control mechanisms to suppress appetite. |
| naturalist | A student of animal life and structure. |
| motoneuron | Also called motor neuron |
| paracrine | Referring to cellular communication in which a chemical signal diffuses to nearby target cells through the intermediate extracellular space |
| secondary process thinking | Thinking that is logical and rational. |
| alkaloid | secondary (that is, non-essential) metabolite of plant or microorganism, usually rich in nitrogen, often poisonous; 1.3.4 |
| amino acid neurotransmitter | A neurotransmitter that is itself an amino acid |
| intellectual development | (Piaget) concluded that intellectual development is the result of the interaction of hereditary and environmental factors |
| rapid-eye-movement sleep | Also called paradoxical sleep |
| pair-bond | A durable and exclusive relationship between a male and a female |
| photoreceptor | Cells that are specialized to receive light stimuli. |
| traumatic brain injury | Resource is related to or associated with application to Traumatic Brain Injury |
| attributable risk | a measure of how much the total incidence of a disease is caused by a particular risk factor, e.g., if the attributable risk of smoking tobacco products for lung cancer is 85%, then 85% of lung cancer would be eliminated if they quit smoking (cf |
| axon hillock | A cone-shaped area from which the axon originates out of the cell body |
| high-density lipoproteins | A |
| absence attack | See petit mal seizure |
| ionizing radiation | Radiation capable of ionizing matter; examples include X rays and radioactive isotopes of elements such as radon, cesium, and strontium. |
| glutathione | The master antioxidant of the cell and the principle antioxidant of the deep lung, Glutathione increases the effectiveness of the body's other antioxidants |
| macrophage | A specialized white blood cell of central importance to the body; it ingests cellular debris and foreign material, destroys ingested microorganisms, processes ingested antigens as an initial step in the induction of a specific immune response, and synthesizes a number of important enzymes, coagulation factors, and messenger molecules; also referred to as a mononuclear phagocyte. |
| acquired reflexes | A response to a |
| sensory adaptation | When a sensory response diminishes over time after exposure to a constant |
| epilepsy | Resource is related to or associated with application to Epilepsy |
| coronary artery | artery that supplies the heart itself with blood |
| otolithic membrane | A gelatinous |
| anterior pituitary | Also called adenohypophysis |
| vertebral cavity | A |
| sperm | The gamete produced by males for the fertilization of eggs (ova) |
| conjugation | A chemical bonding in which the product is easily broken down into the original compounds |
| spinothalamic system | See anterolateral system. |
| net filtration pressure | The force of fluid entering the |
| proptosis | Bulging or protrusion of the eyeball from the eye socket; also called exophthalmos. |
| dendrite | tree-like extension of the neuronal cell body; receives chemical neurotransmitter signals or messages from other neurons (Bead Neuron) |
| vitreous body | Viscous fluid filling the posterior portion of the eyeball (behind the lens); also called simply vitreous. |
| compact bone | One of the two basic types of bone |
| surface dyslexia | Acquired dyslexia in which the patient seems to attend only to the fine details of reading |
| trough | A period of minimum value, use or demand |
| arri | Autism Research Review International |
| caslick's operation | Surgical procedure to decrease the aspiration of air and contaminants into the female reproductive tract. |
| tricyclic antidepressants | a chemical class of compounds that block the reuptake of catecholamines and are used in the treatment of depression |
| lateral hypothalamus | A hypothalamic region involved in the control of appetite and other functions |
| headaches in children | child sufferers are not as common as adult sufferers |
| intervertebral disks | Cartilaginous, cushioning structures positioned between the vertebrae of the spinal column. |
| intramuscular | A route of injection (into the muscle). |
| bile salts | A salt produced by the mixture of |
| histology | The field of medicine that studies tissue under the microscope |
| neurotransmitter | a compound that is stored in the terminal endings of neurons, released into the synapse by the arrival of an action potential, and bound with a specific receptor |
| noninvasive | Without making a surgical incision or inserting a medical instrument into the body |
| activation | To start or make |
| arteriole | small artery; 3.3.1 |
| neuroendocrine cell | Also called neurosecretory cell |
| dyskinesia | Difficulty or distortion in voluntary movement. |
| notochord | In chordates, a cellular rod that runs the length of the body and provides dorsal support |
| t’ai chi | Chinese exercise technique that mimics the movements of animals. T’ai Chi is not physically aggressive form of exercise, and most people with fibromyalgia can tolerate performing these exercises. |
| ketogenic diet | a diet very high in fat (about 90 percent of the calories come from fat) |
| external locus of control | The tendency to believe that circumstances are not within one’s control but rather are due to luck, fate, or other people. |
| turner’s syndrome | A condition seen in individuals carrying a single X chromosome but no other sex chromosome. |
| thrombolytics | A class of substances that are used to unblock blood vessels and restore circulation. |
| cornea | The transparent outer coat of the eye. |
| dorsal root | a bundle of nerve fibers that bring information to the spinal cord. |
| uterine | Pertaining to the |
| germinal stage | The two-week period after conception. |
| leukoderma | Whitening of the skin, often in localized patches. |
| virulence factor | Any factor that enhances the ability of an infectious disease agent to infect the host and damage tissue. |
| sensory information | Information about the state of any factor inside or outside the body |
| cerebral cortex | The outer portion of the brain where thought processes take place. |
| hepatitis | Refers to “inflammation of the liver”, which can be caused by many things such as viruses, bacterial infections, trauma, adverse drug reactions, or alcoholism |
| cell adhesion molecule | A protein found on the surface of a cell that guides cell migration and/or axonal pathfinding. |
| australopithecine | Of or related to Australopithecus, a primate genus, known only from the fossil record, thought to be an ancestor to humans |
| gap junction | ion channels in adjoining cells that align to form electrical synapses; gap junctions are turned on and off by calcium and pH. |
| inactivated vaccine | A vaccine in which the infectious agent has been modified in some way (most often chemically) so that it no longer can infect and replicate within the host, but nevertheless is still capable of stimulating an immune response. |
| back pain | Pain felt in the upper or lower back, or along the spine, that can be caused by car accidents, muscle strains, sports injuries or a lifetime of bad habits |
| size principle | The idea that, as increasing numbers of motor neurons are recruited to produce muscle responses of increasing strength, small, low-threshold neurons are recruited first, followed by large, high-threshold neurons. |
| molecules | The combination of two or more |
| naloxone | A potent antagonist of opiates that is often administered to people who have taken drug overdoses |
| ice cream headache | this type of headache will occur when a cold substance is positioned against the back part of the roof of the mouth |
| capillaries | The smallest blood vessels |
| tactile | Of or relating to touch. |
| systemic | Throughout the body; pertaining to the body as a whole. |
| cytochrome p450 | class of enzymes that perform a wide spectrum on oxidative reactions on both endogenous metabolites and xenobiotics; 3.3.3 |
| cortisol | A stress related hormone that’s been found in abnormal levels in some people who have fibromyalgia. |
| electrophoresis | Separation of components of a mixture by their differing migration in an applied electric field |
| principle of continuity | The Gestalt psychology principle that states that people tend to perceive interrupted lines and patterns as continuous by filling in gaps. |
| target behavior | Identified problem behavior that is currently interfering with a teen’s function |
| potassium ion | A potassium atom that carries a positive charge because it has lost one electron. |
| antifungal | A chemical substance produced by microorganisms or by other means, useful in the treatment of fungal infections. |
| test-retest reliability | The ability of a test to produce the same results when given to the same group of people at different times. |
| cochlea | A coiled tunnel in the inner ear that is filled with fluid. |
| delivery | The act of expulsion of a child through the birth canal during child birth |
| tolerance | The reduced responsiveness of the body to a drug as a function of reduced sensitivity of the nerve receptors over time. |
| copulatory lock | Reproductive behavior in which the male’s penis swells after ejaculation so that the male and female are forced to remain joined for 5–10 minutes; occurs in dogs and some rodents, but not in humans. |
| histrionic personality | A personality type characterized by a desire to be the center of attention and the tendency to be self-focused, excitable, highly open to suggestion, very emotional, and dramatic. |
| community housing | A service provided by CPC where three to five individuals with mental illness live semi-independently in a single-family home in a residential neighborhood, with services and support provided by a case manager. Also called “cluster housing.” |
| osseous | Bony. |
| bradyphrenia | slowness in thought processing. |
| pyramidal cell | A type of large nerve cell that has a roughly pyramid-shaped cell body |
| rhinosporidiosis | An uncommon disease caused by an as yet poorly characterized fungus, Rhinosporidium seeberi; it is a chronic localized infection characterized by the formation of polyps (fleshy masses protruding from the surface of a mucous membrane) in the nasal passages. |
| gamma-aminobutyric acid | A widely distributed amino acid transmitter, and the main inhibitory transmitter in the mammalian nervous system |
| gap junction | See electrical synapse. |
| aversion conditioning | Learned avoidance of unpleasant situations, such as an encounter with an electric fence. |
| high pressure | Force that is greater than normal |
| integration zone | The part of a neuron that initiates nerve electrical activity |
| sphincter | Circular band or ring of muscle that serves to open or close a tube or orifice; analogous to a valve. |
| antiserum | Serum that contains high levels of antibodies specific for a particular antigen of interest. |
| acetylcholine | A neurotransmitter produced and released by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, by motoneurons, and by neurons throughout the brain. |
| basilar artery | An artery, formed by the fusion of the vertebral arteries, that supplies blood to the brainstem and to the posterior cerebral arteries |
| learned helplessness | A learning paradigm in which individuals are subjected to inescapable, unpleasant conditions |
| free operant avoidance | an unsignaled avoidance training procedure in which each response postpones the delivery of the next shock |
| enzyme | Any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions. |
| beta receptor | a specific receptor for epinephrine, norepinephrine, and related compounds |
| alzheimer’s disease | A form of dementia that may appear in middle age but is more frequent among the aged |
| exhibitionism | obtainment of sexual gratification by exposing one's genitals to involuntary observers |
| orgasm | The climax of sexual behavior, marked by extremely pleasurable sensations |
| b lymphocyte | Also called B cell |
| internal locus of control | The tendency to believe that one has control over one’s circumstances. |
| pgn | See paragigantocellular nucleus. |
| neuroeconomics | The study of brain mechanisms at work during economic decision making. |
| pain | The discomfort normally associated with tissue damage. |
| cocktail party effect | The selective enhancement of attention in order to filter out distracters, such as while listening to one person talking in the midst of a noisy party |
| hypothesis | a testable statement, predicting the relationship between two (or more) variables, which can be accepted or rejected as a result of the research outcome. |
| electrical signal | A signal that crosses a |
| flower spray ending | See secondary sensory ending. |
| blind staggers | Common name for leukoencephalomalacia. |
| equine monocytic ehrlichiosis | Potomac horse fever |
| dorsal | on the back or upper surface. |
| hypoperfusion | Reduced blood flow. |
| oxytocin | A |
| channelopathy | A genetic abnormality of ion channels, causing a variety of symptoms. |
| tetanus | Acute, often fatal disease caused by a neurotoxin from the bacterium Clostridium tetani, and characterized by violent muscle spasms and contractions, hyperreflexive responses, and "lockjaw" (trismus); horses are highly sensitive to the action of tetanus neurotoxin. |
| wise mind | A balanced, centered state of mind where one relies on both reason and emotion to make choices |
| manic-depressive illness | See bipolar disorder. |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | Resource is related to or associated with application to Obsessive-compulsive disorder |
| conserved | In the context of evolution, referring to a trait that is passed on from a common ancestor to two or more descendant species. |
| otitis externa | A form of otitis in which the external auditory canal is involved causing sensations of pain |
| epiphysis | Either end of a long bone |
| pervasive developmental disorders | Group of developmental disorders often recognized before 3 years of age. |
| salivary centre | An area of the |
| ascorbic acid | Vitamin C. |
| internal respiration | The exchange of |
| polymerase chain reaction | Also called gene amplification |
| pathways & networks | A software resource that extracts information related to genetic pathways and networks |
| transdermal administration | the administration of a drug by application to the skin surface |
| prosody | The perception of emotional tone-of-voice aspects of language. |
| autonomic nervous system | The part of the peripheral nervous system connected to the heart, blood vessels, glands, and smooth muscles. |
| hemispatial neglect | A syndrome in which the patient fails to pay any attention to objects presented to one side of the body and may even deny connection with that side. |
| sdn-poa | See sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area. |
| antagonist | drug that inhibits its receptor; 2.1.2 |
| affective flattening | negative symptom of schizophrenia that consists of a severe reduction or the complete absence of affective responses to the environment |
| heterogeneity | The variable appearance of a condition; the heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease refers to the fact that its symptoms and appearance vary widely from patient to patient |
| pupil | The central opening of the iris, through which light penetrates into the inner reaches of the eye. |
| appetitive behavior | The second stage of mating behavior; it helps establish or maintain sexual interaction |
| desmitis | Inflammation of a ligament. |
| erratic behaviour | Unexpected or unpredictable behaviour can cause the driver to take unnecessary risks |
| bundle branches | Branches of the bundle of His (AV bundle) which run along the ventricular septum and include the right, left anterior and left |
| sagittal plane | The plane that divides the body or brain into right and left portions |
| edge detector | See simple cortical cell. |
| can | Cure Autism Now |
| cheekteeth | General term for the premolar and molar teeth. |
| contralateral | In anatomy, pertaining to a location on the opposite side of the body |
| eumycotic mycetoma | A swollen, progressing, tumorlike lesion caused by certain species of fungi |
| pharmacology | The study of drugs and their origin, nature, properties and effects upon living organisms. |
| anemia | A medical condition that is caused by a decrease in blood volume, especially red blood cells or hemoglobin, resulting in general weakness and fatigue. |
| jack | A male donkey. |
| approach-avoidance conflict | A conflict that arises when a situation has both positive and negative features. |
| probe | A fragment of DNA which carried the complementary code for a base sequence. |
| periosteal stripping | The most common surgery for correction of angular limb deformities in foals. |
| episiotomy | Surgical enlargement of the vulvar opening |
| cingulum | See cingulate cortex or cingulate gyrus. |
| ethics | the principles of right and wrong behavior governing a group of people (Whose Choice is it Anyway?) |
| antidepressants | medications used for depression |
| secondary lymphoid organs | Organs in which antigens are trapped and destroyed by immune-system cells; they include the lymph nodes, spleen, and portions of the bone marrow and the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). |
| axodendritic synapse | a synapse formed by contact between a presynaptic axon and a postsynaptic dendrite. |
| dbs | See deep brain stimulation |
| peptidoglycan | matrix material of the bacterial cell wall, consisting of linear strands of N-acetylglucosamine and muramic acid that are crosslinked by oligopeptides; crosslinks are formed extracellularly by muramyl-transpeptidase; 11.4.1, 11.4.2 |
| nanotechnology | The science of creating highly miniaturized machines that work on the molecular level. |
| mucosa | The |
| capsaicin | A compound synthesized by various plants to deter predators by mimicking the experience of burning |
| adaptive body defenses | Response of the immune system to specific |
| personal unconscious | An individual’s unconscious, unique to him or her. |
| bacterial culture | The process of |
| tone | Healthy |
| late-selection model of attention | A theory postulating that the attentional bottleneck imposed by the nervous system exerts control late in the processing pathway, filtering out stimuli only after substantial analysis has occurred |
| african horse sickness | Acute, severe to mild, insect-transmitted disease characterized by fever and signs of cardiac or pulmonary insufficiency; caused by an orbivirus in the Reoviridae family of RNA viruses. |
| strobila | The body of a tapeworm parasite, comparised of a chain of segments called proglottids. |
| cortical deafness | A form of central deafness, caused by damage to both sides of the auditory cortex, that is characterized by difficulty in recognizing all complex sounds, whether verbal or nonverbal |
| coping | a person's efforts to minimise, control or tolerate environmental demands that are judged to exceed their resources to fight or avoid. |
| erosion | A superficial denudation of the skin involving only the epidermis |
| neurotransmitter | Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that nerve cells use to communicate with each other across the tiny gaps between nerve cells (called synapses). |
| tonotopic organization | A major organizational feature in auditory systems, in which neurons are arranged as an orderly map of stimulus frequency, with cells responsive to high frequencies located at a distance from those responsive to low frequencies |
| hertz | a measure of frequency, cycles per second. |
| hyperpolarization | An increase in membrane potential (the interior of the neuron becomes even more negative) |
| coleus forskohlii | A source of forskolin, which increases cAMP |
| lower gi tract | The portion of the gastrointestinal |
| seasonal affective disorder | a mood disorder characterized by depression related to a certain season of the year - especially winter. |
| sleep apnea | A condition in which a person stops breathing many times during a night’s sleep. |
| endocrine glands | Any |
| lavage | Irrigation or flushing out. |
| visual hallucinations | Feeling confused and distracted from driving so that the driver sees things that aren't really there |
| crib death | See sudden infant death syndrome. |
| opioid peptide | A type of endogenous peptide that mimics the effects of morphine in binding to opioid receptors and producing marked analgesia and reward |
| vasectomy | Sterilization of the male by severing the testicular tubules (vas deferens) without removing the testes. |
| akinesai | Extrapyramidal symptom involving slow motor activity, an expressionless face, and emotionless speech. |
| incus | Latin for “anvil.” A middle-ear bone situated between the malleus (attached to the tympanic membrane) and the stapes (attached to the cochlea); one of the three ossicles that conduct sound across the middle ear |
| urethra | The duct or tube from the bladder through which urine passes as it leaves the body. |
| oocyst | An encapsulated ovum (egg) of a sporozoan parasite such as Toxoplasma gondii, usually excreted in the feces. |
| merozoites | The daughter cells resulting from either schizogony or endodyogeny (asexual forms of reproduction in certain protozoa). |
| prototype | A typical example of a concept. |
| follicle-stimulating hormone | A gonadotropin, named for its actions on ovarian follicles |
| demarcated | Having sharp borders. |
| anti-conformity | refers to behaviour carried out in order to oppose the norms of the group. |
| dht | See dihydrotestosterone. |
| parkinson’s disease | a neurodegenerative disease affecting movement and other functions of the nervous system |
| gyrus | Measure of the brain's electrical activity (potentials) in response to stimuli (events) in the environment |
| adaptive behaviors | Behaviors that increase reproductive success. |
| bipolar cells | A class of interneurons of the retina that receive information from rods and cones and pass the information to retinal ganglion cells |
| nootropics | A class of drugs that enhance cognitive function. |
| t cell | See T lymphocyte |
| child-neuro home page | The main purpose of this site is to coordinate the available Internet resources concerning issues in child neurology, both for professionals and patients. |
| long-term potentiation | A lasting change at synapses that occurs when long-term memories form. |
| spatial-frequency filter model | A model of pattern analysis that emphasizes Fourier analysis of visual stimuli |
| serotonergic | Referring to cells that use serotonin as their synaptic transmitter |
| alzheimer’s disease | A form of dementia that may appear in middle age but is more frequent among the aged. |
| monoamine oxidase inhibitors | Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO) are drugs that enhance the effect of dopamine by preventing enzymes from breaking them down |
| melanocytes | Cells of the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, that produce the skin pigment melanin. |
| tardive dyskinesia | Extrapyramidal symptom and sometimes irreversible side effect of long-term neuroleptic medication, involving involuntary motor movements, especially in the face and tongue. |
| neurotransmitter | Some neurons, the basic working unit of the brain and nervous system, send messages in the form of a chemical signal, or neurotransmitter |
| hemoglobin | The red pigment found in |
| actin | A protein that, along with myosin, mediates the contraction of muscle fibers |
| abdominal muscles | Muscles of the abdomen which aid in |
| diathesis-stress models | models that assert that only when a diathesis or vulnerability interacts with a stress or trigger will a disorder emerge |
| tension-type headache | emotional factors such as stress are believed to be their triggers and are accompanied by pain in the neck and shoulders |
| elimination by aspects | The process of eliminating alternatives in a decision based on whether they do or do not possess aspects or attributes the decision maker has deemed necessary or desirable. |
| hereditary multiple exostosis | Inherited bone disorder characterized by the development of numerous small projections along the bones, resulting in an abnormal bony contour. |
| forage disease | Common name for leukoencephalomalacia. |
| nigral | Of or referring to the substantia nigra. |
| divided attention | the ability to divide our attentional processing between more than one task. |
| major calyces | The large spaces of the |
| amacrine cells | Specialized retinal cells that contact both the bipolar cells and the ganglion cells, and are especially significant in inhibitory interactions within the retina. |
| binge eating | The paroxysmal intake of large quantities of food, often of poor nutritional value and high calories. |
| group polarization | The tendency for a dominant point of view in a group to be strengthened to a more extreme position after a group discussion. |
| impulse control disorders | a lack of judgment in the ability to control one's behavior |
| endocrinology | The study of hormones and hormone-producing glands |
| ache | See acetylcholinesterase. |
| morpheme | The smallest meaningful unit in a language. |
| axon | the relatively elongated portion of a neuron between the cell body and the terminals which provides the signal pathway for a nerve impulse. |
| olecranon | The point of the elbow. |
| cytoplasm | See intracellular fluid |
| plasma | The standard constituent of blood in which the various blood cells are carried. |
| copulation | Also called coitus |
| neo personality inventory | A test that measures the Big Five traits: extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. |
| concussion | An injury to soft tissue that results from a blow or violent shaking |
| digestible carbohydrates | Sugars and starches. |
| glycine | A nonessential amino acid that occurs in protein foods and comes from choline in the liver and the amino acids threonine or serine. |
| tender points | Specific areas of the body which are very painful in fibromyalgia patients when gently probed. The American College of Rheumatology specifies 18 tender points to be tested to help doctors diagnose fibromyalgia. The official diagnosis of fibromyalgia requires that the patient feel pain in 11 or more of the 18 points to receive a diagnosis. Because of the variability of fibromyalgia, many doctors consider a patient has fibromyalgia with 10, 9 or less points and other symptoms such as fatigue. |
| automated external defibrillator | A device used on an individual whose heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating |
| steroid hormone | Any of a class of hormones, each of which is composed of four interconnected rings of carbon atoms |
| portal of exit | The mode by which a |
| conserved | In the context of evolution, referring to a trait that is passed on from a common ancestor to two or more descendant species |
| benzodiazepine | A class of anti-anxiety medication. |
| esophagus | The muscular, tubular |
| tabula rasa | (translation: 'blank slate'), refers to the behaviourist belief that all human behaviour is infinitely plastic and malleable, and therefore can be explained in terms of learnt experiences, rather than genetic predispositions. |
| anaerobic | Able to grow in the absence of oxygen. |
| polymodal | Also called multisensory |
| mri | See magnetic resonance imaging |
| diarrhea | An increase in the fluid content, volume, or frequency of bowel movements. |
| stress perfusion study | A type of study in which images of a patient's heart at rest are compared to the images of the heart immediately after exercise to determine the effect of physical stress on coronary blood flow |
| anorexia | Loss of appetite; inappetence. |
| axon | a long process of the nerve cell (neuron) that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body to other nerve cells. |
| incisional biopsy | Biopsy sample representing a portion of a larger lesion. |
| systemic | Affecting the entire body |
| hyperpolarization | deviation of the membrane potential from its normal value to a more strongly negative (inside) value; 5.3.1, 6.3.4 |
| diffuse | Spread out. |
| anterograde degeneration | Also called Wallerian degeneration |
| basal ganglia | several large clusters of nerve cells, including the putamen and globus pallidus, deep in the brain below the cerebral hemispheres. |
| rapid-eye movement behavior disorder | a disorder in which people act out dramatic and/or violent dreams during rapid-eye movement (REM) stage sleep |
| cretinism | Also called congenital hypothyroidism |
| somatic | Relating to or involving |
| karyotype | A magnified photographic array of the chromosomes derived from an individual cell. |
| rate-limiting enzyme | the enzyme that mediates the slowest step in a series of chemical reactions |
| neuron | nerve cell; 1.2.2, 6.1.3 |
| consciousness | The awareness people have of themselves and the environment around them. |
| cogwheeling | A ratchet-like movement in the joints, characteristic of Parkinson's disease. |
| positron emission mammography | A high-resolution PET scanner designed specifically for breast cancer detection |
| clones | Asexually produced organisms that are genetically identical. |
| dementia | Not a disease itself, but group of symptoms that is characterized by a decline in intellectual functioning that is severe enough to interfere with the ability to perform routine activities. |
| endocrine system | system of glands and groups of cells that secrete hormones to control internal body states |
| reflex | A simple, highly stereotyped, and unlearned response to a particular stimulus (e.g., an eye blink in response to a puff of air) |
| eldepryl™ | see Selegiline. |
| negatively skewed distribution | A data distribution with a few very low scores. |
| chronic pancreatitis | Chronic pancreatitis is best defined as the inflammation of the pancreas, in which the condition does not heal or improve and eventually becomes worse and worse over time |
| motor output | Response to a |
| easy problem of consciousness | Understanding how particular patterns of neural activity create specific conscious experiences by reading brain activity directly from people’s brains as they’re having particular experiences |
| salmonellosis | A primarily diarrheal disease caused by members of the bacterial genus Salmonella. |
| mammillary body | One of a pair of nuclei at the base of the brain |
| median | The middle score in a set when all scores are arranged in order from lowest to highest. |
| mitotic-inhibiting chemotherapy drugs | Mitotic-inhibiting drugs act during a specific point in cell division (mitosis) known as metaphase that occurs just before the chromosomes divide and migrate to each end of the cell |
| cystitis | Inflammation of the urinary bladder, often occurring secondary to diseases causing incomplete emptying of the bladder. |
| psychological | relating to the way that living things function rather than to their shape or structure i.e |
| managed care | An arrangement for health care in which an organization, such as a health maintenance organization, acts as an intermediary between a person seeking care and a treatment provider. |
| grandiose | The belief that a person holds of being special either in a good or bad manner. |
| ltm | See long-term memory. |
| sleep study | a test used in the study of sleep and as a diagnostic tool in sleep medicine. |
| net fluid movement | The amount of fluid lost into the |
| conduction deafness | A hearing impairment that is associated with pathology of the external-ear or middle-ear cavities |
| act | Complex behavior, as distinct from a simple movement |
| oxytocin | A hormone formed in the hypothalamic region of the brain and stored in the pituitary gland; it stimulates contraction of the uterus and milk ejection from the mammary glands. |
| feedback loop | in a feedback loop, information moves backwards to add into an earlier part of the pathway. |
| p1 effect | See visual P1 effect |
| anthropometry | Devised by Alphonse Bertillon, a method of using a person's key body measurements as a means of identification. |
| contact hypothesis | A hyposthesis stating that prejudice declines when people in an ingroup become more familiar with the customs, norms, food, music, and attitudes of people in an outgroup. |
| perceptual load | The immediate processing demands presented by a stimulus |
| digestible energy | For a feed, the sum of the digestible carbohydrate, protein, fat, and fiber; also called total digestible nutrients (TDN). |
| spleen | An organ located in the left upper abdomen that removes old red blood cell and other blood cells from circulation |
| neuroendocrine cell | See neurosecretory cell. |
| low-density lipoproteins | A plasma protein which transports |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | Resource is related to or associated with application to Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) |
| collateral branches | Branches of an |
| mri scans | Magnetic Resonant Imaging—a type of imaging technique used to see internal structures of the body, especially soft tissues like the brain |
| natural multiples | Multiples whose system came about as a natural part of their development, not as an outcome of abuse or trauma |
| affective habituation | a reduced emotional response to a familiar emotion-inducing stimulus |
| pineal gland | An endocrine organ found in the brain |
| antiseptic | A drug that inhibits the growth of bacteria without destroying them |
| contracted tendons | A developmental orthopedic disease of foals, associated with rapid growth rates and high planes of nutrition. |
| evolution | A change in the frequency of genes in a population. |
| lysergic acid diethylamide | See LSD. |
| septal complex | A brain region that provides subcortical input to the hippocampal formation. |
| spinal muscular atrophy | a degenerative problem that affects the spinal cord and nerves, resulting in muscle wasting and weakness. |
| horizontal cells | Specialized retinal cells that contact both the receptor cells and the bipolar cells. |
| esophageal stage | The stage of |
| efferent cranial nerve | A |
| infundibulum | See pituitary stalk |
| hybrid imaging | The combination of the two imaging techniques that allows information from two different studies to be viewed in a single set of images. |
| neuroimaging | A branch of medical imaging dedicated to imaging the brain. |
| lens | Part of the eye behind the pupil and iris |
| drug half-life | The time it takes for a drug to reduce itself by half in the body. |
| gestation | The full period of pregnancy, from fertilization of the egg by a spermatozoon until birth. |
| temporal summation | The summation of postsynaptic potentials that reach the axon hillock at different times |
| voiceprint | A graph electronically composed of the amplitude and vibrations of the human voice. |
| cmr1 | See cool-menthol receptor 1. |
| synapse | a tiny gap between the ends of nerve fibers across which nerve impulses pass from one neuron to another; at the synapse, an impulse causes the release of a neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the gap and triggers an electrical impulse in the next neuron. |
| livedo reticularis | a purplish discoloration of the legs seen in patients taking amantadine (Symmetrel™) |
| ifsp | Individualized Family Service Plan |
| interneuron | a neuron that carries information between sensory neurons and motor neurons; most meurons in the CNS are interneurons; some have special names like projection neurons or Pyramidal cells |
| association neurons | A |
| shaping | In operant conditioning, a procedure in which reinforcement is used to guide a response closer and closer to a desired response. |
| hyperkalemic periodic paralysis | Genetic disease of Quarter Horses and derived breeds (Paints, Appaloosas), characterized by sporadic episodes of generalized muscle tremors and stiffness accompanied by elevated serum levels of potassium. |
| ganglion | A mass or collection of |
| intercostal nerve | The ventral |
| liposarcoma | Malignant tumor of fat cells. |
| long-term memory | An enduring form of memory that lasts days, weeks, months, or years and has a very large capacity |
| primary somatosensory cortex | Also called somatosensory 1 |
| pubescence | The two years before puberty. |
| naturalistic observation | A method of collecting information about subjects in a natural setting without interfering with them in any way. |
| cross-ties | Fixed lines attached to each side of the halter. |
| generalized anxiety disorder | a mental disorder that causes its sufferers chronic and exaggerated worry and tension that seem to have no substantial cause |
| vesicular | Fluid-filled; causing blisters. |
| nervous | Pertaining to |
| menthol | A chemical added to cigarettes to produce a cool sensation in the throat when smoke is inhaled. |
| sedatives | Drugs that slow down the nervous system. |
| nicotinic receptors | specific acetylcholine receptors (defined by their response to nicotine) that are present in the autonomic ganglia, the somatic muscles, and at some central nervous system sites |
| stall-walking | A stable vice characterized by constant circling, the horse's feet describing a roughly circular path through the bedding material on the floor of the stall. |
| hypophysis | A paired |
| excitatory postsynaptic potential | localized, partial and short-lived depolarization of a postsynaptic membrane, caused by a single firing of the presynaptic terminal; 6.9.2 |
| intracranial pressure | the pressure inside the skull. |
| primary immune response | An initial immune response that takes place upon first time exposure to an |
| cell body | the cell body of the neuron; it contains the nucleus. |
| congenital adrenal hyperplasia | Any of several genetic mutations that can cause a female fetus to be exposed to adrenal androgens, resulting in partial masculinization at birth |
| medial amygdala | A portion of the amygdala that receives olfactory and pheromonal information. |
| atoms | The particles of specific elements; combine to form |
| subthalamic nucleus | Subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a nerve center near the substantia nigra |
| dermal papilla | Structure at the base of each hair follicle that, with the associated hair matrix cells, is responsible for the production of hair. |
| anion | A negatively charged ion, such as a protein or a chloride ion |
| mitogen | a compound that facilitates the proliferation of T cells |
| biopsy | The process of removing a small amount of tissue from the body for examination under a microscope. |
| myocardial perfusion scan | A common cardiac nuclear medicine imaging procedure that creates images of blood-flow patterns within the heart |
| cardiac output | The |
| homocysteine | an amino acid used normally by the body in cellular metabolism and the manufacture of proteins. |
| s1 | See somatosensory 1 |
| carcinoma | malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue; 12.4.4 |
| b cell | See B lymphocyte. |
| mean | A statistical measurement of the central tendency or average of a set of values. |
| accommodation | in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the process of changing existing schemas when new information cannot be assimilated. |
| bloating | An abnormal swelling of the belly most often caused by excessive intestinal gas. |
| reflux | Backward flow. |
| club foot | In horses, a flexural deformity of the coffin joint resulting in a raised heel; not to be confused with the club foot deformity of human beings. |
| spectral filtering | The process by which the hills and valleys of the external ear alter the amplitude of some, but not all, frequencies in a sound |
| aggression | an action or a series of actions where the aim is to cause harm to another person or object. |
| nerve fiber | See axon |
| antibodies | chemically specific molecules that are produced by B cells during the humoral immune response |
| phenylketonuria | a disorder caused by the genetic absence of a single enzyme that disrupts the development of serotonergic neurons (among others) |
| l-taurine | An Acetylcholine booster. |
| agrp | See agouti-related peptide. |
| adjunctive | supplemental or secondary (but not essential) to the primary agent |
| paraplegia | Muscle paralysis from the waist down |
| tsh | See thyroid-stimulating hormone |
| eahca | Education for All Hanidcapped Children Act |
| glucodetector | A specialized type of liver cell that detects and informs the nervous system about levels of circulating glucose |
| integration | combining parts to make a unified whole |
| recency effect | The superior performance seen in a memory task for items at the end of a list; it is usually attributed to short-term memory |
| electrocardiograph | An instrument that records the activity of the heart. |
| sex | A biological distinction between males and females. |
| immunoglobulin | See antibody. |
| transitional housing | A housing program that has limits on how long a person can stay. Usually 2 years for CPC programs. |
| viscera | organs in the body |
| blood-brain barrier | specialized anatomic structure in the brain made of brain endothelial cells (cells that line the blood vessels in the brain) |
| k complex | A sharp negative EEG potential that is seen in stage 2 sleep. |
| neurosonography | A procedure that uses ultra high frequency sound waves to reveal patterns of blood flow |
| actor/observer biases | these refer to the tendency for (a) ‘actors' to explain their own behaviour in situational terms and (b) observers to explain the behaviour of others in dispositional (person) terms. |
| dendrite | A fiber that extends from a neuron |
| indium-111-octreotide | A radiopharmaceutical being evaluated in clinical trials as an alternative to radioiodine for patients whose thyroid cancer is not responsive to I-131 radiotherapy with iodine. |
| pedal osteitis | Increased vascularization and demineralization affecting the coffin bone, usually secondary to inflammation resulting from repeated, excessive concussion on the sole. |
| cardiac tamponade | Acute compression of the heart, caused by filling of the pericardial sac with fluid or blood. |
| npy/agrp neurons | Neurons involved in the hypothalamic appetite control system, so named because they produce both neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide |
| glycogen | Animal starch; a complex carbohydrate stored primarily in the liver and muscles, and broken down into its component glucose (sugar) molecules whenever they are needed by the body. |
| cercaria | Tadpolelike larval form of flukes that arises from the redia stage. |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone | A tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that controls the production and release of hormones of the adrenal cortex |
| orphan receptor | Any receptor for which no endogenous ligand has yet been discovered. |
| arthritis | Joint inflammation. |
| hemolytic | Characterized by red blood cell destruction. |
| vomeronasal system | A specialized chemical detection system that detects pheromones and transmits information to the brain. |
| gland | A |
| quality assessment | The system used to evaluate both the analytical and nonanalytical functions of a laboratory. |
| cardiac glycosides | Class of digitalis drugs used to treat congestive heart failure. |
| affinity | See binding affinity |
| visual cortex | See occipital cortex. |
| synaptic remodeling | See synapse re-arrangement. |
| dopa decarboxylase inhibitor | drugs that inhibit the enzyme dopa decarboxylase |
| wolffian duct | A duct system in the embryo that will develop into male reproductive structures (epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles) if testes are present in the embryo |
| epithelial tissue | Continuous sheets of |
| cat or ct scan | See computerized axial tomography. |
| pharmacokinetics | Collective name for all the factors that affect the movement of a drug into, through, and out of the body. |
| persecutory delusion | A belief centered on the idea that one is being oppressed, pursued, or harassed. |
| hemangioma | Benign tumor of newly formed blood vessels. |
| neurasthenia | Generalized body fatigue |
| fully functioning person | portrayed by Rogers as the ideal of growth; healthy growth is demonstrated by openness, a high level of spontaneity, compassion and self-direction. |
| synergist | A muscle that acts together with another muscle |
| prodrug | drug precursor molecule that must undergo metabolic transformation in order to become activated; 4.1.2 |
| protein-losing enteropathy | Syndrome occurring in adult horses, characterized by weight loss in the face of a ravenous appetite; the cause is unknown but the result is a "leaky" intestine that does not absorb nutrients properly. |
| adrenal gland | endocrine gland that sits atop the kidney (which means there are two glands) |
| priming | The retrieval of a particular memory by activating information associated with that memory. |
| antidepressant | 2antidepressantFunction: noun: an antidepressant drug —called also energizer, psychic energizer, psychostimulant, compare tricyclic antidepressant |
| volume | an increase in magnitude of vibration in the air (measured in decibels) |
| subluxation | Partial dislocation of a joint; also, a slight alteration in the position of the lens of the eye. |
| distress tolerance skills | A set of DBT coping skills used to get through a crisis situation without emotionally acting out and making the crisis worse. |
| subject bias | Bias that results from the subject’s expectations or the subject’s changing of his or her behavior. |
| gamma-amino butyric acid | An amino acid transmitter in the brain whose primary function is to inhibit the firing of nerve cells. |
| neuron | medical term for a nerve cell. |
| purkinje cells | large neurons arranged in a single layer in the cerebellum that send messages to other areas of the brain that influence or refine movement (Close-up of the Nervous System) |
| randomized controlled trial | A study in which subjects are assigned to conditions on the basis of chance and where at least one of the conditions is a control or a comparison condition (e.g., where a placebo is given). |
| nodes of ranvier | Small gaps in the |
| neuropathic pain | Pain caused by damage to peripheral nerves; often difficult to treat. |
| entero-hepatic cycling | repeated biliary secretion and intestinal uptake of a drug molecule |
| amylase | Enzyme produced by the salivary glands and pancreas that breaks down carbohydrates. |
| lactic acid fermentation | conversion of pyruvic acid (a product of |
| substance abuse | A ‘substance use disorder' is diagnosed when a person's drug use (most commonly alcohol) is causing high levels of distress to the person and/or those around him/her, and is preventing the person from functioning effectively in personal, social or work situations |
| cortical column | One of the vertical columns that constitute the basic organization of the cerebral cortex |
| arthropathy | Any joint disease. |
| statistics | The analysis and interpretation of numerical data. |
| empowered multiples | Most often, it refers to multiples who do not take a victim stance and who are not overly dependent on psychotherapy to the point that they become enmeshed in the therapy culture |
| millisieverts | A measure of radiation dose. |
| carbohydrates | Sugar compounds that plants make when they’re exposed to light |
| migration | The process whereby new neurons find their proper position in the brain. |
| conservation | The ability to recognize that measurable physical characteristics of objects can be the same even when objects look different. |
| rhinoscopy | Visual examination of the nasal passages, using an endoscope, otoscope, or other instrument. |
| diestrus | The quiescent period between one estrus period and the next; also called interestrus. |
| hormone | A chemical secreted by an endocrine gland that is conveyed by the bloodstream and regulates target organs or tissues |
| feature detection theories | used to explain pattern recognition, proposes that images are processed in terms of their component parts, which then match the features of a pattern stored in memory. |
| feigned scarcity | Implying that a product is in scarce supply, even when it is not, in order to increase demand for it. |
| hiv | Human immunodeficiency virus |
| cognition | The process or processes by which an organism gains knowledge or becomes aware of events or objects in its environment and uses that knowledge for comprehension and problem-solving. |
| proprioception | the sense of oneself; where one feels the muscles, limbs, and body are with respect to one's surroundings |
| motoneuron | A nerve cell that supplies myofibers in skeletal muscle. |
| neural plasticity | See neuroplasticity. |
| achievement tests | An assessment that measures skills and knowledge that people have already learned. |
| acetylcholine | A neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement, attention, arousal, memory, and emotion. |
| sympathetic nervous system | A branch of the autonomic nervous system responsible for mobilizing the body's energy and resources during times of stress and arousal. |
| amino acids | Nitrogen-containing molecules that form the structural backbone of proteins |
| serotonin | neurotransmitter that is important in the regulation of mood and control of aggressive behaviour. Normally produces an inhibitory effect. |
| fatty acid | A chain of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached and a carbon-oxygen-oxygen-hydrogen group (the unit that makes it an acid) at one end. |
| arson | Intentionally causing a fire to destroy the property in a criminal manner. |
| guttural pouch mycosis | Fungal infection of the guttural pouch, usually caused by fungi of the genus Aspergillus. |
| optic nerve | Cranial nerve II; the collection of ganglion cell axons that extend from the retina to the brain |
| digeorge syndrome | 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a genetic disorder which can result in a vast array of symptoms |
| pathogen | Any microbial agent capable of causing disease. |
| sinoatrial node | A collection of specialized cardiac muscle fibers found at the junction of the right atrium and the vena cava; the heart's natural pacemaker, generating the electrical discharges that stimulate the beating and pumping of the heart. |
| tendon | Fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to bone. |
| continuous reinforcement | A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement happens every time a particular response occurs. |
| suicide | purposeful taking of one's own life |
| withdrawal symptom | An uncomfortable symptom that arises when a person stops taking a drug that he or she has used frequently, especially at high doses |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum | specialized endoplasmic reticulum in muscle |
| foramen magnum | A large opening at the |
| murmur | An abnormal heart sound produced when blood flows too rapidly or too chaotically through a portion of the heart; a common sign of heart disease. |
| muscarinic | A |
| cell junction | Connections between |
| iron | A metallic element that is found in |
| otosclerosis | An abnormal formation of bone within the ear |
| essential tremor | a condition more common than Parkinson's disease, which often includes shaking of the hands or head, and an unsteady quality of the voice. |
| atypical parkinsonism | a group of brain disorders that initially look like Parkinson's disease, but differ in the course of the disease and response to antiparkinson medications |
| bacteriophage | A |
| place theory | Explains how people discriminate high-pitched sounds that have a frequency greater than 5000 Hz. |
| pentylenetetrazol | a convulsant drug (Metrazol) that stimulates the nervous system by reducing the recovery time between action potentials |
| transcript | The mRNA strand that is produced when a stretch of DNA is “read.” |
| certification | A certificate given by a State or National Board to attest to a particular standard to practice a particular kind of counseling. |
| stereotypes | Beliefs about people based on their membership in a particular group. |
| refractive | Light-bending. |
| meninges | The three protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord; specifically, the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid. |
| heartburn | Chronic pain and burning in the gut that often results from gastroesophageal reflux. Stomach acid backs up into the esophagus and causes pain. |
| blink rate | the number of times per minute that the eyelid automatically closes - normally 10 to 20 per minute. |
| aspiration pneumonia | Pneumonia caused by accidental inhalation of food or other material into the lungs. |
| scolex | The "head" of a tapeworm parasite, armed with hooks or suckers and used for attachment and locomotion. |
| hybridization | The process by which a string of nucleotides becomes linked to a complementary series of nucleotides. |
| histidine | A semi-essential amino acid that your body needs during periods of growth, stress, and recovery from illness and injury. |
| metastasize | The spread from one part of the body to another, as in cancer cells. |
| columnar epithelium | Elongated |
| negative symptom | In psychiatry, an abnormality that reflects insufficient functioning |
| fape | Free and Appropriate Public Education |
| final common pathway | The information-processing pathway consisting of all the motoneurons in the body |
| pain diary | Written record of when pain is most severe, which helps patients track conditions that may trigger pain, such as foods or other items. |
| basal ganglia | groups of hundreds of thousands of neurons at the base of the cerebrum and in the upper brainstem; they help control well-learned movements (like walking) and sensation. |
| collectivistic cultures | cultures that value group loyalty, prefer group to individual decisions and where the needs of the group outweigh the concerns of the individual. |
| neuron | An individual nerve cell. |
| commissure of the lips | The corner of the mouth. |
| substance abuse | a pattern of behaviour where a person relies excessively on a particular substance (e.g |
| muscarine | a drug (derived from the mushroom Amanita muscaria) which mimics acetylcholine in the parasympathetic and central nervous systems |
| naloxone | a drug that blocks opiate receptor sites |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | Part of the endomembrane |
| necrotizing | Causing cell death. |
| ovariectomy | Surgical removal of one or both ovaries. |
| seizure | An epileptic episode |
| secondary infection sites | A second site of |
| cingulate gyrus | Also called cingulate cortex or cingulum |
| embryo | The earliest stage in a developing animal |
| reconstitution | The process of adding liquid to a dry powder to make a new solution |
| extrapyramidal system | A motor system that includes the basal ganglia and some closely related brainstem structures. |
| cult | A journalistic term for an unorthodox system of religious beliefs and ritual that scholars of religion refrain from using. |
| magnitude | Characteristic of a scale of measurement where the individual units possess the qualities of greater than, equal to, or less than. |
| contingency | a predictable relationship between a specific response and some change in the environment |
| nucleotide | See nucleic acid. |
| asperger's disorder | A developmental disorder characterized by gross and sustained impairment in social interaction and restricted, repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests and activities; occurs in the context of preserved cognitive and language development. |
| glia | See glial cells. |
| set zone | The range of a variable that a feedback system tries to maintain |
| microglial cells | Also called microglia |
| ventricular fibrillation | Rapid, repeated firing of ventricular muscle fibers without coordinated contraction of the muscle itself; can result in cardiac arrest and death. |
| word deafness | The specific inability to hear words, although other sounds can be detected. |
| cestodes | Tapeworms; internal parasites having a head unit (scolex) and numerous body segments (proglottids). |
| histamine | an amine compound that is present throughout the body, participating in responses to injury and immunological challenges |
| retching | Abdominal contractions in preparation for vomiting. |
| noradrenergic | Referring to cells using norepinephrine (noradrenaline) as a transmitter |
| postsynaptic membrane | The specialized membrane on the surface of the cell that receives information from a presynaptic neuron |
| sexual aversion disorder | condition in which a person actively avoids sexual activities and experiences sex as unpleasant or anxiety-provoking |
| behavioral neuroscience | See biological psychology |
| social exchange theory | A theory arguing that people help each other because they want to gain as much as possible while losing as little as possible. |
| articular cartilage | Cartilage found within joint structures. |
| pavlovian conditioning | the procedures, originally described by Pavlov, that allow the learning of relationships among environmental stimuli |
| stage of exhaustion | the final stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome in which the organism's ability to counteract the stressor is depleted |
| covariation principle | proposes that individuals attribute behaviour to a causal factor if it existed whilst the behaviour took place, but was not there when it did not occur. |
| guttural pouch | In horses, an internal sac that represents an outgrowth of the eustachian tube, the short canal that connects the middle ear with the back of the throat and that acts to equalize pressure within the ear. |
| mercury | A heavy metal that is toxic to humans and commonly found in fish from polluted waters. |
| night terror | A sudden arousal from stage 3 sleep that is marked by intense fear and autonomic activation |
| demethylation | The removal of the methyl group, CH3, from a compound |
| aminoglycosides | class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis; 13.2 |
| neuron | Also called nerve cell |
| gender identity | one's perception of oneself as male or female |
| nuchal ligament | A large, strong band of connective tissue that provides support for the neck. |
| tactile sensation | the sense of touch |
| ingroup | A group to which one belongs. |
| adduction | movement of a limb towards the middle of the body, generally in the |
| stress response | A response from the |
| cyclic amp | a compound that serves as a second messenger to initiate neuromodulatory changes |
| antagonist | a chemical (drug) that blocks a receptor for a neurotransmitter, preventing the neurotransmitter from having its normal effect. |
| optic disc | The region of the retina that is devoid of receptor cells because ganglion cell axons and blood vessels exit the eyeball there |
| optic nerve | The main nerve leading from the eye to the brain that transmits visual signals to the brain. |
| homeostasis | The maintenance of a steady internal state despite changes in external conditions |
| difference threshold | The smallest difference in stimulation that is detectable 50 percent of the time |
| embryo | A developing human in the womb from the time of |
| endocarditis | Inflammation of the innermost lining of the heart (endocardium), usually caused by bacterial infection of one or more heart valves |
| b lymphocytes | Lymphocytes that upon proper stimulation by an antigen transform into plasma cells, which produce antibody to the antigen. |
| atopy | An inherited predisposition toward the development of allergy. |
| latent learning | Learning that has taken place but has not (yet) been demonstrated by performance. |
| common hepatic duct | Part of the biliary |
| variable | measurable factor or characteristic that can vary within an individual, between individuals, or both |
| parasympathetic | the division of the autonomic nervous system that is involved with vegetative processes; postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine |
| blastocyst | An early stage of the developing embryo. |
| external fertilization | The process by which eggs are fertilized outside of the female’s body, as in many fishes and amphibians |
| flavor neophobia | The avoidance of new foods. |
| mycolic acid | fatty acid with very long alkyl chain found in mycobacterial cell walls; 11.4.1 |
| peripheral spatial cuing task | A task that tests exogenoous attention, using latency to detect a visual stimulus, preceded by a simple task-irrelevant sensory stimulus in the location where the stimulus will appear |
| nutritional deficiency | Any deficiency of the nutrients that are required to sustain human life |
| peripheral | Near the surface or towards the outside |
| acquired motivation | in this context |
| septic arthritis | Inflammation of the joints caused by an infectious agent, usually bacterial. |
| stm | See short-term memory |
| face blindness | See prosopagnosia. |
| otopathy | disease of the ear |
| external acoustic meatus | A tubular |
| cation | A positively charged ion, such as a potassium or sodium ion |
| scientific method | A standardized way of making observations, gathering data, forming theories, testing predictions, and interpreting results. |
| sclera | The white outer covering of the eyeball, continuous with the cornea. |
| cingulum | See cingulate gyrus |
| fusiform gyrus | A region on the inferior surface of the cortex, at the junction of temporal and occipital lobes, that has been associated with recognition of faces |
| esophagus | The muscular tube extending from the pharynx (back of the mouth) to the stomach |
| sod | See superoxide dismutase. |
| ovary | Part of a woman’s reproductive system |
| somatomedins | A group of proteins, released from the liver in response to growth hormone, that aid body growth and maintenance. |
| mrna | See messenger RNA. |
| epinephrine | one of the catecholamines, the principle hormone of the adrenal medulla that is released during certain types of stress; also known as adrenaline |
| coronal plane | Also called frontal plane or transverse plane |
| magnetic resonance imaging | A diagnostic procedure in which powerful magnets are used to create images in order to observe soft tissues in the body |
| ataxia | Incoordination. |
| cell differentiation | The developmental stage in which cells acquire distinctive characteristics, such as those of neurons, as a result of expressing particular genes |
| multiple sclerosis | Resource is related to or associated with application to Multiple Sclerosis |
| hepatosplenomegaly | Enlargement of the liver and spleen. |
| taste aversion | The conditioned avoidance of a particular food due to a previous pairing between the taste of that food and physical illness. |
| naloxone | A narcotic antagonist that reverses the respiratory, sedative and hypotensive effects of heroin overdose |
| sexism | prejudice and discrimination against one sex by members of the other sex, for instance in employment. |
| emotion regulation skills | A set of DBT coping skills aimed at decreasing negative emotions and increasing positive ones. |
| hypnotic trance | A profound sense of absorption. |
| physical | The abuse is shown by stepping over the person’s boundaries in a physical manner such as hitting. |
| optic nerve | Literally an extension of the brain, which reaches to the back of the eye (retina) and transmits signals derived from light energy that are translated into a visual image by the brain. |
| osteomyelitis | Infection of a bone accompanied by pus formation; usually caused by bacteria. |
| predilection | Preference. |
| nsb | A proprietary blend composed of phospholipids, enzymes, and essential fatty acids to help optimize the benefits of our various formulas |
| globe | The eyeball. |
| exhaustion stage | A stage in the response to stress that is caused by prolonged or frequently repeated stress and is characterized by increased susceptibility to disease |
| peripheral | away from, outside |
| hypo- | A prefix meaning below or under; deficient. |
| long bone | Shape classification of bone; Mostly |
| bence-jones proteins | Immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments detected in blood and sometimes urine in patients with multiple myeloma. |
| neurofibromatosis | Resource is related to or associated with application to Neurofibromatosis |
| lactated ringer's solution | A sterile salt solution for (usually intravenous, but sometimes subcutaneous) administration containing sodium lactate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride; given to restore fluid and electrolyte balance. |
| baroreceptor | A pressure receptor in the heart or a major artery that detects a fall in blood pressure. |
| dementia pugilistica | See chronic traumatic encephalopathy |
| elaborative rehearsal | the active processing of items to improve memory, through a variety of methods, from focusing on sensory characteristics (visual appearance, sound) to an emphasis on the semantic content (meaning) of information. |
| atp | Adenosine triphosphate; A nucleotide that provides energy to |
| navicular disease | Lameness caused by damage to the navicular bone; one of the most common causes of intermittent forelimb lameness in the horse. |
| multisensory | See polymodal |
| pressure | A force exerted over a surface or against resistance |
| bradyphrenia | slowness of thought processes. |
| grammar | All of the rules for usage of a particular language. |
| glucose | A simple sugar that acts as an energy source for cells. |
| coprophagy | The eating of feces. |
| epicardium | The outermost membrane of the surface of the heart |
| anemic | Having fewer red blood cells than necessary. |
| correlation | The covariation of two measures. |
| system | A regularly interacting and interdependent group of items forming a unified whole. |
| axon | the long extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the body of the cell. |
| broca’s aphasia | See nonfluent aphasia |
| retinopathy | Disease of the retina |
| tobiano | Dominantly inherited equine coat-color pattern, expressed as a white base coat with colored patches on the body |
| oval window | The opening from the middle ear to the inner ear |
| rectum | Lowermost portion of the large intestine, immediately adjacent to the anus. |
| lou gehrig’s disease | See amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. |
| dioecious | Having distinct male and female sexes that specialize in making just one type of gamete, either ova or sperm. |
| bolus | A small mass of chewed food |
| cerebellum | A structure located at the back of the brain, dorsal to the pons, that is involved in the central regulation of movement |
| diastole | The relaxation/filling phase of the heartbeat, following systole. |
| correlation | Software application that performs time domain analysis using 'Correlation' techniques. |
| macrophage | specialized white blood cells that engulf potential antigens and "present" them to B cells |
| retinohypothalamic pathway | The route by which retinal ganglion cells send their axons to the suprachiasmatic nuclei |
| differential diagnosis | The process of distinguishing between two or more diseases or conditions that feature identical or similar symptoms |
| nephrosclerosis | Scarring of kidney tissue; a principal cause of the normal, progressive deterioration of kidney function that accompanies aging. |
| endolymph | The |
| organic anion transporter | class of transport protein important in drug transport; operates either by facilitated diffusion or secondary active transport; 3.5 |
| attachment | The close bond between babies and their caregivers. |
| aseptic technique | A procedure performed to destroy and isolate |
| luteinizing hormone | A |
| digestion | The breakdown of larger substances into smaller subunits, which can be more readily carried into the body for use in energy production and the construction of body tissues. |
| myelogram | a procedure that uses dye injected into the spinal canal to make the structure clearly visible on x-rays. |
| creativity | The ability to generate novel, useful ideas. |
| amine hormone | Also called monoamine hormone |
| biliary system | A system including the |
| anxiety disorder | Any of a class of psychological disorders that include recurrent panic states, generalized persistent anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorders. |
| follicular cyst | Cyst originating within a hair follicle; also called epidermoid cyst. |
| epizootic | Attacking many animals over a short period of time, with resulting high morbidity (high percentage of animals becoming ill); said of infectious disease agents |
| atherosclerosis | inflammatory and degenerative disease of the arteries |
| bronchitis | bron*chi*tis Pronunciation: \brän-ˈkīt-əs, bräŋ-\ Function: noun 1: acute or chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes; also: a disease marked by this |
| alcoholism | Alcoholism is the compulsive urge to drink alcohol despite knowing the negative impact on one's health. |
| pallidotomy | A surgical procedure in which a part of the brain called the globus pallidus is lesioned in order to improve symptoms of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. |
| taste aversion | refers to a type of learning formed after one trial, whereby an association is formed between feelings of sickness and (usually) a particular food, resulting in an avoidance of the food. |
| mhc | See major histocompatibility complex. |
| population | The collection of individuals from which a sample is drawn. |
| spectrally opponent cell | A visual receptor cell that has opposite firing responses to different regions of the spectrum |
| physiology | The study of body function and metabolism. |
| spore | Highly resistant, thick-walled "resting stage" formed by certain bacteria, to ensure their survival during periods of unfavorable environmental conditions; it germinates quickly once favorable conditions have been restored to produce a new generation of bacteria |
| anterior pituitary | The anterior portion of a paired |
| neurotransmitter | Also called synaptic transmitter, chemical transmitter, or simply transmitter |
| functional tolerance | Decreased responding to a drug after repeated exposures, generally as a consequence of up- or down-regulation of receptors. |
| wasting syndrome | Wasting Syndrome is the progressive involuntary weight loss seen in patients with debilitating medical conidtions such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, tuberculosis ,and more. Symptoms include profound involuntary weight loss of greater than 10% of baseline body weight, chronic diarrhea, chronic weakness and fever. |
| episodic memory | see memory, episodic (Your Incredible Memory) |
| corpus luteum | Also known as a "yellow body", it is a small body that forms in the empty |
| sigmoid colon | The "S" shaped part of the |
| neurotransmitter | a chemical substance that allows for the transmission of electrical impulses from one nerve cell to another across synapses. |
| anterior uveitis | Inflammation of the iris and ciliary body of the eye. |
| myopathies | Inflammatory and noninflammatory diseases of muscle. |
| athetosis | slow, writhing movements which are involuntary and abnormal. |
| lateral | Closer to the side than to the midline of the body. |
| frontal lobe | the top, front regions of each of the cerebral hemispheres |
| sex determination | The process by which it is established that a fetus will develop as a male or a female |
| pyrrolizidine alkaloids | Plant toxins that produce a very specific type of liver damage; the most common cause of chronic liver failure in horses in the western United States |
| threshold | The stimulus intensity that is just adequate to trigger an action potential at the axon hillock |
| cornea | The transparent outer membrane of the eye. |
| laryngeal hemiplegia | Paralysis affecting one side of the larynx, caused by damage to either of the two recurrent laryngeal nerves; also called roaring. |
| variable | A factor in the body that can be modified by |
| antipsychotic | See neuroleptic |
| cognitive dissonance | An unpleasant state of tension that arises when a person has related cognitions that conflict with one another. |
| polio | See Poliomyelitis |
| skill learning | The process of learning to perform a challenging task simply by repeating it over and over |
| avulsion | A pulling or tearing away. |
| dendrite | the arms of a nerve cell that connect with the axons to transmit impulses toward the cell body. |
| pulmonary ventilation | The process by which air is exchanged between the |
| pineal gland | A secretory gland in the brain midline; the source of melatonin release |
| brain self-stimulation | The process in which animals will work to provide electrical stimulation to particular brain sites, presumably because the experience is very rewarding |
| death gene | A gene that is expressed only when a cell becomes committed to natural cell death (apoptosis) |
| positive symptom | In psychiatry, an abnormal state |
| stress management techniques | Stress may be considered as any physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental unrest and that may be a factor in disease causation. |
| anterograde transport | Movement of cellular substances away from the cell body toward the axon terminals |
| dystrophin | A protein that is needed for normal muscle function |
| molecular markers | An imaging biomarker that is molecule based, as opposed to being a single atom or an ion |
| cortisol | a natural hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to help our bodies deal with threats by breaking down protein for energy and by suppressing the immune system |
| phoneme | The smallest distinguishable unit in a language. |
| conscious | The part of the mind that contains all the information that a person is paying attention to at a particular time. |
| metabolic tolerance | The form of drug tolerance that arises when repeated exposure to the drug causes the metabolic machinery of the body to become more efficient at clearing the drug |
| output zone | The part of a neuron, usually corresponding to the axon terminals, at which the cell sends information to another cell |
| nodule | A large papule; small lump. |
| papez circuit | A group of brain regions within the limbic system. |
| conduction velocity | The speed at which an action potential is propagated along the length of an axon (or section of peripheral nerve) |
| serology | The use of specialized diagnostic tests for the detection of antigens and antibodies in serum. |
| proximal | Towards the point of |
| hyperelastosis cutis | Skin disease of Quarter Horses, characterized by a lack of subcutaneous attachment of the skin to the underlying tissues. |
| autoimmune disorder | A disorder caused when the immune system mistakenly attacks a person’s own body, thereby interfering with normal functioning |
| attentional bottleneck | A filter that results from the limits intrinsic to our attentional processes, with the result that only the most important stimuli are selected for special processing. |
| tardive dyskinesia | A disorder characterized by involuntary movements, especially involving the face, mouth, lips, and tongue; related to prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs, such as chlorpromazine |
| buphthalmos | Gross enlargement of the eyeball. |
| veins | Large, thin-walled vessels that direct dexygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart. |
| stm | See short-term memory. |
| medullary reticular formation | The hind-most portion of the brainstem reticular formation, implicated in motor control and copulatory behavior |
| long-term rehabilitation | Highest level of care available in CPC's residential treatment facilities, for individuals who require intensive supervision and assistance completing activities of daily living. |
| broca’s area | A region of the frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in the production of speech |
| vasopressin | See arginine vasopressin |
| prevalence | Total number of persons in a given population with a disease or other health-related event during a specified period of time, usually expressed as a percentage |
| dendrites | Short threadlike extensions of a nerve cell; they act to receive nerve impulses from adjacent nerve cells. |
| voluntary attention | See endogenous attention |
| crown | The portion of a tooth that lies above the gum line. |
| somatosensory 2 | See secondary somato-sensory cortex. |
| multiple sclerosis | Presumed autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that is usually first diagnosed in young adults and whose origin is unknown |
| atrioventricular valves | The heart valves that separate each atrium from its corresponding ventricle |
| motor unit | The basic functional and anatomical organization of nerves and muscle fibers within skeletal muscle. |
| dyslexia | 'developmental dyslexia' is used to explain difficulties with written and spoken language (across differing levels of intellect) that occurs as a result of development, whilst acquired dyslexia?occurs as a result of a stroke or similar injury, whereby language skills are impaired. |
| clonal selection | A process where specific B and T lymphocytes are selected to respond to specific |
| interstitial cystitis | Chronic illness of pain with urination and increased urgency. |
| radioiodine | Also called radioactive iodine |
| broken wind | Common name for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. |
| laboratory observation | An observational research method in which information about subjects is collected in a laboratory setting. |
| developmental norms | The median ages at which children develop specific behaviors and abilities. |
| umbilical cord | The cord which connects the fetus to the |
| agglutination | The process of particles forming from the binding of antibody and latex-coated drug metabolite |
| aromatization hypothesis | The hypothesis that testicular androgens enter the brain and are converted there into estrogens to masculinize the developing nervous system of some rodents. |
| exocrine gland | A gland whose secretions exit the body via ducts |
| spect | SPECT stands for "single-photon emission-computed tomography." A SPECT scan uses a gamma camera to detect radioisotopes that emit high-energy radiation |
| bipolar disorder | Resource is related to or associated with application to Bipolar Disorder |
| electroconvulsive shock therapy | A last-resort treatment for unmanageable depression in which a strong electrical current is passed through the brain, |
| turner’s syndrome | A condition, seen in individuals carrying a single X chromosome but no other sex chromosome, in which an apparent female has underdeveloped but recognizable ovaries |
| peer resources | Site allows you to learn about new developments in the peer support area, links to workshops, conferences, and literature. |
| interquartile range | the spread of scores for the middle 50 per cent of scores. |
| metalinguistic awareness | The capacity to think about how language is used. |
| glial cells | Also called glia |
| non-rem sleep | See slow-wave sleep |
| pustule | A skin vesicle containing pus. |
| torpor | The condition in which an animal allows its body temperature to fall drastically |
| input zone | The part of a neuron that receives information, from other neurons or from specialized sensory structures |
| norepinephrine | A type of neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal glands in response to arousal-provoking events such as stress |
| subgingival | Below the gumline. |
| depression | A mental state, and non-dopamine-responsive symptom of Parkinson's disease, characterized by feelings of despondency and a lack of ability to initiate activity |
| bacteria | Fast reproducing, unicellular, prokaryotic |
| aac | Assistive Augmentative Communication |
| skeletal muscle | A muscle that is used for movement of the skeleton, typically under our conscious control |
| atrial natriuretic peptide | A hormone, secreted by the heart, that normally reduces blood pressure, inhibits drinking, and promotes the excretion of water and salt at the kidneys. |
| arginine | An amino acid that supports male fertility. |
| tendinitis | Inflammation of a tendon or tendon muscle attachment; also spelled tendonitis. |
| sustention tremor | a tremor of a limb that increases when the limb is stretched. |
| redundancy | The property of having a particular process, usually an important one, monitored and regulated by more than one mechanism. |
| entropion | Turning in of an eyelid |
| histopathology | The microscopic examination of diseased tissue. |
| feature detectors | Specialized neurons that are activated by specific features of the environment. |
| std | A disease that is transmitted through sexual contact. |
| proximity | The tendency to perceive objects that lie close together as groups. |
| embryo | A ball of cells that develops during the embryonic stage. |
| arthroscopic surgery | Surgery using a tubular instrument (arthroscope) for examining and carrying out surgical procedures within a joint, without the need for an extensive incision. |
| major depressive episode | A period of at least two weeks marked by sadness or irritability and loss of interest in activities |
| taste | Any of the five basic sensations detected by the tongue: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami |
| substantia nigra | an area of the brain where cells produce dopamine. |
| innervation | The supply of neural input to an organ or a region of the nervous system. |
| atrophy | The progressive loss of muscle mass, or wasting, caused by reduction in the size or number of muscle cells |
| thoroughpin | Stress on the deep digital flexor tendon, with puffiness in the web of the hock. |
| signal transduction pathways | sets of biochemical reactions inside cells that take information triggered by an external event like receptor activation and make that signal bigger or last longer; signal transduction pathways can cause other cellular events to happen including turning on or off genetic processes. |
| shaker foal syndrome | Form of botulism in 2- to 8-week-old foals that occurs following ingestion of Clostridium botulinum spores and their transformation into mature, toxin-producing bacterial forms in the intestinal tract. |
| subjective utility | The process of making a decision by estimating the personal value of a decision’s outcome. |
| chloride ion | A chlorine atom that carries a negative charge because it has gained one electron |
| ghrelin | A peptide hormone produced and released by the gut |
| cord blood | Blood taken from the umbilical cord at the time of birth |
| ossicles | Three small bones (incus, malleus, and stapes) that transmit vibrations across the middle ear, from the tympanic membrane to the oval window |
| voiding | The act of expelling |
| ventral tegmental area | A portion of the midbrain that projects dopaminergic fibers to the nucleus accumbens |
| binary fission | Asexual reproduction where a parent |
| hypophyseal portal system | A duplex system of capillaries spanning between the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus and the secretory tissue of the anterior pituitary. |
| osmotic pressure | The tendency of a solvent to move through a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of a solute. |
| withdrawal symptom | An uncomfortable symptom that arises when a person stops taking a drug that he or she has used frequently, especially at high doses. |
| repetition priming | See priming. |
| us | in Pavlovian conditioning, a biologically important event (e.g., food powder or electric shock) that elicits a reflex (the UR) |
| b12 | Necessary for normal metabolism of nerve tissue |
| mfb | a collection of fibers (the medial forebrain bundle) that projects through the hypothalamus to the anterior cortex and participates in the reward system |
| albumin | A protein that helps maintain the body’s fluid balance, keeping a proper amount of liquid in and around body cells. |
| attachment styles | Types of attachment, which include secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent attachment, and avoidant attachment. |
| sexual attraction | The first step in the mating behavior of many animals, in which animals emit stimuli that attract members of the opposite sex |
| posterior | Also called caudal |
| das | Developmental Apraxia of Speech |
| vomiting | The forceful ejection of contents of the stomach and upper small intestine through the mouth. |
| schizophrenogenic family | a term to describe a family with faulty communication patterns and conflict between members, and has been implicated in the development of schizophrenia. |
| norepinepherine | A |
| neurolysis | The procedure of separating a nerve by removing unwanted adhesions |
| stertor | Noisy breathing. |
| cyp2d6 | A polymorphic liver enzyme responsible for the metabolism of an estimated 25 percent of all prescription drugs and most antidepressant, antipsychotic and opiate drugs |
| unipolar neuron | Also called monopolar neuron |
| endocannabinoid | An endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors; thus, a marijuana analog that is produced by the brain.[4, 9] |
| node | The stem region of a plant where one or more leaves attach |
| name calling | A strategy of labeling people in order to influence their or others’ thinking. |
| occipital cortex | Also called visual cortex |
| anterior cerebral arteries | Two large arteries, arising from the internal carotids, that provide blood to the anterior poles and medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres. |
| manic-depressive illness | See bipolar disorder |
| reservoir | A living organism in which a parasite or |
| neurotransmitter | Also called simply transmitter |
| muller-lyer illusion | Illusion in which two lines of the same length appear to be different lengths because of different diagonal lines attached to the end of each line. |
| deinstitutionalization | The trend toward providing treatment through community-based outpatient clinics rather than inpatient hospitals. |
| ballistics | The science of projectiles, particularly bullets. |
| northern blot | A method of detecting a particular RNA transcript in a tissue or organ, by separating RNA from that source with gel electrophoresis, blotting the separated RNAs onto nitrocellulose, and then using a nucleotide probe to hybridize with, and highlight, the transcript of interest |
| off-center ganglion cell | A retinal ganglion cell that is activated when light is presented to the periphery, rather than the center, of the cell’s receptive field |
| short-term memory | A phase of memory in which a limited amount of information may be held for several seconds or minutes. |
| epilepsy | Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which the patient experiences repeated, unpredictable seizures, or episodes of disturbed brain activity that cause changes in attention or behavior. |
| norepinephrine | a neurotransmitter found mainly in areas of the brain that are involved in governing autonomic nervous system activity, especially blood pressure and heart rate. |
| sleep recovery | The process of sleeping more than normally after a period of sleep deprivation, as though in compensation. |
| unlearned | Not learned by instruction |
| adipose tissue | Tissue made up of fat cells. |
| limb dystonia | abnormal tone of muscle, characterized by prolonged, repetitive muscle contractions that may cause twisting or jerking movements of the body or a body part. |
| müllerian regression hormone | See anti-müllerian hormone. |
| structural encoding | A way of encoding verbal information that emphasizes how words look. |
| peak | A period of maximum value, use or demand |
| anp | See atrial natriuretic peptide |
| endorphins | A family of neuro-transmitters |
| punishment | in operant conditioning, a process whereby a response is followed by a negative reinforcer, which results in a decrease in the probability of the response. |
| monoamine oxidase | An enzyme that deaminates monoamines, amine compounds that function as neurotransmitters which contain one amino group, through oxidation |
| planum temporale | A region of superior temporal cortex adjacent to the primary auditory area |
| phenylalanine | An essential amino acid readily available in most food sources |
| fractures | a partial or complete break in the bone. |
| appetitive behavior | The second stage of mating behavior; helps establish or maintain sexual interaction |
| rigidity | Abnormal stiffness in a limb or other body part |
| classical conditioning | A type of learning in which a subject comes to respond to a neutral stimulus as he would to another stimulus by learning to associate the two stimuli |
| deep dyslexia | Acquired dyslexia in which the patient reads a word as another word that is semantically related |
| k+ channels | Ion channels that form |
| interdependence | when two or more things depend on each other. |
| age of viability | The point at which a fetus has some chance of surviving outside the mother if born prematurely. |
| schizogony | A form of asexual reproduction seen in certain protozoa, in which the nucleus of the organism divides several times before the remainder of the cell divides; also called multiple fission. |
| myonecrosis | Muscle-cell death. |
| vesicular transport | The |
| nuclear functional study | Also called a wall motion study, gated nuclear angiogram or MUGA scan |
| hypercalcemia | Abnormally elevated levels of calcium in the blood. |
| diabetes mellitus | A condition, characterized by excessive glucose in the blood and urine and by reduced glucose utilization by body cells, that is caused by the failure of insulin to induce glucose absorption |
| serum | Blood plasma minus the clotting factor fibrinogen; the clear liquid that remains after the blood clots, containing many important blood proteins including antibodies (immunoglobulins). |
| off-on phenomenon | Sudden, unpredictable changes in motor performance by people on levodopa therapy. |
| beta receptor | A |
| standardization sample | A large group of people that is representative of the entire population of potential test takers. |
| inner ear | The cochlea and vestibular apparatus |
| pleura | The thin |
| personality disorders | Disorders characterized by stable patterns of experience and behavior that differ noticeably from patterns considered normal by a person’s culture. |
| stress | The experience of being threatened by taxing circumstances |
| foot-in-the-door phenomenon | The tendency to agree to a difficult request if one has first agreed to an easy request. |
| central deafness | A hearing impairment in which the auditory areas of the brain fail to process and interpret action potentials from sound stimuli in meaningful ways |
| aneurysm | A balloon-like bulge in an artery. An aneurysm can grow large and rupture–or burst–or dissect, which occurs when one or more layers of the artery walls splits |
| complexity | The range of wavelengths in light. |
| chemoaffinity hypothesis | The notion that each cell has a chemical identity that directs it to synapse on the proper target cell during development |
| autoradiograph | Also known as an autorad, this is the final product in DNA analysis, having a similar appearance as a barcode. |
| pro-opiomelanocortin | A pro-hormone that can be cleaved to produce the melanocortins, which also participate in feeding control |
| zero to three | Site provides information concerning infants from the time they are born until the age of three |
| megalomania | A form of mania in which an individual believes oneself to be a person of great fame or wealth |
| substantia nigra | A brainstem structure that innervates the basal ganglia and is the source of all dopaminergic projections |
| tympanic canal | Also called scala tympani |
| antinuclear antibody test | Test that detects autoantibodies against the DNA of cell nuclei; used as an aid in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, lupus). |
| dyskinesia | An involuntary movement including athetosis and chorea. |
| steroid | Natural or organic fat soluble compounds including |
| oxygen | A colorless odorless gas that is essential for plant and animal respiration. |
| gulf war syndrome | Condition characterized by fatigue and widespread pain and body aches related to active duty in the 1991 Persian Gulf War. |
| developmental language disorder | Developmental expressive language disorder is a disorder in which a child has lower-than-normal proficiency for his or her age in vocabulary, the production of complex sentences, and recall of words. |
| us | See classical conditioning. |
| sulcus | A crevice or valley of a convoluted brain surface |
| neuromuscular | Of, relating to, or affecting both nerves and muscles. |
| encoding | A stage of memory formation in which the information entering sensory channels is passed into short-term memory |
| nmda receptor | A glutamate receptor that also binds the glutamate agonist NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) |
| message | See messenger RNA |
| taste receptor cells | A |
| vas deferens | A |
| significance level | in inferential statistics, a statement of the probability that an observed outcome is due only to chance. |
| pregnane x receptor | nuclear hormone receptor involved in induction of enzymes in drug metabolism; 4.3, 7.1 |
| dehydration | Loss of body water, occurring when the intake of water is insufficient to cover water losses. |
| vertebral arteries | Arteries that ascend the vertebrae, enter the base of the skull, and join together to form the basilar artery |
| macular degeneration | macular degenerationFunction: noun: progressive deterioration of the macula lutea resulting in a gradual loss of the central part of the field of vision; esp: see: age-related macular degeneration |
| potomac horse fever | A gastrointestinal disease of horses, characterized by high fever, colitis (inflammation of the large intestine), diarrhea, and dehydration; caused by a rickettsia, Ehrlichia risticii |
| lumen | The interior of a blood vessel or tubular organ, such as the intestine. |
| generalized fear | the spreading of a conditioned fear response from the initial, specific CS to other situations |
| shell shock | See posttraumatic stress disorder |
| iris | The circular, pigmented structure located behind the cornea; by expanding or contracting its central opening, or pupil, it regulates the amount of light penetrating the inner reaches of the eye. |
| nervous system | The collection of approximately 10 billion nerve cells called neurons that conduct, receive and transfer electrochemical impulses |
| degenerative arthritis | Degenerative arthritis, also called osteoarthritis, is a type of arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints Osteoarthritis, also called degenerative arthritis, is a type of arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints |
| pku | See phenylketonuria |
| cardiac | Pertaining to the heart. |
| ballistic movement | A rapid muscular movement that is often organized or programmed in the cerebellum |
| ethmoid bone | The spongy bone of the skull that makes up the septum of the |
| psychotherapy | Another word for counseling, but stresses patterns originating from the past. |
| protozoa | A single celled microorganism |
| mortality | Subject drop-out in a research study |
| ketamine | A dissociative anesthetic drug, similar to PCP, that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist |
| vision | A |
| bruxism | Bruxism is a condition that is best characterized by an individual grinding their teeth and constantly clenching their jaw |
| anti-anxiety drug | a drug which functions as a central nervous system depressant, but whose primary behavioural effect is the reduction of anxiety. |
| cellular immune response | The mounting of a cytotoxic T cell/macrophage/natural killer (NK) cell immune response to an antigen. |
| 2-deoxy glucose | a compound (similar to glucose) that can be radioactively labeled to assess the metabolic activity of different brain areas |
| glucocorticoids | A class of steroid hormones, released by the adrenal cortex, that affect carbohydrate metabolism and inflammation. |
| korsakoff’s syndrome | A memory disorder, related to a thiamine deficiency, that is generally associated with chronic alcoholism. |
| reflex sympathetic dystrophy | Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy, also known as complex regional pain syndrome, is a clinical chronic systemic disease which can be characterized by symptoms of swelling, severe pain and changes within the skin |
| abduction | movement of a limb away from the middle of the body, generally in the |
| hyperphosphatemia | Abnormally elevated levels of phosphorus in the bloodstream. |
| nephrons | The microscopic, functional units of the kidney. |
| secretin | A |
| insulin | A pancreatic hormone that lowers blood glucose, promotes energy storage, and facilitates glucose utilization by cells |
| sensory nerve | A nerve that conveys information from the body to the central nervous system |
| dizziness | A condition of losing one's balance while feeling unsteady and lightheaded which may lead to fainting. |
| ascariasis | Any ascarid infestation. |
| elaboration likelihood model | The idea that changes to attitudes tend to be longer lasting when people think about the content of persuasive messages they receive. |
| elimination disorders | disorders in which a child shows frequent, uncontrolled urination or defecation far beyond the age at which children usually develop control over these functions |
| colony | A group of microorgansims growing on a solid nutrient medium. |
| granule | A tiny grain or particle. |
| ayc | Area Youth Coalition, any of several Ontario regional youth groups dedicated to tobacco control under the Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy |
| intraocular pressure | The pressure within the eye. |
| set point | The acceptable range for a specific factor in the body |
| thymus | An organ located in the upper portion of the chest cavity just behind the sternum that produces T lymphocytes, white blood cells that fight infection and destroy abnormal cells as part of the body's immune defense system. |
| spectrometry | The detection of wavelengths of light. |
| round window | A round opening on the |
| mental health | a state of psychological and emotional well-being that enables an individual to work, love, relate to others effectively, and resolve conflicts. |
| medial | toward the middle of the body; opposite of lateral (Sheep Brain Dissection) |
| phenotype matching | In general, processes by which an individual can assess the genetic relatedness of another individual on the basis of shared traits. |
| two-factor theory | The idea that people’s experience of emotion depends on two factors: physiological arousal and the cognitive interpretation of that arousal |
| resting membrane potential | A difference in electrical potential across the membrane of a nerve cell during an inactive period |
| parkin | A protein that has been implicated in Parkinson’s disease. |
| system variables | in witness testimony, variables that affect the accuracy of witness testimony and over which the police (and justice system in general) have some influence, including interviewing techniques. |
| turner's syndrome | The most common chromosomal abnormality of mares, characterized by a missing X chromosome; also called 63,X gonadal dysgenesis. |
| prodrug | drug precursor molecule that must undergo metabolic transformation in order to become activated; 4.1.2, 14.2 |
| synovial membrane | The lining membrane of a joint. |
| ataxia | An impairment in the direction, extent, and rate of muscular movement; often caused by cerebellar pathology. |
| stimulant | A drug that enhances the excitability of neurons |
| seminal fluid | The fluid component of |
| flight of ideas | A nearly continuous flow of accelerated speech with abrupt changes from topic to topic, usually based on understandable associations, distracting stimuli, or plays on words |
| proactive interference | The forgetting of new information because of previously learned information. |
| autonomic nervous system | The system that controls involuntary body functions. |
| thyroid gland | An endocrine gland, located in the throat, that regulates cellular metabolism throughout the body |
| standard condition | The usual environment for laboratory rodents, with a few animals in a cage and adequate food and water, but no complex stimulation |
| eukaryote | Any organism whose cells have the genetic material contained within a nuclear envelope. |
| psychophysiological tests | tests in which instruments are attached to the periphery of the body to record changes due to activity in the nervous system |
| self-help groups | Groups that are similar to therapy groups except that they do not have a therapist. |
| brachytherapy | Radiation therapy technique wherein a radioactive device is inserted into a tumor and left in place for a period of time, during which the radiation slowly kills the tumor cells. |
| pancreas | A gland that makes enzymes that help the body break down and use nutrients in food |
| retinoid x receptor | nuclear hormone receptor that binds retinoic acid and, after forming a heterodimer with of of several other receptors, affects gene transcription; 7.1 |
| hydroxylation | The introduction of hydroxyl (hydroxide) into an ion or radical, usually by the replacement of hydrogen |
| analgesia | Absence of or reduction in pain |
| semicircular canals | Structures in the inner ear that are concerned with the sensation of balance. |
| avoidance learning | a learned response to a signal that predicts the occurrence of an aversive stimulus |
| müllerian duct | A duct system in the embryo that will develop into female reproductive structures (oviduct, uterus, and upper vagina) if testes are not present in the embryo |
| bilateral surgery | Surgery performed on both sides of the brain. |
| positive feedback | the information feeding back is added to the process thereby speeding up the process |
| tight junction | complex protein structure that tightly connects the cytoplasmic membranes of two neighboring cells in an endothelial or epithelial cell layer and restricts the passage of fluid between the them; 3.3.2, 3.3.3 |
| neuroglia | connective or supporting tissues of the nervous system. |
| rabies | Inevitably fatal viral disease, primarily of bats and carnivores, characterized by neurologic dysfunction; caused by a rhabdovirus. |
| law of initial values | the principle that a drug effect depends on the initial level of the physiological or behavioral system |
| biopsychosocial model of illness | The idea that physical illness is the result of a complicated interaction among biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. |
| raynaud disease | Temporary discoloration, mild tingling/numbness, and sometimes pain of the fingers and toes due to reduced blood flow and reduced availability of oxygen |
| sympathetic postganglionic neurons | A |
| hypertension | condition in which the blood supply through the blood vessels is excessive and can lead to deterioration of the cell tissue and hardening of the arterial walls |
| caudal | toward the tail. |
| medial geniculate nuclei | Nuclei in the thalamus that receive input from the inferior colliculi and send output to the auditory cortex |
| tauopathy | Any disease that is associated with abnormal accumulations of the protein Tau, forming neurofibrillary tangles that impair the normal function of neurons |
| iatrogenic | Arising as a complication of medical treatment. |
| polymorphonuclear leukocyte | Any white blood cell having a lobular nucleus, such as a neutrophil. |
| pruning | the process of shortening or reducing number of neuronal synapses, axons, or dendrites in response to use or growth signals (Neuropathfinding) |
| decentration | The ability to focus simultaneously on several aspects of a problem. |
| nucleotides | Biochemical units that make up DNA and genes. |
| delta wave | the characteristic slow-wave EEG pattern that accompanies periods of deep sleep |
| stringhalt | Condition in which the horse involuntarily hyperflexes the hock as it walks; the cause is unknown. |
| flora | The population of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa) normally resident within an individual host, or within a certain portion of the host (e.g., the intestinal tract). |
| alveoli | Air filled sacs of the |
| rubrospinal tract | A tract of axons arising from the red nucleus in the midbrain and innervating neurons of the spinal cord |
| generator potential | A local change in the resting potential of a receptor cell that mediates between the impact of stimuli and the initiation of action potentials |
| depolarization | A reduction in membrane potential (the interior of the neuron becomes less negative) |
| milk letdown reflex | The reflexive release of milk in response to suckling, or to stimuli associated with suckling |
| dopamine | A catecholamine neurotransmitter present in three circuits of the brain: one that regulates movement; a second thought to be important for cognition and emotion; and a third that regulates the endocrine system |
| macula densa | A group of modified epithelial |
| hypothalamus | part of the brain that processes appetite, thirst, hormone regulation, control of internal body functions, sexual functions, and diurnal rhythms; the hypothalamus is a medial structure below (more ventral than) the thalamus. |
| nerve | A collection of axons bundled together outside the central nervous system |
| haustra | Small pouches of the |
| social desirability bias | The tendency of some people to describe themselves in socially approved ways. |
| amyloid plaques | See senile plaques. |
| gastroenterologist | A person who specializes in gastroenterology, a branch of medicine concerned with the structure, functions, diseases, and pathology of the stomach and intestines. |
| alveoli | Small air sacs comprising the innermost structure of the lungs |
| extracellular compartment | The fluid space of the body that exists outside the cells |
| opacification | Loss of transparency. |
| conduction aphasia | An impairment in the repetition of words and sentences. |
| youth violence | Site discusses how environmental, community, family, and individual factors contribute to youth violence. |
| root | Either of two distinct branches of a spinal nerve, each of which serves a separate function |
| functional food | A food containing additives which provide extra nutritional value |
| optic ataxia | A spatial disorientation in which the patient is unable to accurately reach for objects using visual guidance. |
| cerveau isolé | See isolated forebrain. |
| montreal cognitive assessment | MOCA, a brief examination consisting of eleven questions intended to evaluate the level of cognitive functioning, tailored specifically for patients with Parkinson's disease. |
| associative learning | A type of learning in which an association is formed between two stimuli or between a stimulus and a response |
| free nerve ending | An axon that terminates in the skin and has no specialized cell associated with it |
| resting tremor | One of the cardinal clinical features of Parkinson's disease, an unwanted and uncontrollable movement that affects a limb when it is at rest and stops for the duration of a voluntary movement. |
| stererotyped behaviors | Behaviors in an individual (with autism, for example) that are repeated many times. |
| mesmerism | treatment for hysterical patients based on the idea that magnetic fluids in the patients' bodies are affected by the magnetic forces of other people and objects; the patients' magnetic forces are thought to be realigned by the practitioner through his or her own magnetic force |
| myosin | A vital protein component of muscle, one of the proteins responsible for muscle contraction. |
| medial geniculate nucleus | Either of two nuclei—left and right—in the thalamus that receive input from the inferior colliculi and send output to the auditory cortex |
| renal pelvis | "Collecting funnel" deep within each kidney into which the kidney tubules drain filtrate. |
| osmosis | Diffusion of |
| carbuncle | A deep-seated skin infection containing many pockets of pus. |
| hematologic | Referring to the blood and/or blood cells. |
| nucleus | The section of the cell containing the DNA and RNA. |
| guevedoces | Literally, “eggs at 12” (in Spanish) |
| pharmacophore | consensus set of molecular properties such as charge distribution and shape required for activation or inhibition of a specific drug target; 15.3.8 |
| intercourse-outercourse approach | a sexual therapy approach, which emphasizes both the importance of intercourse as well as outercourse activities defined as any erotic activity that does not involve the insertion of a penis into a vagina or anus. |
| agent | in the epidemiologic model of disease transmission, the active cause of disease, e.g., tobacco products (the agent) as the cause of cancer |
| light | A kind of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun, stars, fire, and lightbulbs. |
| cochlear amplifier | The mechanism by which the cochlea is physically distorted by outer hair cells in order to “tune” the cochlea to be particularly sensitive to some frequencies more than others. |
| cilium | A hairlike extension |
| umbilical cord-derived stem cells | Undifferentiated cells taken from umbilical cord blood |
| receptor site | The site of a nerve cell where a neurotransmitter transfers its information. |
| cochlear nucleus | Either of two brainstem nuclei—left and right—that receive input from auditory hair cells and send output to the superior olivary nuclei |
| neuroeconomics | The study of brain mechanisms at work during economic decision making |
| sialorrhea | drooling; increased salivation. |
| positive feedback | The property by which some of the output of a system feeds back to increase the effect of input signals |
| shivering | Rapid involuntary muscle contractions that generate heat in hypothermic animals |
| aldosterone | A mineralocorticoid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that promotes the conservation of sodium by the kidneys |
| analgesic | A medication that reduces or eliminates pain. |
| foot-in-the-door technique | a method of compliance method, whereby people are more likely to comply if they initially agree to a small request, followed by a larger request later on |
| brush border | The array of |
| divergent thinking | A style of thinking in which people’s thoughts go off in different directions as they try to generate many different solutions to a problem. |
| exocrine glands | Glands that secrete their contents through ducts (tiny tubes) |
| bias | a source of error which results in a systematic distortion of results. |
| resolution | in the sexual response cycle, state of deep relaxation following orgasm in which a man loses his erection and a woman's orgasmic platform subsides |
| commitment | The intent to continue a romantic relationship even in the face of difficulties. |
| pituitary gland | a small gland located next to the hypothalamus, which regulates many endocrine functions, including the secretion of growth hormones, and secretes hormones that in turn trigger hormone secretions in other glands |
| treatment program | A structured clinical program for clients in an outpatient setting or in a hospital. |
| nos | Not Otherwise Specified |
| hyperprogestinism | Excessive production of the hormone progesterone. |
| autoimmune disease | Process in which the body's immune system causes illness by mistakenly attacking healthy cells, organs, or tissues |
| sign | Objective evidence of disease or disorder |
| fovea | The center of the retina, where vision is sharpest. |
| dynorphin | One of the three kinds of endogenous opioids |
| equine viral encephalomyelitis | Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, caused by eastern equine encephalo-myelitis (EEE) virus, western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus, or venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) virus |
| static system | A |
| free association | A psychodynamic technique, whereby a patient is encouraged to freely talk about their thoughts, wishes, experiences and mental images as they arise, in the hope of allowing preconscious content to surface in the consciousness. |
| balanoposthitis | Inflammation of the penis and prepuce. |
| serotonin | A monoamine neurotransmitter believed to play many roles, including but not limited to temperature regulation, sensory perception, and the onset of sleep |
| dna | See deoxyribonucleic acid |
| coolidge effect | The propensity of an animal that has appeared sexually satiated with a present partner to resume sexual activity when provided with a new partner |
| learning | A change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience. |
| pattern coding | Coding of information in sensory systems based on the temporal pattern of action potentials. |
| urethral diverticular concretion | The accumulation of smegma into a solidified mass in the urethra, resulting in inflammation and obstruction; also called bean. |
| senile dementia | A neurological disorder of the aged that is characterized by progressive behavioral deterioration, including personality change and profound intellectual decline |
| media | The middle layer of an |
| prostatectomy | The surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland. |
| fear conditioning | A form of learning in which fear comes to be associated with a previously neutral stimulus. |
| cochlea | A snail-shaped structure in the inner ear that contains the primary receptor cells for hearing |
| trp2 | See transient receptor potential 2. |
| dominant gene | A gene capable of expressing its trait even when carried by only one member of a chromosome pair. |
| ergonomics | the study of the 'fit' between human operators and their workplace, which can be used to design working environments that maximise user efficiency. |
| pulmonary edema | Noninflammatory buildup of fluid in the tissues and air spaces within the lungs. |
| antigen | A protein on the surface of a virus, bacteria or cell that can stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies as a defense mechanism. |
| tic | A repeated movement that the person who has it cannot control |
| acetylcholine | The neurotransmitter involved in regulating muscles, memory, mood, sleep, and organs (like the heart). |
| psychogenic amnesia | loss of memory in the absence of any brain injury or disease and thought to have psychological causes |
| primary carer | the individual that holds primary responsibility for the care of an infant, often the biological mother. |
| acidosis | An abnormal increase in acidity of body fluids caused by acid buildup or |
| parvocellular | Of or consisting of relatively small cells |
| criterion validity | A test’s ability to predict another criterion of the characteristic being measured. |
| endocrine glands | Glands that secrete their contents directly into the blood or interstitial fluid (the fluid surrounding cells) |
| festination | a type of walking sometimes seen in Parkinson’s disease in which the patient's center of gravity gets ahead of his feet, so that he starts to fall forward |
| apolipoprotein e | A protein that may help break down amyloid |
| phenylalanine | An amino acid shown to elevate mood, and which also aids in learning and memory |
| cortisol | a hormone released by the adrenal cortex, especially in response to stress |
| child trends links | Links to welfare and poverty, teen pregnancy, trends and statistics, fatherhood, and children and youth. |
| ambulatory | Involving locomotion; able to walk. |
| oxidation | The cellular "burning" of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the major form of energy used by cells. |
| retinoid x receptor | nuclear hormone receptor that binds retinoic acid and, after forming a heterodimer with of of several other receptors, affects gene transcription; 7.1, 7.3.1 |
| dysarthria | Low voice volume or muffled speech. |
| ovum | An egg, the female gamete. |
| suprachiasmatic nucleus | a structure of the hypothalamus that participates in circadian rhythms |
| morphine | An opiate compound derived from the poppy flower. |
| patent | Unobstructed, open. |
| adoption studies | Studies in which researchers examine trait similarities between adopted children and their biological and adoptive parents to figure out whether that trait might be inherited. |
| body | The middle section of the |
| vestibulocerebellum | The middle portion of the cerebellum, sandwiched between the spinocerebellum and the cerebrocerebellum and consisting of the nodule and the flocculus |
| critical period | See sensitive period |
| immunosuppression | A reduction in immune response |
| absolute threshold | the minimum amount of energy required for a sensory experience to be produced |
| glucosamine | A raw material your body needs to lubricate joints and build and maintain cartilage. |
| urticaria | Acute, usually localized skin swelling caused by an increased permeability of capillaries, producing a net outflow of fluid into the tissue spaces; often a manifestation of an allergic process. |
| hair matrixoma | Benign skin tumor arising from cells at the base of hair follicles (hair matrix cells). |
| ophthalmopathy | Eye disease |
| diurnal | Having a daily cycle or rhythm. |
| prosody | The perception of emotional tone-of-voice aspects of language |
| magnetic resonance spectroscopy | MR spectroscopy (MRS) is a variation of conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
| keratoma | Slowly growing tumor of the underlying structures of the hoof wall. |
| tail-chewing | A stable vice exhibited primarily by yearlings and two-year-olds. |
| supersensitivity psychosis | An exaggerated psychosis that may emerge when doses of antipsychotic medication are reduced, probably as a consequence of the up-regulation of receptors that occurred during drug treatment. |
| cognitive restructuring | in Ellis's rational-emotive therapy, a process for modifying faulty beliefs and the negative emotions they produce, in order to develop realistic beliefs and self acceptance. |
| prothrombin | A |
| suicidal ideation | thoughts of suicide or wanting to take one's life. |
| p20–50 effect | A positive deflection of the event-related potential, occurring about 20–50 ms after stimulus presentation, that is enhanced for selectively attended input compared to ignored input. |
| variable | An event, characteristic, behavior, or condition that researchers measure and study. |
| transporters | Specialized receptors in the presynaptic membrane that recognize transmitter molecules and return them to the presynaptic neuron for reuse. |
| ovum | Egg. |
| horner's syndrome | A specific set of clinical signs,constriction of the pupils, protrusion of the third eyelid, drooping of the upper eyelid, sweating of the face and neck on the affected side,resulting from partial interruption of the nerve supply to the eyes and head. |
| bowman's capsule | A membranous capsule surrounding the |
| arousal phase | in the sexual response cycle, psychological experience of arousal and pleasure as well as physiological changes, such as the tensing of muscles and enlargement of blood vessels and tissues (also called the excitement phase) |
| ionophore | small molecule that reversibly binds specific ions; the bound complex is able to efficiently cross cell membranes; 11.7.1 |
| visceral | Pertaining to the soft |
| asphyxia | Suffocation. |
| paleoneuroloy | the study of fossils brains (from brain casts, called endocasts). |
| access | (1) ability of a person or group to see, obtain, possess and especially to pay for tobacco products; (2) legal entitlement to enter premises where tobacco is sold, which may be subject to age restrictions (see also Youth Access) |
| tms | See transcranial magnetic stimulation |
| huntington's disease | Resource is related to or associated with application to Huntington's Disease |
| histrionic personality disorder | syndrome marked by rapidly shifting moods, unstable relationships, and an intense need for attention and approval, which are sought by means of overly dramatic behavior, seductiveness, and dependence |
| meninges | The three protective sheets of tissue—dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid—that surround the brain and spinal cord |
| suppurative | Producing pus (said of bacterial infections). |
| dura mater | A fibrous |
| brain self-stimulation | The process in which animals will work to provide electrical stimulation to particular brain sites, presumably because the experience is very rewarding. |
| sporotrichosis | An uncommon chronic, pus-forming infection caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii. |
| thromboembolism | Obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot originating at another site. |
| anti-müllerian hormone | Also called müllerian regression hormone (MRH) |
| effectual drug therapy | A general type of treatment to manage neurological disorders |
| rods | Photoreceptor cells in the retina that allow people to see in dim light. |
| tenosynovitis | Inflammation of the lining membrane that surrounds the tendon sheath. |
| low ringbone | Ringbone affecting the coffin joint. |
| neonatal | Newborn. |
| hierarchical classification | The ability to classify according to more than one level. |
| embryonic stem cells | Embryonic stem cells are the "blank slates" of an organism, capable of developing into all types of tissue in the body |
| idea of reference | An idea, held less firmly than a delusion, that events, objects, or other people in the person's immediate environment have a particular and unusual meaning specifically for him or her |
| relapse | A return to regular smoking after a cessation attempt. |
| glucocorticoids | Steroid hormones such as cortisol that are produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland; they elevate blood sugar levels, increase fat and protein breakdown and the secretion of stomach acid, and exert an anti-inflammatory effect on conditions such as arthritis and dermatitis. |
| retrograde amnesia | Difficulty in retrieving memories formed before the onset of amnesia |
| managed care | health care system in which all necessary services for an individual patient are supposed to be coordinated by a primary care provider; the goals are to coordinate services for an existing medical problem and to prevent future medical problems |
| noncompetitive ligand | A drug that affects a transmitter receptor while binding at a site other than that bound by the endogenous ligand. |
| atherosclerosis | Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis |
| autoreceptors | receptors on the presynaptic neuron that modulate activity by responding its to own neurotransmitter |
| prepared classical conditioning | theory that evolution has prepared people to be easily conditioned to fear objects or situations that were dangerous in ancient times |
| allosteric | action mode of a drug that binds to a receptor outside of the regular ligand's binding site |
| spectral filtering | Alteration of the amplitude of some, but not all, frequencies in a sound |
| pharmaceuticals | A drug used for medicinal purposes |
| emg | See electromyography |
| age slider | Person whose age changes, or who identifies as being different ages at different times |
| oxytocin | One of two hormones produced in the posterior pituitary, a part of the brain (see Vasopressin) |
| community environmental design | differs from urban renewal because these projects allow the current residents in the area to have an input in the redesign of the area. |
| follicle | Small sacs which develop on the |
| calcitonin | peptide hormone produced in the C-cells of the thyroid gland in response to high blood calcium levels |
| long-term memory | The final phase of memory, in which information storage may last from hours to a lifetime. |
| connectionist model of aphasia | Also called Wernicke-Geschwind model |
| trimethylglycine | A methylating agent, and a source of glycine, it supports SAMe production/recycling. |
| secondhand smoke | Also known as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) |
| statistical significance | a conclusion drawn from the data collected in a research study that the results are a result of the effect of the independent variable upon the dependent variable, and are not due to chance. |
| blood plasma | The liquid fraction of the blood (as opposed to blood cells). |
| arachnoid | The thin covering (one of the three meninges) of the brain that lies between the dura mater and pia mater. |
| anova | Software application that performs a time domain analysis using 'ANOVA' techniques. |
| validity | The ability of a test to measure the characteristic it is supposed to measure. |
| thc | See delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol |
| anthelmintic | Any deworming medication. |
| activational effect | A temporary change in behavior resulting from the administration of a hormone to an adult animal |
| pathogenesis | The cellular, biochemical, and pathological mechanism(s) underlying the development of a disease. |
| polydipsia | Excessive thirst. |
| periorbit | Eye socket. |
| phrenic nerve | The |
| micropolygyria | A condition of the brain in which small regions are characterized by more gyri than usual |
| nerve | A collection of axons bundled together outside of the central nervous system |
| semantic memory | Generalized declarative memory, such as knowing the meaning of a word without knowing where or when you learned that word |
| planum temporale | An auditory region of superior temporal cortex |
| idiopathic | Of unknown origin or without apparent cause (Idiopathic Parkinson's disease). |
| physical dependence | Addiction based on a need to avoid withdrawal symptoms. |
| blood spatter pattern analysis | The examination of blood spatter patterns to determine the events which took place before, during and after the spilling of the blood. |
| amplitude | Also called intensity |
| opium | A heterogeneous extract of the seedpod juice of the opium poppy,Papaver somniferum. |
| tachyzoites | Actively dividing form of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii found in the tissues of an infected animal. |
| conditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, previously neutral stimulus that, through pairing with a natural stimulus, becomes sufficient to elicit a response |
| solvent | The liquid (often water) in which a compound is dissolved |
| tongue | The muscular |
| ohc | See outer hair cell |
| sleep deprivation | The partial or total prevention of sleep |
| fc | Facilitated Communication |
| stimulus | An environmental event capable of being detected by sensory receptors. |
| operant conditioning | See instrumental conditioning. |
| biosynthesis | the production of neurotransmitters by the neuron |
| attention | Ability to focus in a sustained manner on one task or activity |
| bse | See bovine spongiform encephalopathy. |
| thoracic | Pertaining to or near the thorax |
| botulinim toxin | a neurotoxin that is injected into a particular muscle |
| ipsilateral | In anatomy, pertaining to a location on the same side of the body |
| nasopharynx | The rear portion of the pharynx, above the soft palate. |
| negative membrane potential | An imbalance in the |
| sexual script | A set of implicit rules that allow a person to judge what sexual behavior is appropriate in a given situation. |
| poultice | Soft, often medicated paste spread on a cloth and draped over a wound. |
| war neurosis | See posttraumatic stress disorder. |
| medial canthus | The inner corner of the eye. |
| relapse | The return (or recurrence) of symptoms of a disease after a period of improvement. |
| n1 effect | A negative deflection of the event-related potential, occurring about 100 ms after stimulus presentation, that is enhanced for selectively attended input compared to ignored input. |
| nervous tunic | Retina; innermost layer of the eye. |
| abstract | existing only in the mind; separated from embodiment; "abstract words like `truth' and `justice'". |
| hormones | Chemicals that are produced in glands and released into the bloodstream, involved in regulating body functions. |
| avp | See arginine vasopressin. |
| lie detector | See polygraph |
| pyometra | Accumulation of pus within the uterus, resulting usually from a severe bacterial infection. |
| codominant alleles | Genes wherein both members of an allelic pair are fully expressed. |
| consent | an ethical necessity, whereby participants agree to procedures that will take place and are given the right to withdraw at any time in the study. |
| dopamine | A natural neurotransmitter that helps with focus, concentration, and memory. |
| learned helplessness | non-responsiveness demonstrated when there is a perception of possessing a lack of control over a situation, after experience of non-contingent, unavoidable negative stimuli. |
| umbilical region | Abdominopelvic region |
| phytates | Form of inositol (a sugarlike compound) found in plants; excessive amounts in the diet can interfere with the absorption of zinc from the digestive tract. |
| rna | See ribonucleic acid |
| somatosensory 1 | See primary somatosensory cortex |
| catecholamines | Compounds secreted by the adrenal medulla, the most notable of which is epinephrine (adrenaline). |
| blood clotting response | The stoppage of bleeding or hemorrhage |
| cirrhosis of the liver | An often fatal disease in the liver which is often caused by alcoholism. |
| homeopathic | A natural herb, flower, or plant that is mixed with distilled water and shaken numerous times |
| area 17 | See primary visual cortex |
| complex partial seizure | In epilepsy, a type of seizure that doesn’t involve the entire brain, and therefore can cause a wide variety of symptoms |
| sensory conflict theory | A theory of motion sickness suggesting that discrepancies between vestibular information and visual information simulate food poisoning and therefore trigger nausea. |
| pupil | The aperture, formed by the iris, that allows light to enter the eye |
| visual acuity | Sharpness of vision |
| autonomic nervous system | A part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for regulating the activity of internal organs |
| unsoundness | Any deviation in structure or function that interferes with a horse's intended use or performance. |
| nmda receptor | A glutamate receptor that also binds the glutamate agonist NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), and that is both ligand-gated and voltage-sensitive, so it can participate in a wide variety of information processing |
| aversive conditioning | a form of behaviour modification which is designed to induce an aversive response to stimuli which are associated with existing undesirable behaviours. |
| risk factors | Conditions that increase a person's chances of getting a disease (such as cancer) |
| penis | A male |
| membrane pores | interruptions in the cell membrane that allow small molecules to enter and exit the cell |
| cisterna chyli | The |
| trichiasis | Condition wherein facial hair or eyelashes arising from normal sites are misdirected and contact the cornea or conjunctiva. |
| kidney | Either of the two bean-shaped organs in the lower abdominal cavity that are responsible for filtering toxic waste products from the blood, producing the important hormone erythroipoietin, and maintaining the body's water and electrolyte balance. |
| neuropharmacology | Also called psychopharmacology |
| astereognosis | The inability to recognize objects by touching and feeling them. |
| m1 | See primary motor cortex |
| prolapse | A bulging through or protrusion of a tissue or organ. |
| dermatitis | Any inflammatory skin disease. |
| temperament.com | "This Page is about behavioral individuality in infants, children and adults |
| reductionism | The scientific strategy of breaking a system down into increasingly smaller parts in order to understand it. |
| cryosurgery | A procedure by which local application of intense cold (freezing) is used to destroy unwanted tissue. |
| pharmacogenetics | The study of how a body reacts to a drug based on the individual's genetic make-up. |
| leptin | Leptin is secreted by fat cells throughout the body |
| family systems theory | the view of the family as a set of interacting and interdependent components. |
| dendritic trees | Highly branched fibers extending from neurons. |
| bioinformatics | The process of developing tools and processes to quantify and collect data to study biological systems logically. |
| concordant | Referring to any trait that is seen in both individuals of a pair of twins |
| aspirate | The removal of fluid from a tissue or cavity by means of a syringe and needle. |
| mitochondria | Small cylindrical organelles inside cells that provide energy for the cell by converting sugar and oxygen into special energy molecules, called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). |
| managed care organizations | Any group implementing health care using managed care concepts including pre-authorization of treatment, utilization review, and a fixed network of providers. |
| recombinant dna | Genetic material that has been altered and recombined in the laboratory by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together specific DNA fragments |
| gene expression | The turning on or off of specific genes |
| presynaptic membrane | The specialized membrane on the axon terminal of a nerve cell that transmits information by releasing neurotransmitter |
| estrogens | steroid hormones that induce development and sustain function of female sexual organs and body attributes |
| pulmonic stenosis | Congenital heart defect characterized by a narrowing (stenosis) of the connection between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. |
| problem solving | The active effort people make to achieve a goal that cannot be easily attained. |
| caudate nucleus | part of the brain |
| camp | cyclic nucleotide produced by ATP, which functions a second messenger inside a cell for many hormones an neurotransmitters. |
| immediate early genes | A class of genes that show rapid but transient increases in expression in cells that have become activated |
| snb | See spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus |
| ampa receptor | A glutamate receptor that also binds the glutamate agonist AMPA |
| arrhythmia | Arrhythmias are also called heart rhythm problems |
| rectum | The lower end of the |
| molecular ultrasound | The use of targeted microbubbles, extremely small, hollow structures that serve as a contrast agent during an ultrasound exam. |
| festination | Short, shuffling steps. |
| dementia with lewy bodies | one of the parkinsonism-plus syndromes in which dementia is combined with parkinsonism |
| smell | Odors drift into the nose and cause the smell receptors to send messages to the brain |
| catecholamines | A group of compounds with active roles in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
| working memory | A buffer that holds memories available for ready access during performance of a task |
| chronic pain | Chronic pain is a state in which pain persists beyond the usual course of an acute disease or healing of an injury, or that may or may not be associated with an acute or chronic pathologic process that causes continuous or intermittent pain over months or years |
| fast-twitch muscle fiber | A type of striated muscle that contracts rapidly but fatigues readily |
| cell-cell interaction | The general process during development in which one cell affects the differentiation of other, usually neighboring, cells |
| apoptosis | A form of cell death in which cells shrink and disappear; sometimes referred to as “cell suicide” |
| parental behavior | Behavior of adult animals that has the goal of enhancing the well-being of their own offspring, often at some cost to the parents |
| cortex | The central portion of a hair containing the pigment which gives hair its colour. |
| ectopia | Something out of place—for example, clusters of neurons seen in unusual positions in the cortex of someone suffering from dyslexia |
| glans penis | The cap-shaped termination of the penile shaft. |
| pku | See phenylketonuria. |
| heritability | A mathematical estimate that indicates how much of a trait’s variation in a population can be attributed to genetic factors. |
| withdrawal | A pathological retreat from people or the world of reality, often seen in schizophrenia. |
| conjunctivitis | Inflammation of the conjunctiva |
| villi | Wormlike |
| arcuate fasciculus | A tract connecting Wernicke’s speech area to Broca’s speech area |
| fenestration | Holes that allow through large |
| social facilitation | The tendency for individuals to perform better in the presence of other people. |
| neural chain | A simple kind of neural circuit in which neurons are attached linearly, end-to-end. |
| seborrheic dermatitis | flaky and scaly skin, often with a greasy appearance and rednes |
| neurofilament | A small, rodlike structure found in axons |
| ureter | Membranous tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. |
| scotoma | A region of blindness caused by injury to the visual pathway or brain. |
| tau | 1 |
| peptide hormones | Hormones manufactured by the body from amino acids, sometimes with the addition of carbohydrates (sugars). |
| smegma | Thick, oily or cheesy secretion that collects beneath the sheath of the penis. |
| α-fetoprotein | A protein found in the plasma of fetuses |
| neuralgia | pain arising from a specific nerve branch. |
| circular window | A round opening on the |
| chemokines | Alarm |
| therapeutic ratio | the ratio of LD-50 to MED-50 that represents the clinical safety factor of a drug |
| spasmodic colic | Colic characterized by increased numbers of bowel movements and episodes of pain following sudden changes in environmental temperature, diet, or activity level. |
| hawthorne effect | The phenomenon that subject behavior changes by the mere fact that they are being observed. |
| kcal | See kilocalorie. |
| zygote | Fertilized ovum (egg). |
| conjunctivitis | Conjunctivitis occurs when the eyelid lining swells |
| perceptual load | The immediate processing challenge presented by a stimulus. |
| counseling | A treatment intervention provided by a Mental Health Professional (someone with a Master’s degree in a behavioral health field – Psychology, Social Work, etc |
| magnetic resonance imaging | A noninvasive technique that uses magnetic energy to generate images that reveal some structural details in the living brain |
| adenylate kinase | enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction ATP+AMP ←→ 2 ADP; 10.5.2 |
| pyramidal cells | Pyramid shaped cells of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus with long connections to other neurons of the cortex and other brain regions. |
| autonomic nervous system | That part of the nervous system involved in the regulation of the heartbeat, glandular secretions, and smooth muscle contraction and relaxation, and generally not subject to conscious control. |
| dyslexia | Also called alexia |
| fetal alcohol syndrome | A collection of symptoms that may be present in babies of alcoholic mothers who drank heavily in pregnancy. |
| peptide hormones | See protein hormones. |
| posterior | towards the back of the head |
| lateral intraparietal area | A region in the monkey parietal lobe, homologous to the human intraparietal sulcus, that is especially involved in voluntary, top-down control of attention. |
| parathyroid glands | Twin, small pairs of endocrine glands located adjacent to the thyroid gland; they secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is essential for the regulation of calcium and phosphorus balance in the body. |
| ankylosis | Ankylosis is a condition that is associated with the stiffening of a joint due to the abnormal adhesion and rigidity nature of the bones of the joint |
| rem sleep | See rapid-eye-movement sleep. |
| antiparkinsonian medication | A medicine used to treat Parkinson's disease. For more information see what patients on our Patient Council have to share on the topic of medication. |
| axo-axonic synapse | A synapse at which a presynaptic axon terminal synapses onto the axon terminal of another neuron |
| buccal swab | A swab taken from the mouth to collect epithelial cells for DNA analysis. |
| sulcus | A deep crease between the ridges of your cerebral cortex |
| somatic intervention | An approach to finding relations between body variables and behavioral variables that involves manipulating body structure or function and looking for resultant changes in behavior |
| autoreceptor | A receptor for a synaptic transmitter that is located in the presynaptic membrane and tells the axon terminal how much transmitter has been released |
| bilayer | two layers of lipid molecules with their water-liking sides facing outward and their water-hating sides facing each other; lipid bilayers form plasma membranes of cells and membranes of other organelles. |
| muscular dystrophy | A disease that leads to degeneration of and functional changes in muscles. |
| β-amyloid | A protein that accumulates in senile plaques in Alzheimer’s disease. |
| desynchronized eeg | Also called beta activity |
| memory | The capacity for storing and retrieving information. |
| gaba | An amino acid precursor to the neurotransmitter GABA ( gamma aminobutyric acid): It promotes a calm relaxed feeling and inhibits tics and constant movement. |
| androgens | Sex steroid hormones, including testosterone, found in higher levels in males than females |
| head-nodding | A stable vice characterized by a repetitive bobbing motion of the head, usually performed alone in a stall while in a drowsy state of consciousness. |
| reliability | The ability of a test to produce the same result when administered at different times to the same group of people. |
| pupil | The opening, formed by the iris, that allows light to enter the eye |
| mastication | To chew food in preparation for |
| light intensity | The amount of light emitted or reflected by an object. |
| methylation | A chemical modification of DNA that does not affect the nucleotide sequence of a gene but makes that gene less likely to be expressed. |
| anticoagulants | Blood coagulates to form a clot following a complex series of steps involving clotting factors I through XIII and platelets |
| vestibular canal | See scala vestibuli. |
| brain nuclei | A |
| psychology | The study of behaviors and mental functions with the goal to understand individuals and groups |
| perception | Organization and interpretation of sensory information. |
| apoe | See apolipoprotein E |
| computerized tomography | method of analyzing brain structure by passing narrow X-ray beams through a person's head from several angles to produce measurements from which a computer can construct an image of the brain |
| codependence | Caring about and taking responsibility for another person to such an extent that individual needs are neglected by the person caring. |
| chemical degradation | the inactivation of neurotransmitters (or drugs) by specific enzymes |
| scala vestibuli | See vestibular canal |
| randomization | a method used in clinical trials whereby study participants are assigned to a treatment group based on chance. |
| nutrition | The sum of the processes whereby an animal or person utilizes food. |
| consciousness | The state of awareness of one’s own existence, thoughts, emotions, and experiences |
| tumor marker | The presence of a substance either released by cancer cells into the blood or urine or that is created by the body in response to cancer cells |
| dj-1 | A gene of unknown function implicated in rare inherited cases of Parkinson's disease. |
| glucose | Blood sugar, the body's most important fuel molecule. |
| edema | An abnormal accumulation of |
| hemolysis | Red blood cell destruction. |
| natural killer cells | Specialized lymphocytes that are important in detecting and eliminating tumor cells and virus-infected cells. |
| hue | One of three basic dimensions of light perception, varying around the color circle through blue, green, yellow, orange, and red |
| wearing-off phenomena | waning of the effects of a dose of levodopa prior to the scheduled time for the next dose, resulting in decreased motor performance. |
| ebp | The term evidence-based treatment (EBT) or empirically-supported treatment (EST) refers to preferential use of mental and behavioral health interventions for which systematic empirical research has provided evidence of statistically significant effectiveness as treatments for specific problems |
| demographic | a socioeconomic or similar factor that defines a certain group or area. |
| general anesthetic | A drug that renders an individual unconscious |
| translation | The process by which amino acids are linked together (directed by an mRNA molecule) to form protein molecules |
| ion channel | membrane protein that selectively conducts one or several specific ion species; 6.2.3 |
| sleep terror disorder | sleep disorder in which the individual screams, sweats, and has a racing heart during NREM sleep; the person cannot be easily wakened and usually does not remember the episode on awakening |
| phospholipids | Fats containing phosphorus. |
| transcription factor | A substance that binds to recognition sites on DNA and alters the rate of expression of particular genes. |
| autonomic nervous system | the efferent nerves that control involuntary visceral functions; classically subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic sections |
| extender | Fluid added to collected semen to increase or "extend" the volume |
| ot | Occupational therapy/therapist |
| pinocytosis | The process by which synaptic neurotransmitter is repackaged into synaptic vesicles |
| dacryosinusitis | Inflammation of the lacrimal apparatus and the adjacent sinuses |
| buttress foot | An advanced form of degenerative arthritis, caused by new bone growth in the region of the extensor process of the coffin bone. |
| antidiuretic hormone | See arginine vasopressin. |
| posttraumatic stress disorder | Formerly called combat fatigue, war neurosis, or shell shock |
| retinitis | Inflammation of the retina. |
| frontal eye field | An area in the frontal lobe of the brain containing neurons important for establishing gaze in accordance with cognitive goals (top-down processes) rather than with any characteristics of stimuli (bottom-up processes). |
| blood-injection-injury type phobias | extreme fears of seeing blood or an injury or of receiving an injection or another invasive medical procedure, which cause a drop in heart rate and blood pressure and fainting |
| exertional myopathies | Muscle diseases caused by exertion; these include azoturia, tying-up, and endurance-related myopathy |
| patent urachus | Abnormal persistence of the urachus after birth. |
| rhabdomyoma | A benign tumor of striated muscle cells. |
| impaction colic | Colic resulting in blockage of the intestine; can result from excessive consumption of grain or lush pasture, or ingestion of foreign material. |
| constant regions | A pair of polypeptide chains that are a subunit of an immunoglobulin and have a |
| beta activity | See desynchronized EEG |
| dhea | is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, which the body converts it into testosterone or estrogen |
| tangentiality | Characteristic of the loose cognitive and verbal associations seen in schizophrenia in which the person fails to answer questions and quickly moves the conversation to unrelated topics. |
| intrathecal | Injection into the innermost membrane surrounding the central nervous system |
| adolescent medicine | a subspeciality of pediatric medicine with a focus on providing healthcare to adolescent patients and treating medical problems that are common during adolescence. |
| will | the capability of conscious choice and decision and intention. Nietzsche defines will similarly to the "any internally motivated action" usage, but more narrowly |
| axon | Also called nerve fiber |
| central nervous system | The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord. |
| pacinian corpuscle | Also called lamellated corpuscle |
| radial fractures | Star-shaped fractures formed when a sheet of glass is pierced by a bullet, originating on the opposite side to the initial impact. |
| molecular radiotherapy | A treatment for cancer |
| antibody | A substance that binds to a specific drug or drug metabolite. |
| compound fracture | Fracture that breaks through the skin; open fracture. |
| behavioral pharmacology | the analysis of the effects of drugs on behavior |
| ganglionectomy | The surgical removal of a ganglion |
| blood-brain barrier | A thin layer of tightly packed cells separating the central nervous system from the body's blood stream |
| wallerian degeneration | See anterograde degeneration. |
| axon terminal | The end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse on a neuron or other target cell. |
| perimetrium | The outer peritoneal layer of the |
| calcaneus | Heel bone. |
| haustral churning | Slow, rhythmic movements of the |
| drug conjugation | Coupling of drug molecules with functional groups derived from cosubstrates |
| t-cells | Any of several types of white blood cells that develop in the thymus gland and play a role in the control of immune response. |
| extraneous variable | A variable other than the independent variable that could affect the dependent variable |
| liver function tests | Refers to a group of blood tests used to evaluate the function of the liver |
| cornstalk disease | Common name for leukoencephalomalacia. |
| differentiation | See cell differentiation |
| stretch receptors | A |
| vicarious reinforcement | learning behaviour by observing others being rewarded for the behaviour. |
| n-acetyl l-cysteine | More bioavailable form of cysteine, a sulphur-bearing, essential amino acid that supports activity in the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway |
| malassimilation | Defective transport of one or more nutrients from the intestinal contents across the intestinal wall. |
| stratum corneum | Apical layer of the |
| oxyhemoglobin | The combination of |
| capillaries | Small, thin walled |
| developmental prosopagnosia | See prosopagnosia. |
| procedural memory | memory for how-to?information, that we have no conscious access to, for instance, how to ride a bike. |
| analgesics | A common category of pain medication; includes aspirin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen |
| taste buds | Bodies that lie in the |
| aptitude tests | An assessment that predicts people’s future ability to acquire skills or knowledge. |
| presenilin | An enzyme that cleaves amyloid precursor protein, forming β-amyloid, which can lead to Alzheimer’s disease |
| epilepsy | a condition in which there is a problem with the brain that causes long-term seizures in the child. |
| rhizotomy | See Radicotomy |
| anticholinergics | drugs that specifically interfere with the activity of neurons that release acetylcholine |
| differentiating | In |
| multi-task | to handle multiple tasks at once. |
| diffusion potential | electrochemical that forms across membranes if these are selectively permeable toward an ion species for which there is a concentration gradient across the membrane; 6.2.1 |
| afferent | incoming information or neuronal connection; coming into or towards the central nervous system |
| cervical | Pertaining to the neck. |
| serum hepatitis | An acute form of liver failure in adult horses associated in most cases with the injection of some biological product of equine origin, usually tetanus antitoxin; also called Theiler's disease. |
| glucagon | A |
| phagocyte | An immune system cell that engulfs invading molecules or microbes |
| bradyphrenia | Slowness in thought processing. |
| photopic system | A system in the retina that operates at high levels of light, shows sensitivity to color, and involves the cones |
| memory trace | A persistent change in the brain that reflects the storage of memory. |
| specific gravity | A measurement of the concentration of urine in a urine sample; determined by using a small hand-held device called a refractomer. |
| lsd | Also called acid |
| aboriginal | collective term for the indigenous peoples of Canada and their descendants, including M彋is, Inuit and First Nations, on and off reserves and status and non-status under the Indian Act |
| pleuropneumonia | Bacterial infection secondary to pneumonia or lung abscesses. |
| bioavailable | Referring to a substance, usually a drug, that is present in the body in a form that is able to interact with physiological mechanisms |
| kinaesthetics | a term used to describe the response and feedback from movement sensations in the muscles or joints. |
| capped hock | Traumatic bursitis over the point of the hock, usually caused by the horse's kicking a solid structure. |
| epidermolysis bullosa | Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of inherited disorders in which skin blisters develop in response to minor injury |
| orthostatic hypotension | a large decrease in blood pressure upon standing; may result in fainting. |
| range of motion | the extent that a joint will move from full extension to full flexion. |
| retina | A sensory |
| vascularization | The formation of blood vessels at a tissue site. |
| acetylcholinesterase | Enzyme capable of breaking down acetylcholine. |
| labia | The external lips or folds of the vulva of the female. |
| san joaquin valley fever | Coccidioidomycosis ("valley fever"). |
| attentional blink | The reduced ability of subjects to detect a target stimulus if it follows another target stimulus by about 200–450 milliseconds. |
| lead | 1 |
| neuropathy | Any disorder of the peripheral nervous system. |
| receptor molecule | See receptor (definition 2). |
| melatonin | A naturally occuring hormone secreted by the "pineal" gland |
| glomerulus | Any one of the many tiny clusters of blood vessels within the kidney; they filter waste products from the blood and excrete them in the form of urine, which is transported to the bladder for elimination. |
| reinforcement schedule | The pattern in which reinforcement is given over time. |
| behavioral tolerance | the reduced behavioral response to a drug that occurs as a result practice |
| global assumptions | fundamental beliefs that encompass all types of situations |
| parathyroid hormone | peptide hormone produced by the parathyroid glands, which are four small nodes of gland tissue attached to the thyroid gland |
| viruses | Minute, nonliving infectious disease agents composed primarily of protein and nucleic acid (either RNA or DNA), and characterized by the absence of independent metabolism and an inability to replicate outside susceptible host cells. |
| acetaldehyde | a toxic metabolite of ethyl alcohol |
| retrograde amnesia | An inability to remember events that occurred before a brain injury or traumatic event. |
| nih | National Institutes of Health |
| suicide cluster | when two or more suicides or attempted suicides nonrandomly occur closely together in space or time |
| abnormal host | A host infected with a parasite normally found in another host species. |
| negative feedback | information feeding back which is subtracted from the process thereby slowing the process down |
| ovulation | The production and release of an egg (ovum) |
| incomplete tetanus | whole muscle |
| trigger points | A ropey or nodular muscle area that causes pain and that can be felt by the doctor when he or she probes. Pain from the tight muscle may be felt at the nodular site, or may be referred to another area on the body. |
| paraventricular nucleus | A nucleus of the hypothalamus |
| hormones | naturally occurring compounds, released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands, that stimulate chemically specific receptors on target organs |
| thrombus | A blood clot causing obstruction of a blood vessel at the site of clot formation. |
| gelding | Castrated male horse. |
| hypophyseal gland | small endocrine gland connected to the hypothalamus that secretes multiple peptide hormones, many of which control other endocrine glands; 7.1 |
| lip | See lateral intraparietal area |
| db | See decibel. |
| monotherapy | treatment that involves only one drug. |
| lip | See lateral intraparietal area. |
| iris | A ring of muscle that surrounds the pupil in the eye. |
| cns | Abbreviation for "Central Nervous System," a term referring to the brain and spinal cord. |
| neurotransmitter | Chemical messengers in the nervous system that permit nerve cells to communicate; examples include dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine |
| weber's law | is a law of psychophysics which states that the amount by which a stimulus must change in order for that change to be noticeable is proportional to the intensity of that stimulus |
| catatonic type | A subtype of schizophrenia characterized by unnatural movement patterns such as rigid, unmoving posture or continual, purposeless movements, or by unnatural speech patterns such as absence of speech or parroting of other people’s speech. |
| depolarization | A change from a negative to a positive charge, generating an electrical wave (as in the production of the heartbeat). |
| neocortex | Also called isocortex or simply cortex |
| gustatory | Relating to the sense of |
| steady state system | A |
| paragigantocellular nucleus | A region of the brainstem reticular formation implicated in sleep and modulation of spinal reflexes. |
| bile duct | Duct that discharges digestive fluids (bile) from the liver into the small intestine. |
| peptidoglycan | matrix material of the bacterial cell wall, consisting of linear strands of N-acetylglucosamine and muramic acid that are crosslinked by oligopeptides; crosslinks are formed extracellularly by muramyl-transpeptidase; 11.4.1 |
| executive function | A neural and cognitive system that helps develop plans of action and organizes the activities of other high-level processing systems |
| cat | See computerized axial tomography |
| neutrophil | A type of white blood cell capable of engulfing and destroying bacteria and other disease agents, immune complexes, and cell debris. |
| intubation | Insertion of a breathing tube into the trachea during anesthesia. |
| uterine prolapse | Uterine inversion. |
| trophozoites | Motile feeding forms of the parasite Giardia; they multiply in the small intestine by means of binary fission. |
| paroxysm | A sudden bout. |
| immunology | The study of all aspects of the immune system including its structure and function, disorders of the immune system, blood banking, immunization and organ transplantation. |
| hemorrhagic enteritis | Inflammation of the intestine accompanied by bleeding in the intestinal tract. |
| frequency distribution | A table showing the number of occurrences for each score |
| epiphysis | The end (head) of a |
| external testing | The testing of urine specimens by professional technologists or technicians at a commercial laboratory located away from probation or parole facilities. |
| magnetic resonance imaging | A noninvasive technique for examining brain structure that uses magnetic energy to generate images that reveal some structural details in the living brain |
| synapse | space between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron into which neurotransmitters are first released (also known as the synaptic gap) |
| genome | See genotype. |
| expected value | The process of adding the value of a win times the probability of a win to the value of a loss times the probability of a loss in order to make a decision. |
| endocardium | A thin serous membrane, the innermost lining of the chambers of the heart |
| post concussion syndrome | Post-Concussion Syndrome, also referred to as postconcussive syndrome or PCS is characterized by a list of symptoms that can last for weeks, months, or even up to a year or more following a concussion |
| diarrhea | Diarrhea is an increase in the frequency of bowel movements or a decrease in the form of stool, characterized by unusually frequent bowel movements and excessive watery evacuations of fecal material |
| cryothalamotomy | a surgical procedure in which a super-cooled probe is inserted into a part of the brain called the thalamus in order to stop tremors. |
| scapula | Shoulder-blade. |
| large intestine | The lower part of the intestines composed of the |
| endogenous opioids | A family of peptide transmitters that have been called the body’s own narcotics |
| somnambulism | Sleepwalking |
| landau-kleffner syndrome | Resource is related to or associated with application to Landau-Kleffner Syndrome |
| colorectal cancer | Cancer that occurs in the colon (part of the large intestine) or the rectum. |
| angiotensin i | The inactive form of angiotensin which is a descendant of |
| williams syndrome | A disorder characterized by fluent linguistic function, but poor performance on standard IQ tests and great difficulty with spatial processing |
| zygote | A cell that results from the combination of a sperm cell and an egg during conception. |
| nucleic acids | General term for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), DNA serving as the genetic material of all living organisms and some viruses. |
| infection | Invasion and multiplication of |
| conduction zone | The part of a neuron over which the nerve’s electrical signal may be actively propagated |
| dysthymic disorder | type of depression that is less acute than major depression but more chronic; diagnosis requires the presence of a sad mood or anhedonia, plus two other symptoms of depression, for at least 2 years, during which symptoms do not remit for 2 months or longer |
| hormone | A substance in the body which produces a particular effect on cells. |
| equine influenza | Very important viral respiratory disease of horses caused by subtypes (A1 and A2) of equine influenza virus, an orthomyxovirus |
| asperger’s syndrome | Also called high-functioning autism |
| flehmen reaction | A unique behavior wherein the horse extends its head and curls back the upper lip while drawing air into the nasal cavity; usually expressed by a stallion attempting to detect estrus ("heat") in a mare. |
| intrinsic activity | See efficacy. |
| bradyzoites | Dormant, encysted forms of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. |
| semantics | The meanings or interpretation of words and sentences in a language. |
| psychotomimetic | A drug that induces a state resembling schizophrenia |
| myopia | Nearsightedness; the inability to focus the retinal image of objects that are far away. |
| hermaphrodite | An individual possessing the reproductive organs of both sexes, either simultaneously or at different points in time. |
| ionizing radiation | Subatomic particles or electromagnetic waves that are energetic enough to detach electrons from atoms or molecules, a process called ionization |
| blood-brain barrier | The mechanisms that make the movement of substances from blood vessels into brain cells more difficult than exchanges in other body organs, thus affording the brain greater protection from exposure to some substances found in the blood. |
| 6-ohda | a neurotoxin (6-hydroxy dopamine) that destroys the terminal endings of cells that release dopamine or norepinephrine |
| thoracolumbar | Pertaining to the upper trunk and back. |
| visual p1 effect | A positive deflection of the event-related potential, occurring 70–100 milliseconds after stimulus presentation, that is enhanced for selectively attended visual input compared to ignored input |
| globus pallidus interna | nuclei in the brain that regulate muscle tone; part of the basal ganglia. |
| thalamus | A structure consisting of two egg-shaped masses of nerve tissue, each about the size of a walnut, deep within the brain |
| sympathetic chain | A chain of ganglia that runs along each side of the spinal column; part of the sympathetic nervous system |
| antidiuretic hormone | Pituitary gland hormone that controls water resorption by the kidneys, urine production and concentration, and water balance; also called vasopressin. |
| motor nerve | A nerve that transmits information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands |
| pelvic flexure | Area of the large intestine where the intestine narrows and folds back on itself. |
| trinucleotide repeat | Repetition of the same three nucleotides within a gene, which can lead to dysfunction, as in the cases of Huntington’s disease and fragile X syndrome. |
| sudden cardiac death | Also called sudden cardiac arrest |
| resting state | The period during which the inside of a neuron has a slightly higher concentration of negatively charged ions than the outside does |
| direct life cycle | With regard to parasites, a life cycle that can be completed without the participation of an intermediate host. |
| ductus arteriosus | Blood vessel normally present during fetal life that allows blood to bypass the lungs, which of course are nonfunctional at this time; the ductus normally closes shortly after birth. |
| somatosensory | Referring to body sensation, particularly touch and pain sensation. |
| congruence | According to Carl Rogers, the accurate match between self-concept and reality. |
| reflex testing | A series of diagnostic tests performed to observe the body's response to touch stimuli |
| dermatophytosis | Ringworm. |
| intrafusal fiber | One of the small muscle fibers that lie within each muscle spindle |
| progesterone | A hormone associated with pregnancy and birth that helps maintain bone strength. |
| mc4rs | See melanocortin type-4 receptors. |
| intravenous | Within or by means of a vein. |
| plexus | a network of nerves or veins |
| hydrophobic | Repelling or unable to dissolve in |
| early-selection model of attention | A theory postulating that the attentional bottleneck imposed by the nervous system can exert control early in the processing pathway, filtering out stimuli before even preliminary perceptual analysis has occurred |
| malignant lymphoma | cancer derived from lymphatic cells |
| pharynx | The tubular |
| noncompetitive inhibition | the antagonistic effect of drugs that alter the shape or structure of a receptor rather than mimicking a neurotransmitter |
| insight | Refers to the extent to which the patient is aware he is ill, recognizes the nature of the illness and understands the dynamic factors involved in producing the illness. |
| cdmhp | County Designated Mental Health Professional. This is the only person legally mandated to file for an official involuntary treatment order in Washington State. Every county is required to have one available 24/7. |
| comt inhibitor | A drug that blocks an enzyme (catchol-O-methyltransferase) that breaks down dopamine |
| neuromuscular junction | a specialized synapse onto a muscle; the place where the neuron connects to the muscle (Virtual Neurons, Connect the Neurons) |
| thrombocytes | A cytoplasmic |
| lyme disease | Lyme disease, scientifically recognized as lyme borreliosis, is an infectious disease that is caused by at least three species of bacteria that belongs to the genus borrelia |
| spinal cord | Nerve fibers that carry instructions to the rest of your body |
| ciliary muscle | One of the muscles that control the shape of the lens inside the eye, focusing an image on the retina |
| epigenetics | The study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genes themselves. |
| neuron doctrine | the notion that the brain is comprised of individual cells rather than a syncytium of protoplasm |
| cornified | Converted into hardened tissue; keratinized. |
| traumatic brain injury | Coming Soon Learn more |
| gyrus | ridges or bumps of folded cerebral cortex |
| cohort effect | effect that occurs when people born in one historical period are at different risk for a disorder than are people born in another historical period |
| limbic system | A part of the forebrain involved in emotional experience and memory. |
| flatulence | Presence of excessive air or gas within the intestinal tract. |
| cardiac muscle | Specialized type of muscle found only in the heart. |
| working memory | a flexible memory system used for reasoning and language comprehension, that is comprised of the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and central executive. |
| cilia | Minute, hairlike cellular processes lining much of the respiratory tract; their rhythmic beating movements, in concert with an overlying layer of mucus, effect removal of debris and other foreign material from the airways. |
| lgn | See lateral geniculate nucleus |
| receptor | a special molecule on a dendrite that tastes each specific neurotransmitter; neurotransmitter and receptor must fit together like a lock and key (Connect the Neurons) |
| neuroleptic drug | another name for an antipsychotic drug |
| melatonin | An amine hormone that is released by the pineal gland |
| metabolism | The breakdown of complex molecules into smaller molecules. |
| arteries | A |
| conduct disorder links | Links to information about conduct disorder including descriptions, treatment, and research. |
| mixed receptive-expressive language disorder | disorder involving deficits in the ability to express oneself through language and to understand the language of others |
| retrograde transport | Movement of cellular substances toward the cell body from the axon terminals |
| substantia nigra | a group of dopamine neurons that project to D2 receptors in the extrapyramidal motor system |
| intelligence | an underlying ability which enables an individual to adapt to and function effectively within a given environment. |
| surgical therapies | Brain surgery that can supplant or supplement drug therapies for Parkinson's disease in some patients |
| meninges | a series of three protective membranes (the dura matter, the arachnoid, and the pia) that cover the brain and the spinal cord. |
| carcinogen | Any cancer-causing substance, such as asbestos, nickel, alcohol, or tobacco. |
| phlebitis | Inflammation of a vein. |
| deep pressure receptor | Also know as Pancinian corpuscles; a type of |
| latency differences | Differences between the two ears in the time of arrival of a sound, which can be employed by the nervous system to localize sound sources |
| clinical | Pertaining to medical care. |
| vasopressin | A hormone secreted in the brain (the posterior pituitary) |
| bradycardia | Abnormally slow heart rate. |
| anesthesiologist | Physician who specializes in anesthesia and the management of pain |
| metestrus | In the estrus cycle, the period of subsidence of follicular activity that follows estrus ("heat"). |
| tremor | A rhythmical shaking of a limb, head, mouth, tongue or other part of the body that is involuntary in nature. |
| reformulated learned helplessness theory | view that people who attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes are more likely than other people to experience learned helplessness deficits following such events and thus are predisposed to depression |
| ordinal data | data that can be rank-ordered, but intervals between ranks are not necessarily equal. |
| polycythemia | An abnormal increase in the |
| accessibility | (1) broadly, the ability of a person or group to acquire and especially to pay for tobacco products; (2) specifically, concerns policies that restrict economic access to tobacco products by increasing price through taxation |
| stomach | A large muscular sac located along the |
| aromatization | The chemical reaction that converts testosterone to estradiol, and other androgens to other estrogens |
| bipolar cell | An interneuron in the retina that receives information from rods and cones and passes the information to retinal ganglion cells |
| monocular cues | Depth perception cues that require only one eye. |
| self-monitoring | method of assessment in which a client records the number of times per day that he or she engages in a specific behavior and the conditions surrounding the behavior |
| cck | See cholecystokinin |
| hyperpnea | An abnormal increase in respiratory rate |
| attentional blink | The reduced ability of subjects to detect a target stimulus if it follows another target stimulus by about 200–450 ms. |
| purkinje cell | A type of large nerve cell in the cerebellar cortex |
| lymphatic system | A network of organs, lymph nodes and vessels that removes lymph fluid from the tissues of the body and returns it to the blood stream |
| coping | Efforts to manage stress. |
| psychometric approach | A method of understanding intelligence that emphasizes people’s performance on standardized aptitude tests. |
| myoglobin | The oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle tissue. |
| m1 | See primary motor cortex. |
| inhibition | 1) In reference to neurons, it is a synaptic message that prevents the recipient cell from firing |
| pcr | See polymerase chain reaction. |
| croup | Hindquarters; area between the hips and the point of the buttocks. |
| multipolar neuron | A nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon |
| motor neuron | A neuron that conveys impulses initiating muscle contraction or glandular secretion. |
| dependent variable | The factor that an experimenter measures to monitor a change in response to changes in an independent variable. |
| auditory ossicles | Tiny bones in the middle ear that are responsible for transmitting the vibrations of the eardrum to the inner ear. |
| antibodies | Specialized proteins produced by cells of the immune system in response to the presence of foreign material (bacteria, viruses, toxins, etc.); antibodies are capable of binding to the foreign material and thus alerting other immune cells to its presence. |
| meta analysis | The statistical procedure used to combine numerous and independent research results into one study |
| critical parent | The hypercritical inner tapes of negative thoughts and statements that a person has heard about from parents, peers, religion, and the culture or the mistaken criticisms that a person believes to have taken place. |
| extrastriate cortex | Visual cortex outside of the primary visual (striate) cortex. |
| tardive dyskinesia | neurological disorder marked by involuntary movements of the tongue, face, mouth, or jaw, resulting from taking neuroleptic drugs |
| mode of action | The process by which a |
| resting tremor | A tremor, in a limb, that increases when the limb is at rest. |
| megakaryocytes | A large |
| luteinizing hormone | Hormone produced by the pituitary gland; together with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) it assists in causing ovulation and inducing production of the hormone estrogen. |
| disulfiram | a drug that interferes with the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, thus causing illness following alcohol ingestion |
| akinesia | No movement. |
| thyroidectomy | Removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. |
| insertion | attachment of a |
| tuning curve | A graph of the responses of a single auditory nerve fiber or neuron to sounds that vary in frequency and intensity. |
| bipolar neuron | Neuron with only two processes extending from the cell body. |
| respiratory control centres | Areas of the |
| movement | A brief, unitary activity of a muscle or body part; less complex than an act. |
| gyrus | A ridged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surface |
| optimism | The tendency to expect positive outcomes. |
| syntax | A system of rules that governs how words can be meaningfully arranged to form phrases and sentences. |
| eccrine sweat glands | Sweat glands that empty their contents directly onto the skin surface |
| chiropractic therapy | based on the theory that most diseases of the body are a result of misalignment of the vertebral column with pressure on adjacent nerves. |
| sympathetic tone | The normal response of the |
| anion | a negatively charged ion (e.g., Cl-) |
| aspartate | An amino acid transmitter that is excitatory at many synapses. |
| neuroplasty | The surgical repair of a nerve |
| postsynaptic neuron | A |
| pupil | An opening that lets light into the back of the eye. |
| acid | See LSD |
| polyneuropathy | A disease affecting many parts of the nervous system |
| lung | the organ producing breathing |
| nit | Louse egg. |
| theiler's disease | Alternative name for serum hepatitis. |
| inferior colliculi | Paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that process auditory information |
| exigent circumstances | Unusual or irregular circumstances requiring urgent and immediate intervention. |
| acetylcholine | Messenger molecule released from axon terminals by a nerve impulse; responsible for transmission of the nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fiber supplied by the nerve. |
| case management | An individualized plan for securing, coordinating, and monitoring the appropriate treatment interventions and ancillary services necessary to treat each offender successfully for optimal justice system outcomes. |
| immunoglobulin | See antibody |
| motor theory of language | The theory proposing that the left-hemisphere language zones are motor control systems that are concerned with both the precise production and the perception of the extremely complex movements that go into speech. |
| impoverished condition | Also called isolated condition |
| policy | A high-level, overall plan that embraces the general goals of a drug-testing program |
| set zone | The range of a variable that a feedback system tries to maintain. |
| floater | A corpse found in water, often floating due to the built up on gas in the abdomen resulting from decomposition. |
| flaccid paralysis | A loss of reflexes below the level of transection of the spinal cord. |
| misinformation effect | The tendency for recollections of events to be distorted by information given after the event occurred. |
| ec | See enriched condition. |
| adipsia | The absence of thirst; avoidance of drinking. |
| pia | Inner most layer of the meninges |
| gel electrophoresis | A method of separating molecules of differing size or electrical charge by forcing them to flow through a gel |
| endorphin system | A primitive system in the body that produces natural painkillers and is theorized to also be a primitive brain for feelings throughout the body. |
| paradoxical sleep | See rapid-eye-movement sleep. |
| fovea | The central portion of the retina, which is packed with the highest density of photoreceptors and is the center of our gaze |
| dyslexia | Resource is related to or associated with application to Dyslexia |
| plasma membrane | Phosopholipid bilayer; selectively permeable with a |
| pericardium | The membranous sac that encases the |
| co-registration | The combining of the two different imaging techniques allowing information from two different studies to be viewed as a single set of superimposed images |
| foal heat | A mare's first heat period after the birth of a foal. |
| ultrasound | Ultrasonography. |
| sexual dimorphism | The condition in which males and females show pronounced sex differences in appearance. |
| pharmacokinetics | The study of how living tissues process drugs, i.e |
| alzheimer society of canada | Site provides information about caring for people with Alzheimer's Disease, current research findings about Alzheimer's Disease, and other resources concerning Alzheimer's Disease. |
| stereopsis | Depth perception. |
| splint bones | The second and fourth metacarpal bones of the forefoot, attached to the cannon bone by interosseous ligaments. |
| identity foreclosure | A state in which a person has prematurely committed to values or roles prescribed by others. |
| acupuncture | a form of complementary or alternative medicine that consists of inserting small needles into the skin in order to relieve pain and other symptoms. |
| psychosomatic medicine | A field of study that emphasizes the role of psychological factors in disease |
| cerebral cortex | A sheet of tissue covering the outermost layer of the cerebrum. |
| cerebellum | ('little brain' in Latin) two small hemispheres located beneath the cortical hemispheres, at the back of the head; the cerebellum plays an important role in directing movements and balance. |
| dark adaptation | The process by which receptor cells become more sensitive to light. |
| iodine | A required nutrient for humans with limited natural dietary sources in some areas |
| natural environment type phobias | extreme fears of events or situations in the natural environment that cause impairment in one's ability to function normally |
| lipoma | Benign tumor of fat cells. |
| magnetic resonance imaging | Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a powerful magnetic field, radio frequency pulses and a computer to produce detailed pictures of organs, soft tissues, bone and virtually all other internal body structures |
| third variable problem | possibility that variables not measured in a study are the real cause of the relationship between the variables measured in the study |
| inappetence | Lack of appetite; anorexia. |
| gray matter | areas of the brain made up of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites and synapses; without a lot of myelin, these areas appear grayer in freshly dissected brain tissue. |
| peptide neurotransmitter | Also called neuropeptide |
| groupthink | The tendency of a close-knit group to emphasize consensus at the expense of critical thinking and rational decision making. |
| blepharitis | Inflammation of the eyelid |
| phi phenomenon | An illusion of movement that arises when a series of images is presented very quickly one after another; also called stroboscopic movement. |
| agonist | a drug that mimics the effect of a neurotransmitter |
| delay conditioning | in Pavlovian conditioning, a procedure in which a signal is accompanied, after a brief delay, by a biologically important event |
| statistical significance | The likelihood that a result was not due to chance. |
| sleep recovery | The process of sleeping more than normally after a period of sleep deprivation, as though in compensation |
| insanity defense reform act | 1984 law, affecting all federal courts and about half the state courts, that finds a person not guilty by reason of insanity if it is shown that, as a result of mental disease or mental retardation, the accused was unable to appreciate the wrongfulness of his or her conduct at the time of the offense |
| modulatory site | A portion of a receptor that, when bound by a compound, alters the receptor’s response to its transmitter. |
| neuron | a cell that is specialized for the transmission of information and characterized by long fibrous projections called axons, and shorter, branch-like projections called dendrites; the basic functional unit of the nervous system; also called a nerve cell (Virtual Neurons, Connect the Neurons, Close-up of the Nervous System, Bead Neuron) |
| stimulus generalization | In classical conditioning, the tendency to respond to a new stimulus as if it’s the original conditioned stimulus |
| cell nucleus | The spherical central structure of a cell that contains the chromosomes |
| genetic predisposition | Any inherited genetic pattern that may make some individuals more prone than others to certain health conditions, disorders or diseases. For more information see genetics as a priority area. |
| brain-derived neurotrophic factor | A protein purified from the brains of animals that can keep some classes of neurons alive. |
| manf | Abbreviation for "Mesencephalic Astrocyte-derived Neurotrophic Factor." MANF is a trophic factor that is still in the beginning stages of preclinical study |
| tapetum | The reflective layer in the upper half of the back of the eye. |
| glutamate hypothesis | The idea that schizophrenia may be caused, in part, by understimulation of glutamate receptors |
| distress | in defining abnormality, the view that behaviors should be considered abnormal only if the individual suffers distress and wishes to be rid of the behaviors |
| pluripotent | Capable of forming any type of body |
| targeted nutritional therapy | Sanesco’s line of formulas designed to address the Communication System imbalances found through testing |
| simple epithelium | A single layer of epithelial |
| mesolimbocortical pathway | A set of dopaminergic axons arising in the midbrain and innervating the limbic system and cortex |
| lucid dreams | Dreams in which people are aware that they are dreaming. |
| arachnoid villi | Small protrusions located in the |
| air-blood barrier | A barrier located in the gas exchanging region of the |
| neurochemistry | the analysis of the response of neurons to drugs |
| md | See muscular dystrophy |
| anticholinergic effects | Adverse effects that result from the suppressive action of certain antipsychotic and antidepressant medications on the action of acetylcholine in the brain and peripheral nervous system |
| vulva | The external parts of the female genitalia including the |
| venous | Pertaining to veins or venules. |
| polygraph | A machine used to monitor bodily functions which may change when an individual lies.Not admissible in court. |
| alanine | An important part of human muscle and one of the few amino acids that transforms into glucose, an important sugar that your body uses as an energy source. |
| lateralization | The difference in specialization between the two hemispheres of the brain. |
| depressants | A class of drugs that act to reduce neural activity. |
| adequate stimulus | The type of stimulus for which a given sensory organ is particularly adapted |
| synaptic delay | The brief delay between the arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal and the creation of a postsynaptic potential |
| pituitary stalk | Also called infundibulum |
| epinephrine | Also called adrenaline |
| event-related potential | Also called evoked potential |
| urine sediment | Urine solids obtained by centrifuging a urine sample. |
| metabolite | Substance that takes part in the process of metabolism; used by or produced by enzyme reactions or other metabolic processes. |
| tying-up | A mild form of azoturia. |
| theophylline | a naturally occurring xanthine derivative that acts as a central nervous system stimulant |
| radiopharmaceutical | A type of imaging agent used in nuclear medicine, a branch of molecular imaging |
| private insurance | Insurance like that which is typically available to individuals or through an employer, as opposed to public insurance options such as Medicaid or Medicare. |
| cilia | A short, hairlike appendage of some unicellular |
| hyperthyroidism | Abnormally increased activity of the thyroid gland, with elevated secretion of thyroid hormones; has not been reported to occur spontaneously in the horse. |
| nicotine replacement therapy | Nicotine-containing medications used for smoking cessation including the nicotine patch, nicotine gum, nicotine inhaler, and nicotine nasal spray. |
| promiscuity | A mating system in which animals mate with several members of the opposite sex and do not establish durable associations with sex partners. |
| osselets | Puffiness around the fetlock joint. |
| loose areolar connective tissue | Fluid, spongy |
| ct | See computerized axial tomography |
| physical | Having material existence or pertaining to the body |
| glutamate | Glutamate is one of the most common amino acids found in nature |
| selective attention | See attention. |
| range fractionation | A hypothesis of stimulus intensity perception stating that a wide range of intensity values can be encoded by a group of cells, each of which is a specialist for a particular range of stimulus intensities |
| axon | the long, hair-like extension of a nerve cell that carries a message to the next nerve cell. |
| nonprimary sensory cortex | See secondary sensory cortex. |
| acetylcholine | A critical neurotransmitter that controls functions such as memory, attention, sleep, heart rate, and muscular activity. |
| tardive dyskinesia | a condition that is occasionally experienced as a side-effect of antipsychotic drugs, typified by involuntary movements of the tongue, lips, jaw and other facial movements. |
| granules | Cytoplasmic particles found in some blood |
| localize | To identify the location of or to accumulate in a specific location. |
| agnosia | The inability to interpret sensory information |
| mass movements | A forceful |
| ec | See enriched condition |
| vaginoscopic | By means of visual inspection of the vagina, using a speculum. |
| neurectomy | The surgical removal of a nerve |
| lumen | The inner cavity of a hollow or tubular |
| overo | Recessive equine coat-color pattern, consisting of a colored base coat with white patches and colored legs |
| urethritis | Inflammation of the urethra. |
| vulva | The external genitalia of the female, representing the entrance to the vagina; composed of the external lips or folds (labia) and the clitoris. |
| hypogastric region | Abdominopelvic region |
| blood-brain barrier | the blood-brain barrier protects the brain from chemical intrusion from the rest of the body |
| psychologist | means a person who by years of study, training and experience has achieved professional recognition and standing in the field of clinical psychology. |
| venipuncture | Taking a blood sample from a vein. |
| sadomasochism | pattern of sexual rituals between a sexually sadistic “giver” and a sexually masochistic “receiver” |
| axillary lymph node dissection | The surgical removal of up to 30 lymph nodes from the armpit area so they may be examined under a microscope for evidence of cancer. |
| dorsal columns | A column of |
| quidd | To drop partially chewed feed material from the mouth. |
| wernicke’s aphasia | See fluent aphasia. |
| vagus nerve stimulation | treatment in which the vagus nerve—the part of the autonomic nervous system that carries information from the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen to several areas of the brain, including the hypothalamus and amygdala—is stimulated by a small electronic device much like a cardiac pacemaker, which is surgically implanted under a patient's skin in the left chest wall |
| withdrawal | A variety of symptoms that occur after chronic use of an addictive drug is reduced or stopped. |
| hypersensitivity vasculitis | An abnormal immunologic reaction targeted at blood-vessel walls. |
| chemotherapeutic antibiotic drugs | Most antibiotics act only on the cell wall of bacteria |
| overt attention | Attention in which the focus coincides with sensory orientation (e.g., you’re attending to the same thing you’re looking at) |
| diastolic | The minimum |
| tendon | Strong tissue that connects muscles to bone. |
| transverse plane | See coronal plane |
| hydrocephalus | Resource is related to or associated with application to Hydrocephalus |
| chemical | A substance or compound with a distinct molecular composition that is obtained from or used in a chemical process |
| musth | An annual period of heightened aggressiveness and sexual activity in male elephants. |
| neuromuscular junction | the point of connection between the |
| bulimia | An eating disorder |
| vagus nerve | Cranial nerve X, which provides extensive innervation of the viscera (organs) |
| serotonin | A neurotransmitter in the brain involved in regulating mood and behaviors. |
| tuning curve | A graph of the responses of a single auditory nerve fiber or neuron to sounds that vary in frequency and intensity |
| marijuana | A dried preparation of the Cannabis sativa plant, usually smoked to obtain THC |
| spasmodic dystonia | see Dystonia |
| contractile fibers | cytoskeletal elements that produce shortening during |
| medulla | Also called myelencephalon |
| primacy effect | The superior performance seen in a memory task for items at the start of a list; usually attributed to long-term memory |
| coenzyme q10 | Aids the brain in producing ATP, which is the body's molecule for the storage and release of energy. |
| pineal gland | A gland that secretes melatonin. |
| mental set | A tendency to use only solutions that have worked in the past. |
| hormone | chemical that carries messages throughout the body, potentially affecting a person's mood, level of energy, and reaction to stress |
| intake | An initial appointment where new clients meet with an MHP (see definition below) to provide basic information about themselves and their concerns. |
| stops transcription | Prevents transcription by blocking the promoter region on DNA |
| kisspeptin | A hypothalamic peptide hormone that increases gonadotropin secretion by facilitating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
| luteinizing hormone | A gonadotropin, named for its stimulatory effects on the ovarian corpora lutea |
| distal cause | a factor which has an indirect effect on behaviour, such as previous experiences in similar situations. |
| advocacy | Typically refers to activities that are used to raise the profile of an issue and mobilize the forces necessary to change public opinion, policy and practice. |
| antibody | Also called immunoglobulin |
| ip address | The specific numeric address of a computer. |
| slow-twitch muscle fiber | A type of striated muscle fiber that contracts slowly but does not fatigue readily |
| papule | A minute, firm, well-demarcated elevation of the skin. |
| rehabilitation | In psychiatry, the methods and techniques used to achieve maximum functioning and optimum adjustment for the patient and to prevent relapses or recurrences of illness; sometimes termed tertiary prevention. |
| paraphasia | A symptom of aphasia that is distinguished by the substitution of a word by a sound, an incorrect word, an unintended word, or a neologism (a meaningless word) |
| protein hormone | Also called peptide hormone |
| fat-soluble vitamins | Vitamins that dissolve in fat |
| essential amino acids | The amino acids your body cannot manufacture |
| subcutaneous administration | the administration of drugs by injection under the skin |
| copper | This zinc-balancing mineral is important in many enzymes as well as in the production of hemoglobin, the molecule that transports oxygen |
| active metabolite | metabolic conversion product of a drug that retains pharmacological activity, or acquires a novel one; 4.1.2 |
| dysplasia | Any abnormality in the size, shape, or development of cells. |
| rectum | The lower section of the large intestine or colon that ends in the anus and acts as storage area for fecal waste. |
| genes | Segments of DNA that function as hereditary units. |
| hematopoiesis | The formation of |
| beta-glucans | Gums found in beans and peas that lower cholesterol levels. |
| ganglion | a group or collection of neuronal cell bodies (Close-up of the Nervous System, M |
| recurrent inhibition | a feedback loop in which the activity of a neuron inhibits further activity |
| patients' rights movement | movement to ensure that mental patients retain their basic rights and to remove them from institutions and care for them in the community |
| recombination | Genetic exchange among chromosomes, producing new combinations of genes. |
| yerkes-dodsen law | the inverted U-shaped relationship between arousal and performance |
| penis | The male phallus |
| lecithin | Fatty acid-rich constituent of the outer surface of cell membranes; also called phosphatidylcholine. |
| calcification centers | Areas of bone deposit and change within bone tissue. |
| drug-induced psychosis | Use of, or withdrawal from alcohol and drugs can be associated with the appearance of psychotic symptoms |
| procedural memory | See nondeclarative memory. |
| follicle-stimulating hormone | Hormone produced by the pituitary gland, that stimulates the development of ovarian follicles in the female and sperm production in the male. |
| choline acetyltransferase | An important enzyme involved in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine |
| cognitive dysfunction | The loss of intellectual functions (such as thinking, remembering, and reasoning) of sufficient severity to interfere with daily functioning |
| canada's children | Canada's Children: A Fact Sheet of Social Indicators - includes statistics on a number of topics including poverty, homelessness, child abuse, daycare, school achievement, teenage parenthood and others. |
| morphogenesis | The progressive development of form and shape of an organism, or of an individual organ or tissue within the organism. |
| tight junction | complex protein structure that tightly connects the cytoplasmic membranes of two neighboring cells in an endothelial or epithelial cell layer and restricts the passage of fluid between the them; 3.3.2 |
| soae | See spontaneous otoacoustic emission. |
| chat | See choline acetyltransferase. |
| leukemia | malignancy derived from any of the cell lines of the bone marrow |
| respiratory membrane | The epithelial |
| fibrous pericardium | The outer layer of the |
| big five | Five basic personality traits from which other traits are derived |
| npy | See neuropeptide Y. |
| enamel | The thin, calcium-rich outer surface of the teeth, overlying the harder dentin layer; it functions to resist wear |
| ulcerative lymphangitis | Uncommon condition affecting the lymphatic vessels; can be caused by either Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis or Sporothrix schenckii, usually as the result of wound contamination |
| parasomnias | primary sleep disorders that involve abnormal behavioral and physiological events occurring during sleep |
| efa | Essential Fatty Acids |
| benzodiazepine agonists | A class of anti-anxiety drugs that bind to sites on GABAA receptors. |
| physiology | scientific study of the physical and chemical principles of organ function; 1.1 |
| lithium | a simple salt that is commonly used in the treatment of manic behavior |
| oropharyngeal stage | The stage of |
| glycogen breakdown | The conversion of glycogen to glucose stimulated by the |
| aphasia | Inability to speak or understand language. |
| myopathy | General term for any muscle disorder. |
| set point | The point of reference in a feedback system |
| executive function | A neural and cognitive system that helps develop plans of action and organizes the activities of other high-level processing systems. |
| fasciculations | Frequent small, localized muscle contractions. |
| tail-flick test | a test to determine the pain threshold |
| methylation | A chemical modification of DNA that does not affect the nucleotide sequence of a gene but makes that gene less likely to be expressed |
| mri | See magnetic resonance imaging. |
| dendritic spine | An outgrowth along the dendrite of a neuron |
| stress | Any external stimulus that threatens homeostasis — the normal equilibrium of body function |
| foal heat scours | A normal physiological diarrhea occurring during the first heat cycle of a mare after foaling. |
| host | Provides support for the growth of a |
| basal metabolism | The consumption of energy to fuel processes such as heat production, maintenance of membrane potentials, and all the other basic life-sustaining functions of the body |
| sensory neuron | an afferent nerve cell that carries sensory information (like sound, touch, taste, smell, or sight) to the central nervous system. |
| refractometer | Small hand-held device that can be used for determining how concentrated or dilute a urine sample is (a measurement referred to as urine specific gravity). |
| assimilation | The broadening of an existing schema to include new information. |
| stage 2 sleep | A stage of slow-wave sleep that is defined by bursts of regular 14- to 18-Hz EEG waves called sleep spindles |
| objective personality tests | Tests that usually consist of self-report inventories |
| antioxidant | A chemical compound or substance that inhibits oxidation. |
| leukocytosis | Increase in the number of circulating white blood cells. |
| hemospermia | Blood in the semen. |
| applied research | loose term for research that is carried out as a by-product of routine service or for a specific pragmatic purpose |
| antidepressants | A class of drugs that relieve the symptoms of depression |
| node of ranvier | one of the many gaps in the myelin sheath - this is where the action potential occurs during saltatory conduction along the axon |
| soma | The central area of a neuron; also called the cell body. |
| catabolism | The body's breakdown of complex molecules, such as protein and fat, to simpler compounds. |
| hypnosis | the induction of an altered state of consciousness, manifested in a sleep-like state or of deep relaxation |
| papillary layer | Apical layer of the |
| corticospinal system | See pyramidal system |
| miotic | Any ophthalmic medication that causes the pupil to contract. |
| behavior intervention | Is another word for Applied Behavior Analysis. |
| sialorrhea | drooling. |
| curvature | Software application that performs a surface analysis of 'Curvature'. |
| amino acid | An organic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; one of the 20 building blocks of protein. |
| brightness | One of three basic dimensions of light perception, varying from dark to light |
| purpura hemorrhagica | Immunologically mediated condition characterized by swelling of the limbs and widespread skin hemorrhages, varying in severity from a mild transient reaction to a severe fatal condition; associated with a number of different inciting factors, occasionally streptococcal infections. |
| facial feedback hypothesis | The idea that sensory feedback from our facial expressions can affect our mood |
| labile | Chemically unstable; easily destroyed. |
| cerebellum | Located in the back of the brain, your cerebellum is a busy switching station |
| gonads | The sexual organs (ovaries in females, testes in males), which produce gametes for reproduction |
| alpha-fetoprotein | A protein found in the plasma of fetuses |
| haptens | A small section of an |
| central tendency | a single value which is representative of a set of numbers by indicating the most typical value |
| reticulospinal tract | A tract of axons arising from the brainstem reticular formation and descending to the spinal cord to modulate movement |
| olfactory epithelium | A sheet of cells, including olfactory receptors, that lines the dorsal portion of the nasal cavities and adjacent regions, including the septum that separates the left and right nasal cavities |
| variable-interval schedule | A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement happens after a particular average amount of time. |
| addiction | Dependence on a chemical substance to the extent that a physiological and/or psychological need is established |
| grp | See gastrin-releasing peptide. |
| hemostasis | The stoppage of bleeding or hemorrhage |
| h2 blockers | The release of gastric acid is triggered by histamine which acts on special histamine receptors (known as H2 receptors) in the gastric parietal cells lining the stomach |
| observer bias | the tendency for observers to record data that may be biased as a result of personal expectations (e.g |
| mechanoreceptor | A |
| threshold | The point of beginning or onset |
| interneurons | A |
| prostascint® scan | Also called a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) study |
| separation anxiety disorder | syndrome of childhood and adolescence marked by the presence of abnormal fear or worry over becoming separated from one's caregiver(s) as well as clinging behaviors in the presence of the caregiver(s) |
| igg | Immunoglobulin G; a class of |
| ethics | A system of moral values. |
| windpuffs | Chronic swelling of the fetlock joint. |
| grave disability | legal criterion for involuntary commitment that is met when a person is so incapacitated by a mental disorder that he or she cannot provide his or her own basic needs, such as food, clothing, or shelter, and his or her survival is threatened as a result |
| platelet plug | A blockage formed by the adhering of |
| schwann cells | Large cells that are wrapped around certain nerve axons to form a myelin sheath, which serves to facilitate the conduction of nerve impulses along the axon. |
| level of measurement | the type of data collected; nominal, order, interval or ratio, which subsequently affects the inferential statistic used. |
| bulbourethral glands | Glands that produce the fluid portion of the semen. |
| prosopagnosia | Also called face blindness |
| sleep enuresis | Bed-wetting |
| b-lymphocyte | A type of lymphocyte that develops in |
| enkephalin | your body's natural painkillers |
| gastroscopy | Endoscopic examination of the stomach. |
| purkinje fibers | Muscle |
| hfa | High Functioning Autism |
| vitiligo | Uncommon, acquired disorder of pigmentation characterized by progressive, usually well-circumscribed, areas of pigment loss in the skin. |
| adrenal glands | A pair of |
| conformation | The overall physical appearance of a horse, reflecting the arrangement of muscle, bone, and other body tissues. |
| binding problem | The question of how the brain understands which individual attributes blend together into a single object, when these different features are processed by different regions in the brain |
| semantic memory | Generalized memory—for instance, knowing the meaning of a word without knowing where or when you learned that word. |
| c-fos | An immediate early gene commonly used to identify activated neurons |
| globus pallidus | One of the basal ganglia |
| intelligence | The capacity to acquire and apply knowledge |
| apraxia | Resource is related to or associated with application to Apraxia, See also http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/apraxia/apraxia.htm |
| neural tube | An embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain |
| white matter | nerve tissue that is paler in color than gray matter because it contains nerve fibers with large amounts of insulating material (myelin) |
| synapse | The junction across which a nerve impulse passes from an axon terminal to a neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell. |
| gonadotropin | An anterior pituitary hormone that selectively stimulates the cells of the gonads to produce sex steroids and gametes |
| oviparous | Of or relating to oviparity, reproduction through egg laying |
| pastern folliculitis | The most commonly encountered pus-forming skin infection in the horse, caused by Staphylococcus aureus. |
| chemotaxis | when a growth cone follows chemical signals (chemo-) to move toward (-taxis) a desired target (Neuropathfinding, C |
| intromission | Insertion of the penis of the male into the vagina of the female during intercourse. |
| high ringbone | Ringbone affecting the pastern joint. |
| otitis | Inflammation of the ear |
| serotonin | A monoamine neurotransmitter found in small quantities in the CNS, blood platelets, and, more abundantly in the enteric nervous system of the gut |
| reaction range | The limits that heredity places on characteristics such as IQ. |
| transcript | See messenger RNA |
| hordeolum | An infection of the meibomian gland that produces a local swelling of the eyelid; also known as a sty |
| bone marrow | The soft, spongy tissue, found in the hollow interior of bones, that produces white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. |
| agnosia | impaired ability to recognize objects or people |
| neurogenesis | The production and growth of new nerve cells during development and, in select brain regions, throughout life. |
| basal metabolism | The consumption of energy to fuel processes such as heat production, maintenance of membrane potentials, and all the other basic life-sustaining functions of the body. |
| neuromodulation | relatively long-term changes in neuronal function (e.g., increase in transmitter or decrease in receptors) that occur in response to drugs, behavioral experience or other influences |
| discovery learning | a Piagetian belief that children learn through self-discovery, aided by a teacher providing suitable materials, thereby stimulating intrinsic satisfaction. |
| autonomic nervous system | controls our life support systems that we don't consciously control, like breathing, digesting food, blood circulation, etc. |
| smooth muscle | muscle tissue with cells that lack the characteristic striated pattern found in skeletal and heart muscle |
| accommodation | The process by which the ciliary muscles adjust the lens to focus a sharp image on the retina |
| embryonic stem cell | A cell, derived from an embryo, that has the capacity to form any type of tissue that a donor might produce. |
| axon | The fingerlike extension of a nerve cell, along which the nerve impulse travels. |
| fape | As noted in the IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act), FAPE stands for Free Appropriate Public Education for all eligible students with disabilities |
| neuromodulator | A substance that influences the activity of synaptic transmitters. |
| cervical dystonia | a type of focal dystonia affecting the muscles of the neck |
| neuroscience | The study of the nervous system. |
| axonal transport | The transportation of materials from the neuronal cell body to distant regions in the dendrites and axons, and from the axon terminals back to the cell body. |
| probe | In molecular biology, a manufactured sequence of DNA that is made to include a label (a colorful or radioactive molecule) that lets us track its location |
| dyskinesia | an involuntary movement including athetosis and chorea. |
| third ventricle | The midline ventricle that conducts cerebrospinal fluid from the lateral ventricles to the fourth ventricle |
| nociceptor | A receptor that responds to stimuli that produce tissue damage or pose the threat of damage. |
| significance tests | in statistics, inferential statistical procedures which are used to test whether observed results reflect real differences as a result of manipulation of variables, rather than chance variations. |
| sexual dimorphism | Size differences between the sexes, as seen with certain parasites. |
| double-blind | Which means that neither patient nor investigator knows which drug a patient is taking |
| parkinsonism | The name given to a group of disorders with similar features -- four primary symptoms (tremor, rigidity, postural instability, and bradykinesia) that are the result of the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells. |
| levels of analysis | The scope of experimental approaches |
| neuropathy | A disease affecting any part of the nervous system |
| social drift | explanation for the association between schizophrenia and low social status that says that because schizophrenia symptoms interfere with a person's ability to complete an education and hold a job, people with schizophrenia tend to drift downward in social class compared to their family of origin |
| iep | is an acronym that stands for Individual Education Plan |
| vestibular nuclei | Brainstem nuclei that receive information from the vestibular organs through cranial nerve VIII (the vestibulocochlear nerve). |
| filtrate | A fluid that has been passed through a filter |
| intermediate host | A host that (usually) is essential to the life cycle of a parasite and in which the parasite undergoes development to juvenile but not mature stages. |
| perceptual set | The readiness to see in a particular way that’s based on expectations, experiences, emotions, and assumptions. |
| hepatocyte | A liver cell. |
| basal dendrite | One of several dendrites on a pyramidal cell that extend horizontally from the cell body |
| viral load | Measurement of the actual amount of virus in the bloodstream such as hepatitis B and C. |
| peptide | A short chain of amino acids; peptides form the building blocks of proteins. |
| xanthine oxidase | enzyme that oxidizes hypoxanthine to xanthine and then uric acid in the degradation pathway for adenine and guanine |
| sodium ion | A positively charged |
| calculus | Dental tartar, the mineralized concretions of salivary calcium and phosphorus salts and tooth-surface plaque; also, a urinary stone. |
| colostrum | Milk produced by the mare during the first day or two after the birth of her foal; it is high in protein and protective antibodies (maternal immunity). |
| protein coat | The |
| areola | The pigmented area around the nipple |
| adult stem cells | Undifferentiated cells, found in a differentiated tissue, that can renew themselves and - with certain limitations - differentiate to yield all the specialized cell types of the tissue from which they originated |
| neurotransmitter | Biochemicals that enable cells to “converse” with one another by providing instructions and feedback to communicate with the muscles, organs and glands |
| trigger | A sensory input or event which causes an instant and unavoidable reaction because of something with which it has been deeply associated in the past |
| pals | Person with ALS. |
| measures of central tendency | The mean, median, and mode. |
| date rape | A rape that occurs on a date, or with someone that the person who has been raped has a relationship with. |
| lithium | Used in the treatment of acute mania and as a maintenance medication to help reduce the duration, intensity and frequency of bipolar disorder |
| negative polarity | A negative electrical-potential difference relative to a reference electrode |
| alimentary canal | The tubular passage beginning at the |
| axon hillock | The |
| pons | the part of the brainstem that joins the hemispheres of the cerebellum and connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum |
| axillary nodular necrosis | Uncommon, sporadic skin disease characterized by the development of nodules in the axillary region ("armpit"). |
| progressive supranuclear palsy | Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is a movement disorder that can be mistaken for Parkinson's disease |
| familial parkinson's disease | A rare form of Parkinson's disease that runs in families, in which genetics is believed to play an important role |
| virulence | Disease-causing ability of a |
| southern blot | A method of detecting a particular DNA sequence in the genome of an organism, by separating DNA with gel electrophoresis, blotting the separated DNA molecules onto nitrocellulose, and then using a nucleotide probe to hybridize with, and highlight, the gene of interest |
| miracidium | Free-living larval form in the life cycle of flukes. |
| functional tolerance | The form of drug tolerance that arises when repeated exposure to the drug causes receptors to be up-regulated or down-regulated |
| aba | This acronym stands for Applied Behavior Analysis |
| hebbian synapse | A synapse that is strengthened when it successfully drives the postsynaptic cell. |
| pharynx | A hollow tube about five inches long that begins behind the nose and leads to the esophagus (the tube leading to the stomach) and the trachea (the tube that leads to the lungs) |
| adult neurogenesis | The creation of new neurons in the brain of an adult |
| iridocyclitis | Inflammation of the iris and ciliary body of the eye. |
| cystic duct | The |
| essential nutrient | A nutrient essential to humans |
| polyphagia | Excessive eating. |
| adrenal glands | Glands located adjacent to the kidneys, involved in the secretion of several important hormones including cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, and epinephrine (adrenaline). |
| terminal ganglia | Ganglia which occur completely within the |
| forage poisoning | Form of botulism in horses caused by ingestion of botulinal toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum in decaying plant material. |
| audience effect | how performance on a task can be affected by others watching – either improves performance (social facilitation) or reduces performance (social inhibition) |
| substance p | peptide neurotransmitter involved in pain perception; 5.4.1 |
| suprachiasmatic nucleus | A small group of nerve cells in the hypothalamus that express clock proteins, which go through a biochemical cycle of about 24 hours |
| dermoid | A misplaced piece of skin found on the conjunctiva as a congenital lesion; it may also involve the cornea. |
| md | See muscular dystrophy. |
| storage pools | the regions within a neuron where neurotransmitter molecules are stored before becoming available for release |
| atrophy | Shrinking or wasting of a tissue or organ. |
| problem solving/skills training | Refers to a tobacco use treatment in which tobacco users are trained to identify and cope with events or problems that increase the likelihood of their using tobacco |
| hoehn and yahr stages | a rating system for staging the severity of Parkinson’s disease |
| semicircular canals | Curved tubular canals which make up the labyrinth of the |
| demand characteristic | cues in an experiment that reveal information to participants about the aim and expected outcome, thereby influencing their behavior and subsequently confounding the results |
| nephrotic syndrome | Abnormal fluid retention as edema or ascites, resulting from glomerular disease of the kidneys. |
| decay theory | A theory stating that memory traces fade with time. |
| uterus | A hollow, muscular |
| cars | Childhood Autism Rating Scale |
| developmental biology | The study of the process by which organisms grow and develop |
| genetic studies | diagnostic tests that evaluate for conditions that have a tendency to run in families. |
| orthostatic hypotension | a drop in blood pressure upon standing; can cause fainting. |
| middle ear | The cavity between the tympanic membrane and the cochlea |
| serotonin | a chemical necessary for communication between nerve cells. |
| dna sequencing | The process by which the order of nucleotides in a gene is identified |
| idiopathic | of unknown origin. |
| hemiplegia | Paralysis on one side of the body |
| experimenter effects | when an experimenters behavior or characteristics influence participants, through subtle cues or signals, that can affect the performance or response of subjects in the experiment. |
| taste pore | The small aperture through which tastant molecules are able to access the sensory receptors of the taste bud |
| ocular | Pertaining to the eyes. |
| myoglobinuria | Presence of myoglobin in the urine. |
| tolerance | The need over time for more and more of a drug to get the same effect. |
| guided mastery techniques | interventions designed to increase health-promoting behaviors by providing explicit information about how to engage in these behaviors, as well as opportunities to engage in the behaviors in increasingly challenging situations |
| language development | the study of the acquisition of language, with emphasis on the development of four sub-systems of language ?phonology, semantics, pragmatics and tense and gender. |
| inattentional blindness | The failure to perceive nonattended stimuli that seem so obvious as to be impossible to miss |
| blue spot | The Locus Coeruleus is a pair of identical nuclei (clusters of neurons) in the pons from which all brain connections using norepinephrine arise; it is active during conditions requiring attention and mental focus and goes to sleep during sleep. |
| tenotomy | Surgical cutting of a tendon. |
| benzodiazepine | Any of a class of antianxiety drugs that are agonists of GABAA receptors in the central nervous system |
| alzheimer's disease | A disease characterized by gradual deterioration in brain function |
| nondirected synapse | A type of synapse in which the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are not in close apposition; instead, neurotransmitter is released by axonal varicosities and diffuses away to affect wide regions of tissue. |
| interference theory | States that people forget information because of interference from other learned information. |
| matching hypothesis | The idea that people tend to pick partners who are about equal in level of attractiveness to themselves. |
| trochanteric bursitis | Inflammation of the bursa that lies beneath the tendon of the middle gluteal muscle as it passes over the point of the hip. |
| striatum | part of the brain |
| neural pathway | set of connected neurons that are regularly activated in sequence to produce a specific function; neural circuit or network |
| dispensable amino acids | Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body so long as a source of nitrogen is present in the diet. |
| platelets | Cells that are produced in the bone marrow |
| embryonic stage | The period that begins two weeks after conception and ends two months after conception. |
| mesostriatal pathway | A set of dopaminergic axons arising from the midbrain and innervating the basal ganglia, including those from the substantia nigra to the striatum |
| semantic slanting | A way of making statements so that they will evoke specific emotional responses. |
| peripheral nervous system | The portion of the nervous system that includes all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord |
| ventricular afterload | The resistance to blood flow faced by the ventricles of the heart as they contract. |
| microcephaly | a condition, present at birth, in which the head is much smaller than normal for an infant of that age and gender. |
| intercellular clefts | Small gaps between endothelilal |
| intravenous administration | the administration of a drug by injection directly into an vein |
| scala tympani | Also called tympanic canal |
| open-loop motor control | A control mechanism in which feedback from the output of the system is not provided to the input control |
| papilloma | Wart. |
| teach | TEACH stands for (Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped) |
| tegmentum | ventral (bottom) part of the midbrain (mesencephalon) |
| superior olivary nuclei | Brainstem nuclei that receive input from both right and left cochlear nuclei, and provide the first binaural analysis of auditory information |
| attention | the process of selectively focusing on particular stimulus elements, typically those deemed most significant. |
| soft palate | At the rear of the mouth, the soft, fleshy posterior partition separating the nasal and oral cavities. |
| pituitary gland | Also called hypophysis |
| etiology | The cause of a disease |
| guaifenesin | Drug commonly used to treat coughs, which is also used by some physicians to treat fibromyalgia. Studies have not validated this use |
| photoreceptor | A nerve ending, cell, or group of cells specialized to sense or receive light. |
| basal forebrain | A region, ventral to the basal ganglia, that is the major source of acetylcholine in the brain and has been implicated in sleep |
| ecstasy | See MDMA |
| cf | Casein Free |
| digestion | The process by which food is broken down to provide energy and nutrients. |
| icc | See immunocytochemistry. |
| ophthalmoscope | Instrument for viewing the interior of the eye. |
| tolerance | over time, the need for greater dosages of a drug in order to achieve the same effect. |
| alpha-tocopherol equivalent | The vitamin E compound with the greatest vitamin E activity |
| dna sequencing | The process by which the order of nucleotides in a gene, or amino acids in a protein, is determined. |
| suicide attempt | an act focused on taking one's life that is unsuccessful in causing death. |
| glomerular filtration rate | The volume of |
| transtracheal wash | Flushing of material from the trachea and bronchi for diagnostic purposes, by needle puncture and aspiration through the skin and tracheal wall. |
| degradation | The chemical breakdown of a neurotransmitter into inactive metabolites |
| atherosclerosis | Vascular disease associated with high blood pressure and high cholesterol and fats in people; exceptionally rare in animals. |
| protein handling | Process by which cells regulate the expression, localization and degradation of proteins |
| evidence | Any items, documents and statements that are included in a legal investigation for the jury's or judge's consideration in the determination of an individual's guilt or innocence. |
| equine viral papillomatosis | Disease characterized by the development of papillomas (warts) on the muzzle, around the lips, or on the extremities; caused by equine papillomavirus, a member of the Papovaviridae family of DNA viruses |
| mpoa | See medial preoptic area. |
| absolute threshold | The minimum amount of stimulation needed for a person to detect the stimulus 50 percent of the time. |
| olfactory | Pertaining to smell. |
| cs | See classical conditioning. |
| alcohol | A neuroactive compound (primarily the ethyl alcohol found in various beverages) that first stimulates and then depresses neural activity, with varied behavioral consequences |
| diablo | A protein released by mitochondria, in response to high calcium levels, that activates apoptosis. |
| lou gehrig’s disease | See amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| langerhans cells | Cells found in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, that are important in generating immune responses in the skin. |
| chronic | Marked by long duration or frequent recurrence. |
| glycemic index | A system of ranking carbohydrate foods according to how fast they’re digested and enter the bloodstream as glucose. |
| mycolic acid | fatty acid with very long alkyl chain found in mycobacterial cell walls; 11.4.1, 11.4.2 |
| histogram | used to represent the distribution of scores for one set of data |
| sentinel lymph node | The first few lymph nodes into which a tumor drains and those most likely to contain cancer cells if the tumor has metastasized or spread. |
| inhibitory | a process used to stop an action (stop a muscle from becoming stiff) by modifying sensory input. |
| monoamine oxidase inhibitors | A class of antidepressant drugs that increase the level of norepinephrine and serotonin. |
| psychoanalysis | form of treatment for psychopathology involving alleviating unconscious conflicts driving psychological symptoms by helping people gain insight into their conflicts and finding ways of resolving these conflicts |
| prevalence | The percentage of a population that is affected with a specific disease at a given time. |
| non-hodgkin lymphoma | A type of lymphoma, a cancer in the lymphatic system, in which the cells abnormally reproduce, eventually causing tumors to grow. |
| immune system | system of cells and chemicals within the body that defends against infection and disease, by seeking out and destroying harmful influences. |
| trial and error | Trying out different solutions until one works. |
| stapedius | A middle-ear muscle that is attached to the stapes |
| ne | See norepinephrine. |
| depression | state marked by either a sad mood or a loss of interest in one's usual activities, as well as feelings of hopelessness, suicidal ideation, psychomotor agitation or retardation, and trouble concentrating |
| biological rhythm | A regular fluctuation in any living process |
| control group | A group of research subjects that are identical to an experimental (or test) group in every way except that they do not receive the experimental treatment or manipulation |
| epigastric cavity | Abdominopelvic region |
| coronitis | Inflammation of the coronary band. |
| estrogen | Any of a class of steroid hormones produced by female gonads |
| distributed practice | The practice of learning material in short sessions over a long period |
| macule | A discolored area of skin that is not elevated above the skin surface. |
| supplements | Minerals or herbs that may provide relief to people with fibromyalgia. |
| cdc | Center for Disease Control |
| carbon dioxide | A waste product that you breathe out of your body. |
| endogenous opioid | Any of a class of opium-like peptide transmitters that have been called the body’s own narcotics |
| axon terminal | the very end part of an axon that makes a synaptic contact with another cell; the point where neurotransmitters are released (Connect the Neurons, Close-up of the Nervous System) |
| thought | an idea; an instance of thinking; the state or condition of thinking. |
| clinical potency | the typical drug dosage that therapists use to get the desired drug effect |
| haploid gametes | A |
| type b personality | A personality type characterized by relaxed, patient, easygoing, amiable behavior. |
| white matter | Nerve tissue that is paler in color than gray matter because it contains nerve fibers with large amounts of insulating material (myelin) |
| lysergic acid diethylamide | See LSD |
| metabotropic receptor | A receptor protein that does not contain an ion channel but may, when activated, use a G protein system to alter the functioning of the postsynaptic cell |
| interval data | data with equal intervals, but not an absolute zero. |
| articulate | To connect at a movable joint. |
| saturated | Referring to the condition in which a maximal number of receptors of one type have been bound by molecules of a drug; additional doses of drug cannot produce additional binding. |
| antisense oligonucleotide | a stretch of single-stranded DNA or RNA, typically 15–25 nucleotides in length, that is complementary to some cellular or viral RNA molecule, and selectively interferes with its function through base-pairing; 1.2.2, 13.3 |
| chemical digestion | The breaking down ( |
| fsh | See follicle-stimulating hormone |
| corpus callosum | a large bundle of nerve fibers (myelinated axons) that link the right and left hemispheres of the brain; enables the two hemispheres to share information (Sheep Brain Dissection) |
| peptide | A short string of amino acids |
| enzyme induction | the increased production of an enzyme that occurs as a result of exposure to the substrate |
| iris | The circular structure of the eye that provides an opening to form the pupil |
| aerobic respiration | conversion of glucose (in the presence of |
| cyanide | A highly poisonous water-soluble chemical composed of carbon and nitrogen. |
| als | See amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. |
| neurotransmitters | chemical messengers in the brain that are used to pass information between important areas of the nervous system |
| acetylcholine | A chemical that enables brain cells to exchange messages. |
| splints | Inflammation of the interosseous ligament that attaches the splint bones to the cannon bone. |
| follicle-stimulating hormone | hypophyseal peptide hormone that stimulates ovary follicle development in women and spermatogenesis (sperm cell formation) in men; 7.4.9 |
| vector | The agent used (by researchers) to carry new genes into cells |
| cognitive neuroscience | a hybrid discipline aimed at identifying the biological bases of cognitive processes by combining techniques for the study of cognitive processes with measures of physiological processes. |
| on-center/off-surround | Referring to a concentric receptive field in which the center excites the cell of interest while the surround inhibits it |
| survey | A method of getting information about a specific behavior, experience, or event by means of interviews or questionnaires, using several participants. |
| glucagon | A hormone, released by alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans, that increases blood glucose |
| pharmacodynamics | as a solitary term: general principles of drug action; when applied to a specific drug: that drug's mode of action; 2.1 |
| nerve cell | See neuron. |
| essential amino acids | Amino acids that cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by the body and therefore must be provided in the diet |
| nodular | Characterized by nodules. |
| reflexes | Considered the simplest and most fundamental movements, they are relatively fixed, automatic muscle responses to particular stimuli, such as the slight extension of the leg when a physician taps the knee with a small rubber hammer. |
| type a behavior pattern | personality pattern characterized by time urgency, hostility, and competitiveness |
| psychopharmacology | The study of the action of drugs that affect thinking, emotion and behavior; the branch of medicine that specializes in medications to treat mental illness. |
| sebum | The oily secretion of the sebaceous glands, containing fats, bacteria, and dead skin cells; it lubricates and protects the skin surface. |
| alcoholism | physical dependency on alcohol. |
| benzodiazepines | A class of antianxiety drugs that bind with high affinity to receptor molecules in the central nervous system; one example is diazepam (Valium). |
| mycetoma | General term for a swollen, progressing, tumorlike skin lesion caused either by fungi or certain bacteria. |
| diffusion of responsibility | occurs in groups when an individual feels less responsibility because accountability is diffused amongst the group |
| bipolar neuron | A nerve cell that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other end |
| polygyny | A mating system in which one male mates with more than one female |
| integration zone | The part of the neuron that initiates nerve electrical activity if the sum of all inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials exceeds a threshold value |
| tip link | A fine, threadlike fiber that runs along and connects the tips of stereocilia |
| nares | The two halves of the nasal passages; also, the external and internal openings of the nasal passages. |
| myofilaments | Smaller threadlike elements making up the myofibrils of muscles. |
| behavioral observation | method for assessing the frequency of a client's behaviors and the specific situations in which they occur |
| neurilemma | The outer |
| sound waves | Changes in pressure generated by vibrating molecules. |
| chain of infection | The chain of events in which a |
| neuron | basic unit of the nervous system, composed of a cell body, dendrites, and axon; also called a nerve cell. |
| gyrus | (plural is gyri) - these are high areas on the brain that are separated by fissures. |
| reticular layer | Basal layer of the |
| summer sores | Common term for cutaneous habronemiasis. |
| sensation | the ability to detect chemical or physical changes in the environment |
| vanadium | This little known mineral may actually be required for maintaining health, although no clear scientific proof of this exists at present |
| node of ranvier | A gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed |
| slp | Speech -Language Pathologist |
| progesterone | The primary type of progestin that is secreted by the ovary |
| oncoprotein | mutant protein (encoded by a corresponding oncogene) that initiates or sustains malignant behavior of tumor cells; 12.4.4 |
| orphan receptor | putative receptor protein, identified as such by sequence homology to known receptors, with as yet unknown ligand and function; 5.1 |
| receptors | molecules on the membranes of neurons to which neurotransmitters bind |
| metabolism | The combination of all the |
| mast cells | large cells in connective tissues, respiratory tract, eyes, and lymph glands that participate in the humoral immune response |
| agonist | A drug that increases neurotransmitter activity by directly stimulating the nerve cell receptors. |
| lymph nodes | Small, bean-shaped organs located in various areas of the body along throughout the lymphatic system, a network of organs, lymph nodes and vessels that removes lymph fluid from the tissues of the body and returns it to the blood stream. |
| quittor | Chronic inflammatory process of the collateral cartilage of the coffin bone. |
| false labour | Irregular |
| centration | The tendency to focus on one aspect of a problem and ignore other key aspects. |
| spatial resolution | The ability to observe the detailed structure of the brain |
| neuroregenerative | See neuroprotective |
| gustatory area | A portion of the |
| myopia | Nearsightedness; the inability to focus the retinal image of objects that are far away |
| prostate gland | A muscular |
| photodynamic therapy | A treatment for melanoma in which a chemical is applied to the skin and exposed to a light source. |
| metabolism | The sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place within an organism and all energy transformations that occur within living cells. |
| ganglion | a group of neuron bodies (not in the brain or spinal cord) |
| autonomic ganglia | Collections of nerve cell bodies, belonging to the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system, that are found in various locations and innervate the major organs. |
| bdnf | Type of growth factor |
| autoimmune response | An inappropriate immune response, directed against the body's own tissues. |
| adhesion | A fusion or sticking together of surfaces. |
| elaboration | A type of deep processing in which information being learned is associated with other meaningful material. |
| meninges | The three protective membranes—dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid—that surround the brain and spinal cord |
| sulfonamides | class of antimicrobial drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis; 1.3.3, 11.2.3, 14.2.4 |
| actin | A vital protein component of muscle, one of the proteins responsible for muscle contraction. |
| switching | A change in who is up front |
| motor neuron | See motoneuron |
| bystander effect | The tendency of people to be less likely to offer help to someone who needs it if other people are also present. |
| granula iridica | Corpora nigra. |
| hypovolemic thirst | A desire to ingest fluids that is stimulated by a reduced volume of extracellular fluid |
| memory | An amazing function of your brain that scientists are still trying to understand |
| arginine vasopressin | Also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or simply vasopressin |
| body surface | includes the skin, mucous membranes, and lungs as surfaces through which drugs may enter or exit the body |
| endotracheal tube | A plastic tube for breathing, commonly inserted into the trachea during general anesthesia |
| titer | A quantitative measure of the concentration of an antibody or antigen in blood serum; determined in principle by making serial dilutions of serum and identifying the highest dilution at which the antibody or antigen can still be detected. |
| subthalamic nucleus | a group of cells below the thalamus that is linked to the basal ganglia. |
| bacteremia | Presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. |
| percutaneous needle biopsy | Technique by which a sample of organ tissue is obtained for examination by maneuvering a biopsy needle through the skin and into the organ of interest. |
| disorganized speech | Style of talking often seen in people with schizophrenia, involving incoherence and a lack of typical logic patterns. |
| monomer | A |
| chronic pain | Chronic pain is a state in which pain persists beyond the usual course of an acute disease or healing of an injury, or that may or may not be associated with an acute or chronic pathologic process that causes continuous or intermittent pain over months or years. |
| dilated fixed pupil | Pupil that does not contract. |
| umami | One of the five basic tastes (along with salty, sour, sweet, and bitter), probably mediated by amino acids in foods. |
| williams syndrome association | Site provides information about Williams Syndrome which is a rare developmental disorder. |
| shaking palsy | an obsolete name for Parkinson’s disease |
| spontaneous otoacoustic emission | A sound produced by the ears of many normal people |
| hyperreflexia | Excessive response of muscle reflexes when a normal stimulus is applied. |
| immunocytochemistry | A method for detecting a particular protein in tissues in which an antibody recognizes and binds to the protein and then chemical methods are used to leave a visible reaction product around each antibody |
| contact hypothesis | suggestion that prejudice can be reduced if members of different groups are brought into contact with each other. |
| negative feedback | The property by which some of the output of a system feeds back to reduce the effect of input signals |
| genome | All of the genetic information; the entire genetic complement; all of the hereditary material possessed by an organism. |
| parasympathetic | Pertaining to the |
| reproductive advantage | The outcome of a characteristic that helps an organism mate successfully and thus pass on its genes to the next generation. |
| vestibule | Outer portion of the vagina into which the urethra (the connecting tube from the urinary bladder) empties. |
| high | A large amount |
| dopa-responsive dystonia | a genetic disease causing dystonia |
| choreoathetosis | abnormal involuntary movements that combine chorea and athetosis, so that there are both jerks and writhing |
| circumventricular organ | Any of multiple distinct sites that lie in the wall of a cerebral ventricle and monitor the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid |
| radiation | Rays of energy |
| tremor | a rhythmical shaking of a limb, head, mouth, tongue, or other part of the body. |
| nitric oxide | nitric oxideFunction: noun: a poisonous colorless gas NO that occurs as a common air pollutant formed by the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen and that is also formed by the oxidation of arginine in the mammalian body where it acts as a mediator of intracellular and intercellular communication regulating numerous biological processes (as vasodilation and neurotransmission) |
| accommodation | Ability of the lens to change its shape in order to focus vision effectively on objects at different distances from the eye. |
| glomerular filtration rate | Rate at which the kidney glomeruli filter the blood passing through them. |
| mecholyl | a drug that mimics acetylcholine at muscarinic receptor sites |
| gymkhana | Athletic event. |
| algorithm | A step-by-step procedure that is guaranteed to solve a problem. |
| stapes | Latin for “stirrup.” A middle-ear bone that is connected to the oval window; one of the three ossicles that conduct sounds across the middle ear |
| spatial summation | The summation at the axon hillock of postsynaptic potentials from across the cell body |
| severe vomiting | Severe vomiting is characterized by severe episodes or severe cyclic episodes of nausea and vomiting that can last for hours or even days on end |
| ovaries | Paired organs of the female responsible for the production of ova (eggs). |
| sex-linked diseases | Genetic diseases of males caused by defective genes located on the X chromosome; also called X-linked diseases. |
| toxin | A poisonous substance of animal or plant origin. |
| best practices | A practice (i.e |
| saxitoxin | An animal toxin that blocks sodium channels when applied to the outer surface of the cell membrane. |
| neuronal receptors | Neurons use chemical signaling mechanisms to communicate with one another |
| dendro-dendritic | Referring to a type of synapse in which a synaptic connection forms between the dendrites of two neurons |
| simple salivary reflex | A reflex to increase salivation involving the |
| mild cognitive impairment | Mild cognitive impairment, also known as MCI, ia a decline in memory and/or intellectual functioning that is not as severe as dementia |
| congestive heart failure | Also called heart failure |
| apokyn™ | see Apomorphine |
| muscular dystrophy | A disease that leads to degeneration of and functional changes in muscles |
| depression | A mood, often described as sad, hopeless, discouraged or as an inability to experience pleasure. |
| irreversible inhibition | inhibition by a drug that binds irreversibly, usually by forming a covalent bond, to a receptor or enzyme and displaces the physiological ligand or substrate; 2.3.2 |
| phenotype | the observed characteristics of the individual, that manifest as a combination of genetic and environmental influences. |
| serotonin | A brain neurotransmitter that may be deficient in some cases of depression and whose potential role in Parkinson's disease is under investigation. |
| receptor antibodies | substances produced by the immune system that destroy the body's own receptors |
| secondary flaccidity | The secondary relaxation of the body's muscles following death. |
| enterolith | Stony concretion that develops in the large intestine |
| adjuvant | Substance that nonspecifically stimulates immune responses; used in inactivated vaccines to prolong the immune response to vaccine components. |
| plaque | An area of inflamed or demyelinated central nervous system tissue. |
| syncytium | Golgi's notion that the nervous system was comprised of an interconnected net of protoplasm |
| spatial summation | The summation of postsynaptic potentials that reach the axon hillock from different locations across the cell body |
| diuretic | Any drug that promotes urination. |
| nerve-muscle junction | the region where alpha motor neurons release acetylcholine onto receptors in the muscles |
| major histocompatibility complex | A large family of genes that identify an individual’s tissues (to aid in immune responses against foreign proteins). |
| bursa | Fluid-filled sac or saclike cavity, situated over pressure points in tissues where friction from repeated movement might develop. |
| protozoa | Simple organisms that are usually composed of a single cell; most are free-living but some are capable of producing disease in animals or humans. |
| viremia | Presence of virus in the bloodstream. |
| subthalmus | a region of the brain that sits below the thalamus and It receives input connections from the substantia nigra and striatum. |
| round window | A membrane separating the cochlear duct from the middle-ear cavity |
| cluster headache | a type of vascular headache that occurs in series or groups |
| malaria | infectious disease caused by the unicellular eukaryotic parasite Plasmodium falciparum and related species, and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes |
| pruritus | Itchiness. |
| noncompetitive ligand | A drug that affects a transmitter receptor while binding at a site other than that bound by the endogenous ligand |
| comminuted fracture | Fracture in which the affected bone is broken or crushed into small fragments. |
| thalamus | part of the forebrain, transmits nerve impulses, up sensory pathways to the cerebral cortex |
| symbol | A sound, gesture, or written character that represents an object, action, event, or idea. |
| hallucinations | Unusual perceptions, for example, hearing sounds or voices that are not there. |
| uterine horns | Paired branchings of the uterus leading from the body of the uterus to the uterine tubes. |
| smooth muscle cells | Long, |
| lateral sulcus | See Sylvian fissure. |
| thalamus | a small structure at the top of the brainstem that serves as a relay center for sensory information, pain, attention, and alertness. |
| omphalophlebitis | Infection (usually bacterial) of the veins of the umbilical cord in the newborn; "navel ill." |
| β-secretase | An enzyme that cleaves amyloid precursor protein, forming β-amyloid, which can lead to Alzheimer’s disease |
| moon blindness | Periodic ophthalmia. |
| ketone | A compound, liberated by the breakdown of body fats and proteins, that is a metabolic fuel source |
| egoistic suicide | suicide committed by people who feel alienated from others and who lack social support |
| ria | See radioimmunoassay. |
| approach-approach conflict | A conflict between two desirable alternatives. |
| pervasive developmental disorders | Resource is related to or associated with application to Pervasive Developmental Disorders |
| cleft palate | Birth defect characterized by an abnormal connection between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity; as a result, small amounts of milk often may be seen dripping from the nostrils when the foal suckles. |
| nmj | See neuromuscular junction. |
| pleural fluid | The fluid between the |
| neuroendocrine | Relating to the nervous system (the collection of neurons and associated cells that carries electrical impulses between parts of the body) and endocrine system (various glands that secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood) |
| limbic system | A loosely defined, widespread group of brain nuclei that innervate each other to form a network |
| cholinergic | Referring to cells that use acetylcholine as their synaptic transmitter |
| sexual selection | Darwin’s theoretical mechanism for the evolution of anatomical and behavioral differences between males and females. |
| ingesta | Ingested food. |
| disuse atrophy | Loss of muscle mass because of muscle disuse. |
| cranial nerve | twelve pairs of nerves that arise from each side of the brain stem numbered I to XII from anterior to posterior |
| fingerprint | The unique pattern created by the ridges found on the palm side skin of fingers and thumbs. |
| functional medicine | A type of holistic or alternative medicine that analyzes and treats interdependent systems of the body in seeking a dynamic balance for good health. |
| degradation | process in which a receiving neuron releases an enzyme into the synapse, breaking down neurotransmitters into other biochemicals |
| visuospacial function | pertaining to perception of the spatial relationships among objects within the field of vision. |
| scala media | See middle canal |
| free radicals | Chemicals that are highly reactive and can oxidize other molecules (i.e |
| eardrum | See tympanic membrane. |
| monoclonal antibody | A substance created in a laboratory that is designed to recognize and bind to the antigen of a specific cancer cell when introduced into the body |
| identity moratorium | A state in which commitment to an identity is delayed while a person experiments with various roles and values. |
| steroid receptor cofactors | Proteins that affect the cell’s response when a steroid hormone binds its receptor. |
| neurons | Highly specialized cells that generate and transmit bioelectric impulses from one part of the body to another; the functional unit of the |
| muscle atrophy | Loss of muscle fiber volume characterized by a visible decrease in muscle size |
| hyperkeratosis | Abnormal overgrowth of the horny layer of the epidermis. |
| cultural identity | the influence of one's culture on the development of identity |
| antigen b | A surface |
| immune complex | Antibody attached to (complexed with) an antigen. |
| dermis | The middle and thickest major layer of the skin; composed of connective tissue fibers and a ground substance, it lies just beneath the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. |
| h1 receptor | a type of histamine receptor that mediates responses to injury or allergies throughout the body |
| fef | See frontal eye field. |
| aura | In epilepsy, the unusual sensations or premonition that may precede the beginning of a seizure |
| ventral | towards the front or stomach side of the body and head (Sheep Brain Dissection) |
| renal pyramids | Cone shaped regions found within the |
| acetylcholinesterase inhibitor | a drug that blocks acetylcholinesterase, thereby increasing levels of acetylcholine in the synapse |
| rectal-vaginal fistula | A tear from the top of the vestibule (entrance to the vagina) to the floor of the rectum. |
| neutrophil | A phagocytic |
| varicosity | The axonal swelling from which neurotransmitter diffuses in a nondirected synapse. |
| palpable | Detectable by touch or feeling. |
| anatomy | The study of body structure. |
| calcium | A metallic element that is a component of |
| cell body | The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus (with DNA) and the organelles, but not the projections such as the axon or dendrites. |
| cell replacement therapy | A strategy aiming to replace cells damaged or lost by disease or injury with healthy new cells |
| anterior | toward the front or the head, see also rostral (Sheep Brain Dissection) |
| melioidosis | A glanderslike disease caused by Pseudomonas pseudomallei, characterized by the development of nodules in internal organs; not known to occur in the United States. |
| shyness | This article provides information concerning shyness and its effects on children and the self |
| apomorphine | a drug given to treat Parkinson’s disease |
| latency difference | A difference between the two ears in the time of arrival of a sound, which the nervous system can use to localize a sound source |
| ieg | See immediate early gene |
| dihydrotestosterone | The 5α-reduced metabolite of testosterone; a potent androgen that is principally responsible for the masculinization of the external genitalia in mammalian sexual differentiation |
| total digestible nutrients | For a feed, the sum of the digestible carbohydrate, protein, fat, and fiber; also called digestible energy (DE). |
| amblyopia | Reduced visual acuity that is not caused by optical or retinal impairments. |
| consolidation | The second process in the memory system, in which information in short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory |
| serotonin re-uptake inhibitors | A class of drugs that are used as anti-depressants |
| classical conditioning | form of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response, thereby making the neutral stimulus itself sufficient to elicit the same response |
| atrophy | Wasting, shrinkage. |
| bronchodilators | Drugs that cause expansion of vital airways in the lungs, allowing for improved respiration. |
| dopamine | A neurotransmitter important in helping to regulate physical movement, pleasure, and thought and is missing in patients with Parkinson's Disease. |
| tardive dyskinesia | A serious side effect of antipsychotic drugs |
| genistein | A phytoestrogen found in extracts of soybeans, red clover, and kudzu root. |
| neurosis | An emotional disorder that involves a counterproductive way of dealing with mental stress |
| phallus | The clitoris or penis |
| respiration | The movement and exchange of |
| spinocerebellum | The uppermost part of the cerebellum, consisting mostly of the vermis and anterior lobe |
| lactose | Milk sugar. |
| positron emission tomography | (also called PET imaging or a PET scan)a type of nuclear medicine imaging that uses small amounts of radioactive material to diagnose or treat a variety of diseases. |
| neonatal | Referring to newborns. |
| otoacoustic emission | A sound produced by the cochlea itself, either spontaneously or in response to an environmental noise. |
| tyrosine | Tyrosine is a precursor of norepinephrine and dopamine, two neurotransmitters responsible for regulating depression and mood levels. |
| senile plaque | See amyloid plaque |
| pulp | The blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic channels, and cells that line the pulp chamber or root canal of each tooth. |
| zoospore | The motile, infective stage of Dermatophilus congolensis, the cause of a skin disorder known as dermatophilosis. |
| soft-tissue orbit | The nonbony structures (muscles, nerves, blood vessels) that lie within the bony orbit. |
| closure | The tendency to interpret familiar, incomplete forms as complete by filling in gaps. |
| blood brain barrier | Semi-permeable cell layer around blood vessels in the brain and spinal cord that prevents large molecules, cells, and potentially damaging substances and disease-causing organisms (e.g., viruses) from passing out of the blood stream into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). |
| diastolic | Refers to the filling of the heart with blood between muscle contractions |
| contact comfort | Comfort derived from physical closeness with a caregiver. |
| peritoneal pain | Peritoneal pain, otherwise known as a generalized condition of peritonitis, is an inflammation of the peritoneum, or the thin tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers most of the abdominal organs |
| internal fertilization | The process by which sperm fertilize eggs inside of the female’s body, as in all mammals, birds, and reptiles |
| epilepsy | A brain disorder marked by major sudden changes in the electrophysiological state of the brain that are referred to as seizures |
| timbre | The characteristic sound quality of a musical instrument, as determined by the relative intensities of its various harmonics |
| cytoplasm | See intracellular fluid. |
| app | See amyloid precursor protein |
| hypothalamic-pituitary portal system | An elaborate bed of blood vessels leading from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary |
| histology | The study of tissue structure. |
| encéphale isolé | See isolated brain. |
| delusion | A belief that is clearly implausible but compelling and central to an individual's life. |
| sylvian fissure | Also called lateral sulcus |
| prickle cell layer | A layer of cells within the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin; also known as the squamous cell layer, it lies above the basal cell layer and below the granular cell layer. |
| agnosia | Resource is related to or associated with application to Agnosia |
| parabiotic | Referring to a surgical preparation that joins two animals to share a single blood supply |
| bell’s palsy | A disorder, usually caused by viral infection, in which the facial nerve on one side stops conducting action potentials, resulting in paralysis on one side of the face |
| thrombin | An |
| secondary sensory cortex | Also called non-primary sensory cortex |
| creatinine | Nitrogen-containing compound generated from the breakdown of ingested proteins. |
| hz | See hertz |
| graded response | response regulated in small increments; opposite to an |
| homeostatic control mechanisms | Mechanisms for maintaining |
| septicemia | severe infection, in which the bacterial or fungal pathogen is carried in the bloodstream and may settle in multiple organs |
| sustained response | A response to therapy that continues over a long time period. For example, a patient treated for chronic hepatitis B or C who remains free of the virus for at least 6 months after stopping treatment is considered to have a sustained response to therapy. |
| cat | Cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) is a brief therapy that was developed in the context of the National Health Service in the United Kingdom with the aim of providing effective and affordable psychological treatment which could be realistically provided in a resource constrained National Health Service |
| thrombus | a blood clot. |
| sclerosis | A hardening within the nervous system, especially of the brain and spinal cord, resulting from degeneration of nervous elements such as the myelin sheath. |
| metabolic tests | diagnostic tests that evaluate the absence or lack of a specific enzyme (i.e., amino acids, vitamins, carbohydrates) that are necessary to maintain the normal chemical function of the body. |
| source amnesia | Inaccurate recall of the origin of information in memory |
| thiocyanates | The smelly sulfur compounds that make you turn up your nose at the aroma of boiling cabbage. |
| neurotrophin | A chemical that prevents neurons from dying. |
| anemia | A condition where the blood is no longer carrying enough oxygen, so the person looks pale and easily gets dizzy, weak and tired |
| labour | The process of child birth |
| chain ganglia | A series of sypathetic ganglia lying parallel and |
| neurophysiology | The study of the life processes of neurons. |
| co-variation model of attribution | Kelley's theory that people decide on the cause of a behaviour by weighing up how consistent and distinctive the behaviour is and how much consensus there is about it. |
| long delay conditioning | in Pavlovian conditioning, a procedure in which the CS is presented for a relatively long period of time before being accompanied by the US |
| ph | a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a liquid; pH = -log([H+]) |
| deep brain stimulation | Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that uses a surgically implanted, battery-operated medical device called a neurostimulator - similar to a heart pacemaker and approximately the size of a stopwatch - to deliver electrical stimulation to targeted areas in the brain that control movement, blocking the abnormal nerve signals that cause tremor and PD symptoms |
| striate cortex | See primary visual cortex |
| hydromyelia | Hydromyelia, also known as Syringomyelia, is a condition characterized by the abnormal widening of the central canal of the spinal cord |
| main effect | The effect of one variable on another without any other variables or subgroups involvement. |
| analgesic | a drug that reduces pain |
| anxiety | state of apprehension, tension, and worry |
| septicemia | The invasion of the bloodstream with |
| perceptual organisation | processes that combine incoming sensory information into a coherent, meaningful perceptual experience |
| cell migration | The movement of cells from site of origin to final location |
| granular cell layer | A layer of cells within the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin; it lies above the prickle cell layer and below the horny layer. |
| sleeping sickness | disease caused by infection of the CNS with certain Trypanosoma parasites, which are transmitted by tsetse flies; 11.9.3 |
| secondary reinforcer | a previously neutral stimulus that has rewarding properties as a result of its association with rewarding stimuli |
| senile plaques | Also called amyloid plaques |
| psychosocial dwarfism | Reduced stature caused by stress early in life |
| period | the time from the beginning of one event until the beginning of the next; usually measured in seconds; period = 1 / frequency. |
| cell body | Also called soma |
| prophylactic agent | From a Greek word meaning to keep guard before, a prophylactic agent is administered before the onset of disease or other condition to prevent its occurrence (examples: birth control pills, flu shots, and vaccines: penicillin G is given prophylactically to patients with a history of rheumatic heart disease prior to undergoing surgery or a tooth extraction. |
| leading questions | are questions subtly communicate to the respondent to answer in a particularly way, which results in a biased answer or recall of an event |
| temporal summation | cumulative depolarization of a postsynaptic membrane by a rapid succession of excitatory postsynaptic potentials occurring in the same synapse; 6.9.2 |
| amniotic fluid | The |
| hypophonia | low voice volume or muffled speech |
| basal ganglia | Several large clusters of nerve cells, including the striatum and the substantia nigra, deep in the brain below the cerebral hemispheres. |
| superoxide dismutase | An enzyme that destroys superoxide |
| patient k.c. | A patient who sustained damage to the cortex that renders him unable to form and retrieve new episodic memories |
| learned helplessness | the result, generalized to other situations, of learning that one's behavior is ineffective in changing the environment |
| adrenocorticoid | See adrenal steroid hormone |
| polyneuritis | Inflammation of many nerves at once |
| lens | A structure in the eye that helps focus an image on the retina |
| cholecystokinin | A peptidehormone that is released by the gutafter ingestion of food high in protein and/or fat. |
| euthanasia | Humane killing; putting to sleep |
| neuralgia | Pain in a nerve |
| system | A group of persons in one body |
| retropulsion | the tendency to step backwards if bumped from the front or upon initiating walking; usually seen in patients who tend to lean backwards because of problems with balance. |
| progesterone | Hormone secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta, whose primary function is to prepare the uterus for pregnancy; also called progestin. |
| ringworm | A common skin infection caused by ringworm fungi (dermatophytes), which invade the outer, superficial layers of the skin, hair, and nails; also called dermatophytosis. |
| monocular fixation | Focusing of one eye on an object. |
| cross-sectional | type of research examining people at one point in time but not following them over time |
| leukopenia | Reduction in the number of circulating white blood cells. |
| perilymph | The fluid in the space between the |
| ltp | See long-term potentiation. |
| proprioception | Body sense; information about the position and movement of the body that is sent to the brain |
| postencephalitic parkinsonism | A Parkinson's-like illness, cases of which followed the worldwide flu epidemic of 1918; also called von Economo encephalitis. |
| intersexuality | Having characteristics of both sexes intermingling in the same individual. |
| lumbar region | Abdominopelvic region |
| prevalence | proportion of the population who have a specific disorder at a given point or period in time |
| si | Sensory Integration |
| myoclonus | a quick, brief jerk movement that is involuntary and abnormal |
| stress | a mismatch between the perceived demands of the environment and an organisms perceived ability to cope. |
| pomc | See pro-opiomelanocortin. |
| thickness | Software application that performs a surface analysis of 'Thickness'. |
| appendicular skeleton | That portion of the skeleton composed of the bones forming the limbs and pelvis. |
| synapse | the gap between two neurons forming the site of information transfer, via neurotransmitters, from one neuron to another, including the pre-synaptic nerve terminal and the post-synaptic dendritic site; at synapses, neurotransmitters released from pre-synaptic axon terminals bind to receptors on post-synaptic dendrites (Connect the Neurons) |
| gland | Collection of cells that produces secretions or excretions of a specialized character. |
| conduction aphasia | An impairment in the ability to repeat words and sentences |
| biotin | A B-vitamin that is a component of enzymes that ferry carbon and oxygen atoms between cells. |
| essential tremor | A movement disorder that may be confused with Parkinson's disease |
| nasal cavity | The cavity extending from the |
| orgasm | discharge of neuromuscular tension built up during sexual activity; in men, entails rhythmic contractions of the prostate, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and penis and seminal discharge; in women, entails contractions of the orgasmic platform and uterus |
| granulation tissue | Delicate pink |
| tetany | Seizurelike tremors caused most often by a decrease in circulating calcium levels. |
| encoding | The first process in the memory system, in which the information entering sensory channels is passed into short-term memory |
| infertility | Diminished ability to produce offspring. |
| fda | FDAFunction: abbreviationFood and Drug Administration |
| dysarthria | Impaired speech and language due to weakness or stiffness in the muscles used for speaking. |
| sleep apnea | Sleep disorder in which airflow blockages during sleep at least 5-10 times per hour. |
| optic nerve | nerve that connects the retina to the brain (Sheep Brain Dissection) |
| vasopressin | See arginine vasopressin. |
| cyst | Dormant (inactive) form of a |
| ataxia | Loss of balance. |
| primary motor cortex | The apparent executive region for the initiation of movement; primarily the precentral gyrus. |
| synaptic vesicle | A small, spherical structure that contains molecules of neurotransmitter |
| corneal grafting | The surgical removal of an injured cornea and replacement with a donor cornea |
| southern blot | A method of detecting a particular DNA sequence in the genome of an organism, by separating DNA with gel electrophoresis, blotting the separated DNAs onto nitrocellulose, and then using a nucleotide probe to hybridize with, and highlight, the gene of interest |
| mixed nerves | A |
| feral | Wild; untamed. |
| myiasis | Infestation of body tissue by fly maggots. |
| addiction | See dependence |
| immune system | The body’s defense against harmful agents such as bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances. |
| zvad-fmk | A drug that extended the life of ALS mice by 21 percent |
| priming | a phenomenon whereby previous exposure to a word or situation, improves implicit memory and increases the activation of associated thoughts or memories. |
| neurotransmitter | small molecule that is released by a nerve cell and activates or inhibits another nerve cell or other excitable cell nearby; 1.2.1, 2.1.2, 5.4.1, 6.9.1 |
| contralateral | On opposite sides of the body; opposite meaning to |
| ossification | The formation of bone. |
| opioids | A class of pain medications that have some opiate narcotic properties but are not derived from opium. |
| depolarize | to reduce the electrical potential across the membrane of the neuron |
| enucleation | Surgical removal of the eyeball |
| anti-müllerian hormone | Also called müllerian regression hormone |
| bipolar disease | A mental disorder characterized by alternating periods of high energy and mental confusion with low energy and mental depression |
| wheal | A discrete, well-circumscribed, reddened skin swelling with a flat top and steep-walled margins, produced by edema in the dermis; often associated with allergic reactions, i.e., urticaria; also called a "hive." |
| mrh | See anti-müllerian hormone. |
| gout | A form of arthritis that affects 9 men for every one woman caused by uric acid crystals collecting in the spaces around joints. |
| growth hormone | Hormone produced by the pituitary gland; it controls the rate of body growth. |
| soluble fibers | Dietary fibers as found in fruits, oat bran, and psyllium (the chief component of commercial stool softeners such as "Metamucil"); they attract water and form a gel, are highly fermentable (able to be digested by bacteria) in the large intestine, and have been shown in people to slow emptying of the stomach and to inhibit the absorption of cholesterol. |
| experimental group | A group of subjects in an experiment for whom the independent variable is manipulated. |
| m.a. | Masters of Arts. |
| general adaptation syndrome | The stress response of an organism, described by Hans Selye |
| connective tissue | A general term encompassing the different types of supportive tissues that hold together many body structures. |
| anterograde amnesia | deficit in the ability to learn new information |
| serotonin | A synaptic transmitter that is produced in the raphe nuclei and is active in structures throughout the central nervous system |
| schema | A mental model of an object or event that includes knowledge about it as well as beliefs and expectations. |
| clones | A group of genetically identical |
| cauda equina | Literally “horse’s tail” (in Latin) |
| nucleus accumbens | A region of the forebrain that receives dopaminergic innervation from the ventral tegmental area |
| monogamous | Mating with one person and one person only. |
| beta-secretase | An enzyme that cleaves amyloid precursor protein, forming beta-amyloid, which can lead to Alzheimer’s disease |
| borborygmus | Gurgling noises caused by the rapid movement of gas through the intestines. |
| spermatozoa | The mature reproductive cells of the male; produced by the testes, their role is to fertilize the female egg (ovum). |
| metabolism | The breakdown of complex molecules into smaller molecules |
| nondeclarative memory | Also called procedural memory |
| endometritis | Inflammation of the innermost lining of the uterus; the leading cause of infertility in broodmares |
| aorta | The great vessel arising from the left ventricle of the heart, that feeds blood through the arterial system into the body. |
| postganglionic motor neuron | A |
| urethra | ure*thra Pronunciation: \yu-ˈrē-thrə\ Function: noun 1: the canal that in most mammals carries off the urine from the bladder and in the male serves also as a passageway for semen |
| keratin | An insoluble, sulfur-rich protein that represents the principal component of skin, hair, and nails (hooves). |
| mydriatic | Any ophthalmic medication that dilates the pupil. |
| enlarged pupils | Being unable to see or focus properly, as the driver's pupils are too open for the lighting conditions |
| merkel’s disc | A skin receptor cell type that detects light touch, responding especially to edges and isolated points on a surface |
| sleep apnea | a temporary suspension of breathing occurring repeatedly during sleep that often affects overweight people or those having an obstruction in the breathing tract, an abnormally small throat opening, or a neurological disorder. |
| caspases | A family of proteins that regulate cell death (apoptosis). |
| slow-wave sleep | Also called non-REM sleep |
| striatum | part of the basal ganglia, it is a large cluster of nerve cells, consisting of the caudate nucleus and the putamen, that controls movement, balance, and walking; the neurons of the striatum require dopamine to function. |
| livido reticularis | purplish or bluish mottling of the skin caused by certain medications taken by Parkinson's patients. |
| phospholipase c | enzyme that cleaves the headgroup, including the phosphate, from a phospholipid substrate, leaving diacylglycerol in the membrane; 2.5.4, 2.6, 5.3.2 |
| proteins | Molecules, composed of amino acids, that make up many of the structural components of the body and that are needed to maintain all normal body functions. |
| filtration | Special type of |
| thrombocytopenia | Abnormally decreased numbers of circulating blood platelets. |
| motor endplate | synapse between a motoneuron and skeletal muscle cell; 6.10.8 |
| ocular dominance slab | A slab of visual cortex, about 0.5 millimeters wide, in which the neurons of all layers respond preferentially to stimulation of one eye |
| cell differentiation | The developmental stage in which cells acquire distinctive characteristics, such as those of neurons, as the result of expressing particular genes |
| hospice patients | In terms of modern usage, hospice is a nursing home for the care of the dying or the incurably ill |
| osteoporosis | Thinning and weakening of bone. |
| tens | See transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation |
| critical period | a crucial period in a person's or animal's development when certain experiences must happen for normal development to proceed |
| secondary somatosensory cortex | Also called somatosensory 2 |
| yttrium-90 labeled octreotide | A radiopharmaceutical being evaluated in clinical trials as an alternative to radioiodine for patients whose thyroid cancer is not responsive to I-131 radiotherapy with iodine. |
| paralysis agitans | old term for Parkinson’s disease. |
| ld-50 | the dosage of a drug that would be lethal to 50 percent of the population |
| atrial septal defect | Rare congenital defect characterized by the presence of a hole in the wall or septum separating the left and right atria of the heart. |
| gaba | (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid), an amino acid derivative, is the most important and widespread inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain |
| bone marrow | The soft inner tissue of bones, containing the blood-forming elements (precursor cells of the red and white blood cells and blood platelets) of the circulatory system. |
| lymphoscintigraphy | A procedure that uses a radiotracer and gamma camera to produce images of the lymphatic system to help identify the first, or sentinel, lymph nodes into which a cancer site drains. |
| glutathione-s-transferase | enzyme that couples free glutathione to an electrophilic center on a substrate molecule, most commonly a xenobiotic; 4.4.3 |
| embolus | a "wandering" blood clot. |
| chemical transmitter | See neurotransmitter. |
| spinal cord | a bundle of nerves that carries messages between the brain and the rest of the body. |
| eserver.org: accessible online publishing | Site lists electronic papers and texts that discuss and address gender studies and related issues |
| hepatocyte | A |
| somatoform disorders | Physical symptoms of several years duration of psychic, mental, or emotional origin, which have no known demonstrable organic basis but which have caused the individual to take medicine frequently, seek medical treatment and alter life patterns. |
| sciatic nerve | The largest nerve in the body, the sciatic nerve begins in the lower back, passes through the buttock area down into the legs. |
| mesencephalon | See midbrain. |
| enophthalmos | Recession of the eye deep within the orbit |
| bell's palsy | Condition characterized by paralysis of the face muscles on one side |
| gene chip | Gene chips are a way of automating experiments that previously could only be done one at a time |
| conformity | The process of giving in to real or imagined pressure from a group. |
| growth hormone | Also called somatotropin or somatotropic hormone |
| p3 effect | Also called auditory P300 |
| ammonia | A gaseous compound of hydrogen and nitrogen which is found in nitrogenous waste such as |
| hindsight bias | The tendency to interpret the past in a way that fits the present. |
| retrograde degeneration | Destruction of the nerve cell body following injury to its axon |
| signal detection theory | A theory used to predict when a weak signal will be detected. |
| sarcoma | A malignant or cancerous tumor that occurs in the connective tissues of the body including the bones, cartilage, tendons and soft tissues. |
| papillae | Small bumps on the skin that hold taste buds, which in turn hold the taste receptors in the tongue and throat, on the inside of the cheeks, and on the roof of the mouth. |
| meningeal | Relating to the |
| neurotransmitter | A chemical in the brain that transmits messages from one nerve cell to another. |
| mood disorder | Describes a variety of mood disorders that range from excessively happy, energized, and feelings of restlessness (manic) to extremely sad or feeling down (depressed) |
| functional mri | Magnetic resonance imaging that detects changes in blood flow and therefore identifies regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task |
| brachygnathism | Condition wherein the lower jaw is shorter than the upper jaw, placing the lower incisor teeth farther behind the upper incisor teeth. |
| expiration | The exhalation of carbon dioxide out of the |
| tobacco | A plant widely cultivated for its leaves, which are used primarily for smoking; the N |
| cross sectional study | a research design based on selecting representative groups who vary on a particular characteristic; when the characteristic is age, this design provides a means of making developmental comparisons. |
| optic nerve | Fibers that connect the retina in the eye to the brain. |
| kidney | Either of the pair of bean shaped |
| memory trace | A persistent change in the brain that reflects the storage of memory |
| mass spectrometer | A detection device that specifically identifies and quantifies the constituents of complex fluid mixtures |
| tpj | See temporoparietal junction. |
| lateral thinking | an approach to problem solving whereby an individual looks at a problem from many different perspectives to seek to find the best solution. |
| lordosis | an exaggeration of the forward curve of the lower part of the back. |
| photoreceptor adaptation | The tendency of rods and cones to adjust their light sensitivity to match ambient levels of illumination. |
| western blot | A method of detecting a particular protein molecule in a tissue or organ, by separating proteins from that source with gel electrophoresis, blotting the separated proteins onto nitrocellulose, and then using an antibody that binds, and highlights, the protein of interest |
| lateral | toward the left or right sides of the body, away from the middle; opposite of medial (Sheep Brain Dissection) |
| mechanical digestion | Digestion which takes place in the |
| perceptual speed | The amount of time a person takes to accurately perceive and discriminate between stimuli. |
| drug testing | In this document, drug testing refers solely to urinalysis and not to any other form of analysis such as blood, hair, sweat, or voice inflection. |
| mindfully | In the moment |
| proteomics | The study and identification of the proteins produced by the genetic instructions carried by a cell. |
| mastitis | Inflammation of one or more mammary glands. |
| stigma | A belief that a group of people that share a particular attribute (like mental illness) should be excluded or treated less favourably than most people |
| morphine | The principal active ingredient in opium |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone | A tropic hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, that controls the production and release of hormones of the adrenal cortex |
| negative | an electric charge or voltage that is less than zero |
| closed-loop motor control | A control mechanism that provides a flow of information from whatever is being controlled to the device that controls it |
| arcuate fasciculus | A fiber tract classically viewed as a connection between Wernicke’s speech area and Broca’s speech area |
| meningioma | A noninvasive tumor of the meninges |
| mucous membranes | The moist tissues that line the eyes, mouth, nose, throat, vagina, and rectum. |
| glycogen | A complex carbohydrate made by the combining of glucose molecules for a short-term store of energy. |
| micrographia | Small, cramped handwriting. |
| cardiac arrest | Cessation of the heartbeat. |
| blurred vision | Being unable to see clearly or focus, as the driver's vision is misty or distorted |
| vitreous chamber | The deepest chamber of the eye, behind the lens. |
| sporocyst | Larval stage of flukes that arises from the free-swimming miracidium stage. |
| eog | See electro-oculography. |
| sampling bias | A source of error that arises when the sample is not representative of the population that the researcher wants to study. |
| root | 1) A |
| premotor cortex | A region of nonprimary motor cortex just anterior to the primary motor cortex |
| intersex | Referring to an individual with atypical genital development and sexual differentiation that generally resembles a form intermediate between typical male and typical female genitals |
| motor theory of language | The theory of speech mechanisms proposing that the left-hemisphere language zones are motor control systems that are concerned with both the precise production and the perception of the extremely complex movements that go into speech |
| glucose release | Glucose is released from |
| stratum granulosum | Third layer of the |
| suicide contagion | phenomenon in which the suicide of a well-known person is linked to the acceptance of suicide by people who closely identify with that person |
| simultaneous hermaphrodites | Species in which individuals have both male and female reproductive organs at the same time |
| lowball technique | The act of making an attractive proposition and revealing its downsides only after a person has agreed to it. |
| incubation | in the Gestalt model of problem solving, a process of pausing to actively work on a problem, in order to modify one's mental set. |
| walking the middle path | A module developed specifically for teens to teach dialectics (see Dialectics in this glossary) |
| sedative dependence | The psychological or physical dependence on sedative medication |
| endogenous | Originating internally; developing from within, rather than caused by external factors; the opposite of exogenous. |
| annulospiral ending | See primary sensory ending. |
| autonomic nervous system | The part of the nervous system that controls the working of the heart muscle, the muscles of the digestive tract, the lungs and the glands. |
| fasciae | Sheets of fibrous tissue that ensheath the muscles and define their shape. |
| psyche | Jungs term for the totality of each persons psychic contents. |
| cranial reflex | A reflex response that is carried out after a |
| expressive language | The ability to use language to communicate. |
| cpse | Is an acronym that stands for Committee on Pre-School Special Education |
| gastrointestinal tract | The part of the |
| blotting | Transferring DNA, RNA, or protein fragments to nitrocellulose following separation via gel electrophoresis |
| cohort | a group of individuals who were born during the same time interval, i.e |
| exogenous | Arising from outside the body |
| exostosis | A benign growth protruding from the surface of a bone |
| osteoarthritis | Osteoarthritis, also called degenerative arthritis, is a type of arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints Osteoarthritis, also called degenerative arthritis, is a type of arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints. |
| extracellular | Outside the |
| disseminated intravascular coagulation | A bleeding disorder characterized by the excessive utilization of blood-clotting factors, due to widespread clotting within blood vessels; the resultant hemorrhaging often represents a terminal event in a number of diseases. |
| annular ligaments | Ligaments that function to maintain tendon alignment where the tendons cross a joint. |
| estrus | The period during which female animals are sexually receptive |
| mast cell | A specialized, granule-containing cell found in the skin and lining of the inner body surfaces; it plays a central role in the development of allergy. |
| uch-l1 | A gene that provides instructions for making an enzyme called ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1 |
| carbonic anhydrase | An enzyme contained in |
| visual-perceptual skills | the capacity of the mind and the eye to 'see' something as it objectively exists. |
| leukotrienes | Compounds that act as modulators of allergic and inflammatory reactions. |
| recumbency | Inability to stand. |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | Also called Lou Gehrig’s disease |
| molecular genetic studies | studies of the structure and function of genes that help in understanding how genetic mutations can lead to disease |
| kilocalorie | A measure of energy commonly applied to food; formally defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C. |
| photoaggravated vasculitis | Specific disease unique to horses, characterized by an inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis) that appears to be "triggered" and subsequently aggravated by exposure to sunlight. |
| contingency of reinforcement | in operant conditioning, a description of the relationship between a response and a reinforcer. |
| semiquantitative | A term for numerical results from immunoassay technology that is an approximation of the true quantitative result produced by GC/MS. |
| ligate | To bind or tie off. |
| functional mri | Magnetic resonance imaging that detects changes in blood flow and therefore identifies regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task. |
| skeletal system | Protects and supports internal |
| fronting | Being at the front; act of being out, using the body |
| radiation therapy | The use of high-energy waves or particles of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. |
| vivid dreaming | a dream state in which the dreams are vivid, lifelike and disturbing at times. |
| absolute refractory phase | See refractory phase (definition 1). |
| axo-dendritic | Referring to a synapse in which a presynaptic axon terminal synapses onto a dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron, either via a dendritic spine or directly onto the dendrite itself |
| bile duct | conduit that drains the bile produced in the liver lobuli toward the small intestine |
| psychosocial | the psychological and/or social aspects of health, disease, treatment, and/or rehabilitation. |
| itm | See intermediate-term memory. |
| guttural pouch empyema | Accumulation of the pus in the guttural pouch, often a complication of strangles. |
| hemiparesis | Weakness of one side of the body. |
| heroin | Diacetylmorphine; an artificially modified, very potent form of morphine |
| supplementary motor area | A region of nonprimary motor cortex that receives input from the basal ganglia and modulates the activity of the primary motor cortex |
| external urethral oriface | The external opening of the |
| nicotine | A compound found in plants, including tobacco, that acts as an agonist on a large class of cholinergic receptors. |
| magnetic resonance imaging | A method for studying the brain that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce pictures of the brain. |
| water | An odourless, tasteless liquid compound of hydrogen and |
| polarized | To separate positive and |
| biological family | The original family of origin. |
| boron | An essential trace mineral, known to help bones use calcium. |
| peroxisome | Contains products to oxidize |
| 5-alpha-reductase | An enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone |
| ionotropic | receptor that also is an ion channel |
| morphine | Major sedative and pain-relieving drug produced from opium |
| turbulence | Chaotic motion of air |
| morpheme | The smallest grammatical unit of a language; a word or meaningful part of a word. |
| inferior | In anatomy, below |
| lymph nodes | Round masses of |
| corpus callosum | The large bundle of nerve fibers linking the left and right cerebral hemispheres. |
| agonist | a drug that increases neurotransmitter activity by stimulating the receptors of a neurotransmitter directly. |
| cardiopulmonary resuscitation | A procedure used when a patient′s heart stops beating; it can involve compressions of the chest or electrical stimulation. |