Glossary extracted starting with automatic seeds, with PTM for the domain bio and language EN

prenatal	Anytime before the birth of the baby.
vitamins	Organic molecules that are essential for normal metabolism, growth and development, and for the regulation of cell function
antihormone	A substance that attenuates the response to hormones.
anti-idiotype antibody	An antibody that recognizes and is complementary to the binding site of another antibody.
viroid	A plant pathogen composed of molecules of naked circular RNA only several hundred nucleotides long.
kerogen	A class of organic compounds found in some sedimentary rocks and thought to be derived from organic molecules from living organisms.
differential display	A technique for determining differences in gene expression under two different conditions or between two tissues.
glycoside	A compound in which a glycosyl group has been substituted for a hydroxyl group.
chert	Very fine grained silica (SiO2) that forms layers or nodules in sequences of sedimentary rocks.
endocrine glands	Specialized tissues whose function is to synthesize and secrete hormones.
host	Organism that develops disease from a pathogen or is being feed on by a parasite.
subtropical high pressure zone	Surface zone of atmospheric high pressure located at about 30° North and South latitude
canonical code	The genetic code that is used almost universally.
overexploitation	Harvesting by humans of wild plants or animals at rates exceeding the ability of populations of those species to rebound.
mast cell	A non-circulating leukocyte characterized by histamine-filled granules
esophagus	The muscular tube extending between and connecting the
contraception	The prevention of pregnancy.
ebris flow	A type of mass movement where there is a downslope flow of a saturated mass of soil, sediment, and rock debris.
cell line	An established clone originally derived from a whole organism through a long process of cultivation.
virulence factor	Any gene product which enhances the ability of an organism to cause disease.
continental margin	The area between a continent's shoreline and the beginning of the ocean floor
antigen	A substance, usually a protein, that stimulates the body to produce antibodies against it.
pangaea	Hypothetical super continent that existed in the geological past
benign tumor	A tumor that remains confined to its site of origin.
antibiotic	A substance, for example penicillin, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria
oreodont	Any member of an extinct group of hoofed herbivorous mammals found exclusively in North America from the Eocene to the Miocene.
survivorship curve	A plot of the number of members of a cohort that are still alive at each age; one way to represent age-specific mortality.
enhancer	A transcriptional regulatory sequence that can be located at a site distant from the promoter.
peyer's patch	A region of lymphoid tissue in the submucosa of the intestine that is rich in B cells and germinal centers.
virus	A group of particles that do not have a cellular structure and cannot replicate outside of a host cell
meroplankton	those animals that spend part of their life cycle in the plankton but become part of the nekton or benthos as adults, such as some larval fish and crabs
reverse transcriptase	An enzyme used by retroviruses to form a complementary DNA sequence (cDNA) from their RNA
fluorescence enhancement	The enhancement of fluorescence by the polarity of the medium.
benthic	Living on or in the bottom of a body of water
endotoxin	Microbial toxin, such as a cell-surface polysaccharide, that is not easily separated from the cell.
adr	American Depository Receipt; an ADR is issued by a U.S
dna sequencing	Procedures for determining the nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment.
non-parametric statistical test	Statistical tests that do not assume the sample data is normally distributed.
primate	Any member of the mammalian order Primates, including apes, monkeys, and humans
archezoa	Primitive eukaryotic group that includes diplomonads, such as Giardia; some systematists assign kingdom status to archezoans.
preclinic	Preclinical stage of drug development; tests in animal models as well as in laboratory assays
solar year	The time it takes the Earth to make one orbit around the Sun
alleles	Common is defined as having a frequency of 1% or greater.
immunity	Nonsusceptibility to a disease or to the toxic effects of antigenic material.
plant storage proteins	Proteins stored in seeds that are utilized as a source of amino acids during germination.
corticosteroid	Any steroid hormone produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex.
feral	A term used to describe domestic or introduced animals living in wild conditions or plants that have become wild.
entrainment	One of three distinct processes involved in erosion
cultural evolution	Change in culture (i.e., information passed on by learning and imitation rather than by biological inheritance).
photosynthate	Organic carbon produced by photosynthesis.
oomycete	A protist with flagellated cells, such as a water mold, white rust, or downy mildew, that acquires nutrition mainly as a decomposer or plant parasite.
growth factor	A substance that must be present in the growth medium to permit eucaryotic cell proliferation.
exogenous	Originating outside a cell, tissue, or organism.
lateralization	Segregation of functions in the cortex of the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
cancer	Cancer is an abnormal, uncontrolled and rapid growth of cells that invade and destroy surrounding tissues
ejaculation	The propulsion of sperm from the epididymis through the muscular vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra.
comet	A large mass of ice and dust that has an orbit around a star.
trait	characteristic that a living thing can pass on to its young.
scale	A specific relative or proportional size or extent of a phenomena as measured through space and/or time.
inner core	Inner region of the Earth's core
glacial surge	A rapid forward movement of the snout of a glacier.
longitudinal study	A study that follows a population forward over time.
torpor	In animals, a physiological state that conserves energy by slowing down metabolism.
cortisol	A steroid hormone, produced by the adrenal cortex, that promotes the formation of glucose from protein and fat; also suppresses the inflammatory and immune responses.
feral	Domestic or introduced animals living in wild conditions, or plants that have become wild.
perception	The interpretation of sensations by the brain.
sandstone	A sedimentary rock composed dominantly of grains that are 0.02 to 2 millimeters in diameter
regosol soil	Soil order (type) of the Canadian System of Soil Classification
structural domain	An element of protein tertiary structure that forms an independent folding unit.
treat nmd	TREAT-NMD is a network that brings together people with neuromuscular diseases and specialists (scientists, healthcare professionals and pharmaceutical companies) working on treatments for these conditions.
molecular replacement	A method for solving biomacromolecular structure based on the use of a model derived from a related, previously solved structure.
racial group	A group of people defined by race, color, nationality and ethnic or national origins.
lateral line system	A mechanoreceptor system consisting of a series of pores and receptor units (neuromasts) along the sides of the body in fishes and aquatic amphibians; detects water movements made by the animal itself and by other moving objects.
amniote	A vertebrate possessing an amnion surrounding the embryo; reptiles, birds, and mammals are amniotes.
introduced species	A species moved by humans, either intentionally or accidentally, from its native location to a new geographic region; also caned an exotic species.
root exudate	Chemical substance released from the root of a plant.
senescence	Process of aging.
peak annual flow	The largest discharge produced by a stream during a one year period.
rflp	See Restriction fragment length polymorphism.
ecological species concept	Defining species in tenns of ecological roles (niches).
aseptic	Procedures that prevent the contamination of cultures, media, animals, and persons by extraneous microorganisms.
tidal period	Time it takes for one tidal cycle.
cross-flow filtration	A technique for filtering thick fluids by flowing the fluid across the filter
class switch	A change in the class of antibody expressed by B lymphocytes (i.e., from IgG to IgM).
sporadic permafrost	Form of permafrost that exists as small islands of frozen ground in otherwise unfrozen soil and sediments.
bioluminescence	Production of light by a chemical reaction within an organism
embryo sac	The female gametophyte of angiosperms, formed from the growth and division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure with eight haploid nuclei.
lateral root	A root that arises from the outermost layer of the pericycle of an established root.
dna gun	Any one of several methods of inserting a transformed plasmid into a cell
humus	Decomposing organic material found in topsoil.
dormant	/DORE-mənt, -mant/ adj
live cell array	A micro-system for the high-throughput analysis of intact cells.
species-specific	Pertaining to individuals of only one species
subunit	A single unit of a multi-subunit protein.
sleet	See ice pellets.
hydrophobic interactions	Association of non-polar groups with each other when present in aqueous solutions because of their insolubility in water.
intron	The part of the genetic sequence that is not translated into the final gene product or message.
sedimentary rock	Rocks formed by the deposition, alteration and/or compression, and lithification of weathered rock debris, chemical precipitates, or organic sediments
endergonic reaction	A nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
ultisols	Acidic, clay-containing soils with strong horizons found in temperate humid and tropical regions.
polysaccharide	A polymer containing hundreds or thousands of sugars.
amphibian	An amphibian is an animal that lays its eggs in the water
electron acceptor	Substance that accepts or receives electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction, becoming reduced in the process.
ape	A species of the family Pongidae
model	Mathematical or other (e.g., engineering) representation used in computer simulations to calculate the evolving state of dynamic systems.
genetic adaptation	Changes in the genetic makeup of organisms of a species due to mutations that allow the species to reproduce and gain a competitive advantage under changed environmental conditions.
military grid reference system	A simplified subset of the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid System
false positive result	The result of a diagnostic test came back positive or abnormal when the disease is not actually present
lek	An arena where males gather and are chosen as mates by females.
rapmat	Maturation process; proprietary technology of MorphoSys
intervening sequence	See intron.
species diversity	The number and relative abundance of species in a biological community.
photic zone	The narrow top slice of the ocean, where light permeates sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur.
strata	The layers or beds found in sedimentary rock.
regression	A statistic that describes the relationship of two variables
hydrogen bond	A relatively weak bond formed between a hydrogen atom (which is covalently bound to a nitrogen or oxygen atom) and a nitrogen or oxygen atom with an unshared electron pair
corporate governance	System of relations between the shareholders, Board of Directors and management of a company
malignant tumor	A tumor that invades normal tissue and spreads throughout the body.
snow pellets	A form of precipitation also known as graupel
nitrogen fixation	Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be converted by biochemical reactions to an organic form
soil-heat flux	The rate of flow of heat energy into, from, or through the soil.
coadaptation	Process of selection acting on units of two or more genes.
biomineralization	The deposition of minerals by microorganisms and plant and animal cells.
clinical trial	The evaluation in humans of the effectiveness of a new drug therapy
nitrogen oxides	Consists of two gases nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
valence electron	An electron in the outermost electron shell.
ground ice	General term used to describe all bodies of ice in the ground surface of the permafrost layer
temperate glacier	Glacier in which the ice found below 10 to 20 meters from its surface is at the pressure melting point
crossing-over/recombination	a process of chromsome exchange during cell division, resulting in new combinations of alleles.
homeodomain	A protein motif encoded by DNA sequence within the homeobox.
cloning	the process of creating a clone.
biomaterial	Biologically derived material that is utilized as a structural component.
essential fatty acid	A polyunsaturated fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by a cell or organism and must be supplied as a nutrient.
hydrophilic	Literally means "water-loving"
coupled reactions	In cells, the linking of endergonic (energy-requiring) reactions to exergonic (energy-releasing) reactions that provide enough energy to drive the endergonic reactions forward.
turgid	Very firm
non-ionizing radiation	A form of electromagnetic radiation that does not have enough energy to cause ionization of atoms in living tissue
monocyte	A large phagocytic white blood cell which, when it enters tissue, develops into a macrophage.
alcoholism	a chronic and progressive condition characterized by the inability to control the consumption of alcohol.
relative fluorescence unit	a unit of measurement used in electrophoreses methods employing fluorescence detection
hydrophobic	Not soluble in water.
lysis	Cell disintegration due to membrane rupture or the breakdown of the cell wall.
transient	Of short duration.
genus	A taxonomic category above the species level, designated by the first word of a species' two-part scientific name.
contig map	A map depicting the relative order of a linked library of overlapping clones representing a complete chromosomal segment.
limit cycle	A system may tend toward an unending cycle rather than a stable equilibrium.
crepuscular	An adjective used to describe things relating to the twilight associated with sunrise and sundown
detritus	Shed tissues, dead body parts, and waste products of organisms
community acquired infection	An infection acquired outside of a hospital or health environment.
deflation hollow	A surface depression or hollow commonly found in arid and semiarid regions caused by wind erosion
paralogous genes	Genes that are homologous (share a common ancestry) and have diverged from each other after gene duplication events (e.g., α- and β-globins)
hydrophilic	[Greek hydor water + philos loving] Descriptive of substances that mix readily with water
permease	An enzyme system concerned with the transport of specific substances, usually nutrients, through the cytoplasm membrane.
watershed	Catchment area of a drainage basin.
half-life	Time required for one half of the nuclei in a radioisotope to emit its radiation
quantum mechanics	A theory that explains the behavior of elementary particles, atoms, and energy in terms of probabilities.
respiratory system	the organs in animals used for gas exchange.
flash flood	A rapid and short-lived increase in the amount of runoff water entering a stream resulting in a flood.
parent material	The mineral material from which a soil forms.
primary structure	Refers to the amino acid sequences of proteins.
circular definition	a logical fallacy in which the term being defined is used as part of the definition.
eutrophication	A process in which an aquatic environment accumulates high nutrient levels due to factors such as industrial or urban pollution or run-off of fertilizers from nearby agricultural lands
inferential statistics	Statistical test that makes generalizations about a population based of the numeric information obtained from a sample based on the laws of probability.
snow line	Altitudinal or latitudinal limit separating zones where snow does not melt during the summer season from areas in which it does
electrophoresis	A recording of the separated components of a mixture produced by electrophoresis.
siberian high	High pressure system that develops in winter over northern central Asia.
maximum parsimony	A principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts.
metabolism	The physical and chemical processes by which energy is made available for essential body functioning, growth and development.
discopodous	/də-SKAWP-pə-dəs, dis-/ adj
direct repeat	Séquences répétées en tandem : Séquences répétées directes adjacentes
antigen	anticoagulant
zwitterion	A dipolar ion containing ionic groups of opposite charge.
congenital	Present at birth.
olivine	Common silicate mineral found in rocks formed from mafic magma
heredity	the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
discontinuous permafrost	Form of permafrost that contains numerous scattered pockets of unfrozen ground.
partial pressures	The concentration of gases; a fraction of total pressure.
electrophoresis	A method of separation of molecules in a mixture; an electric current is passed through the mixture which has been loaded on a support medium, usually a gel or sometimes paper, the molecules move through the support - the extent of each molecule's movement is related to its size and its charge.
hairy root disease	A disease of broad-leaved plants, where a proliferation of root-like tissue is formed from the stem
three quarter sib	Sib with one parent in common and one grandparent of the second parent in common, e.g., paternal half sibs with the same maternal grandsire.
lophophore	A horseshoe-shaped or circular fold of the body wall bearing ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth.
contingency chi-square	A chi-square test performed for the comparison of two sets of data.
gallbladder	An organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine.
interception	Is the capture of precipitation by the plant canopy and its subsequent return to the atmosphere through evaporation or sublimation
island model	The simplest model of population structure
conduction	The direct transfer of thermal motion (heat) between molecules of objects in direct contact with each other.
informed consent	An individual willingly agrees to participate in an activity after first being advised of the risks and benefits
z form	A duplex DNA structure in which there is the usual type of hydrogen bonding between the base pairs but in which the helix formed by the two polynucleotide chains is left-handed rather than right-handed.
glomerulus	A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney
mechanoreceptor	A sensory receptor that detects physical deformations in the body's environment associated with pressure, touch, stretch, motion, and sound.
pathology	the study of disease processes.
dorsal	/DORE-səl/ adj
isomer	One of several organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties
stadial moraine	See recessional moraine.
f2 generation	Offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F 1 generation
mycelium	A mass of hyphae constituting the body (thallus) of a fungus.
tolerance	A form of genetic resistance in which an organism attacked or affected by a disease pathogen (or pest) exhibits less reduction in yield or performance in comparison with members of other affected cultivars or breeds.
neoplastic	nee-ō-PLAST-ick/ Newly formed and abnormal.
hydroponic culture	A method in which plants are grown without soil by using mineral solutions.
in vivo	Inside the body.
biodiesel	An alternative fuel for use in diesel engines that is made from natural renewable sources such animal fats or vegetable oils and does not contain petroleum
kelvin scale	Scale for measuring temperature
protonophore	An ionophore that transports protons.
isomerization	Rearrangement of atomic groups within the same molecule without any loss or gain of atoms.
cage carrier	An ionophore that surrounds an ion during transport.
hemoglobin	An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
heterozygous	Refers to having inherited different forms of a particular gene from each parent.
medial moraine	Deposit of material found down the center of a glacier
antibody	A protein, produced in response to a foreign substance in the immune system.
macroaggregates	Large (greater than 250 micrometers in size) mineral–organic matter complexes in soils that physically protect organic matter from degradation.
carbon flux	Rate of carbon movement as it flows from one carbon reservoir to another in the global carbon cycle
pediment	A gradually sloping bedrock surface located at the base of fluvial-eroded mountain range
monocyte	A leukocyte found in bone marrow and in the circulatory system
pennsylvanian	Geologic period that occurred roughly 286 to 320 million years ago
moral standing	To say that a group of organisms has moral standing is to say that their wellbeing must be given some consideration
sperm	The male gamete.
multivesicular body	A lysosomal structure containing inner vesicles.
monocot	One of two classes of flowering plants characterized by one primary embryonic leaf, parallel veins, vascular bundles scattered throughout ground tissue, petals in multiples of three, one pore or slit in pollen grains, and fibrous roots.
environmental stewardship	The view that humans have a duty to manage and care for the whole natural environment; that we are responsible for the continued health of the whole ecosystem, not just the parts that benefit the human race
lamarckism	See inheritance of acquired characteristics.
acritarch	An organic-walled microfossil, found in ancient rocks, that is interpreted as the reproductive cyst of a eukaryote.
tropical rain forest	The most complex of all communities, located near the equator where rainfall is abundant; harbors more species of plants and animals than all other terrestrial biomes combined.
dioecious	/die-EE-shəs/ adj
platelets	Aplastic anemia has many causes including exposure to toxic chemicals, certain unusual infections and rare genetic abnormalities.
als	A serious neurological disease that results from the progressive degeneration of the motor neurons
muscovite	Rock forming mineral of the mica group.
age structure	The relative number of individuals of each age in a population.
continuous variation	Variation where characters are divided by small differences in metric or quantitative values across a continuum, not by counts in broadly specified classifications such as coat colors.
ylid	A compound in which adjacent, covalently-bonded atoms, both having an electronic octet, have opposite charges.
no results	A situation in which no interpretable results are obtained from testing a DNA sample
soil water	The water found occupying the pore spaces between soil particles.
excited state	An energy-rich state of an atom or a molecule, produced by the absorption of radiant energy.
isopod	A member of one of the largest groups of crustaceans, which includes terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species
eukaryote	A type of cell found in many organisms including single-celled protists and multicellular fungi, plants, and animals; characterized by a membrane-bounded
kinetics	The study of the rate of change.
antibody library	A collection of genes that encode corresponding human antibodies
background extinction	Normal extinction of species that occurs as a result of changes in local environmental conditions
turbulent flow	Movement of water within a stream that occurs as discrete eddies and vortices
heterozygous	Possessing two different forms of a particular gene, one inherited from each parent.
basidium	A reproductive appendage that produces sexual spores on the gills of mushrooms (club fungi).
striations	Grooves of scratches found in surface rock that are the result of glacial abrasion.
short wave	A small wave in the polar jet stream and the westerlies that extends from the middle to the upper troposphere
chronic	Any condition that lasts for a long period of time or occurs frequently
bay-mouth bar	A narrow deposit of sand and/or gravel found across the mouth of a bay.
bone marrow	Soft tissue located in the cavities of the bones
retinal	The light-absorbing pigment in rods and cones of the vertebrate eye.
assortative mating	A type of nonrandom mating in which mating partners resemble each other in certain phenotypic characters.
osmoregulation	Adaptations to control the water balance in organisms living in hypertonic, hypotonic, or terrestrial environments.
endospore	A resting stage produced internally by some bacteria, which is resistant to unfavorable conditions.
barrier to entry	a condition that makes it difficult for competitors to enter the market; e.g
element	Often called atomic weight, though mass is the correct term. One unit of atomic mass = 1.66 × 10–24 grams = 1 dalton. This is approximately the mass of one proton or neutron. Electrons have a much smaller mass and contribute little to the mass of an atom.
learning	A behavioral change resulting from experience.
diacylglycerol	A second messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane.
voltage-gated ion channel	A transmembrane ion channel controlled by membrane potential.
iep	In the United States an Individualized Education Program, commonly referred to as an IEP, is mandated by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
immunotherapy	The use of antibodies, proteins derived from antibodies, or immune cells to treat disease.
antimetabolite	A substance that prevents utilization of a metabolite.
structural proteomics	The proteome-wide study of protein structure and function, based on the selection of a set of proteins representative of each major protein family, development of high-throughput approaches to crystallization screening, and x-ray diffraction analysis.
asymmetric carbon	A carbon atom covalently bonded to four different atoms or groups of atoms.
varanopseid	Any member of a diverse group of pelycosaurs from the Late Carboniferous through Permian
out-of-africa model	The hypothesis that modern humans evolved recently in Africa and spread from there, replacing archaic hominins
phagemid	A phage-plasmid vector able to replicate as single- or double-stranded DNA.
bacteria	Small relatively simple prokaryotic microorganisms.
genetic modification	Any process that alters the genetic material of living organism
prostaglandin	One of a group of modified fatty acids secreted by virtually all tissues and performing a wide variety of functions as local regulators.
epithelial cell	A type of cell that forms sheets (epithelial tissue) that cover the surface of the body and line internal organs.
laurentia	An ancient continent made up of most of modern eastern North America and parts of western Eurasia
weather	The state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place.
dictybase id	A unique identifying number within dictyBase which is specific for a single feature.
antiserum	Serum that contains a high level of antibodies against a specific antigen.
diastole	The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle is relaxed, allowing the chambers to fill with blood.
intrasexual selection	A direct competition among individuals of one sex (usually the males in vertebrates) for mates of the opposite sex.
extinction	The death of all individuals of a species.
eosinophil	A type of white blood cell with low phagocytic activity that is thought to playa role in defense against parasitic worms by releasing enzymes toxic to these invaders.
helper virus	A virus that provides functions missing in a defective virus.
maternal serum testing	A test which assesses the risk of fetal abnormalities such as neural tube defects and Down syndrome by analyzing a number of hormones in the mother's blood during pregnancy.
genetic map	A map of relative chromosomal locations based on recombination data.
dyke	Thin vertical veins of igneous rock that form when magma enters and cools in fractures found within the crust
anther	In an angiosperm, the tern nal pollen sac of a stamen, where pollen grains with male gametes form.
estimator	An estimator is any value calculated from the sample data For example, the sample mean is an estimator of the population mean.
genetic drift	Random fluctuation in gene frequencies occurring as a result of gamete sampling, particularly noticeable in small populations.
virion	An infectious virus particle.
gene-for-gene recognition	A widespread form of plant disease resistance involving recognition of pathogen-derived molecules by the protein products of specific plant disease resistance genes.
funnel cloud	A tornado which is beginning its descent from the base of a cumulonimbus cloud
ifrs	International Financial Reporting Standards; Future EU: wide standards produced by the IASB
pulmocutaneous circuit	The route of circulation that directs blood to the skin and lungs.
coisogenic	A strain established from an inbred line that differs from the inbred line by the presence of a mutation at a single locus.
satellite	A chromosomal segment that branches off from the rest of the chromosome but is still connected by a thin filament or stalk.
evidence	Something that can help identify the persons responsible for a crime, items used to establish an element of crime or to reconstruct crime events or link crimes.
disease	"Lack of ease." Departure from the state of health of normality
nephropathy	neff-RAWP-ə-thee/ A general term for disease of kidney(s).
mass spectrometry	An instrument used to identify chemicals in a substance by their mass and charge.
scrotal circumference	Simple maximal circumference measured around the central portion of the paired testes.
abyssal	ocean depths greater than 4000 meters
potential energy	The energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement.
toxicogenomics	The study of how genomes respond to environmental stressors or toxicants
molecular recombination	The physical cutting and joining of DNA molecules.
urea cycle	A metabolic pathway in the liver that leads to the synthesis of urea from amino groups and CO2
tumorigenesis	The mechanism of tumor formation.
metabolic error	A defect in an enzyme that catalyzes a metabolic step, causing the metabolic conversion not to occur
equilibrium species	Species characterized by low reproduction rates, long development times, large body size, and long adult life with repeated reproductions.
macropinocytosis	The uptake of fluids in large vesicles.
testosterone	A steroid hormone produced by the testes.
cell membrane	A slim layer of fat and protein that surrounds a cell though still located inside the cell wall
true breeding	A population or individual that produces genetically identical offspring.
compound eye	A type of multifaceted eye in insects and crustaceans consisting of up to several thousand light-detecting, focusing ommatidia; especially good at detecting movement.
protoplasm	Substances making up a cell including its exterior membrane.
x chromosome	a sex chromosome; normal females carry two X chromosomes.
cis dominance	Property of a sequence or a gene that exerts a dominant effect on a gene to which it is linked.
halite	Sedimentary rock created by the chemical precipitation of sodium and chlorine.
chronic	Describes an illness that affects an individual for a long period of time, possibly their entire life.
statistical power	The chance that the null hypothesis will be rejected when the data are generated by a different model.
polymorphism	The existence of two or more variants (alleles, phenotypes, DNA sequence variants, chromosomal structure variants) at significant frequencies in the population.
turnover number	The maximum number of molecules of substrate that can be converted to product per active site per unit time.
dendritic cell	A cell found in lymphoid organs and non-lymphoid tissues that presents antigens to T- lymphocytes.
nanometer	n
mixed strategy	Where individuals play two or more strategies at random.
phenotype	observable characteristics of an organism produced by the organism's genotype interacting with the environment.
snowfield	An area of permanent snow accumulation
primary visual cortex	The destination in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum for most of the axons from the lateral geniculate nuclei.
inheritance	Genetic characters transmitted from one generation to the next.
dynamin	A membrane-associated GTPase involved in vesicle budding.
anti-hbe	Antibody to hepatitis B e antigen.
immune system	Collection of mechanisms within an organism that protects against infection by identifying and killing pathogens
covariance	Measure quantifying the degree to which two characteristics vary together.
variance	The mean squared deviation from the average:
plasma	The fluid portion of unclotted blood.
inhibitory postsynaptic potential	An electrical charge (hyperpolarization) in the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron caused by the binding of an inhibitory neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic receptor; makes it more difficult for a postsynaptic neuron to generate an action potential.
plankton	Minute plant (phytoplankton) and animal organisms (zooplankton) that are found in aquatic ecosystems.
determinate growth	Growth that occurs only during the initial stage of the life of an organism, or until a given organ is completely formed
dimeric	/die-MARE-ick/ adj
ks	The rate of synonymous substitutions that do not alter amino acid sequence
drug	A molecule used to diagnose, treat, mitigate, or prevent disease.
cap structure	A specialized nucleotide structure present at the 5' end of mRNA consisting of a methlyguanosine residue linked by a triphosphate bridge to the 5' end of the RNA
effector molecule	Ames test An assay developed by Bruce Ames to test for the mutagenicity (and probable carcinogenicity) of compounds.
neoteny	Reproduction by juveniles
nitrogen-fixing bacteria	microbes that transform nitrogen into ammonia to aid plant growth.
gypsum	Sedimentary rock created by the chemical precipitation of calcium, sulfur, and oxygen.
root hair	A tiny extension of a root epidermal cell, growing just behind the root tip and increasing surface area for absorption of water and minerals.
retesting	When a test needs to be repeated in order to clarify, confirm or reject the results of the initial test.
c horizon	Soil horizon normally found below the B horizon and above the R horizon
neural groove	Dorsal, longitudinal groove that forms in a vertebrate embryo; bordered by two neural folds; preceded by the neural-plate stage and followed by the neural-tube stage.
tropical rainforest	A terrestrial biome characterized by high levels of precipitation and warm temperatures year-round.
unstable atmosphere	Condition in the atmosphere where isolated air parcels have a tendency to rise
stratosphere	Atmospheric layer found at an average altitude of 11 to 50 kilometers above the Earth's surface
volcanic ash	Small sized particles ejected from explosive volcanoes.
bioenergetics	The study of how organisms manage their energy resources.
apical	Relating to the apex, the anterior pole.
familiarity	A learner's basic knowledge of a subject or topic.
glacial polish	The abrasion of bedrock surfaces by materials carried on the bottom of a glacier
evidence	scientific data that is appropriate and sufficient to support a claim
active transport	The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins.
genomic imprinting	See imprinting, genomic.
complementary	Two polynucleotide chains that can base-pair to form a double-stranded molecule.
sperm motility	The proportion of sperm swimming, or other measures of sperm movement.
dry line	A boundary the separates dry and moist air in the warm sector of a mid-latitude cyclone wave
immunogenicity	The ability of an antigen to induce humoral and/or cell mediated immune responses
irb	Makes sure that risks to people are as low as possible in a research study.
pleiomorphic	Having the ability to change shape.
periplasm	The region between the inner (cytoplasmic) membrane and the cell wall or outer membrane of a bacterium.
holandric	[Greek hol- whole + andros man.] An older term for Y-linked, i.e
law of stream lengths	Morphometric relationship observed in the cumulative size of stream segment lengths in stream channel branching
residual volume	The amount of air that remains in the lungs after forcefully exhaling.
dysplasia	Abnormal development or growth of tissues or cells
carbonate	Compound consisting of a single atom of carbon and three atoms of oxygen
carrier	A person who has a recessive mutated
per os	By way of or through the mouth, as in per os adminstration of a drug.
petiole	The stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.
density dependent	Referring to any characteristic that varies according to an increase in population density
covalent bond	A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.
m13	A filamentous, single-stranded DNA phage that infects E
cells	producing damage to organs throughout the body.
genetically modified organisms	oncogene
superantigen	An antigen that activates a large percentage of T-lymphocytes.
leachate	Solution containing material leached from a soil.
enantiomorphs	Isomers that are mirror images of one another.
gonad	A testis or ovary.
nitrogen	NĪ-trə-jen/ Chemical element; atomic number 7, atomic mass 14.00674; colorless, odorless, tasteless; makes up 78% of earth's atmosphere by volume
bird	Any member of the vertebrate class Aves
suprachiasmatic nuclei	A pair of structures in the hypothalamus of mammals that functions as a biological clock.
conidia	Naked, asexual spores produced at the ends of specialized hyphae in ascomycetes.
autotroph	An organism that can form its organic constituents from CO2.
interleukin	Interleukin-1, a chemical regulator (cytokin) secreted by macrophages that have ingested a pathogen or foreign molecule and have bound with a helper T cell; stimulates T cells to grow and divide and elevates body temperature
pressure potential	A component of water potential that consists of the physical pressure on a solution, which can be positive, zero, or negative.
allopatric speciation	A mode of speciation induced when an ancestral population becomes segregated by a geographic barrier or is itself divided into two or more geographically isolated subpopulations.
limestone	Sedimentary rock composed of carbonate minerals, especially calcium carbonate
mortality rate	Proportion of individuals that die in a specific age class
transcomplementing cell	Clone : Cellule isolée, maintenue en culture et répliquée à l'identique pour permettre des études de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire
siblings	Two cells that arose by the division of a parent cell.
coitus	The insertion of a penis into a vagina, also called sexual intercourse.
gene rearrangement	Recombinaison génétique : Phénomène conduisant à l'apparition dans une cellule ou dans un individu, de gènes ou de carac tères héréditaires dans une association différente de celle observée chez les cellules ou individus parentaux
synapsis	[Greek synapsis connection.] The pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis
gene bank	A collection of cells or artificial chromosomes containing known genetic information.
biotic potential	Maximum rate that a population of a given species can increase in size (number of individuals) when there are no limits on growth rate.
shore	The land area bordering a relatively large water body like a lake or ocean.
recombinant clone	Clone containing recombinant DNA molecules
heritable	Capable of being inherited.
loess	Deposits of silt laid down by aeolian processes over extensive areas of the mid-latitudes during glacial and postglacial times.
tem	See transmission electron microscope.
clay	Mineral particle with a size less than 0.004 millimeters in diameter
regression	The way in which a variable y depends on another variable x can be represented by a simple regression model, y = α + βx + ε, where ε is a random deviation
bacteriophage	A bacterial virus.
hydrate	A compound formed by the incorporation of water.
transition state	The activated state in which a molecule is best suited to undergoing a chemical reaction.
chlorophyll	the pigment in plants, algae, and phytoplankton that becomes activated by solar energy during photosynthesis
mast cell	A type of noncirculating white blood cell, found in connective tissue, that is the major protagonist in allergic reactions; when an allergen binds to complementary antibodies on the surface of a mast cell, large amounts of histamine are released from the cell.
mitosis	Process of cell division which results in formation of two daughter cells identical in chromosome number and complement to the original mitotic cell.
ve	See environmental variance.
molecular biology	the study of how chemical processes contribute to living systems
mercator projection	Map projection system that presents true compass direction
base	The basic unit of our genetic instructions: DNA instructions are encoded in the sequence of its chemical 'letters' or bases
protein substitute	Patients with PKU are usually unable to eat natural sources of protein, which contains phenylalanine
phloem	Food conducting tissue in vascular plants.
laminar flow	Movement of water within a stream that occurs as uninterrupted parallel flows
deletion mutation	DNA is the genetic language and is read from left to right in 3 letter words
nonlinear equation	An equation that is not linear.
cilia	Hair-like structures.
biodiversity hotspot	A relatively small area with an exceptional concentration of species.
immune memory	The increased response of the immune system to an antigen that had been encountered before
gill	A localized extension of the body surface of many aquatic animals, specialized for gas exchange.
self-fertilization	When a hermaphroditic organism mates with itself.
pollination	The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules, a process that is a prerequisite for fertilization.
branchpoint	An intermediate in a biochemical pathway that can follow more than one route in following steps.
genotype	The genetic makeup of an individual
pseudopod	literally means 'False foot'
essential	Required for the normal growth of an organism but not synthesized by the organism.
pigment	Organic substance found in plant and animal cells that creates coloring.
achiral	A compound that may be superimposed on its mirror image
homozygous	Having two identical alleles for a given gene.
kinase	A kinase is in general an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to something else
vasoconstriction	A decrease in the diameter of superficial blood vessels triggered by nerve signals that contract the muscles of the vessel walls.
alternation of generations	A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants.
axenic	Culture of an organism that is entirely free of all other "contaminating" organisms
discoid	/DISK-oid/ adj
infertile	Incapable of initiating, sustaining, or supporting reproduction, alternatively: not fertilised and therefore incapable of growing and developing.
ionizing radiation	The emission of alpha or beta particles or gamma rays from radioisotopes
exoenzyme	A powerful hydrolytic enzyme secreted by a fungus outside its body to digest food
probability distribution	A distribution that specifies the chance of every possible outcome; it may be discrete or continuous.
base	One of the molecules that form DNA and RNA molecules
osteoblast	A cell that secretes the bone matrix.
reef	A ridge or mound-like structure, usually of calcium carbonate, built by the accumulation of skeletons of sessile marine organisms, dominantly corals in the present day
inflorescence	A group of flowers tightly clustered together.
phosphorylation	Attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule, which is then said to be "phosphorylated"
tannic acid	A naturally occurring compound used for tanning animal hides into leather
symbiont	The smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship, living in or on the host.
hospital-acquired infections	(see noscomial infections)
na+-k+ atpase	See Na+-K+ pump.
syndrome	The group or recognizable pattern of symptoms or abnormalities that indicate a particular trait or disease.
nullisomic	Condition in which both members of a chromosome pair are missing.
mesoscale convective complex	A cluster of thunderstorms covering an area of 100,000 kilometers or more
human immundeficiency virus	The virus responsible for AIDS.
topset bed	Horizontal deltaic deposit composed of coarse alluvial sediment
chorionic villi	The outer layer of the embryonic and fetal membranes is the chorion. In the early embryo, the chorion has many extensions (villi, sing
posttranslational modification	The covalent bond changes that occur in a polypeptide chain after it leaves the ribosome and before it becomes a mature protein.
cold desert	Desert found in the high latitudes and at high altitudes where precipitation is low
self-pollination	The transfer of pollen from anther to stigma in the same flower or to another flower of the same plant, leading to self-fertilization.
environmental grain	An ecological term for the effect of spatial variation, or patchiness, relative to the size and behavior of an organism.
prenatal diagnosis	The detection of fetal abnormalities during pregnancy.
eukarya	one of the three major groups (called Domains) of life on Earth
stem cell	Undifferentiated, primitive cells in the bone marrow that have the ability both to multiply and to differentiate into specific blood cells.
thermokarst	Landscape dominated by depressions, pits, and caves that is created by the thawing of ground ice in high latitude locations
vernal equinox	One of two days during the year when the declination of the Sun is at the equator
affinity	Binding strength between binding partners, e.g., antibody/antigen
puberty	the stage of maturation of an individual when secondary sexual characteristics begin to develop and sexual reproduction first becomes possible. These changes are genetically controlled and triggered by hormones.
heterochrony	Evolutionary change in the timing or rate of an organism's development.
performance	Skills or abilities a learner needs to acquire or demonstrate.
fusogen	A substance that induces membrane fusion.
recombinant dna library	A collection of genomic or cDNA clones.
knockin	An alteration of a gene in a way that results in a gain of function.
beaufort wind scale	Descriptive system that determines wind speed by noting the effect of the wind on the environment
population	A group of individuals residing in a given area at a given time.
halothane	A volatile anaesthetic.
consanguineous	Descriptive of a mating between related persons
interactions database	See BioGRID.
cell commitment	That stage in a cell's life when it be comes committed to a certain line of development.
additive model	A model in which a quantitative trait is the sum of effects of all the genes involved and of a random environment.
glaucocystophyte	Member of a phylum of eukaryotes that contains single-celled photosynthetic species.
mixed tide	Tides that have a higher high water and lower high water as well as higher low water and lower low water per tidal period.
viroid	An autonomously replicating plant pathogen.
closed circulatory system	A circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid.
xylem	The water-conducting tissue of a vascular plant
down's syndrome	An abnormal human phenotype that includes mental retardation, slanting eyes and a small mouth are present due to a trisomy of chromosome 21
virology	The study of the biology of viruses.
subtractive hybridization	A process that eliminates cDNAs shared by two libraries by hybridization
deciduous teeth	The first set of teeth, which are replaced during growth by permanent teeth.
erythrocytes	the hemoglobin-containing cell found in the blood of vertebrates.
outgassing	The release of gas from cooling molten rock or the interior of the Earth
excretion	The disposal of nitrogen-containing waste products of metabolism
moi	See Multipilicity Of Infection.
biodiversity	The diversity of different species (species diversity), genetic variability among individuals within each species (genetic diversity), and variety of ecosystems (ecosystem diversity)
epidermis	(1) The dermal tissue system of nonwoody plants, usually consisting of a single layer of tightly packed cells
temporal gene	A gene that programs the development of a system, determining the activation of structural and regulatory genes in various cell types.
electron tomography	A method used to generate three-dimensional images by computer analysis of multiple two-dimensional images obtained by electron microscopy.
deciduous vegetation	Type of vegetation that sheds its leaves during winter or dry seasons
population diffusion coefficient	The tendency of motile cells to diffuse through the environment.
chemical equilibrium	In a reversible chemical reaction, the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
intellectual property	intangible assets such as patents, trade secrets, trade names, etc.
yeast cultures	Yeast cells growing in vitro in a solution containing all the necessary nutrients and trace elements necessary for normal growth.
base excision repair	(BER)
tautomer	One of a set of possible alternative structures.
batesian mimicry	A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators.
keratin	Any of the various sulphur-containing fibrous proteins that form the chemical basis for keratinized epidermal tissues such as hair, nails, feathers, and horns of animals.
suspension feeding	Feeding on suspended particles
selection	The process by which the forms of organisms in a population that are better adapted to the environmental conditions increase in frequency relative to less well-adapted forms over a number of generations.
endometrium	The inner lining of the uterus, which is richly supplied with blood vessels.
species richness	The number of species in a biological community.
pharmacogenetics	Studying an individual's genetic make up in order to predict responses to a drug and guide prescription.
complementary dna	a single strand of DNA made in the lab to complement the bases in a strand of messenger RNA.
hominid	A species on the human branch of the evolutionary tree; a member of the family Hominidae, including Homo sapiens and our ancestors.
stream channel	Long trough-like depression that is normally occupied by the water in a stream.
western blotting	See immunoblotting.
mycotoxin	A toxin produced by fungi.
distal tubule	In the vertebrate kidney, the portion of a nephron that helps refine filtrate and empties it into a collecting duct.
flow cytometry	The analysis and sorting of cells that have been reacted with fluorescent probes
ray initials	Cells within the vascular cambrium that produce xylem and phloem rays, radial files that consist mostly of parenchyma cells.
bulb	A modified bud with thickened leaves adapted for underground food storage.
threatened species	A species that is considered likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future.
nitrogen	A common element in organic and living organisms.
continental drift	A theory, originally proposed by Alfred Wegener, that the continents were once part of a single land mass and have since moved across the Earth to their present locations
electroporation	The application of electric current to a living surface (as the skin or plasma membrane of a cell) in order to open pores or channels through which a biologic material may pass (as a drug or DNA).
solute potential	A component of water potential that is proportional to the number of dissolved solute molecules in a solution and measures the effect of solutes on the direction of water movement; also called osmotic potential, it can be either zero or negative.
faeroe platform	An extensive block of igneous rock located between Britain and Greenland - part of the continental connection between Europe and North America in the early Cenozoic before formation of the North Atlantic by rifting.
photon	A quantum, or discrete amount, of light energy.
trichology	The study of the structure, functions, and diseases of the hair.
tectonics	See plate tectonics.
competition	Interaction where two or more organisms in the same space require the same resource (e.g., food, water, nesting space, and ground space) which is in limiting supply to the individuals seeking it
micronutrient	Nutritional element required by an organism in relatively very small quantities.
karyotype	The term used to describe an individual's chromosomes that have been photographed through a microscope and then arranged according to a standard classification based on their group and size
monovalent	Possessing a single charge or valency.
islets of langerhans	Clusters of endocrine cells within the pancreas that produce and secrete the hormones glucagon (alpha cells) and insulin (beta cells).
structural landform	Is a landform created by massive Earth movements due to plate tectonics
osmoregulator	An animal whose body fluids have a different osmolarity than the environment and that must either discharge excess water if it lives in a hypoosmotic environment or take in water if it inhabits a hyperosmotic environment.
tautomerism	A type of isomerism in which the two isomes are in equilibrium.
dolichol	n
electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry	A method for the solution ionization and mass analysis of macromolecules and small polar molecules.
glia	Supporting cells that are essential for the structural integrity of the nervous system and for the normal functioning of neurons.
phagotroph	An organism which feeds by phagocytosis.
eccentricity	Geometric shape of the Earth's orbit
psychrophile	An organism that grows optimally at low temperatures.
geography	The study natural and human constructed phenomena relative to a spatial dimension.
spreading center	A divergent margin along which two continental plates are moving away from one another and where new crust is being created
desiccated	/DEH-sick-kate-əd/ adj
descent with modification	Darwin's initial phrase for the general process of evolution.
cyclone	Area of low pressure in the atmosphere that displays circular inward movement of air
density-gradient centrifugation	Separation of molecules and particles on the basis of buoyant density, by centrifugation in a concentrated sucrose or caesium chloride solution.
random drift	The random change in genotype frequency caused by random variation in individual reproduction
informatics	The study of the application of computer and statistical techniques to the management of information
complement system	A group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse pathogens
internal testing	An internal test is one that is created and administered by the laboratory itself.
trophic structure	The different feeding relationships in an ecosystem that determine the route of energy flow and the pattern of chemical cycling.
replica plating	A technique in which an impression of a culture is taken from a master plate and transferred to a fresh plate
aids	The name of the late stages of HIV infection; defined by a specified reduction of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections.
multidrug resistance	The resistance of cancer cells to a range of anti-cancer drugs, usually caused by pumping of toxic drugs out of the cell before they can affect it.
receptor	A protein that binds an extracellular ligand
sensation	An impulse sent to the brain from activated receptors and sensory neurons.
sac fungus	Member of the phylum Ascomycota
circumpolar	Surrounding a terrestrial pole
dysmorphology	Comes from the Greek DYS - meaning abnormal, disease, faulty, impaired and MORPHOLOGY - meaning structure or form
opposable thumb	An arrangement of the fingers such that the thumb can touch the ventral surface of the fingertips of all four fingers.
virulent	harmful or deadly. A virulent pneumonia is deadly and harmful.
logarithmic scale	Measurement scale based on logarithms
s	See selection differential.
swim bladder	In aquatic osteichthyans, an air sac that enables the animal to control its buoyancy in the water.
xenobiotic	A synthetic chemical that affects living systems.
ssr	See simple sequence repeats.
monocline	A fold in layered rock that creates a slight bend.
sociobiology	The study of social behavior based on evolutionary theory.
synergy	a situation where the effect of a combination of two agents is greater than if the individual effects of those agents were added together.
biological weathering	The disintegration of rock and mineral due to the chemical and/or physical agents of an organism.
value-added traits	Modified crops produced with traits such as improved taste, nutritional value, or utility to provide value for the consumer.
schizogony	A type of multiple fission that occurs in the life cycle of several groups of protozoa including microsporidia
neuron	A nerve cell that receives and conducts electrical impulses from the brain.
chromosome	Deletions can lead to diseases and disorders depending on where they occur
probe	A specific sequence of single-stranded DNA
regional metamorphism	Large scale metamorphic modification of existing rock through the heat and pressure of plutons created at tectonic zones of subduction.
coral	Simple marine animals that live symbiotically with algae
specific heat	Is the heat capacity of a unit mass of a substance or heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram (g) of a substance 1 degree Celsius.
metabolic profiling	The measurement of biochemical intermediates within a tissue in order to describe the functioning of metabolic pathways.
antitoxins	Antibodies that interlock with and inactivate toxins produced by certain bacteria.
scientific advisory board	a group of esteemed scientists and business professionals, independent from management that provides objective feedback and guidance on a company's progress and goals.
symbiosis	An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct contact.
alphafetoprotein	A protein, which is made by the fetus, that can be found in the mother's blood circulation
serum	The liquid component of clotted blood
amino acid	The basic subunit of proteins.
confirmatory test	Confirm or rule out a medical condition in an individual with concerning symptoms or an out-of-range screening result.
cliff	A tall steep rock face.
hemizygous	Having only one copy of a particular gene
glycobiology	The biochemistry of glycoconjugates.
meltwater	Water produced from the melting of snow and/or glacial ice.
dip	One of the directional properties of a geologic structure such as a fold or a fault
thermodynamics	(1) The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter
tetrahydrobiopterin	A naturally occurring substance (a cofactor) that is essential for the activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase (the enzyme that is deficient in PKU)
micronucleus	The smaller of the two nuclei found in ciliate cells
chimera	A special kind of mosaicism in which an individual or tissue contains a mix of cells derived from two genetically different individuals
cellulose	A type of carbohydrate
glacial valley	Valley that was influenced by the presence of glaciers
aperture	Small opening, for example the opening in the test of a foram.
gbrowse	Developed by the Generic Model Organism Database (GMOD) project, GBrowse is an interactive genome browser that can be customized to show selected chromosomal features as well as display user provided annotations.
ddbj	DNA DataBase of Japan
cross-sectional study	The study of a population at a point in time
energy trapping	The capture of energy released in one reaction for use in a second reaction.
phase ii	clinical trial that evaluates an experimental drug's safety, assesses side effects, and establishes dosage guidelines.
postzygotic isolation	Reproductive isolation that acts after production of a hybrid zygote through hybrid inviability or sterility.
circum-pacific belt	A zone circling the edge of the Pacific Ocean basin where tectonic subduction causes the formation of volcanoes and trenches
krebs cycle	See tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
evaporite	Type of sedimentary rock that is formed from the concentration of dissolved salts through evaporation.
föhn wind	European equivalent of chinook wind.
ionic compound	A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called a salt.
laser	A device that emits an intense coherent monochromatic light beam.
dominant	A dominant gene will almost always be expressed and lead to a specific physical characteristic
laurasia	Northern section of Pangaea.
prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia	(PIN)
tidal zone	Area along the coastline that is influence by the rise and fall of tides.
metapopulation	A subdivided population of a single species.
deduction	Inference in which the conclusion about particulars follows necessarily from general theory
dalton	A measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles.
ommatidium	One of the facets of the compound eye of arthropods and some polychaete worms.
cistron	A genetic unit that encodes a single polypeptide chain.
recurrence risk	The risk that a genetic condition will occur again in a family.
cesarean section	a surgically-assisted birth in which an incision is made in the walls of the mother’s abdomen and uterus and the baby is removed without passing through the birth canal; also called C-section.
dominant	adj
noninvasive ventilation	Noninvasive ventilation is the delivery of ventilatory support without the need for an invasive artificial airway
marker	See: genetic marker
inbred	Produced by mating between relatives.
isotherm	Lines on a map joining points of equal temperature.
corpus callosum	The thick band of nerve fibers that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres in placental mammals, enabling the hemispheres to process information together.
consanguinity	Related through at least one common ancestor.
organ identity genes	Plant homeotic genes that use positional information to determine which emerging leaves develop into which types of floral organs.
respiratory surface	The part of an animal where gases are exchanged with the environment.
stoichiometry	Ratio of molecules in a structural complex or chemical reaction.
callus	An undifferentiated mass of plant cells in culture.
holocene epoch	Period of time from about 10,000 years ago to today
scutellum	A specialized type of cotyledon found in the grass family.
exteroreceptor	A sensory receptor that detects stimuli outside the body, such as heat, light, pressure, and chemicals
sensory receptor	A specialized structure that responds to specific stimuli from an animal's external or internal environment; transmits the information of an environmental stimulus to the animal's nervous system by converting stimulus energy to the electrochemical energy of action potentials.
genetic background	The set of genes with which a gene of interest is associated
developmental biology	The study of the processes by which an organism changes from a single cell into a mature, multicellular individual.
blowout depression	Saucer shaped depressions created by wind erosion
dominant lethal	See lethal.
bowen reaction series	Model that explains the origin of the various types of igneous rocks
molecular electronics	Electronic devices based on components consisting of individual molecules.
flower	The reproductive structure of angiosperms; a complete flower includes sepals, petals, stamens (male structures), and carpels (female structures).
pharmacogenomics	In its broader sense, it can be defined as the study of the genome and its products (including RNA and protein) as they relate to drug discovery and development.
biomass	the total amount of living material within a given area
seed dispersal	Movement of a plant seed away from the parent plant by a passive or active mechanism.
dormancy	/DORE-mən-see/ n
cation	An ion with a positive charge.
cri-du-chat syndrome	a chromosomal condition (monosomy 5p)
expected heterozygosity	Mean value of all the expected allelic frequencies, for all loci in a sample.
critical micelle concentration	The lowest concentration of a detergent at which molecules aggregate to form micellar structures.
leading strand	During DNA replication, the strand that is synthesized in the 5′ to 3′ direction by continuous polymerization at the growing 3′ tip.
estrogen	A female sex
just-so stories	Untestable explanations for adaptations.
strike-slip fault	Fault that primarily displays horizontal displacement.
western blot	A technique used to identify and locate proteins based on their ability to bind to specific antibodies
palindrome	A sequence of bases that reads the same in both directions on opposite strands of the DNA duplex (e.g., GAATTC).
alternate assortment	Separation of chromosomes in anaphase I of reciprocal translocation heterozygotes such that homologous centromeres migrate to opposite poles
physiology	Study of the functions of living organisms and the factors that influence those functions.
standard atmospheric pressure	A pressure of 101.32 kilopascals or 1013.2 millibars.
histology	(Gr
ejaculatory duct	In the male, a duct from each testis that join to form the urethra.
mass spectrometer	An instrument that determines the exact mass of charged particles or ions by measuring the flight path through a set of magnetic and electric fields
gene doping	The non-therapeutic use of cells
perennial	Plant that lives from year to year.
species tree	A phylogenetic tree showing the relationships among species
entropy	A quantitative measure of disorder
saltation	A variation of large effect; also, a major mutation.
hiv	The virus that causes AIDS.
chondrichthyes	The vertebrate class of cartilaginous fishes, represented by sharks and their relatives.
psoriasis	Chronic, immune system: related disease, causing inflammation and damage to involved tissues, primarily the skin
breathing	The process involving alternate inhalation and exhalation of air that ventilates the lungs.
ultrameric tree	A phylogenetic tree in which the branch lengths are constrained to all be equidistant from the root
knowledge mining	The extraction of useful knowledge from data patterns that have been rendered meaningful by the integration of information derived from external sources.
hairy root culture	A plant culture system based on highly branched roots generated by plant tissue with agrobacterium rhizogenes
cytoskeleton	a network of microscopic fibers that stabilize the shape of a eukaryotic cell and function in intracellular transport.
lorica	A vase-shaped or cup-shaped outer covering
armadillo	[Spanish diminutive of armado, from Latin armatus.] A small nocturnal mammal of the family Dasypodidae, the icon of the Austin area because of its "live and let live" attitude
euglenoid	Member of a class of eukaryotic microorganisms bearing flagella
serotype	A group of closely related microorganisms distinguished by a characteristic set of antigens.
paternal inheritance	the inheritance of a trait from the male gamete.
mid-oceanic ridge	Chain of submarine mountains where oceanic crust is created from rising magma plumes and volcanic activity
buffer	A solution containing agents that maintain a constant pH during a biochemical reaction.
pathogen	Any agent that can cause disease.
facultative aerobe	An organism that can use molecular oxygen in its metabolism but that also can live anaerobically.
blastoderm	The stage in embryogenesis when a unicellular layer at the surface surrounds the yolk mass.
progesterone	A steroid hormone produced by the ovaries.
nutrient cycle	The cycling of a single element by various abiotic and biotic processes through the various stores found in the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
primary production	Synthesis and storage of organic molecules (biomass), starting with fixation of CO2 by photosynthesis, in plants and microorganisms.
position	In the Colleague information, "Position" refers to the job title held
bioinformatics	Computational or algorithmic approaches to the analysis and integration of genomic, proteomic, or chemical data residing in databases
g protein-coupled receptor	A receptor characterized by seven membrane-spanning α helices
learning	The process that leads to modification in individual behavior as the result of experience.
stemflow	Is the process that directs precipitation down plant branches and stems
osmotrophic	A form of nutrition in which soluble compounds are taken up by the organism, either by pinocytosis or by mechanisms capable of transporting one or a few molecules at a time (membrane pumps).
in vitro	Autosome: A chromosome not involved in sex determination
molecular weight	The sum of the atomic weights of the constituent atoms in a molecule.
cystic fibrosis	An inherited disease that results in abnormal mucus secretion that produces severe respiratory problems, incomplete digestion and increased salt secretion in sweat.
gene by environment interaction	Event for which the phenotypic expression associated with a particular gene or genotype dependents on the environment in which the individuals with the genotype exists.
imaging agent	A chemical that is readily detectable by a medical imaging system
population density	Number of individuals of a particular species found in a specified area.
odds ratio	A measure of relative risk or effect size that is usually estimated from case-control studies.
leaf	The main site of photosynthesis in a plant; consists of a flattened blade and a stalk (petiole) that joins the leaf to the stem.
robustness	In regards to methods of analysis, a measure of how dependent a result is on the assumptions of the method being used to obtain the result.
molecule	The charge arises from loss or gain of electrons in the outer electron shell of an atom. In the case of loss of one or more electrons, which are negatively charged, the remaining atom becomes positively charged because of the positively charged protons in the nucleus. In the case of gain of one or more electrons, the atom becomes negatively charged. A positively charged atom or molecule is called a cation, and a negatively charged atom or molecule is an anion.
difficulty	The level of challenge or complexity of a learning activity.
nerve fiber	A filamentous process extending from the cell body of a neuron and conducting the nerve impulse; an axon.
virus	A sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell.
helix	Any structure with a spiral shape
arbuscular mycorrhiza	A distinct type of endomycorrhiza formed by glomeromycete fungi, in which the tips of the fungal hyphae that invade the plant roots branch into tiny treelike structures called arbuscules.
cyclic adenosine monophosphate	A 'second messenger' molecule generated from AMP by adenyl cyclase following activation by a G-protein.
coefficient of determination	Statistic that measures the proportion of the variation in the dependent variable that is associated with the statistical regression of an independent variable
penicillin	an antibiotic naturally produced by some molds of the genus Penicillium that interferes with the construction of new bacterial cell walls.
posterior	Of or pertaining to the rear, or tail, end.
accession number	The unique identifier assigned to new sequence information submitted to a major database.
weathering	Physical, chemical or biological breakdown of rocks and minerals into smaller sized particles.
secretion	(1) The discharge of molecules synthesized by a cell
first degree relative	A relative who is a person’s biological mother, father, full sibling, or child
mycosis	Any disease caused by the presence of fungi.
micrometer	A unit of measure in the metric system
double helix	Twin, parallel spirals that form the backbone of DNA
pericycle	The outermost layer of the vascular cylinder of a root, where lateral roots originate.
mesoderm	The middle of the three germ layers of an embryo that forms the connective, musculoskeletal, and vascular tissue.
stochastic	A random process; a process determined by a random distribution of probabilities.
tetraploid	Refers to cells in organisms possessing four times the haploid chromosome number
preformation	The current view that the fertilized egg carries instructions for the development of complex organs and tissues is an example of epigenesis.
spinal cord	Part of the vertebrate central nervous system; consists of a thick, dorsal, longitudinal bundle of nerve fibers extending posteriorly from the brain.
lyon hypothesis	The hypothesis, first clearly stated by Mary F
narrow-sense heritability	See heritability.
abdominal cavity	The body cavity in mammals that primarily houses parts of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems
geoid	True shape of the Earth, which deviates from a perfect sphere because of a slight bulge at the equator.
inner ear	One of three main regions of the vertebrate ear; includes the cochlea, organ of Corti, and semicircular canals.
sexual reproduction	Any process of reproduction that does involve the fusion of gametes.
hydrolysis	The cleavage of a molecule by the addition of water
herpes viruses	Viruses which can affect the skin and central nervous system, includes Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster, and Cytomegalovirus.
structured population	See population structure.
mutagenic	Tending to produce mutations.
epidermis	1
carbon sink	A pool (reservoir) that absorbs or takes up released carbon from another part of the carbon cycle
valley fog	Fog formed by the movement of cooler, more dense air from higher elevations to the warm valley bottom.
carbon fixation	Conversion of inorganic carbon dioxide to organic compounds by photosynthesis.
soil permeability	The rate at which water and air move vertically through a soil.
polyclonal	Derived from multiple clones.
generic drug	the version of an approved drug produced by a competitor after a pioneer firm's patents expires.
heuristic algorithm	A programming strategy based on trial-and-error methods and feedback evaluation.
wild type	An individual with the normal (most common) phenotype.
essential nutrient	A substance that an organism must absorb in preassembled form because it cannot be synthesized from any other material
cell-mediated immunity	The type of immunity that functions in defense against fungi, protists, bacteria, and viruses inside host cells and against tissue transplants, with highly specialized cells that circulate in the blood and lymphoid tissue.
privacy protections	Ensure that blood spots cannot be accessed by a third party, including insurers and law enforcement.
seawater	The mixture of water and various dissolved salts found in the world's oceans and seas.
incomplete flower	A flower in which one or more of the four basic floral organs (sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels) are either absent or nonfunctional.
transcription	cAMP (cyclic AMP) An important regulatory molecule in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
x-scid	Severe combined immunodeficiency
microgravity chamber	A rotating wall vessel bioreactor used for tissue engineering that neutralizes gravitational effects on cells
plastic deformation	Irreversible change in the shape of a material without fracture as the result of the force of compression or expansion.
grassland	A region where grass is the dominant vegetation
morphology	the form or structure of an organism; anatomy.
calcification	A dry environment soil-forming process that results in the accumulation of calcium carbonate in surface soil layers.
simple sequence repeats	A sequence consisting largely of a tandem repeat of a specific k-mer (such as (CA)15)
vascular plants	Division of plants with vascular tissues, which function in transporting fluids.
macroevolution	Evolutionary change on a grand scale, encompassing the origin of novel designs, evolutionary trends, adaptive radiation, and mass extinction.
coelacanth	Any member of the order Coelacanthiformes, a lineage of lobe-finned bony fish that dates back to the Devonian
glacial trough	A deep U-shaped valley with steep valley walls that was formed from glacial erosion
lava	Molten magma released from a volcanic vent or fissure.
eukaryotes	advanced cell type with a nuclear membrane surrounding genetic material and numerous membrane-bound organelles dispersed in a complex cellular structure
apical domain	The exposed free surface of a polarized epithelial cell.
androgen insensitivity	[Gene symbol AIS.] A disorder in which tissues lack functional androgen receptors and therefore cannot respond to testosterone
average heterozygosity	The percent, on average, of a population's loci that are heterozygous in members of the population.
transcriptomics	Global analysis of expression levels of all RNA transcripts present in a cell at a given time.
germ line	A cell line that gives rise to gametes.
eukaryotes	all living things whose cells have nuclei (most living things).
penetrance	The degree to which a genetic disorder is expressed phenotypically.
polysome	See Polyribosome.
steroid hormone	A member of a group of hydrophobic hormones, including estrogen and testosterone, that are derivatives of cholesterol.
totipotent	Capable of developing into every cell of the body
colinear	Markers that occur in a sequential order in a DNA or protein sequence.
nucleus	The information center of a cell
wet-bulb depression	The value calculated by subtracting a wet-bulb thermometer reading from a dry-bulb thermometer reading
polymorphism	The coexistence of two or more distinct forms in the same population.
natural logarithm	The logarithm (log) to base e where e ≈ 2.718
biodiversity	the diversity or variety of living organisms in a particular environment.
baculovirus	A type of virus that specifically infects insect cells.
benign tumor	A tumor that is not cancerous and does not metastasize.
chaperonin	A family of heat-shock proteins within which protein folding takes place.
preferential amplification	Imbalanced amplification or lack of amplification of DNA at a locus.
scanning electron microscopy	See electron microscopy.
exonuclease	An enzyme that hydrolyzes DNA molecules in either the 5′ to 3′ or 3′ to 5′ direction.
hypothesis testing	Process where an alternative and a null hypothesis are statistically tested for the purpose of falsifying a hypothesis.
baltica	An ancient continent made up of the land masses surrounding the modern Baltic sea
recombination	The exchange of genetic material.
desertification	Conversion of marginal rangeland or cropland to a more desert like land type
polyspermy block	The process that prevents the egg cell or the central cell from being fertilized by more than one sperm cell
convergent evolution	The acquisition by two unrelated, and perhaps very distantly related, evolutionary lineages of the same or similar trait
chemotherapeutic	Description of the type of cancer treatment - in this case by drugs as opposed to e.g
etoposide	A well-established chemotherapeutic agent that has demonstrated high efficacy in combination therapy with Topotect.
thermophile	A microorganism that grows optimally in high-temperature environments.
molecular sieve	A material with pores capable of separating molecules on the basis of size.
iontophoresis	The transfer of ions across cell membranes due to the application of an electrical potential.
declination	Location (latitude) on the Earth where the Sun on a particular day is directly overhead (90° from horizon) at solar noon
constitutive gene	Gène de régulation : Gène dont la fonction essentielle est de contrôler le taux d'expression d'un ou de plusieurs autres gènes
polar high	Surface area of atmospheric high pressure located at about 90° North and South latitude
virulence	The degree of pathogenicity of a parasite.
antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity	An immune response in which antibody, by coating target cells, makes them vulnerable to attack by immune cells.
lymphatic system	major component of the immune system, it consists of a network of (lymph) vessels and (lymph) nodes that remove fluid and particles such as bacteria from tissue, filters this fluid and returns it to the blood system.
amphipathic helix	An alpha helix that is hydrophobic on one side and hydrophilic on the other.
syndrome	A group of symptoms that helps a doctor diagnose a particular condition or disease. For example, an oddly-shaped head, slanting eyes, a single crease on the palm, and delayed mental and social skills are all symptoms of Down Syndrome.
clinical translation	Process that transforms research evidence into clinical guidelines and policy
pons	Portion of the brain that participates in certain automatic, homeostatic functions, such as regulating the breathing centers in the medulla.
informativity	Insert : Séquence d'ADN étranger introduite dans une molécule d'ADN donnée
protista	Group, at the kingdom level, in the classification of life
mud	A defective derivative of phage Mu
specialist	A healthcare provider who has special knowledge about a condition or a specific part of a condition.
ab initio gene prediction	The prediction of exon structure within a gene using computational algorithms
ecosystem	An ecosystem is a system where populations of species group together into communities and interact with each other and the abiotic environment.
action potential	changes in membrance potential that characterize a nerve impulse; essentially the depolarization of a neuron.
cell	The basic unit of all organisms
inversion	An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or from mutagens; reattachment in a reverse orientation of a chromosomal fragment to the chromosome from which the fragment originated.
wave cyclone	See mid-latitude cyclone.
insulin	A hormone that promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen
imprinting	The differential expression of genes due to differential methylation of nucleosides.
enzyme	A protein that acts as a catalyst, speeding the rate at which a biochemical reaction proceeds but not altering the direction or nature of the reaction.
prototroph	A microorganism strain that requires the same nutrients as the wild-type strain.
algorithm	An explicit computational procedure that uses a precise sequence of simple operations to perform a complex operation
biofouling	When living organisms attach to and start living on any object that is submerged in the sea
ph	Scale used to measure the alkalinity or acidity of a substance through the determination of the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution
biosequestration	Biologically mediated uptake and conversion of carbon dioxide to inert, long-lived, carbon-containing materials.
greenhouse effect	The warming of planet Earth due to the atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide, which absorbs infrared radiation and slows its escape from the irradiated Earth.
fresh water	Water that is relatively free of salts.
cumulonimbus cloud	A well developed vertical cloud that often has top shaped like an anvil
prevailing wind	Dominant direction that a wind blows from for a location or region.
ribosomal rna	The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins forms the structure of ribosomes
geographic information system	a database that uses spatial and geographic information to create detailed maps
a.f.i.s.	Automated Fingerprint Identification System
nullipara	nəl-IP-ə-rə/ A woman who has not borne offspring.
till plain	Extensive flat plain of till that forms when a sheet of ice becomes detached from the main body of the glacier and melts in place depositing the sediments it carried.
schist	A medium to coarse grained metamorphic rock with well developed bedding planes derived from the foliated recrystrallization of platy like minerals like mica.
overthrust fault	Fault produced by the fracturing of rock in a fold because of intense compression.
bile	A mixture of substances that is produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and acts as a detergent to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats.
salt marsh	Coastal wetland ecosystem that is inundated for some period of time by seawater
biodiversity	The totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a region.
selective permeability	A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.
obliquity	Tilt of the Earth's polar axis as measured from the perpendicular to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun
secondary pollutant	Atmospheric pollutants that are created chemically in the atmosphere when primary pollutants and other components of the air react
smooth muscle	A type of muscle lacking the striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle because of the uniform distribution of myosin filaments in the cell.
south magnetic pole	Location in the Southern Hemisphere where the lines of force from Earth's magnetic field are vertical
adrenaline	A hormone, produced by the medulla of the adrenal gland, that increases the concentration of glucose in the blood, raises blood pressure and heartbeat rate, and increases muscular power and resistance to fatigue; also a neurotransmitter across synaptic junctions
functional group	A group within a molecule that confers characteristic properties.
progeria	A rare disease characterized by accelerated aging.
tropic of capricorn	Latitude of 23.5° South
population viability analysis	A method of predicting whether or not a population will persist.
infiltration capacity	The ability of a soil to absorb surface water.
rain gauge	Instrument that measures the rain that falls at a location over a period of time.
staple length	The length of the individual fibres of cotton
trait	Any detectable variation in a genetic character.
wave period	The time elapsed for a wave to travel the distance of one wavelength.
agent	a pathogen - also termed disease organism - that is identified as part of the infectious cycle
anemia	A low red blood cell count
peptidoglycan	The principal component of bacterial cell walls consisting of linear polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides.
theta-replication	Replication of a circular molecule of double-stranded DNA by initiation at a unique origin and proceeding in one or both directions around the molecule
bermuda high	High pressure system that develops over the western subtropical North Atlantic
craton	Stable foundation core of the Earth's various plates of continental crust
undefined medium	A growth medium in which not all the components have been identified
model organisms	Organisms used in medical research to mimic a disease found in humans and to study its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment
signal-recognition particle	A proteinRNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from the ribosome.
survivor	A survivor is one who succeeds in lasting a long time
double fertilization	The unique mode of fertilization seen only in angiosperms, where two sperm cells fertilize two separate cells within the embryo sac (one cell contains the egg and the other contains two polar nuclei).
newton	A unit of force that creates an acceleration on a mass of 1 kilogram equal to 1 meter per second with no friction and under the conditions of a vacuum.
natural service	Actual mating between males and females in contrast to artificial insemination.
deranged drainage	Drainage pattern that is highly irregular
pluripotency	The potential of a cell to develop into more than one type of mature cell, depending on environment.
dicynodont	A member of a group of Permo-Triassic herbivorous pig-like terrestrial vertebrates
ovarian aspiration	Removal of oocytes through a needle inserted into a follicle of the ovary with suction applied to the needle.
decimorgan	/DES-ə-MORE-gən/ See: Morgan unit.
nuclear transfer technology	A method of cloning a living organism
genotypic variance	The variance of the genotypic value: var(G)= VG.
diatom	microscopic, single-celled photosynthetic organisms with an external skeleton of silica.
feces	The wastes of the digestive tract
lymph node	Organ located along a lymph vessel
consensus sequence	A idealized nucleotide sequence that represents a sequence that serves some particular function (e.g
full gene sequence	The complete order of bases in a gene
lymphokine	A factor released by lymphocytes that modulates other cell types.
amp	The abbreviation for adenosine monophosphate; also written as 5' AMP, since the phosphate is attached to ribose moiety at position 5.
fertilisation	The union of male and female reproductive cells (gametes), during the process of sexual reproduction, to form a cell called a zygote.
turnover number	The number of product molecules produced per minute by an enzyme catalyzing a reaction at the maximum rate.
genetic predisposition	a susceptibility to disease that is related to a genetic condition, which may or may not result in actual development of the disease.
jumping gene	Another name for a transposon.
dendrite	A branching process of a neuron that transmits impulses to the body of the neuron.
diagnosis	/die-ag-NOE-səs, die-əg-/ n
atrioventricular node	A region of specialized muscle tissue between the right atrium and right ventricle where electrical impulses are delayed for about 0.1 second before spreading to the ventricles and causing them to contract.
anoxic	An environment in which there is no free oxygen present
e. coli	Common bacterium that has been studied intensively by geneticists because of its small genome size, normal lack of pathogenicity, and ease of growth in the laboratory.
andragogy	Dr
ecological niche	Is all of the physical, chemical and biological conditions required by a species for survival, growth and reproduction
root pressure	The upward push of xylem sap in the vascular tissue of roots.
forward mutation	Mutation from wild type to a mutant allele.
endonuclease	An enzyme which digests nucleic acids starting in the middle of the strand (as opposed to an exonuclease, which must start at an end)
selection gradient	The gradient of a regression of fitness on trait value.
patch-clamp	A technique that uses a microelectrode to record current flow across a membrane.
active transport	energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference.
sieve tube member	A chain of living cells that form sieve tubes in phloem.
hatch-waxman act	contains provisions to foster the development of generic drugs and support pioneer drug development.
direct relative	Relative in direct line of descent.
non-conformances	Inconsistencies in laboratory practices that do not meet accreditation standards.
growth hormone	a protein produced by the pituitary gland that promotes growth of the whole body
inflammation	The immediate defense of tissue against infection or injury.
fertilisation	The union of male and female reproductive cells (gametes) during the process of sexual reproduction to form a cell called a zygote.
reflected wave	A water wave that reflects off the shore or another obstacle and is redirected towards the sea or lake.
daughter cells	The cells produced by division of a single parent cell.
thermal equator	Continuous area on the globe that has the highest surface temperatures because of the presence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone.
genetic complementation	The restoration of function by the introduction of exogenous DNA.
ocean	A body of saline water found occupying all or part of the Earth's ocean basins
substrate	A molecule acted upon by an enzyme.
gait trainer	A gait trainer is a type of walker, which provides considerable postural support for patients who require moderate to maximum support for ambulation
mountain breeze	Local thermal circulation pattern found in areas of topographic relief
parasitism	A symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont (parasite) benefits at the expense of the host by living either within the host (as an endoparasite) or outside the host (as an ectoparasite).
big crunch	Collapse of the Universe into its original form before the Big Bang
ground tissue system	Plant tissues that are neither vascular nor dermal, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as storage, photosynthesis, and support.
anamnestic reaction	An increase in immune response following repeated exposure to an antigen.
divergent evolution	/də-VERJ-ənt, die-/ adj
gymnosperms	Non-flowering seed plants, for example, pine.
nuclear receptor	A special class of receptor that is "receptive" to the influence of certain hormones and other molecules)
ecological diversity	See ecosystem diversity.
median	Statistical measure of central tendency in a set of data
nucleoplasm	The protoplasm within the nuclear envelope.
adult stem cells	Undifferentiated cells in a tissue
latent infection	An inapparent infection in which the pathogen is still present in a noninfective phase, and in which a certain pathogen-host equilibrium is established
body language	Posture and demeanor observed by the learner.
lymph nodes	Small bean-shaped organs of the immune system, distributed widely throughout the body and linked by lymphatic vessels
pleistocene	The geological period between 1.8 Mya and ~11,000 years ago
liposome	Microscopic, fat-containing, bubble created in the laboratory which is used to deliver drugs through the bloodstream.
ionotropic	A receptor that mediates its effects by regulating ion channels.
system relationship	Is the association that exist between the elements and attributes of a system based on cause and effect.
intertidal	the coastal marine zone between high and low tide; also called the littoral zone
dna sequence	The sequence of genetic “letters,” or nucleotides, in a piece of DNA
law of basin areas	Morphometric relationship observed in the mean basin area size of stream segments of a particular classification order in stream channel branching
electronegativity	The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.
nucleic acid	These are the large molecules constituting DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
photon	A discrete unit of radiant energy.
pathogenic	Giving origin to disease or morbid symptoms.
somatic cell gene therapy	Incorporating new genetic material into cells for therapeutic purposes
western blot	A technique for the separation, immobilization, and detection of proteins, usually by a labeled antibody.
browser	Any vertebrate animal that feeds on the twigs, shoots, and leaves of trees and shrubs.
entropy	Entropy is the measure of the disorder or randomness of energy and matter in a system.
neurosecretory cells	Hypothalamus cells that receive signals from other nerve cells, but instead of signaling to an adjacent nerve cell or muscle, they release hormones into the bloodstream.
third filial generation	Progeny resulting from the crossing of two second filial, F2, generation individuals.
validation	The process of extensive and rigorous evaluation of DNA methods before acceptance for routine use.
character state	The particular form that a character trait takes (e.g., a three-chambered vs
standard deviation	Square root of the variance; a measure of the typical magnitude of a random fluctuation.
t cell	A type of white blood cell know as a lymphocyte
discriminating power	The ability of a blood grouping technique to differential between individuals selected at random
pedology	The scientific study of soils.
locally stable	An equilibrium is locally stable if any sufficiently small perturbation decreases in magnitude
antimutagen	An agent that decreases the rate of mutation.
haematopoietic stem cells	Stem cells that make all the blood cells in the body
fibroblast	An epithelial cell precursor.
heterosis	(Gr
annealing	Pairing of a single-stranded nucleic acid with the complementary strand to form a duplex.
parasite	An organism that lives in or on a host organism and uses it as a source of food and shelter, to the detriment of the host.
topographic profile	A two-dimensional diagram that describes the landscape in vertical cross-section.
threshold	The potential an excitable cell membrane must reach for an action potential to be initiated.
spatial learning	Modification of behavior based on experience of the spatial structure of the environment.
transmitting ability	One-half the breeding value of an individual
eukarya	The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms
tundra	A biome at the extreme limits of plant growth
phosphodiester	Placebo : substance inactive substituée à un médicament de façon à distinguer l'action psychologique et l'action pharmacologique de celui-ci
carbon dioxide	Gas that is an important part of the global carbon cycle
gene dosage	The number of copies of a gene within an individual.
guideline	In a medical context, guidelines usually refer to documents detailing agreed best practice in a given area of medicine
hail	Hail is a solid form of precipitation that has a diameter greater than 5 millimeters
organ system	A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.
neuropathy	any disease of the nervous system
attomole	One quintillionth mole; 10-18 mole.
ovule	the structure in a seed plant that develops into a seed after fertilization.
cognitive apprenticeship	A model of instruction that combines structured tasks and coordinated guidance by a subject matter expert.
antibiotic	Substance used in the treatment of bacterial (as distinct from viral) infectious diseases in humans, animals or plants
venture capitalist	an individual who invests in start-up companies with the intent of making a large return on investment.
feedback	An interaction mechanism between processes in the Earth system that occurs when the result of an initial process triggers changes in a second process that in turn influences the initial one
amino acid analog	See analog.
amphibia	The vertebrate class of amphibians, represented by frogs, salamanders, and caecilians.
sensory receptor	A cellular system that collects information about the physical world outside the body and inside the organism.
electron acceptor	Substance that gains electrons from another substance in an oxidation-reduction reaction.
dioecy	System of sexual expression in plants in which individual plants bear either staminate (male) or pistillate (female) flowers, but not both
mucosal	Of or relating to mucous membranes, which line passages and cavities of the body that are exposed to the exterior, as well as ducts and receptacles of secretion, and habitually secreting mucus.
islet	A smaller genetic island that only encodes one or a few gene products.
dynamic instability	The alternation of microtubules between cycles of growth and shrinkage.
penis	Male organ of copulation.
eclipse period	The period of time after infection with a virus during which new virions are formed, but not released (contrast with latent period).
occluded front	A transition zone in the atmosphere where an advancing cold air mass sandwiches a warm air mass between another cold air mass pushing the warm air into the upper atmosphere.
phenyl ammonia lyase	See PEG-PAL.
genus	group of closely related species.
digestive tract	Also called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is the multi-organ system that takes in food, extracts nutrients and expels waste.
tertiary	Geologic period that occurred roughly 1.6 to 65 million years ago
analogy	The similarity of structure between two species that are not closely related; attributable to convergent evolution.
scaffolding proteins	Proteins which facilitate the assembly of a cell structure but are not included in the final structure
lichen	The symbiotic collective formed by the mutualistic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic alga or cyanobacterium.
ti plasmid	Tumour-inducing plasmid
ectoderm	The outer germ layer; gives rise to tissues that include the skin and nervous system.
amniocentesis	prenatal diagnosis method using cells in the amniotic fluid to determine the number and kind of chromosomes of the fetus and, when indicated, perform biochemical studies.
fluid feeder	An animal that lives by sucking nutrient-rich fluids from another living organism
exaptation	A structure that evolves and functions in one environmental context but that can perform additional functions when placed in some new environment.
hormone dependent cancer	a type of cancer which is influenced (often stimulated) by the presence of a specific hormone.
phase change	A shift from one developmental phase to another.
outwash plain	A flat or gentle sloping surface of glaciofluvial sediments deposited by meltwater streams at the edge of a glacier
expressivity	The degree to which an inherited characteristic is expressed in a person
cell division	process by which the cell divides into two daughter cells.
anneal	Generally synonymous with "hybridize".
wet-bulb thermometer	Thermometer on a psychrometer that has a moisten wick on its reservoir bulb
mixing ratio	The ratio between the weight (mass) of water vapor (or some other gas) held in the atmosphere compared to the weight of the dry air in a given volume of air
mean	Usually refers to the arithmetic mean: for n values, z1, ..., zn, = (Σizi)/n
habitat	Location where a plant or animal lives.
biotechnology	The industrial use of living organisms or their components to improve human health and food production.
dendrogram	A phylogenetic tree in which the branch lengths are constrained to all be equidistant from the root; also known as an ultrameric tree.
thermal cycler	An instrument used to perform the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
integument	Layer of sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule of a seed plant.
subtraction library	A cDNA library that only contains those cDNAs that are expressed in a particular type of cell or tissue or under particular growth conditions
morphogenesis	Developmental changes in the inner structure and outer form of an organism.
transposon	A DNA sequence that can move to different positions in the genome.
spina bifida	a congenital condition that results from altered fetal development of the spinal cord, part of the neural plate fails to join together and bone and muscle are unable to grow over this open section.
heterozygous	Having two different alleles at the same locus.
gap penalty	A penalty subtracted from a sequence alignment score due to the introduction of a gap or the elongation of a gap.
endogenic	Refers to a system that is internal to the Earth.
inherited	See: inherit
controls	Tests designed to demonstrate that a procedure worked correctly and performed in parallel with experimental samples.
dentary	/DENT-er-ee/ n
gene pool	Total complement of genes in a population.
agrobacterium tumefaciens	A bacterium that is used for plant genetic engineering.
law of segregation	Mendel's first law, stating that each allele in a pair separates into a different gamete during gamete formation.
polypeptide	a molecule consisting of many amino acids joined by chemical bonds between their amino and carboxyl groups; not necessarily biologically active.
x-ray crystallography	A technique for determining the structure of molecules from the X-ray diffraction patterns that are produced by crystalline arrays of the molecules.
quality assurance	A program conducted by a laboratory to ensure accuracy and reliability of tests performed.
hazardous	Dangerous.
species association	A particular grouping of species in an area.
self-incompatibility	When individuals cannot self-fertilize.
element	Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance.
legume	Angiosperm plant species that is a member of the Fabaceae (Pea or Bean) family
placental mammals	See eutherian mammals.
variation	Differences between members of the same species.
detachment	One of three distinct processes involved in erosion
chemosynthetic	Applied to autotrophic bacteria that use the energy released by specific inorganic reactions to power their life processes, including the synthesis of organic molecules.
hgb	German accounting standards
tropism	The movement response of an organism to an external stimulus, such as heat or light.
reproductive assurance	The assurance that an individual can fertilize its eggs or ovules by selfing.
precipitable water	Amount of water potentially available in the atmosphere for precipitation
ecotone	The transition from one type of habitat or ecosystem to another, such as the transition from a forest to a grassland.
anthracosaur	Any member of a small group of labyrinthodont amphibians that had long, eel-like bodies
multiple myeloma	Type of cancer that develops in a subset of white blood cells called plasma cells formed in the bone marrow
power	The term power has quite a few different meanings
hormones	Chemicals in the blood which have a messenger function within the body
eugenics	The study of improving a species by artificial selection; usually refers to the selective breeding of humans.
ligand-gated ion channel receptor	A signal receptor protein in a cell membrane that can act as a channel for the passage of a specific ion across the membrane
static equilibrium	Static equilibrium occurs where force and reaction are balanced and the properties of the system remain unchanged over time.
asymmetric carbon	A carbon that is covalently bonded to four different groups.
hygroscopic water	Water held within 0.0002 millimeters of the surface of a soil particle
smith-waterman	A sensitive algorithm for identifying sequence similarities.
immunoassay	A test using antibodies to identify and quantify substances
spindle	Fiber formed during nuclear division that aligns chromosomes and pulls them to the opposite poles.
stoma	A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.
ligand	Recessive A term applied to one member of an allele pair that is not expressed when the other, dominant, member of the pair is present.
capillary action	Movement of water along microscopic channels
mineral	In nutrition, a chemical element other than hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen that an organism requires for proper body functioning.
anthracyclines	A member of a family of anti-cancer drugs that are also antibiotics.
irradiation	The use of ionizing radiation in the form of photons, electrons, protons as well as other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
policing	Where selfish behavior is prevented by other individuals.
biological response modifier	A protein or other compound that stimulates immune defense against disease.
moneran	simplest kingdom containing prokaryotic cells (mostly bacteria), some of which can create their own food
confined aquifer	Aquifer between two layers of relatively impermeable earth materials, such as clay or shale.
lepidoptera	Insects such as butterflies and moths.
base pairing	attraction between complemetary nitrogenous bases that produces a force that holds the two strands of the DNA double helix together.
evapotranspiration	Combined loss of water to the atmosphere via the processes of evaporation and transpiration.
bajada	Consecutive series of alluvial fans forming along the edge of a linear mountain range
silent mutation	A mutation in a codon that does not cause a change in the amino acid sequence of the translation product.
mutagenicity	The capacity of a chemical or physical agent to cause permanent genetic alterations.
site-directed mutagenesis	A method for introducing specific mutations at a defined site in a nucleotide sequence.
autosome	any of the non-sex-determining chromosomes
tissue system	One or more tissues organized into a functional unit connecting the organs of a plant.
bioprospecting	Searching for new plant and microbial strains that may serve as sources for natural products, such as phytopharmaceuticals.
medical home	The facility or physician that coordinates the care of an individual with a complex medical condition.
heterostyly	Specific flower morphology in which stamens and styles are of unequal lengths, thereby promoting cross-pollination.
ketosis	A condition in which the concentration of ketone bodies in the blood or urine is unusually high.
insertional mutation	See: insertion
adenosine deaminase deficiency	A severe immunodeficiency
chimeric antibody	A recombinant antibody that combines characteristics of antibodies from two different sources (see Humanized antibody).
holliday model	Model describing the series of breakage and reunion events occurring during crossing over of two homologous chromosomes.
osmotic pressure	A measure of the tendency of a solution to take up water when separated from pure water by a selectively permeable membrane.
explant	Removal of a piece of tissue from a living organism for use in a tissue culture.
metagenome	Genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples.
ventral	lower side of an organism with bilateral symmetry.
tertiary consumer	A member of the trophic level of an ecosystem consisting of carnivores that eat mainly other carnivores.
g-protein-linked receptor	A signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding signal molecule by activating a G protein.
biological species concept	Definition of species as groups of individuals that can successfully interbreed with each other in nature but that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
uterus	Two uterine horns connect the body of the uterus to the oviducts.
autocatalytic network	A chemical system that outputs a chemical that is a catalyst for the original reaction or that leads to other reactions that eventually output a catalyst for the original reaction.
offender hit	A CODIS match between a crime scene profile and an offender profile.
cladistics	A classification method that constructs phylogenies using characteristics unique to each taxonomic group.
hormone	A chemical product of the body that has a specific regulatory effect upon the cells.
temperate broadleaf forest	A biome located throughout midlatitude regions where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large, broadleaf deciduous trees.
secondary succession	Succession on a previously vegetated surface
social dominance	A hierarchical pattern of social organization involving domination of some members of a group by other members in a relatively orderly and long-lasting pattern.
tautomeric shift	The transfer of a hydrogen atom from one position in an organic molecule to another position.
t-cell-mediated immune response	The synthesis of antigen-specific T cell receptors and the development of killer T cells in response to an encounter of immune system cells with a foreign immunogen.
equilibrium centrifugation	The separation of particles on the basis of density by centrifugation to equilibrium in a gradient of a dense substance.
off-label use	Use of a drug not in accordance with FDA-approved uses or drug labelling
protein family	A group of proteins related by evolution that share highly conserved sequence regions, 3-D structure, and function.
cation exchange	A process in which positively charged minerals are made available to a plant when hydrogen ions in the soil displace mineral ions from the clay particles
unicellular	Consisting of but a single cell.
squamous cells	Flat cells that constitute the surface of the skin.
matrix	A medium in which things are formed, developed, or embedded.
seed	Fertilized ovule of a plant that contains an embryo and food products for germination
innate releasing mechanism	In ethology, a circuit within an animal's brain that is hypothesized to respond to a specific stimulus, setting in motion, or "releasing," the sequence of movements that constitute a fixed action pattern.
ozonosphere	Another name for the ozone layer.
basidiocarp	Elaborate fruiting body of a dikaryotic mycelium of a club fungus.
climograph	Two dimensional graph that plots a location's air temperature and precipitation on times scales that range from a 24 hour period to a year.
ecophysiology	Study of the physiological functions of organisms as they pertain to their ecology or interactions with each other and their environment.
cline	A smooth change from place to place across a spatially continuous habitat
cell wall	found in prokaryotic plants and it provides structural support and protection.
ethology	The study of animal behavior in natural conditions
cross reactivity	The binding by an antibody of an antigen that is structurally similar to the antigen that the antibody was raised against.
proprietary database	A copyrighted database accessible by subscription.
gametogenesis	Production of gametes.
genetic counseling	Provides patients and their families with education and information about genetic-related conditions and helps them make informed decisions.
purine	A heterocyclic ring structure with varying functional groups
ecology	The study of the factors that influence the distribution and abundance of species.
deconvolution	An algorithm-based method for eliminating noise and improving the resolution of digital data
viral oncogene	See oncogene.
mineral	Component of rocks
bacteria	Large group of single celled micro-organisms which lack an organised central nucleus
saponin	A glycosidic surfactant produced by plant cells.
lethargy	abnormal lack of energy usually as a result of illness or disease.
human subjects protections	The government has policies to protect people that participate in genetics research.
bowman's capsule	A cup-shaped receptacle in the vertebrate kidney that is the initial, expanded segment of the nephron where filtrate enters from the blood.
complete digestive tract	A digestive tube that runs between a mouth and an anus; also called an alimentary canal
transnational corporation	A large corporation operating internationally (same as a multinational).
nasolacrimal duct	NAY-zō-LACK-rə-məl/ A tube connecting the eye with the nasal cavity; functions in draining excess lacrimal fluid from the eye
biota	All the organisms that are part of an ecosystem.
gel electrophoresis	A technique which uses a thin block of jelly-like material (gel) to act as a sieve to separate molecules
coding sequence	Séquence consensus : Séquence idéalisée d'une région donnée d'un acide nucléique ou d'une protéine dans laquelle chaque position représente la base ou l'acide aminé rencontré le plus fréquemment
immune complex disease	A disorder characterized by the presence of immune complexes in bodily fluids.
chaparral	A type of plant community common to areas of the world that have a Mediterranean climate (for example, California and Italy)
soil moisture recharge	The process of water filling the pore space found in a soil (storage).
bohr shift	A lowering of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, caused by a drop in pH; facilitates the release of oxygen from hemoglobin in the vicinity of active tissues.
micelle	An aggregate of lipids in which the polar head groups face outward and the hydrophobic tails face inward; no solvent is trapped in the center.
secondary contact	Contact between populations that had previously been geographically separate (i.e., allopatric)
sexual selection	Natural selection for mating success.
accessory sex glands	Seminal vesicles (vesicular glands, prostate and Cowper's [bulbourethral] glands) that contribute the main fluid portion to the semen.
firn	Névé on a glacier that survives the year's ablation season
seminiferous tubule	A highly coiled tube in the testis in which sperm are produced.
hhmi	Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
basaltic magma	Mafic magma that forms basaltic igneous rocks.
biocide	A compound that is toxic to living systems.
canadian shield	Very old igneous and metamorphic shield rock that covers much of northern Canada
insertion	Intégration : Processus de recombinaison qui insère une molécule d'ADN dans une autre
secondary oocyte	A haploid cell resulting from meiosis I in oogenesis, which will become an ovum after meiosis II.
venture capital	money invested by venture capitalists in startup companies in exchange for equity.
dna melting temperature	The temperature at which DNA undergoes a transition from helix to coil structure.
firn limit	The lower boundary of the zone of accumulation on a glacier where snow accumulates on an annual basis
lysosomes	the digestive plants of food for the cell, changes shape from task to task
electromagnetic spectrum	See spectrum.
refraction	The deflection from a straight path undergone by a light ray or energy wave in passing obliquely from one medium (as air) into another (as glass) in which its velocity is different, or the action of distorting an image by viewing through a medium.
sand ripples	Another term used for wind ripples.
cell cycle checkpoint	A regulatory point that prevents entry into the next phase of the cell cycle until the events of the preceding phase have been completed.
three-domain system	A system of taxonomic classification based on three "superkingdoms": Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
cleavage	The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; specifically, the succession of rapid cell divisions without growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote into a ball of cells.
lysosomes	Digestive sacks - the main point of digestion, these are only found in animal cells.
methylation	Addition of a methyl group to a molecule.
soluble support	A support for a reaction that is soluble under reaction conditions, but readily separable by some simple process
score	To determine the presence or absence of a phenotype by testing for growth under different conditions (e.g., plus and minus an auxotrophic supplement or permissive and nonpermissive conditions)
high-energy compound	A compound that undergoes hydrolysis with a high negative standard free energy change.
morology	the study of foolish and nonsensical talking
calorie	The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C; also the amount of heat energy that I g of water releases when it cools by 1°C
sea-level pressure	Average atmospheric pressure at sea-level
probability	Statistical chance that an event will occur.
steady state equilibrium	In this type of equilibrium the average condition of the system remains unchanged over time.
multiple fruit	A fruit derived from an inflorescence, a group of flowers tightly clustered together.
dinosaur	Member of an extremely diverse group of ancient reptiles varying in body shape, size, and habitat.
coinheritance frequency	The ratio of recombinants that acquire both the selected and unselected marker vs the total number of recombinants.
blast	Basic Local Alignment Search Tool is a search algorithim developed by Altschul et al
metabolomics	Type of global molecular analysis that involves identifying and quantifying the metabolome—all metabolites present in a cell at a given time.
vntr	See variable number tandem repeat.
nucleolus	N(Y)OO-klee-Ō-ləs/ A round body associated with a nucleolus organizing region
polar easterlies	Winds that originate at the polar highs and blow to the subpolar lows in a east to west direction.
posterior odds ratio	A ratio of the probability of a hypothesis given a particular set of data relative to the probability of another hypothesis given the same data (Prob(H1\|D)/Prob(H2\|D))
testicular feminization	See androgen insensitivity.
pollination	The transfer of pollen from male to female reproductive organs in seed plants.
royalty	the payment of a percentage of sales as compensation to product developers, patent licensors, or even investors.
stop codon	A UAG, UAA
microprocessor	An integrated electronic circuit designed to carry out a specific set of operations.
dextrocardia	/decks-troh-KARD-ee-yə/ n
hybrid arrested translation	A method used to identify the proteins encoded by a cloned DNA sequence
invasive	Tending to penetrate healthy tissue.
pteridosperm	Any of several groups of seed plants common in the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic that had somewhat fern-like foliage
insertion	A type of mutation caused by the addition of one or more adjacent base pairs to a gene.
intramuscular	Inside muscle.
tropic of cancer	Latitude of 23.5° North
basidium pl. basidia	A reproductive appendage that produces sexual spores on the gills of mushrooms
differentiation	A change in the form and pattern of a cell and the genes it expresses as a result of growth and replication, usually during development of a multicellular organism
differential equation	An equation that gives the rate of change of a system as a function of its present state.
heteromorphic chromosome pairs	chromosomes that visibly differ, like X and Y.
ectomycorrhiza	A type of mycorrhiza in which the mycelium fonns a dense sheath, or mantle, over the surface of the root
warm desert	Desert found in the subtropics or interiors of continents at the middle latitudes where precipitation is low and surface air temperatures are high.
neurotransmitter	A chemical that is released from one neuron and attaches to an adjacent neuron triggering a nerve impulse.
solar system	The collection of celestial bodies that orbit around the Sun.
mtt assay	Measurement of cell viability and proliferation through the reduction of the yellow tetrazolium salt MTT (dimethylthiazolyl diphenyltetrazolium bromide).
cellular immunity	Humoral immunity consists of antibodies in the blood plasma that bind to specific foreign (nonself) antigens, causing them to be removed. Antibodies are produced by B-cells
undulipodium	Another term for a eukaryotic flagellum.
elastic rebound theory	Theory that describes how earthquakes arise from the horizontal movement of adjacent tectonic plates along a linear strike-slip fault
indeterminate cleavage	A type of embryonic development in deuterostomes, in which each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo.
metapopulation	A collection of discrete demes
oxisols	Tropical soils rich in iron and aluminum oxides.
inheritance	The passing down of genetic information from parents to children.
age-specific survival rate	Proportion of individuals which survive from the beginning of one age class to the next.
fossil succession	the specific order of fossils, from lower to higher, within geological strata.
interstitial	the space between adjacent particles (such as sand grains) within soft sediments
biosurface	The surface structure of individual molecules, cells, and more complex biological systems.
motor neuron	A nerve cell that transmits signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands.
heterodimer	A dimer composed of two different molecules.
gametogenesis	The process by which gametes are produced in the mammalian body.
second law of thermodynamics	The principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
basal sliding	The sliding of a glacier over the surface it rests on
protozoa	Any of a large group of single-celled, usually microscopic, organisms such as amoeba.
surveillance	The process of monitoring or checking for signs or symptoms of a disease.
free energy	A quantity of energy that interrelates entropy (S) and the system's total energy (H); symbolized by G
lithification	Process by which sediments are consolidated into sedimentary rock.
competitive advantage	an advantage that a firm has relative to competing firms; may be in the form of intellectual property, expertise, partnerships, assets, etc.
benthic zone	The bottom surface of an aquatic environment.
nematode	NEEM-ə-tōd/ A member of the Phylum Nematoda, composed of the true round worms, many of which are parasitic.
vertical aerial photograph	Photograph taken from a overhead or near overhead angle from a platform in the atmosphere.
tundra	High latitude biome dominated by a few species of dwarf shrubs, a few grasses, sedges, lichens, and mosses
deposition nuclei	Six-sided microscopic particle that allows for deposition of water as ice crystals in the atmosphere
individualized educational profiles	Individual learning analysis process that identifies educational challenges and learning styles.
dyne	A unit of force that creates an acceleration on a mass of 1 gram equal to 1 centimeter per second
initiation factors	Those protein factors that are specifically required during the initiation phase of protein synthesis.
herbicide	Any substance that is toxic to plants; usually applied to agrochemicals intended to kill specific unwanted plants, such as weeds.
symbiosis	a relationship between two organisms where one or both benefit.
biocide	Any chemical agent that can kill a living organism
establishment	Subsequent growth and/or reproduction of a colonized species in a new territory.
grass	Type of plant that has long slender leaves that extend from a short stem or the soil surface.
apoptosis	Programmed cell death brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of "suicide" proteins in the cells destined to die.
buffer	Chemical solution that maintains a relatively constant pH even with the addition of strong acids or bases.
elasmobranch	Any member of the subclass of Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) that have plate-like scales
microfluidics	Technology platforms that deal with the behavior, precise control, and manipulation of fluids that are geometrically constrained to a small, typically sub-millimeter, scale.
helix	Twisted shape in the form of a spiral, coil or screw
food chain	The pathway along which food is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers
diffusion approximation	A mathematical approximation that describes diffusion using a differential equation
ovule	The female gamete in a flowering plant
oceanic crust	Along with continental crust, the outermost layer of the solid earth, colder and more solid than the mantle and core
primary plant body	The tissues produced by apical meristems, which lengthen stems and roots.
refraction	Process where insolation is redirect to a new direction of travel after entering another medium.
dimethyl sulfate	/die-METH-əl/ A colorless oily liquid with an onionish aroma
secondary sex characteristic	sex characteristic that appears at puberty.
bt toxins	Insecticidal proteins produced by the soil micro-organism called Bacillus thuringiensis
fission	The separation of a parent into two or more individuals of approximately equal size
gene dosage	The number of times a gene occurs within a genome.
cell membrane	The membrane that separates the interior of a cell from its environment
contamination	The harboring of or contact with microorganisms (or other organisms such as insect parasites) in abscence of a relationship that may be considered commensalistic, mutualistic, or parasitic.
hiv	The infectious agent that causes AIDS
page	Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
dna fingerprinting	The generation of a unique DNA pattern that is a genetic profile for an individual.
replication protein a	(RPA)
cell cycle	All of those stages that a cell passes through from one cell generation to the next.
cmo	Contract manufacturing organization
phylogenetics	The scientific discipline of resolving phylogenetic relationships between organisms.
horizontal study	The study of a population at a point in time
symplast	In plants, the continuum of cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata between cells.
stamen	Pollen-bearing organ of an angiosperm flower.
nuciform	N(Y)OO-sə-form/ Nut-shaped.
indicator species	Species that can be used as a early indicator of environmental degradation to a community or an ecosystem
heterogeneity	See genetic heterogeneity.
phenome	All biochemical, physiological, and morphological characteristics of an organism.
orphan receptor	Receptor for which an in vivo ligand is not yet known.
polygamous	A type of relationship in which an individual of one sex mates with several of the other.
carbonation	Is a form of chemical weathering where carbonate and bicarbonate ions react with minerals that contain calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium.
support group	A group of people who are all impacted by the same condition and come together to share experiences and help one another.
gene disruption	Distance génétique : Degré de parenté entre des génomes différents
landscape	Several different, primarily terrestrial ecosystems linked by exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms.
in vitro	Outside of a living organism.
melanocyte	A skin cell that produces and stores the pigment melanin.
fission	The splitting of a cell into two cells directly.
b cell	A type of lymphocyte that develops in the bone marrow and later produces antibodies, which mediate humoral immunity.
patrilineal	Inherited from the father (e.g., the Y chromosome in mammals).
wind ripples	Wind ripples are miniature sand dunes between 5 centimeters and 2 meters in length and 0.1 to 5 centimeters in height
ancestor	One from whom an individual is descended.
attenuated vaccine	A vaccine based on an attenuated virus that has low virulence due to genetic inactivation or chemical treatment.
stromatoporoid	Any member of a group of extinct sponge or sponge-like organisms that formed vertical pillars of horizontally laminated calcareous fossils (similar in appearance to stromatolites).
cretaceous	Geologic period that occurred roughly 65 to 144 million years ago
trimerophyte	Member of an early group of vascular plants.
resolution	The ability of a microscope to distinguish objects separated by small distances.
silicate	Group of minerals that have crystal structures based on a silica tetrahedron (SiO4).
boc	A symbol for a protecting group used in polypeptide chemistry.
paraphyletic	Pertaining to a grouping of species that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants.
migration	a patterned movement of organisms that usually covers large relative distances
polyspermy	Fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm.
family	A taxonomic grouping of related, similar genera; the category below order and above genus.
elimination/reference samples	A term used to describe a sample of known source taken for comparison purposes.
genes	sections of the DNA strand that code for certain characteristics.
thylakoid	A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.
glycocalyx	A carbohydrate coat covering the cell surface.
interoperability	Ability of different types of databases, applications, operating systems, and platforms to function in an integrated manner.
ifsp	The Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) is both a process and a document intended to assist families and professionals in a community in their combined efforts to meet the developmental needs of a young child from birth to age three with special needs
desert pavement	A veneer of coarse particles left on the ground after the erosion of finer particles by wind.
rights	These are entitlements
species	The most basic unit of biological classification
ice fall	An area of crevassed ice on a glacier
coral reef	A warm-water, tropical ecosystem dominated by the hard skeletal structures secreted primarily by the resident cnidarians.
recessive	For recessive diseases, both copies of a gene must have the DNA mutation for a person to have one of these diseases
diffusion	Spreading due to the cumulative effect of small random movements.
vaccine	A harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host's immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen.
creatine phosphokinase	A marker for Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, with elevations of 20-200 times normal.
starch	Complex carbohydrate composed of thousands of glucose units
nonahydrate	NAWN-ə-HĪ-drayt/ A compound containing nine water molecules.
depilate	/DEP-ə-late/ v
ataxia-telangiectasia	(AT)
metazoa	The group that includes all animal phyla, including sponges, ctenophores, cnidarians, and the bilaterians.
thrum	Type of distylic flower possessing a short style and long anthers.
positive negative selection	A laboratory technique that accelerates the identification of genetically engineered organisms that possess desired genetic changes by selecting against the organisms that do not have the desired characteristics.
malignant	Malignant tumors are known as cancer.
family health history	A record of medical information about an individual and their family members, as well as information about the eating habits, activities, and environments the family shares.
lateral meristem	A meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants
ibd	See identity by descent.
weathering landform	Is a landform created by the physical or chemical decomposition of rock through weathering
progeny test	Mating of an individual to obtain progeny for observation for the purpose of obtaining information about that individual's genotype or genetic merit.
objective test	A test which having been documented and validated is under control so that it can be demonstrated that all appropriately trained staff will obtain the same results within defined limits
coniferous vegetation	Cone-bearing vegetation of middle and high latitudes that are mostly evergreen and that have needle-shaped or scale like leaves
anaphylactic shock	A life-threatening allergic reaction characterized by a swelling of body tissues including the throat, difficulty in breathing, and a sudden fall in blood pressure.
batesian mimicry	A palatable mimic evolves to resemble a distasteful model species and thereby suffers less predation.
ground frost	Frost that penetrates the soil surface in response to freezing temperatures.
isostatic rebound	The upward movement of the Earth's crust following isostatic depression.
immunology	Study of all phenomena related to the body's response to antigenic challenge.
primate	A member of the order of mammals that includes anthropoids and prosimians.
deletion	Dénaturation d'acide nucléique : Conversion d'acide nucléique de l'état double brin à l'état simple brin
gene function	Biochemical reaction, protein-protein interaction, metabolic or signaling pathway association, cellular localization, phenotype, and changes in protein function that are mediated by shifts in protein structure.
carbohydrate	A polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone.
biogeochemical cycling	Cycling of a single element, compound or chemicals by various abiotic and biotic processes through the various stores found in the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
molecule	The smallest amount of a specific chemical substance that can exist alone
endemic species	Species that are confined to a specific, relatively small geographic area.
place	A term used in geography that describes the factors that make the location of natural and human-made phenomena unique.
science fiction	When people dream or write about what could be in the world of science, they call it science fiction
atomic number	The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol.
windthrow	Trees uprooted by wind.
leeward	Downwind side of an elevated area like a mountain
mammalia	The vertebrate class of mammals, characterized by body hair and mammary glands that produce milk to nourish the young.
test	n
modularity	Structure formed by modular, interchangeable building blocks
halophilic	Describes an organism with a preference for growth in high-salt environments.
dna delivery	A method for delivering DNA- or gene-based treatments, typically into cells of the targeted tissue
symbiotic mutualism	Mutualistic interaction where the species interact physically and their relationship is biologically essential for survival.
aerobic	Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen.
bolson	Is a closed desert basin with no drainage outlet, surrounded by mountains.
preclinical studies	studies that test a drug on animals and nonhuman test systems
chromosomal inversion	Chromosome segments that have been turned 180 degrees
buffer	A substance that consists of acid and base forms in solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.
simple sequence repeats	Tandem repeats of a short sequence.
transition-state intermediate	In a chemical reaction, an unstable and high-energy configuration assumed by reactants on the way to making products
amino acid	Any of a class of 20 molecules
growth hormone	A protein hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that acts on many other tissues to stimulate growth. The human growth hormone gene is located on chromosome 17. Mutations that cause the growth hormone to be nonfunctional cause one form of dwarfism when homozygous. More details can be found in OMIM. Administration of GH from other sources during childhood increases the growth of such persons.
cristae	Folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane extending into the matrix.
5' utr intron	An intron located in the 5' prime untranslated region (SO:0000447).
biobank	A collection of human biological samples (such as blood and tissue) and medical information about the people who gave their samples for research studies.
polycystic kidney disease	a group of conditions characterized by fluid filled sacs that slowly develop in both kidneys, eventually resulting in kidney malfunction.
single nucleotide polymorphism	Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are changes at a single DNA base that are present among at least 1% of people in at least one population
carcinogen	A chemical that can cause cancer.
karst	Landform type with limestone bedrock and dominated by geomorphic features created from solution chemical weathering.
ligamen	t A type of fibrous connective tissue that joins bones together at Joints.
relative fitness	Capability of a genotype to survive and reproduce
ice age	A period of time during which glaciers expand and cover more of the Earth's surface
electron	A subatomic particle with a single negative charge
backshore	Area behind the shore
phosphodiester	A molecule containing two alcohols esterified to a single molecule of phosphate
true south	Direction of the South Pole from an observer on the Earth.
spinal muscular atrophy	the muscle wasting or atrophy in muscular dystrophy results from loss of signals from nerve cells in the spinal cord.
craniate	A chordate with a head.
uniport	The transport of a single molecule across a membrane.
pith	The core of the central vascular cylinder of monocot roots, consisting of parenchyma cells, which are ringed by vascular tissue; ground tissue interior to vascular bundles in dicot stems.
angelman syndrome	a condition characterized by severe mental deficiency, developmental delay and growth deficiency, puppet-like gait and frequent laughter unconnected to emotions of happiness.
mutations	Rare changes in the DNA sequence, affecting less than 1% of the population.
mold	A rapidly growing, asexually reproducing fungus.
protoplast	Single plant cell minus its cell wall.
2p rule	The NRCII report recommends using this approach for dealing with homozygotes.
harvesting	1
rainsplash	Soil erosion caused from the impact of raindrops.
ligand-gated channel	An ion channel that opens in response to the binding of signaling molecules.
hydrophobic interaction	A type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude the water.
primary contact	Where populations have been in contact throughout their divergence
load	See genetic load.
la niña	An irregular variation of ocean current that flows off the west coast of South America, carrying cool, nutrient-rich water to the surface
detrital rock	Sedimentary rock that is composed of particles transported to their place of deposition by erosional processes
linkage equilibrium	Absence of linkage disequilibrium, so that haplotype frequencies are equal to the product of allele frequencies.
immune system	A collection of mechanisms within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells.
eutherian mammals	Placental mammals; those whose young complete their embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta.
evolutionary distance	A measure of the time since two distinct, or similar species shared a common ancestor
concordance	Presence of the same characteristic in both members of a pair of twins (or set of individuals)
plate tectonics	The mechanism by which the plates that make up the surface of the Earth interact with one another, including the formation and subduction of oceanic crust.
telogen	The last phase of the hair growth cycle when the hair root becomes a bulbous shaped root.
dsrna	Double-stranded RNA
chondrin	A protein-carbohydrate complex secreted by chondrocytes; chondrin and collagen fibers form cartilage.
organism	any type of individual living being, whether plant, animal, protist (such as an alga), fungus, or bacteria.
transmission electron microscope	A microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections; primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells.
heterozygote advantage	Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools.
amber	Amber comes from fossilized tree resin
decomposers	Saprotrophic fungi and bacteria that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms, and convert them into inorganic forms.
marker	See genetic marker.
temporal summation	A phenomenon of neural integration in which the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell in a chemical synapse is determined by the combined effect of EPSPs or IPSPs produced in rapid succession.
revolution	See Earth revolution.
water withdrawal	The removal of water from some type of source, like groundwater, for some use by humans
interference	Form of competition where an individual directly prevents the physical establishment of another individual in a portion of a habitat.
soft selection	Selection where numbers produced by a patch are fixed, independent of the fitness relative survival of the individuals in that patch; see Web Notes.
serovars	Different strains of the same species of bacterium that can be distinguished by different reactions to certain antibodies (anti-sera)
susceptible host	an individual particularly vulnerable to infection because of impairment of the immune system from cause.
nectary	A gland that secretes a sweet fluid (nectar), commonly but not exclusively found in insect-pollinated flowers.
primary producer	An autotroph, usually a photosynthetic organism
clinical informatics	The use of informatics to evaluate clinical trial design and to design electronic systems for protocol and data storage.
thylakoid	Disk-shaped [membrane-bound] compartment within chloroplasts that contain the chlorophyll
dependent variable	A measurable characteristic who's value is conditioned on the value of a second variable (the independent variable) and who's value may be predicted from the relationship with the independent variable.
broad-leaved tree	Any large woody plant with broad leaves
dihybrid test cross	Mating involving a parent expressing the dominant phenotypes associated alleles at two loci with an individual having recessive genotypes at both loci
ring of fire	See Circum-Pacific Belt.
epiphyte	Any organism that grows upon or attaches to a living plant for physical support but not for nutrients.
ecosystem	The totality of all plant and animal species that constitute an interdepent, interrelated community.
skeletal muscle	Striated muscle generally responsible for the voluntary movements of the body.
landward	Positioned or located away from a water body but towards the land.
heat pump	An apparatus that extracts heat from a fluid or gas that is marginally above ambient temperature
fraternal twins	See dizygotic twins.
overdominance	Mode of inheritance for which the heterozygote is favored by selection, hence is most fit.
fissure	Opening or crack in the Earth's crust.
cold glacier	Glacier in which the ice found from the its surface to base has a temperature as cold as -30° Celsius throughout the year
volcanic pipe	A dyke reaches the surface of the Earth
bora	Term used to describe a katabatic wind in Yugoslavia.
natural theology	A theology based on reason and ordinary experience instead of on special or supposedly supernatural revelation.
metastasis	The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.
molecular biology	The interpretation of biological events in terms of the physics and chemistry of molecules within cells.
trait	See character.
autoimmune disease	An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against itself.
drought	Climatic condition where water loss due to evapotranspiration is greater than water inputs through precipitation.
nucleotide excision repair	(NER)
tip	The terminal node on a phylogenetic tree.
long wave	A large wave in the polar jet stream and the westerlies that extends from the middle to the upper troposphere
hormone	A substance secreted by an endocrine gland (e.g
cotransport	The coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient.
informatics	See: bioinformatics
t cells	Small white blood cells that orchestrate and/or directly participate in the immune defenses
geometric mean	An average defined by the nth root of the product of n values:
tertiary consumer	Organisms that occupy the fourth trophic level in the grazing food chain
nadp reductase	An enzyme that transfers electrons from ferrodoxin to NADP+, yielding NADPH.
c-terminus	The last amino acid to be added to a polypeptide chain
morphogen	A substance, such as bicoid protein, that provides positional information in the form of a concentration gradient along an embryonic axis.
targeted drug delivery	A method of delivering a drug to the site in the body where it is needed, rather than allowing it to diffuse into many sites.
heuristic	A method based on empirical information that has no explicit rationalization.
identical twins	Twins formed from a single zygote and therefore genetically identical
down round	a financing event in which a company is valued lower than it was previously.
product inhibition	The inhibition of an enzymatic reaction by the accumulation of the products of the reaction.
sexual selection	Selection arising from variation in the ability to find a mate.
skeletal muscle	Muscle generally responsible for the voluntary movements of the body.
ice shelf	Large flat layer of ice that extends from the edge of the Antarctic ice cap into the Antarctic Ocean
enterovirus	One of a group of similar viruses infecting the gastrointestinal tract and discharged in the feces.
ubiquinone	See coenzyme Q.
simple fruit	A fruit derived from a single carpel or several fused carpels.
microbe	Any microorganism, but specially said of those microorganisms which are harmful types of bacteria.
freezing	The change in state of matter from liquid to solid that occurs with cooling
notochord	A longitudinal, flexible rod that runs along the dorsal axis of an animal's body in the future position of the vertebral column.
ethylene	A gaseous plant
metafemale	Female with more than two X chromosomes.
nih	National Institutes of Health.
bacteriophage	Any virus that infect bacteria, also known as phage.
induced pluripotency	The pluripotent state of a cell that has been artificially transformed from a non-pluripotent condition
immunocompetent	Capable of developing an immune response.
allogenic	Of the same species, but with different genotype.
tropics	Latitudes between 23.50 north and south.
div	See defective interfering virus.
protein	One of the basic chemicals of life, proteins make up the structure and determine the function of a cell.
point mutation	A mutation involving the substitution, addition, or deletion of a single base pair .
root cap	A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem.
polyunsaturated fat	A fat that has more than one double bond in the molecule.
peg-pal	Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) is an enzyme derived from a plant that breaks down phenylalanine, but does not require tetrahydrobiopterin as a cofactor
susceptibility	The likelihood that a person will develop a condition or disease.
mean sea-level	The average height of the ocean surface as determined from the mean of all tidal levels recorded at hourly intervals.
variegation	Irregularity in pigmentation of plant or animal tissues due to variations in phenotype of different sectors of the tissue.
incomplete dominance	inheritance in which an active allele does not entirely compensate for an inactive allele.
temperature-sensitive mutant	A cell expressing a protein that is functional at one temperature but not at another, whereas the normal protein is functional at both temperatures.
range	A statistical measure of the dispersion of observation values in a data set
inceptisols	Soil order (type) of the United States Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Classification System
dissolution	The process of a substance dissolving and dispersing into a liquid.
edaphic	Related to or determined by soil characteristics (e.g., soil texture, composition, drainage).
hepatic portal vessel	A large circulatory channel that conveys nutrient-laden blood from the small intestine to the liver, which regulates the blood's nutrient content.
membrane transport	The facilitated transport of a molecule across a membrane.
fertilization	The union of a sperm and an egg.
dna	In most cases, DNA changes either have no effect at all or they cause harm (or disease), but occasionally a mutation can improve an organism's chance of surviving and passing the beneficial change on to its descendants.
conservative transposition	A transposition event where the transposable element is lost from its original location and inserted at a new location.
entropy	The degree of disorder in a system
geomorphology	The field of knowledge that investigates the origin of landforms on the Earth and other planets.
reproductive isolation	separation of populations so that they do not interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
sessile	Refers to organisms which are fixed to the substrate, for example by means of a stalk or lorica.
node	The point in a phylogenetic tree where one branch splits into two.
stabilizing selection	Selection favoring the intermediate phenotype or individuals near an optimum level of performance rather than at either extreme.
genome	The entirety of an organism's genetic information, including coding and non-coding regions of the DNA.
discriminating power	The ability of a blood grouping technique to differentiate between individuals selected at random
neurofilament	A type of intermediate filament that supports the axons of nerve cells.
pediplain	An arid landscape of little relief that is occasionally interrupted by the presence of scattered inselbergs
biotherapy	Treatment with genetically engineered biological materials.
bole	Stem or trunk of a tree.
heat therapy	See thermotherapy.
affinity	A measure of the binding strength between two molecules.
uv irradiation	Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light (200-390 nm)
dry-bulb thermometer	Thermometer on a psychrometer used to determine current air temperature
rhizoid	Long tubular single cell or filament of cells that anchors bryophytes to the ground
microtubule-organizing center	An anchoring point near the center of the cell from which most microtubules extend outward.
recessive	A trait is recessive if it is manifest only in the homozygous condition.
bayesian approach	Use of statistical methods that assign probabilities or distributions to future events based on knowledge of prior events.
trans acting factor	A molecule that can diffuse through the cell to act at a distance from where it is made
hybrid cell	The mononucleate cell which results from the fusion of two different cells, leading to the formation of a synkaryon.
input	Addition of matter, energy, or information to a system
threshold velocity	Velocity required to cause entrainment in the erosional agents of wind, water or ice
humoral immunity	Immune protection provided by soluble factors such as antibodies, which circulate in the body's fluids or "humors," primarily serum and lymph.
gametophyte	In organisms undergoing alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid form that mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation.
organism	An individual living thing, such as a bacterium, fungus, protist, plant or animal.
rrna	See under RNA.
solifluction	Form of mass movement in environments that experience freeze-thaw action
organic matter	Mass of matter that contains living organisms or non-living material derived from organisms
biota	The living organisms of a time and place.
pedigree	A medical drawing that includes all of a person’s close relatives, the relationship between family members, and health information
saccharomyces cerevisiae	A frequently studied budding yeast.
multiplicity of infection	The ratio of pathogen to host cells during an infection
independent variable	Variable in a statistical test that is thought to be controlling through cause and effect the value of observations in another dependent variable modeled in the test.
dolly	The first mammal ever cloned (a sheep).
saltwater intrusion	The invasion of saltwater into freshwater aquifers in coastal and inland areas
cell-mediated immunity	The immune response mediated by T lymphocytes
mass wasting	General term that describes the downslope movement of sediment, soil, and rock material.
tautomeric shift	A reversible change in the position of a hydrogen atom in a molecule which results in the conversion of the molecule between different isomers
hydrophobic	'fears water' (hydro = water; phobic = fear)
invertebrate	An animal without a backbone
passive immunity	Short-term immunity conferred by the administration of ready-made antibodies or the transfer of maternal antibodies to a fetus or nursing infant; lasts only a few weeks or months because the immune system has not been stimulated by antigens.
alliance	agreement between two or more companies to cooperate in some way.
sugar	Any monosaccharide or disaccharide.
isoamyl alcohol	A chemical used in organic extractions to reduce the foaming of reagents, making it easier to detect the interface between the organic and aqueous phases.
primary consumer	An herbivore; an organism in the trophic level of an ecosystem that eats plants or algae.
germline	The "line" or succession of cells that leads from one generation to the next through the germ cells
organelle	A subunit of a cell, generally with a surrounding membrane separating it (to a degree) from other cellular contents
phosphoric acid	A chemical compound consisting of an atom of phosphorus, to which three hydroxyl groups and one double-bond oxygen atom are attached. The hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyl groups are highly likely to dissociate as hydrogen ions, making phosphoric acid a strong acid. The negative phosphate ion (PO4)3– occurs in biological systems associated with various positively-charged cations. Phosphate can also form covalent bonds between one or more of its hydroxyl groups and hydroxyl groups on other molecules, splitting out water (H2O) in the process. This occurs, for example, in nucleotides and in polynucleotide chains of DNA and RNA
ectoparasite	A parasite that feeds on the external surface of a host.
heterosis	The increase in fitness seen in a cross between different populations.
stochastic	Relating to a series of random events.
dorsal	upper side of an organism that has bilateral symmetry.
vector	A DNA molecule that replicates independently in a host cell
primates	The living prosimians consist of tree shrews, lorises, lemurs, and tarsiers.
maternal inheritance	the inheritance of a trait from the female gamete.
closed circulatory system	A type of internal transport in which blood is confined to vessels.
phenylalanine-restricted diet	PKU is characterized by an inability to control levels of phenylalanine in the blood, which builds up to toxic levels when individuals with PKU follow a normal diet
zygote	The diploid product of the union of haploid gametes in conception; a fertilized egg.
green world hypothesis	The conjecture that terrestrial herbivores consume relatively little plant biomass because they are held in check by a variety of factors, including predators, parasites, and disease.
physiatrist	Physiatrists are rehabilitation physicians. They are nerve, muscle, and bone experts who treat injuries or illnesses that affect how you move
root	The most ancient branch in a phylogenetic tree.
mollweide projection	Map projection system that tries to present more accurate representations of area
dominance theory	An explanation for Haldane’s rule, which assumes that F1 sterility or inviability is caused by recessive alleles.
mineralocorticoid	A corticosteroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates salt and water homeostasis.
scion	The twig grafted onto the stock when making a graft.
induced mutation	Mutation resulting from deliberate use of mutagens.
medium	A substance containing nutrients needed for cell growth.
eutrophication	A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae
pelagic zone	The area of the ocean past the continental shelf, with areas of open water often reaching to very great depths.
hydrophobic	A molecule or portion of a molecule that does not readily dissolve in water.
little ice age	Time period from 1550 to 1850 AD
evaporation	Evaporation can be defined as the process by which liquid water is converted into a gaseous state
stream	A long narrow channel of water that flows as a function of gravity and elevation across the Earth's surface
mutation	alteration of an organism’s DNA due to mistakes during replication or damage from external agents such as chemicals or radiation.
memory cell	One of a clone of long-lived lymphocytes, formed during the primary immune response, that remains in a lymphoid organ until activated by exposure to the same antigen that triggered its formation
organ of corti	The actual hearing organ of the vertebrate ear, located in the floor of the cochlear canal in the inner ear; contains the receptor cells (hair cells) of the ear.
neutral variation	Genetic diversity that confers no apparent selective advantage.
wave height	Vertical distance between a wave's trough and crest.
cytotoxic	Able to cause cell death
kupffer cells	Specialized macrophages in the liver.
autosomal dominant mutation	A dominant mutation in a gene which is carried on an autosome.
phenotype	The physical characteristics of an organism or the presence of a disease that may or may not be genetic
adenine triphosphate	compound that stores energy in cells.
false negative result	The result of a diagnostic test came back as normal when the disease is actually present
antineoplastic	A drug that reduces or prevents the growth of a neoplasm.
amphibia	a class of cold-blooded, smooth-skinned vertebrates with legs; offspring usually hatch as aquatic larva with gills, which in most cases metamorphose into adults with air-breathing lungs; includes frogs and salamanders.
active transport	The energy-dependent transport of a substance across a membrane.
neurotoxin	N(Y)OOR-ō-TAWK-sin/ A toxin that interferes with nerve function.
antiparallel	Going in opposite directions, as in two arrows lying parallel but with arrow heads pointing in opposite directions. The two polynucleotide strands of DNA have direction, and pairing occurs only if the directions are opposite. See Watson-Crick.
bartholin's glands	Glands near the vaginal opening in a human female that secrete lubricating fluid during sexual arousal.
sibship	A set of siblings (brothers and sisters).
false positive	A test result that wrongly shows an effect to be present.
bacteriophage	A virus that infects bacteria
nucleolar organizing region	A chromosomal region containing the genes for ribosomal RNAs.
motor unit	A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls.
proton	Electrons occur in shells surrounding the atomic nucleus. They form the various types of chemical bonds that join atoms.
complexity	The study of complex phenomena in natural systems
snornp	Abbreviation for Small Nucleolar Ribonucleoprotein.
factor viii and ix	Soluble blood proteins that forms part of the cascade of the 12 reactions of blood clotting
bacterium	a single bacterial organism.
northern blotting	A method in which mRNAs are separated by gel electrophoresis and detected by hybridization with specific probes.
compartmentalization	Subdivision of molecules, cells, or genetic functions into discrete spatial or temporal units
mass spectrometry	Method involving specialized instruments for measuring the mass and abundance of molecules in a mixture and identifying mixture components by mass and charge.
carbon partitioning	Partitioning to different parts of a plant (e.g., leaf, stem, root, and seed) versus carbon allocation (partitioning between biomass and respiration).
bioconversion	Chemical restructuring of raw materials by using a biocatalyst.
phase iii	Part of clinical development which is performed on a large number of patients to test the safety, efficacy and optimal dosage of an investigational new drug in the context of a complete therapy
frost	Deposition of ice at the Earth's surface because of atmospheric cooling.
endergonic	An energy-requiring reaction.
orphan drug status	A term which describes a drug with Orphan Drug Status granted by the FDA and/or the EMEA
opsonization	An immune response in which the binding of antibodies to the surface of a microbe facilitates phagocytosis of the microbe by a macrophage.
core	The core is a layer rich in iron and nickel found in the interior of the Earth
adenoma	A benign tumor formed by an increase in the number of epithelial cells that form the ducts of glandular organs.
troposphere	Layer in the atmosphere found from the surface to a height of between 8 to 16 kilometers of altitude (average height 11 kilometers)
oogonia	Ovary-specific stem cells.
osteoclast	A mononucleate macrophage that breaks down the bone matrix and plays a role in bone remodeling.
bence-jones protein	Free immunoglobulin light chains synthesized by myeloma cells.
evolvability	Ability to generate heritable variation that can be exploited by selection.
compound pistil	Female floral structure comprised of two or more pistils.
bacteriophage	See: phage
bacteria	A large group of single-celled organisms that do not have organelles enclosed in membranes
genome	All of the genetic information or hereditary material possessed by an organism
fine motor	Fine motor refers to functions which require tiny muscle movements. For example, writing or typing would require fine motor movement.
ß-lactam antibiotics	Antibiotics taht contain a ß-lactam ring and act by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis
compass	Navigation instrument that uses the Earth's magnetic field to determine direction.
biological amplification	Increase in concentration of toxic fat-soluble chemicals in organisms at successively higher trophic levels of a grazing food chain or food web because of the consumption of organisms at lower trophic levels.
carboxyl group	A functional group that consists of a carbon atom to which one oxygen is bound with a double bond and a hydroxyl group is bound with a single bond. The remaining single bond of the carbon is attached to other atoms. The structure is often written –COOH, with the understanding that the first O is connected to the C with a double bond and the second is connected to the C with a single bond. An important characteristic of a carboxyl group is the propensity for the H to give up the electron that it shares with the O and become a hydrogen ion, H+. The remaining part of the molecule would then have a negative charge. High concentrations of hydrogen ions constitute acidity, and the carboxyl group is thus an acidic group. Any molecule with a carboxyl group is potentially an acid
nude mice	A mutant mouse strain that lacks a thymus gland and T lymphocytes
idiotype	The antigenic specificity defined by the idiotopes within the antigen combining site of an antibody.
specific heat	The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature 1°C.
galaxy	An assemblage of millions to hundreds of billions of stars.
horse	Any member of the perissodactyl ungulate family Equidae.
apical meristem	Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.
distributary	A smaller branching stream channel that flows away from a main stream channel
diurnal	/die-ERN-əl/ adj
dacryagogue	/DACK-ree-ə-goag/ n
complex molecular assembly	Multimolecular structure held together by noncovalent bonds.
nddsa	The National DNA Database of South Africa, established in terms of section 17H of the South African Police Service Act.
heat of vaporization	The amount of heat required to change a given amount of a liquid into a gas; 540 calories are required to change 1 gram of liquid water into vapor.
self-incompatibility	The ability of a seed plant to reject its own pollen and sometimes the pollen of closely related individuals.
mismatch	A defect in the pairing of two complementary DNA sequences where a base in one strand is different from that expected according to complementarity with the other.
gradient	The steepness of a slope as measured in degrees, percentage, or as a distance ratio (rise/run).
stratified drift	A type of glacial drift that has been partially sorted by glaciofluvial meltwater.
cenozoic	Geologic era that occurred from 65 million years ago to today.
endonuclease	See: restriction enzyme
nascent rna	The initial transcripts of RNA, before any modification or processing.
blockbuster	drug with &63;1 billion or more in sales.
front	Transition zone between air masses with different weather characteristics.
inoculum	The initial sample of a microorganism added to a medium used to start a new culture.
interstitial fluid	The internal environment of vertebrates, consisting of the fluid filling the spaces between cells.
transition stage	The integration period of juvenile and reproductive stages of growth.
bioinformatics	the application of information technology to manage and analyze the vast amounts of data generated from biological research.
alternative splicing	A “cutting-and-pasting” process by which cells splice together elements of the same gene to make different proteins
daylight savings time	The setting of time so it is one hour ahead starting in the spring and one hour back beginning in the fall in the Northern Hemisphere
tide	Cyclical rise and fall of the surface of the oceans
thymus	A small organ in the thoracic cavity of vertebrates where maturation of T cells is completed.
diagnostic test	A term used to describe particular tests that are able to identify (diagnose) a recognized disorder
arrayed library	Two-dimensional arrays of recombinant clones
myofibril	A unit of thick and thin filaments in a muscle fiber.
methods of instruction	Techniques used in the delivery of training or instructional materials.
cyclogenesis	Process of cyclone formation, maturation, and death.
hydrophilic	Having an affinity for water.
fungi	kingdom in which organisms may be unicellular or multicellular, obtain their food from external sources, and reproduce sexual or asexually
cation	[Pronounced CAT-eye-on, more or less.] A negatively charged atom or molecule. See ion.
x-ray crystallography	A technique for determining the 3-D structure of a molecule, based on the diffraction of x-rays by the crystallized form of the molecule
phase i clinical trials	Establish the best way to give a new treatment to humans after it has been studied in the laboratory
radiometric dating	A method of dating samples based on analysis of radioactive isotopes and the products of their decay.
rheumatoid arthritis	Inflammatory disease of the joints
amplified sequence	Séquence chevauchante : Séquence d'ADN portant l'information correspondant à plusieurs gènes utilisant un cadre de lecture différent
philtrum	Medial groove in the upper lip that runs from the nose to the top of the lip.
alfisols	Fertile soils in temperate forests with an underlying clay horizon.
facultative	Organisms that can grow under different conditions
non-pku hyperphenylalaninemia	People with non-PKU hyperphenylalaninemia usually have only mildly impaired phenylalanine hydroxylase
entisols	Undifferentiated soils of recent origin found in river valleys and deltas.
nucleus	The control centre of a cell
thermolabile	Not heatproof, e.g., a substance which disintegrates or is unstable upon heating.
predisposition	A situation in which a person, due to their inherited genetic makeup, may have a particular susceptibility to a condition if exposed to the correct environmental triggers.
andisols	Volcanic soils containing ash and volcanic glass.
gonad ridge	The area of cells within an embryo which will develop into the gonads of foetus
heritability	Any given trait within a population will tend to vary from one individual to another
floodplain	Relatively flat area found alongside the stream channel that is prone to flooding and receives alluvium deposits from these inundation events.
continental crust	Granitic portion of the Earth's crust that makes up the continents
c-terminus	The end of a polypeptide chain that has a free carboxylic acid (-COOH) group.
mrna	An abbreviation for messenger RNA which is the chemical that transfers the genetic DNA message to the ribosomes where it is translated into proteins.
sporozoite	A tiny infectious cell that represents a stage in the apicomplexan life cycle.
taxonomy	The classification of organisms.
species	A population or series of populations of closely related and similar organisms
silent mutation	Nucleotide change that does not alter the amino acid product.
amphipathic molecule	A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.
gastric juice	A digestive fluid secreted by the stomach.
tectonic plate	An extensive layer of lithosphere that moves as a discrete unit on the surface of the Earth's asthenosphere.
extensible markup language	A set of specifications for formatting web documents that allows the creation of custom data tags that enable flexible transmission of data between applications and servers.
chronic infection	An individual with HBsAg in the serum for periods longer than six months is infectious, and may or may not exhibit symptoms of hepatitis; also applies to a large number of individuals with HCV infection.
regeneration	Restoration of tissue by repair or regrowth.
gene	a hereditary unit that occupies a certain position on a chromosome; a unit that has one or more specific effects on the phenotype, and can mutate to various allelic forms.
anaphase	The stage of nuclear division when chromatids (homologous chromosomes) move to the poles of the mitotic spindle.
benthic zone	The bottom surfaces of aquatic environments.
chlorophyll	A green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants
transect	a pre-established line or zone used for sampling biological communities.
ectoproct	A sessile, coloniallophophorate commonly called a bryozoan.
starch	A polymer of glucose residues that is the principal storage form of carbohydrates in plants.
mammary glands	Exocrine glands that secrete milk to nourish the young
threshold	The level of magnitude of a system process at which sudden or rapid change occurs.
neutrophil	White blood cell.
multipotent	A cell or tissue able to form several different kinds of cells or tissues.
pharmacoeconomics	Study of the cost-benefit ratios of drugs.
public health	The science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community.
myotonia	Increased muscle tension.
photosynthesis	A process where plants convert water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight into energy, water, and oxygen
international date line	A line drawn almost parallel to the 180 degree longitude meridian that marks the location where each day officially begins
d-	(1) dextrorotatory; (2) deoxy-.
antigen	A molecule against which an antibody is directed.
photosynthesis	process by which plants use the sun's energy to convert inorganic carbon dioxide and water into organic carbon molecules (glucose) and oxygen.
junk dna	A term used to refer to stretches of DNA within the genome that do not encode genes and are likely to play a structural, regulatory, or undefined role.
immunotherapy	Using the immune system to treat disease, for example, in the development of vaccines
chemosynthetic	an organism that derives its energy from chemosynthesis.
kinase	An enzyme that adds phosphate groups onto other molecules.
cephalochordate	A chordate without a backbone, represented by lancelets, tiny marine animals.
littoral zone	In a lake, the shallow, well-lit waters close to shore.
angiosperm	Any member of the highly diverse lineage of plants (~200,000 living species) that have their seeds enclosed in a carpel
electroelution	The transfer of biomolecules from an electrophoresis gel to a membrane surface.
hydrolysis	Chemical weathering process that involves the reaction between mineral ions and the ions of water (OH- and H+), and results in the decomposition of the rock surface by forming new compounds, and by increasing the pH of the solution involve through the release of the hydroxide ions.
phytoplankton	Free-floating, microscopic photosynthetic organisms (e.g., algae, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates) found in the surface layers of marine and freshwater environments.
duct	/dəkt/ n
zone of ablation	Area of a glacier where losses of ice from melting, evaporation, and sublimation exceed additions of snow annually.
immune response	The immune response is the reaction of the body to substances that are foreign or treated as foreign
limbic system	A group of nuclei (clusters of nerve cell bodies) in the lower part of the mammalian forebrain that interact with the cerebral cortex in determining emotions; includes the hippocampus and the amygdala.
milky way galaxy	Aggregation of about 400 billion stars in a flattened, disk-shaped structure in space
ventral	Pertaining to the underside, or bottom, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.
interoreceptor	A sensory receptor that detects stimuli within the body, such as blood pressure and body position.
antennae	Long, paired sensory appendages on the head of many arthropods.
anaphylaxis	Extreme immune sensitivity produced upon the reintroduction of an antigen.
sh2 domain	A protein domain of approximately 100 amino acids that binds phosphotyrosine-containing peptides.
presymptomatic diagnosis	diagnosis of a genetic condition before the appearance of symptoms.
physician	A person licensed to practice medicine, also known as a medical doctor.
n	In the results of a BLAST search, the number of HSPs that are present in the set that was assigned the lowest P-value is reported in the "N" column.
granitic magma	Felsic magma that generates mainly granitic rocks.
proton-motive force	The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis.
ebb tide	Time during the tidal period when the tide is falling
tornado watch	A forecast issued to the public that a tornado may occur in a specified region.
erratic	A large rock boulder that has been transported by glaciers away from its origin and deposited in a region of dissimilar rock.
chemical autotroph	Organism that uses the external energy found in chemical compounds to produce food molecules
fimbria	A short, hairlike prokaryotic appendage that functions in adherence to the substrate or to other cells
eugenics	The improvement of the population by "good genetic practices." The eugenics movement started in the late 19th Century, primarily in the U.K., and spread to Germany and the U.S
hydrotropism	Ability of a plant to sense and grow toward water.
gerl	A region of the endoplasmic reticulum involved in the packaging of molecules
polysome	A series of ribosomes translating a messenger RNA.
amino acids	the subunits of a polypeptide chain or a protein. Many amino acids bonded together form a polypeptide chain which becomes a protein.
biodiesel	An alternative fuel for use in diesel engines that is made from natural renewable sources such animal fats or vegetable oils, and does not contain petroleum
autoimmune disease	A disease that results when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues
dl	Deciliter.
annelida	a phylum of animals that have segmented bodies with a one-way digestive tract, a circulatory system and a nervous system; includes earthworms.
amoeboid	Like an amoeba
homosporous	A term referring to a plant species that has a single kind of spore, which typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte.
mediterranean scrubland	See chaparral.
protist	An informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus
monoclonal antibody drugs	An antibody preparation which is genetically homogenous and may be directed at a specific feature of the cancer cell.
thermoregulation	The maintenance of internal temperature within a tolerable range.
nuee ardente	A glowing cloud of dense hot volcanic gas and ash that moves downslope at high speeds, incinerating the landscape.
hypersensitivity	An excessive immune response that results from previous exposure to an antigen
pollination	Transfer of pollen to the stigmatic surface of the pistil.
cryptotope	An immunological determinant that is hidden.
mismatch distribution	The distribution of numbers of differences between random pairs of sequences sampled from a population.
taxonomy	Classification of living organisms (also known as systematics).
phagocyte	A type of white blood cell that can ingest invading microorganisms and other foreign material.
desmosome	/DEZ-mə-soam/ n
granite	Medium to coarse grained igneous rock that is rich in quartz and potassium feldspar
wave-cut notch	A rock recess at the foot of a sea cliff where the energy of water waves is concentrated.
replicon fusion	The integration of one replicon into another to form a single replicon
atom	One unit of a given element.
stratification	Subpopulations of individuals within a larger population.
electronic lysis	Bacterial lysis due to electronic pulses.
combinatorial biology	The use of libraries of recombinant microbes to produce complex natural products.
seed bank	Collection of seeds available for germination in the soil.
amphotropic virus	A virus that infects a wide range of mammalian host cell types.
isogamous	Producing a single kind of gamete.
radioimmunoassay	An assay that utilizes radiolabeled antigens or antibodies to quantitate antibody-antigen interactions.
double-blind	an experimental protocol whereby neither the experimental subjects nor the administrators know whether a drug or placebo is being administered
monozygotic twins	See identical twins.
highly repeated sequence	Séquence non codante : Partie d'un gène qui ne définit pas directement la séquence en acides aminés de la protéine correspondante
host	(1) An organism on or in which a parasite lives
germination	The beginning of vegetative growth of a plant from a seed.
mutualism	Interspecific interaction where both species experience and increase in their fitness after interacting with the other species
taiga	See Boreal Forest.
marine	With reference to ocean environments and processes.
steranes	Chemical derivatives of sterols that have been used as chemical fossils.
urban area	Geographic area with a high density of people over a limited area
intellectual property rights	Patents, copyrights, and trademarks
transparency	The ability of a medium to allow light to pass through it.
cell	The basic structural and functional unit of life. As humans, we are made of approximately 50 trillion cells!
physical therapy	A type of treatment or therapy designed to help an individual who has difficulty with physical movement. Physical therapists may use exercise, water, and other treatments to help improve muscle strength, range of motion, and motor skills.
sapwood	Outer layers of secondary xylem that still transport xylem sap.
redox reaction	A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.
amino acid	Any of a class of 20 molecules that are combined to form proteins in living things
diplophase	/DIP-low-faze/ n
neritic	A term referring to ocean waters from the low-tide mark to the edge of the continental shelf at a depth of about 200 meters
disturbance	A force that changes a biological community and usually removes organisms from it
dyad	/DIE-ad/ n
cognitive map	A representation within the nervous system of spatial relations between objects in an animal's environment.
ultracentrifuge	A centrifuge that rotates samples at high speeds
phosphorus	A common element in organic and living organisms.
northern blot	Technique in which RNA fragments separated by electrophoresis are transferred to a membrane and probed with a labeled nucleic acid probe to detect a specific RNA.
loculicidal	When a fruit capsule dehisces along lines coinciding with the centers of loculi (the enclosed compartments within the ovary)
southwestern blot	A blotting technique for the detection of DNA-protein interactions based on the use of labeled DNA to probe proteins transferred to membrane filters.
virus	A noncellular biological entity that can reproduce only within a host cell
histosols	Soil order (type) of the United States Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Classification System
phase i	Part of clinical development in which an investigational new drug (IND) is tested on healthy humans in order to test its potential toxicity, its pharmacokinetic properties and its suitable dosage
bsc	See biological species concept.
hinge region	A proline-rich region that allows an antibody to flex upon binding antigen.
down syndrome	An inherited condition due to an extra chromosome 21, either as a third chromosome 21 or attached to chromosome 13, 14 or 15
heterochrony	Evolutionary changes in the timing or rate of development.
mitochondrial intermembrane space	The mitochondrial compartment between the outer and the inner membranes.
reg	A rocky desert landscape
crown group	That part of a clade of living and fossil organisms that includes the last common ancestor of all the living forms and all of its descendants
adventitious	A term describing any plant organ that grows in an atypical location, such as roots growing from stems.
graded potential	A local voltage change in a neuron membrane induced by stimulation of a neuron, with strength proportional to the strength of the stimulus and lasting about a millisecond.
convertibles	Securities (usually bonds or preferred shares) that can be converted into common stock.
agrobacterium tumefaciens	a bacterium
tumour	a mass of tissue, often consisting of abnormal or undifferentiated cells
deposition	The taking and recording of testimony of a witness under oath before a court reporter in a place away from the courtroom before trial.
function	See molecular function.
metamorphism	Process that creates metamorphic rocks.
mollisols	Grassland soils with a thick, dark organic-surface horizon.
antibiotic	any substance that kills bacteria.
black smoker	a chimney-like structure formed by the precipitation of minerals at hydrothermal vents, as hot water (up to 400°C) from the earth's mantle is injected into the cold water of the deep ocean.
dipole	A separation of charge within a single molecule.
dyspnea	/disp-NEE-yə/ n
gall-peters projection	Map projection system that reduces the area distortion found in Mercator projections.
system state	Current value of a system's elements, attributes, and/or relationships.
breaker	The quick collapse of an overextended water wave as it approaches the shoreline
inflorescence	Structure including flowers in the angiosperm.
effective population size	An estimate of the size of a population based on the numbers of females and males that successfully breed;
perched water table	Water table that is positioned above the normal water table for an area because of the presence of a impermeable rock layer.
fragmentation	A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals
linkage	analysis of pedigree the tracking of a gene through a family by following the inheritance of a (closely associated) gene or trait and a DNA marker.
inorganic	1
prophage	A phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome.
mycorrhizae	Mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi.
anti-hav	Antibody to hepatitis A virus.
hormona	A substance produced by a tissue and conveyed by the bloodstream to another to affect the physiological activit.
vlsi	Very large scale integration allowing more than 100,000 transistors on a chip.
neurotransmitter	N(Y)OOR-ō-TRANS-mit-er/ A messenger molecule released from one of the synaptic knobs of a neuron; after their release, which occurs at a synaptic cleft (see neuron diagram), neurotransmitters diffuse across the cleft and bind to the post synaptic cell, which results in its stimulation.
heterotrimeric g protein	A guanine nucleotide-binding protein consisting of three subunits.
gnathostome	Member of the vertebrate subgroup possessing jaws.
mating	See Conjugation.
false positive	A test result indicating that a person has a disease when, in fact, they do not have a disease.
fluvial	Involving running water
graphic scale	Way of expressing the scale of a map with a graphic.
synaptic cleft	A narrow gap separating the synaptic knob of a transmitting neuron from a receiving neuron or an effector cell.
branching process	A process in which individuals produce a random number of offspring, independently of each other.
synthetic biology	Field of biological research and technology that combines science and engineering with the goal of designing and constructing new biological functions and systems not found in nature
blue-light photoreceptors	A class of light receptors in plants
adenovirus	A group of DNA containing viruses which cause respiratory disease, including one form of the common cold
life history	The series of events from birth through reproduction and death.
catalysis	The facilitation of a chemical reaction by a molecule that is not itself altered by the reaction.
down syndrome	Also called trisomy 21
asexual reproduction	Reproduction in which the products, either cells or organisms, are genetically identical to the parent
photosynthesis	A biochemical process in which light absorbed by chlorophyll is utilized to build carbohydrate molecules.
analogy	Similarity between two species that is due to convergent evolution rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait.
mudflow	Form of mass movement where fine textured sediments and soil mix with water to create a liquid flow.
bond strength	The strength with which a chemical bond holds two atoms together; conventionally measured in terms of the amount of energy, in kilocalories per mole, required to break the bond.
sima layer	The part of the crust that forms the ocean basins and lower layers in the crust and is composed of relatively heavy, basaltic rocks.
magnetic north	See North Magnetic Pole.
langmuir-blodgett film	A lipid bilayer on the surface of water.
glume	A leaf- or bract-like structure; specifically one of the two bracts at the base of the spikelet in grass flowers.
diffusion	/də-FYOO-shən, diff-/ n
social hierarchy	An arrangement within a group of animals, such as rabbits, where some individuals are dominant over others
rip current	A strong relatively narrow current of water that flows seaward against breaking waves.
cystic fibrosis	an inherited disease in which a thick mucus clogs the lungs and blocks the ducts of the pancreas.
heredity	the transmission of characteristics from one generation to the next
kame terrace	A long flat ridge composed of glaciofluvial sediment
epitope	A localized region on the surface of an antigen that is chemically recognized by antibodies; also called antigenic determinant.
technology	The application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose.
molecules	Molecules that include carbon are described as organic molecules, reflecting an earlier and false notion that they could be made only in biological systems.
protein	The major macromolecular constituent of cells
indigo dye	A blue-colored dye that is derived from several plant species and commonly used to dye denim for blue jeans
cyclosporine	– Extract of soil fungi with immunosuppressant and antifungal effects
nasal	NAY-səl/ Pertaining to the nose.
celsius scale	Scale for measuring temperature
backswamp	Marshy low lying area in a stream's floodplain
ring species	A chain of interbreeding populations whose ends overlap without interbreeding.
spodosols	Acidic soils—typically found in coniferous forests—containing organic matter, aluminum oxides, and iron oxides.
sibs	An abbreviation for siblings.
shoot system	The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers.
mesophile	An organism that prefers to live at moderate temperatures.
frost wedging	A process of physical weathering in which water freezes in a crack and exerts force on the rock causing further rupture.
gamma distribution	The sum of a number of independent, exponentially distributed variables (e.g., the time taken for a number of independent events to occur) follows a Gamma distribution.
polylinker	A short, synthetic DNA sequence containing several restriction enzyme recognition sites
thyroid-stimulating hormone	A tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that regulates the release of thyroid hormones.
sequestration enabling reagent	A reagent that sequesters starting materials or reaction by-products, in order to simplify removal from a reaction mixture.
suspension-feeder	An aquatic animal, such as a clam or a baleen whale, that sifts small food particles from the water.
f factor	An episomal genetic element that enables a bacterium to transfer extrachromosomal DNA to a second bacterium.
volcanic vent	An opening on a volcano through which lava is released and rock fragments and ash are ejected.
half-life	The time that it takes for half of the activity of a molecule to decay.
antheridium pl. antheridia	In plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop.
tautomerization	The spontaneous isomerization of a nitrogen base from its normal keto (or amino) form to an alternative hydrogen-bonding enol (or imino) form.
retrovirus	type of virus that contains RNA as its genetic information.
snout	Front end of a glacier
dna	Main component of chromosomes that is the material that transfers genetic characteristics in all life forms
diaphragm	The musculomembranous partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities, and serving as a major inspiratory muscle
sporogony	The production of spores.
auxotroph	A mutant that cannot grow on the minimal medium on which a wild-type member of the same species can grow.
labor	A series of strong, rhythmic contractions of the uterus that expel a baby out of the uterus and vagina during childbirth.
coenocytic	Referring to a multinucleated condition resulting from the repeated division of nuclei without cytoplasmic division.
tap root	Root system in which the primary root has a much larger diameter than the lateral roots
inorganic	Non-living thing
receptor	A protein that binds to another substance (the ligand) in order to initiate or modify some function. Many receptors are imbedded in the plasma membrane and bind to ligands outside the cell. In some instances this generates a signal at the cytoplasmic end of the receptor that modifies cellular activities. An example is the insulin receptor, which responds to the presence of insulin outside the cell. In other instances, binding of the ligand to the receptor causes the complex to be taken into the cell. The LDL (low-density lipoprotein) receptor is an example. In the case of steroid receptors, the receptor is located in the cytoplasm. Binding of estrogen or androgen to their respective receptors activates the receptors to move into the nucleus and modify the activities of specific target genes.
complement system	A group of at least 20 blood proteins that cooperate with other defense mechanisms; may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse pathogens; activated by the onset of the immune response or by surface antigens on microorganisms or other foreign cells.
lysimeter	Meteorological instrument used to measure potential and actual evapotranspiration.
exoskeleton	A hard encasement on the surface of an animal, such as the shell of a mollusc or the cuticle of an arthropod, that provides protection and points of attachment for muscles
enzyme	A protein that can speed up a specific chemical reaction without being changed or consumed in the process.
optical biosensor	A sensor that uses light to detect the effect of a chemical on a biological system.
phase change	Reorganization of a substance at the atomic or molecular level resulting in a change of the physical state of matter
eutrophic lake	A nutrient-rich and oxygenpoor lake, having a high rate of biological productivity
compliance	Compliance described how accurately patients follow a regime given to them by a healthcare professional
neural tube	The embryonic structure which forms into nervous system including the spinal cord and brain.
glucagon	A hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells that raises blood glucose levels
wilms' tumor	A kidney cancer (tumor) that occurs in children, usually before age five.
branch length	The length of a particular branch in an evolutionary tree
omim	Administration of GH from other sources during childhood increases the growth of such persons.
genetic screening	Carrying out a genetic test on a whole unselected population, or on all the members of a subset of the population (for example, people from a particular ethnic group, or pregnant women, or newborn infants.
winter	Season between fall and spring
delayed fluorescence immunoassay	(DELFIA) A fluorescence technique based on the use of a molecule with a long fluorescence half-life.
mdc	See more developed country.
autopolyploid	An individual that has more than two chromosome sets, all derived from a single species.
manus	the most distal part of the forelimb of a vertebrate; in humans, this includes the wrist and hand.
velocity centrifugation	The separation of particles based on their rates of sedimentation.
d-loop	The structure formed when ssDNA pairs with a dsDNA molecule, disrupting the pairing of the original duplex DNA to form a hybrid between the ssDNA and one of the strands of the duplex DNA, and displacing the other strand from the duplex.
acetal	The product formed by the successive condensation of two alcohols with a single aldehyde
trna	See under RNA.
x chromosome inactivation	A dosage compensation mechanism in which most of the genes on one X chromosome are inactivated in female cells.
caenorhabditis elegans	A nematode widely used in cell lineage studies.
activation energy	The energy that must be possessed by atoms or molecules in order to react.
darwin	A unit for the rate of change of morphology
cd8	A surface protein, present on most cytotoxic cells, that binds to class I MHC molecules on target cells, enhancing the interaction between the T cell and the target cell.
antibiotic	a chemical produced by one microorganism that can kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms; for example, penicillin and streptomycin.
cyclic amp	Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells (for example, in vertebrate endocrine cells)
heredity	all of the traits passed on to children by parents (plant or animal) or the process of transferring these traits.
chemoautotroph	An organism that needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source but that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances.
allogeneic	Variation in alleles among members of the same species.
natural killer cell	Bone marrow-derived, mononuclear white blood cells (large granular lymphocytes) that are able to kill invading microorganisms without activation by cells of the immune system
polycyclic landform	Landform that shows the repeated influence of one or more major geomorphic processes over geological time
biostatistics	A specialized branch of applied statistics that deals with the statistical evaluation of experimental research or clinical trial results.
ocean basin	Part of the Earth's outer surface that is comprised of the ocean floor, mid-oceanic ridges, continental rise, and continental slope
teratogenic	Substances such as chemicals or radiation that cause abnormal development of a embryo
protein affinity chromatography	A method for the direct characterization of protein-protein interactions.
substrate	Any background material upon which a biological sample has been deposited (e.g., clothing, glass, wood, upholstery).
reduction principle	If selection is the only process acting, then the recombination rate will tend to decrease.
immune system	The aggregation of cells, biological substances (such as antibodies) and cellular activities that work together to provide resistance to disease.
photochemical smog	Photochemical smog is a condition that develops when primary pollutants (oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds created from fossil fuel combustion) interact under the influence of sunlight to produce a mixture of hundreds of different and hazardous chemicals known as secondary pollutants
prader-willi syndrome	a condition characterized by obesity and insatiable appetite, mental deficiency, small genitals, and short stature
codon	"Words" of the genetic code consisting of three successive nucleotide bases, or "letters"
mesotrophic lake	Lake with a moderate nutrient supply
shoot system	The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and flowers.
biologics license application	application filed with the FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CDER) for approval to market a biologic drug.
interferon	A chemical messenger of the immune system, produced by virus-infected cells and capable of helping other cells resist the virus.
skin biopsy	A skin biopsy is a procedure where a piece of skin is removed to diagnose an illness
reflex	An automatic reaction to a stimulus, mediated by the spinal cord or lower brain.
companion cell	A type of plant cell that is connected to a sieve-tube member by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve one or more adjacent sieve-tube members.
critical load	The amount of added nutrient, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, that can be absorbed by plants without damaging ecosystem integrity.
molecular pattern recognition	Computational methods for the analysis of genome-wide expression patterns and and phenotypes.
necrotic	nə-CRAWT-ək/ Dead or dying (said of tissue).
stoss	Side of a slope that faces the direction of flow of ice, wind, or water
leaching	The dissolving of minerals and other elements in soil or rocks by the downward movement of water.
deletion	Loss of a segment of a chromosome.
third party defense motion	A motion filed by the prosecution to preclude the defense from asserting that DNA evidence is derived from a third party, possibly a relative of the accused.
myotonic dystrophy	a combination of progressive weakening of the muscles and muscle spasms or rigidity, with difficulty relaxing a contracted muscle; inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
cecum	A blind outpocket of a hollow organ such as an intestine.
computer-assisted drug design	Computational techniques to design and optimize biologically active compounds with desired structure and properties.
pulse-chase	An experiment in which a short labeling period is followed by the addition of an excess of the same, unlabeled compound to dilute out the labeled material
sugar source	A plant organ in which sugar is being produced by either photosynthesis or the breakdown of starch
auto-	A prefix that indicates self-origin.
normal fault	Vertical fault where one slab of the rock is displaced up and the other slab down
first law of thermodynamics	See Law of Conservation of Energy.
alcohol fermentation	The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.
post-lingual	After the development of language (speech).
bioelectronics	The study of intermolecular electron transfer in biological processes
probability density	The probability that a random variable is in a small interval of size δx is equal to the probability density multiplied by δx.
allele	One copy of a gene.
genetic code	The code by which a nucleotide sequence is translated into an amino acid sequence
thermodynamic laws	Laws that describe the physical processes, relationships, and phenomena associated with heat.
acrylamide gel	See Page
spectrophotometry	The determination of the structure or quantity of substances by measuring their capacity to absorb light of various wavelengths.
nernst equation	The relationship between ion concentration and membrane potential.
centromere	The chromosomal region to which spindle fibers attach when cells divide.
granulocyte	A type of blood cell involved in inflammatory reactions.
biosensor	A device that uses a biological element, such as an immobilized enzyme or cell, as a sensor.
photosynthates	The products of photosynthesis.
codominance	The equal expression of both copies of a gene in an individual.
mole	The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules.
cerebellum	Part of the vertebrate hindbrain located dorsally; functions in unconscious coordination of movement and balance.
system element	System elements are the kinds of things or substances composing the system
antigens	A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody
antimitotic	An agent that decreases the rate of mitosis.
genome	The total genetic content of a cell or a virus.
element	There is one proton in the nucleus, and there are no neutrons in the common form (isotope), although forms with one or two neutrons exist.
geostationary orbit	Satellite that has an orbit that keeps it over the same point on the Earth at all times
dsdna	Double-stranded DNA.
benign tumor	A mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin.
dalton	n
in situ	In a natural environment.
cryostatic pressure	Pressure exerted on a substance by ice at rest.
chromosomes	In the case of humans, there would be 92 chromosomes (4 × 23).
antibiotic	A natural product that inhibits bacterial growth (is bacteriostatic) and sometimes results in bacterial death (is bacteriocidal).
fossil fuel	Carbon based remains of organic matter that has been geologically transformed into coal, oil and natural gas
gap repair	The repair of a gap (or nick) introduced into a DNA strand by the loss of one or more nucleotides.
kinetoplast	An independently replicating organelle lying near the base of the flagellum in kinetoplastids.
cation	Positively charged ion
dttp	Thymidine triphosphate.
carrying capacity	The maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, symbolized as K.
net biome productivity	Amount of organic carbon that remains in a biome after accounting for carbon losses or gains from disturbances such as fire, disease, and human land use.
totipotency	The ability of embryonic cells to retain the potential to form all parts of the animal.
grid south	The direction south as measured on the Universal Transverse Mercator grid system.
chemoheterotroph	An organism that must obtain both energy and carbon by consuming organic molecules.
geomorphic threshold	The amount of slow accumulated change a landform can take before it suddenly moves into an accelerated rate of change that takes it to a new system state.
sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis	A commonly used method to separate proteins by gel electrophoresis on the basis of size.
nuclide	A single isotope.
western blot	Similar in principle to a Southern blot, but where the species adsorbed to the nitrocellulose filter is a protein, and the detection makes use of specific antibodies.
ne	See effective population size.
polymorphisms	the differences in DNA sequences that occur naturally
heterologous protein	See recombinant protein.
growth hormone	A hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that has both direct (nontropic) effects and tropic effects on a wide variety of tissues.
multifactorial or multigenic disorder	See: polygenic disorder
anaerobe	Any microorganism that grows in the absence of molecular oxygen.
colchicine	A drug that inhibits the polymerization of microtubules.
chemotherapy	The application of chemicals (drugs) to control the growth of cells that form a cancer.
gel electrophoresis	The process of separating charged species by subjecting them to a voltage gradient
irreducible complexity	the characteristic of a system of well-matched, mutually interacting parts performing a specific function, in which the removal of any one of the parts causes the system to cease functioning.
isobar	Lines on a map joining points of equal atmospheric pressure.
estivation	Summer torpor; a physiological state that is characterized by slow metabolism and inactivity and that permits survival during long periods of elevated temperature and diminished water supplies
gene technology	The technology to take a single gene from a plant or animal cell and insert it into another plant or animal cell of a different species.
gmo	An abbreviation for "genetically modified organism"
calcareous	Composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
infant mortality	The number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.
cleft lip/palate	congenital condition with cleft lip alone, or with cleft palate; cause is thought to be multifactorial.
nuclease	any enzyme that cuts nucleic acids
d	This symbol is used in several ways
ascus pl. asci	A saclike spore capsule located at the tip of the ascocarp in dikaryotic hyphae; defining feature of the Ascomycota division of fungi.
hyperpolarization	An electrical state whereby the inside of the cell is made more negative relative to the outside than at the resting membrane potential
scaffolding	Linking related instructional components.
filter options	Filtering masks of portions of a query sequence that have low compositional complexity (such as short internal repeats or poly-A sequences) to reduce the frequency of statistically significant but biologically uninteresting BLAST results.
multiplex assay	A procedure for the parallel analysis of pooled samples.
style	The portion of the pistil that connects the stigma and the ovary.
ribosome	A structure consisting of small and large ribonucleoprotein units that is the site of intracellular protein biosynthesis.
gap	A spatial opening in a plant community
independent	The probability of the an event occurring is not influenced by the occurrence of another event
ratchet	an anti-dilution provision where an investor is granted additional shares of stock without charge if the company later sells the shares at a lower price.
intron	Part of a gene that is not used to make protein and is cut out from from the RNA between transcription and translation.
system attribute	A system attribute is the perceived characteristic of a system element
haustorium	In certain symbiotic fungi, specialized hyphae that can penetrate the tissues of host organisms.
tet resistance	See "Antibiotic resistance".
substrate-level phosphorylation	The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.
graptolite	Any member of the Graptolithina, a class of extinct marine invertebrate animals
immune response	The response of the immune system to challenge by a foreign antigen.
cost of natural selection	See substitution load.
initiator	The initiator, one of the components of a gene promoter
greenhouse effect	The greenhouse effect causes the atmosphere to trap more heat energy at the Earth's surface and within the atmosphere by absorbing and re-emitting longwave energy
native	Organisms that have not been recently introduced into an ecosystem.
ozone layer	Atmospheric concentration of ozone found at an altitude of 10 to 50 kilometers above the Earth's surface
osmosis	The diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane down the water potential gradient (from areas of high water potential to areas of low water potential)
erythropoietin	A hormone produced in the kidney when tissues of the body do not receive enough oxygen
forebrain	One of three ancestral and embryonic regions of the vertebrate brain; develops into the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum
terminal transferase	Transfert d'ADN : Transfert d'ADN dénaturé, depuis un gel (agarose par exemple) sur une membrane (nitrocellulose par exemple), où il peut être hybridé avec un acide nucléique complémentaire
in vitro	"In glass" -- that is, in an artificial environment such as a test tube or laboratory dish.
pacemaker	A specialized region of the right atrium of the mammalian heart that sets the rate of contraction; also called the sinoatrial (SA) node
paleontological species concept	Definition of species based on morphological differences known only from the fossil record.
richter scale	A logarithmic measurement scale of earthquake magnitude
star genealogy	A genealogy in which all lineages coalesce in a common ancestor at the same time
template	A single-stranded polynucleotide (or region of a polynuceotide) that can be copied to produce a complementary polynucleotide.
hydrophobic	[Greek hydor water + phobos fear] Descriptive of substances that do not mix with water
invertebrate	Any animal lacking a spinal column or back bone
insecticide	A chemical that kills insects.
helicase	A protein that unwinds the DNA double helix during replication.
clastic sedimentary rock	Sedimentary rocks that are formed by the lithification of weathered rock debris that has been physically transported and deposited.
degradation	A gradual wearing down or away
functional foods	foods containing compounds with beneficial health effects beyond those provided by the basic nutrients, minerals and vitamins.
pressure melting point	Temperature at which minerals deep within the Earth and ice below the surface of a glacier are caused to melt because of the introduction of pressure.
valley breeze	Local thermal circulation pattern found in areas of topographic relief
orthographic projection	Map projection that presents the Earth's surface in two-dimensions as if it were being observed from a great distance in space
rna messenger	ARN précurseur : ARN représentant le produit de transcription primaire d'un gène
ap endonuclease	An enzyme that binds an abasic site and creates a nick on the 5'-side, yielding a 3'-hydroxyl and a 5'-abasic sugar phosphate
talik	An unfrozen section of ground found above, below, or within a layer of discontinuous permafrost
dominance hierarchy	A linear "pecking order" of animals, where position dictates characteristic social behaviors.
white blood cell	They are a very important part of the body's defense against bacterial infection
palliative treatment	Treatment, the sole aim of which is to remove or lessen the debilitating effects of, for example cancer.
lgt	See lateral gene transfer.
host cell	A cell used for growth and reproduction of a virus.
cleared lysate	A cell extract that has been centrifuged to remove cell debris, subcellular particles, and much of the chromosomal DNA.
input traits	Traits introduced into crop plants with the aim of lowering the cost of production and improving the performance of the crop in the field
deoxyribonucleic acid	contains the genetic ‘instructions' used in the development and function of all living organisms.
poisson distribution	The probability that j independent events occur is (λj/j!)e–λ, where λ is the expected number of events.
stroke	The death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head.
oxidative metabolism	The use of molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor in the breakdown of organic molecules.
dextrose	n
molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
tristyly	A polymorphism with three different arrangements of anther and stigma
genotype	The genetic constitution of an organism, as distinguished from its physical appearance (its phenotype)
neuron	A cell specialized for the transmission of nerve impulses.
protein	a molecule made up of amino acids linked together
environmental genomics	See metagenomics.
homoduplex	A molecule of double-stranded nucleic acid where the two strands have exactly complementary base sequences.
acrocentric	[Greek akron extremity + centric.] A chromosome in which the centromere is located near one end, creating very unequal arms.
pluralism	The belief that there are multiple opinions about an issue, each of which contains part of the truth, but none that contain the whole truth.
abnormal	Any change from the ‘correct' or ‘usual'
til	Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
associative learning	The acquired ability to associate one stimulus with another; also called classical conditioning.
t cell	A T-lymphocyte.
updraft	Upward movement of air.
off ladder alleles	Alleles that size outside allele categories represented in the ladder.
trophic structure	The different feeding relationships in an ecosystem, which determine the route of energy flow and the pattern of chemical cycling.
myotonia	inability to relax muscles after contraction.
virtual cell	A computational simulation of a living cell.
virtual image	An image (as seen in a plane mirror) formed of points from which divergent rays (as of light) seem to emanate without actually doing so
protein structure	Several levels of protein structure are spoken of
crp	Catabolite receptor protein, also called CAP or catabolite activator protein
cam photosynthesis	See Crassulacean acid metabolism.
monophyletic clade	Descendants from a single ancestral line.
convection	The mass movement of warmed air or liquid to or from the surface of a body or object.
basophil	A multinucleated leucocyte characterized by cytoplasmic granules that release histamine and other hypersensitivity response effectors.
solar energy	See insolation.
superovulation	Ovulation of a large group of oocytes (eggs) by a female as a result of hormonal stimulation.
spore	In the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternation of generations, a meiotically produced haploid cell that divides mitotically, generating a multicellular individual, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell.
zygosporangium	In zygomycete fungi, a sturdy multinucleate structure in which karyogamy and meiosis occur.
subtropical	The climatic and geographic zone between the Tropics and temperate zone that has intermediate temperatures.
segregation	See Mendel's first law.
evolutionarily stable strategy	A strategy that cannot be displaced by any alternative
vertical evolution	See vertical descent.
granite	Granite is a coarse-grained, usually light-colored, igneous rock that cools deep under the Earth's surface
effector	In a closed system, the element that initiates an action in response to a signal from a
epiphyte	A plant that nourishes itself but grows on the surface of another plant for support, usually on the branches or trunks of tropical trees.
transposase	An enzyme involved in the transfer of transposons within a genome.
bioengineering	Another term for genetic engineering.
pfge	See Pulsed field gel electrophoresis.
f- strain	E.coli strain behaving as recipients during conjugation (female)
swell	A relatively smooth ocean wave that travels some distance from the area of its generation.
gynecologist	A doctor who specializes in the health care of women.
eolian landform	Is a landform formed from the erosion or deposition of weathered surface materials by wind
nearest-neighbor exchange	A method for searching phylogenetic tree space whereby a new tree is generated from a starting tree by swapping neighboring branches in the starting tree.
arachidonic acid	Eicosatetraenoic acid, a precursor for the synthesis of signaling molecules, such as prostaglandins and thromboxanes
true-breeding	Referring to plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they selfpollinate.
virus-induced gene silencing	Silencing that is induced by the presence of viral genomic RNA
synapsid	Any member of the vertebrate group Synapsida, characterized by a single temporal opening in the skull
sea stack	A steep pillar of rock located in the ocean a short distance from the coastline
representative fraction	The expression of map scale as a mathematical ratio.
scleractinian	Any member of the cnidarian group Scleractinia, or "hard-rayed" corals
alpha helix	A helical configuration formed by a protein chain in which successive turns are held together by hydrogen bonds between the peptide links.
ectopic	Occuring in an unusual place or form.
larynx	The voice box, containing the vocal cords.
divergence	Horizontal outflow of wind from an area
tertiary consumer	A member of a trophic level of an ecosystem consisting of carnivores that eat mainly other carnivores.
topoisomerase chemotherapeutics	Antagonists of that group of enzymes, (topoisomerase enzymes) that untangle chromosomal DNA in the process of cell division.
cryoprotectant	A molecule that prevents the formation of ice crystals in frozen cells
cohort	A cohort is a group of people who participate in a research study in which participants' health is monitored over time.
chronicity	The quality of being chronic or persisting over a long period of time.
stratovolcano	See composite volcano.
gene frequency	the relative occurrence of a particular allele in a population
class	A taxonomic grouping of related, similar orders; category above order and below phylum.
probability	Frequency of an event in an number of repetitions of an experiment.
chemo-autotroph	A microorganism that obtains energy from light-independent inorganic reactions.
budding	An asexual means of propagation in which outgrowths from the parent form and pinch off to live independently or else remain attached to eventually form extensive colonies.
direct selection	See selection, direct.
covariance	A measure of association between two variables (x, y)
phospholipid	See the section of the course on Cell Membranes and specifically phospholipids.
mass spectrometry	It is an analytical technique that measures the mas/charge ratio of the ions formed when a molecule or atom is ionized, vaporize and introduced into a vacuum.
att site	See attachment site.
radioactive suicide	The death of cells due to incorporation of a radioactive substrate with high specific activity
algae	Photosynthetic, aquatic, eukaryotic organisms that contain chlorophyll but lack terrestrial plant structures (e.g., roots, stems, and leaves)
pluripotent stem cell	A cell within bone marrow that is a progenitor for any kind of blood cell.
inosilicate	Subclass of the silicate class of minerals
cyanobacteria	Bacteria that have the ability to photosynthesize.
lymphokines	Powerful chemical substances secreted by lymphocytes
avian influenza	Referred to as the "bird flu", this is a highly contagious influenza virus that can infect any bird.
pharmacophore	The 3-D coordinates of atoms corresponding to pharmacologically active components of a drug molecule.
substantial equivalence	a non-scientific term to describe novel food crops produced by genetic engineering or modification technologies that have passed compulsory, regulatory tests for stability, nutritional properties and safety.
bloodborne pathogens	Disease-causing microorganisms that are present in blood and can cause disease in humans
huntington disease	A deterioration of certain central nervous system functions that lead to choreiform movements (involuntary jerky movements) and loss of mental abilities
phenotype	An organism's observable traits, considered as a whole or in part
biome	Any of the world's major ecosystems, classified according to the predominant vegetation and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment.
reproductive cells	Egg and sperm cells
fauna	Animals or animal life from a specific geologic time or geographic locality.
founder effect	A cause of genetic drift attributable to colonization by a limited number of individuals from a parent population.
insert	A fragment of DNA integrated into a cloning vector.
archegonium	In plants, the female gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop.
locus	A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located.
uniformitarianism	Charles Lyell's idea that geologic processes have not changed throughout Earth's history.
drainage pattern	Geometric pattern that a stream's channels take in the landscape
helpful bacteria	work with bodily systems, not against them; for example, Lactobacillus acidophilus help the digestive system work efficiently.
vesicle	A sac made of membrane inside of cells.
unconformity	A break in the sequence of sedimentary strata
multigene locus	A closely linked cluster of functionally related genes.
iptg	An abbreviation for isopropyl-ß-D-thiogalactoside
pellicle	The outer region of cytoplasm of some protozoa, the term is applied only when the region can be distinguished because it appears to be relatively stiff and highly structured
osmoregulation	How organisms regulate solute concentrations and balance the gain and loss of water.
y-box-binding protein-1	(YB-1)
anode	The positive electrode of an electrophoretic system toward which anions migrate.
blood brain barrier	An assembly of partially permeable membranes separating the brain from the rest of the body.
semipermeable	The characteristic of allowing only some molecules, usually smaller or uncharged ones, to pass through.
amino group	A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.
convergence	Horizontal inflow of wind into an area
screening	The process of testing for disease in a person who does not show signs of having the disease (nonsymptomatic person)
exclusive events	Events for which the occurrence of one precludes the occurrence of the other.
lateral geniculate nuclei	The destination in the thalamus for most of the ganglion cell axons that form the optic nerves.
segregation	Separation of alleles at meiosis.
isotope	One of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass.
template	A pattern or mold guiding the formation of a negative or complementary copy.
selection	A cell culture method that enables cells with specific characteristics to be isolated from a mixture of cells.
coordinate induction	The simultaneous expression of two or more genes.
determinate cleavage	A type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early.
broad-sense heritability	See heritability.
genetic testing	Analyzing an individual's genetic material to determine predisposition to a particular health condition or to confirm a diagnosis of genetic disease.
prokaryotes	Organisms that do not have nuclei
equilibrium	State in which gene and genotypic frequencies remain constant in a population from one generation to the next.
opportunistic species	Species characterized by high reproduction rates, rapid development, early reproduction, small body size, and uncertain adult survival.
epidemiology	The study of the incidence, distribution and control of disease in a population.
predictive clinical models	A method of evaluating and predicting the efficacy of a potential drug on e.g
cervix	The neck of the uterus, which opens into the vagina.
lymphocyte t	A type of white blood cell or leukocyte which participates in the cell-mediated immune response.
biodegradable	A material that can be broken down to simpler components by a biological process.
recumbent fold	A fold in which the axial plane is almost horizontal.
taxon	A unit of classification (e.g., species, genus).
glycolipid	A lipid consisting of two hydrocarbon chains linked to a polar head group containing carbohydrates.
ovule	Female gametophyte, which donates the egg and two polar nuclei for double fertilization in plants.
degenerate primer	A PCR primer sequence is called degenerate if some of its positions have several possible bases.
pollination	the transfer of pollen in a flower from the stamen to the pistil (male to female).
sand sea	A large region of sand and sand dunes in a desert
culture	As a noun, cultivation of living organisms in prepared medium; as a verb, to grow in prepared medium.
frequency-dependent selection	A decline in the reproductive success of a morph resulting from the morph's phenotype becoming too common in a population; a cause of balanced polymorphism in populations.
transcription	RNA formation from a DNA template by complementary base pairing.
conception	The fertilization of the egg by a sperm cell in humans.
orphan drug	a drug that treats a disease that affects less than 200,000 Americans or for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of research and development will be recovered from sales in the United States
independent events	Events for which the probability of one event occurring is not influence by the occurrence of the other event.
aplysia	A small marine organism widely used for neurobiological studies.
aldehyde	A molecule containing a doubly bonded oxygen and a hydrogen attached to the same carbon atom.
asteroid	One of thousands of small planet-like bodies
neurotransmitter	A small, hydrophilic molecule that carries a signal from a stimulated neuron to a target cell at a synapse.
mold	A rapidly growing fungus that reproduces asexually by producing spores.
likelihood ratio	A ratio of the probability of generating a particular data set given one hypothesis relative to the probability of generating the same data given another hypothesis ((Prob(D\|H1)/Prob(D\|H2))
digestion	The hydrolysis of macromolecules resulting in the release of component structures.
primary growth	Growth initiated by the apical meristems of a plant root or shoot.
spatial analysis	The examination of the spatial pattern of natural and human-made phenomena using numerical analysis and statistics.
immunity	An inherited, acquired, or produced resistance to infection by a specific pathogen.
plant embryogenesis	A plant cell culture technique that produces plant embryos from small pieces of plant tissue
eukaryote	a unicellular or multicellular organism whose cells contain a nucleus and internal cellular bodies (organelles)
staminate	Referring to the stamen
photodissociation	The splitting of a molecule by photon normally from the Sun.
nasal	relating to the nose.
ex vivo	The external alteration of tissue taken from an organism and subsequently returned to the organism.
endocrine	A gland that synthesizes and secretes hormones directly into the circulatory system.
molecular weight	See Gram molecular weight.
carbon cycle	The complex carbon flows and transformations among major Earth system components (atmosphere, oceans, and terrestrial systems)
yeast	A unicellular form of fungi
directional selection	Selection favoring one extreme phenotype.
csiro	Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
logistic population growth	A model describing population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity.
rna polymerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ribonucleotides into a sequence complementary to a pre-existent DNA template.
congenital	Present since birth.
autoimmune disease	An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against self.
opsonization	Coating a particle with opsonin proteins.
distance ratio	Method for measuring the gradient of a slope
solution	A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
tendon	A type of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
polar vortex	High pressure system located in the upper atmosphere at the polar regions
corticosteroid	Steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland.
zooplankton	Small heterotrophic organisms found inhabiting aquatic ecosystems
nodule	A swelling on the root of a legume
mercury barometer	Type of barometer that measures changes in atmospheric pressure by the height of a column of mercury in a U-shaped tube which has one end sealed and the other end immersed in an open container of mercury
halophyte	A plant that can tolerate a high concentration of salt in the growing medium.
screening	looking for evidence of a particular disease such as cancer in persons with no symptoms of disease.
acritarch	a single-celled organism enveloped by an acid-resistant wall
genotype	The actual genes
chloramphenicol	An antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50s ribosomal subunit and blocking the peptidyltransferase reaction
active site	The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds.
element	A substance composed of atoms with the same
micropyle	The part of the ovule where the pollen tube accesses the embryo sac.
proximate causation	The hypothesis about why natural selection favored a particular animal behavior.
eukaryote	Organism which possess a membrane bound nucleus that contains the organism's chromosomes.
graupel	A type of precipitation that consists of a snow crystal and a raindrop frozen together
gametangium	Multicellular plant structures in which gametes are formed
water consumption	The complete removal of water from some type of source, like groundwater, for some use by humans
myopathy	any disease or abnormal condition of voluntary muscle
deletion	A loss of part of the DNA from a chromosome; can lead to a disease or abnormality
breathing control center	A brain center that directs the activity of organs involved in breathing.
chromogen	A molecule with a chromophore that is colorless until the chromophore is modified chemically.
slate	A fine grained metamorphic rock with well developed bedding planes derived from the slight recrystrallization of shale.
syngeneic	Genetically identical members of the same species.
tracer	An added or injected substance that can be followed within a reaction or an organism, such as radioactive isotopes and certain dyes.
brainstem	The hindbrain and midbrain of the vertebrate central nervous system
thermal energy	See heat.
synapse	The chemical connection for communication between two nerve cells or between a nerve cell and a target cell such as a muscle cell.
pulsed field gel electrophoresis	A gel electrophoresis technique that employs an electric field that alternates between two different vectors to achieve separation of very large molecules of DNA.
cretaceous	a geological period lasting from about 145 to 65 million years ago, at the end of which dinosaurs became extinct.
nitrogen saturation	Over abundance of nitrogen in natural ecosystems because of human induced inputs related to agriculture and fossil fuel combustion.
rough er	The region of the endoplasmic reticulum covered with ribosomes and involved in protein metabolism.
algorithm	A step-by-step, effective procedure for calculation or automated reasoning
null hypothesis	A hypothesis that is presumed true and against which alternative hypotheses are tested statistically.
r horizon	Soil horizon found beneath the C horizon
interspecific competition	Competition for resources between plants, between animals, or between decomposers when resources are in short supply.
attenuated	Weakened; no longer infectious.
nucleic acid	A large polymer consisting of a linear stretch of nucleotides, as in DNA and RNA.
major histocompatibility complex	A group of genes that control several aspects of the immune response
proterozoic	Geologic eon that occurred from 570 to 2500 million years ago
solid phase extraction	A sample purification method based on the affinity of either the desired or undesired components of a reaction mixture for a solid material and subsequent filtration of the solid material from the reaction.
stereoisomers	Molecules whose atoms are connected with each other in the same way but are arranged differently in space
land breeze	Local thermal circulation pattern found at the interface between land and water
paleozoic	Geologic era that occurred from 570 to 245 million years ago.
south pole	Surface location defined by the intersection of the polar axis with Earth's surface in the Southern Hemisphere
leaving group	A group that departs during a substitution reaction.
chromosome	Linked genes and markers tend to be inherited together.
enzyme denaturation	The loss of the 3-D structure of an enzyme.
ice jam	The accumulation of ice at a specific location along a stream channel
molecular recognition	The binding of two molecules though noncovalent bonds in which the shape of the molecules plays a key role in the strength of binding.
fall	Season between summer and winter
lymphocyte	White blood cell found in lymphoid tissue and blood
mudstone	Fine grained sedimentary rock composed of lithified silt and clay particles.
cervix	Short structure essentially forming a gate to the interior part of the female reproductive system, the uterus.
ribose	The sugar component of RNA.
major histocompatibility complex	A set of closely linked genes in vertebrates that play a key role in the immune response
genome	a living thing's total DNA.
biochar	Biomass-derived black carbon.
selection index	Procedure used to find appropriate weights for records (one or more traits) of an individual and its relatives and to combine information into a single value to rank individuals for selection.
virion	The mature virus, the ultimate phase of viral development
coancestry	A measure of the relatedness of two individuals
wetland	An ecosystem intermediate between an aquatic one and a terrestrial one
immunologist	A doctor that specializes in conditions of the immune system.
specialist species	Species that have a relatively narrow ecological niche
orange book	also known as the Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, the Orange Book contains detailed information on all approved drugs and must list all extant patents.
decaliter	/DEK-ə-LEET-er/ n
antibiotics	A substance that kills bacteria within the body.
diffraction	The bending of light caused by the presence of an object.
easting	First measurement of a grid reference used to specific the location of a point on a rectangular coordinate system
diaphragm	(1) A sheet of muscle that fonns the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals; active in ventilating the lungs
barometer	Instrument that measures atmospheric pressure.
aging	A decrease in survival or reproduction with age
development	The term usually is applied to chemical or physical agents, such as alcohol or radiation
electromagnetic spectrum	The entire spectrum of radiation ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer.
stem cells	Stem cells can differentiate into a range of specialized cells (they are "pluripotent")
glial cell	A specialized cell that surrounds neurons, providing metabolic and physical support.
heart rate	The rate of heart contraction.
homology	(i) Sequence identity between two nucleotide sequences
mitosis	cell division resulting in daughter (new) cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent; the chromosomes are divided before the cell divides.
virulence	The relative ability of an organism to cause disease.
tracheid	A cell with strengthened walls that functions to transport fluid within plants.
shifting balance theory	A theory developed by Sewall Wright, in which species evolve toward the best among many alternative adaptive peaks.
locus history	Locus history records any comments of interest associated with the gene, such as mapping information, other names that the gene has been called (especially in the case where the other name is used in the database for yet a different locus), etc., and can be viewed by clicking the Locus History link from the bottom of each locus page
gas chromatography	An automated method for separating a substance into its components
ß-galactosidase	An enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of lactose into glucose + galactose
leading strand	The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction.
pathogen	a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host
inclusion bodies	Bodies formed within bacterial cells for the storage of various materials
helicases	Proteins that unwind the DNA double helix.
impression	An impression is a mark or print left behind on something by an object or animal that was there before
innate behavior	Behavior that is developmentally fixed and under strong genetic control
hypotonic	Hypotonic or hypotonia means having less than normal tone or tension. Children with CMD are often hypotonic at, or shortly after, birth.
correlation	Standardized measure of the degree of association between two characteristics.
multimer	A molecular aggregate held together by noncovalent bonds.
miniplasmid	Modification d'un acide nucléique : Toute transformation subie par les nucléotides après leur assemblage dans un polynucléotide
phosphorylated	Referring to a molecule that has been the recipient of a phosphate group.
tragedy of the commons	Where self-interested exploitation of common resources leads to a worse outcome for all
dust dome	Dome of air that surrounds a city created from the urban heat island effect that traps pollutants like particulate matter.
maunder minimum	Period from 1645 to 1715 during which the Sun had very little sunspot activity.
chimera	An organism with a mixture of genetically different cells.
wet deposition	The transport of gases and minute liquid and solid particles from the atmosphere to the ground surface with the aid of precipitation or fog
chemosynthesis	The process by which some microbes make food (carbohydrates) by oxidation of simple inorganic compounds, rather than by photosynthesis.
icosahedral symmetry	The symmetry displayed by a regular polyhedron that is composed of 20 equilateral triangular faces with 12 corners.
population bottleneck	Type of genetic drift that occurs as the result of a population being drastically reduced in numbers by an event having little to do with the usual forces of natural selection.
secondary succession	A type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been severely cleared by some disturbance.
chelate	Organic substances that cause the chemical process of chelation.
fadh2	See flavin adenine dinucleotide.
truncation selection	Selection that eliminates those with the largest (or smallest) trait values.
dimethyl sulfoxide	A colorless liquid that dissolves both polar and nonpolar compounds
synthetic lethality	This term is used to identify and describe interaction data displayed at SGD
heart murmur	A hissing sound that occurs when blood squirts backward through a leaky valve in the heart.
receptacle	The base of a flower; the part of the stem that is the site of attachment of the floral organs.
expression system	A cell-based protein synthesis system programmed by an expression vector.
seminiferous tubules	Enclosed channels in the testes in which spermatozoa are produced
open chromatin	See the more technical term, euchromatin.
cam kinase	A member of a family of protein kinases that are activated by the binding of Ca2+/calmodulin.
phenotype	Measurable functional and structural characteristics of an organism as determined by the interaction of the genotype with the environment.
physiology	the processes which contribute to the maintenance of a constant internal environment.
pulse	A measurement of heart rate; distention of an artery that can be felt each time the heart contracts.
phenotype	Phenotype is how a person looks (on the outside and inside the body) due to his or her genes and the environment (for example, having a certain eye color, being a specific blood type, or being a certain height)
pterins	A group of substances (metabolites) produced during the breakdown of tetrahydrobiopterin in the body
second messenger	A small, nonprotein, watersoluble molecule or ion, such as calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signal received by a signal receptor protein.
zone of accumulation	Area of a glacier where additions of snow exceed losses of ice from melting, evaporation, and sublimation.
modeling	The use of statistical analysis, computer analysis, or model organisms to predict outcomes of research.
deliquesce	/del-lə-KWESS/ v
flow field effect	A technology utilized in the design of microfluidics systems that utilizes field effects to control flow.
neritic zone	The shallow region of the ocean overlying the continental shelf.
berm	Low hill of sand that forms along coastal beaches.
tetratype	In fungi, a tetrad of spores that contains four different types; e.g., AB, aB, Ab and ab.
metabolism	Processes for the synthesis, modification, and breakdown of molecules within a living organism.
analogy	A similarity due to convergent evolution (common function) but not inheritance from a common ancestor (bat's wings and bird's wings)
prenylation	The addition of isoprenoid groups to proteins
word size	The Word Size (W) is a BLAST parameter that determines the minimum length of a match
selection	Process of choosing parents for the next generation
product	An ending material in a chemical reaction.
barr body	See sex chromatin.
resistant bacteria	strains of bacteria that enables them to survive the action of an antibiotic or antimicrobial drug.
energy transfer	The transfer of energy from one chromophore to another by a process dependent on the distance between the two molecules
lacteal	A tiny lymph vessel extending into the core of an intestinal villus and serving as the destination for absorbed chylomicrons.
replica plating	A technique for transferring an identical pattern of bacterial colonies from one petrie plate (the master plate) to a series of other plates containing different media
albinism	A condition in which normal pigment is absent or greatly diminished
baseline	Residual signal associated with an instrument's blank response.
spring tide	Tide that occurs every 14 to 15 days and coincides with the new and full moon
correspondence analysis	Correspondence analysis is an ordination technique that identifies the major trends in the variation of the data and distributes genes along continuous axes in accordance with these trends
noncompetitive inhibitor	An inhibitor of enzyme activity whose effect is not reversed by increasing the concentration of substrate molecule.
phagocytosis	The uptake of large particles, such as bacteria, by a cell, sometimes called “cell eating.”
diurnal	An organism that is active during the daytime rather than at night.
kringle	A conserved protein domain whose 2-D representation resembles a Scandinavian pastry known as a kringle.
sensitive period	A limited phase in an individual animal's development when learning of particular behaviors can take place
law of segregation	Genetic factors appear in pairs within an individual
membranome	A rather vague term referring to the collection of biological membranes in a cell or organism — particularly with reference to their informational role
day-neutral plant	A plant whose flowering is not affected by photoperiod.
pyranose	A simple sugar containing the six-membered pyran ring.
lichen	Organism that consists of a symbiotic joining of a species of fungi and a species of algae.
sclera	A tough, white outer layer of connective tissue that forms the globe of the vertebrate eye.
synaptic knob	The relay point at the tip of a transmitting neuron's axon, where signals are sent to another neuron or to an effector.
genus	the level of biological classification above a species and below a family.
genomics	The study of large numbers of genes, or genomes
senescence	See aging.
biology	The scientific study of life.
okazaki fragments	the fragments of a DNA strand that are not bonded with each other.
endonuclease	A nuclease that cleaves nucleic acids at specific internal sites.
vaccinia virus	Virus is closely related to the virus that causes cowpox
hardpan	Impervious layer found within the soil
placental transfer cell	A plant cell that enhances the transfer of nutrients from parent to embryo.
helical flow	Movement of water within a stream that occurs as spiral flows.
stationary front	A transition zone in the atmosphere where there is little movement of opposing air masses and winds blow towards the front from opposite directions.
adrenal gland	One of two endocrine glands located adjacent to the kidneys in mammals
ph	A trial which could lead to registration of the investigated drug
filtrate	Fluid extracted by the excretory system from the blood or body cavity
barrier method	Contraception that relies on a physical barrier to block the passage of sperm
solid support	An insoluble material to which reagents may be attached so that they may be readily separated from reaction by-products and solvents by filtration.
dilution quenching	The reduction of the luminescence of a sample by dilution.
biogeographical model	A type of ecosystem model used to determine how populations in a particular region change over long time scales.
syntax	The rules that determine how words combine to make phrases and sentences.
unesco	United National Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.
isogenic	Two strains that are genetically identical except for a single mutation.
blizzard	Winter severe weather condition characterized by strong wind, blowing snow, and cold temperatures.
histosols	Poorly drained soils in swamps and bogs that contain more than 20% organic matter.
carbon allocation	See carbon partitioning.
thrombus	A blood clot.
basal cell carcinoma	A non-metastatic cancer derived from the basal cells of the epithelium.
hypoplastic	Reduction in plant growth or development (dwarfing, stunting) resulting from an abnormal condition associated with a disease or nutritional stress.
haustorium pl. haustoria	In parasitic fungi, a nutrient-absorbing hyphal tip that penetrates the tissues of the host but remains outside the host cell membranes.
gram-positive	Retaining the stain or resisting decolorizing by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of certain microorganisms.
macroscopic	A term that describes characteristics large enough to be perceived without magnification; in forensic hair examination, this typically applies to unmounted hairs.
mass	Refers to the amount of material found in an object (usually of unit volume).
hadley cell	Three-dimensional atmospheric circulation cell located at roughly 0 to 30° North and South of the equator
tundra	A biome at the extreme limits of plant growth; at the northernmost limits, it is called arctic tundra, and at high altitudes, where plant forms are limited to low shrubby or matlike vegetation, it is called alpine tundra.
nitrite	NIGHT-rite/ Any salt or ester of nitrous acid.
exotic stream	A stream that has a course that begins in a humid climate and end in an arid climate
probability	the long term frequency of an event relative to all alternative events, and usually expressed as decimal fraction.
mucous membrane	Smooth moist epithelium that lines the digestive tract and air tubes leading to the lungs.
northeast trade winds	See trade winds.
speciation	The development of new species as a result of evolutionary processes.
science	Science is a way of acquiring knowledge
exocrine	A gland that utilizes a duct for the secretion of molecules.
continuous culture	The culture of microorganisms in liquid medium under controlled conditions, with regular additions of depleted nutrients and removal of excreted metabolites from the medium over a lengthy period of time.
disturbance	Any abrupt event that drastically changes ecosystem characteristics such as population diversity, behavior, or climate response.
fibrin	The activated form of the blood-clotting protein fibrinogen, which aggregates into threads that form the fabric of the clot
gene transfer techniques	Any one of a number of methods of transferring genes from one organism (species) to another (usually different species)
annotation	Analysis and commentary added to sequence data in databases
a priori	Deduced from first principles; without prior knowledge.
phenotype	Observable characteristics resulting from interaction between an organism's genetic makeup and the environment.
hardy-weinberg equilibrium	The steady-state relationship between relative frequencies of two or more alleles in an idealized population; both the allele frequencies and the genotype frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation in a population breeding at random in the absence of evolutionary forces.
connective tissues	Animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix.
vector	Vecteur d'expression : Vecteur possédant une région permettant l'insertion d'une séquence codante d'un gène entre les signaux indispensables à son expression
oncogenic	Tending to cause cancerous tumors.
solar altitude	Height of the Sun above the horizon from either True North or True South.
vital capacity	The maximum volume of air that a respiratory system can inhale and exhale.
metabotropic	A receptor that mediates its effects by activating enzymes.
middle ear	One of three main regions of the vertebrate ear; a chamber containing three small bones (the hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that convey vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window.
sequenator	Device for determining the sequence of monomeric residues of a polymeric molecule.
outcrossing	an inbreed crossed with a less related.
postsynaptic cell	The target cell at a synapse.
myxoma	A virus that causes myxomatosis in rabbits
mutagenicity	The capacity of a chemical or physical agent to cause permanent genetic alterations
likelihood	Given a hypothesis, the probability of observing certain data.
dna sequencing	The determination of DNA base sequence order.
nucleotide	A subunit of DNA or RNA
afo	An ankle-foot orthotic
glacial lake	A natural impoundment of meltwater at the front of a glacier.
dissect	/də-SECT or DIE-sect/ v
darwinian demon	A hypothetical organism with indefinitely high survival and fertility
bioassay	An assay that uses a living system, such as an intact cell, as a component.
opsonin	A serum protein that renders microorganisms and other foreign material more susceptible to phagocytosis.
carbohydrate	A molecule with the formula (CH2O)n.
parasitism	Biological interaction between species where a parasite species feeds on a host species.
interest	A learner's attraction to a area of instruction
hormone	A substance formed in a specialized gland or group of cells that has regulatory effects on another gland or group of cells
direct-to-consumer genetic testing	A type of genetic testing that is available directly to the consumer without having to go through a healthcare professional.
batholith	A large mass of subsurface intrusive igneous rock that has its origins from mantle magma.
prevalence	Frequency of a phenotype in the population
pharmacokinetics	The study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs.
zosterophyll	A type of early vascular plant that carried spores laterally along the stem.
continental shelf break	Boundary zone between the continental shelf and slope.
gene transfer	Incorporation of new DNA into and organism's cells, usually by a vector such as a modified virus
angstrom	A unit of length equal to 10-10 m.
energy	The capacity to do work (to move matter against an opposing force).
caliche	An accumulation of calcium carbonate at or near the soil surface.
evaporation	The removal of heat energy from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules
style	Part of the pistil arising from the ovary , and through which the pollen tube passes.
chemoreceptor	A receptor that transmits information about the total solute concentration in a solution or about individual kinds of molecules.
sediment	particulate organic and inorganic matter that accumulates in loose form on the sea floor.
metabolism	The sum total of the enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in a living organism.
eustachian tube	The tube that connects the middle ear to the pharynx
planktonic	an organism that spends part or all of its life cycle in the plankton
boundaries	The perimeter or border surrounding potential physical evidence related to the crime.
aav	A viral vector
isomorphic	Referring to alternating generations in plants and certain algae in which the sporophytes and gametophytes look alike, although they differ in chromosome number.
consistency index	A measure of how well the character states for a specific character trait map on a phylogenetic tree
gamete	A haploid reproductive cell — an egg cell in the female or sperm in the male.
energy charge	The fractional degree to which the AMP-ADP-ATP system is filled with high-energy phosphates (phosphoryl groups).
productive binding	The binding of a substrate to the active site of an enzyme in a reactive manner.
morphometry	The measurement of shape
cell-cycle control system	A cyclically operating set of proteins that triggers and coordinates events in the eukaryotic cell cycle.
geographic variation	Differences between the gene pools of separate populations or population subgroups.
cotyledon	One of the first leaves of the embryo of a seed plant; seed leaf.
chromosome	A microscopic, rod-like structure in the cell's nucleus that carries genetic material.
dissection	/die-SEX-shən, də-/ n
neurotransmitter	A chemical that is released from one neuron and attaches to an adjacent neuron
conditional lethal mutant	A mutant that can grow under one set (permissive) of environmental conditions but dies under different (restrictive or nonpermissive) conditions.
glacial retreat	The backwards movement of the snout of a glacier.
placental mammal	A member of a group of mammals, including humans, whose young complete their embryonic development in the uterus, joined to the mother by a placenta
microinjection	The injection of DNA using a very thin needle into a cell.
dendritic cells	White blood cells found in the spleen and other lymphoid organs
payoff	In an evolutionary context, the increase in fitness due to a contest.
secondary bacterial infection	an infection that occurs as a consequence of, or subsequent to, another infection
evaporative cooling	The property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state.
synapse	The junction between a neuron and another cell, across which information is carried by neurotransmitters.
telomere	A cap structure at the ends of chromosomes consisting of short repeated sequences with strand asymmetry in GC content, resulting in one G-rich strand and one C-rich strand.
reflection	Process of returning sound or light waves back to their source.
optimal foraging theory	The basis for analyzing behavior as a compromise of feeding costs versus feeding benefits.
biological magnification	A trophic process in which retained substances become more concentrated with each link in the food
foreshock	Small earth tremors that occur seconds to weeks before a significant earthquake event.
cold front	A transition zone in the atmosphere where an advancing cold air mass displaces a warm air mass.
shear stress	Stress caused by forces operating parallel to each other but in opposite directions.
ribosome	Protein-making factory of the cell
polar nuclei	In angiosperms, the two nuclei of the central cell of the female gametophyte; they fuse with a sperm nucleus to form the triploid (3n) endosperm nucleus.
nucleotide diversity	The chance that two randomly chosen copies of a nucleotide site will carry different bases
electrotaxis	The movement of organisms in response to an electric field.
protostome	Member of one of two large groups of bilaterian animals including ecdysozoans and lophotrochozoans (see deuterostome)
cuticle	(1) A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants
clinic	Clinical stage of drug development; tests on human patients
fungicide	A substance or chemical that destroys or inhibits the growth of a fungus.
difference spectra	Plots comparing the absorption spectra of a molecule or an assembly of molecules in different states, for example, those of mitochondria under oxidizing or reducing conditions.
law of the minimum	This biological law suggests that organisms are normally limited by only one single physical factor that is in shortest supply relative to demand.
cellular differentiation	The structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism's development; dependent on the control of gene expression.
prokaryote	Microorganism lacking a membrane-bound nucleus to contain its chromosomes.
allele	Is one member of a pair or series of different forms of a gene.
aplastic	Incomplete growth or development of a structure.
fiber	A lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles.
humoral immune response	The aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies (as opposed to cell-mediated immunity which involves T lymphocytes) produced B cells.
septicemia	A morbid condition caused by the multiplication of microorganisms in the blood.
hydroxyquinoline	A bicyclic aromatic compound, which when added to phenol turns the organic phase orange, making it easier to differentiate in the organic extraction
atomic force microscopy	A form of scanning probe microscopy that provides atom-level information about molecules
miller cylindrical projection	Map projection that mathematically projects the Earth's surface onto a cylinder that is tangent at the equator
polar covalent bond	A type of covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity
probability of detection	Likelihood of observing the presence of a recessive allele in a individual by progeny testing
cortex	Ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a root or dicot stem.
tetrahedron	Silicon atom joined by four oxygen atoms (SiO4)
nanotechnology	A miniaturization technology based on the development of nanometer-scale machines to operate in molecular environments.
electron density map	A 3-D representation of the electron density of a molecular structure based on x-ray diffraction data
seta	The elongated stalk of a bryophyte sporophyte, such as in a moss.
adme	Procedures for evaluating the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of pharmaceuticals.
supercoiling	Higher-order twisting of DNA strands.
trophoblasts	A few are embryoblasts and will form the inner cell mass.
cell cycle	Complete sequence of steps which must be performed by a cell in order to replicate itself, as seen from mitotic event to mitotic event
carrier	An individual who possesses an unexpressed, recessive trait.
eukaryote	n
immune system	the cells, biological substances (such as antibodies), and cellular activities that work together to recognize foreign substances and provide resistance to disease.
polar covalent bond	A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity
signal-transduction pathway	A mechanism linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a cellular response.
ascii	American Standard Code for Information Interchange
archaic human	A hominin that does not have the modern anatomy of Homo sapiens
homogeneity chi-square	Chi-square test used to individually test several data sets for fit to an expected ratio or to determine whether different sets of data are homogeneous (give the same results) so that the data sets may be pooled.
substrate	The substance on which an enzyme acts
muscular dystrophy	A group of hereditary diseases that cause progressive muscle wastage due to defects in the biochemistry of a muscle tissue
beta strand	A protein region, from 5 to 10 residues in length, in an almost fully extended conformation.
tidal current	Regional scale ocean current that is created the tidal rise and fall of the ocean surface.
implantation	The process whereby a fertilized egg (embryo) is embedded in the lining of a woman's uterus.
tandem mass spectrometry	An advanced technique for mass newborn screening that tests blood from newborn babies for PKU along with a number of other inherited diseases
epistatic effect	Sum of effects due to combinations of alleles at different loci interacting to influence the trait of interest.
vessel	A tube-like series of vessel elements with open ends
trachea	The windpipe; that portion of the respiratory tube that has C-shaped cartilagenous rings and passes from the larynx to two bronchi.
nonpolar	Lacking in polarity; characterized by an even distribution of positive and negative charges.
ph	A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14.
cytogenetics	The study of the appearance, structure, and behavior of chromosomes.
biological species	A population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed.
phenylalanine tolerance	The amount of phenylalanine that a patient can take in with food, without excess phenylalanine appearing in the blood.
hypertrophy	An increase in size (weight) and functional capacity of an organ or tissue, without an increase in the number of structural units upon which their functions depend
mechanism	the process by which something occurs.
synchrony	Used normally to denote that the donor and recipient of embryos are at the same state of the estrous cycle.
anabolic steroids	Synthetic chemical variants of the male sex hormone testosterone; they produce increased muscle mass but also suppress testosterone production, leading to shrinkage of the testes, growth of the breasts, and premature baldness; long-term use increases the risk of kidney and liver damage and of liver cancer.
meiofauna	benthic organisms between 0.06 and 0.5 mm
dispersion	The pattern of spacing among individuals within geographic population boundaries.
gene therapy	Traduction : synthèse d'une protéine à partir d'une matrice d'ARN messager
respiratory medium	The source of oxygen
human leukocyte antigens	Protein in markers of self used in histocompatibility testing
luvisol soil	Soil order (type) of the Canadian System of Soil Classification
larva	A free-living, sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult in morphology, nutrition, and habitat.
controlled experiment	An experiment in which an experimental group is compared to a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.
probability	The chance of observing a particular future event; a simple ratio of the number of observed events divided by the total number of possible events.
cross-licensing	agreement in which two or more firms with competing and similar technologies strike a deal to reduce the need for legal actions to clarify who is to profit from applications of the technology.
inbreeding	Mating between closely related individuals
sustainable development	An approach to development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
chemotaxis	A behavorial response of cells resulting in movement toward or away from to a chemical stimulus.
defective interfering virus	A virus that has lost some function and that depends on coinfection with intact virus for transmission.
paternoster lakes	A linear series of mountain valley lakes that are formed from glacial erosion
wetland	Natural land-use type that is covered by salt water or fresh water for some time period
bayesian probability	System of probability based on beliefs in which the measure of probability is continuously revised as available information changes.
genotype frequency	The frequency of a particular genotype in the population.
cooperativity	A phenomenon by which the binding of a ligand to one site of a receptor or enzyme alters the affinities of the other sites.
antisense	Complementary in sequence to an RNA molecule.
in silico	Biological discovery using a computer.
pharmacogenetics	Study of the DNA sequence variation as it relates to differential drug response.
nimbostratus clouds	Dark, gray low altitude cloud that produces continuous precipitation in the form of rain or snow
first-in-man study	Phase I trial primarily concerned with establishing the safety of a compound.
tetrad	Four haploid cells that are the result of a single meiotic cycle.
ribosomal rna	The highly conserved RNA molecules that are found within ribosomes
phosphorus	[Symbol P; atomic number = 15; atomic mass = 30.974.] A critical element in many biological processes. Phosphorus usually occurs in biological molecules in combination with oxygen in the form of phosphate.
landfall	The coastline location where a tropical storm or hurricane moves from ocean onto land.
intratumoral	Inside a tumor.
ocean floor	Flat plain found at the bottom of the ocean
spasmoneme	A contractile element in the stalk of some peritrich ciliates.
mesa	A flat topped hill that rises sharply above the surrounding landscape
gram stain	A staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls.
backwash	The return water flow of swash
organelles	(which also have membranes) in 'higher' eukaryote organisms:
-centric	A combining form meaning center
phase i clinical trial	The initial set of drug studies in humans, which are generally designed to evaluate the safety of a new drug in a small number of patients or normal volunteers.
neighbor joining	A recursive distance-based phylogenetic reconstruction algorithm that takes as its input a distance matrix and produces an unrooted phylogenetic tree.
electron shell	An energy level at which an electron orbits the nucleus of an atom.
breeding value	Value of an individual in a breeding program
latent print	A print impression that is not readily visible, made by contact with a surface.
leukaemia	An increase in the number of ineffective and immature white blood cells causing a weakened immune system which leaves the body susceptible to infection.
fidelity	The degree to which output reflects input
genetic counselling	The counselling of individuals and prospective parents who are at risk of a particular genetic disease, either themselves or their potential child
stock	The plant that provides the root system when making a graft.
hanging valley	A secondary valley that enters a main valley at an elevation well above the main valley's floor
medline uid	The "Medline" tag that appears within the listed information for a paper contains the Medline unique identifying number (UID) for the paper; the first 2 numbers usually (but not always) indicate the year of publication.
refractory period	The short time immediately after an action potential in which the neuron cannot respond to another stimulus, owing to an increase in potassium permeability.
camp phosphodiesterase	An enzyme that degrades cyclic AMP.
ethics	The science or discipline involving the principles of right versus wrong
frictional force	Force acting on wind near the Earth's surface due to frictional roughness
hypogammaglobulinemia	Abno rmally low levels of immunoglobulins.
confidence interval	Estimated range of values (calculated from a given set of sample data) that is likely to include an unknown population parameter.
redox potential	The relative tendency of a pair of molecules to release or accept an electron
scarification	Extensive movements of soil, sediment, and rock material caused by humans.
intramolecular	Within the same molecule
urethra	A tube that releases urine from the body near the vagina in females and through the penis in males; also serves in males as the exit tube for the reproductive system.
movement corridor	A series of small clumps or a narrow strip of quality habitat (usable by organisms) that connects otherwise isolated patches of quality habitat.
coevolution	The mutual evolutionary influence between two different species interacting with each other and reciprocally influencing each other's adaptations.
cochlea	Small snail shaped organ in the inner ear that transmits sound signals via tiny hairs to the auditory nerve.
nitrogen	gas in the atmosphere that is a component of proteins.
evidence	Something that can help identify the responsible persons, establish an element of crime, reconstruct crime events or link crimes.
mild hyperphenylalaninemia	Mild hyperphenylalaninemia refers to small elevations in the blood phenylalanine level that are considered insufficiently severe for a diagnosis of PKU and application of the phenylalanine-restricted diet.
hydration	A form of chemical weathering that involves the rigid attachment of H+ and OH- ions to the atoms and molecules of a mineral.
ecology	It is the branch of biology dealing with the relationships of organism with their environment and with each other.
processing	Mésappariement : Non-appariement d'une zone à l'intérieur d'un fragment d'acide nucléique double brin
homophilic interaction	An interaction between cell adhesion molecules of the same type.
inverted repeats	Identical copies of a sequence of double-stranded DNA repeated in inverse order.
anucleate	Lacking a nucleus.
geographic cycle	Theory developed by William Morris Davis that models the formation of river-eroded landscapes
sucrose	Cane sugar; a common disaccharide found in many plants; a molecule of glucose linked to a molecule of fructose.
mendel's first law	See law of segregation.
polyandrous	Describes females that mate with many males.
virus	an infectious parasite.
thermal low	Area of low pressure in the atmosphere caused by the area having cooler temperatures relative to the air around it.
serology	The detection, identification, and typing of body tissues, either in native form or as stains or residues left at a crime scene.
renal pelvis	Funnel-shaped chamber that receives processed filtrate from the vertebrate kidney's collecting ducts and is drained by the ureter.
fdr	The False Discovery Rate (FDR) is a multiple-hypothesis testing error measure indicating the expected proportion of false positives among the set of significant results
active site	The region of an enzyme that binds substrates and catalyzes an enzymatic reaction.
linking number	The net number of times one polynucleotide chain crosses over another polynucleotide chain
neurotransmitter	A chemical messenger released from the synaptic terminal of a neuron at a chemical synapse that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to and stimulates the postsynaptic cell.
clia	Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments are regulations created in 1988 by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services to ensure quality laboratory testing on humans.
seminiferous tubules	Tubules in the testis where the spermatozoa are formed.
active site	region on an enzyme that can bind with a specific substrate or substrates.
surface wave	Type of seismic wave that travels across the Earth's surface
adenovirus	DNA containing virus that causes infections of the upper respiratory tract producing symptoms similar to those of the common cold.
proteins	Complex, organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
apical ectodermal ridge	A limb-bud organizer region consisting of a thickened area of ectoderm at the tip of a limb bud.
operant conditioning	A type of associative learning that directly affects behavior in a natural context; also called trial-and-error learning.
heterosis	Increased vigor or performance observed in the heterozygous progeny that result from matings of homozygous or purebreeding parental lines
inorganic molecule	Any molecule that does not include carbon in its composition.
explosive eruption	Volcanic eruption where high-viscosity granite-rich magma causes an explosion of ash and pyroclastic material
neuro-developmental	The process of development of the brain and other parts of the central nervous system.
cytoplasm	liquid in the cell that holds all of the parts of the cell.
ria coast	An extensively carved out coast with conspicuous headlands and deep re-entrants.
electrophoresis	The process whereby an electric charge is used to separate molecules in a solution or gel according to electrical charge and size
ozone	Tri-atomic oxygen that exists in the Earth's atmosphere as a gas
totipotent	Cells capable of forming a completely new embryo that can develop into a new organism
plasticity	The ability to be flexible
cladistics	A method of classification that is based on the order of branching in a phylogenetic tree rather than on phenotypic similarity.
triploblastic	Possessing three germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
phylogenetic tree	A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships.
antigens	Antibodies are involved in the rejection of mismatched blood transfusions and organ transplants. They are also responsible for recognizing and eliminating bacteria and viruses. Antibodies provide a major defense for our bodies against invasion by alien organisms.
gynodioecious	A population that contains both females and hermaphrodites.
spermatogenesis	The continuous and prolific production of mature sperm cells in the testis.
aerial	Pertaining to the air - as opposed to the land (terrestrial) or the water (aquatic).
adoral	Relating to position: toward the mouth (cf
steroid	It is made in and secreted by the interstitial cells of the testes into the blood circulation
heterologous	Consisting of different elements.
denaturation	In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive
mast cell	A granule-containing cell found in tissue
differentiation	The acquisition of specialized structural and functional features by unspecialized cells.
covalently	Examples are gasoline, methane, and butane
degradation	Readjustment of the stream profile where the stream channel is lowered by the erosion of the stream bed
cross reacting material	See CRM.
functional group	Two or more covalently-linked atoms that often occur together and that confer a particular chemical property to the molecule of which they are a part. Examples of functional groups include carboxyl groups, hydroxyl groups, and amino groups.
blast	Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
hybrid	Something of mixed origin or composition
monogamous	A type of relationship in which one male mates with just one female.
institutional review board	an independent committee of scientists, physicians, and lay people that oversees clinical trials.
trisomy 21	See Down syndrome.
flow cytometer	An instrument that measures the fluoresence intensity of individual cells.
chemogenomics	The integration of genomic, biological activity, and drug molecule data with pharmacology and toxicology information.
histamine	A substance released by mast cells that causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable during an inflammatory response.
polygenetic landform	Landform that shows the influence of two or more major geomorphic processes
geographic range	Spatial distribution of a species
astrocyte	A glial cell that provides structural and metabolic support for neurons.
eustacy	Variations in sea-level that are related to changes in the volume of seawater in the oceans.
enantiomer	One of two molecules that are mirror images of each other.
gibberellins	A class of related plant hormones that stimulate growth in the stem and leaves, trigger the germination of seeds and breaking of bud dormancy, and stimulate fruit development with auxin.
climograph	A plot of the temperature and precipitation in a particular region
human immunodeficiency virus	The retrovirus that causes AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
archae	One of the three domains of living organisms: Archae, Bacteria, and Eukarya
anisogamy	Differentiation of gametes into two (or more) sizes.
tributary	A smaller branching stream channel that flows into a main stream channel
nucleoside	A chemical structure where a nitrogenous base is attaches to a sugar
translocations	Other, more complex rearrangements are also observed.
earth rotation	Refers to the spinning of the Earth on its polar axis.
movement	A term used in geography that deals with the migration, transport, communication, and interaction of natural and human-made phenomena across the spatial dimension.
control	A standard of comparison by which experimental results are evaluated
biometrics	The statistical study of biological events.
hardening off	Adapting plants to outdoor conditions by gradually withholding water, lowering the temperature, increasing light intensity, or reducing the nutrient supply
convection current	The movement of a gas or a fluid in chaotic vertical mass motions because of heating.
solar wind	Mass of ionized gas emitted to space by the Sun
cryptic	A function that is silent
adipose tissue	A connective tissue that insulates the body and serves as a fuel reserve; contains fat -storing cells called adipose cells.
chance	the characteristic of lacking any discernible pattern or direction, with more than one outcome being possible in a given set of circumstances.
asymptomatic	Without overt symptoms.
insulin	A small protein hormone that regulates glucose levels in the body
conifer	A gymnosperm whose reproductive structure is the cone
metazoa	Multicellular animals with a nervous system and tissues.
bystander effect	Secondary effects on adjacent cells and tissues triggered by treatment of a primary target with a therapeutic agent.
third tier antibiotics	those very important to humans and animals (e.g
family medical history	Information about the medical conditions that affect your family members
wilting point	The point at which the rate of water leaving a plant's leaves is greater than the water uptake by the roots
inbred line	A population produced by continued self-fertilization or mating between close relatives
microorganism	Extremely small organism that can only be seen using a microscope.
in situ	In its original or natural place or position
hyphae	Branching, threadlike filamentous cells of a fungus.
migration	The movement of a cell over a surface.
development	In mammals, the term is applied to the inner cell mass through the point at which all major structures are present (the end of the seventh week in humans)
tissue	An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.
backcross	A cross between the F1 generation and the presumptive homozygous recessive parental stock
random walks	A sequence of random changes; the total change is the sum of all the random steps.
mean solar day	Time it takes to complete one Earth rotation relative to the position of the Sun (for example, from midnight to midnight)
haploid number	This is the number of chromosomes in the sex cells (sperm or egg)
myosin	The main protein of the thick filaments in a muscle myofibril
uv light source	Use of an ultraviolet light source to enhance or visualize potential items of evidence (fluids, fingerprints, clothing fibers, etc.)
radicle	The young root as it emerges from the seed, normally the first organ to appear on germination.
familial	A characteristic or condition that tends to run in families.
pangaea	Pangaea is the name given to the lands of the earth at the time when they came together to form one continent millions of years ago
endotoxin	A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die.
new chemical entity	A compound capable of being patented.
phase ii/iii clinical trials	A clinical trial of which, while run as a Phase II, the results can be used to seek marketing regulatory approval because of a combination of factors including the conclusiveness of the results and an obvious need to make the drug available to patients as soon as possible.
nasitis	nay-ZĪT-əs/ Inflammation of the nose.
autoimmune response	The response of the immune system to normal tissues, cells, or molecules within the body.
cot curve	A curve that indicates the rate of DNA-DNA annealing as a function of DNA concentration and time.
guttation	The exudation of water droplets, caused by root pressure in certain plants.
anti-oncogene	A tumor suppressor gene.
carrier	An individual who carries one copy of a recessive gene for a hereditary condition.
hela cells	a line of immortal cells grown in culture which were derived from a uterine tumour removed from a woman named Henrietta Lacks in 1951
expression vector	A vector that allows a DNA sequence cloned into it to be transcribed when the vector is introduced into a cell.
prototroph	A microorganism that is able to grow on minimal medium containing only a carbon source and inorganic salts.
chaotropic	Property of certain substances to disrupt the structure of water
exogenic	Refers to a system that is external to the Earth.
quenching	The reduction of luminescence of a sample by the addition of a quencher.
genome-wide association scan	A method of large-scale genome analysis used to identify genes responsible for inherited diseases.
catenation	The linking of molecules without any direct covalent bonding between them, as when two circular DNA molecules interlock like the links in a chain.
neogene period	The second of the two periods of the Cenozoic Era; it lasted from 33.9 to the present.
sheeting	A form of physical weathering of rock where surface sheets of material fracture and exfoliate because of pressure release
automatic selection	The increase in frequency of an allele that increases the rate of selfing
oceanography	The scientific study of phenomena found in the world's oceans.
oligonucleotide	A polymer consisting of a small number (about two to ten) of nucleotides.
glomeromycete	Member of the fungal phylum Glomeromycota, characterized by forming a distinct branching form of endomycorrhizae (symbiotic relationships with plant roots) called arbuscular mycorrhizae.
zoo blot	A Northern blot of mRNA from multiple organisms.
central cell	The female gametophytic cell that develops as the endosperm after fertilization
extrusive igneous rock	Igneous rock that forms on the surface of the Earth
germ cells	The cells, belonging to the germline, that give rise (through mitosis and meiosis) to the gametes that combine in sexual reproduction.
natal	NAY-təl/ Pertaining to birth.
stream discharge	A river or stream's rate of flow over a particular period of time
vaccine	any preparation of killed microorganisms or living weakened organisms introduced into the body to produce immunity to a specific disease by causing the formation of antibodies.
chromat	A DNA sequencer output data file consisting of fluorescent traces for each base and the DNA sequence.
cri-du-chat syndrome	[French cri-du-chat cry of the cat.] A syndrome that results from deletion of the distal part of the short arm of chromosome 5
mycelium	Mass of hyphae that make up the body of a fungus.
protein	which indicates that a specific gene is not merely present but active.
social evolution	The study of the evolutionary consequences of interactions between individuals.
artificial selection	the process by which humans deliberately choose to breed only those organisms in a population that have desirable traits.
variance	Measure of the degree of dispersion associated with a characteristic
enzyme	A protein that catalyzes a biochemical reaction
marker	Two typical usages:
component of variance	See variance component.
vaccine	An immunity booster to a specified disease.
embryo	The young conceptus following fertilization during cleavage until organs start to form
oncogene	A gene capable of inducing one or more characteristics of cancer cells.
topsoil	A mixture of particles derived from rock, living organisms, and humus.
endocrine system	The internal system of chemical communication involving hormones, the ductless glands that secrete hormones, and the molecular receptors on or in target cells that respond to hormones; functions in concert with the nervous system to effect internal regulation and maintain homeostasis.
plaque	A circular clearing on a lawn (continuous layer) of bacterial or culture cells, resulting from cell Iysis and production of phage or animal virus progeny.
fluorophor	A fluorescent molecule or group.
pesticide	A chemical that kills pests.
ectoderm	The outer layer of cells in embryonic development; gives rise to the skin, brain, and
primary succession	Succession on soil or sediments that do not contain an active seed bank.
reproductive isolation	The existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile hybrids.
recessive	An allele that is masked by a dominant allele.
feral	Wild, savage, or deadly.
nonhomologous gene displacement	A lateral gene transfer event in which a gene that carries out a particular function is replaced by a nonhomologous gene that carries out a similar function.
glycoconjugate	A complex carbohydrate attached to a lipid, peptide, or protein.
anomers	The sugar isomers that differ in configuration about the carbonyl carbon atom
mendel's second law	See law of independent assortment.
rflp	Restriction fragment length polymorphism; the acronym is pronounced "riflip"
biomimetics	The development of synthetic systems based on information from biological systems.
solonetzic soil	Soil order (type) of the Canadian System of Soil Classification
standard neutral model	The simplest version of the neutral theory, in which mutation and random genetic drift act in a single panmictic population of constant size.
inceptisols	Variable soils with horizon development in early stages.
patent	A legal document, protecting the inventor/discoverer of a new process which is deemed to be 'novel, inventive and innovative' from having her/his work copied and sold by others for a profit.
drainage basin	Land surface region drained by a length of stream channel.
leaf primordia	Fingerlike projections along the flanks of a shoot apical meristem, from which leaves arise.
syngameon	A botanical term, referring to a cluster of taxa that are morphologically distinct and yet exchange genes.
nitric acid	Acid with the chemical formula: HNO3.
gulf stream	Warm ocean current that originates in and around the Caribbean and flows across the North Atlantic to northwest Europe.
seed	An adaptation for terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a resistant coat.
replication	Process by which something is duplicated by following a template.
autotrophic	Organisms which trap energy from physical or chemical sources and use the energy to assemble the macromolecules of which they are made
gaussian distribution	See normal distribution.
drumlin	A hill shaped deposit of till
regenerative medicine	New medical advances in which damaged body parts or body tissue is replaced or the body is encouraged to heal itself
fibrous root system	A root system common to monocots consisting of a mat of thin roots spreading out below the soil surface
epigenetics	Literally, that which is "added to" genetics
blind testing	In a blind test, analysts do not know they are being tested
biosci	BIOSCI is a set of internet newsgroups and e-mail lists for biologists
soil porosity	The volume of water that can be held in a soil
fungicide	A substance or chemical that kills fungi.
slip-face	The lee side of a dune where material accumulates and slides or rolls downslope.
cerebrum	The dorsal portion of the vertebrate forebrain, composed of right and left hemispheres; the integrating center for memory, learning, emotions, and other highly complex functions of the central nervous system.
pasteurization	heating process in food that prevents bacterial contamination.
graft-versus-host response	A reaction that occurs when lymphocytes of a different MHC class are introduced into a host, resulting in the reaction of the lymphocytes against the host.
mutations	Changes in the genetic material of an organism
fluid	Substance, gas or liquid, that has the property of flow.
ink-jet technology	A non-contact method for delivering biomolecules to substrate surfaces
sink habitat	A habitat where mortality exceeds reproduction.
reproductive success	the ability of an organism to reproduce and pass on its genes to offspring.
nitrogenous base	A nitrogen-containing molecule having the chemical properties of a base
normal distribution	The bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of the sum of a large number of independent variables.
glutamate	An amino acid that functions as a CNS neurotransmitter.
chemical fingerprinting	The analysis of low molecular weight components of a cell by techniques, such as mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, and HPLC.
thermocline	Boundary in a body of water where the greatest vertical change in temperature occurs
microdissection	Dissection of organisms by mechanically controlled instruments monitored using a microscope.
obligate anaerobe	An organism that cannot use oxygen and is poisoned by it.
cam plant	A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions, first discovered in the family Crassulaceae
nearly isogenic line	A line produced by continued crossing of one line back to another, combined with selection
ribozyme	An RNA with catalytic activity.
spontaneous generation	The idea that living organisms can arise from nonliving matter
confidence interval	The range of parameter values that do not deviate significantly from a null hypothesis.
microbes	microscopic organisms: bacteria, viruses, molds, fungus, yeast.
immune complex	A complex of antibody molecules produced in response to infection or in autoimmune disease
tissue culture	A process involving the separation of cells from each other and their growth in a container of liquid nutrients
resolution	A measurement of how well the smallest details of an image can be discerned
myeloma	A tumor caused by the proliferation of immunoglobulin-synthesizing cells
ancestors	Ancestors are the people or animals in a family that were born before this generation
stem cells	Cells from which all blood cells derive
nitrogen-fixing bacteria	Microorganisms that restock nitrogenous minerals in the soil by converting nitrogen to ammonia.
translocation	Aberration caused by the change in location of a segment of a chromosome.
hydrogen	[Symbol H; atomic number = 1, atomic mass = 1.008.] The smallest element. There is one proton in the nucleus, and there are no neutrons in the common form (isotope), although forms with one or two neutrons exist.
sample stacking	A method of stacking or condensing DNA or other samples to improve electrophoretic resolution.
syndrome	A group of characteristics and/or symptoms that occur together in a recognizable pattern.
adaptive dynamics	A method for finding which phenotypes will invade a population; related to game theory
hydrophobic	Literally means "water hating"
osmosis	The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
basic	Substance having a pH greater than 7.
buoyant density	The density possessed by a molecule or particle when suspended in an aqueous salt or sugar solution.
phenotype	social hierarchy
dnp	2,4-dinitrophenol.
cytology	Study of cells.
control system	A system that is intelligently controlled by the activities of humans
cooperativity	An interaction of the constituent subunits of a protein whereby a confonnational change in one subunit is transmitted to all the others.
enzyme	A protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions
episome	A plasmid capable of integrating into the bacterial chromosome.
dysmorphology	Aberrant physical development
computational biology	Development and application of data-analysis and theoretical methods, mathematical modeling, and computational simulation techniques to the study of biological systems
homopolymeric tailing	See tailing.
evolutionary game	An interaction between individuals in which the payoff depends on the strategy played by each of them.
epigenesis	The idea that embryonic development occurs by the production of complex structures from simple structures
ribosomal rna	An integral structural component of the large and small ribosomal subunits
protist	single-celled, eukaryotic organisms
seed plant	Any member of the land plant group Spermophyta
nigricans	NIG-rə-kanz/ In taxonomic names: black, blackened.
detritus	/deh-TRITE-əs/ n
plaque	A clear area in a lawn of bacterial cells caused by the lysis of infected cells by a phage.
sarkosyl	Also known as sodium lauroylsarcosine
genetic determinism	Determinism is the doctrine that all acts, choices and events are the inevitable consequence of antecedent sufficient causes
dna transposon	A transposable element that moves via a DNA intermediate.
zygomycete	Member of the fungal phylum Zygomycota, characterized by forming a sturdy structure called a zygosporangium during sexual reproduction.
ionosphere	A region in the atmosphere above 50 kilometers from the surface where relatively large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist
microbiology	the study of microbes.
hypersensitive response	A plant's localized defense response to a pathogen.
frequency	Proportion of observations occurring for an event.
spandrels	Triangular spaces formed where two arches intersect
polar zipper	A protein structural motif consisting of interactions between polar residues on separate subunits or separate proteins.
generalist species	Species that can survive and tolerate a broad range of environmental conditions.
cerebral cortex	The surface of the cerebrum; the largest and most complex part of the mammalian brain, containing sensory and motor nerve cell bodies of the cerebrum; the part of the vertebrate brain most changed through evolution.
graded stream	A stream that has a long profile that is in equilibrium with the general slope of the landscape
maternal effect	Effect on progeny performance associated with the maternal environment provided by the maternal parent.
nosography	no-SAW-grə-fee/ The medical description of disease.
t lymphocyte	See T cell.
combichem	Informal term for combinatorial chemistry.
biologics	A classification of products derived from living sources, such as humans, animals, bacteria and viruses
ecosphere	See biosphere.
complete flower	A flower that has all four basic floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
positional homology	When a multiple sequence alignment is used for phylogenetic analysis, residues that are lined up in different sequences are considered to share a common ancestry (i.e., they are derived from a common ancestral residue).
cephalization	An evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment on the anterior end of the body.
learning styles	Specific ways individuals learn involving visual, auditory, or motor skills.
gene chip technology	Development of cDNA microarrays from a large number of genes
transcription-coupled repair	(TCR)
black mud	Reduced muds found below the surface of sediments in lakes and rivers
lipofection	The use of liposomes to transfect cells with DNA.
excretory system	The organ system that disposes of nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes.
autotrophic	an organism that can meet its cellular energy requirements without eating other organisms
transcriptome	The full complement of activated genes as represented by the set of mRNAs and transcripts, in a particular tissue at a particular time.
precession of the equinox	Wobble in the Earth's polar axis
non-permissive conditions	Growth conditions not allowing a conditionally lethal mutant to survive.
base pair	Unit of DNA commonly used to measure the size of genomes
human genome initiative	Collective name for several projects begun in 1986 by DOE to create an ordered set of DNA segments from known chromosomal locations, develop new computational methods for analyzing genetic map and DNA sequence data, and develop new techniques and instruments for detecting and analyzing DNA
steppe	Russian term for mid-latitude grasslands.
glaze	Coating of ice that forms when rain falls on a surface with a temperature below freezing.
multiple alignment	An alignment of multiple sequences that inserts gaps into the individual sequences in order to align conserved sequences in the same column.
ecotype	A subdivision of a species that survives as a distinct population through environmental selection and reproductive isolation.
polar group	A hydrophilic (water-loving) group.
partial pressure	A measure of the concentration of one gas in a mixture of gases; the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases (for instance, the pressure exerted by oxygen in air).
ecological footprint	A method of using multiple constraints to estimate the human carrying capacity of Earth by calculating the aggregate land and water area in various ecosystem categories appropriated by a nation to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb all the waste it generates.
competitive advantage	the increased ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in comparison with other organisms competing for limited resources.
lesson plan	A road map for a learning activitiy that identifies objectives, materials, requirements, and the learning environment.
transduction	Viral transfer of DNA to new host.
aminoacyl site	One of two sites in the large ribosomal subunit involved in protein translation
endocytosis	The transport of materials into a cell by their binding to receptors, which then form a concave "bubble" into the cell. Since the transported materials do not have to pass through a plasma membrane, they can be of quite large size. The process is facilitated by the presence of specific receptors in the plasma membrane that bind the substances to be transported.
phenol	A chemical used in organic extraction
serial dilution	a technique in which a substance is diluted sequentially
sedge	Any member of the angiosperm family Cyperaceae
terminal fall velocity	Velocity at which a particle being transported by wind or water falls out of the moving medium
phenotypic polymorphism	The existence of two or more distinct morphs (discrete forms), each represented in a population in high enough frequencies to be readily noticeable.
epoch	The fourth largest division of the geologic time scale, subdivision of a period
heterozygosity	The presence of different alleles on homologous chromosomes.
cytotoxic	Relating to substances that are toxic to cells.
net productivity	In a trophic level, a community, or an ecosystem, the amount of energy (in calories) stored in chemical compounds or the increase in biomass (in grams or metric tons) in a particular period of time; it is the difference between gross productivity and the energy used by the organisms in respiration.
granulocytes	White blood cells filled with granules containing potent chemicals that allow the cells to digest microorganisms, or to produce inflammatory reactions
metabolism	The sum total of the chemical processes that take place in living organisms, resulting in growth, development, and all other forms of energy transformation.
heritability	The fraction of phenotypic variance that is inherited
thunder	Sound created when lightning causes the rapid expansion of atmospheric gases along its strike path.
allele	Name for different forms of a gene
temperature inversion	Situation where a layer of warmer air exists above the Earth's surface in a normal atmosphere where air temperature decreases with altitude
noscomial infections	also called hospital-acquired infection (HAI); an infection whose development is favoured by a hospital environment, i.e. one acquired by a patient during a hospital visit or one developing among hospital staff
occupational therapy	A special education related service which is usually focused upon the development of a student’s fine motor skills and/or the identification of adapted ways of accomplishing activities of daily living when a student’s disabilities preclude doing those tasks in typical ways.
monsoon	A regional scale wind system that predictably change direction with the passing of the seasons
placenta	A structure in the pregnant uterus for nourishing a viviparous fetus with the mother's blood supply; formed from the uterine lining and embryonic membranes.
mitochondria	the part of a cell that turns food into energy for chemical reactions, movement, and growth.
okazaki fragment	A short segment of single-stranded DNA that is an intermediate in DNA synthesis
polar	The uneven distribution of postive and negative charges in small molecules, resulting in an electric dipole moment.
rational drug design	The design of a drug molecule based on knowledge of the pharmacologically relevant characteristics of the target protein structure, as obtained by x-ray crystallographic methods.
immunotherapy	Treatment designed to produce immunity to a disease or enhance the resistance of the immune system to an active disease process, e.g
articulation	The coordination and integration of related training programs, courses, or related topics.
bed	Sedimentary structure that usually represents a layer of deposited sediment.
downstream	See upstream/downstream.
plasma cells	Antibody secreting cells that develop from B-cells in response to the sequence of events occurring in the humoral immune system upon detection of certain types of antigens.
cell-mediated immune response	The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted cells.
insolation weathering	Form of physical weathering
bacteria	Simple single celled prokaryotic organisms
biophotonics	Biological applications of photonics, a technology that utilizes light and other forms of radiant energy in which a quantum unit is the photon.
shine-dalgarno sequence	The sequence prior to the initiation site that correctly aligns bacterial mRNAs on ribosomes.
invertebrate	Animal that does not have a backbone
limestone	A sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate, and often formed from the calcareous remains of organisms.
ames test	A genetic test for the identification of carcinogens based upon their mutagenic activity initially developed by Bruce Ames
gap junction	A plasma membrane channel forming a direct cytoplasmic connection between adjacent cells.
melanin	Melanin is a hormone that causes darkening of the skin, e.g
taste buds	Collections of modified epithelial cells that are scattered in several areas of the tongue and mouth and are receptors for taste in humans.
cytokinin	A plant hormone produced in root tissue.
blunt-end ligation	The joining of DNA ends that have no overhang by a DNA ligase.
secondary response	The immune response that follows the second exposure to a substance.
mutation	a change of bases in the DNA strand that can cause a disease or abnormalty to the body.
isoantigen	An antigen that elicits an immune response in other individuals of the same species but not in the individual from which the antigen is derived.
zootype	A hypothetical pattern of gene expression shared across all animal phyla.
north pole	Surface location defined by the intersection of the polar axis with Earth's surface in the Northern Hemisphere
golgi apparatus	multi-layered organelle near the nucleus used for packaging of materials to be transported out of the cell
heritability	In the narrow sense: 1
primary wave	See P-wave.
sand wedge	A form of ice wedge that contains accumulations of wind blown sand in long vertical layers
translational start codon	See initiation codon.
immigrant	One who moves into a new habitat.
tetrapod	A vertebrate possessing two pairs of limbs, such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
sensory neuron	A nerve cell that receives information from the internal and external environments and transmits the signals to the central nervous system.
vertisols	Seasonally dry soils with a high clay content that swell when moist and then crack when dry.
isoschizomers	Different restriction enzymes that recognize the same sequence, but do not necessarily cut at the same site.
lahar	A very rapid type of downslope mass movement that involving mudflows from volcanic ash.
power	See statistical power.
avogadro's number	The number of molecules in a gram molecular weight of any compound (6.023 x 1023).
organelle	an organized structure within a cell, with a specific function.
speciation	the origin of a new species from an existing one.
adhesion	The attraction between different kinds of molecules.
polar molecule	A molecule (such as water) with opposite charges on opposite sides.
meiotic	Relating to meiosis.
transition process	The time when an individual with a genetic condition or special healthcare needs must change his or her system of care to reflect his or her age
nil	See nearly isogenic line.
inflammatory response	A localized innate immune defense triggered by physical injury or infection of tissue in which changes to nearby small blood vessels enhance the infiltration of white blood cells, antimicrobial proteins, and clotting elements that aid in tissue repair and destruction of invading pathogens; may also involve systemic effects such as fever and increased production of white blood cells.
dissociation constant	Tendency of a complex to dissociate
fitness	Capability of a genotype to survive and reproduce
coalescence	The merging of two genetic lineages into a single common ancestor.
suppressor t cells	A subset of T cells that turn off antibody production and other immune responses.
theory	A set of interconnected hypotheses that leads to testable predictions.
electron donor	Substance that donates or gives up electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction, becoming oxidized in the process.
immunogenic	Capable of stimulating an immune response.
pilus	A long, hairlike prokaryotic appendage that functions in adherence or in the transfer of DNA during conjugation.
upper mantle	Layer of the Earth's interior extending from the base of the crust to 670 kilometers below the surface
steam fog	See evaporation fog.
bond	See chemical bond.
clone	A group of identical genes
gene expression	The process by which a gene is transcribed into RNA and then translated into a protein.
electrophoresis	The movement of particles in an electrical field
normocytosis	NORM-ə-sī-TŌ-səs/ The condition of the blood in which blood cell counts are normal.
montreal protocol	Treaty signed in 1987 by 24 nations to cut the emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) into the atmosphere
match	Genetic profiles are said to "match" when they have the same allele designations at every loci.
re-entrants	A prominent indentation in an escarpment, ridge or shoreline.
gradualism	theory that evolutionary change occurs slowly and gradually.
effusive eruption	Volcanic eruption where low-viscosity basaltic magma is released
frontal fog	Is a type of fog that is associated with weather fronts, particularly warm fronts
osmotic pressure	The pressure generated by the mass flow of water to that side of a membrane-bounded structure that contains the higher concentration of solute molecules
cross-pollination	In angiospenns, the transfer of pollen from an anther of a flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species.
repeat sequences	The length of a nucleotide sequence that is repeated in a tandem cluster.
sheetwash	The removal of loose surface materials by overland flow
pharynx	A region of the ingestion apparatus lying internal to the mouth (of a metazoan organism) or internal to the cytostome of a protist
mass balance	The relative balance between the input and output of material within a system.
sarcopterygian	See lobe-finned fish
receptor tyrosine kinase	A receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signal molecule by catalyzing the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to tyrosines on the cytoplasmic side of the receptor
cnidocyte	A specialized cell for which the phylum Cnidaria is named; contains a capsule containing a fine coiled thread, which, when discharged, functions in defense and prey capture.
gymnosperm	Any non-angiosperm seed plant, such as a conifer, cycad, or ginkgo.
oligodendrocyte	A type of glial cell that forms insulating myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons in the central nervous system.
flash sterilization	Flash sterilizers operate on the principle that a thin layer of medium moves rapidly through a heat exchanger maintained at a high (145-160°C) temperature
climate	General pattern of weather conditions for a region over a long period time (at least 30 years).
congenital	A condition that is present from birth.
flower	In an angiosperm, a short stem with up to four sets of modified leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction
clone	(1) A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells
mantle	Layer of the Earth's interior composed of mostly solid rock that extends from the base of crust to a depth of about 2,900 kilometers.
keystone species	Species that interacts with a large number of other species in a community
b cell	One of the major types of cells in the immune system
realm	a major area of the Earth, with similar physical characteristics, comprised of numerous habitats
normal lapse rate	Average rate of air temperature change with altitude in the troposphere
x-ray	An energy beam of very short wavelengths (0.1 to 1000 Å) produced by the bombardment of various materials with high velocity electrons.
carcinogen	A cancer-inducing agent.
eutrophic lake	A highly productive lake, having a high rate of biological productivity supported by a high rate of nutrient cycling.
erosion	The removal of weathered sediment or rocks by the forces of wind, water, and ice.
gradualism	the Darwinian view that since all species have descended from other species by the ordinary process of reproduction, evolution has occured in steps no larger than those that now distinguish parents and offspring.
hydrophobic	water-repellent.
contamination	The undesirable transfer of material to physical evidence (DNA) from another source.
thalamus	One of two integrating centers of the vertebrate forebrain
phage	a virus that infects bacteria.
event	Occurrence of whatever it is stated to be.
paleoclimate	Climatic conditions in the geological past reconstructed from a direct or indirect data source.
special diet	Patients with PKU must carefully control their intake of phenylalanine and require a special, phenylalanine-restricted diet to do so (see also Medical food).
genetic load	Average number of lethal alleles per individual in a population.
dtdp	Thymidine diphosphate.
scaffold	In genomic mapping, a series of contigs that are in the right order but not necessarily connected in one continuous stretch of sequence.
sporocyte	A diploid cell, also known as a spore mother cell, that undergoes meiosis and generates haploid spores.
genetic drift	Unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next because of a population's finite size.
recessive lethal	See lethal.
intradermal	Inside dermis, or skin.
cell adhesion molecule	A transmembrane protein that mediates cell-cell interactions.
lambda	A temperate phage that infects E
lactic acid	fermentation The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide.
psychrometric table	Table of values that allows for the determination of relative humidity and dew point from dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures recorded on a psychrometer.
ionic bond	A chemical bond that consists of the attraction between two ions of opposite charge. Ions of the same charge, either positive or negative, repel each other. Ionic bonds are not rigid and allow for frequent exchange of partners or simultaneous attraction to two other ions. A parallel would be a dance hall filled with equal numbers of heterosexual males and females. There may be frequent exchange of partners, but pairing would occur, at least for short periods.
congenital	A condition or characteristic that is present from birth.
nonsymbiotic mutualism	Mutualistic interaction where the mutualists live independent lives yet cannot survive without each other
blood sample	When blood is drawn from the human body in order to be tested for medical purposes.
spermatozoön	(Plural spermatozoa) A mature male germ cell
rna	See ribonucleic acid.
laser capture microdissection	A technique for isolating single cells from tissues
neurospora	n(y)oor-AWSP-ur-ə/ Pink bread mold, an ascomycete fungus; used in many genetics and cell biology experiments.
fluorescence polarization	The partial polarization of light emitted from fluorescent molecules.
nick translation	A method which uses DNA polymerase I to first produce a nick in a DNA duplex, then degrade stretch of single-stranded DNA using its 5'-exonuclease while synthesizing a new strand in its place
testis	A male gonad; the primary male sex organ
mutagens	substances which increase the likelihood of mutations.
two-dimensional electrophoresis	A technique used for the separation of complex protein mixtures
continental shelf	The marginal area of continental crust, often covered by relatively shallow seas.
endogenous	Arising from internal structures or functional causes.
chemical bond	An attractive force between two atoms that holds them together. There are several different kinds of bonds, depending on the nature of the force. Examples are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds.
occult virus	A special phase of some viruses, characteristic of latent infections, in which the pathogenic agent is presumed to differ from the infective phase, and in which virions cannot be detected
soil science	The study of soils from an interdisciplinary perspective.
rich medium	A growth medium in which not all the components have been identified
species	The magnitude of the difference is not specified; hence, there can be quite varied opinions as to the existence of or number of races within a species.
meniscus	The curved top surface of a column of liquid.
subsidence	Lowering or sinking of the Earth's surface.
cytoskeleton	Microtubules, actin and intermediate filaments
landscape ecology	The study of past, present, and future patterns of landscape use, as well as ecosystem management and the biodiversity of interacting ecosystems.
formation	A mappable body of rock that is identified by the characteristics of its rocks and its position relative to other formations
actinopterygian	see ray-finned fish
tdt	See transmission disequilibrium test.
micron	A unit of measurement equal to 0.001 mm or approximately 1/25,000 of an inch.
loop of henle	The long hairpin turn, with a descending and ascending limb, of the renal tubule in the vertebrate kidney; functions in water and salt reabsorption.
tumor	A growth consisting of differentiated cancer cells.
splitting evolution	See Cladogenesis.
testes	Primary sex organs of the male, producing sperm cells and hormones, particularly testosterone.
trait	A physical characteristic, such as red hair, that has a genetic component.
detritus	Fragments of dead plant and animal material before, during and after breakdown by agents of decay
lophotrochozoan	Member of a major subdivision within the protostomes that includes the annelids, mollusks, bryozoans, brachiopods, and several additional small phyla.
saltatory conduction	Rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of Ranvier to another, skipping the myelin-sheathed regions of membrane.
duplication	Alteration in which extra copies of a chromosome or chromosomal segment are found within the nuclear genome.
evolutionary psychology	A field that applies evolutionary principles to understand universal human traits
homology	Similarity in DNA or protein sequences between individuals of the same species or among different species.
katabatic wind	Any wind blowing down the slope of a mountain.
gene gun	A device used for the high-velocity injection of DNA-coated particles directly into tissues, cells, or organelles.
pinocytosis	A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.
assay	To subject (a drug) to an analysis for the determination of its potency or composition
intermediate disturbance hypothesis	The concept that moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater species diversity than low or high levels of disturbance.
weather map	Map that displays the condition of the physical state of the atmosphere and its circulation at a specific time over a region of the Earth.
controlling interest	ownership of more than 50 percent of a company's voting shares.
microsporocyte	Cells which undergoes meiosis to generate the meiotic products that become pollen grains.
ion	An electrically charged atom or molecule. The charge arises from loss or gain of electrons in the outer electron shell of an atom. In the case of loss of one or more electrons, which are negatively charged, the remaining atom becomes positively charged because of the positively charged protons in the nucleus. In the case of gain of one or more electrons, the atom becomes negatively charged. A positively charged atom or molecule is called a cation, and a negatively charged atom or molecule is an anion.
standard deviation	A statistical measure of the dispersion of observation values in a data set
b form	The most common form of duplex DNA, containing a right-handed helix and about 10 (10.5 exactly) base pairs per turn of the helix axis.
speciation	The origin of new species in evolution.
strict aerobe	An organism that can survive only in an atmosphere of oxygen, which is used in aerobic respiration.
gel shift assay	Also known as gel retardation assay or gel mobility shift assay
temperate rain forest	An ecosystem that is dominated by large and very tall evergreen trees
polarity	As the embryo develops, cells differentiate to produce various parts
oligotrophic lake	Lake with a low supply of nutrients in its waters
accuracy	The reliability of a procedure; freedom from making mistakes.
carbon	[Symbol C; atomic number = 6; atomic mass = 12.011.] One of the common elements, especially important in biological systems. Carbon can form stable covalent bonds with a number of elements, generating a vast number of different kinds of molecules. Molecules that include carbon are described as organic molecules, reflecting an earlier and false notion that they could be made only in biological systems.
food chain	Movement of energy through the trophic levels of organisms
aneuploidy	state of having variant chromosome number (too many or too few)
sheet flow	See overland flow.
atomic mass	The mass of an atom of a particular element. Often called atomic weight, though mass is the correct term. One unit of atomic mass = 1.66 × 10–24 grams = 1 dalton. This is approximately the mass of one proton or neutron. Electrons have a much smaller mass and contribute little to the mass of an atom.
acid	A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
d-	A configurational prefix that designates one of two chiral configurations (see L-).
local mate competition	Competition for mates within a local group (e.g., between fig wasps within a single fig).
clitoris	An organ in the female that engorges with blood and becomes erect during sexual arousal.
landmark	A point of reference for orientation during navigation.
ectosymbiotic	Organism living on the surface of another organism.
urea	A soluble nitrogenous waste excreted by mammals, most adult amphibians, sharks, and some marine bony fishes and turtles; produced in the liver by a metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide.
protein	Proteins have two main functions
contact metamorphism	Is the small scale metamorphic alteration of rock due to localized heating
mhc	See major histocompatibility complex.
microtubule	Cytoplasmic structure consisting of the protein tubulin and involved in cellular structure and movement.
noradrenaline	A hormone, produced by the medulla of the adrenal gland, that increases the concentration of glucose in the blood, raises blood pressure and heartbeat rate, and increases muscular power and resistance to fatigue; also one of the principal neurotransmitters; also called norepinephrine.
rhizosphere	Narrow zone of soil surrounding a plant root, typically inhabited by microbial community(ies) that interact with the root.
independent variable	In an experiment, when one factor is manipulated, a second factor responds
permeable	The property of allowing material to pass through, as a permeable membrane.
signal transduction	Relaying a signal by conversion from one form to another
enzyme	An enzyme is usually a protein (although some exceptions are made from RNA) that can initiate, facilitate or speed up a reaction
down syndrome	A human genetic disease caused by presence of an extra chromosome 2 I; characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects,
intrusive igneous rock	A mass of igneous rock that forms when magma from the mantle migrates upward and cools and crystallizes near, but not at, the Earth's surface
stele	The vascular tissue of a stem or root
coleoptile	The covering of the young shoot of the embryo of a grass seed.
abo type	E.g
gray matter	Regions of dendrites and clusters of neuron cell bodies within the CNS.
enzyme electrode	An enzyme-linked electrode that senses a substrate or product of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme.
nematodiasis	NEEM-ə-tōd-Ī-ə-səs/ Infestation with nematodes.
biotechnology	The use of living organisms (often microbes) in industrial processes.
chimeric dna	Recombinant DNA whose components originate from two or more different sources.
pollen	Male gametophyte, which donates sperm nuclei for double fertilization in plants.
climatology	Scientific study of the Earth's climate over long time spans (greater than several days)
luciferin	Any bioluminescent substrate for luciferase.
cap	See CRP.
celsius scale	A temperature scale (°C) equal to 5/9 (°F – 32) that measures the freezing point of water at 0°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C.
diploid	Possessing two sets of chromosomes — that is, possessing a pair of each type of chromosome, with one member of the pair inherited maternally and one inherited paternally
dicots	(Dicotyledenous plants.) Dicots are plants that belong to the larger subclass of angiosperms that has two seed leaves (cotyledons) in the embryo (that is, all angiosperms that are not monocots).
centripetal force	Force required to keep an object moving in a circular pattern around a center of rotation
genome project	Research and technology development effort aimed at mapping and sequencing some or all of the genome of human beings and other organisms.
heteropolymer	A polymer containing more than one type of monomeric unit.
pistil	Female floral structure comprised of the ovary, style and stigma.
fixed action pattern	A highly stereotypical behavior that is innate and must be carried to completion once initiated.
bacteria	Studies of bacteriophage were important in early development of the field of molecular biology.
polypedon	An identifiable soil with distinct characteristics found in a location or region
strata	layers of rock, typically horizontal.
hypotonia	Decreased muscle tone
evolutionary character state reconstruction	See character state reconstruction.
deae	Diethylaminoethyl cellulose.
agammaglobulinemia	An almost total lack of immunoglobulins, or antibodies.
membrane potential	The charge difference between a cell's cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid, due to the differential distribution of ions
monogenic	Characteristic that is controlled by a single gene.
fluorescent protein	An autofluorescent protein that is used as a reporter molecule, for example, green fluorescent protein (GFP).
substrate	A molecule that is acted upon, and chemically changed, by an enzyme.
earthquake focus	Point of stress release in an earthquake.
catabolism	That part of metabolism that is concerned with degradation reactions.
fixed energy	A process, like photosynthesis, where organisms repackage inorganic energy into organic energy.
evolutionary lineage	Simplistically: A linear sequence of species running from an ancestor species to a descendent species via a series of speciation events
cytoplasmic male sterility	Male sterility systems controlled by the interaction of genes located in the cytoplasm (mitochondria) and the nucleus.
congenital hypothyroidism	An inherited trait that results in reduced activity of the thyroid gland, generally due to reduced production of thyroid stimulating hormone
fruit	A mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal.
positive pressure breathing	A breathing system in which air is forced into the lungs.
scrotum	Skin and associated tissues surrounding the testes.
stem	The aboveground part of the axis of vascular plants, as well as anatomically similar portions below ground (such as rhizomes).
ncbi	The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the National Library of Medicine (NLM) in the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
ap lyase	A nicking activity that is associated with some DNA glycosylases, which cuts the DNA strand on the 3'-side of an abasic site leaving a 5'-phosphate and a 3'-fragmented deoxyribose.
secondary productivity	he rate at which all the heterotrophs in an ecosystem incorporate organic material into new biomass, which can be equated to chemical energy.
ocean trench	Deep depression found at the edge of the ocean floor
tit-for-tat	The winning strategy in the repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma game.
nerve impulse	A rapid, transient, self-propagating change in electric potential across the membrane of an axon.
passive remote sensing	Form of remote sensing where the sensor passively captures electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted by an object.
cloning	Clonage en aveugle : Clonage de fragments d'ADN générés de manière aléatoire
lab-on-a-chip	A microfabricated fluidics system designed to perform high-resolution biochemical analyses.
constitutive	Produced in a constant amount, not subject to regulation
sperm	The male reproductive cell.
spin-off	separating a smaller unit from an established company, permitting each company to retain focus while shielding the parent from risk and granting the spin-off the administrative benefits of small size.
hemicellulose	Any of several polysaccharides (e.g., xylans, mannans, and galactans) that cross link and surround cellulose fibers in plant cell walls
pseudopodium	A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.
percolation	Vertical movement or infiltration of water from the Earth's surface to its subsurface
snare hypothesis	A model for vesicular fusion.
heartwood	Older layers of secondary xylem, closer to the center of a stem or root, that no longer transport xylem sap.
homozygote	The allele frequencies are inversely proportional to the selection coefficients of the corresponding homozygotes.
replicator	Any entity that can replicate
transition state analog	A molecule that mimics the transition state of an enzymatic reaction.
genetic drift	"Random" genetic change that becomes established in a population despite having no particular adaptive value.
bh4	A shortened name for tetrahydrobiopterin (the cofactor of phenylalanine hydroxylase) that is often used especially in medical research (see also sapropterin).
alternate light source	Equipment that produces high intensity light at various wavelengths; used to enhance or visualize potential items of evidence (fluids, fingerprints, clothing fibers, etc.).
hepatitis c virus	Member of a family of RNA viruses that infect liver cells and can lead to the development of liver cancer.
absorption	The uptake of small nutrient molecules by an organism's own body; the third main stage of food processing, following digestion.
heavy isotopes	Forms of atoms that contain greater numbers of neutrons than the most common form (e.g., 15N, l3C).
migration	Movement of breeding individuals or their gametes from one population to another.
gene synthesis	The synthesis of an entire gene by hybridizing oligonucleotides, which are subsequently joined enzymatically.
acoustics	the study of sound and sound waves
small-molecule drug	a drug produced using defined chemical synthesis or extraction
synaptic vesicle	Membranous sac containing neurotransmitter molecules at the tip of the presynaptic axon.
plesiadapiformes	An order of primate-like mammals common in the Paleocene
cosanguine	Related by a common ancestor.
ruminant mammal	Any artiodactyl mammal of the order Ruminantia, including cattle, deer, and giraffes
bypass suppressor	A second site mutation that activates a new pathway that eliminates the need for the original mutant pathway
granulocytes	One of three types of white blood cells
nucleus	(1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons
deciduous	/də-SID-joo-əs/ adj
chorion	The chorion develops into the placenta
rainwash	The erosion of soil by overland flow
metal shadowing	An electron microscopic technique in which the surface of a specimen is coated with a thin layer of evaporated metal.
lymphocytes	Small white blood cells that plays a large role in defending the body against disease
multiple myeloma	A malignancy of the plasma cells that affects multiple sites within the bone marrow and secretes all or part of a monoclonal antibody.
evolution	Is a process by which species come to possess genetic adaptations to their environment
organ	Group of cells and tissues that have a particular function for an organism.
circle of illumination	A line that bisects areas on the Earth receiving sunlight and those areas in darkness
photosynthetic reaction center	The bacterial photosynthetic complex that transduces light to ATP.
glacial milk	Term used to describe glacial meltwater which has a light colored or cloudy appearance because of clay-sized sediment held in suspension.
atp synthase	A membrane-spanning protein complex that couples the energetically favorable transport of protons across a membrane to the synthesis of ATP.
lymphocytes	Small white blood cells
facilitation model of succession	This model of succession suggests that the change in plant species dominance over time is caused by modifications in the abiotic environment that are imposed by the developing community
distributional limit	Spatial boundary that defines the edge of a species geographical range.
atrophy	A decrease in the size of an organ or tissue (wasting)
gene pool	The total aggregate of genes in a population at anyone time.
radiometer	General name for an instrument used to measure radiation over a specific wavelength range.
tetrad analysis	A method for establishing linkage relationships in fungi by analysing the four products from individual meiotic divisions.
provirus	A virus that is integrated into the host chromosome and does not cause lysis.
pluripotency	The ability to differentiate into multiple cell types.
protein secondary structure	The interactions between amino acids within a protein chain to form an a helix and b sheet structure.
deposition	/DEP-ə-ZISH-shən/ Accumulation by sedimentation, chemical precipitation, or evaporation of a suspending solute.
colloid	A mixture made up of a liquid and pa ticles that (because of their large size) remain suspended in that liquid.
monoclonal antibodies	A collection of identical antibodies that interact with a single antigen site.
ionic bond	A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
epiglottis	A cartilaginous flap that blocks the top of the windpipe, the glottis, during swallowing, which prevents the entry of food or fluid into the respiratory system.
prepuce	A fold of skin covering the head of the clitoris and penis.
continental ice sheet	See continental glacier.
chemiosmosis	An energycoupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.
watson-crick rules	The normal base pairing rules for DNA and RNA: A pairs with T or U, and G pairs with C.
cartography	Field of knowledge that studies map construction
chitin	A polymer of N-acetylglucosamine residues that is the principal component of fungal cell walls.
reference	Within the dictyBase, a "reference" is most often a published article in a scientific journal or book; however some references are unpublished results, GenBank records, or personal communications to dictyBase
test tube	Tube in which cells, tissues, etc., can be cultured.
hadean	Geologic eon that occurred from 3800 to 4600 million years ago
procedural	Procedural knowledge relates to how things work, or how a task is performed.
decubitus	/də-KYOOB-ə-təs/ n
ethics	Ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with morality
conjugation	In prokaryotes, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined
transferase	Enzyme that catalyses the transfer of a group of atoms from one molecule to another.
tata-binding protein	A basal transcription factor that binds directly to the TATA box.
biotechnology	The use of living organisms or their products to make or modify a substance
crenulated	A surface with a regularly indented margin.
hydroponics	The growing of plants in aerated water containing all the essential mineral nutrients, with no soil
plasmodesma	A cytoplasmic connection between adjacent plant cells formed by a continuous region of the plasma membrane.
glycosidic bond	The bond between a sugar and an alcohol
zygote	The diploid cell formed by union of two haploid gametes.
topoisomerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible breakage and rejoining of DNA strands.
sos box	The operator sequence recognised by the LexA repressor protein.
behavioral ecology	A heuristic approach based on the expectation that Darwinian fitness (reproductive success) is improved by optimal behavior.
primary growth	Growth produced by apical meristems, lengthening stems and roots.
cockayne's syndrome	(CS)
santa ana wind	A warm, dry chinook like wind that occurs in southern California
clone	A set of genetically identical individuals
anode	A positively charged electrode.
structure	See population structure.
hygrometer	An instrument for measuring atmospheric humidity.
thermometer	Device used to measure temperature.
environmental system	A system where life interacts with the various abiotic components found in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.
southern blotting	A method of transfer of bands of DNA, separated on a gel electrophoresis, onto a membrane, from which the bands may be treated with chemicals to enable them to be seen
brine	Seawater with a salinity greater than 35 parts per thousand
clone	Genetically identical cells or individuals originating from a common anscestrial cell or individual.
synaptic vesicle	A secretory vesicle that releases neurotransmitters at a synapse.
texture	The relative quantities of the different types and sizes of mineral particles in a deposit of sediment
cytoplasm	Substance that surrounds the nucleus of the cell.
facilitator	A species that has a positive effect on the survival and reproduction of other species in a community and that contributes to community structure
lysogenic cycle	A phage replication cycle in which the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage and does not kill the host.
antibody	An immunologically active protein made by B cells in response to a specific antigen.
cardiac muscle	A type of muscle that forms the contractile wall of the heart
micrograph	The graphic representation of a microscope image.
translation	The process in which the genetic code carried by mRNA directs the synthesis of proteins from amino acids.
m13	A bacteriophage which infects certain strains of E
immunoprecipitation	The precipitation of a multivalent antigen by a bivalent antibody.
caldera	A large circular depression in a volcano.
ice pellets	A type of precipitation
syncytic	see Hexactinellida
alga	A photosynthetic, plant-like protist.
attenuation	A mechanism of regulating the level of transcription by interfering with mRNA elongation
basalt	A dark colored fine grained igneous rock formed from mafic magma.
visualization	The graphic representation of data, patterns within data, or knowledge based on analysis of data patterns.
active site	The region of an enzyme molecule that contains the substrate binding site and the catalytic site for converting the substrate(s) into product(s).
therapeutic agent	A compound that is used for the treatment of a disease or for improving the well-being of an organism
synapse	The site of communication between neurons
biochemical mutation	Mutation which affects a biochemical pathway.
central vent	The main passage way by which volcanic magma travels to the Earth's surface.
deuteromycete	Traditional classification for a fungus with no known sexual stage
transitional er	The region of the ER from which proteins exit for the Golgi apparatus.
duplex dna	A double-stranded DNA molecule.
eczema	Eczema is a skin condition characterized by inflammation, dryness, flaking and itching
mangrove	Treed wetlands located on the coastlines in warm tropical climates.
echinoderm	Member of a major phylum within the deuterostomes that includes sea urchins, starfish, crinoids, and sea cucumbers
rheumatoid factor	An autoantibody found in the serum of most persons with rheumatoid arthritis.
polynucleotide	A chain structure containing nucleotides linked together by phosphodiester (5'-3') bonds
dictydb	DictyDB, an object oriented database for storing genomic data for Dictyostelium discoideum, was developed at UCSD by Doug Smith
diastolic pressure	Blood pressure that remains between heart contractions.
evergreen vegetation	Vegetation that keeps a majority of their leaves or needles throughout the year
signaling cascade	See signaling.
classification	Process of grouping things into categories.
sublimation	Process where ice changes into water vapor without first becoming liquid
conductivity	a measure of a substance's ability to conduct heat or transmit electrical current
metadata	Data that describe specific characteristics and usage aspects (e.g., what data are about, when and how data were created, who can access the data, and available formats) of raw data generated from different analyses.
quencher	A substance that deactivates excited molecules by processes such as resonance energy transfer and complex formation.
antibiotic resistance	denotes a characteristic or quality of strains of bacteria that enables them to survive the action of an antibiotic or antimicrobial drug.
fingerprinting	A common term for methods that allow the rapid identification of particular types of bacteria (also known as "typing")
clinical trial	A clinical trial is a research study in human volunteers to answer specific questions about vaccines or new therapies or new ways of using known treatments
similarity	Sequence identity between two nucleotide sequences
greenhouse climate	A period of globally warm climate thought to result from the trapping of heat at the Earth's surface by high concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, or water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere.
free energy	That part of the energy of a system that is available to do useful work.
chemical evolution	Chemical reactions that could have generated complex compounds from simple ones prior to the origin of life.
organelle	A subcellular membrane-bounded body with a well-defined function.
centrin	a family of proteins involved in the construction of the centrosome.
population genetics	The study of hereditary at the population level
nf-κb	A family of transcription factors that are activated in response to a variety of stimuli.
vertical inheritance	The transmission of traits from parent to offspring.
genetic correlation	A correlation between the breeding values for different traits
etiology	Study of the cause of and progression of disease.
neritic	refers to shallow-water marine environments, from the shoreline to the edge of the continental shelf.
polar axis	Is a line drawn through the Earth around the planet rotates
homologous	From the same source, or having the same evolutionary function or structure.
boulder	Large fragment of rock that has a diameter greater than 256 millimeters (200 millimeters in the United Kingdom).
recombination hot spot	A localized region with exceptionally high recombination rate.
parasympathetic division	One of three divisions of the autonomic nervous system; generally enhances body activities that gain and conserve energy, such as digestion and reduced heart rate.
el niño	An irregular variation of ocean current that flows off the west coast of South America, carrying warm, low-salinity, nutrient- poor water to the south
development	A broad term to encompass the physical and cognitive changes accompanying growth, usually applied to young people
regenerative medicine	A term applied to new medical advances in which damaged body parts or body tissue is replaced or the body is encouraged to heal itself
computational chemistry	Computer-based modeling and prediction of the structure of chemical compounds most likely to bind a protein drug target
structural isomer	One of several organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
light-dependent reactions	The reactions of the first stage of photosynthesis, in which light energy is captured by chlorophyll molecules and converted to chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH molecules.
ingroup	A set of operational taxonomic units for which the phylogenetic relationships are being determined relative to an outgroup.
köppen climate classification	System that uses monthly precipitation and temperature data and total annual precipitation data to classify a location's climate into one of five main categories: Tropical Moist Climates; Dry Climates; Moist Mid-latitude Climates with Mild Winters; Moist Mid-Latitude Climates with Cold Winters; and Polar Climates
macconkey plates	MacConkey medium contains pH indicators that can be used to differentiate colonies that can ferment a sugar from colonies unable to ferment a sugar
neuroma	A tumor arising in nerve cells.
evolution	The change over time of the genetic constitution of a population
functional genomics	The large-scale exploration of gene function that includes the analysis of regulatory networks, biochemical pathways, protein-protein interactions, the effects of gene knockouts, and the results of functional complementation of knockouts.
pebble	A rounded piece of rock that is larger than gravel.
genetic screening	The testing of a population for alterations in the activity (i.e
combined paternity index	Odds ratio that depicts the likelihood of the alleged father being the biological father, in comparison to the likelihood of a random unrelated man in the population being the biological father.
conception rate	The fertilization "rate" or proportion of females mated or inseminated that initiate a pregnancy
vg	See genotypic variance.
centimorgan	Unit of measure for distance on genetic maps
full sib	Brother or sister having both parents in common.
humus	Long-lived mixture of organic compounds derived from the microbial decomposition of plant and animal matter in soils.
gene	A section of DNA molecule that produces a functional RNA molecule
biohazard bag	A container for materials that have been exposed to blood or other biological fluids and have the potential to be contaminated with hepatitis, AIDS, or other contagions.
orographic uplift	Uplift of an air mass because of a topographic obstruction
linkage disequilibrium	Nonrandom associations between alleles at two or more genetic loci.
bipolar cell	A neuron that synapses with the axon of a rod or cone in the retina of the eye.
cryosol soil	Soil order (type) of the Canadian System of Soil Classification
threshold	The point that must be exceeded to begin producing a given effect or result or to elicit a response.
optimum	The level of an abiotic factor or condition in the environment within the tolerance range at which a species or population can function most efficiently or with the greatest positive effect to its physiological or reproductive fitness.
point mutation	A single base change.
cognitive ethology	The scientific study of cognition; the study of the connection between data processing by nervous systems and animal behavior.
testcross	Breeding of an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype
differentiation	The process by which cells and tissues undergo a series of changes resulting in their specialisation to a specific form or function
homozygote	An organism with identical alleles on homologous chromosomes.
lysogeny	The ability of a temperate bacteriophage to maintain itself as a quiescent prophage until induced into the lytic cycle.
hereditary cancer	Cancer that occurs due to the inheritance of an altered gene within a family
immigration	The influx of new individuals from other areas.
chemosynthesis	production of food using the energy contained in inorganic molecules.
molarity	A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
pusule	A system involving a sac and channels and found in some dinoflagellates
opal mutation	A change in a codon to create the nonsense codon UGA (the opal codon).
submolecular	A chemical component that exists at a lower level of complexity than individual molecules (electrons, ions, free radicals).
auxotrophic requirement	A nutritional supplement required for growth of an auxotrophic strain.
pollen tube guidance	In order to deliver immotile sperm cells to the female gametophyte in flowering plants, the pollen tube carrying the sperm cells grows towards the unfertilized female gametophyte
adf/cofilin	A family of actin-binding proteins that disassemble actin filaments.
esker	Long twisting ridges of sand and gravel found on the Earth's surface
drug discovery	Processes for the the identification and development of drugs
structural gene	Gène discontinu : Gène pourvu d'intron
genotype	The specific set of alleles
alignment	A presentation of two compared sequences that show the regions of greatest statistical similarity.
hyperpolarization	An electrical state in which the inside of the cell is more negative relative to the outside than at the resting membrane potential
simulated annealing	A molecular dynamics method that simulates the heating and cooling of a system in order to describe the most stable state.
heterostyly	A polymorphism for distinct arrangements of anther and stigma.
derived characteristic	A trait found in an organism that was not present in the common ancestor of a group of organisms being studied.
cold aclimation response	The process by which plants increase their tolerance to freezing by exposure to low, nonfreezing temperatures.
bulk flow	The movement of water due to a difference in pressure between two locations.
coevolution	The joint evolution of two species, with each responding to selection imposed by the other.
biogeochemistry	Study of how interactions among biological and geochemical processes influence the global cycling of such essential elements as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
dmso	Dimethyl sulfoxide.
convergent lifting	The vertical lifting of parcels of air through the convergence of opposing air masses in the atmosphere
autotroph	organism that makes its own food
dibasic	/die-BASE-ick/ adj
virus resistant plants	Plants that have been genetically modified so that they are resistant to a particular disease-causing virus.
neutron	A subatomic particle that has the mass of a proton but that is electrically neutral. Variation in the number of neutrons in an atomic nucleus changes the mass of the atom but not the chemical properties.
protozoa	Heterotrophic eukaryotic unicellular organisms that belong to the kingdom protista.
eon	Longest geologic time unit.
sunspot	Dark colored region on the Sun that represents an area of cooler temperatures and extremely high magnetic fields.
carnivorous	When an animal is carnivorous, it means that he likes to eat meat or the flesh of other animals
diversification	evolutionary increase in the number of species within a lineage of organisms
minimum dynamic area	The amount of suitable habitat needed to sustain a viable population.
iceberg	A mass of ice found floating in the ocean or a lake
smn	SnRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein) : Protéine induite dans le cytoplasme ayant de l'affinité avec SMN et jouant un rôle clé dans l'épissage de l'ADN
pressure-flow hypothesis	A hypothesis accounting for sap flow through the phloem system
frequency-dependent selection	Selection that occurs when relative fitness depends on genotype frequencies.
phylogeny	The evolutionary history of natural groups of organisms
freeze-thaw action	Processes associated with daily and seasonal cycles of freezing and melting.
tay-sachs	An incurable recessive genetic disorder that usually develops within the first year of a child's life, causing the build-up of fat deposits in the brain
neuromuscular junction	The junction between an axon terminal of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber innervated by that motor neuron; the axon terminal of a motor neuron is typically branched, forming neuromuscular junctions with a number of different muscle fibers.
resource	Anything obtained from the environment to meet the needs of a species.
rotation	See Earth rotation.
herbicide/tolerant resistant crops	Plants genetically engineered to tolerate herbicides used to kill weeds.
interglacial	Period of time during an ice age when glaciers retreated because of milder temperatures.
candidate gene	A gene that is suspected of being associated with a particular disease.
endomycorrhizal fungus	A fungus that forms endomycorrhizae with plant roots.
latent heat of condensation	The amount of heat energy release to the environment when a gas changes its state to a liquid
sidereal day	Time it takes to complete one Earth rotation relative to the position of a fixed star
array	An orderly arrangement of data
state of matter	Form of matter
muscle spindle	A mechanoreceptor stimulated by mechanical distortion.
animal model	See: model organisms
soil horizon	Layer within a soil profile that differs physically, biologically or chemically from layers above and/or below it.
microbial genetics	The study of genes and gene function in bacteria, archaea, and other microorganisms
mid-latitude cyclone	Cyclonic storm that forms primarily in the middle latitudes
zeptomole	One-sextillionth mole; 10-21 mole.
essential amino acids	The amino acids that an animal cannot synthesize itself and must obtain from food
earth sciences tradition	Academic tradition in modern Geography that investigates natural phenomena from a spatial perspective.
nuclear	N(Y)OO-klee-er/ Of, residing in, or pertaining to the nucleus.
monoclones - monoclonal antibodies	A monoclone is a line of cells grown up from a single selected cell
pressure gradient force	Force due to spatial differences in atmospheric pressure
quantitative trait	Trait controlled by many loci each having a relatively small effect on the variation observed among phenotypes.
nucleoplasm	A highly viscous liquid that, in the cell nucleus, corresponds to the cytoplasm of the cellular region outside the nucleus
celsius scale	A temperature scale (OC) equal to 5/9 (OF - 32) that measures the freezing point of water at O°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C.
chromosomal fusion	See fusion, chromosomal.
chimeric gene	A gene formed from the fusion of two or more genes
differentiated	Specialized; having a function
emissivity	The ratio of total radiative output from a body per unit time per unit area at a specific temperature and wavelength to that of a black body under the same environmental conditions.
sterile	The absence of all life on or in an object
prion	An abnormally folded protein that causes disease by inducing normal counterparts within the cell to fold in an abnormal manner and aggregate.
peroxin	A protein present in peroxisomes.
stapes	The third of the three middle ear bones.
uep	See unique event polymorphism.
stream	A flowing body of water that is generally small, cold, and clear.
congenital	Any trait or condition that exists from birth
ppm	See parts per million.
elaioplast	A plastid that stores lipids.
aquaporin	A channel protein through which water is able to rapidly cross the plasma membrane.
pedon	A basic soil sampling unit
heat capacity	Is the ratio of the amount of heat energy absorbed by a substance compared to its corresponding temperature rise.
extracellular matrix	The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides
mean fitness	See fitness, mean.
heavy chain	The heavier of the two types of immunoglogulin chains.
ecosystem	an ecological unit that includes all the living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic, or chemical, physical) components that interact in an environment or habitat.
loading test	See tetrahydrobiopterin loading test.
catabolism	Also referred to as 'destructive' metabolism
ovum	The mature female gamete often called the egg.
demoid	/DEM-oid/ adj
oviducts	Tube from the ovary to the uterus
synaptic terminal	A bulb at the end of an axon in which neurotransmitter molecules are stored and released.
light year	Distance that light travels in the vacuum of space in one year
quantitative	data that is measured or recorded using amounts, abundances or occurrences, rather than descriptions as with qualitative data.
subpolar lows	Surface zone of atmospheric low pressure located at about 60° North and South latitude
epilepsy	Epilepsy is a condition in which uncoordinated electrical activity within the brain leads to unconsciousness and convulsions
genetic map	The arrangement of genes or other identifiable sequences on a chromosome.
fitness	the ability of an organism to survive and produce viable offspring in a given environment.
mutation	A vast number of proteins are required to support life
bacterium pl. bacteria	A prokaryotic microorganism in Domain Bacteria.
osteichthyes	The vertebrate class of bony fishes, characterized by a skeleton reinforced by calcium phosphate; the most abundant and diverse vertebrates.
epiphyte	Type of vegetation that gets its physical support from the branches of other plants
tandem ms	A mass spectroscopic method used for high-throughput analysis of protein sequence
transgenesis	Transgénique : Qualifie un être vivant issu d'une cellule dans laquelle a été introduit un ADN étranger
neutron	Atomic sub-particle found in the nucleus of an atom
clonal selection	The process by which an antigen selectively binds to and activates only those lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for the antigen
allele	Different forms or variants of a gene
semicircular canals	A three-part chamber of the inner ear that functions in maintaining equilibrium.
carbon cycle	Storage and cyclic movement of organic and inorganic forms of carbon between the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
metric system	The measure of length used in science and most parts of the civilized world other than the U.S
net primary productivity	Fraction of photosynthetically fixed energy that remains after accounting for cellular respiration
quality assurance	Process of defining the quality of performance required for each step in the testing process.
bacteriostatic	A condition which prevents the growth of bacteria without killing them.
true positive result	A small percentage of individuals with out-of-range results do have the condition and must pursue treatment options.
mispairing	Improper alignment of two nucleic acid strands.
polyribosome	An aggregation of several ribosomes attached to one messenger RNA molecule.
exchange	See phenylalanine exchange.
c-value	See genome size.
clinical trial	Clinical trials test the effectiveness of new drugs or treatments
allergen	A substance that causes the body to react hypersensitively to it.
sporulation	Formation from vegetative cells of metabolically inactive cells that can resist extreme environmental conditions.
bedding plane	A layer in a series of sedimentary beds that marks a change in the type of deposits.
ethics	the study of fundamental principles which defines values and determines moral duty and obligation.
selected marker	An allele that allows growth under a particular selective condition.
furanose	A sugar that contains a five-membered ring as a result of intramolecular hemiacetal formation.
genetics	The biology of heredity and variation.
paleontology	The scientific study of fossils.
multiple sclerosis	Disease of the central nervous system characterized by the destruction of nerve fibers
bedrock	Rock at or near (beneath soil and regolith) the Earth's surface that is solid and relatively unweathered.
antigen	Any macromolecule that triggers an immune response
paralogy	Being homologous due to a recent or past duplication within the same species
micronuclei	Chromosome fragments that are not incorporated into the nucleus at cell division.
transduction	the transfer of genes by viruses from one organism to another.
cell	The basic organizational unit of all living organisms.
gravity	Is the process where any body of mass found in the universe attracts other bodies with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the distance that separates them
organic soil	Soil order (type) of the Canadian System of Soil Classification
uncultured microbes	Microbes that have never successfully been grown in isolation in the laboratory.
gastrula	The three-layered, cupshaped embryonic stage.
ecological pyramid	A graphic representation of the quantitative relationships of numbers of organisms, biomass, or energy flow between the trophic levels of an ecosystem
nonequilibrium model	The model of communities that emphasizes that they are not stable in time but constantly changing after being buffeted by disturbances.
x-ray crystallography	A method in which the diffraction pattern of X-rays is used to determine the arrangement of individual atoms within a molecule.
neuron	A nerve cell specialized to receive and transmit signals throughout the body.
oviparous	Referring to a type of development in which young hatch from eggs laid outside the mother's body.
mitoribosome	A mitochondrial ribosome
nosocomial	NAW-sə-COAM-ee-əl/ Pertaining to hospitals.
unloading	The releasing of downward pressure on rocks because of removal of overlying material by erosion
law of segregation	Mendel's first law, stating that allele pairs separate during gamete formation, and then randomly re-form pairs during the fusion of gametes at fertilization.
nitrogen cycle	The passage of nitrogen through various valence states, as the result of reactions carried out by a wide variety of different organisms.
deoxyribonucleic acid	see DNA
gwas	See genome-wide association studies.
epigenetic inheritance	Depending on context this can refer either to inheritance between generations of an organism, or between cell generations within an organism
heterosphere	The upper layer in a two part classification of the atmosphere based on the general homogeneity of chemical composition
tissue	A group of cells of similar structure which sometimes performs a special function.
melanin	A pigment that is found in plants, animals and protista
reducing agent	The electron donor in a redox reaction.
global warming	Warming of the Earth's average global temperature because of an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases
sulfur dioxide	A gas produced from volcanic eruptions, ocean spray, organic decomposition and the burning of fossil fuels
allopatric speciation	Speciation that is associated with geographical isolation.
inversion	See temperature inversion.
germinate	When seeds start to grow by putting out shoots and roots (can also apply to fungi).
superweeds	weeds tolerant to one or more herbicides.
adrenocorticotropic hormone	A hormone, produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, that stimulates the production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex.
territory	An area or space occupied and defended by an individual or a group; trespassers are attacked (and usually defeated); may be the site of breeding, nesting, food gathering, or any combination thereof.
tetrahydrobiopterin loading test	A medical investigation to identify people who respond to treatment with sapropterin
differentiation	See cellular differentiation.
tropopause	The tropopause is a relatively thin atmospheric transition layer found between the troposphere and the stratosphere
prevalence	The proportion of a whole population affected by a certain condition.
sympatric speciation	A mode of speciation occurring as a result of a radical change in the genome of a subpopulation, reproductively isolating the subpopulation from the parent population.
isotopic dating	Dating technique used to determine the age of rock and mineral through the decay of radioactive elements.
eutherian mammal	A mammal having a placenta
substrate feeder	An organism that lives in or on its food source, eating its way through the food.
parenchyma	Thin-walled cells, varying in shape, size, and function.
tropism	Refers to host tropism that is a process of tropism that determines which cells can become infected by any given pathogen
gonadotropin	A hormone that stimulates the activities of the testes and ovaries
homothallism	A process occurring in some yeasts and other fungal strains where haploid spores formed during meiosis undergo self-diploidization due to the switching of mating type by some of the progeny of the spore.
biogeochemical cycle	Any of the various nutrient circuits, which involve both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems.
secondary production	The amount of chemical energy in consumers' food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given time period.
hpa	A common shortened name for hyperphenylalaninemia.
electric potential	The difference in the amount of electric charge between a region of positive charge and a region of negative charge
two-tailed statistical test	Is an inferential statistical test where the values for which one can reject the null hypothesis are located either side of the center of the probability distribution.
hydrophobic molecule	A nonpolar compound that does not form favorable binding interactions with water, and is insoluble in water.
cell body	part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm.
transient transfection	When DNA is transfected into cultured cells, it is able to stay in those cells for about 2-3 days, but then will be lost (unless steps are taken to ensure that it is retained - see Stable transfection)
transport protein	A protein whose primary function is to transport a substance from one part of the cell to another, from one cell to another, or from one tissue to another.
glycosidase	An enzyme that removes sugar residues from its substrate.
xiphosurid	Any member of the arachnid order Xiphosurida
trade winds	Surface winds that generally dominate air flow in the tropics
cuspate foreland	Is a triangular accumulation of sand and/or gravel located along the coastline
dacryelcosis	/dack-ree-el-KOH-səs/ n
meridional	Movement of wind or ocean waters in a direction that is roughly perpendicular to the lines of latitude.
neap tide	Tide that occurs every 14 to 15 days and coincides with the first and last quarter of the moon
rna	Ribonucleic Acid
communication	Animal behavior involving transmission of, reception of, and response to signals.
genetic informatics	See: bioinformatics
universal genetic code	See canonical code.
hypertension	Chronically high blood pressure within the arteries.
character trait	Particular parts or properties of an organism
cyclic gmp	Guanosine monophosphate in which the phosphate group is covalently bound to both the 3′ and 5′ carbon atoms, forming a cyclic structure; an important second messenger in the response of cells to a variety of hormones, and in vision.
population	A localized group of individuals that belong to the same biological species (that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring).
gene summary paragraphs	A Gene Summary Paragraph is a summary of published biological information for a gene and its product which is designed to familiarize both yeast and non-yeast researchers with the general facts and important subtleties regarding a locus
procapsid	A virion precursor that consists only of the viral capsid without the nucleic acid.
progeny	The offspring of parents or often offspring of a sire or dam.
thallus	A seaweed body that is plantlike but lacks true roots, stems, and leaves.
coalescent process	A model in which as one moves back in time, each pair of lineages coalesces at a rate 1/2Ne.
pharmacogenetics	The science of how a person’s genes affect his or her response to drugs.
gene	A sequence of DNA which codes for the synthesis of a specific protein or has a specific regulatory function.
aboral	Relating to position: away from the mouth (cf
jackknifing	A statistical method in which new data sets are generated by resampling an original data set without replacement.
angiosperm	a flowering plant that forms its seeds in a protected ovary.
sunrise	Moment of time when the Sun's edge first appears above the Earth's horizon.
cytosol	The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.
human geography	Field of knowledge that studies human-made features and phenomena on the Earth from a spatial perspective
extrorse	Facing outward, away from the axis or center.
aids	The name of the late stages of HIV infection, defined by a specified reduction of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections.
template	The other strand, which is complementary to the template strand, has the same nucleotide sequence as the primary transcript. The messenger RNA is considered "sense." Therefore, the DNA strand with the same information is also sense. This strand is also called the coding strand.
background selection	The reduction in genetic diversity caused by selection against deleterious alleles at linked loci.
sulphur	A common element in organic and living organisms.
inbreeding depression	Reduced vigor of inbred individuals.
hydrologic cycle	Model that describes the movement of water between the hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.
isotope	Atom that has the same number of protons as another atom but a different number of neutrons and hence atomic mass
discontinuous epitope	An antigenic determinant created from discontinuous protein segments associated in 3-D space by folding.
transformant	A bacterial cell that has undergone transformation.
population structure	Any deviation from the ideal state of a single panmictic population
covariance matrix	An n × n matrix giving the covariances between a set of n variables
alzheimer's disease	a disease that causes memory loss, personality changes, dementia and, ultimately, death
seismic	Shaking displacement usually caused by an earthquake.
cytokines	In the vertebrate immune system, protein factors secreted by macrophages and helper T cells as regulators of neighboring cells.
soil texture	The relative quantities of the different types and sizes of mineral particles in a soil.
amacrine cell	A neuron of the retina that helps integrate information before it is sent to the brain.
unilamellar	Consisting of one layer, often used in reference to lipid monolayer structures.
flagellum	A hair-, whip-, or tinsel-like structure that serves to propel a motile cell.
case-control study	A form of association study in which “case” individuals with, for example, a disease are compared with “control” individuals without it.
ecosystem ecology	The study of energy flow and the cycling of chemicals among the various biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem.
pith	Ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem; in many mono cot roots, parenchyma cells that form the central core of the vascular cylinder.
hydrology	Field of physical geography that studies the hydrosphere.
immunodeficiency	A state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent
hindbrain	One of three ancestral and embryonic regions of the vertebrate brain; develops into the medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum.
estrus	A period of sexual activity associated with ovulation
sand	Mineral particle with a size between 0.06 and 2.0 millimeters in diameter
chorionic villus sampling	A procedure for obtaining cells of the chorion to enable testing of the fetus for specific abnormalities
oligotrophic lake	A nutrient-poor, oxygen-rich clear, deep lake with few phytoplankton.
amniotic fluid	The liquid in which an embryo or fetus is suspended within the amniotic sac. It consists of both liquid and cells, the latter of fetal origin. The cells are especially useful for genetic studies.
turbidostat	An open continuous culture in which a pre-selected biomass density is uniformly maintained by automatic removal of excess cells
t cells	A subgroup of T lymphocytes characterized by having T-cell receptor (
parallel evolution	The process by which features that once were different become similar by experiencing the same changes in different evolutionary lineages.
microvilli	Thin fingerlike protrusions from the surface of a cell, often used to increase absorptive capacity or to trap food particles
archean	The unit of geologic time 2.5 - 4.0 billion years ago during which the first terrestrial rocks formed.
discovery rights	selling only research findings while keeping rights to all the knowledge that is uncovered along the way.
krill	small crustaceans, similar to shrimp, that make up a very large amount of the biomass in the oceans and are a very important part of marine food webs
pleiotropy	The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects.
hgh	Human growth hormone, q.v.
phylogram	A phylogenetic tree in which the branch lengths are proportional to the evolutionary distance between nodes
palisade mesophyll	One or more layers of elongated photosynthetic cells on the upper pan of a leaf; also called palisade parenchyma.
ferricretes	Sedimentary rock created by the chemical precipitation of iron.
oblique aerial photograph	Photograph taken from a non-perpendicular angle from a platform in the atmosphere.
antibody combining site	The antigen (epitope) recognition and binding site of an antibody
temnospondyl	Any member of the Temnospondyli, a diverse group of primitive amphibians that range from the Early Carboniferous to the Cretaceous
broth culture	Microorganisms grown in a liquid medium.
denitrification	Anaerobic conversion of nitrate or nitrite to nitrogen gas (N2) by denitrifying bacteria
microvillus pl. microvilli	One of many fine, fingerlike projections of the epithelial cells in the lumen of the small intestine that increase its surface area.
filling in	Renaturation d'acide nucléique : Réassociation, après dénaturation, de simples brins d'ADN ou d'ARN complémentaires
band shift assay	see Gel shift assay.
phase i	clinical trial designed primarily to determine the safety of an experimental drug.
cone of depression	Cone shaped depression occurring horizontally across a water table
lytic virus	A virus that lyses the host cell.
petal	A modified leaf of a flowering plant
clone	Cells derived from a single cell and thus expected to be genetically identical.
5'	The end of a nucleic acid chain that terminates in a free phosphate group.
paternal half sib	Brother or sister having the same sire but having different dams.
parametric tests	Statistical tests that assume the sample data is normally distributed.
cell-based therapies	Involve transplanting stem cells into damaged tissues to regenerate the various cell types of that tissue
stroma	Dense fluid found between grana (stacks of thylakoid disks) of a plant cell's chloroplast
systemic acquired resistance	A defensive response in infected plants that helps protect healthy tissue from pathogenic invasion.
monocot	A flowering plant with a single cotyledon in the embryo.
clade	A group or lineage of organisms whose members are descended from a single common ancestor.
reverse transcriptase	An RNA-dependent DNA polymerase isolated from retrovirus infected cells
autologous	Derived from the same organism.
drift	Any material deposited by a glacier.
new drug application	application filed with the FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) for approval to market a small-molecule drug.
signal patch	A recognition determinant formed by the three-dimensional folding of a polypeptide chain.
femtomole	One quadrillionth mole; 1015.
heredity	The transmission of behavioral, physiological and morphological characteristics from parent to offspring.
endocrine system	The internal system of chemical communication invoh;ing hormones, the ductless glands that secrete hormones, and the molecular receptors on or in target cells that respond to hormones; functions in concert with the nervous system to effect internal regulation and maintain homeostasis.
magnification	The height of the image divided by the height of the object
gram-positive bacteria	A group of bacteria with a cell wall composed of thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer membrane
sporangia	The spore-bearing structures of a plant or fungus.
mutation	A change in the DNA sequence of nucleotide bases — which is to say (in the usual terminology), a change in the genetic code
minimal complexity	the simplest state, either genetic or metabolic, that is consistent with the viability of an organism.
nausea	NAW-see-ə/ The urge to vomit.
systematics	See taxonomy.
genealogy	Record of descent tracing genetic relationships of individuals.
microevolution	A change in the gene pool of a population over a succession of generations.
hydrocarbon	An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.
thyroid gland	An endocrine gland, located on the ventral surface of the trachea, that secretes two iodine-containing hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), and cacitonin.
immortalization	The generation of cells that undergo an infinite number of division cycles
litterfall	Movement of leaves, twigs and other forms of organic matter from the biosphere to the litter layer found in soil.
gnetales	A lineage of seed plants thought to be the closest living relatives of flowering plants or angiosperms
gram-negative	Describing the group of bacteria with a cell wall that is structurally more complex and contains less peptidoglycan than that of gram-positive bacteria
sample size	Number of individuals drawn from a larger pool of individuals.
absolute fitness	See fitness.
immune response	The reactions of the immune system to foreign substances.
radiation	The emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero.
liposome	A lipid vesicle used to introduce DNA into mammalian cells.
complete flower	A flower that has sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
isothermal layer	Vertical layer in the atmosphere where temperature remains unchanged
endangered species	A species found in nature that has so few surviving individuals that the it could soon become extinct in all or most of its natural range
aspartate	An amino acid that functions as a CNS neurotransmitter.
cone cell	(1) In plants, the reproductive structure of a conifer
ozone hole	Is a sharp seasonal decrease in stratospheric ozone concentration that occurs over Antarctica in the spring
diploid	/DIP-loid/ adj
biotechnologists	Scientists who use biological processes to develop novel products.
mucilaginous	Made of, or with the texture of, mucus
sterile	Incapable of reproduction.
caseid	Any of a group of Permian reptiles related to the sail-backed pelycosaurs
cumulus cloud	Puffy clouds with relatively flat bases
hypervariable region	The parts of both the heavy and light chains of an antibody molecule that enable it to bind to a specific site on an antigen.
multiplicative theorem	The joint probability for two or more independent events is the product of the individual probabilities of the individual events.
viscosity	The amount of the resistance to flow in a fluid due to intermolecular friction.
actual evapotranspiration	The amount of water annually transpired by plants and evaporated from a landscape, usually measured in millimeters.
fluorescein	Dye that fluoresces green when exposed to blue or ultraviolet light.
temperate virus	A virus that can reproduce without killing the host.
oxidation	Loss of one or more electrons from a chemical substance.
shotgun method	Sequencing method that involves randomly sequenced cloned pieces of the genome, with no foreknowledge of where the piece originally came from
primer dimer	Formed by intermolecular interactions between the two primers (i.e., self-dimers and cross-dimers).
atomic number	The number of protons in an atomic nucleus. Atomic numbers vary from 1 for hydrogen to 103 for the man-made element Lawrencium. The chemical properties of an element are a function of the number of protons in the nucleus, which in turn determine the stable number of electrons in the surrounding shells.
benign tumour	a localised tumour which is not considered to be at risk of metastasis.
adapted	When something changes to fit its surroundings or environment, we say it has adapted
in vitro	In a test tube, or other laboratory apparatus
mimotope	A compound that mimics the structure of an epitope and provokes an identical antibody response
surface plasmon resonance	A biosensor system used for analyzing ligand binding and kinetics of specific molecules within complex mixtures without prior purification
in silico	Using computers to simulate and investigate natural processes.
activated complex	The highest free energy state of a complex in going from reactants to products.
meteor	A body of matter that enters the Earth's atmosphere from space
mutation	allow cells to grow uncontrolled
grazing food chain	Model describing the trophic flow of organic energy in a community or ecosystem.
terrestrial	Pertaining to land - as opposed to the water (aquatic) or the air (aerial).
lodicule	One of a pair of tiny scales in a grass floret, between the lemma and the fertile parts of the flower.
psychrophiles	Organisms that prefer to grow at low temperatures.
transcriptome	The full complement of activated genes, mRNAs, or transcripts in a particular tissue at a particular time
dehydrate	/də-HIGH-drate, dee-/ v
dactyloid	/DAKT-əl-oid/ adj
raw format	A format in which the nucleotide sequence appears without headers or comments
patchiness	Localized variation in environmental conditions within an ecosystem, arranged spatially into a complex of discrete areas that may be characterized by distinctive groups of species or ecosystem processes.
plucking	Erosive process of particle detachment by moving glacial ice
stable isotope	Isotope that does not undergo radioactive decay.
phenogram	A branching diagram that links entities by estimates of overall similarity.
tarn	A small mountain lake that occurs inside a cirque basin.
backcross	a mating between an offspring and one of its parents.
antiparallel	Parallel linear structures with directional polarity
screening	Searching in libraries for molecules with desired properties
reactant	A starting material in a chemical reaction.
prime meridian	The location from which meridians of longitude are measured
informatics	The study of the application of computer and statistical techniques to the management of information.
electrospray	A method for generating a fine spray of highly charged droplets.
population	Collection of organisms of the same species living together in a given area
species barrier	a barrier believed to exist between one species and another that effectively precludes breeding between those species
fungus	Member of a class of relatively primitive vegetable organism
anatomically modern human	A member of the human lineage that is recognized by anthropologists as having essentially the same anatomy as present-day Homo sapiens.
haemocytometer	a calibrated microscope slide used to perform cell counts
nitrogenous base	An aromatic nitrogen-containing molecule with basic properties
lod score	logarithm of the odd score; a measure of the likelihood of two loci being within a measurable distance of each other.
ecdysone	An insect steroid hormone that triggers metamorphosis.
vascular cambium	A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem.
desert	A terrestrial biome characterized by very low precipitation.
hanging wall	The topmost surface of an inclined fault.
inquiry	The search for information and explanation, often focused by specific questions.
maternal inheritance	A form of inheritance in which a trait is only inherited from the mother
savanna	A tropical grassland biome with scattered individual trees, large herbivores, and three distinct seasons based primarily on rainfall, maintained by occasional fires and drought.
filtration	The first stage of kidney function; blood plasma is forced, under pressure, out of the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule, through which it enters the renal tubule.
active transport	Vectorial transport of a molecule or ion against a concentration gradient by a membrane-bound protein complex.
sea breeze	Local thermal circulation pattern found at the interface between land and water
bulk feeder	An animal that eats relatively large pieces of food.
mass extinction	A catastrophic, widespread perturbation where major groups of species become extinct in a relatively short time compared to normal background extinctions.
intellectual property	The content of the human intellect, or the result of intellectual effort, which is considered to be unique and original and have value in the marketplace, and therefore requires legal protection and ownership
self-incompatibility	The capability of certain flowers to block fertilization by pollen from the same or a closely related plant.
endangered	A species with such a low population number, that the population is in danger of extinction.
immune response	The defense system of the body that combats foreign substances, such as bacterial and viral infections. There are two principal and related forms: humoral immunity and cellular immunity. Humoral immunity consists of antibodies in the blood plasma that bind to specific foreign (nonself) antigens, causing them to be removed. Antibodies are produced by B-cells
structural genomics	The effort to determine the 3D structures of large numbers of proteins using both experimental techniques and computer simulation
fst	A measure of the genetic diversity between subpopulations relative to the total:It was devised by Sewall Wright.
stem cells	The common, self-regenerating cells in the marrow of long bones that give rise, by differentiation and division, to red blood cells and all of the different types of white blood cells.
selective media	Growth media that only allow growth of mutant or recombinant cells with a particular phenotype grow
relief	The range of topographic elevation within a specific area.
macronucleus	The larger of the two nuclei found in ciliate cells
gene splicing	A technique used to join segments of DNA to form a new genetic combination.
aggregate fruit	A fruit derived from a single flower that has more than one carpel.
ccd camera	A camera that uses CCD (charge coupled device) chips to convert photons to electrical or digital information.
action potential	A rapid change in the membrane potential of an excitable cell, caused by stimulus-triggered, selective opening and closing of voltage-sensitive gates in sodium and potassium ion channels.
ground fog	See radiation fog.
daughter cell	A cell that is the offspring of a cell that has undergone mitosis or meiosis
extinct	When an animal becomes extinct, it no longer exists or lives on our planet anymore
retinoid	A molecule related to retinoic acid.
proton	A sub-particle of an atom that contains a positive charge.
superinfection exclusion	A process whereby the presence of one phage in a cell prevents the secondary infection by other
ovum	The female gamete; the haploid, unfertilized egg, which is usually a relatively large, nonmotile cell.
induced pluripotent stem cell	An adult somatic cell that has been reprogrammed in culture to resemble an embryonic stem cell.
theta correction	A theta adjustment is a mathematical correction applied to a frequency calculation when both alleles at a locus are the same (known as a homozygous state)
pronucleus	The nucleus of a sperm or egg prior to fertilization
z dna	An alternative, left-handed form of the double helix.
mycelium	The densely branched network of hyphae in a fungus.
p-wave	A seismic wave that moves material in push-pull fashion in the direction of its travel
two hybrid portal pathcalling	PathCalling is a tool offered by Curagen Corporation to identify protein pathways and protein-protein interactions.
ecosystem services	Functions performed by natural ecosystems that directly or indirectly benefit humans.
heterokaryon	A fungal mycelium formed by the fusion of two hyphae that have genetically different nuclei.
valence	The bonding capacity of an atom, generally equal to the number of unpaired electrons in the atom's outermost shell.
hypothesis	(1) an educated guess; (2) a tentative explanation; (3) a proposition to be tested by comparing it to evidence.
spongocoel	The central cavity of a sponge.
evolution	The process of cumulative change occurring over successive generations.
bayhead beach	An extensive deposit of sand and/or gravel in the form of a beach at the back of a bay.
prochiral molecule	A nonchiral molecule that lacks handedness and is optically inactive, but would become chiral by a change in one of the substituents at the chiral center
atomic weight	The total atomic mass, which is the mass in grams of one mole of the atom.
deposit-feeder	A heterotroph, such as an earthworm, that eats its way through detritus, salvaging bits and pieces of decaying organic matter.
class ii proteins	Major histocompatibility antigens that are found only on the surface of specific lymphocyte cell types and some macrophages.
exploration	A less structured and often independent learning activity that utilizes discovery.
heredity	Resemblance among individuals related by descent; transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
summer	Season between spring and fall
dysplasia	/dis-PLAYZ-yə/ n
latent heat flux	Latent heat flux is the global movement of latent heat energy through circulations of air and water
dna fingerprinting	A technique for identifying a person or an organism
modeling	Teaching a complex process by demonstrating each unique step.
negative feedback	Change in the state of a system that counteracts the measured effect of the initial alteration.
bacteria	One-celled organisms, not able to be seen except under a microscope, found in rotting matter, in air, in soil and in living bodies, some being the germs of disease
subpolar glacier	Glacier in which the ice found from the its surface to base has a temperature as cold as -30° Celsius throughout the year
cross	A term, used especially in experimental genetics, referring to specific types of matings.
ohm's law	The amount of current flowing in a circuit made up of pure resistances is directly proportional to the electromotive forces impressed on the circuit and inversely proportional to the total resistance of the circuit.
helix	spiral in form.
horizontal cell	A neuron of the retina that helps integrate information before it is sent to the brain.
neural tube	Primitive, hollow, dorsal nervous system of the early vertebrate embryo; formed by fusion of neural folds around the neural groove.
gross sediment transport	The total amount of sediment transported along a shoreline in a specific time period.
genotype	The genetic makeup of an individual.
ssm	See slip-strand mispairing.
freezing rain	A type of precipitation
autotroph	A microorganism that synthesizes all organic molecules from inorganic sources.
bactericidal	Preventing infection by inhibiting the growth or action of bacteria.
var	See variance.
greenhouse gases	Gases responsible for the greenhouse effect
descendants	Your parent's descendants are their children (including you!) and their children's families
osmoconformer	An animal that does not actively adjust its internal osmolarity because it is isotonic with its environment.
cardiotoxicity	Toxicity that affects the heart.
host	The larger participant in a symbiotic relationship, serving as home and feeding ground to the symbiont.
adult learning	Learning theory for adults that employs enabling objectives and may include independent or self-directed activities.
dissolved load	Portion of the stream load that is in solution in the flowing water.
chemosynthesis	Process in which specific autotrophic organisms extract inorganic compounds from their environment and convert them into organic nutrient compounds without the use of sunlight
applied research	aimed at gaining knowledge or understanding to determine the means by which a specific recognized need may be met
porosity	The void spaces found in rock, sediment, or soil
dark reactions	Reactions that can occur in the dark, in a process that is usually associated with light, such as the dark reactions of photosynthesis.
extrude	To push out.
prerequisites	Pre knowledge, skills, or abilities required for a learning activity.
watt	A metric unit of measurement of the intensity of radiation in Watts over a square meter surface (W/m2 or W m-2).
bilayer	A double layer of lipid molecules with the hydrophilic ends oriented outward, in contact with water, and the hydrophobic parts oriented inward.
class	the level of biological classification above an order and below a phylum.
truncation	To shorten
expected heterozygosity	Mean value of all the expected values found for all loci in a sample.
aridisols	Dry desert soils with a prominent clay horizon.
simplex	Autotetraploid possessing only one copy of a reference allele
tropical depression	An organized group of thunderstorms often found over a tropical ocean that generates a cyclonic flow of between 37 and 63 kilometers per hour
dryopithecine	/DRY-oh-PITH-ə-seen/ n
glycolipid	A lipid containing a carbohydrate group.
community boundary	Spatial edge of a unique community.
melting	The physical process of a solid becoming a liquid
twins	Two individuals originating from the same zygote.
stereotyped behavior	Repetitive routines or movements that have no function or use
transferred dna	See T-DNA.
active continental margin	a continental margin that is characterized by tectonic activity, which results from the collision of two tectonic plates, for example, the subduction of an oceanic plate under a continental plate.
hypochondria	A term used to refer to premitochondriate eukaryotes.
methane clathrates	Ice crystals that contain large amounts of methane
monoculture	Cultivation of large land areas with a single plant variety.
histone deacetylase inhibitor	a group of compounds which inhibit the action of histone deacetylases, resulting in hyperacetylation of the histone tail and increased gene transcription.
podzolization	Soil forming process that produces a strongly leached soil with a distinctive iron hardpan layer in the B horizon
steroids	Compounds that are derivatives of a tetracyclic structure composed of a cyclopentane ring fused to a substituted phenanthrene nucleus.
axillary bud	A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch
autoradiography	A technique using photography to detect radioactively-labeled molecules by placing molecular material on a piece of film, suspending movement, and exposing the film.
β-barrel	A transmembrane domain formed by the folding of β sheets into a barrel-like structure.
phagolysosome	A lysosome that has fused with a phagosome or autophagosome.
eosinophil	A white blood cell that contains granules filled with chemicals damaging to parasites, and enzymes that damp down inflammatory reactions.
gross primary production	The total primary production of an ecosystem.
sumo	Small ubiquitin-related modifier
carbohydrate	A chemical compound that contains only carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) and has the general formula Cx (H2O)y
tunica	An outer one- to four-cell layered region of the apical meristem, where cell division is anticlinal, i.e., perpendicular to the surface
brachiopod	Any member of a phylum of marine invertebrate animals called Brachiopoda
light-independent reactions	The carbon-fixing reactions of the second stage of photosynthesis; energy stored in ATP and NADPH by the light-dependent reactions is used to reduce carbon from carbon dioxide to simple sugars; light is not required for these reactions.
tree-view	Tree-View refers to the display of parent-child relationships of GO terms within an ontology.
in vivo	In the living organism.
second messenger	A mediator that is generated within a cell in response to a signal transduction event at the cell surface.
predation	An interaction between species in which one species, the predator, eats the other, the prey.
gamete	Mature, haploid reproductive cell.
barrier element	See insulator.
biological therapy	Therapies that stimulate the immune system to fight disease.
adenine	A nitrogenous base, one member of the base pair AT (adenine-thymine).
continental margin	the zone of the sea floor reaching from the continents to the abyssal plain, including the continental shelf, the continental slope, and the continental rise.
potential energy	Is the energy that a body possesses by virtue of its position and that is potentially transformable into another form of energy.
phycocyanin	Blue pigment found in cyanobacteria and red algae.
primary structure	In a polymer, the sequence of monomers and the covalent bonds
herbivore	A heterotrophic animal that eats plants.
reduction	The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.
stasis	the persistence of a particular species without discernible change through geological strata.
sustainable development	The long-term prosperity of human societies and the ecosystems that support them.
selection intensity	The proportion of a population of tested animals that are selected and saved for breeding purposes.
urinary bladder	The pouch where urine is stored prior to elimination.
biosorption	The sequestering of chemicals by a biological system.
correlation coefficient	The most commonly used measure of correlation between two variables (x, y)
endocrinologist	A doctor that specializes in disorders of the glands.
combinatorial chemistry	a product discovery technique that uses robotics and parallel chemical reactions to generate and screen as many as several million molecules with similar structures in order to find chemical molecules with desired properties.
tolerance	An attenuation of response to an agent or antigen.
evaporative cooling	The property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state
metaphase	A stage in mitosis or meiosis during which the chromosomes are aligned along the equatorial plane of the cell.
standard code	See canonical code.
premutation	An unstable "semimutation" that has no phenotypic effect but that is highly likely to mutate to a full mutation during transmission. See trinucleotide expansion.
synthesis	The process of building a complex compound from a number of simple chemical elements.
synapomorphies	Shared derived characters; homologies that evolved in an ancestor common to all species on one branch of a fork in a cladogram, but not common to species on the other branch.
epithelial–mesenchymal interactions	Describes the reciprocal signalling between epithelial and mesenchymal tissue layers during embryogenesis
valley	A linear depression in the landscape that slopes down to a stream, lake or the ocean
ultraviolet radiation	The part of the invivible electromagnetic spectrum (just below violet) with wavelengths between about 100-400 nm.
equilibrium	Equilibrium describes the average condition of a system, as measured through one of its elements or attributes, over a specific period of time.
silencing	Switching off of a gene by any mechanism other than a change in the genetic sequence.
dumb money	funding from investors who cannot provide additional benefits such as guidance or networking.
stem cell	a cell capable of proliferation which can give rise to other stem cells or to cells which can differentiate into mature functional cells.
ex vivo	Outside the body.
capsid	The protein coating of a free virus particle.
esophagus	A channel that conducts food, by peristalsis, from the pharynx to the stomach
biodiversity	a broad term used to describe the total number of species in an ecosystem, as compared to the total number of individuals
base	A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
dendrite	One of usually numerous, short, highly branched processes of a neuron that convey nerve impulses toward the cell body
predation	Biological interaction between species where a predator species consumes a prey species.
water column	the entire depth of a water body, from its surface to the bottom.
annual	A flowering plant that completes its en tire life cycle in a single year or growing season.
adeno associated virus	A small, stable virus that is not known to cause disease in humans
megasporogenesis	Process of producing the megaspores.
bacteria	One of the three domains of life
cell-free translation system	A cell extract containing all the components required for protem synthesis (i.e
natural active immunity	Immunity that is established after the occurrence of a disease.
diversity	See Species Diversity.
zona pellucida	Covering around the oocyte or egg that protects it and is a block to polyspermy.
pollen	the grains that contain the male reproductive cells of a seed plant.
neuropsychological testing	Long-term hyperphenylalaninemia impairs the function of the brain
in situ	A Latin phrase meaning "in the original place"
weigle reactivation	The increased survival of phage after UV irradiation if they infect cells that have previously been exposed to a lose dose of UV
net ecosystem productivity	Amount of organic carbon (e.g., plant biomass, soil organic matter) that remains after respiration by photosynthetic organisms, heterotrophs, and decomposers.
succulent vegetation	Group of plants that have the ability to survive in deserts and other dry climates by having no leaves
rift	Zone between two diverging tectonic plates
continental slope	the area of the sea floor that stretches from the edge of the continental shelf (~200 m) to the abyssal plain (~4000-6000 m)
directed mutagenesis	Alteration of DNA at a specific site and its reinsertion into an organism to study any effects of the change.
lymphoma	A malignant tissue neoplasm that produces a tumor mass, often associated with lymphoid tissue.
signature	An alternative term for motif or pattern.
detergent	An agent that reduces the surface tension of a liquid
rna	consisting of one chemical base plus a phosphate molecule and a sugar molecule.
spatial summation	A phenomenon of neural integration in which the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell is determined by the combined effect of EPSPs or IPSPs produced nearly simultaneously by different synapses.
vacuoles	Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal - Contains water solution - Contractile vacuoles for water removal (in unicellular organisms)
amino acids	Amino acids are a set of 20 different molecules used to build proteins.
plagioclase feldspar	A type of feldspar that is rich in sodium and calcium
polar jet stream	Relatively fast uniform winds concentrated within the upper atmosphere in a narrow band
massively parallel computing	High-performance computing based on the development of parallel processing algorithms and applications that can be executed simultaneously by many separate processors.
pool	Scoured depression found on the bed of streams
bundle-sheath cell	A type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf.
exudates	See root exudate.
ctenophore	Member of a major animal phylum of solitary gelatinous marine animals commonly called comb jellies or sea gooseberries (phylum Ctenophora)
enzyme	A protein, produced by living cells, that promotes the chemical processes of life without itself being altered.
evidence code	Every GO annotation must indicate the type of evidence that supports it; the evidence codes correspond to broad categories of experimental or other support
perennial	A flowering plant that lives for many years.
walk-through	An initial assessment conducted by carefully walking through the scene to evaluate the situation, identify potential evidence, and determine resources required
dehydrogenase	/də-high-DRAW-jən-aze, dee-/ n
mesozoic	Geologic era that occurred from 245 to 65 million years ago.
earthquake	Is a sudden motion or trembling in the Earth
base	compound that releases hydroxide ions in solution.
one-step growth curve	A plot of the production of lytic growth of a virus vs time
expressed	regardless of whether its counterpart allele on the other chromosome is dominant or recessive
dizygotic	The term applied to twins who are derived from two separate zygotes
centimorgan	A unit of measure of recombination frequency
mollusca	a phylum of animals that are unsegmented and soft-bodied, and have a muscular foot and often one or more hard shells; includes clams, snails and octopuses.
down syndrome	A human genetic disease resulting from having an extra chromosome 21, characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects.
data mining	using computers to analyze masses of information to discover trends and patterns.
estrogen	[Latin oestrus, Greek oistros gadfly, passion, frenzy] Any of several related steroids that promote development of female genitalia and other sexual characteristics and that are increased in the menstrual cycle preceding ovulation
short-day plant	A plant that flowers (usually in late summer, fall, or winter) only when the light period is shorter than a critical length.
double circulation	A circulation scheme with separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, which ensures vigorous blood flow to all organs.
dioecious	A term typically used to describe an angiosperm species in which carpellate and staminate flowers are on separate plants.
mass selection	Selection based on individuals (their own phenotypic performance).
human-land tradition	Academic tradition in modern Geography that investigates human interactions with the environment.
saturation	Atmospheric condition where water is changing its phase to liquid or solid
cladogram	A diagram depicting patterns of shared characteristics among species.
accelerated development and review	a process designed to speed the development of drugs that promise significant benefits over existing therapies or treat serious illnesses for which no therapy exists.
peripheral nervous system	The sensory and motor neurons that connect to the central nervous system.
pepsin	An enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins.
independent variable	A variable that influences the measure of a second characteristic (the dependent variable).
magnetic resonance imaging	An imaging technique that produces cross-sectional images for medical research
antibiotic	a chemical substance that can kill or inhibit the growth of a microorganism.
retinoblastoma	a childhood malignant cancer of the retina of the eye
isostatic depression	Large scale sinking of the crust into the asthenosphere because of an increase in weight on the crustal surface
light microscope	An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens.
outcrop	Area of exposed bedrock at the Earth's surface with no overlying deposits of soil or regolith.
optical fiber	A glass or plastic fiber surrounded by a material with a lower index of refraction
isotope	A form of an atom that differs from other forms of the atom in atomic weight
temperate deciduous forest	A biome located throughout midlatitude regions where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large, broad-leaf deciduous trees.
all-or-none event	An action that occurs either completely or not at all, such as the generation of an action potential by a neuron.
decomposer	An organism that breaks down dead organic material into simpler compounds.
genetic heterogeneity	Refers to diseases, conditions or other characteristics that appear similar but whose genetic basis is different in different populations or individuals.
carotenoid	An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants
hermaphroditic	Possessing both male and female reproductive organs.
page polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis	One of the two major types of gels used for the electrophoretic separation of DNA molecules
base level	The subterranean elevation below which a stream cannot vertically erode sediment
substrate	The reactant on which an enzyme
agonistic behavior	A type of behavior involving a contest of some kind that determines which competitor gains access to some resource, such as food or mates.
anion	A negatively charged ion.
reciprocal cross	If a cross is made between A males and B females, then the reciprocal cross is between B males and A females.
inducible proteins	Those which are synthesized in different amounts depending on cellular signals.
biomass	The mass of material produced by living micoorganisms, plants, or animals.
primary production	The amount of light energy converted to chemical energy (organic compounds) by autotrophs in an ecosystem during a given time period.
dopamine	An important neurotransmitter in the CNS
acth	Abbreviation of adrenocorticotropic hormone.
ribosome	Particle composed of ribosomal RNAs and proteins
dms	Dimethyl sulfate.
sporadic	Occurring occasionally or randomly
geology	The field of knowledge that studies the origin, structure, chemical composition, and history of the Earth and other planets.
auxotroph	A microorganism strain that requires nutrients not required by the wild-type strain.
chromosome	Chromosomes are packages of DNA found in the nucleus of cells
monandrous	Where females mate with a single male.
backscattering	Portion of solar radiation directed back into space as a result of particle scattering in the atmosphere.
cell cycle control system	A cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.
elastic limit	Maximum level of elastic deformation of a material without rupture.
double circulatory system	A blood circulation in which the pulmonary circulation is separate from the systemic circulation (as in mammals, birds, and crocodilians).
summer solstice	The summer solstice denotes the first day of the summer season
functional complementation	The restoration of function by the introduction of exogenous DNA.
fluid drag	Reduction in the flow velocity of a fluid by the frictional effects of a surface.
hurricane	An intense cyclonic storm consisting of an organized mass of thunderstorms that develops over the warm oceans of the tropics
rain	A form of precipitation
uterine cycle	The changes that occur in the uterus during the reproductive cycle of the human female; also called the menstrual cycle.
ecdysone	A hormone that stimulates the molting process in insects.
phosphorylation	Addition of a phosphate group or groups to a molecule.
chloroform	A chemical used in organic extraction
feedback systems	Control mechanisms whereby an increase or decrease in the level of a particular factor inhibits or stimulates the production, utilization, or release of that factor; important in the regulation of enzyme and hormone levels, ion concentrations, temperature, and many other factors.
immune response	How your body recognizes and defends itself against bacteria, viruses, and substances that appear foreign and harmful to the body.
telo-	[Greek telos end.] A common prefix to describe something at the end
chromosomes	In the case of humans, there would be 69 chromosomes (3 × 23).
species richness	The number of species in a biological community
thalweg	Line of deepest water in a stream channel as seen from above
carpel	Part of a flower that encloses the ovules and extends into a compound pistil.
auxin	A plant growth hormone usually concentrated in the apical bud.
spermatogonia	Specialized testicular cells that, by mitosis, give rise to spermatocytes and further divide by meiosis to produce spermatids.
physical weathering	Breakdown of rock and minerals into small sized particles through mechanical stress.
phagosome	A cellular inclusion formed by the engulfment of cells or tissue debris during phagocytosis.
cultivar	a particular cultivated variety of a plant.
cave	A natural cavity or recess that is roughly positioned horizontally to the surface of the Earth.
heredity	Transmission of characters through genetic material from one generation to the next.
vessel element	Individual cells that make up vessels.
false negative	an experimental outcome that incorrectly yields a negative result
entropy	A quantitative measure of disorder or randomness, symbolized by S.
olson_map	On a Clone page, the position of the clone on the physical map is given under this tag
reciprocal recombination	A precise exchange of genetic information like that expected for a simple cut, exchange, and rejoin mechanism
discordant	The situation where both members of a pair of twins do not exhibit the same characteristics
amino acid	Amino acids are, among other things, constituent elements of protein
community	Refers to all the populations of interacting species found in a specific area or region at a certain time.
migration	Movement of organisms in an intentional way between two points in space
cline	Change in environmental variables (such as temperature) which is accompanied by a regular increase or decrease in an allele frequency.
immunization	Generation of antibodies by administering antigen
false positive	an experimental outcome that incorrectly yields a positive result
gonadal mosaicism	See germline mosaicism.
bilaterian	Member of the group that includes the majority of animal phyla and includes all animals with bilateral (left/right) symmetry.
cleavage divisions	First 4 to 6 divisions of the young embryo, multiplying the number of cells without increasing the size.
granulocyte	A white blood cell containing large granules.
genotype	the exact genetic coding and DNA sequence information that an organism has.
anaplerotic metabolic pathway	A biochemical pathway that replenishes intermediates needed by a central metabolic pathway.
monomer	One of the component units of a polymeric molecule.
soluble protein	See globular protein.
adrenocorticotropic hormone	A tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the production and secretion of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex.
phylogeny	The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.
cloning	The process of producing a genetically identical copy
nucleus	The cell
morphological species concept	Defining species by measurable anatomical criteria.
cohort	A group of individuals of the same age, from birth until all are dead.
dissimilar	Not similar or alike; different in appearance, properties, or nature; unlike.
release factors	Proteins that facilitate the termination of translation
symbiosis	A long-term association of different species that provides mutual benefit.
dendrite	/DEND-right/ n
mucus	A gelly-like substance produced by organisms, texture may vary from virtually fluid to stiff and rubber-like.
vertical transmission	See vertical inheritance.
proton	A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom.
va	See additive genetic variance.
gene therapy	An experimental technique for treating disease that works by introducing a healthy copy of a non-functioning gene into the patient's cells.
onshore-offshore transport	The up and down movement of sediment roughly perpendicular to a shoreline because of wave action.
digestion	The process of breaking down food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb.
chrom-	[Greek chroma color.] A common prefix or suffix meaning color
generation time	The time interval between successive cell divisions.
tympanic membrane	Another name for the eardrum.
primosome	A complex of primase and helicase that initiates synthesis of RNA primers on the lagging DNA strand during DNA replication.
biotechnology	the application of molecular biology for useful purposes.
immune system	The cells, proteins (such as antibodies) and cellular activities that work together to fight off infection and provide resistance to subsequent infection.
nivation	Process where snow patches initiate erosion through physical weathering, meltwater flow, and gelifluction.
wilting	The drooping of leaves and stems as a result of plant cells becoming flaccid.
double helix	The shape that two linear strands of DNA
respite care	A service provided to the families of children who require extraordinary forms of care, so that the family can take vacations, handle business affairs, and have some relief from the duties of caring for the child.
spatial isolation	Reproductive isolation of two or more populations of a species by distance or physical barriers
technology transfer	The process of converting scientific findings from research laboratories into useful products by the commercial sector.
antheridium	In plants, the male garnet' a moist chamber in which gametes
nonporous container	Packaging through which liquids or vapors cannot pass (e.g., glass jars or metal cans).
evolution	Descent with modification
lethal genotype	Genotype whose expression results in the death of the individual possessing it.
euploid	Polyploid individual whose chromosome complement is comprised of a whole number of its basic chromosome set.
zetta-	A prefix indicating 1021; a sextillion.
low pressure	An area of atmospheric pressure within the Earth's atmosphere that is below average
amoeboid	Having no definite shape to the cell, able to change shape.
paleolake	An ancient lake that existed in the past when hydrological conditions were different.
dopa	L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine.
exclusion	The elimination of an individual as the source of a biological sample
shoreline	The line that separates a land surface from a water body
western blot	Is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract.
virus	A small, infectious, obligate intracellular parasite
diatom	Any member of a group of single-celled algae that live in both marine and fresh-water environments
negative feedback	A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.
cellular lineage	Any succession of cells in a body produced by a series of cell divisions
lobe	A tongue-like extension of some material
working distance	Distance between the front vertex of a lens and the object.
diastolic pressure	The pressure in an artery during the ventricular relaxation phase of the heart cycle.
microbes	Minute living organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa.
phylum	In classification, the taxonomic category above class.
random primers	A set of short oligonucleotides with variable sequences
continental shelf	Shallow submerged margin of the continents that lies between the edge of the shoreline and the continental slope
clone	One of a group of genetically identical cells or organisms derived from a common ancestor.
chalk	A sedimentary rock of marine origin, formed by the accumulation of calcareous shells (tests) left behind by microorganisms.
horst fault	A fault that is produced when two reverse faults cause a block of rock to be push up.
eluate	The fluid that has passed through (eluted from) a chromatographic column.
needle ice	A form of periglacial ground ice that consists of groups ice slivers at or immediately below the ground surface
zinc finger	A protein structural motif common in DNA binding proteins
drug development	the process of taking a lead compound, demonstrating it to be safe and effective for use in humans, and preparing it for commercial-scale manufacture.
coastline	The line that separates a land surface from an ocean or sea.
playa	A dry lake bed found in a desert.
in vivo	In a living context — more specifically, in the living cell or organism.
adenosine triphosphate	Main source of energy for biochemical reactions within the cell.
game	See evolutionary game.
biological species concept	Definition of a species as a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but are not able to produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other populations.
zoospore	Flagellated spore occurring in chytrid fungi.
regulome	The total interactions of the regulatory networks within a cell.
nitrogen	[Symbol N; atomic number = 7; atomic mass = 14.007.] One of the elements that plays an important role in biological systems. One atom of nitrogen joins with two atoms of hydrogen to form an amino group, one of the important functional groups in amino acids and other biological molecules.
testosterone	The most abundant androgen hormone in the male body.
blade	(1) A leaflike structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis
cathode	The negative electrode of an electrophoretic system toward which cations migrate.
dissociation constant	An equilibrium constant for the dissociation of a molecule into two parts (e.g., dissociation of acetic acid into acetate anion and a proton); Kd.
anaphase a	The movement of daughter chromosomes toward the spindle poles during mitosis.
palindrome	An arrangement of symbols that reads the same backward as forward.
system boundary	Outer edge of system
sa node	The pacemaker of the heart, located in the wall of the right atrium
terminal bud	Embryonic tissue at the tip of a shoot, made up of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes.
ontogeny	the development of an organism over its lifetime, from conception to death.
hair	A single or multicellular, absorptive (root hair) or secretory (glandular hair) and sometimes only a superficial outgrowth (covering hair) of the epidermal cells
tropical storm	An organized group of thunderstorms often found over a tropical ocean that generates a cyclonic flow of between 64 and 118 kilometers per hour
mismatch repair	The cellular process that uses special enzymes to fix incorrectly paired nucleotides.
defloration	/dehf-lə-RAY-shən/ n
competitive inhibitor	A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.
toxicokinetics	The rate of uptake and transformation of potentially toxic substances within a living system.
endospore	A thick-coated, resistant cell produced within a bacterial cell exposed to harsh conditions.
venturi	An increase in the velocity of a fluid or gas due to the constriction of flow.
hydrophilic	water soluble.
electron	A subatomic particle with a negative charge
carbon source	A nutrient which provides the carbon required for cellular biosynthesis.
entomology	The study of the biology of insects.
mariculture	The culture of marine organisms.
hybridization	1
bioinformatics	The management and analysis of data (especially DNA sequence data) using advanced computing techniques
biomarker	A geologically stable molecule originally part of a living organism
punnett square	Diagrammatic representation of the union of gametes in all possible combinations.
host-vector system	Combination of DNA-receiving cells (host) and DNA-transporting substance (vector) used for introducing foreign DNA into a cell.
in vitro	in a test tube
sporophyte	Life form during the life cycle of a plant which produces the micro- and megaspores
temperate deciduous forest	Forested biome found in the mid-latitudes and dominated by deciduous vegetation.
sterile	Incapable of reproduction
swash	A thin sheet of water that moves up the beach face after a wave of water breaks on the shore.
intermediate filament	A component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments.
bivalent	Pair of homologous chromosomes.
signal patches	These refer to amino acid residues that are distant to one another in the primary sequence of the protein but come close to each other in three dimensional space, when the protein is properly folded
mantle	A heavy fold of tissue in mollusks that drapes over the visceral mass and may secrete a shell.
acetyl coa	The entry compound for the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.
subsea permafrost	Form of permafrost that exists beneath the sea in ocean sediments.
overturned fold	A fold in rock layers where one limb is pushed past the perpendicular
xeroderma pigmentosum	(XP)
continental rise	Thick layers of sediment found between the continental slope the ocean floor.
platform	Horizontal sedimentary deposits found on top of continental shield deposits.
scientific method	the approach taken by scientists to make observations of and theories about the world around them, and beyond
atom	The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
protein	A large, complex molecule
endoplasmic reticulum	A system of membranes forming tubular compartments that permeate the cytoplasm
in vivo	Studies carried out in living organisms.
epitope	Binding site
spatial tradition	Academic tradition in modern Geography that investigates geographic phenomena from a strictly spatial perspective.
mendelian characteristic	Traits for which the phenotypic expression is controlled by relatively few loci segregating in a Mendelian fashion.
filtration	The extraction of water and small solutes, including metabolic wastes, from the body fluid into the excretory system
transformation	A general term meaning to change from one form to another. It is often used in genetics to refer to a change in phenotype that results from, or possibly results from, a change in genotype
caldera volcano	Explosive type of volcano that leaves a large circular depression
parasite	An organism that lives at the expense of another, usually invading it and causing disease.
point bar	Stream bar deposit that is normally located on the inside of a channel bend.
high field nmr	A high-resolution NMR method based on higher field magnets that enables the analysis of large molecules.
transposition	The movement of a discrete segment of DNA from one location in the genome to another.
cancer	A disease characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of cells.
orogeny	The process of mountain building.
kingdom	Top most level of the common system used to classify life
water table	Top surface of groundwater.
epibenthic	relates to the area on top of the sea floor
base substitution mutation	A mutation resulting in the replacement of one base for a different base.
dag	Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) refers to a way of arranging objects based on their relationships and allows a child to have multiple parents.
futile cycle	A metabolic cycle that converts energy to heat.
heteromorphic	Homologous chromosomes that differ in morphology.
endorphin	A hormone produced in the brain and anterior pituitary that inhibits pain perception.
bovine serum albumin	Protein fraction of serum isolated from the bovine family (i.e
benthos	The plant and animal organisms that live on the sea floor
isotope	Form of an element where the number of neutrons in its atomic nucleus is different than the number of protons.
polycation conjugate	A macromolecule with multiple positive charges conjugated to a protein that binds a cell receptor
buffer	A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.
ice age	Period of time when glaciers dominate the landscape of the Earth
parsing	The use of algorithms to analyze data into components.
ribonome	The entire collection of RNA molecules in the cell and organism at any one moment, along with the diverse proteins that associate with them.
salt	A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called an ionic compound.
inborn error of metabolism	A congenital condition which results from a change in a gene which causes a deficiency in the presence or activity of particular enzymes important for the functioning of the body's metabolism.
elastic wave	An energy wave that causes elastic deformation in a material without its structure and shape being deformed.
base flow	Rate of discharge in a stream where only the throughflow and groundwater flow from subsurface aquifers contribute to the overall flow.
eicosanoid	A class of lipids, including prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, that act in autocrine and paracrine signaling.
true-to-type	Applied to a plant or propagation source, this term denotes correct cultivar identification and lack of variation in productivity or performance
lungs	The invaginated respiratory surfaces of terrestrial vertebrates, land snails, and spiders that connect to the atmosphere by narrow tubes.
chiral compound	A compound that can exist in two forms that are non-superimposable images of one another.
algorithm	A logical process by which a problem can be solved.
condensation	The change in state of matter from vapor to liquid that occurs with cooling
virulent	A term describing a pathogen against which a plant has little specific defense.
stamen	The male, pollen-bearing organ of the flower.
zonal	Movement of wind or ocean waters in a direction that is roughly parallel to the lines of latitude.
synchrotron	Research facility that accelerates charged particles and uses an increasing magnetic field to keep the particles in a circular path
nitric oxide	A gas produced by many types of cells that functions as a local regulator, a neurotransmitter, and an antibacterial agent.
neural plate	Thickened strip of ectoderm in early vertebrate embryos that forms along the dorsal side of the body and gives rise to the central nervous system.
glycopeptide	A protein with covently bound carbohydrates.
matrix	The nonliving component of connective tissue, consisting of a web of fibers embedded in homogeneous ground substance that may be liquid, jellylike, or solid.
bioremediation	the use of biological systems, usually microorganisms, to decompose or sequester toxic and unwanted substances in the environment.
hydrostatic pressure	Force caused by water under pressure.
out-of-range result	This result means that the screening test did show signs that the individual may be at higher risk of having one or more conditions.
ribosylation	The addition of a ribosyl residue.
gabbro	An intrusive igneous rock that develops from mafic magma and whose mineral crystals are coarse
phage	See bacteriophage.
lower mantle	Layer of the Earth's interior extending from 670 to 2,900 kilometers below the surface crust
fluorescence immunoassay	An assay technique based on a fluorescent-labeled antigen.
cytotoxic t cell	A type of lymphocyte that, when activated, kills infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted cells.
open talik	Is a form of localized unfrozen ground (talik) in an area of permafrost
metabolic engineering	Optimizing genetic and regulatory processes within cells to increase the cells' production of a certain substance.
pioneer drug	the patented version of a drug
nonpolar covalent bond	A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity.
chi-square test	Statistical procedure used to test degree of association or agreement between observed results and those results expected based on the hypothesis being tested.
protoplast fusion	Technique involving the merger of two cell types into a single cell.
plasmogamy	The fusion of two protoplasts.
system	A more complex organization formed from a combination of components.
bh4 deficiency	See tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency
oestrogens	a family of steroid-based hormones which regulate reproductive and related processes in females
oxidizing agent	The electron acceptor in a redox reaction.
allergen	Symptoms may include respiratory distress and low blood pressure
pregnancy rate	The percentage of females exposed (inseminated or receiving an embryo) that sustain the development of a fetus.
enrichment	A condition which increases the proportion of a particular organism or mutant strain from a mixed population
photosynthesis	The biosynthesis that directly harnesses the chemical energy resulting from the absorption of light
pandemic	disease that has spread worldwide.
performance test	Obtaining a phenotypic measure on an individual for the purpose of assessing its genetic merit.
polar stratospheric clouds	High altitude clouds found in the stratosphere where the temperature is less than -85° Celsius
class	A taxonomic category in Linnaean biological classification
pin	Type of distylic flower possessing a long style and short anthers.
predictive gene tests	tests to identify gene abnormalities that may make a person susceptible to certain diseases or disorders.
dalton	A unit of mass equivalent to the mass of a hydrogen atom (1.66 x 10-24 g)
apoptosis	Programmed cell death, the body's normal method of disposing of damaged, unwanted, or unneeded cells
stable atmosphere	Condition in the atmosphere where isolated air parcels have a tendency to sink
evolution	of the many meanings of this word, three are used here: (1) change over time; the fact that most of the organisms alive today are different from organisms that existed in the past; (2) universal common descent; the hypothesis that all organisms are modified descendants of a single common ancestor in the distant past; (3) the mechanisms of biological change; the hypothesis that natural selection acting on random variations has been the principal cause of modification.
dynamic stability hypothesis	The idea that long food chains are less stable than short chains.
kaolinite	A type of clay that is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions
leukemia	A group of neoplastic diseases of leukocytes, often resulting in proliferation of leukocytes.
genetics	The study of genes and how they are inherited
bog	A habitat that consists of waterlogged spongy ground
magnetic reversal	A reversal of the polarity of Earth's magnetic field.
cation	An ion carrying a positive atomic charge.
recurrence interval	The average time period that separates natural events of a specific magnitude
product rule	The probability of two independent events occurring simultaneously is the product of the individual probabilities
mitochondria	Since it is normally inherited only from mothers, an offspring's mtDNA will be identical to its mother's, unless a mutation has occurred.
renal artery	The blood vessel bringing blood to the kidney
neocortex	In the mammalian brain, the outermost region of the cerebral cortex.
carcinoma	Any of the various types of cancerous tumors that form in the epithelial tissues, the tissue forming the outer layer of the body surface and lining the digestive tract and other hollow structures
bud	(1) In plants, an embryonic shoot, including rudimentary leaves, often protected by special bud scales
cloning	Process of growing a large number of genetically identical cells from a single cell.
pathogen	A disease-causing agent.
family tree	A record of members of a family and their relationships.
nuclear energy	Energy released when the nucleus of an atom experiences a nuclear reaction like the spontaneous emission of radioactivity, nuclear fission, or nuclear fusion.
genetic competence	Conjugaison : Transfert naturel d'ADN plasmidique ou chromosomique d'une cellule bactérienne à une autre par l'intermédiaire d'un pont cytoplasmique
positive assortative mating	Mating of Individuals with like phenotypes.
receptor potential	An initial response of a receptor cell to a stimulus, consisting of a change in voltage across the receptor membrane proportional to the stimulus strength
tank bioreactor	Vessel in which fermentation takes place
riffle	Bar deposit found on the bed of streams
phe	The shortened name for phenylalanine.
mixotrophic	Used in reference to organisms which use a mixture of nutritional strategies, such as organisms with chloroplasts and carry out photosynthesis but are also able to feed by phagocytosis.
isomorphic generations	Alternating generations in which the sporophytes and gametophytes look alike, although they differ in chromosome number.
temperate grassland	A terrestrial biome dominated by grasses and forbs.
lateral moraine	Moraine that is found along the sides of a glacier
lligase	an enzyme that functions in DNA repair.
bacteriophage	A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.
mineralocorticoid	A steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland that acts on the kidney to regulate salt and water balance.
viviparous	Referring to a type of development in which the young are born alive after having been nourished in the uterus by blood from the placenta.
equilibrium potential	The magnitude of a cell's membrane voltage at equilibrium; calculated using the Nernst equation
bootstrap	A statistical method for measuring consistency in datasets in which new simulated datasets are generated by sampling with replacement
interstitial cell	A connective tissue cell.
hepatic portal vein	A large circulatory channel that conveys nutrient-laden blood from the small intestine to the liver, which regulates the blood's nutrient content.
inheritance of acquired characteristics	Transmission of characteristics acquired during an organism’s lifetime to its offspring
succession	Directional cumulative change in the types plant species that occupy a given area, through time.
hydrophilic	Having the ability to readily interact with water.
dependent variable	In an experiment, the dependent variable is the factor that responds when another factor is manipulated.
defined medium	A bacterial growth medium in which all the components are known
surrogate mother	Female in whom an embryo is artificially implanted to be carried to term
extinct	No longer living anywhere.
tropical cyclone	Another name for hurricane.
dna probe	After gel electrophoresis, the gel is placed on wet filterpaper
gene therapy	Treatment that consists of introducing into a patient a normal copy of one or more defective genes responsible for the patient's disease
phloem	Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant.
variance	A measure of the spread of a distribution about its average value.
circularly permuted dna	A population of linear DNA molecules produced as if by breaking open circular molecules at different points.
population	A group of individuals of one species that live in a particular geographic area.
sbt	See shifting balance theory.
metabolomics	Metabolomics is the scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites
microclimate	Very fine scale variations of climate, such as the specific climatic conditions underneath a log.
gene redundancy	Multiple copies of a single gene.
freefloat	Proportion of a company's listed shares that is freely available for trading
moss	About 9,500 species of plants that belong to the division bryophyta
fault plane	The plane that represents the fracture surface of a fault.
hygroscopic	Substances that have the ability to absorb water and therefore accelerate the condensation process.
intermittent stream	A stream that flows only for short periods over a year
alimentary canal	A digestive tract consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus.
trans	Genes located on different DNA molecules present in the same cell (the opposite of cis)
atomic nucleus	The central core of an atom. The nucleus consists of protons and, with the exception of the common form of hydrogen, neutrons.
allometry	Change in proportions with body size
neutral	Having no effect on fitness.
oxygen	A common element in organic and living organisms.
theory	An explanation that is broad in scope, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.
quadrat	a sampling unit used to measure the number of individuals within a specific area.
remote sensor	Mechanical devices used to remotely sense an object or phenomenon.
drift	See random genetic drift.
mitoplast	The mitochondrial inner membrane and matrix.
ti plasmid	A plasmid used for gene transfer in plants.
sarcoma	a type of cancer that starts in bone or muscle.
solubility pump	System of physical processes [e.g., changes in water temperature, ocean circulation, and gradient of carbon dioxide (CO2) spanning the ocean depth] that influences the ocean's uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere
rapid-start complex	The complex that RNA polymerase forms at the promoter site just before initiation.
in vitro	Studies performed outside a living organism such as in a laboratory.
family	the level of biological classification above a genus and below an order.
bioremediation	The use of biological organisms such as plants or microbes to aid in removing hazardous substances from an area.
predator	Consumer organism who feeds on prey
chaperone	A molecule that assists in the folding or assembly of other molecules or complexes without itself becoming a part of the end product.
transmission	The conduction of impulses to the central nervous system.
general recombination	The common cellular mechanism for genetic recombination between DNA molecules with identical or near identical (homologous) nucleotide sequences
expressed gene	See: gene expression
magma plume	A rising vertical mass of magma originating from the mantle.
germinate	Seeds starting to grow by putting out shoots and roots (can also apply to fungi).
tussock	A tuft or clump of grass or other vegetation.
infertile	Incapable of initiating, sustaining, or supporting reproduction
lysis	Disruption of cells with release of the contents.
cytokine	A member of a family of proteins released by cells that act on other cells through specific receptors
kilocalorie	A thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.
paleontology	the scientific study of fossils and their use to reconstruct the history of life.
trace evidence	Physical evidence that results from the transfer of small quantities of materials (e.g., hair, textile fibers, paint chips, glass fragments, gunshot residue particles).
bottleneck	See population bottleneck.
exploitation	Form of competition where the indirect effects of the two or more species or individuals reduce the supply of the limiting resource or resources needed for survival.
neoproterozoic	Division of time from 1000 Mya to the base of the Cambrian at 542 Mya.
phytoplankton	Free-floating, microscopic photosynthetic organisms (e.g., algae, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates found in the surface layers of marine and freshwater environments).
oceanic plate	A rigid, independent segment of the lithosphere composed of mainly basalt that floats on the viscous plastic asthenosphere and moves over the surface of the Earth
monocotyledon	Flowering plants that have one seed leaf that emerges after germination.
evaporation fog	A type of fog produced from the advection of cold air over warm water or warm or moist land
nonmatch	An individual is eliminated as the source of a biological sample
dystonia	neurologic condition involving repeated twisting and movement
consanguinity	Relationship between two individuals with a common ancestor, for example, first cousins.
allergen	Any substance that causes an allergy.
tolerance model of succession	This model of succession suggests that the change in plant species dominance over time is caused by competition for resources
chi-square distribution	The distribution of the sum of squares of a number n of normally distributed variables; written as .
cell line	Cells that grow and divide indefinitely outside the body, and are originally derived from one specific cell.
co-option	the use of an existing biological structure or feature for a new function; also called exaptation.
fluorescence energy transfer	Transfer of energy between two fluorophors.
entisols	Soil order (type) of the United States Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Classification System
retinitis pigmentosa	group of hereditary ocular disorders with progressive retinal degeneration
gold standard	Best and most reliable method or technology currently available; industry standard
niche specialization	Process where evolution, through natural selection, adapts a species to a particular set of abiotic and biotic characteristics within a habitat.
polymorphonuclear granulocytes	A collective name for neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils.
folding	The deformation of rock layers because of compressive forces to form folds.
tooth crown	The part of the tooth exposed above the gum line, usually covered with enamel.
electron	A particle with a single negative charge; one or more electrons orbit the nucleus of the atom.
heterotroph	An organism that requires preformed organic compounds for growth.
shield volcano	Volcano created from alternate layers of lava flows
pingo	A large conical mound that contains an ice core
multiplexing	A sequencing approach that uses several pooled samples simultaneously, greatly increasing sequencing speed.
torr	An obsolete unit of pressure equal to that exerted by a column of mercury 1mm high at 0°C and standard gravity (1mm Hg); named after Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647), the inventor of the mercury barometer
adaptation	The change in the response of a system over time; functional or structural changes that allow an organism to respond to changes in the environment.
rotational slip	Form of mass movement where material moves suddenly along a curvilinear plane
recombineering	A term coined by Don Court to describe a method for vector construction based on homologous recombination in E
von hippel-lindau syndrome	an autosomal dominant condition characterized by the anomalous growth and proliferation of blood vessels on the retina of the eye and the cerebellum of the brain; cysts and cancers in the kidneys, pancreas, and adrenal glands.
adaptive radiation	Diversification of a single lineage into species that exploit diverse ecological niches.
toxicity	Negative effect of a compound, as shown by altered morphology or physiology
silcretes	Sedimentary rock created by the chemical precipitation of silica.
macrophage-colony stimulating factor	A growth factor that stimulates macrophage colonies.
oncology	Study of tumours.
total column ozone	A measurement of ozone concentration in the atmosphere.
lead compound	in pre-clinical trials and clinical trials, a potential drug being tested for safety and efficacy.
pinocytosis	A process of ingesting material by enclosing it with a membrane
nitrogen cycle	Worldwide circulation and reutilization of nitrogen atoms, chiefly due to metabolic processes of living organisms; plants take up inorganic nitrogen and convert it into organic compounds (chiefly proteins), which are assimilated into the bodies of one or more animals; bacterial and fungal action on nitrogenous waste products and dead organisms return nitrogen atoms to the inorganic state.
seepage lake	A lake that gets its water primarily from the seepage of groundwater.
amoeba	A single-celled eukaryote that has no fixed shape
phospholipid transfer protein	A protein that transports phospholipid molecules between cell membranes.
quantal	Describes a biological system capable of only two responses.
systolic pressure	The pressure in an artery during the ventricular contraction phase of the heart cycle.
plankton	Mostly microscopic organisms that drift passively or swim weakly near the surface of oceans, ponds, and lakes.
herbicide	A substance that kills plants
myasthenia	Muscle weakness or lack of strength
thermal infrared radiation	Form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 3 to 14 micrometers (µm).
convectional precipitation	Is the formation of precipitation due to surface heating of the air at the ground surface
fungus	One of the achlorophyllous thallophytes whose somatic structures are usually filamentous and branched
pistil	A single carpel or a group of fused carpels.
quatitative pcr	Sometimes referred to in forensic science as real-time PCR
sensible heat	Heat that can be measured by a thermometer and thus sensed by humans.
dhap	Dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
drug delivery	the process by which a formulated drug is administered to the patient.
domain	A taxonomic category above the kingdom level; the three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
precambrian	All geologic time prior to the Cambrian Period.
round window	The point of contact between the stapes and the cochlea
stem cell	A progenitor blood cell made in the bone marrow that can give rise to all the cells of the blood and immune system, including red blood cells, white cells to fight infection, and platelets for clotting.
mcf-7 cells	a line of oestrogen dependent human breast cancer cells.
metabolic flux analysis	Method for measuring all the metabolic fluxes of an organism's central metabolism; 13C-labeled substrate is taken up by an organism, and the distribution of 13C throughout the metabolic network enables the quantification of labeled metabolite pools.
active immunity	Immunity produced by the body in response to stimulation by a disease-causing organism or a vaccine.
variant	A dissimilarity in the commonly occuring sequence of a gene.
nematoid	NEEM-ə-toid/ (1) threadlike; (2) of or relating to nematodes.
nitrification	The oxidation of ammonia or ammonium to nitrites and nitrates, as by nitrifying bacteria.
parallel	A line parallel to the equator and connecting all places of the same latitude.
nephron	The tubular excretory unit of the vertebrate kidney.
conidium	A spore formed asexually, usually at the tip or side of the hypha.
foliation	Process where once randomly distributed platy minerals in a rock become reoriented, because of metamorphism, in a parallel manner.
vas deferens	See ductus deferens.
bronchiole	One of the fine branches of the bronchus that transport air to alveoli.
mutation rate	Characteristic rate for which one allele mutates to an alternate form.
f2	The second filial generation, ordinarily produced by intercrossing the F1 generation among themselves.
carotenoids	Lipid-soluble pigments that are made from isoprene units.
sandstone	A type of sedimentary rock that contains a large quantity of weathered quartz grains.
haploid	Cell that contains only one set of chromosomes
high throughput	Done on a massive, automated scale.
schlerenchyma	Tissue composed of thick-walled cells containing lignin for strength and support.
lycopsid	See lycopod.
ground tissue system	A tissue of mostly parenchyma cells that makes up the bulk of a young plant and fills the space between the dermal and vascular tissue systems.
chromosome region q	A designation for the long arm of a chromosome.
average effect	The effect of an allele on a quantitative trait as estimated by regression
nematode	Member of a major phylum within the Ecdysozoa of very diverse and abundant worm-like animals, including the round worms and thread worms (phylum Nemata).
detritus	Remnants of biological material.
sphincter	A ringlike valve, consist, ing of modified muscles in a muscular tube, such as a digestive tract; closes off the tube like a drawstring.
acid phosphatase	An enzyme found in high concentration in semen.
genetic discrimination	Prejudice against those who have or are likely to develop an inherited disorder.
immunoglobulin	General name for proteins that function as antibodies
plasticity	The ability to develop or adapt in response to the environment.
interstitial fluid	Extracellular fluid.
radioisotope	Unstable isotope of an element that releases radiation as it decays to a stable form.
ice lense	Horizontal accumulation of permanently frozen ground ice.
microsequenator	A device for sequencing small amounts of sample.
prohormone	An peptide hormone that is inactive until proteolytic cleavage.
backcross	Mating of F1's (first filial generation individuals) to individuals from either parental strains.
pericentric inversion	Inversion containing the centromere in the inverted segment.
blinding	In a scientific experiment, a blind is where some of the people involved are prevented from knowing certain information that might lead to conscious or subconscious bias on their part, making the results not completely accurate.
endorphin	A neuropeptide that acts as a natural analgesic.
phylogeny	The classification of organisms according to evolutionary criteria.
rights	Entitlements
barchan dune	Crescent shaped sand dune that has its long axis transverse to the wind and its crescent tips pointed downwind.
negative dominance	A gene product that inhibits the function of another gene product.
obsidian	Glassy dark colored volcanic rock
pathogenicity	The ability to cause disease.
interstitial cells	In general, cells located between other structures
lycopod	Member of a group of plants that includes giant trees in the Carboniferous coal swamp forests and the living club mosses.
e. coli	Common bacterium that geneticists have studied intensively because of its small genome size, normal lack of pathogenicity, and ease of growth in the laboratory.
bacillus	rod-shaped bacteria.
codis	Acronym for Combined DNA Index System
biological process	One of the three categories used by the Gene Ontology project, biological process describes broad biological goals, such as mitosis or purine metabolism.
gene	Originally defined as the physical unit of heredity but the meaning has changed with increasing knowledge
hydrogen	A common element in organic and living organisms.
antigen	A substance that interacts with an antibody.
true north	Direction of the North Pole from an observer on the Earth.
pharynx	An area in the vertebrate throat where air and food passages cross; in flatworms, the muscular tube that protrudes from the ventral side of the worm and ends in the mouth.
organism	A living thing which contains DNA and is capable of cell replication by itself, for example, bacteria, plants and animals.
yeast episomal plasmid	A yeast vector carrying the 2 µm circle origin of replication.
ccc	An abbreviation for "circular, covalently closed" DNA molecules.
bundle sheath	A protective covering around a leaf vein, consisting of one or more cell layers, usually parenchyma.
fungi	Group, at the kingdom level, in the classification of life
hybridoma	The cell produced by fusing two cells of different origin
transpiration	Transpiration is the process of water loss from plants through stomata
desorption	Removal of a substance in the reverse of absorption or adsorption.
earth albedo	Is the reflectivity of the Earth's atmosphere and surface combined
sun	Luminous star around which the Earth and other planets revolve around
adenosine triphosphate	A nucleotide that releases energy upon hydrolysis of the phosphate bonds
gneiss	A metamorphosed coarse grained igneous rock
prisoner’s dilemma	A game in which both players have a lower fitness when they play the ESS than when they both play the alternative.
central limit theorem	A theorem that states that the sum of a large number of independent variables tends toward a normal distribution.
cirrhosis	Irreversible scarring of the liver that may occur with chronic hepatitis.
light chain	The shorter of the two protein chains that comprise antibodies.
black body	Is a body that emits electromagnetic radiation, at any temperature, at the maximum possible rate per unit surface area
regression equation	Equation using regression to predict the value of a dependent variable from a known value of the independent variable.
liposome	A synthetic lipid bilayer vesicle that fuses with the outer cell membrane and is used to transport small molecules into cells.
double helix	A structure in which two helically-twisted polynucleotide strands are held together by hydrogen bonding and base stacking.
lambdoid	A group of phage that are related to the E
mistral	Term used to describe a katabatic wind in southern France.
book lungs	Organs of gas exchange in spiders, consisting of stacked plates contained in an internal chamber.
colonial	Condition in which many unicellular organisms live together in a somewhat coordinated group
punishment	Where individuals who behave in ways that reduce others’ fitness are made to suffer reduced fitness as a result.
cation exchange	A process in which positively charged minerals are made available to a plant when hydrogen ions in the soil displace mineral ions from the clay particles.
radioisotope dating	See radiometric dating.
oligomer	A molecule containing a small number of covalently linked units; a multisubunit protein.
neuromodulator	A chemical agent that is released by a neuron and diffuses through a local region of the central nervous system, acting on neurons within that region; generally has the effect of modulating the response to neurotransmitters.
hypertonic	In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a greater solute concentration.
mask	A method for identifying which positions in a multiple sequence alignment to use for phylogenetic reconstruction.
gametophyte	In plants, the haploid structure that produces gametes
bering land bridge	An expanse of land that connected North America and Asia
follicle-stimulating hormone	A tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the production of eggs by the ovaries and sperm by the testes
enzyme	A protein that acts as a catalyst, speeding the rate at which a biochemical reaction proceeds but not altering the direction or nature of the reaction.
electromagnetic spectrum	The entire spectrum of radiation; ranges in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer.
alternation of generations	A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants and some algae.
salting out	The decrease in protein solubility that occurs when salts such as ammonium sulfate are present at high concentrations.
allergic reaction	An inflammatory response triggered by a weak antigen (an allergen) to which most individuals do not react; involves the release of large amounts of histamine from mast cells.
muscle fiber	A large cell of skeletal muscle, formed by the fusion of many individual cells during development.
organism	Any form of life.
tectonic plate	slabs of the earth's rigid lithosphere, which move independently on top of the asthenosphere
cladistics	The analysis of how species may be grouped into clades.
endothermic	Referring to organisms with bodies that are warmed by heat generated by metabolism
bioremediation	The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems.
electrochemical gradient	A difference in chemical concentration and electric potential across a membrane.
hybrid antibody	An immunoglobulin produced by fusing hybridomas producing two different antibodies, resulting in the production of a third, heterophile antibody.
secondary antibody	An antibody that recognizes and binds a primary antibody
mesozoic	The geologic era that spans the length of time between the Paleozoic and Cenozoic eras, roughly 252-65.5 million years ago
copepod	A type of microscopic marine and freshwater crustacean that has an elongated body and a forked tail.
mutated	can foster the growth of cancer.
complete hydatidiform mole	An abnormal pregnancy in which the implanted "embryo" consists only of placental-type structures
hypha	The unit of structure of the fungi; a tubular filament.
protozoa	Single-celled, eukaryotic microorganisms that use cellular appendages called flagella to propel them through their environments.
social worker	A trained professional who provides social services to those in need.
cells	and the cells of transplanted organs.
rift valley	Steep sided valley found on the Earth's surface created by tectonic rifting.
alpha helix	A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure.
rodent	Any member of the mammalian order Rodentia
bacteriophage	A virus that infects bacterial hosts, and may be utilized to introduce genes
sorus	A cluster of sporangia on a fern sporophyll
recombinant dna molecules	A combination of DNA molecules of different origin that are joined using recombinant DNA technologies.
analogue	a compound with a chemical structure similar to another compound.
bacteriophage	a virus whose host is a bacterium; commonly called phage.
orphan drug	A drug that treats a rare disease.
bionucleonics	The study of the application of isotopes to living systems.
semen	Seminal fluids plus sperm from the male reproductive system.
epimer	One of two stereoisomers that differ in configuration at one chiral center.
transformation	1
climate	Average weather conditions over a time period, usually several decades
nucleocytoplasmic	Relating the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
telophase	The final phase of nuclear division
insecticide resistance	the engineering, development or selection of heritable traits in an insect population to allow individual plants to express the trait and survive the presence of an insecticide
hypertonia	Increased muscle tone
acid chyme	A mixture of recently swallowed food and gastric juice.
chromogenic substrate	A substrate that changes color when modified by a specific enzyme.
astrocytoma	A tumor arising from astrocytes, glial cells found in the brain.
memory cell	A clone of long-lived lymphocytes, formed during the primary immune response, that remains in a lymph node until activated by exposure to the same antigen that triggered its formation
nitric oxide	A gas produced by bacterial action in the soil and by high temperature combustion
periodic table	Table that describes some of the chemical properties of the known elements.
ectotherm	An animal, such as a reptile (other than birds), fish, or amphibian, that must use environmental energy and behavioral adaptations to regulate its body temperature.
b-dna	The fully hydrated right-handed helical form of DNA seen in vivo.
teachable moment	A learner initiated opportunity to provide instruction.
syndrome	A group of signs and symptoms characteristic of a particular disease
animalia	The kingdom that consists of multicellular eukaryotes that ingest their food.
eosinophil	A polynucleated granulocyte containing granules filled with hydrolytic enzymes.
tissue culture	Process of growing some part of a plant or animal on an artificial medium.
nonredundant database	A database in which redundant entries have been noted and merged.
dominant species	Those species in a community that have the highest abundance or highest biomass
oxidative stress	A situation in which the environment within cells becomes highly "oxidized"-that is, comes to contain reactive, unstable molecules, particularly those of oxygen
lps	Lipopolysaccharide
sediment	Solid material that has been or is being eroded, transported, and deposited
liquid chromatography	An automated method used to separate, identify, and quantify the components of a liquid solution.A sample is carried by a mobile liquid phase through a columnpacked with solid particles that separates each component beforereaching a detector device.
lymphocyte b	A type of white blood cell or leukocyte, which produces antibodies in the humoral immune response.
apert syndrome	a condition caused by the premature closure of the sutures of the skull bones, resulting in an altered head shape, with webbed fingers and toes
electron	A subatomic particle that has a negative electrical charge. The unit negative charge on one electron is equal to the unit positive charge of one proton. Electrons occur in shells surrounding the atomic nucleus. They form the various types of chemical bonds that join atoms.
siliceous	Incoporating silica.
sporangium	A capsule in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop.
vein	(1) In animals, a vessel that returns blood to the heart
dicotyledon	Flowering plants that have two seed leaves that emerge after germination.
lake	A body standing water found on the Earth's continental land masses
cell-free expression system	A mRNA-programmable protein synthesis system.
hydroxyl group	A functional group consisting of the structure –O–H. It is usually connected covalently to carbon. A hydroxyl group is hydrophilic and increases the water solubility of the molecule of which it is a part. If that carbon is connected only to other carbons or to hydrogen, the hydroxyl group is often described as an alcohol.
conodont	Any member of a group of worm-like, vertebrate organisms common from the Ordovician to the Triassic
m13	A single-stranded bacteriophage vector that is used in the Sanger dideoxy sequencing method.
ray-finned fish	Member of the class Actinopterygii, aquatic osteichthyans with fins supported by long, flexible rays, including tuna, bass, and herring.
convection	Convection involves the transfer of heat energy by means of vertical mass motions through a medium.
klenow fragment	The large fragment of E
consanguineous	Marriage or mating among related individuals.
neoantigen	A cellular antigen acquired after transformation by an oncogenic virus.
quantitative trait locus	The chromosomal location of one of a set of genes that collectively encode a quantitative trait that varies continuously across a population.
risk	Used as a term for a danger that arises unpredictably, such as being struck by a car.
cell line	Cells that grow and divide indefinitely outside the body, and are originally derived from one cell of a specific type.
active immunity	A common example are newborn children, who have antibodies from the maternal circulation
cloning vector	a DNA molecule that is capable of autonomous replication within a cloning host cell; e.g
linkage	The tendency of genes located close together on the same DNA molecule to be coinherited
uniformitarianism	Is a theory that rejects the idea that catastrophic forces were responsible for the current conditions on the Earth
plasmacytoma	A plasma cell tumor.
mhc	Abbreviation of major histocompatibility complex.
closed talik	Is a form of localized unfrozen ground (talik) in an area of permafrost
bryophyte	A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.
crassulacean acid metabolism	A type of metabolism in which carbon dioxide is taken in at night and incorporated into a variety of organic acids.
diffused solar radiation	Solar radiation received by the Earth's atmosphere or surface that has been modified by atmospheric scattering.
nomograph	A graph that allows a third variable to be measured when the values of two related variables are known.
polygenes	The (hypothetical) many genes affecting a character, each having a small, additive effect on the character.
environment	Composite of all non-genetic factors influencing the phenotypic expression of a trait.
expression	To "express" a gene is to cause it to function
heat shock protein	A protein synthesized in response to cellular stress, including high temperature
atp	Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule playing a central role in the storage and transfer of energy within the cell
silt	Mineral particle with a size between 0.004 and 0.06 millimeters in diameter
microcarrier	Nontoxic, finely particulate material used to grow cells in suspension culture.
sars	Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
transcriptome	All transcribed mRNAs within a cell.
permeability	A measure of the ability of soil, sediments, and rock to transport water horizontally and vertically
immunoglobulin	See antibody
inland sea	a sea on top of continental crust
canyon	Steep-sided valley where depth is considerably greater than width
hla	Human-leukocyte-antigen system
stipule	One of a pair of appendages at the base of the leaf stalk.
sampling variation	Chance differences in statistics describing a set of observations that occurs when repeating the experiment with a new sets of observations.
phagocyte	a specialist defense cell which removes foreign or damaging agents by engulfing them.
methyl group	A small chemical group with the formula, -CH3
first responder	The initial responding law enforcement officer and/or other public safety official or service provider arriving at the scene prior to the arrival of the investigators in charge.
nitrogen fixation	The reduction of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to NH3.
in vitro	In a test tube.
clinical validity	The accuracy with which a test identifies or predicts a patient’s clinical status
autogenous regulation	Remodelage : Création d'une protéine ayant de nouvelles propriétés par mutagénèse dirigée ou synthèse de gène
callipterid	Any member of a group of seed plants with somewhat fern-like foliage that are common in Late Carboniferous and Permian floras.
exa-	A prefix indicating 1018; a quintillion.
germ line gene therapy	An experimental process of inserting genes into germ cells or fertilized eggs to cause a genetic change that can be passed on to offspring
ssop	Sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe
gracile	Graceful, slender, and delicate
dextrorotatory	/decks-troh-ROTE-tə-tore-ee/ adj
exfoliation dome	A physical weathering feature associated with granite that is the result of the erosion of overburden material and pressure-release
protein linkage map	A protein-protein interaction network map.
tissue	a group of interconnected cells forming a structure or performing a particular function in a multicellular organism.
tunicate	Member of the subphylum Urochordata, sessile marine chordates that lack a backbone.
taxon	The named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification.
thermal high	Area of high pressure in the atmosphere caused by the area having warmer temperatures relative to the air around it.
point mutation	A change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair.
error prone repair	A mechanism for repair of DNA damage that often results in mutations (e.g
elevator pitch	a short, typically less than two-minute, summary used to quickly describe a business to investors
olfactory receptor	Smell receptor.
bacteria	[Sing
inselberg	A German term used to describe a steep-sided hill composed of rock that rises from a pediplain.
biont	A single organism.
drainage network	System of interconnected stream channels found in a drainage basin.
waterspout	A vortex of rapidly moving air over water that is associated with some thunderstorms.
heterotrophic	The ability of an organism to use an organic molecule as carbon source.
cell membrane	cell structure that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment; aids in the protection and support of the cell.
conditions	A set of requirements or specifications needed for a learning activity.
gill circulation	The flow of blood through gills.
stream long profile	Vertical and horizontal profile of the stream
phloem	Vascular tissue that distributes sugars and nutrients throughout a plant.
soil structure	General term that describes how mineral and particles organic matter of are organized and clumped together in a soil.
carboxylic acid	A molecule containing a carbon atom attached to a hydroxyl group and to an oxygen atom by a double bond.
salinization	Pedogenic process that concentrates salts at or near the soil surface because evapotranspiration greatly exceeds water inputs from precipitation.
response regulator	A regulatory protein that responds to sensor protein of a "two-component" regulatory system
liquefaction	Temporary transformation of a soil mass of soil or sediment into a fluid mass
go	See Gene Ontology.
basal cell	A relatively undifferentiated cell in an epithelial sheet that forms more specialized cells.
throughfall	Describes the process of precipitation passing through the plant canopy
phenotype	The outward appearance of the individual
helper cells	T cells that respond to an antigen displayed by a macrophage by stimulating B and T lymphocytes to develop into antibody-producing plasma cells and killer T cells, respectively.
axis	An imaginary line passing through a body or organ around which parts are symmetrically aligned.
anther	Structure which produces and releases pollen.
stream load	Refers to the material or sediment carried by a stream
immigrate	To enter into a new habitat.
zooplankton	Free-floating, microscopic animals that drift with water currents.
epicotyl	In an angiosperm embryo, the embryonic axis above the point of attachment of the cotyledon(s).
missense mutation	The most common type of mutation, a base-pair substitution in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid.
friction	Resistance between the contact surfaces of two bodies in motion.
pharmaceutical proteins	Proteins manufactured for use as drugs.
carcinogen	A physical or chemical agent that causes cancer
microorganisms	organisms that cannot be seen by the naked eye and include bacteria, fungi and viruses.
embryo sac	This is the mature female gametophyte
fissionable isotope	Isotope that can undergo nuclear fission when hit by a neutron at the right speed
complement cascade	A precise sequence of events usually triggered by an antigen-antibody complex, in which each component of the complement system is activated in turn.
unspecialised	Having no specific function.
net primary productivity	The gross primary productivity minus the energy used by the producers for cellular respiration; represents the storage of chemical energy in an ecosystem available to consumers.
mendel	Gregor Johann Mendel, Austrian Monk, 1822-1884
energy	The capacity to do work by moving matter against an opposing force.
embryo	Plant or animal at an early stage of development.
atrioventricular valve	A valve in the heart between each atrium and ventricle that prevents a backflow of blood when the ventricles contract.
output traits	Traits produced in genetically modified crops that are beneficial or of direct value to the consumer
fiber	A lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles
primary succession	A type of ecological succession that occurs in an area where there were originally no organisms.
heterosis/hybrid vigor	the superiority of hybrids.
prostate cancer	A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in the prostate gland, which is part of the male reproductive system.
peristome	The region of the body around, and external to, the mouth
organelle	A structure within a cell that performs a particular function
neurohypophysis	See posterior pituitary.
adenomatous intestinal polyp	A pre-malignant lesion that is a presumed precursor of colorectal cancer.
exoskeleton	A hard encasement on the surface of an animal, such as the shells of mollusks or the cuticles of arthropods, that provides protection and points of attachment for muscles.
deflation	Process where wind erosion creates blowout depressions or deflation hollows by removing and transporting sediment and soil.
sequencing	Determining the order of bases in a length of DNA
biosynthesis	Synthesis by a living system.
data cleaning	Computational processing to remove noise and artifacts from digital data prior to storage.
generation	Cohort of individuals born and living at the same time.
animal model	A laboratory animal with a specific disease that researchers experiment with to find out more about the causes of a disease, its diagnosis in humans, and to investigate or trial new treatments or preventative actions
nucleosomes	Homeobox A sequence of 180 nucleotides that encodes a 60 amino acid homeodomain, which serves as a DNA-binding domain in one family of transcription factors.
molecular mass	The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight.
rflp	See restriction fragment length polymorphism.
ere	Estrogen Response Element
brain	The master control center in an animal; in vertebrates, the brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system.
adaptation	The concept that organisms become better able to exploit their environment and survive in it over evolutionary time scales
photosynthesis	Process by which plants, algae, and certain types of prokaryotic organisms capture light energy and use it to drive the transfer of electrons from inorganic donors (e.g., water) to carbon dioxide to produce energy-rich carbohydrates.
complex	Containing multiple macromolecules in an organized structure
karyogamy	The fusion of two nuclei.
end group analysis	The determination of the terminal residues of a nucleic acid or protein.
hypocotyl	In an angiosperm embryo, the embryonic axis below the point of attachment of the cotyledon(s) and above the radicle.
extremophile	An organism that lives in an extreme environment such as ice in Antarctica, Chilean deserts, and thermal vents deep in the ocean
relative humidity	The ratio between the actual amount of water vapor held in the atmosphere compared to the amount required for saturation
classical conditioning	A type of associative learning; the association of a normally irrelevant stimulus with a fixed behavioral response.
middle lamella	A thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young plant cells.
physical geography	Field of knowledge that studies natural features and phenomena on the Earth from a spatial perspective
barrier island	Long, narrow islands of sand and/or gravel that are usually aligned parallel to the shore of some coasts.
dynamic metamorphism	Form of metamorphism that causes only the structural alteration of rock through pressure
volcanic neck	See volcanic pipe.
drosophila	/drə-SAWF-ə-lə/ A genus of flies commonly used in genetics and cytology experiments; commonly known as fruit flies
atrioventricular valve	A valve in the heart between each atrium and ventricle that prevents a backflow of blood when the ventricles contract.
discharge	See stream discharge.
haplotype	Particular combination of closely linked alleles that tend to be inherited as a unit.
energy level	Any of several different states of potential energy for electrons in an atom.
cuboidal	The cubic shape of a type of epithelial cell.
dna assembly	See genome assembly
variables	Quantities that describe the state of a system and that evolve through time
genetic disease	a disease caused by a genetic mutation.
artery	A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body.
nucleus	The brain of the cell
meiosis	the doubling of gametic chromosome number.
cyclic electron flow	A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or oxygen.
endocrine system	One of eleven major body organ systems in animals; a system of glands that works with the nervous system in controlling the activity of internal organs, especially the kidneys, and in coordinating the long-range response to external stimuli.
autotrophic	Able to independently acquire a nutrient.
merged feature	A chromosomal feature that was once annotated as a distinct entity, but that has now been subsumed by another feature
determination	The progressive restriction of developmental potential, causing the possible fate of each cell to become more limited as the embryo develops.
natural selection	Conventionally (and rather vacuously) defined as the process by which three conditions are supposed to produce evolutionary change: (1) phenotypic variation, (2) differential reproductive success resulting from that variation, and (3) reasonably consistent principles of inheritance of that variation, principles that are at least partially independent of environmental effects.
fermentation	A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end-product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
bioinformatics	The science of managing and analyzing biological data using advanced computing techniques
coinfection	A condition whereby an uninfected individual becomes infected with two or more different infectious agents.
cell	Small, watery, membrane-bound compartment filled with chemicals; the basic subunit of any living thing.
retrogressive succession	Succession where the plant community becomes simplistic and contains fewer species and less biomass over time.
biotic	Any living component that affects another organism
coaching	Encouraging the learner and providing hints to prompt the learner to recall and succeed in a task.
nucleus	See cell nucleus.
van der waals bonds	Weak intermolecular bonds resulting from the attraction between electron-rich regions of one molecule and electron-poor regions of another.
cold seep	an area of the continental slope where cold fluids leak into the water column
virus	an infectious parasitic organism, which can only replicate in a host cell
herbicide	a chemical compound used to kill weeds
microelectromechanical systems	A technology that combines computers with micro-scale sensors, actuators, valves, gears, and mirrors embedded in semiconductor chips.
trimester	In human development, one of three 3-month-1ong periods of pregnancy.
complete digestive tract	A digestive tube that runs between a mouth and an anus; also called alimentary canal
rhumb line	A line of constant compass direction or bearing which crosses the meridians at the same angle
chromosome	Structure composed of DNA and proteins representing the basic hereditary unit
trans configuration	See repulsion.
state assistance	Payment given to individuals by government agencies on the basis of need.
macrophage	A white blood cell of the granulocyte series that consumes foreign substances, especially those that have been marked by binding of antibodies. Macrophages are the scavengers of our bodies, cleaning up the unwanted debris.
panmictic	Describes a population in which every individual has the same chance of mating with every other: in other words, where there is no population structure.
emergency preparedness	The act of being prepared with your medical information in case an emergency event ever occurs.
nonrecurrent mutation	Mutation that occur only once.
vacuole	A cytosolic membrane-bounded structure containing liquids.
nucellus	n(y)oo-CELL-əs/ The central, main portion of the ovule, which contains the embryo sac.
transpiration	The evaporative loss of water from a plant.
john doe warrant	A warrant used when crime scene evidence yields a DNA profile but the individual corresponding to the DNA profile is unknown
diarrhea	Symptom characterized by an increased number of daily bowel movements and loose and watery stools
molecular medicine	The treatment of injury or disease at the molecular level
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome	A life-threatening disease caused by a virus and characterized by breakdown of the body's immune defenses.
catenane	An interlocked pair of circular structures, such as covalently closed DNA molecules.
precambrian	Span of geologic time that dates from 4.6 billion to 570 million years ago
snow melt	Conversion of snow into runoff and groundwater flow with the onset of warmer temperatures.
nucleus	The structure in the center of each cell that holds chromosomes.
polarimeter	An instrument for determining the rotation of polarization of light as the light passes through a solution containing an optically-active substance.
vestigial organ	A structure of marginal, if any, importance to an organism
ichthyologist	Biologists who specialize in the study of fish behavior, anatomy, physiology, and evolution.
patterned ground	Term used to describe a number of surface features found in periglacial environments
father of modern genetics	His controlled experiments with breeding peas in the monastery garden showed that the inheritance of traits follows certain predictable patterns, determined by heritable units we now call genes.
macronutrient	A chemical substance that an organism must obtain in relatively large amounts
enantiopure	Consisting entirely of one stereoisomer of an enantiomeric compound.
domain	A discrete, independantly folded region of a protein
allometric growth	The variation in the relative rates of growth of various parts of the body, which helps shape the organism.
insulin	A hormone that promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen.
dyspepsia	/dis-PEP-see-yə/ n
epinephrine	A hormone produced as a response to stress; also called adrenaline
kuppfer sells	Specialized non-motile macrophages in the liver sinusoidal regions.
sulfuric acid	Acid with the chemical formula H2SO4.
genotypes	The remaining part of the total variation is environmental
electropherogram	The graphic representation of the separation of molecules by electrophoresis or other means of separation.
dejecta	/də-JEK-tə, dee-/ n
tfiie	A general transcription factor contributing to the formation of the pre-initiation complex.
harmonic mean	An average defined byIt gives greatest weight to small values
eukaryote	A cell with distinct nucleus, in comparison to prokaryote
insect	Relatively small and simple animals that have a rigid external skeleton, three body sections, three pairs of legs, and antennae
normal distribution	A common probability distribution displayed by population data
virtual screening	A combinatorial chemistry technique for the computational screening of compounds.
syndrome	A group of symptoms and clinical findings that, when found together, make up a particular condition or disease.
gene regulatory network	Intracellular network of regulatory proteins that control the expression of gene subsets involved in particular cellular functions
ordovician	Geologic period that occurred roughly 438 to 505 million years ago
concrete space	Actual geographic space in the real world
life expectancy at birth	The predicted average length of life at birth.
heart attack	The death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from prolonged blockage of one or more coronary arteries.
prophase	the stage of mitosis characterised by the condensation of the chromosomes, the movement of the centrosomes to opposite ends of the cell and the commencement of the formation of the mitotic spindle.
clade	A taxonomic subgroup with similar traits identified by cladistics.
dacryocystitis	/dack-ree-oh-sist-TIGHT-əs/ n
character displacement	A phenomenon in which species that live together in the same environment tend to diverge in those characteristics that overlap; exemplified by Darwin's finches.
pathogen	A microorganism or other agent that causes disease.
supernatant	Liquid portion remaining after centrifugation or precipitation of a sample.
dikaryotic	Having two different and distinct nuclei per cell; found in the fungi
kappa chain	One of the two types of light chains that occur in antibodies.
canopy drip	Redirection of a proportion of the rain or snow falling on a plant to the edge of its canopy.
stereoisomers	Isomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other.
excluded	Two samples cannot have come from the same source.
bioinformatics	The science of managing and analyzing biological data using advanced computing techniques. This is a particularly important tool for analyzing genomic research data.
branch	Portion of an evolutionary tree diagram connecting two nodes.
menstrual flow phase	That portion of the uterine (menstrual) cycle when menstrual bleeding occurs.
fibrous protein	A protein that aggregates to form filaments and functions as a structural protein.
leaf	The main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants.
ductus deferens	The duct that leads from the epididymis and through which spermatozoa pass, joining with secretions of the seminal vesicles to form semen.
great plate count anomaly	A phenomenon in which the number of cells from natural environments that can be grown in culture is much less than what can be seen through a microscope
effective population size	The size of the ideal Wright–Fisher population that would give the same rate of random drift as the actual population in question.
carpel	The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary
amh	See anatomically modern human.
biodiversity	The genetic diversity of natural organisms
facultative parasite	An organism capable of infecting other live or dead organic matter, according to circumstances.
protozoan pl. protozoa	A protist that lives primarily by ingesting food, an animal-like mode of nutrition.
extreme halophile	A prokaryote that lives in a highly saline environment, such as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea
non-composite transposon	A transposible element that is NOT flanked by IS elements.
transduction	Transfer of genetic material from one cell to another by means of a virus or phage vector.
comparative genomics	The study of human genetics by comparisons with model organisms such as mice, the fruit fly, and the bacterium E
continental drift	The gradual movement of the Earth's continents that has occurred over hundreds of millions of years.
mark-recapture method	A sampling technique used to estimate wildlife populations.
antibody	Immunoglobulin produced by lymphoid cells upon exposure to a specific antigen.
gametophyte	Life form in the life cycle of a plant which produces the male and female gametes
geostrophic wind	Horizontal wind in the upper atmosphere that moves parallel to isobars
magnetic declination	The horizontal angle between true north and magnetic north or true south and magnetic south.
xenotransplantation	transplanting a foreign tissue into another species.
nick	A space introduced into a DNA strand by the loss of one or more nucleotides.
metastasis	Spread of cancer cells through the blood or lymphatic system to other organ sites.
alzheimer's disease	An age-related dementia (mental deterioration) characterized by confusion, memory loss, and other symptoms.
editosome	The complex that edits RNA transcripts.
stratigraphy	Subdiscipline of geology that studies sequence, spacing, composition, and spatial distribution of sedimentary deposits and rocks.
organic compound	A chemical comound containing the element carbon and usually synthesized by cells.
countercurrent exchange	The opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss,
agarose	A carbohydrate polymer used as a matrix for electrophoresis.
exclusion	A DNA test result indicating that an individual is excluded as the source of the DNA evidence
fast track	a process for interacting with the FDA during drug development, intended for drugs to treat serious or life threatening conditions that demonstrate the potential to address an unmet medical need.
map projection	Cartographic process used to represent the Earth's three-dimensional surface onto a two-dimension map
generation turnover	Time between parents producing offspring and those offspring reaching reproductive age.
yoctomole	One septillionth mole; 10-24 mole.
tetrahydrobiopterin responsive	This term is used to describe people with PKU who have responded positively to treatment with sapropterin in a tetrahydrobiopterin loading test
internode	The segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached.
microwave radiation	Form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0.1 to 100 centimeters.
transfection	The introduction of foreign DNA into a host cell
phloem	The food-conducting tissue of a vascular plant.
thermodynamic equilibrium	This type of equilibrium describes a condition in a system where the distribution of mass and energy moves towards maximum entropy.
controlled breeding	the reproduction of desired characteristics.
messenger rna	A type of RNA involved in protein production
hot spot	A volcanic area on the surface of the Earth created by a rising plume of magma.
organelle	A membrane-bound body in the cytoplasm of a cell.
reciprocal crosses	Pairs of genetic crosses which in one case DNA from strain #1 is transferred into strain #2 and in the second case the strain #2 is used as a donor to transfer the same region into strain #1
hazard	Phenomenon which can cause loss of life, injury, disease, economic loss, or environmental damage.
dorsum	/DORE-səm/ adj
flagella	Long, flexible, helical protein structures that extend from the surface of the cell
differential centrifugation	A method used to separate the components of cells on the basis of their size and density.
tumor	Any abnormal proliferation of cells.
eukaryote	an organism whose cells containing membrane-bound organelles (eg
gap junction	A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that allows the passage of material or current between cells.
amino group	A functional group consisting of one nitrogen and two hydrogens: –NH2. Each H is bound to the N by a single covalent bond, satisfying the valence requirements of N for three bonds and H for one. Because the nitrogen has unshared electrons in its outer shell, it attracts hydrogen ions, which have no electrons, and forms the structure –NH3+, which has a positive charge. The ability to bind/neutralize hydrogen ions classifies the amino group as a base or alkaline group.
middle lamella	A region of the plant cell wall that acts as a glue to hold adjacent cells together.
outgroup	A species or group of species that is closely related to the group of species being studied, but clearly not as closely related as any study-group members are to each other.
recessional moraine	Moraine that is created during a pause in the retreat of a glacier
glaciation	A process in which large accumulations of snow and ice (glaciers) advance over the surface of the land or sea.
positive selection	See directional selection.
solum	Part of the soil that is capable of supporting life.
cellulose polysaccharide	Compound used to make walls (normally around the outside) of certain types of cell.
kilobase	One thousand bases in a DNA molecule.
neoplasm	nee-ə-PLAZ-əm/ Neoplastic tissue serving no useful function.
game theory	See evolutionary game.
protoplast	The contents of a plant cell exclusive of the cell wall.
voltage-gated ion channel	A specialized ion channel that opens or closes in response to changes in membrane potential.
biometry	The application of statistical methods to biology.
rock flour	Very finely ground rock fragments that form between the base of a glacier and the underlying bedrock surface.
circadian	Of or relating to an approximate 24-hour rhythm.
focus	See earthquake focus.
congenital adrenal hyperplasia	An inherited defect (autosomal recessive) in production of adrenal hormones
phagocytosis	A type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances, accomplished mainly by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells.
metabolism	the chemical processes that take place in living organisms leading to growth, development, and all other forms of energy transformation.
heliothinae	A subfamily of Noctuidae.
xenotransplantation	The term used to describe any procedure that involves the transplantation of live cells, tissues, or organs from one species to another, including animal-to-human transplantation.
circadian rhythm	A physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotic organisms and that persists even in the absence of external cues.
gene	a section of DNA that usually codes for a protein
rhythm method	A form of contraception that relies on refraining from sexual intercourse when conception is most likely to occur; also called natural family planning.
e. coli	A common Gram-negative bacterium useful for cloning experiments
epicenter	Surface location of an earthquake's focus.
climate	The climate of an area is a description of what the weather is like there
septum	One of the cross-walls that divide a fungal hypha into cells
forensic science	The application of science to analyze evidence involved in criminal and civil litigation.
phenotypic fingerprint	The overall biochemical, physiological, and morphological profile of an organism.
pluripotent	Cells that may still differentiate into various types of specialized tissue in the body.
polymorphs	Short for polymorphonuclear leukocytes or granulocytes.
redox couple	An electron donor and its corresponding oxidized form.
dementia	severe impairment of mental functioning.
biallelic	System of probability based on beliefs in which the measure of probability is continuously revised as available information changes.
crater	Circular depression in the ground surface created by volcanic activity or asteroid impact.
amniocentesis	A procedure by which a small amount of amniotic fluid (the fluid surrounding a baby in the womb) is drawn out using a needle inserted in to the mother's abdomen
millimeter	A unit of measure in the metric system
intraepithelial	Within an epithelial cell layer.
marble	Metamorphic rock created by the recrystallization of calcite and/or dolomite.
normalization	A database refinement process that organizes a database so that results obtained from queries to the database are always unambiguous.
catalytic site	The site of an enzyme involved in the catalytic process.
receptor mapping	The use of the known 3-D structure of a ligand to predict features of the complementary structure of the receptor
gradualism	A view of Earth's history that attributes profound change to the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes.
bagasse	The dry, fibrous residue that remains after the stalks of sugar cane have been crushed and all the juice extracted
mycorrhizae	Mutualistic association of a fungus with the root of higher plant
long-branch attraction	A phenomenon in phylogenetic analyses when taxa or OTUs that lie at the end of long branches are inferred to be closely related, regardless of their true evolutionary relationships.
chromosome	A thread-like structure, visible in the cell nucleus during metaphase, that carries the hereditary information.
red queen	Continual coevolution between two species (e.g., between host and parasite).
ovary	In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop
supercoiled dna	Double-stranded circular DNA in which either overwinding or underwinding of the duplex makes the circle twist
aves	The vertebrate class of birds, characterized by feathers and other flight adaptations.
genome	all the genetic information necessary to build a living organism
antimutator gene	A mutant gene that reduces the rate of mutation.
cardiac output	The volume of blood pumped per minute by the left ventricle of the heart.
efficacy	The power or ability to produce an effect.
interactome	Molecular interactions of a cell, typically used to describe all protein-protein interactions or those between proteins and other molecules.
canadian high	High pressure system that develops in winter over central North America.
mollisols	Soil order (type) of the United States Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Classification System
synapsis	The pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.
shear wave	A seismic wave that creates wave-like motion perpendicular to the direction of seismic energy propagation
tissue microarrays	Arrays consisting of tissue specimen cores.
motile	a benthic organism that can move through the sediments of the sea bottom or across the surface of those sediments
negative predictive value	Probability of an individual not having a particular disorder following a negative test, i.e
cardinal points	The four main navigational directions (North, East, South, and West) found on a compass or a map.
assay	A test to determine the presence, absence or quantity of one or more components of a substance.
phosphorite	A sedimentary rock rich in phosphate.
exponential	Growing at a constant rate r, so that numbers increase with ert.
codon	In an mRNA, a codon is a sequence of three nucleotides which codes for the incorporation of a specific amino acid into the growing protein
founder effect	The loss of genetic variation and the consequent change in genotype frequencies that occurs when a small number of individuals found a new population
hybridization	Interbreeding of different strains.
native species	Species that normally exists and reproduces in a specific region of the Earth
phage	A virus for which the natural host is a bacterial cell.
replication	Reproduction or duplication, as of an exact copy of a strand of DNA.
anaerobic	The absence of oxygen
host races	Genetically distinct populations that specialize on different hosts.
covalently	The attachments are to specific amino acids at specific sites in the polypeptide chain, and attachment occurs after translation
homoplasy	A similarity of traits that is not due to homology but instead to convergence or parallel evolution.
variation	one or more differences among individual organisms in the same species.
wave refraction	The re-orientation of a wave so that it approaches a shoreline at a more perpendicular angle
body wave	Type of seismic wave that travels through the interior of Earth.
active transport	The transport of molecules in an energetically unfavorable direction across a membrane coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP or other source of energy.
thunderstorm	A storm several kilometers in diameter created by the rapid lifting of moist warm air which creates a cumulonimbus cloud
plasmogamy	The fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of syngamy.
microbial insecticide	A pathogenic microorganism or its products (toxins, etc.) used to suppress an insect population
detritivore	An organism that feeds on dead organic debris.
nick	A single-strand break, involving the absence of one or more nucleotides, in a double-stranded DNA molecule
ionizing radiation	Radiation consisting of high-energy particles that can strip electrons from atoms, thereby changing their chemical reactivity, which in turn can cause biological damage.
phenology	Study of recurring biological phenomena.
variant	Phenotype that is different from the wild type or standard.
complex inheritance	Patterns of inheritance that differ from the ‘traditional' (Mendelian) patterns of inheritance in that they require multiple factors (either genetic or environmental) for the condition to develop.
shrub	A woody plant species that is smaller than a tree
location	A term used in geography that deals with the relative and absolution spatial position of natural and human-made phenomena.
herb	A nonwoody angiosperm whose above ground vegetation dies off seasonally.
prognosis	prediction of the course and probable outcome of a disease.
climap project	Multiuniversity research project that reconstructed the Earth's climate for the last million years by examining proxy data from ocean sediment cores.
foot wall	The bottommost surface of an inclined fault.
terminator codon	See stop codon.
optic chiasm	The arrangement of the nerve tracts of the eye such that the visual sensations from the left visual field of both eyes are transmitted to the right side of the brain and the sensations from the right visual field of both eyes are transmitted to the left side of the brain.
hypotonic	In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a lower solute concentration.
pericarp	The thickened wall of a fruit.
okt3	A monoclonal antibody that targets mature T cells.
electroporation	The introduction of DNA into cells by exposure to a brief electric pulse.
mammal	Group of warm blooded vertebrate animals
ectoderm	The outer of the three embryonic germ layers
antibody	An antibody which has the ability to attach itself onto the membrane of certain cells, a property which gives these cells a specific activity against an antigen.
variant pku	This is usually used to describe patients with PKU who have some residual activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase
hermaphrodite	1
molecular weight	The sum of the mass of all the atoms in a molecule.
small nuclear rna	A nuclear RNA ranging in size from 50 to 200 bases.
cardiovascular disease	Diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
cascade	A series of events that result in transmission and usually amplification of a weak signal.
sill	Horizontal planes of igneous rock that run parallel to the grain of the original rock deposits.They form when magma enters and cools in bedding planes found within the crust
diatom	A unicellular photosynthetic alga with a unique, glassy cell wall containing silica.
acedb	AceDB was the database software previously used by SGD before the move to an ORACLE relational database
technology transfer	the transfer of discoveries made by basic research institutions, such as universities and government laboratories, to the commercial sector for development into useful products and services.
triploid	Refers to cells of organisms that have three sets of the basic haploid complement of chromosomes.
amniocyte	cells obtained by amniocentesis.
population	The total number of individuals of a particular species in a particular, defined, locality or region.
protein-coding rna	RNA capable of producing protein via translation
chloroplasts	convert light/food into usable energy
glutamate	A neurotransmitter
dna repair	Mechanism which corrects the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule that has undergone mutations, or has had its nucleotide sequence altered.
pigmentation	Coloration or discoloration by formation or deposition of pigment in the tissues
bipap	Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure (Bi-Pap) is form of noninvasive ventilation respiratory support providing oxygen and pressure to the lungs to make it easier for a patient to breathe. With BiPAP therapy, there are two different pressure settings for the patient
gas hydrate	Frozen deposits rich in hydrocarbons that occur in the deep ocean basins.
testosterone	a class of masculinizing hormones
glacial uplift	Upward movement of the Earth's crust following isostatic depression from the weight of the continental glaciers.
tissue culture	The separation of cells from each other and their growth in a container of liquid nutrients.
tracheal system	A gas exchange system of branched, chitin-lined tubes that infiltrate the body and carry oxygen directly to cells in insects.
malignant	Invasive, capable of metastasis.
sustainable agriculture	Long-term productive farming methods that are environmentally safe.
diabetes	A grouping of diseases in which either the body does not synthesise (make) insulin, or its tissues are insensitive to the insulin that is synthesised.
join point.	The site where two DNA molecules are connected
pedigree	A family tree describing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring across as many generations as possible.
blood pressure	The hydrostatic force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel.
eolian	Geomorphic process involving wind
cilia	short, cylindrical projections on living cells that typically function in locomotion.
physiology	The study of the functions of an organism.
gaucher's disease	A genetic disease that affects fat metabolism.
autogenous regulation	The gene product that controls its own expression
gamete	Refers to the sperm cells in males and the egg cells in females.
levee	Ridge of coarse deposits found alongside the stream channels and elevated above the floodplain
ribosome	A molecular complex that performs translation
mass spectrometry	A chemical technique used to investigate aspects of the structure of molecules.
eye	Area in the center of a hurricane that is devoid of clouds.
enzyme	A protein that carries out the biochemical reactions essential for the body to metabolize food and produce energy for growth, repair, and movement
second messenger	A compound whose metabolism is modified as a result of a ligand-receptor interaction; it functions as a signal transducer by regulating other intracellular processes.
recombinant plasmid	pmn (appliqué à la souris modèle de l'ASI) : progressive motor neuropathy
countercurrent exchange	The opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss.
salinity	Concentration of dissolved salts found in a sample of water
organ	A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.
ovary	Primary sex organ in the female, producing eggs (actually oocytes) and hormones.
instar	The stage of an arthropod's life cycle between molts (shedding of the exoskeleton)
fermentation	Decomposition and breakdown of organic matter by anaerobic means.
synaptic cleft	A narrow gap separating the synaptic knob of a transmitting neuron from a receiving neutron to an effector.
abyssal	Referring to the very deep benthic zone of the ocean.
lithosphere	Is the solid inorganic portion of the Earth (composed of rocks, minerals, and elements)
angiosperm	Flowering plant.
cardiovascular system	A closed circulatory system with a heart and branching network of arteries, capillaries, and veins
extravasation	The leakage of drug from the vein into surrounding tissue
order	A taxonomic grouping of related, similar families; the category below class and above family.
domain	A segment of a folded protein structure showing conformational integrity
ribbon falls	Spectacular narrow waterfalls that occur at the edge of a hanging valley.
fitness	The genetic contribution of an individual to succeeding generations relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population.
parsimony	General approach to evolutionary reconstructions in which the goal is to identify theories (e.g., evolutionary branching patterns) that require the fewest number of evolutionary events (and thus might be considered the simplest).
diagnostic	a product used for the diagnosis of a disease or medical condition.
biome	A terrestrial region (e.g., grasslands, tropical forests) characterized by dominant vegetation and climate characteristics in terrestrial ecosystems
conditional probability	Probability of occurrence of one event given that another event has occur.
braided stream	Shallow stream channel that is subdivided into a number of continually shifting smaller channels that are separated by bar deposits.
aphotic zone	The part of the ocean beneath the photic zone, where light does not penetrate sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur.
plasticity	The ability of cells or tissue and their function to be influenced by an activity and how they respond to distinct environmental conditions.
glioblastoma	A malignant brain tumor of glial origin.
heterotrophic	A mode of nutrition in which the consumer relies upon molecules created by other organisms for energy and nutrients
radiolarian	single-celled heterotrophic organisms with elaborate skeletons made of silica
gap	A space introduced into a sequence within a multiple sequence alignment that allows similar or conserved sequence regions to be aligned in columns.
era	Geologic time unit that is shorter than an eon but longer than a period.
drainage divide	Topographic border between adjacent drainage basins or watersheds.
polygyny	A polygamous mating system involving one male and many females.
deforestation	Removal of trees from a habitat dominated by forest.
avidity	A measure of the affinity of the binding of an antibody to an antigen.
gene gun	A method of gene delivery, also known as a biolistic gun, that uses high-pressure helium gas to blast microscopic particles of gold coated with the material of interest into skin tissue; a method used to deliver DNA vaccines
ontogeny	The development of an organism across its entire lifespan, from zygote to death
chemical energy	Energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules; a fonn of potential energy.
homeostasis	Tendency of an organism or a cell to maintain its internal conditions regardless of external changing conditions.
cretaceous	The word cretaceous means having chalk or chalk-like qualities
sporophyll	A leaf specialized for reproduction.
monoclonal antibody	Highly specific, purified antibody that is derived from only one clone of cells and recognises only one antigen.
plasmodesma	An open channel in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell.
evidentiary samples	A generic term used to describe physical material/evidence discovered at crime scenes that may be compared with samples from persons, tools, and physical locations.
reductionism	The doctrine that complex systems can be completely understood in terms of its simplest parts
t cell	A type of lymphocyte responsible for cell-mediated immunity that differentiates under the influence of the thymus.
inversion	In vitro : expériences faites en éprouvettes
cycle threshold	Cycle number (in qPCR) at which the fluorescence generated within a reaction well exceeds the defined threshold
litter	Accumulation of leaves, twigs and other forms of organic matter on the soil surface
pedigree	A simplified diagram of a family's genealogy that shows family members' relationships to each other and how a particular trait or disease has been inherited.
tuber	Food-storing modified roots in plants like potato.
geographical coordinate system	System that uses the measures of latitude and longitude to locate points on the spherical surface of the Earth.
recombinants	Fraction of new combinations appearing in each generation.
vascular plant	Any member of the land plant group Tracheophyta, which have specialized tissues (xylem and phloem) for conducting fluid through the stem
mutational heritability	The ratio, VM/VE, between the mutational variance and the environmental variance.
phylogenetics	Study of evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms (e.g., species, populations), based on their DNA sequences.
transcription	the process by which DNA passes genetic information to RNA
sea-level	The average surface elevation of the world's oceans.
arf	A GTP-binding protein required for vesicle budding from the trans-Golgi network.
selfing	See self-fertilization.
myxomatosis	A disease of rabbits caused by the myxoma virus
matrix	The inner mitochondrial space.
first law of thermodynamics	The principle of conservation of energy
bacille calmette-guerin	An attenuated form of a mycobacterium that activates the immune system
molecule	a group of atoms arranged to interact in a particular way; one molecule of any substance is the smallest physical unit of that particular substance.
cofactor	A small molecule required for enzyme activity
induction	Increase in gene expression in response to a regulatory signal.
non-invasive	A medical test or procedure that does not require a doctor to insert any device through the skin or into a body opening.
triangulation	the use of three or more fixed points, such as receiver buoys or satellites in orbit around the earth, to pinpoint the location of an object
chlorophyll	Green pigment found in plants and some bacteria used to capture the energy in light through photosynthesis.
asexual reproduction	Formation of new individuals from one parental line by simple mitosis
cm	See centiMorgan.
in-range sreening result	The clinical test did not show any signs of conditions.
endothermy	The internal control of body temperature; the ability to generate and maintain internal body heat.
nuclease	An enzyme that hydrolyzes DNA and RNA into their component nucleotides.
parapatric	A geographic distribution in which different types are found in different places and meet only in a narrow zone.
genome project	Specifically: determination of the whole human genome
genetic engineering	The manipulation of organisms by the artificial introduction of DNA sequence in order to change their characteristics.
chr_basepair_coord	Chromosome basepair coordinates consist of two numbers that specify the begining and ending location of the sequence as positioned on the chromosomal sequence.
subunit vaccine	A vaccine that uses merely one component of an infectious agent, rather than the whole, to stimulate an immune response.
soil colloids	Very small organic and inorganic particles found in a soil
primary cell wall	The wall of growing plant cells.
primosome	The mobile complex of
mesocyclone	A cylinder of cyclonically flowing air that form vertically in a severe thunderstorm
equinox	Two days during the year when the declination of the Sun is at the equator
double fertilization	Fertilization in plant species involving two fusion events, the fusion of the egg nucleus with a sperm nucleus to form a 2n zygote, and the fusion of the two polar nuclei with a sperm nucleus to create the triploid cell which will form the endosperm.
genetic counselling	Counselling individuals and prospective parents who are at risk of a particular genetic disease (either themselves or their potential child)
excretion	The disposal of nitrogen-containing waste products of metabolism.
glacial drift	A generic term applied to all glacial and glaciofluvial deposits.
substrate	A chemical recognized by an enzyme.
cytoplasm	the protoplasm outside the nucleus
phosphatidylinositol	A glycerol phospholipid with a head group formed from inositol.
configuration	The spatial arrangement in which atoms are covalently linked in a molecule.
insectivore	Any animal that chiefly eats insects and other small terrestrial arthropods.
humic	An organic residue of decaying organic matter.
complement	A complex series of blood proteins whose action "complements" the work of antibodies
sepal	The green, leaf-like organs found in the first whorl of flowers.
immunogen	A molecule, molecular assembly, or organism that is specifically recognized by an antibody; an antigen.
dyne	/DINE/ n
cambrian explosion	A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic history; recorded in the fossil record about 542-525 million years ago.
genetic fingerprinting	Analyzing gene expression patterns using computational techniques, such as artificial neural networks.
nerve growth factor	A polypeptide growth factor that regulates the development and survival of neurons.
recombinant dna	A novel DNA sequence formed by the joining, usually in vitro, of two non-homologous DNA molecules.
d	(1) dalton unit; (2) distal; (3) dorsal.
atp	Glucose molecules are joined together to form starch in plants and glycogen in the livers of animals, both of which serve for energy storage
carbohydrate	Is an organic compound composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms
allosteric	The stereospecific modification of a protein by an effector to influence the activity of another site of the protein.
associate	In Colleague information, "Associate" refers to coworkers or collaborators.
sibling	A person who shares the same mother or father
translucent	Allowing the passage of light, yet diffusing it so as not to render bodies lying beyond clearly visible; semi-transparent.
stratocumulus clouds	Low altitude gray colored cloud composed of water droplets that has a patchy appearance
radiant energy	Energy in the form of electromagnetic waves and photons
ion	An atom, molecule or compound that carries either a positive (cation) or negative (anion) electrical charge.
downstream	In the direction of the 3' end of a DNA strand.
conglomerate	Coarse grained sedimentary rock composed of rounded rock fragments cemented in a mixture of clay and silt.
transductant	A genetic recombinant formed by transduction.
gamma radiation	A type of ionizing, electromagnetic radiation that readily penetrates the body tissues of organisms
oceanic crust	Basaltic portion of the Earth's crust that makes up the ocean basins
saltation	Transport of sediment initiated by moving air or water where particles move from a resting surface to the transport medium in quick continuous repeated cycles.
iteration	A single round of data processing
holin	A phage encoded lysis protein that forms pores ("holes") in the cytoplasmic membrane and allows release of an enzyme that degrades peptidoglycan (e.g
renal medulla	The inner portion of the vertebrate kidney, beneath the renal cortex.
kettle moraine	An area of glaciofluvial influenced moraine deposits pitted with kames and kettle holes.
little climatic optimum	Time period from 900 - 1200 AD
imprinting	A type of learned behavior with a significant innate component, acquired during a limited critical period.
crust	Earth's outer most layer of solid rock
curation	The process of verifying and enhancing data submitted to bioinformatics databases
autoradiography	The technique of exposing film in the presence of disintegrating radioactive particles
active immunity	Long-lasting immunity conferred by the action of a person's B cells and T cells and the resulting Band T memory cells specific for a pathogen
amplification	any process by which specific DNA sequences are replicated disproportionately greater than their representation in the parent molecules.
star	A large and very massive, self-luminous celestial body of gas that illuminates via the radiation derived from its internal source of energy.
monotherapy	The use of a single drug or other therapy.
plastidome	The total plastid complement of a cell.
allelic dropout	Failure to detect an allele within a sample or failure to amplify an allele during PCR.
calcite	Mineral formed from calcium carbonate
genetic code	all the genes a living thing has inherited
thermocline	A narrow stratum of rapid temperature change in the ocean and in many temperate-zone lakes.
metabolic turnover	A measure of the rate at which already existing molecules of the given species are replaced by newly-synthesized molecules of the same type
ischemia	An inadequate flow of oxygen (hypoxia) due to insufficient blood supply.
matric force	Force that holds soil water from 0.0002 to 0.06 millimeters from the surface of soil particles
transmembrane domain	Refers to the domains in amphipathic membrane proteins where the hydrophobic regions traverse the lipid bilayers of the membranes, while the hydrophilic regions extend on either side of the membrane and interact with water.
curator	A keeper of the Dictyostelium Genome Database information, responsible for collecting and compiling data about Dictyostelium genetic loci and DNA sequences and providing online assistance to users of the database
goldman equation	An equation expressing the quantitative relationship between the concentrations of charged species on either side of a membrane and the resting transmembrane potential.
pathogen	Microscopic parasite organism that causes disease in a host
biocombinatorial chemistry	An iterative process consisting of synthesis of combinatorial chemical libraries followed by screening in biological systems to evaluate function.
zoned reserve	An extensive region of land that includes one or more areas undisturbed by humans surrounded by lands that have been changed by human activity and are used for economic gain.
instability	Atmospheric condition where a parcel of air is warmer that the surrounding air in the immediate environment
systematics	Biological classification and nomenclature.
denticles	/DENT-ə-kəls/ n
chemical bond	An attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell elctrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms; the bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.
mitochondrial matrix	The inner mitochondrial compartment that contains enzymes associated with the oxidation of fatty acids and the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
amphoteric	Describes a molecule that reacts as an acid with bases, and as a base with acids.
species	A group whose members possess similar anatomical characteristics and have the ability to interbreed.
cell	the smallest unit of life that carries out its own processes
electroporation-based dna delivery	A method of DNA delivery using electroporation as the enabling mechanism.
leading eigenvector	Small deviations {x1, x2, ...} from equilibrium grow exponentially at a rate given by the leading eigenvalue λ and have the form xi = eiexp(λt)
tetracycline	An antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by preventing aminoacyl tRNA from binding to ribosomes
motor skills	The ability to perform controlled and precise movements of muscle groups
saturated fatty acid	A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.
tectonic	refers to any geological process that involves movement or deformation of the earth's crust.
degrees of freedom	Number of independent parameters required to describe some component
fjord	A glacial valley or glacial trough found along the coast that is now filled with a mixture of fresh water and seawater.
sarcoma	A malignant tumor of the connective tissue.
redfield ratio	Optimal ratio of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus for phytoplankton growth (106C:16N:1P) based on molecular concentrations.
community	All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.
visible light	That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm.
phagocytosis	An endocytic process based on the extension of cellular pseudopods that engulf target cells and tissue debris, forming phagosomes
chromosomal inversion	See inversion, chromosomal.
population	Group of individuals sharing a gene pool.
pineal gland	A small gland on the dorsal surface of the vertebrate forebrain that secretes the hormone melatonin.
eugenics	The practice of trying to influence human heredity by encouraging the transmission of ‘desirable' characteristics and discouraging the transmission of ‘undesirable' ones.
cheminformatics	Informatics technologies that integrate chemical data with analytic and molecular design tools
culture	The ideas, customs, skills, rituals, and similar activities of a people or group that are passed along to succeeding generations.
coral bleaching	Situation where coral lose their colorful symbiotic algae
dugong	/DOO-gawng/ n
solar radiation	Electromagnetic radiation that originates from the Sun
megapascal	A unit of pressure equivalent to 10 atmospheres of pressure.
telomerase	The enzyme that directs the replication of telomeres.
angstrom	A unit of measurement that was widely used until recently to describe molecular dimensions, but the unit nanometer (nm) is now more commonly used
trophic	Said of organisms which are active and feeding, and contrasts with the encysted state, theronts, or swarmers
gene expression	The process by which a gene's coded information is translated into the structures present and operating in the cell (either proteins or RNAs).
precambrian shield	Another term for shield.
accommodation	The automatic adjustment of an eye to focus on near objects.
hla	Human leukocyte antigen
meteorite	A meteorite is a part of a meteor from outer space that enters the earth's atmosphere
insolation	Direct or diffused shortwave solar radiation that is received in the Earth's atmosphere or at its surface.
deep-sea hydrothermal vent	A dark, hot, oxygen-deficient environment associated with volcanic activity
neurological	n(y)oor-ə-LAWJ-ə-kəl/
meiosis	is a type of cell division
mantle	the largest layer of the earth's interior, reaching from the crust and the core to a depth of 2891 km.
peristalsis	Regular contractions of a body or part of a body
genic conversion	Criblage : Opération d'identification et de tri de clones
biocatalyst	In bioprocessing, an enzyme that activates or speeds up a biochemical reaction.
starch	A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.
ancestral characteristic	A trait found in both an organism being studied and the common ancestor of a group to which the study organism belongs.
segregation load	The loss of mean fitness caused by the segregation of homozygotes, when polymorphism is maintained by heterozygote advantage:where Wmax is the fitness of the fittest heterozygous genotype.
omnivorous	Omnivorous animals like to eat both plants and meat
hair hygrometer	Hygrometer that uses the expansion and contraction of hair to determine atmospheric humidity.
stipe	A stemlike structure of a seaweed.
piedmont glacier	A large glacier formed from the merger of several alpine glaciers.
ganglion	A cluster (functional group) of nerve cell bodies in a centralized nervous system.
cell	The basic unit of any living organism that carries on the biochemical processes of life
tetramer	Structure resulting from the association of four subunits.
intron	A segment of DNA
quartet	Group of four nuclei which is the result of two meiotic divisions.
chronic disease	Of long duration
gene prediction	A gene prediction is an automatically predicted gene model
proton	A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of the atom.
dropsy	/DRAWP-see/ n
open sea	That part of the ocean that extends from the continental shelf
mesophyll cell	A loosely arranged photosynthetic cell located between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface.
disease-associated genes	Alleles carrying particular DNA sequences associated with the presence of disease.
lmc	See local mate competition.
generation time	The time it takes for a cell to double its mass under specified conditions.
amino group	The -NH2 group, a weakly basic group found in organic molecules.
endoparasite	A parasite that lives within a host.
genome	The total hereditary material of a cell, comprising the entire chromosomal set found in each nucleus of a given species.
gross primary productivity	Total amount of organic matter created by photosynthesis over a defined time period (total product of photosynthesis).
museum	A museum is a place where different things are stored and displayed for others to see and study.
wave trough	Area in between wave crests.
subduction zone	an area of the sea floor where two tectonic plates are moving toward each other, causing the more dense, or heavier plate to be forced (or subducted) underneath the less dense, or lighter plate.
burst size	The average number of phage released from a single infected bacterium during lytic growth
magma	Molten rock originating from the Earth's interior.
lenticels	Small raised areas in the bark of stems and roots that enable gas exchange between living cells and the outside air.
mixotrophic	Having both autotrophic and heterotrophic capabilities.
bioethics	The study of the ethical and moral implications of applications of biomedical research and biotechnology.
nitrogen cycle	Model that describes the movement of nitrogen in its many forms between the hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.
fragile evidence	Evidence that will lose its evidentiary value if not preserved and protected, either because of its nature or the conditions at the scene (e.g., blood in the rain).
thalassemia	Any of a group of anemias due to inherited defects in the quantity of hemoglobin in the red blood cells.
swim bladder	An adaptation, derived from a lung, that enables bony fishes to adjust their density and thereby control their buoyancy.
inversely proportional	Cause and effect relationship between two variables where a positive or negative change in the quantity of one causes a predictable opposite change in quantity in the other.
yeast genbank	A collection of all GenBank sequences that were derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
cell line	a culture of cells that can be kept alive indefinitely in in vitro culture with a supply of appropriate of nutrients.
fujita tornado intensity scale	Tornado classification system developed by T
facilitation	Modification of a system that makes subsequent modifications easier.
library	A set of cloned DNA fragments.
ribonuclease	see "RNAse".
vortex	A rapid spiraling motion of air or liquid around a center of rotation.
mycorrhizae	Fungi that establish symbiotic relationships with plant roots.
aqueous solution	A solution in which water is the solvent.
placoderm	Any member of the extinct vertebrate group Placodermi
fovea	An eye's center of focus and the place on the retina where photoreceptors are highly concentrated
virus	An infectious agent that occupies a place near the boundary between the living and the nonliving.Viruses enter host cells and hijack the enzymes and materials of the host cells to make more copies of themselves.
acclimatization	The adaptation of an organism to new environmental conditions.
noctilucent clouds	High altitude clouds composed of ice crystals that appear to glow silver or bright blue shortly after sunset.
membrane potential	The electric potential difference across a membrane.
sample	A collection of individuals or measurements obtained from a larger aggregate
net primary production	In a community or an ecosystem, the increase in the amount of plant or algal material between the beginning and end of a specified time period, such as a growing season.
basal nuclei	A cluster of nuclei deep within the white matter of the cerebrum.
prenatal care providers	Healthcare professionals who aid a woman throughout her pregnancy.
sine	A type of small dispersed repetitive DNA sequence (e.g
postzygotic barrier	Any of several species-isolating mechanisms that prevent hybrids produced by two different species from developing into viable, fertile adults.
microforge	Device used with a microscope for the generation of micropipets.
forensic unknowns	DNA profiles obtained from crime scene evidence samples that are unmatched to a known individual.
platform technology	a technique or tool that enables a range of scientific investigations
population density	The number of individuals of a population per unit area or volume of living space.
vd	See dominance variance.
life cycle	The entire sequence of stages in the life of an organisms, from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next.
cleavage	The tendency of some minerals or rocks to break along planes of weakness
dna profiling	surrogate
ion channel	Protein channel in a cell membrane that allows passage of a specific ion down its concentration gradient.
class switch recombination	A type of region-specific recombination responsible for the association of rearranged immunoglobulin V(D)J regions with different heavy-chain constant regions.
essential amino acids	Amino acids that cannot be synthesized within the body and must be obtained through the diet
reduction	Electron-transfer reaction in which a substance gains one or more electrons.
gene silencing	The process(es) whereby certain genes in the genome are prevented from being expressed by chemical modifications and other means.
balanced polymorphism	A type of polymorphism in which the frequencies of the coexisting forms do not change noticeably over many generations.
inbreeding	Mating between relatives.
mesosome	An invagination of the bacterial cell membrane.
natural ionizing radiation	Ionizing radiation that comes from natural sources in the environment.
brain hormone	A hormone, produced by neurosecretory cells in the insect brain, that promotes development by stimulating the pro thoracic glands to secrete ecdysone.
crosstalk	A regulatory mechanism in which one signaling pathway controls the activity of another.
emigration	The movement of individuals out of a population.
hypertonic	A solution with an osmotic potential greater than that of living cells, leading to water loss from, shrinkage or plasmolysis of cells in a hypertonic situation
cumulative distribution	The probability that a random variable will be less than a given value is called its cumulative distribution.
heterogametic	Containing one each of the two forms of the sex chromosome.
lipopolysaccharides	A large molecule containing a lipid and a carbohydrate.
basic fibroblast growth factor	(bFGF)
hydrophobic	Literally means 'water hating'
seed coat	A tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of an ovule
pattern formation	The ordering of cells into specific three-dimensional structures, an essential part of shaping an organism and its individual parts during development.
outwash	Glaciofluvial sediments deposited by meltwater streams at the edge of a glacier.
decomposers	See: saprophyte.
dispersal	/də-SPER-səl/ n
hft lysate	A lysate from a lysogenic phage that includes a substantial proportion of transducing fragments
quadratic selection gradient	See selection gradient, quadratic.
antibody fragment	Part of an antibody, comprising antigen-binding domain
overbank flow	Movement of flood waters outside a stream channel during period of high discharge.
holliday junction	The cruciform structure formed as an intermediate in homologous genetic recombination.
ph	Scale used to specify acidity or alkalinity
molecular dynamics	The study of intramolecular conformations and molecular motions, using computational simulations.
chemical	One of the millions of different elements and compounds found naturally and synthesized by humans.
river	A flowing body of water.
extrapolation	a conjecture based on the assumption that a phenomenon or trend observed in the present can be extended into the past or future.
blood vessels	A set of tubes through which the blood moves through the body
species selection	A theory maintaining that species living the longest and generating the greatest number of species determine the direction of major evolutionary trends.
hydrogen bond	A weak, noncovalent, attractive force between one electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom that is covalently linked to a second electronegative atom.
primer	The general meaning of primer is an object or act to get something started
analogy	Similarity that is not due to homology (i.e., common ancestry).
phytosiderophores	Chemical compounds released from the roots of certain plants (e.g., grasses) to sequester iron from the environment.
all-or-none	A reaction or response that occurs fully or not at all.
replicate	make identical copies of
soil erosion	Transport of soil mineral particles and organic matter by wind, flowing water, or both
coriolis force	An apparent force due to the Earth's rotation
molecular genetics	Study of how genes function to control cellular activities.
reach	An expanse of a stream channel.
glucocorticoid	A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that influences glucose metabolism and immune function.
k-selection	The concept that in certain (K-selected) populations, life history is centered around producing relatively few offspring that have a good chance of survival.
rflp	Polyribosome : Voir : polysome.
dew	Condensation of water on the Earth's surface because of atmospheric cooling.
angstrom	A unit of measure used to measure inter-atomic distances within molecules equal to 10-10 meter.
squamous	The flat, tile-like shape of a type of epithelial cell.
oligotrophic lake	A nutrient-poor, clear, deep lake with minimum phytoplankton.
adaptive landscape	See fitness landscape.
informed consent	A term used to describe the responsibility of doctors or researchers to ensure that patients or people being researched have an understanding of the relevant facts regarding their care or participation in research
biennial plant	Plant species that completes its life in two growing seasons.
family selection	Selection scheme in which whole families are selected.
flood	Inundation of a land surface that is not normally submerged by water from quick change in the level of a water body like a lake, stream, or ocean.
cohesion-tension theory	A theory accounting for the upward movement of water in plants
lycopsid	Any member of the mostly arborescent lycophyte order Lycopsida.
monohybrid cross	Mating of two strains homozygous for different alleles at a single locus.
continental crust	The outermost layer of the solid Earth
informed consent	The ethical practice of obtaining consent to undergo a medical procedure or participate in a medical study while respecting individual choice and protecting an individual from harm.
rapeseed	The seed of the rape plant, which is a source of edible oil
mafic magma	Magma that is relative poor in silica but rich in calcium, magnesium, and iron content
model	A representation of a theory or process.
diffusion equation	An equation that describes how a probability distribution spreads out with time; it applies when random fluctuations are small.
schwann cell	A type of glial cell that forms insulating myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.
chytrid	Fungus with flagellated stage; possible evolutionary link between fungi and protists.
finished sequence	Sequence produced to an accuracy of no more than 1 error in 10,000 bases
excite	To raise a molecule from the ground state to the excited state.
reflected light	Incident illumination (cf
coastal wetland	Wetland habitat found along a coastline and is covered with ocean salt water for all or part of the year
fluorometric analysis	This is a method used in some countries for newborn screening for PKU and other inherited metabolic disorders
density-independent factors	Any factor influencing population regulation that acts to reduce population by the same percentage, regardless of size.
ppb	See parts per billion.
heredity	Transfer of genetic information from parent cells to progeny
epithelium	A sheet of cells above the basal lamina that is specialized for protection or transport.
longwave radiation	See infrared radiation.
bioremediation	The science of using living things, such as plants and microorganisms, to remove toxins from the environment and restore it to a healthful condition.
molecularity of a reaction	The number of molecules involved in a specific reaction step.
satellite rna	ASI : amyotrophie spinale infantile
gene tagging	Eucaryote : Se dit d'une cellule pourvue d'un noyau figuré (opposé à procaryote)
ice	Frozen form of the water molecule
immune response	The natural response to a foreign substance (eg
phytoplankton	floating microscopic plants that obtain their energetic requirements through photosynthesis.
blastn	A BLAST program that compares a nucleotide query sequence against a nucleotide sequence database
midpoint rooting	A method of rooting a phylogenetic tree in which the root is placed at the center of a branch connecting the pair of operational taxonomic units that are most distant from each other.
orogenesis	The process of mountain building through tectonic forces of compression and volcanism.
hemoprotein	A protein bound to an iron-porphyrin compounds such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, and members of the cytochrome group.
gross motor	Gross motor refers to functions which require large muscle movements. For example, walking or jumping would require gross motor movement.
solid	A state of matter where molecules where the mass of the substance does not have the property of flow.
ribonucleic acid	a constituent of all living cells and many viruses,
microsporidia	A group of single-celled eukaryotes that were once considered to be their own phylum but are now considered part of the fungal phylum.
gene sequencing	Determination of the sequence of nucleotide bases in a strand of DNA.
eukaryote	A cell or organism that has a membrane-bound nucleus.
microbes	microscopic life forms, particularly bacteria, archaea, protists and viruses
argument from design	The argument that the order seen in the living world implies that it was created by a divine power.
doxorubicin	An antibiotic used as an anti-cancer drug.
lemurs	The two groups separated from each other some 15 million years ago.
species	the taxonomic rank below genus; there are many definitions of this word, all of which are controversial to some extent, but the most common definition used for sexually reproducing organisms is “a group of interbreeding organisms that is reproductively isolated from other such groups.”
aglycon	The non-carbohydrate component of a glycoside.
termination factors	Proteins that are exclusively involved in the termination reactions of protein synthesis on the ribosome.
endocrine gland	A ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the interstitial fluid, from which they diffuse into the bloodstream.
microsatellites	Minicellule : Cellule bactérienne de taille réduite ayant perdu son ADN chromosomique
phase ii clinical trials	Establish if a drug candidate has the desired initial efficacy in patients suffering from a specific disease or condition
marsupial	Any member of the mammalian group Metatheria
simulation	Combination of multiple models into a meaningful representation of a whole system that can be used to predict how the system will behave under various conditions
lateral genomics	An approach to genomics that emphasizes lateral gene transfer.
petaflop	A theoretical measure of computer speed that corresponds to a thousand trillion (1015) floating point operations per second.
throughflow	The roughly horizontal flow of water through soil or regolith.
mycosis	The general term for a fungal infection.
fluctuation test	An experimental approach designed by Luria and Delbruck to determine whether mutations are random or directed, and to measure mutation rates (see http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/~smaloy/MicrobialGenetics/topics/mutations/fluctuation.html).
spheroidal weathering	A type of below ground chemical weathering where the corners of jointed rocks become rounded over time
megabase	A unit of DNA length corresponding to 1 million bases.
vasocongestion	The filling of a tissue with blood, caused by increased blood flow through the arteries of that tissue.
positive feedback	Change in the state of a system that enhances the measured effect of the initial alteration.
autoantibody	An antibody that reacts against a person's own tissue.
sequence	As a noun, the sequence of a DNA is a buzz word for the structure of a DNA molecule, in terms of the sequence of bases it contains
silent mutation	A type of mutation that changes a codon but does not alter the amino acid encoded
nitrification	Transformation of ammonium ions to nitrate by nitrifying bacteria.
plasma cells	Large antibody-producing cells that develop from B cells.
code	See: genetic code
neutral theory	The hypothesis that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by Darwinian natural selection.
transform fault	Massive strike-slip fault continental in size
microaggregates	Small (50–250 micrometers in size) mineral–organic matter complexes in soils that physically protect organic matter from degradation.
urbanization	Expansion of cities into rural regions because of population growth
angiosperms	Flowering seed plants.
ascocarp	The fruiting body of a sac fungus (ascomycete) .
fermentation	A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid
institutional review board	IRB
interphase	The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing
super-saturation	Atmospheric condition where saturation occurs at a relative humidity greater than 100% because of a shortage of deposition or condensation nuclei.
snp	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism. For more information, please see our section on Marker Technologies.
seamount	A volcanic mountain found on an ocean basin that has an origin not related to a mid-oceanic ridge or a tectonic subduction zone.
syndrome	A pattern of recognizable symptoms or signs characteristic of a disease.
zoonosis	A disease that may be transmitted to humans from animals.
recombinant molecule	A DNA insert joined to a vector.
dimethylformamide	/DIE-meth-əl-FORM-ə-mide/ A common solvent; a colorless liquid, miscible with water and most organic liquids.
net primary productivity	Total amount of chemical energy fixed by the processes of photosynthesis minus the chemical energy lost through respiration.
flavivirus	A family of small RNA viruses, formerly referred to as the arboviruses
follow-up testing	Testing procedure that takes place after a positive or abnormal test result. Follow-up testing is designed to limit false positive results.
video-enhanced microscopy	The combined use of video cameras with the light microscope to allow the visualization of small objects.
homoplasy	Similar (analogous) structure or molecular sequence that has evolved independently in two species.
condensation	See Dehydration synthesis.
pedigree index	Evaluation of an individuals genetic merit based solely on the genetic evaluations of its parents ( the average of parent evaluations).
anthesis	Flowering, time when male structure within an inflorescence is mature and pollen is shed.
cytostome	A subcellular structure found on the surface of many diverse protozoa that is involved in feeding via an endocytic pathway.
universal common ancestry	the hypothesis that all species are biological descendants of a single common ancestor, and that all life can be portrayed as a tree with a single trunk or root.
cytotoxic t cell	A type of lymphocyte that kills infected cells and cancer cells.
major depression	Depressive mental illness characterized by experiencing a low mood most of the time.
ganglion cell	A type of neuron in the retina that synapses with bipolar cells and transmits action potentials to the brain via axons in the optic nerve.
acetyl coa	Acetyl-coenzyme A, a high-energy ester of acetic acid that is important both in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and in fatty acid biosynthesis.
one hybrid system	A method for detecting protein-DNA interactions.
s-wave	A seismic wave that moves material it encounters perpendicular to its direction of travel
lithosphere	The outer layer of the Earth's crust.
hydrometeoric	Relating to atmospheric phenomena that depend on water vapor.
mrsp	an abbreviation of meticillin-resistant staphylococcus pseudintermedius
preclinical	The testing of an experimental drug in a test tube or animals before clinical trials in humans may be carried out.
mutagen	A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA to promote the appearance of mutations.
pedigree	A diagrammatic representation of a family health history or family health tree.
disorder	A disturbance in physical or mental health functions.
oral cavity	The mouth of an animal.
duchenne muscular dystrophy	A form of muscular dystrophy that is characterized by decreasing muscle mass and progressive loss of muscle function in male children
rock–paper–scissors game	A game in which strategy A beats B, B beats C, and C beats A.
allosteric interaction	See allostery.
fixation probability	See probability of fixation.
groundwater recharge	The replenishment of groundwater with surface water.
island arc	A line of volcanic islands found of the ocean that have been created by the convergence of two tectonic plates and the subsequent subduction of one of the plates beneath the other
carbon source	A pool (reservoir) that releases carbon to another part of the carbon cycle.
enantiomer	One of the two stereoisomers of a chiral compound
metagenomics	Large-scale sequencing of DNA isolated directly from environmental samples (e.g., soil, air, and water).
wild type	Standard phenotype of an organism.
precipitin	An antibody that reacts with its corresponding antigen to form a precipitate.
dura mater	/D(Y)ER-ə MADE-er/ The tough, fibrous outer membranous sheath of the brain and spinal cord.
cell division	The reproduction of cells.
ova	Meiosis involves two divisions and results in four daughter cells, each containing only half the original number of chromosomes--23 in the case of humans.
hemimetabolous	Developing directly through a series of nymphal stages with a similar morphology to the adult (e.g., as in grasshoppers and bugs)
heat island	The dome of relatively warm air which develops over the center of urbanized areas.
gleization	A soil formation process that occurs in poorly drained environments
virtual library	An combinatorial chemical library that is built in silico with the goal of evaluating possible structures.
photomorphogenesis	Effects of light on plant morphology.
spectrophotometer	An instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution.
eusocial	Fully social organisms in which only one or a few individuals in a colony reproduce.
position effect	A change in the expression of a gene due to translocation of the gene to a new position in the genome.
phase iv	post-approval clinical trials used to monitor safety and efficacy or examine additional applications of drugs.
plasmolyze	To shrink and pull away from a cell wall, or when a plant cell protoplast pulls away from the cell wall as a result of water loss.
polytomous tree	A tree that has at least one branch point that is a polytomy
vocal cord	One of a pair of stringlike tissues in the larynx
hominid	Member of the great apes (family Hominidae), which now include human, gorilla, orangutan, and chimpanzee.
c3 plant	Plants (e.g., soybean, wheat, and cotton) whose carbon-fixation products have three carbon atoms per molecule
diastole	/die-AST-ə-LEE/ n
ion	An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge.
carbon dioxide	Common gas found in the atmosphere
maternal half sib	Brother or sister having the same dam but different sires.
phytohormone	A plant hormone.
regulatory factor	See gene regulation.
protobiont	An aggregate of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure.
rhyniophyte	Member of an early group of vascular plants.
liana	Species of plant that uses the support of wood plants to elevate its leaves above the forest canopy.
smog	Generic term used to describe mixtures of pollutants in the atmosphere
likelihood ratio	The ratio of two probabilities of the same event under two different hypotheses.
source habitat	A habitat where reproduction exceeds mortality and from which excess individuals disperse.
homozygote	Refers to an individual in whom the two alleles or gene copies contain identical information
dark reactions	In photosynthesis, steps that can proceed in darkness by means of chemical energy produced by other steps ("light reactions") that depend on the presence of light.
glycolysis	The splitting of glucose into pyruvate
phagosome	A vacuole containing a particle taken up by phagocytosis.
smooth muscle	A type of muscle lacking the striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle because of the uniform distribution of myosin filaments in the cell; responsible for involuntary body activities.
monotreme	An egg-laying mammal, represented by the platypus and echidna.
biological augmentation	An approach to restoration ecology that uses organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem.
steady state	In enzyme-kinetic analysis, the time interval when the rate of reaction is approximately constant with time
disease	any deviation from the normal structure or function of any part, organ, or system of the body that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs whose pathology and prognosis may be known or unknown.
microorganism	Any unicellular prokaryotic or eukaryotic organism, sometimes called a microbe.
speed of light	Velocity of light in a vacuum
light reactions	The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process.
mullerian duct	In female embryos, the Mullerian ducts give rise to the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the upper third of the vagina
amplification	The process of increasing the number of copies of a particular gene or chromosomal sequence
anti-sense strand	See discussion under "Sense strand".
collenchyma cell	A flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth.
roll cloud	A dense, cigar shaped cloud found above the gust front of a thunderstorm
proteome	Proteins expressed by a cell or organ at a particular time and under specific conditions.
retrotransposon	Rétrovirus : Classe de virus à ARN spécifique des Eucaryotes et dont la propagation nécessite la conversion de l'ARN en ADN double brin qui lui, s'intègre dans le génome de la cellule hôte
neurogenic heart	A type of heart, such as in insects, in which the pacemakers originate in motor nerves arising from outside the heart.
genetic drift	See random genetic drift.
muskeg	Poorly drained marshes or swamps found overlying permafrost.
epinephrine	A catecholamine hormone secreted from the adrenal medulla that mediates "fight-or-flight" responses to short-term stress; also functions as a neurotransmitter.
anti-tumor antibiotic	There are a variety of anti-tumor antibiotics exhibiting several different mechanisms of action
immunotoxin	A monoclonal antibody linked to a natural toxin, a toxic drug, or a radioactive substance.
insertion sequence	The simplest kind of transposable element, consisting of inverted repeats of DNA flanking a gene for transposase, the enzyme that catalyzes transposition.
glycoprotein	A protein with covalently bound carbohydrates.
description	A brief description of the role that the gene plays in the cell, or a general description of the gene product.
pyrimidine	A heterocyclic six-membered ring structure
vascular plant	Plant that has vascular tissues to transport water, nutrients, and other metabolic products.
oxbow lake	Is portion of abandoned stream channel filled with stagnant water and cut off from the rest of the stream
metamorphic rock	A rock that forms from the recrystallization of igneous, sedimentary or other metamorphic rocks through pressure increase, temperature rise, or chemical alteration.
eumetazoan	Member of the clade Eumetazoa, animals with true tissues (all animals except sponges)
heteromorphic	Referring to a condition in the life cycle of all living plants and certain algae in which the sporophyte and gametophyte generations differ in morphology
criteria	Standards, requirements, or specifications for a structured learning activity.
protein phosphatase	An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase.
molecular mimics	Chemical compounds that resemble biomolecules and recognize and bind their targets.
multiplexing	A laboratory approach that performs multiple sets of reactions in parallel (simultaneously); greatly increasing speed and throughput.
sanger sequence	"plus and minus" or "primed synthesis" method; DNA is synthesized so it is radioactively labeled and the reaction terminates specifically at the position corresponding to a given base.
chemiluminescence	The production of light by a chemical reaction.
parameters	Quantities such as selection coefficients or recombination rates that determine the behavior of a model but do not evolve with it
photoperiod	The duration of the daylight period.
genetic variation	a phenotypic variance of a trait in a population attributed to genetic heterogeneity.
epistasis	The blocking of the effects of one gene by the expression of another, non-allelic gene.
contig map	A map depicting the relative order of a series of small overlapping clones representing a chromosomal segment.
intelligence quotient	Perhaps better known as IQ, the intelligence quotient is derived by administering a test of mental achievement that has been standardized for each age group and then dividing the score by the chronological age of the subject (and then multiplying by 100 to get rid of fractions.) A child who performs at the exact average for his or her age would have an IQ of 100
late treated	In the context of PKU, people who were not put on a phenylalanine-restricted diet in the early days or weeks of life
genetic system	The system immediately responsible for transmission of genetic information.
inducers	Molecules that cause an increase in a protein activity when added to cells.
futile cycle	See pseudocycle.
bundle of his	In the vertebrate heart, a group of muscle fibers that carry impulses from the atrioventricular node to the walls of the ventricles; the only electrical bridge between the atria and the ventricles.
investigational new drug	an application to pursue clinical trials with an experimental drug that has passed pre-clinical trials.
nymph	NIMF/ The sexually immature larva of a hemimetabolous insect prior to the appearance of the first trace of wings
grassland	Ecosystem whose dominant species are various types of grass
hla	Abbreviation for human leukocyte-associated antigen.
likelihood ratio	The ratio of two probabilities of the same event under different hypotheses
hepatocyte	An epithelial cell of the liver responsible for the synthesis, degradation, and storage of a variety of materials.
cladogram	A dichotomous phylogenetic tree that branches repeatedly, suggesting a classification of organisms based on the time sequence in which evolutionary branches arise.
thematic map	Map that displays the geographical distribution of one phenomenon or the spatial associations that occur between a few phenomena
moho discontinuity	The lower boundary of the crust
leaf drip	The rain water that fall to the ground surface from plant leaves after it has been intercepted by these structures.
diploblastic	/DIP-loe-BLAST-ik/ adj
pyroxene	A group of single chained inosilicate minerals whose basic chemical unit is the silica tetrahedron (SiO4)
coal	Sedimentary rock composed of the compacted, lithified and altered remains of plants
platelet-derived growth factor	A growth factor released by platelets during blood clotting to stimulate the proliferation of fibroblasts.
cohesion	The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds.
tumor	A mass that forms within otherwise normal tissue, caused by the uncontrolled growth of a transformed cell.
homeostasis	The process by which an organism or cell or any other organic entity dynamically maintains a properly functional, approximately stable state in the face of disturbances
pharmacogenetics	The study of how genetics determine drug behavior and why some drugs work differently between individuals.
cell	Life's fundamental unit of structure and function.
population	a group of individuals of one species, found within a particular area.
pressure	Is defined as the force acting on a surface from another mass per unit area.
primary pollutant	Air pollutants that enter the atmosphere directly
process	See biological process.
lentivirus	Viruses of the Retroviridae family, characterized by a long incubation period
class i proteins	Major histocompatibility antigens that enable the immune system to distinguish self
sensory bias	An innate preference for particular male traits, which did not evolve as a result of the sexual selection caused by that preference.
leading eigenvalue	Close to equilibrium, a system can be described by a set of linear equations
aqueous humor	Plasma-like liquid in the space between the lens and the cornea in the vertebrate eye; helps maintain the shape of the eye, supplies nutrients and oxygen to its tissues, and disposes of its wastes.
clean/sanitize	The process of removing biological and/or chemical contaminants from tools and/or equipment.
glycerol	A three-carbon molecule with three hydroxyl () groups attached; a glycerol molecule can combine with three fatty acid molecules to form a fat or an oil.
threatened species	Species that is still plentiful in its natural range but is likely to become endangered because of declining population numbers.
shield	A large stable area of exposed very old (more than 600 million years) igneous and metamorphic rock found on continents
geologist	A geologist is someone who works in the field of geology, which is another word for the study of the earth
strain	Individuals kept in a closed breeding group in order to maintain particular characteristics.
polypeptides	Prototroph An organsim (usually a microorganism) that is capable of growing on minimal medium
biostratigraphy	The use of fossil distribution in the stratigraphic record to organize different strata into units and assign relative dates.
gross productivity	A measure of the rate at which energy is assimilated by the organisms in a trophic level, a community, or an ecosystem.
mono-unsaturated	Refers to molecules, such as fats, that have only one double bond in their chemical structure
uterus	A female organ where eggs are fertilized and/or development of the young occurs.
probability of paternity	A formula that tests the hypothesis that the accused is the biological father of the child.
selective advantage	the characteristic of an organism that enables it to survive and reproduce better than other organisms in a population in a given environment.
beach drift	The lateral movement of sediments on a beach when the angles of swash and backwash differ.
microinjection	A technique for introducing a solution of DNA into a cell using a fine microcapillary pipet.
nephric	NEF-rik/ Relating to the kidney(s).
karyotype	A display of the chromosomes of an individual, showing number and morphology.
primary carnivore	See secondary consumer.
storm track	The path taken by a storm (thunderstorm, mid-latitude cyclone or hurricane) or the average path taken by storms.
x-linked recessive mutation	A recessive mutation in a gene carried on the X chromosome.
nitrogenous base	A nitrogencontaining molecule having the chemical properties of a base.
renal vein	The blood vessel draining the kidney
climax community	Plant community that no longer undergoes changes in species composition due to succession.
canalization	The buffering of development such that the same form is produced despite genetic and environmental perturbations.
learning objectives	A set of stated outcomes or goals for structured learning activities
ion channel	A protein that mediates the rapid passage of ions across a membrane by forming open pores through the phospholipid bilayer.
upwelling	The movement of nutrient-rich deep seawater to the ocean's surface.
adjuvant	Insoluble material that increases the formation and persistence of antibodies when injected with an antigen.
alzheimer's disease	Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive deterioration together with declining activities of daily living and neuropsychiatric symptoms or behavioral changes
panning	An iterative method for selecting cells or clones based on successive rounds of target selection.
superfamily	A group of functionally or structurally related proteins.
natron	NAY-trən/ A naturally occurring salt, composed primarily of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, used by the ancient Egyptians in the process of mummification
scientific method	The approach science uses to gain knowledge
cdk	cyclin-dependent kinase – an enzyme which activates another protein by attaching a phosphate group to one of its amino acids
optical activity	The property of a molecule that leads to rotation of the plane of polarization of plane-polarized light when the latter is transmitted through the substance
tombolo	A coastal feature that forms when a belt sand and/or gravel is deposited between an island and the mainland
abiotic	Non-living chemical and physical factors (e.g., soil, water, air, temperature, and sunlight) in the environment that affect ecosystems.
phosphate group	A functional group important in energy transfer.
seismology	A branch of science focused on the study of earthquakes and seismic activity.
basic solution	Any water solution that is basic (pH greater than 7) or has less hydrogen ions (H+) than hydroxide ions (OH-)
genetic	A technology used to alter the genetic material of living modification cells in order to make them capable of producing new substances or performing new functions.
a site	One of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation
cell lineage	The ancestry of a cell.
microreactor	A minitiarized reaction system used for chemical synthesis.
root	An organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
complement	A plasma protein system involved in immune defense
character	In the context of evolution and development, a "character" refers to a more or less discrete trait (feature) of an organism at any level of observation, from the molecular to the visible
gram-negative	Losing the stain or decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of certain microorganisms.
flood basalt	See plateau basalt.
primary immune response	The initial acquired immune response to an antigen, which appears after a lag of about 10 to 17 days.
metric character	Characteristics that are measures not counts (e.g., height of an individual)
aneuploid	Polyploid individual whose chromosome complement is not comprised of an even number of the full set of the haploid chromosome number for the species.
seismic wave	Successive wave-type displacement of rock usually caused by an earthquake.
heritability	The proportion of variation in a trait among individuals in a population that can be attributed to genetic effects.
phenotypic enhancement	This term is used to identify and describe interaction data displayed at SGD
supercoiled dna	Supertwisted, covalently-closed duplex DNA.
nekton	free-swimming animals that control their own direction in the water column, such as fish
cytoskeleton	Filamentous structures which are responsible for cell shape
gene cloning	the process of separating a gene and making identical copies of it.
homeotic gene	Any of the genes that control the overall body plan of animals and plants by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells.
cartilage	A type of flexible connective tissue with an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate.
composite transposon	A transposible element flanked by two copies of an IS element.
thrombocytopenia	The technical term for a low platelet count.
hybrid selection	Séquençage : Détermination de l'ordre linéaire des composants d'une macromolécule
oöcyte	Immature follicles contain oöcytes that are arrested in late prophase I
puromycin	An antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis
autoregulation	See autogenous regulation.
amphizoic	See amphitrophic.
falsifiability	A measure of whether the results of a method allow one to determine if assumptions used have been violated.
conjugation	F- cell A bacterial cell that does not contain a fertility factor
lee	Side of a slope that is opposite to the direction of flow of ice, wind, or water
crossing over	Reciprocal exchange of corresponding segments between homologous chromosomes, resulting in recombination of genetic elements.
organic chemistry	The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds).
antimutator	A mutation that decreases the overall mutation rate, often by modifying DNA polymerase.
basophil	A white blood cell that contributes to inflammatory reactions
plastid	Member of a family of plant organelles including chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts, amyloplasts, and elaioplasts.
evaporation pan	Meteorological instrument that is used to measure evaporation rates.
upper air westerlies	Consistent winds that exist in the upper troposphere that flow east to west from about 20° of latitude to the poles.
mass spectrometry	A method for identifying molecules based on the detection of the mass-to-charge ratio of ions generated from the molecule by vaporization and electron bombardment
registry	A collection of medical information, clinical data, and demographics (age, male or female, etc.) about people with a specific disease or condition.
somatic cells	All the cells of the body outside the germline
cerebrospinal fluid	Blood-derived fluid that surrounds, protects against infection, nourishes, and cushions the brain and spinal cord.
photolithography	A process that utilizes selective masking to generate light patterns that direct chemical transformations within a photosensitive surface.
directional selection	Natural selection that favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range.
valence	The characteristic number of chemical bonds that an atom can form.
vaccine	a preparation of either whole disease-causing organisms (killed or weakened) or parts of such organisms, used to confer immunity against the disease that the organisms cause
genotype	all the traits, dominant and recessive, that an organism inherits
wavelength	Distance between two successive wave crests or troughs.
diotic	/die-AWT-ick/ adj
gram-negative bacteria	A group of bacteria with a cell wall composed of an outer membrane surrounding a thin peptidoglycan layer
halophile	A microorganism that grows optimally in a highly saline environment.
langerhans cells	Dendritic cells in the skin that pick up antigen and transport it to lymph nodes.
climate	The prevailing weather conditions at a locality
due diligence	the process by research is conducted to determine the value of an investment, licensing agreement, merger, or other similar activity.
exponential distribution	A continuous distribution with density λ exp(λx)
functional group	A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.
gravel	A term used to describe unconsolidated sediments composed of rock fragments
gamma aminobutyric acid	An amino acid that functions as a CNS neurotransmitter.
excretion	The process of removing the waste products of cellular metabolism from the body.
spit	A long and narrow accumulation of sand and/or gravel that projects into a body of ocean water
minimal medium	A defined medium that provides only the minimum number of different nutrients needed for growth of a particular bacterium.
cooperative binding	A situation in which the binding of one ligand to a macromolecule favors the binding of another
genetics	The study of traits passed on from parent to child and variation of those traits within and between individuals.
cell	Fundamental structural unit of all life
chemiosmotic coupling	The generation of ATP from energy stored in a proton gradient across a membrane.
mrna	An RNA molecule that serves as a template for protein synthesis.
crossbreeding	Mating of individuals from different breeds
graben fault	This fault is produced when tensional stresses result in the subsidence of a block of rock
cation exchange capacity	The capacity of a soil to exchange cations with the soil solution
mast cell	A vertebrate body cell that produces histamine and other molecules that trigger the inflammatory response.
dendritic cell	/den-DRIT-ik/ A type of leukocyte that functions as an antigen-presenting cell, activating T lymphocytes
parasitism	A symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont (parasite) benefits at the expense of the host by living either within the host (endoparasite) or outside the host (ectoparasite)
population genetics	"Population genetics is a field of biology that studies the genetic composition of biological populations, and the changes in genetic composition that result from the operation of various factors, including natural selection
resource partitioning	The division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of all coexisting species.
antidote	A substance that counteracts the effects of a poison.
dinoflagellate	A type of unicellular alga
vector	See: cloning vector
lymphatic system	[Greek lympha water] The system of vessels that drain excess fluid (lymph) from tissues, through collecting centers (lymph nodes), and eventually back into the blood stream. Lymph nodes are important in immunity as collecting sites for bacteria and viruses and as the sites for production of lymphocytes.
endemic	An organism found only in one particular location.
euglena	A motile unicellular freshwater autotrophic organism traditionally classified as a plant-like member of the kingdom Protista (algae).
elastic fiber	A long thread made of the protein elastin
gene conversion	A meiotic process in which nonreciprocal exchange of genetic information occurs as a result of heteroduplex formation between non-sister chromatids
tephra	Fragmented rock material ejected by a volcanic explosion
pediatrician	A primary care physician who specializes in the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents.
hypothesis	A tentative answer to a well-framed question.
snow	A type of solid precipitation that forms in clouds with an air temperature below freezing
lithosphere	the rigid top layer of the earth that includes the crust (see tectonic plate) and the upper mantle
bioinformatics	Using computing power, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.
intracellular signal transduction	A chain of reactions that transmits chemical signals from the cell surface to their intracellular targets.
community	All the different species of organisms living together and interacting in a particular environment.
tumoral transformation	Transformé : Qualifie un organisme issu d'une transformation génétique
rainshadow effect	Reduction of precipitation commonly found on the leeward side of a mountain
dacryorrhea	/dack-ree-oh-REE-ə/ n
vaccine	A preparation that contains either whole disease-causing organisms such as viruses which have been killed or weakened, or parts of such organisms, used to confer immunity against the disease that the organisms cause
means of escape	the opportunity and mechanism by which a bacterium is able to leave its reservoir.
prophyll	A leaf formed at the base of a shoot, usually smaller than those formed subsequently.
systolic pressure	Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.
porphyrin	A complex planar structure containing four substituted pyrroles covalently joined in a ring and frequently containing a central metal atom
transmitted light	Illumination which passes through a medium.
earth revolution	Refers to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun
inbreeding depression	the decrease in health or fertility because of inbreeding.
leukemia	Cancer that begins in developing blood cells in the bone marrow.
additive theorem	The probability of the occurrence of one of several mutually exclusive events is the sum of probabilities associated with each individual event.
rnai code	A vague term meaning little more "the sum total of what we know about the role of RNA interference" in gene expression.
van der waals forces	Refers to the combined effect of two types of interactions, one attractive and one repulsive
circadian	A biological activity with a periodicity of 24 hrs that is independent of environmental variation.
basin	A topographic rock structure whose shape is concave downwards.
kin selection	A phenomenon of inclusive fitness, used to explain altruistic behavior between related individuals.
physical map	A map showing the locations of identifiable markers spaced along the chromosomes
mu	A bacteriophage that reproduces by transposition
diplotene	/DIP-low-teen/ n
exotoxin	A toxin released by a microbe.
devonian	Geologic period that occurred roughly 360 to 408 million years ago
gene expression profiling	A technique for classifying cells, such as tumor cells, based on the activity of their genes
marfan's syndrome	A human genetic disorder that consists of an abnormal phenotype including heart defects and very long limbs & digits
pollutant	A substance that has a harmful effect on the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms.
yeast	A type of single-celled fungus important for their capacity to perform the fermentation.
trace element	An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts.
rii locus	A region from phage T4 that determines whether this phage can grow on E
pseudopodia	Fingerlike extensions from an amoeboid cell; literally "false feet".
evolutionary computation	Using evolutionary processes—especially natural selection—to solve computational problems
calicivirus	The virus that causes Rabbit Calicivirus Disease (RCD) in rabbits
germ layers	Three main layers that form the various tissues and organs of an animal body.
chemiluminescence	The release of light (photons) as the result of a chemical reaction.
hygroscopic coefficient	Maximum limit of hygroscopic water around the surface of a soil particle.
editing	Altering a nucleic acid sequence so as to preserve accuracy of information transfer.
parthenogenesis	the development of an individual from an egg without fertilization.
velocity	The speed of movement of an object in one direction.
cytogenics	the study of the genetic implications of chromosome structure and behavior.
genetic diversity	Genetic variability found in a population of a species or all of the populations of a species
photodynamic therapy	A treatment based on the uptake by target cells of photoactivatable molecules that destroy the cells upon exposure to a specific light source.
humoral	Contained in a bodily fluid.
development	A learner's attainment of new levels of knowledge, skills, and abilities
tumor initiation	The first step in tumor development, resulting from abnormal proliferation of a single cell.
map unit	A unit of genetic length derived from recombination frequency
extremophile	An organism that thrives in environments that are at the extremes of conditions where life is normally found.
minimal genome	The smallest number of genes an organism needs to stay alive in a particular environment
eluviation	Movement of humus, chemical substances, and mineral particles from the upper layers of a soil to lower layers by the downward movement of water through the soil profile
polyamine	A hydrocarbon containing more than two amino groups.
dehydration reaction	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to one another with the removal of a water molecule.
proton	A subatomic particle in the nuclei of atoms. A proton has a single positive electrical charge.
hormone	a chemical messenger that circulates in the blood, usually triggering some kind of physiological response.
nervous tissue	Tissue made up of neurons and supportive cells.
chlorophyll b	A type of yellow-green accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a.
stratus clouds	Low altitude gray colored cloud composed of water droplets
hybridoma	Fused cancer and immune cell used for antibody production
surface tension	Tension of a liquid's surface
electrophoresis	The movement of charged particles through a fluid following the application of an electric field.
daughterless carp	Carp which only produce male fish
herbicide	a weed killer used in the production of crops.
license	an agreement to grant rights to a patent or tangible subject.
monohybrid	An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest
club fungus	The common name for members of the phylum Basidiomycota
protist	A relatively undifferentiated organism that can survive as a single cell.
standard deviation	Measure of variability, obtained as the square root of the variance
combinatorial chemistry	A technique for systematically assembling molecular building blocks in many combinations to create thousands of diverse compounds.
continental shield	See shield.
immune system	The body's defense system that destroys potentially harmful foreign substances or organisms that enter the body
enzyme	A molecule that helps chemical reactions take place
single molecule detection	Observations of the dynamics of single molecules
threatened species	Species that are likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of their range.
surge	A large, destructive ocean wave caused by very low atmospheric pressure and strong winds
downwelling current	Ocean current that travels downward into the ocean because of the convergence of opposing horizontal currents or because of an accumulation of seawater.
electrophoresis	Using an electric charge to separate molecules in a solution or gel according to size
sequential hermaphroditism	A reproductive pattern in which an individual reverses its sex during its lifetime.
leukocytes	All white blood cells.
artery	A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body
cambrian explosion	Great diversification of multicellular life forms in the Earth's oceans that started during the Cambrian about 570 million years ago.
rock	A compact and consolidated mass of mineral matter
productivity	Rate of energy fixation or storage of biomass by plants
dosage rescue	This term is used to identify and describe interaction data displayed at SGD
kinorhynch	Member of a phylum of tiny spiny animals (phylum Kinorhyncha).
chelator	A molecule that binds metal ions.
genetic polymorphism	The existence of two or more genetically different classes within a population.
monocyte	A type of blood cell involved in inflammatory reactions.
galls	Structures induced in a plant by a parasite (e.g., a bacterium or an insect) that nurture that parasite.
monoecious	A term typically used to describe an angiosperm species in which carpellate and staminate flowers are on the same plant.
phylogenetic tree	A tree-like diagram that depicts the evolutionary relationships between different organisms.
soil fertility	The ability of a soil to provide nutrients for plant growth.
comparison microscope	Two microscopes joined by an optical bridge to present a split-view, side-by-side comparison of two specimens; for example, two hairs on separate slides.
cellular immunity	Immune protection provided by the direct action of immune cells (as distinct from soluble molecules such as antibodies).
simulation	An emulation of biological systems with predictive value for research; a virtual biological system.
density-dependent inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.
null hypothesis	In statistical analysis, a hypothesis proposing that there is no statistically significant difference between the observed results of an experiment and the expected results.
thromboxane	An eicosanoid involved in blood clotting.
condensation nuclei	Microscopic particle of dust, smoke or salt that allows for condensation of water vapor to water droplets in the atmosphere
cytoplasmic inheritance	See: cytoplasmic trait
sea-floor spreading	The process of oceanic crust creation and sea-floor movement that occurs at the mid-oceanic ridge.
macromolecule	A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction
diplomonad	A protist that has modified mitochondria, two equal-sized nuclei, and multiple flagella.
genome	All the DNA contained in an organism
earth system model	A type of complex, global model that combines physical climate models, global biological processes, and human activities.
protoplast fusion	The fusing of two protoplasts from different plant species that would otherwise be reproductively incompatible.
epigenesis	The development of an organism from a zygote through cell differentiation and formation of morphology
tandem repeats	A series of repeated sequences, arrayed next to each other.
myofibril	A bundle of actin and myosin filaments in muscle cells.
proband	The first person to be studied, from whom genetic descent may be traced.
recessive	One of a pair of alleles that fails to be expressed in the phenotype of the organism when the dominant allele is present
follicle-stimulating hormone	A protein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the production of eggs by the ovaries and sperm by the testes.
secondary growth	Growth produced by lateral meristems, thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants.
chemical energy	Energy consumed or produced in chemical reactions.
peristome	The upper part of the moss capsule (sporangium) often specialized for gradual spore discharge.
sgdid	A unique identifying number within SGD which is specific for a single item such as a feature name.
random mating	Mating system in which any individual of one sex is equally likely to mate with any individual of the opposite sex with respect to one or more traits; also referred to as panmixis.
bench notes	A laboratory analyst's recorded notes.
topoisomer	Macromolecular isomers that differ in topology.
t-cells	Belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity.
prostaglandin	An oxygenated eicosanoid that has a hormonal function
positive predictive value	The probability of an individual having a particular disorder following a positive test, i.e
erosional landform	Is a landform formed from the removal of weathered and eroded surface materials by wind, water, glaciers, and gravity
hydrogen ion	A single proton with a charge of 1+
immune response	A highly specific defensive reaction of the body to invasion by a foreign substance or organism; consists of a primary response in which the invader is recognized as foreign, or "not-self," and eliminated and a secondary response to subsequent attacks by the same invader
humoral immunity	Immunity mediated by humoral antibodies.
dna carriers	1
evolution	process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms; any change in the relative frequencies of alleles in the gene pool of a population.
tornado warning	A warning issued to the public that a tornado has been observed by an individual in a specified region
adenosine triphosphate	An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed
h	See gene diversity.
transposable element	A class of DNA sequences that can move from one chromosomal site to another.
thrust fault	A geologic fault where the hanging wall is forced over the foot wall.
heteroimmune phage	A phage that is not sensitive to the repression of lytic development by another prophage in the infected cell.
spectroscopy	The study of molecular or atomic structure of a substance by observation of its interaction with electromagnetic radiation.
vulva	Collective term for the female external genitalia.
ketone	A functional group of an organic compound in which a carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen
needs assessment	Identifying job related requirements, training needs, targeted learners, and learner knowledge prerequisites.
cerebral hemisphere	The right or left side of the vertebrate brain.
vitamin	An organic molecule required in the diet in very small amounts
electrochemical gradient	The diffusion gradient of an ion, representing a type of potential energy that accounts for both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and its tendency to move relative to the membrane potential.
lycophyte	Any member of the spore-bearing vascular plant group Lycophyta
canopy	The uppermost layer of vegetation in a terrestrial biome.
vertebrates	chordates with a backbone; these include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
old growth forest	Climax forests dominated by late successional species of trees that are hundreds to thousands of years old
monera	Group, at the kingdom level, in the classification of life
corolla	Collective term for the petals of a flower.
conditional mutant	A mutant that can grow under one set (permissive) of environmental conditions but cannot grow under different (restrictive or nonpermissive) conditions
spongy parenchyma	In plant leaves, a tissue composed of loosely arranged chloroplast-containing parenchyma cells.
selection pressure	The intensity of natural genetic selection processes
opisthokont	Member of the clade Opisthokonta, organisms that descended from an ancestor with a posterior flagellum, including fungi, animals, and certain protists.
hydration shell	The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion.
stable isotope	An isotope that does not undergo radioactive decay.
strain	An organism that is geneticaly different from others of the same species
cascade	A sequence of successive activation reactions.
biological magnification	A trophic process in which retained substances become more concentrated with each link in the food chain.
dysneuria	/dis-NUHR-ee-yə/ n
anticipation	The phenomenon of younger age of appearance of a late onset trait in succeeding generations. The only known cause of anticipation is trinucleotide expansion.
rdna	See ribosomal DNA.
asymptomatic	Showing or causing no symptoms
dtmp	Thymidine monophosphate.
disomy	Meaning ‘two bodies'
substance p	A neuropeptide that is a key excitatory signal that mediates our perception of pain.
food web	The elaborate, interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
monogenic inheritance	See: monogenic disorder
extraembryonic membranes	Four membranes (yolk sac, amnion, chorion, allantois) that support the developing embryo in mammals and birds and other reptiles
sequencing	The process of determining the order of the bases in a region of DNA.
parthenogenesis	A type of reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs.
prokaryotic	cell without a nucleus, has a nuclear area.
splicing	which occurs after
arteriosclerosis	A cardiovascular disease caused by the formation of hard plaques within the arteries.
migration	Movement from place to place
joule	A unit of energy: 1 J = 0.239 cal; 1 cal = 4.184 J
hydrolysis	The rupture of a chemical bond by a reaction that involves water.
summation	A phenomenon of neural integration in which the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell in a chemical synapse is determined by the total activity of all excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic impulses acting on it at any one time.
helix	A spiral structure with a repeating pattern.
e. coli	a common intestinal bacterium
loam	A soil that contains a roughly equal mixture of clay, sand, and silt
biotin	A small molecule that binds with high affinity to avidin and streptavidin
modeling	Use of statistical and computational techniques to create working computer-based models of biological phenomena that can help to formulate hypotheses for experimentation and predict outcomes of research.
fitness	A measure of the health of a species in terms of physiology and future reproductive success.
phenylalanine level	The level of phenylalanine measured in the blood
ultisols	Soil order (type) of the United States Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Classification System
cirrostratus clouds	High altitude sheet like clouds composed of ice crystals
cellular immune response	Immune response produced when sensitized T-cells (T lympocytes) directly attack foreign antigens and also stimulate initiation of the body's humoral immune response
plate boundary	The contact zone between two plates
agarose	An uncharged polysaccharide purified from agar
allopatry	The complete separation of populations by geographic barriers.
intradomain	Within a single protein domain.
dehydrogenase	An enzyme that catalyzes the removal of a pair of electrons (and usually one or two protons) from a substrate molecule.
salicylic acid	A plant hormone that may be partially responsible for activating systemic acquired resistance to pathogens.
otu	See operational taxonomic unit.
empiric risk	A risk estimate that is given for the chance of occurrence or recurrence of a particular condition in an individual based on the observation of other families with that condition.
homology	The degree of identity between individuals, or characters
half-life	The average time required for the disappearance or decay of one-half of any amount of a given substance.
marker	DNA sequences occurring at known locations on chromosomes
atomic nucleus	Atomic numbers vary from 1 for hydrogen to 103 for the man-made element Lawrencium. The chemical properties of an element are a function of the number of protons in the nucleus, which in turn determine the stable number of electrons in the surrounding shells.
adenylate cyclase	The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic 3',5' adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) from ATP.
retrovirus	A type of virus
steroid	Any of a class of chemical compounds that have in common the steroid structure, a complex four-ring structure
symport	The transport of two molecules in the same direction across a membrane.
hypothesis	A tentative assumption that is made for the purpose of empirical scientific testing
genetic screening	Testing of individuals for a gene or metabolite.
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	An inherited, fatal degenerative nerve disorder; also known as Lou Gehrig's disease.
oxisol	Soil order (type) of the United States Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Classification System
scaffold	The molecular core common to all members of a combinatorial library; also proteins that are instrumental in the assembly of large 3-D structures.
tidal volume	The volume of air an animal inhales and exhales with each breath.
adaption	The ability to physiologically adjust to a new environment while exposed to that particular environment
sinkhole	A pit like hole in found in areas of karst
counter-radiation	Redirection of the Earth's longwave radiation back to the surface because of the greenhouse effect.
in vivo	Occurring in a living organism.
proof of concept	Statistical proof of a drugs efficacy in a relevant patient group.
disaccharides	n
nucleophilic group	An electron-rich group that tends to attack an electron-deficient nucleus.
complete metamorphosis	The transformation of a larva into an adult that looks very different, and often functions very differently in its environment, than the larva.
bark	All tissues external to the vascular cambium in a plant growing in thickness, consisting of phloem, phelloderm, cork cambium, and cork.
inbreeding	The mating of individuals that are closely related genetically.
variation	Difference among individuals in a population.
basic research	aimed at gaining more comprehensive knowledge or understanding of the subject under study, without specific applications in mind
latent heat of vaporization	The amount of heat energy required from the environment to change the state of a liquid to a gas
hexose	A type of sugar molecule that contains six carbon atoms (e.g., glucose, fructose).
long-day plant	A plant that flowers, usually in late spring or early summer, only when the light period is longer than a critical length.
undercut bank	Steep bank found on the inside of stream meanders
gene transfer	The introduction of functional (usually cloned) genes into cells and organisms
methane	Methane is very strong greenhouse gas found in the atmosphere
western blot	Transfer of proteins from an acrylamide gel onto a membrane filter for the detection with specific antibodies.
tonicity	The ability of a solution to cause a cell within it to gain or lose water.
membrane	A membrane is a thin, film-like structure that separates two fluids
polytopic	Commonly used to describe membrane proteins that span the membrane multiple times, such that different regions of the protein are exposed on opposite sides of the membrane
intercalated disk	A specialized junction between cardiac muscle cells that provides direct electrical coupling between cells.
domain	A discrete portion of a protein with its own function
aerobic	The presence of oxygen
aerosol	A colloid of liquid or solid particles suspended in a gas, usually air.
fahrenheit scale	Scale for measuring temperature
bromeliad	Plants of the bromeliad family (Bromeliaceae)
ornithischia	One of the two lineages that make up the Dinosauria
herbaceous	Referring to nonwoody plants.
established cell line	Cultured cells that may be subcultured indefinitely.
fen	A habitat composed of woodland and swamp.
eutrophication	Death of organisms in a lake or pond due to an overabundance of algae that consume all of the dissolved oxygen in the water
fluorescence	The emission of electromagnetic radiation following absorption of shorter wave length light.
biosphere	All living organisms.
flood tide	Time during the tidal period when the tide is rising
chemical markup language	A computional language for the management of chemical data.
epicanthic folds	Skin folds of the upper eyelids covering the inner corners of the eyes.
enkephalin	A neuropeptide that acts as a natural analgesic.
cell plate	A membrane-enclosed disclike structure that forms new cell walls during cytokinesis of higher plants.
river	A long narrow channel of water that flows as a function of gravity and elevation across the Earth's surface
marsupial	an animal (usually a mammal) in which embryos complete their development in a maternal pouch called a “marsupium.”
bathymetry	the study and mapping of sea floor elevations and changes in water depth due to structures that rise up into the water column.
synapsis	Pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
sporangiophore	A stalk bearing one or more sporangia.
phenotype	Observable characteristics, determined by the individual's genotype and its environment.
gelisols	Soil order (type) of the United States Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Classification System
dermographia	/DERM-ə-GRAF-ee-yə/ n
replisome	A large multi-protein complex that performs DNA replication.
wind	Air moving horizontally and/or vertically.
invertebrate	An animal without a backbone; invertebrates make up 95% of animal species.
algorithm	Formal set of instructions that tells a computer how to solve a problem or execute a task
multiregional model	The hypothesis that different hominins found across the Old World (such as Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis) evolved in situ into modern human populations
utrophin	Autosomal homologue of dystrophin
x element core sequence	The only region shared by all chromosome ends, the X element core sequence is a small conserved element (~475 bp) that contains an ARS sequence and in most cases an Abf1p binding site
fibrinogen	The inactive form of the plasma protein that is converted to the active form fibrin, which aggregates into threads that form the framework of a blood clot
tree	A large woody plant that has a trunk which supports branches and leaves.
hydroxylamine	NH2OH
dam	n
methane	A colorless, odorless, and non-toxic gas (CH4)
computational biology	Computational technologies for the collection, structuring, and mining of biological data that make possible prediction and knowledge discovery.
amp	Abbreviation of adenosine monophosphate.
folding	The acquisition of 3-D structure by a protein; the pattern of the 3-D structure that is the result of the folding process.
paleosol	A soil exhibiting features that are the result of some past conditions and processes.
antagonist	an agent which causes a reduced response.
km	See Michaelis constant.
convectional lifting	The vertical lifting of parcels of air through convective heating of the atmosphere
laterite	Hard subsurface deposit of oxides of aluminum and iron found in tropical soils where the water table fluctuates with seasonal changes in precipitation.
dna annotation	See genome annotation
dominant allele	This is an allele which will completely hide the effects of a recessive allele.
saprobes	An organism that utilizes dead organic matter for food.
biopsy	Removal of a small amount of tissue for examination.
library	An unordered collection of clones (i.e., cloned DNA from a particular organism) whose relationship to each other can be established by physical mapping
hydrophobic	Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.
tropical	A climate warm enough to allow continual plant growth, sometimes arbitrarily defined as having a mean annual temperature greater than 25¡ C
retina	The innermost layer of the vertebrate eye, containing photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) and neurons; transmits images formed by the lens to the brain via the optic nerve.
collateral relative	Related through a common ancestor, not by a direct line of descent
origin	The arbitrary starting point on a graph or grid coordinate system
distal	/DIS-təl/ adj
prenylation	The addition of specific types of lipids (prenyl groups) to C-terminal cysteine residues of a polypeptide chain.
feedback inhibition	See end-product inhibition.
locomotion	Active movement from place to place.
t-lymphocyte	A white blood cell derived from lymphoid stem cells in the thymus that is responsible for cell-mediated immunity and for stimulating B lymphocytes
open reading frame	Any region of DNA or RNA where a protein could be encoded
alternation of generations	Having two life forms during the life cycle, found in plants; the sporophyte which produce the micro and megasporocytes and the gametophyte which produces the male and female gametes.
contingency	characteristic of an event that is only one of several logically or physically possible outcomes.
anti-mullerian hormone	[Gene symbol AMH.] A hormone secreted by the Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules in the testes of developing male embryos and fetuses
kinetic energy	The energy of motion, which is directly related to the speed of that motion
imine	A molecule containing a nitrogen atom attached to a carbon atom by a double bond
diploid cell	A cell that contains two chromosomes (2N) of each type.
gastrin	A digestive hormone, secreted by the stomach, that stimulates the secretion of gastric juice.
signal	A behavior that causes a change in behavior in another animal.
prodrug	An inactive drug precursor that is activated by a biological process, such as enzymatic cleavage.
microvilli	Projections from the cell surfaces of an embryo involved in the exchange of gases and nutrients.
theront	A form adopted by some species of ciliates that typically does not feed but moves quickly
pelagic	refers to all marine environments, including neritic and oceanic (open ocean) areas.
ribosomal rna	The abundant RNA component of both cytosolic and mitochondrial ribosomes
light	A humanly visible form of electromagnetic radiation
nummiform	NƏM-ə-form, NƏM-yə-ler/ Circular, oval, coin-shaped.
open circulatory system	An arrangement of internal transport in which blood bathes the organs directly and there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid.
model ecosystem	A specific type of ecosystem that is widely studied in great detail by a community of researchers to provide insights into the processes controlling the behavior of other ecosystems.
subtree pruning and regrafting	A method for searching phylogenetic tree space whereby a new tree is generated from a starting tree by moving entire branches (along with subbranches) to a new position in the tree.
histone deacetylase	HDAC is a transcription-regulating enzyme that is responsible for enhancing the growth and division of tumor cells.
ground moraine	A thick layer of till deposited by a melting glacier.
double fertilization	Flowering plants have evolved a unique fertilization process, which involves two sperm cells and two female gametophytic cells, the egg and the central cell
capillispore	A special type of secondary conidium, which is produced on a slender capillary tube (conidiophore) developing on primary or secondary conidia.
placebo	a mock-treatment used in single-blind or double-blind experiments to eliminate bias from experiment subjects or administrators, respectively.
nitrification	The biochemical oxidation of ammonium to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate
booster	A secondary immunization used to increase a weak immune response to a primary immunization.
leaching	Process in which water removes and transports soil humus and inorganic nutrients in solution.
gleysol soil	Soil order (type) of the Canadian System of Soil Classification
juvenile hormone	A hormone in arthropods, secreted by the corpora allata glands, that promotes the retention of larval characteristics.
sporangiferous	having sporangia
d-loop	A structure formed when one strand of a duplex DNA molecule is displaced by a single-strand of homologous invading DNA
haemoglobin	The protein found in the blood of most vertebrates and some invertebrates that carries oxygen to the organs and tissues of the body.
nucleoside analog	See analog.
immunogenicity	Causing or capable of producing an immune response.
biological control	The control of a population of one organism by another organism
neutral solution	Any water solution that is neutral (pH approximately 7) or has an equal quantity of hydrogen ions (H+) than hydroxide ions (OH-)
colony	A collection of autonomously replicating cells of the same species.
small circle	A circle on the globe's surface that does not bisect the center of the Earth
metanephridium	In annelid worms, a type of excretory tubule with internal openings called nephrostomes that collect body fluids and external openings called nephridiopores.
emigration	Migration of an organism out of an area for the purpose of changing its residence permanently
genetic programming	Generating computer programs by selection on a population of variant programs
great circle	An imaginary circle drawn on the Earth's surface that has its center synchronize to the center of the planet
point mutation	Mutation involving only one nucleotide pair.
patent	A declaration issued by a government agency declaring someone the inventor of a new invention and having the privilege of stopping others from making, using or selling the claimed invention.
hipaa	Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996.
diapause	A resting stage that allows organisms to survive harsh conditions.
mass movement	General term that describes the downslope movement of sediment, soil, and rock material.
vegetative reproduction	Cloning of plants by asexual means.
white matter	The CNS contains ‘grey matter', containing the bodies of nerve cells, and ‘white matter', which is made mainly of nerve fibres (axons)
parameters	User-derived values used to set the boundaries of an algorithm.
chemokine	Any of about 50 different proteins, secreted by many cell types near a site of injury or infection, that help direct migration of white blood cells to an injury site and induces other changes central to inflammation.
allopatric speciation	the process by which, in theory, a new species originates when a population that is geographically separated from the rest of the species becomes unable to reproduce with the original population.
antagonist	Molecule that bond to the receptor site of a protein
ventricle	(1) A heart chamber that pumps blood out of a heart
active immunity	The natural immunological response to an antigen.
achondroplasia	A dominantly inherited form of dwarfism characterized by short limbs but normal trunk
oncologist	A specialist who treats cancer patients.
bayh-dole act	provides the statutory basis and framework for federal technology transfer activities, including patenting and licensing federally funded inventions to commercial ventures.
arthus reaction	A complement-dependent hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when an antigen reacts with a precipitating antibody, forming microprecipitates that damage cells.
sclerenchyma cell	A type of plant cell characterized by thick cell walls that provide structural support to the plant.
potential evapotranspiration	Is a measure of the ability of the atmosphere to remove water from the surface through the processes of evaporation and transpiration assuming no limitation on water supply.
morphological species concept	The idea that species are defined by measurable anatomical criteria.
anaemia	A condition that is due to a reduced number of red blood cells or reduced amounts of haemoglobin within them
perturbagen	A molecule or peptide that disrupts intracellular processes, providing information about the operation of pathways and networks within the cell.
phase ii clinical trial	Small–scale drug studies in patients that are designed to characterize a drug's effects on a particular disease
sgd gene naming guidelines	The rules used by SGD curators to give genes names conforming to standard yeast nomenclature
shared primitive character	A character displayed in species outside a particular taxon.
immunoglobulin	A family of proteins involved in the immune system
in vitro	experimental procedures carried out in test-tubes, beakers, etc.
anticipation	Each generation of offspring has increased severity of a genetic disorder; e.g., a grandchild may have earlier onset and more severe symptoms than the parent, who had earlier onset than the grandparent
double-strand break	A cut through both strands of the DNA backbone, resulting in two exposed double-stranded ends.
thermosphere	Atmospheric layer above the mesosphere (above 80 kilometers) characterized by air temperatures rising rapidly with height
obesity	a medical term describing a condition where body fat has accumulated to levels which may negatively impact on the health of the individual.
geographic barrier	any physical feature of the earth that separates two populations and prevents interbreeding between them.
antigen	A foreign substance that triggers antibody formation and is bound by the corresponding antibody.
carboxyl group	The acidic -COOH functional group found in organic molecules.
imperfect fungus	See deuteromycete.
genomic epidemiology	The genome-wide study of the relation between genetic variation and disease.
hydrogen bond	A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
age-specific survivorship	Proportion of individuals which survive from birth to the beginning of a specific age class.
oceanic zone	The region of water lying over deep areas beyond the continental shelf.
phage	A virus that infects bacteria; also called a bacteriophage.
dysplasia	An early stage of carcinogenesis characterized by changes in epithelial morphology.
conjugative transposon	A transposon that encodes functions required for conjugation.
pyramid of biomass	Graphic model describing the distribution of biomass in an ecosystem or community at the trophic level
diaphragm	a large, thin sheet of muscle that seals the airtight sac or chamber containing the lungs, and completely separates the chest cavity from the abdomen.
conjugated proteins	Proteins conjugated to other molecules, such as lipids, carbohydrates, heme, or synthetic labels.
action potential	Nerve impulses that travel along axons.
polygenic	A condition or characteristic that is caused by many different genes acting together.
translation	Process by which the information on a mRNA molecule is used to direct the synthesis of a protein.
reporter gene	See: marker
micelle	The structure formed by amphipathic molecules in solution that places the polar group toward the solution and the hydrophobic group toward the interior.
dew point	Dew point is the temperature at which water vapor saturates from an air mass into liquid or solid usually forming rain, snow, frost or dew
antibodies	Antigens are found on the surface of blood and other tissue cells as well as bacteria and viruses.
soma	[Greek soma body.] Soma is a general term meaning body
vaccine	Immunogenic material capable of stimulating active immunity or, in the case of DNA vaccines, of directing the synthesis of proteins that stimulate immunity
pharmacogenomics	The evaluation of individual genomic variation in relation to the delivery and effectiveness of drugs
crocodyliformes	A lineage of archosaurian reptiles that includes a diverse array of fossil and living crocodiles and their relatives.
null model	See null allele.
acute	Describes an illness that only affects an individual for a short period of time.
easterly wave	Atmospheric disturbance in the tropical trade winds
follicle	Ovarian structure that stores the ovum and secretes female hormones.
haploid	Half ploidy
vector	An organism (as an insect) that transmits a pathogen or an agent (as a virus) that contains or carries modified genetic material which can be replicated inside a host organism
binary fission	The type of cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce
metamorphosis	A change of form, especially the conversion of a larval form to an adult form.
ultracentrifuge	A very high-speed centrifuge used to separate macromolecules.
lymphocyte	A small white blood cell that plays a major role in defending the body against disease
multiple testing	If many significance tests are carried out, then some will reject the null hypothesis just by chance
abnormal result	A possible result of a screening test
antigenic drift	The accumulation of mutations that modify a molecule on the cell surface of a pathogen and thereby alters recognition by the host immune system
heterozygote advantage	See overdominance.
transposon	A transposable genetic element that moves as a unit and inserts at new locations.
coccoid	Rounded in shape, ball-like.
volcano	An elevated area of land created from the release of lava and ejection of ash and rock fragments from and volcanic vent.
signal transduction	The passage of a signal from one context to another, or its transformation from one molecular form to another
cirque glacier	Small glacier that just occupies a cirque.
phenotype	The expression of a trait based on the genetic makeup or genotype.
coefficient of coincidence	Number of double crossovers observed by experimentation divided by the expected number of double crossovers.
torpor	In animals, a physiological state that conserves energy by slowing down the heart and respiratory systems.
recharge area	The area on the Earth's surface that receives water for storage into a particular aquifer.
pioneer community	Community dominated by pioneer species of plants.
carpel	A leaf-like structure that encloses the ovules and is the defining character of angiosperms
plantibody	Antibody produced by genetically engineered plants.
fossils	Fossils are formed when the remains of a plant or animal become surrounded with sedimentary rock that hardens, leaving an image of the plant or animal that once was there.
random sample	Sample of individuals drawn without regard to any specific criteria e.g., phenotype, genotype or relationship to other individuals.
luteinizing hormone	A tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovulation in females and androgen production in males.
breeding	mating and producing offspring
glycoprotein remodeling	The removal of oligosaccharides from a glycoprotein by a glycosidase.
heterozygote	An individual who has two different alleles of a gene.
half-life	The number of years it takes for 50% of a sample of an isotope to decay.
mutant	an organism with a new trait resulting from a mutation.
long-term memory	The ability to hold, associate, and recall information over one's life.
serotonin	A biogenic amine synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan.
incomplete flower	A flower lacking sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels.
reciprocal altruism	Altruistic behavior between unrelated individuals, whereby the current altruistic individual benefits in the future when the current beneficiary reciprocates.
remote sensing	The gathering of information from an object or surface without direct contact.
egg cell	The female gametophytic cell that develops as the embryo after fertilization.
index contour	Contour line that is accentuated in thickness and is often labeled with the appropriate measure of elevation
immune system	The processes and responses within an individual that resist infection or other illness.
passive transport	The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane.
ice fog	A fog that is composed of small suspended ice crystals
infection	The introduction or entry of a pathogenic microorganism into a susceptible host, resulting in the presence of the microorganism within the body of the host, whether or not this causes detectable pathological effects (or overt disease )
bt crops	Bt stands for Bacillus thuringiensis, a bio-toxin derived from soil bacterium
recombination	(See Crossing over.)
ichthyosis	any of several hereditary or congenital skin conditions; skin of affected individuals has a dry, scaly appearance.
vascular bundle	A strand of vascular tissues (both xylem and phloem) in a stem or leaf.
nutraceutical	A nutrient that confers beneficial effects.
defective phage	A phage that lacks one or more functions that are required for reproduction.
pitted topography	Landscape characterized by numerous kettle holes on a glacial outwash plain.
cytokines	Powerful chemical substances secreted by cells
thyroid-stimulating hormone	A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that regulates the release of thyroid hormones.
cytoplasmic trait	A genetic characteristic in which the genes are found outside the nucleus, in chloroplasts or mitochondria
metabolite	One particular chemical intermediate generated in metabolism.
technology transfer	The process of transferring scientific findings from research laboratories to the commercial sector.
initial public offering	the initial sale of shares of a private company on public markets, turning it into a publicly-traded company.
ß-lactamase	An enzyme that cleaves the ß-lactam ring of ß-lactam antibiotics, thus inactivating the antibiotics
carotenes	Red and orange pigments that help capture light energy in plants.
infection	a state caused by the presence of a living agent (eg
fulminant hepatitis	The most severe form of hepatitis; may lead to acute liver failure and death.
apoptosis	A form of cell death in which a programmed sequence of events leads to the elimination of cells without releasing harmful substances into the surrounding area
alleles	Variant forms of the same gene
apoptosis	The natural process of programmed cell death as part of normal growth and development.
cyanobacteria	Division of photosynthetic bacteria found in many environments, including oceans, fresh water, and soils
taxa	Categories (e.g., phylum, order, family, genus, or species) used to classify animals and plants
xenopus laevis	An African clawed toad used to study developmental biology.
eukaryote	A Cell with a nucleus.
sporulation	The process of spore development.
reproductive cloning	The use of nuclear transfer to create a cloned organism.
gigaton	One billion metric tons; a metric ton is a unit of mass equal to 1000 kg (about 2200 lb).
neurotoxic	Causing damage to nervous tissues
azygospore	A zygospore that develops parthenogenetically (development of sexual reproduction from the female gamete alone).
specialized	(1) Of cells, having particular functions in a multicellular organism
density-dependent factor	Any factor influencing population regulation that has a greater impact as population density increases.
pheromone	A hormone-like substance that acts as an attractant.
x-ray crystallography	an essential technique for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological molecules.
exergonic	A reaction that releases energy.
safety	Freedom from danger.
self-organization	The dynamic organization and interaction of the molecular components of living systems; the development of complex structures by the iteration of simple behaviors by individual components using only local information.
inbreeding	the crossing of two closely related beings.
muscular dystrophy	refers to a group of genetic myopathies in which a muscle protein is absent, deficient or abnormal
colony	A group of organisms of the same species living together in close association.
suspended load	Portion of the stream load that is carried almost permanently suspended in flowing water.
windward	Upwind side or side directly influenced to the direction that the wind blows from
haploid	The chromosome number equal to one complete set of the genetic endowment of a eukaryotic organism.
mammalia	A class of warm-blooded, fur-bearing vertebrates characterized by mammary glands, with which females produce milk to feed the young.
dtc	Direct-To-Consumer is a type of genetic test that is available directly to the consumer without having to go through a health care professional.
bronchus	One of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs.
ultracentrifuge	A high-speed centrifuge that can attain speeds up to 60,000 rpm and centrifugal fields of 500,000 times gravity
prokaryotes	primitive cell type that lacks a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles
oligotrophic	Term used to describe lakes or other bodies of water that lack nutrients and plant life and have high concentrations of dissolved oxygen.
archenteron	The endodermlined cavity, formed during the gastrulation process, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal.
hydraulic gradient	The slope of the water table or aquifer
apicomplexan	A parasitic protozoan
dermal	/DERM-əl/ adj
solute	A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
leaf trace	A small vascular bundle that extends from the vascular tissue of the stem through the petiole and into a leaf.
artiodactyl	Any member of the mammalian order Artiodactyla, which includes cattle, swine, and deer
cloning	The process of making genetically identical copies.
meiosis i	The first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell.
enzymes	and antibodies.
essential element	In plants, a chemical element that is required for the plant to grow from a seed and complete the life cycle, producing another generation of seeds
filter mating	A method where conjugation between donor and recipient bacteria is done on a millipore filter
wind vane	A mechanical device used to measure the direction of wind flow
fermentation	An anaerobic biochemical reaction in which an enzyme catalyzes the conversion of one substance into another.
barrier beach	A long and narrow beach of sand and/or gravel that runs parallel to the coastline and is not submerged by the tide.
pluripotent	Capable of differentiating into several final differentiated cell types.
recombinase	An enzyme that catalyzes genetic recombination.
scid	Severe Combined Immunodeficiency is an inherited condition affecting the immune system causing individuals to be more susceptible to infectious diseases.
vapor pressure	Pressure exerted by water vapor molecules in a given quantity of atmosphere.
isostacy	The buoyant condition of the Earth's crust floating in the asthenosphere
non-coding exon	An exon that does not direct the production of a peptide sequence.
duplication mutation	the production of a copy of some segment of DNA during meiosis.
recursion	The repetition of a data-processing algorithm until a pre-set threshold is reached.
geological time scale	A time scale established by geologists that reflects a consistent sequence of historical periods, grouped into four eras: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.
stele	The central vascular cylinder in roots where xylem and phloem are located.
catastrophism	The hypothesis by Georges Cuvier that each boundary between strata corresponded in time to a catastrophe, such as a flood or drought, that had destroyed many of the species living there at that time.
demersal	Living on or near the bottom of a body of water.
atomic nucleus	An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons.
synergist	An agent that increases the effectiveness of a ligand or other agent.
toxin	Poisonous substance
ecotype	A genotype adapted to a particular environment.
declarative	Knowing the name of something, for example a car, house, or an airplane.
gated channel	An ion channel that allows ion entry under specific conditions.
autopolyploidy	Polyploid in which all of the chromosome sets are derived from the same parent species.
cell wall	Rigid structure deposited outside the cell membrane
individualistic hypothesis	The concept, put forth by H
fertilization	The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote
specificity	Measure of the accuracy of a test
hard selection	Selection where numbers produced by a patch are directly proportional to the relative survival of the individuals of that patch, see Web Notes.
male-specific phage	Phages that only adsorb to receptor sites on the F-pilus.
coccolithophore	A type of single-celled marine algae distinguished by its production of intricate, microscopic shells that are aggregates of calcium carbonate discs called coccoliths.
dimorphism	Displaying two separate growth forms.
association constant	The measure of the degree of association of a complex
metadata	Information about data that facilitates access and use of the data.
conjunctiva	A mucous membrane that helps keep the eye moist; lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the front of the eyeball, except the cornea.
nuclear envelope	Double membrane enclosing the nucleus of a cell.
sensory reception	The detection of the energy of a stimulus by sensory cells.
reflection	When light strikes a surface and then leaves at the same angle
contracture	A contracture is a condition of abnormal shortening or shrinkage of a muscle, tendon, etc., often with persistent flexion or distortion at a joint. People affected with neuromuscular disease often develop contractures over time. A physical or occupational therapist will probably be able to teach stretches that, when done regularly, can help decrease contractures.
standard medical procedure	Surgery or practice that is a common and well accepted as the best course of treatment.
liquid	A state of matter where molecules have the ability to flow and the surface of this mass displays the property of surface tension.
apoplast	In plants, the continuum of cell walls plus the extracellular spaces.
gustatory receptor	Taste receptor.
rb	abbreviation of ‘resistant bacteria‘.
primary culture	The initial cell culture established from a tissue.
polyphyletic	Pertaining to a grouping of species derived from two or more different ancestral forms.
food chain	The pathway along which food is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers.
spinal nerve	In the vertebrate peripheral nervous system, a nerve that carries signals to or from the spinal cord.
excimer	An adduct between a molecule that has been excited by a photon and a second molecule.
gas	A state of matter where molecules are free to move in any direction they like
game theory	An approach to evaluating alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends not only on each individual's strategy but also on the strategies of other individuals; a way of thinking about behavioral evolution in situations where the fitness of a particular behavioral phenotype is influenced by other behavioral phenotypes in the population.
metabolite	one particular chemical intermediate generated in metabolism.
antigen	The T-cell receptors are similar to antibodies in that they are highly diverse and can combine only with specific target antigens
shortwave radiation	Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0.1 and 0.7 micrometers (µm)
chemostat	A device that allows populations of microorganisms to be maintained in a steady state.
geocoding	The conversion of features found on an analog map into a computer-digital form
adh	The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.
genetic contribution	The contribution of genetic material by a parent to progeny, usually measured in animal breeding as a specified improvement in the population for a particular trait such as milk production.
brackish	Environment that is influenced by seawater with a salinity less than 35 parts per thousand (usually caused by the presence of an inflow of fresh water).
unstable equilibrium	In an unstable equilibrium the system returns to a new equilibrium after disturbance.
electromagnetic receptor	A receptor of electromagnetic energy, such as visible light, electricity, and magnetism.
ejectisome	A type of explosive extrusome found in cryptoflagellates.
sugar sink	A plant organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar
edge wave	A wave of water that moves parallel to the shore
balanced polymorphism	The ability of natural selection to maintain diversity in a population.
ion-exchange resin	A polymeric resinous substance, usually in bead form, that contains fixed groups with positive or negative charge
oceanography	the study of the world's oceans, including physical, chemical, geologic and biological aspects.
dehydration synthesis	/də-HIGH-dray-shən, dee-/ The linking of monomers into a polymer by removing a molecule of water from each.
larva	the immature form of an animal
littoral drift	The sediment that is transported by waves and currents through beach drift and longshore drift along coastal areas.
epididymis	A duct from each testicle, with parts called the head, body, and tail, that stores and transports sperm to the vas deferens.
virulence	Ability (of pathogens) to infect organisms and cause disease
klinefelter syndrome	an endocrine condition caused by a an extra X-chromosome (47,XXY); characterized by the lack of normal sexual development and testosterone, leading to infertility and adjustment problems if not detected and treated early.
antiserum	Serum that contains antibodies.
insertion element	A transposable nucleotide sequence that only encodes the functions required for its own transposition
beta particle	Electron emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive isotope
electrophoresis	See "Gel electrophoresis".
amp kinase	a protein complex involved in the maintenance of energy balance in the cell.
second law of thermodynamics	This law states that heat can never pass spontaneously from a colder to a hotter body
competition	Interaction between members of the same population or of two or more populations using the same resource, often present in limited supply.
biosphere	The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.
effective population size	Effective number of individuals passing on gametes to the next generations
nuclear magnetic resonance	The absorption of electromagnetic radiation (radio waves), at a specific frequency, by an atomic nucleus placed in a strong magnetic field; used in spectroscopy and in magnetic resonance imaging.
reciprocal cross	Cross in which females of genotype A are mated to males of genotype B and males of genotype A are mated to females of genotype B; useful in detecting sex-linkage, maternal effects, and cytoplasmic inheritance.
downdraft	Downward movement of air in the atmosphere.
bank-caving	Collapse of stream bank material into a stream channel.
targeting	The movement of proteins around a cell or within organelles so that they reach the correct place to carry out their activity.
geographical range	The geographic area in which a population lives.
inclusion	The inability to exclude an individual as the possible source of a biological sample
meta-analysis	A method for the statistical re-analysis of experimental and correlational results from independent studies that address related research questions.
dendrobatidae	/den-droh-BAT-ə-die, -dee/ n
antioxidant	A compound that inhibits oxidation, often because it is preferentially oxidized
cryotic	Something that is frozen.
shoal	a shallow location, such as over a sandbank, often home to large numbers of schooling fish
elongation	The process by which either transcription or translation continues toward a conclusion after having been initiated (and perhaps having subsequently paused or stalled).
antigen	Any substance that, when introduced into the body, is recognized by the immune system.
sial layer	The part of the crust that forms the continents and is composed of relatively light, granitic rocks.
glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
chromosome	Organic structure that carries an organism's genetic code (DNA).
neurotransmitter	A chemical released from the pre-synaptic terminus of an axon that diffuses across the synapse and binds to receptors in the post-synaptic membrane
blood-brain barrier	A specialized capillary arrangement in the brain that restricts the passage of most substances into the brain, thereby preventing dramatic fluctuations in the brain's environment.
epitope	The antibody-binding region of an antigenic molecule.
bearing	A system that measures in reference to the cardinal points of a compass in 90 degree quadrants.
slip-strand mispairing	A process in which a DNA polymerase adds too many or too few copies of a repetitive sequence during replication.
vacuole	Membrane-bound fluid-filled space within a cell
uv reactivation	A phenomenon in which survival of an ultraviolet-irradiated phage is greater upon infecting a host that has also been irradiated with UV than upon infecting a host that has not been irradiated with UV
source exons	Source exons identifies the size of each exon encoded by a larger sequence
holoplankton	those organisms that spend their entire lives as plankton, such as phytoplankton and zooplankton.
homologous chromosome	Chromosome containing the same linear gene sequences as another, each derived from one parent.
da	Dalton unit.
demography	The study of statistics relating to births and deaths in populations.
additive tree	A phylogenetic tree in which the branch lengths are proportional to the evolutionary distance between nodes; also known as a phylogram.
informed consent	Permission given by an individual to proceed with a specific test, procedure, or research study with an understanding of the risks and benefits of the activity.
adp	Abbreviation of adenosine diphosphate.
heterologous probe	The use of a labelled nucleic acid molecule to identify related molecules by hybridization probing.
reflection	Thought or discussion related to a learning outcome.
denitrification	The process by which certain bacteria living in poorly aerated soils break down nitrates, using the oxygen for their own respiration and releasing nitrogen back into the atmosphere.
escherichia coli	A Gram negative bacterium commonly found in the vertebrate intestine
thermal metamorphism	Is the metamorphic alteration of rock because of intense heat released from processes related to plate tectonics.
transcription terminator	A nucleotide sequence that acts as a signal for termination of transcription
equity investment	an investment buying partial ownership of a company.
pedogenesis	The process of soil formation.
sphenodontian	Any of a group of archosaurian reptiles called Sphenodontia
miocene	The fourth of the seven epochs of the Cenozoic; it lasted from 23.0 - 5.3 million years ago.
cnidarian	Member of a major animal phylum (Cnidaria) that includes corals, sea anemones, hydra, and jellyfish
dopamine	A biogenic amine closely related to epinephrine and norepinephrine.
insight learning	The ability of an animal to perform a correct or appropriate behavior on the first attempt in a situation with which it has had no prior experience.
shuttle vector	Virus assistant : Virus qui assure les fonctions manquantes d'un virus défectif, pour lui permettre de terminer son cycle infectieux au cours d'une infection mixte
endophyte	A microorganism living within plant vascular tissue.
spore	A highly resistant, resting state of an organism
phenotype	The visible characteristics or traits of an organism
drainage wind	A wind common to mountainous regions that involves heavy cold air flowing along the ground from high to low elevations because of gravity
blended learning	The combination of different training methods and resources.
lysogeny	The ability of a phage to integrate into the bacterial DNA chromosome.
hydrophilic	Literally means 'water-loving'
bioconversion	The conversion of one chemical to another by a living system, such as a bacterial cell.
brand-name drug	the patented version of a drug
polar front	Weather front located typically in the mid-latitudes that separates arctic and polar air masses from tropical air masses
g-protein linked receptor	A signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signal molecule by activating a G protein.
longshore drift	The movement and deposition of coastal sediments because of longshore currents.
parkinson's disease	A motor disorder caused by a progressive brain disease and characterized by difficulty in initiating movements, slowness of movement, and rigidity.
tumor progression	The accumulation of mutations within cells of a tumor population, resulting in increasingly rapid growth and malignancy.
brachiopod	Member of the phylum Brachiopoda within the lophotrochozoa, composed of a group of marine animals that superficially resemble clams but are only distantly related to the mollusks.
bony fish	The common name for the class Osteichthyes, fish that have bony rather than cartilaginous skeletons.
binomial	Consisting of or pertaining to two terms.
behavior	Everything an animal does and how it does it, including muscular activities such as chasing prey, certain nonmuscular processes such as secreting a hormone that attracts a mate, and learning.
longitude	Longitude is a west-east measurement of position on the Earth
mitosis	cell division of somatic cells
genetic banking	The deposit of an individual's genetic information to a database that enables the individual to control access.
superinfection	The secondary infection by a phage in a cell already harbouring the same phage.
upper respiratory system	consists of the nose, throat and windpipe (trachea).
anthropogenic	Resulting from human activity.
reflected infrared radiation	Form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0.7 to 3.0 micrometers (µm).
boreal forest	High to mid-latitude biome dominated by coniferous forest
paleoproterozoic	Division of time from 2500 to 1600 Mya.
pathway	A series of related biochemical reactions.
catastrophism	General theory that suggests that certain phenomena on the Earth are the result of catastrophic events
internal size standard	Specific DNA fragments of known sizes which are defined and used to size DNA fragments of unknown length.
chelation	Chemical weathering process that involves the extraction or metallic cations from rocks and minerals by chelates.
intragenic complementation	The ability of two mutant forms of a gene, neither of which produce an active gene product, to produce a functional or partially functional gene product
molecular graphics	The computational visualization of macromolecules for the purpose of molecular design, protein engineering, and structural refinement.
blastomere	A small cell of an early embryo.
rhodopsin	A visual pigment consisting of retinal and opsin
zone of cell division	The zone of primary growth in roots consisting of the root apical meristem and its derivatives
sieve tube	A series of sieve-tube elements arranged end to end and interconnected through sieve plates.
valley wall	The side slope of a stream or glacial valley.
downstream	See "Upstream/Downstream".
tca cycle	See tricarboxylic acid cycle.
biocontainment	A process aimed at keeping biological organisms within a limited space or area
trough	An elongated area of low pressure in the atmosphere.
palsa	A mound of peat that develops as the result of the formation of a number ice lenses beneath the ground surface
self-fertilization	The union of egg and sperm produced by a single hermaphroditic organism.
hydrograph	A graph describing stream discharge over time.
start	A regulatory point in the yeast cell cycle that occurs late in G1
cellular slime mold	A type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid cells and aggregated reproductive bodies in its life cycle.
phenocopy	Result of an environmental influence which mimics the effect of a specific allele not possessed by the individual; not transmissible.
axon	A typically long extension, or process, from a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells.
excitatory postsynaptic potential	An electrical change (depolarization) in the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron caused by the binding of an excitatory neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic receptor; makes it more likely for a postsynaptic neuron to generate an action potential
gyres	a circular course of motion, usually referring to an ocean current pattern.
multiplicity of infection	The ratio of virus particles to cells in a system.
parasite	Consumer organism that feeds on a host for an extended period of time
uv absorbance spectroscopy	A method for measuring the concentration of a compound by determining the amount of ultraviolet radiation absorbed by a sample.
aerobic	Requiring oxygen.
terminus	End or snout of a glacier.
gluconeogenesis	The production of sugars from nonsugar precursors such as lactate or amino acids
gfp	See Green Flourescent Protein.
principle of allocation	The concept that each organism has an energy budget, or a limited amount of total energy available for all of its maintenance and reproductive needs.
chemical bond	An attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms
yeast extract	A water soluble preparation extracted from common yeast
muscular dystrophy	Deterioration of muscle functions
hopeful monster	a hypothetical organism that supposedly originates in a single generation from a “macromutation” with large-scale effects on anatomy.
malleus	The first of the three middle ear bones.
erythrocytes	Red blood cells; doubly concave, enucleated cells that transport oxygen in the blood.
dendrimer	A branching polymer
arteriole	A very small artery
cro	Contract research organization
primary productivity	The rate at which light energy or inorganic chemical energy is converted to the chemical energy of organic compounds by autotrophs in an ecosystem.
activated complex	The molecular assembly that corresponds to the transition state of a chemical reaction.
double helix	the shape a DNA molecule takes when its two strands twist around each other.
mitochondrion	An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration.
scree	An accumulation of weathered rock fragments at the base of a steep rock slope or cliff.
deuterium	Isotope of hydrogen, with a nucleus containing one proton and one neutron, and an atomic mass number of 2.
universe	All of the observable phenomena in the celestial cosmos.
congenital defect	Any defect that is present at birth, regardless of its cause.
protozoa	A group of one-celled animals, a few of which cause human disease (including malaria and sleeping sickness).
metabolon	A supramolecular assembly of sequential metabolic enzymes.
peta-	A prefix indicating 1015; a quadrillion.
exons	The parts of a gene used to make proteins.
trade winds	The steady winds that blow westward and toward the equator from the subtropical high-pressure belts near 30¡ N and 30¡ S.
eutrophication	The dying off of organisms in a lake or pond due to an overabundance of algae which consume all of the dissolved oxygen in the water
induction	Inference of a generalized conclusion from particular instances
ether	A molecule containing two carbons linked by an oxygen atom.
infiltration rate	Rate of absorption and downward movement of water into the soil layer.
equilibrium	A state of balance in which there is no net change.
tera-	A prefix indicating 10 to the power of 12; a trillion.
electrogenic pump	An ion transport protein generating voltage across the membrane.
primary producer	Organisms that occupy the first trophic level in the grazing food chain
apoptosis	ARN : acide ribonucléique
holistic	Concerned with a complete system.
cladogram	A phylogenetic tree in which the only information given is about the relationships among taxa (i.e., the length of the branches is not meaningful).
idiotope	An antigenic determinant within the variable region of an antibody.
particulate matter	Particles of dust, soot, salt, sulfate compounds, pollen, or other particles suspended in the atmosphere.
pregnancy	The condition of carrying one or more embryos in the uterus.
fossil record	The chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata
cell wall	A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists
orographic precipitation	Is precipitation that forms when air is forced to rise because of the physical presence of elevated land
secondary compound	A chemical compound synthesized through the diversion of products of major metabolic pathways for use in defense by prey species.
periglacial	Landforms created by processes associated with intense freeze-thaw action in an area high latitude areas or near an alpine or continental glacier.
diabetes mellitus	An endocrine disorder marked by inability to maintain glucose homeostasis
sympatry	Coexistence in the same place.
troposphere	Region of the atmosphere closest to the Earth's surface.
primary care provider	A doctor trained to treat a wide variety of health-related problems.
gas exchange	The uptake of molecular oxygen from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment.
antagonist	A substance that tends to nullify the action of another.
solar day	Time required for the Earth to complete one rotation relative to the Sun.
milankovitch theory	Theory proposed by Milutin Milankovitch that suggests that changes in the Earth's climate are cause by variations in solar radiation received at the Earth's surface
counterselection	A condition that prevents growth of the donor in a genetic cross.
helper t cells	See helper cells.
hormone	A chemical substance made in one cell and secreted so as to influence the metabolic activity of a select group of cells located at other sites in the organism.
heteroplasmy	The presence of more than one mtDNA type within a single individual.
westerlies	Dominant winds of the mid-latitudes
interneuron	An association neuron; a nerve cell within the central nervous system that forms synapses with sensory and motor neurons and integrates sensory input and motor output.
el ni隳	Name given to the occasional development of warm ocean surface waters along the coast of Ecuador and Peru
c4 plant	A plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.
microarrays	Ordered sets of DNA fragments fixed to solid surfaces
equator	Location on the Earth that has a latitude of 0°.
polyphyletic	Pertaining to a taxon whose members were derived from two or more ancestral forms not common to all members.
surface heat flux	Process where heat energy is transferred into land and ocean surfaces on the Earth
genetic condition	A genetic condition is caused by a change in the genetic information
subduction zone	Linear area where tectonic subduction takes place.
leukaemia	An increase in the number of ineffective and immature white blood cells, causing a weakened immune system
bird	Group of warm blooded vertebrate animals whose body is covered with feathers.
guard cell	A specialized epidermal plant cell that forms the boundaries of the stomata.
action spectrum	A graph that depicts the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process.
reef	A ridge of rocks found in the tidal zone along a coastline
huntington disease	a disease characterized by irregular, spasmodic involuntary movements of the limbs and facial muscles, mental deterioration and death, usually within 20 years of the onset of symptoms.
aneuploid	A cell or organism having an abnormal set of chromosomes.
enzyme	A protein molecule which promotes or enables a chemical reaction in the cells (a biochemical reaction) to take place
glucocorticoid	A corticosteroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that influences glucose metabolism and immune function.
cross-feeding	Growth of a mutant stimulated by metabolites released by another cell.
gene technology	branch of modern biotechnology
histogram	A graphic representation of a frequency distribution.
radioactive	A substance emitting ionizing radiation is said to be radioactive
adaptive radiation	The emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced into an environment, presenting a diversity of new opportunities and problems.
protein kinase a	A protein kinase regulated by cyclic AMP.
unconfined groundwater	Groundwater that is not restricted by impervious layers of rock.
prokaryote	An organism lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bounded compartments.
cosmid	A cloning vector derived from a bacterial virus
organ	A collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function
isolation by distance	Divergence between allele frequencies in different places within a spatially continuous population
specific humidity	Measurement of atmospheric humidity
gnotobiotic	A system to which only preselected components, organisms and nutrients are introduced.
coorperativity	For DNA binding proteins, cooperativity generally refers to the increased binding of a protein to a DNA site due to the prior binding of another protein nearby
polyclonal antibody	An antibody generated by the immune response to an antigen
frost point	Is the temperature at which water vapor saturates from an air mass into solid usually forming snow or frost
green alga	A unicellular, colonial, or multicellular photosynthetic protist that has grassgreen chloroplasts
hybrid zone	A narrow region in which genetically distinct populations meet, mate, and hybridize.
membrane	A single- or double-layer lipid sheet that separates two compartments.
guthrie test	A method of mass newborn screening for PKU that is still in use today in some countries
anaerobic	Lacking or not requiring oxygen.
peat	Extensive deposits of undecayed organic material formed primarily from the wetland moss Sphagnum.
length heteroplasmy	The presence of mitochondrial DNA molecules that differ in length.
specific gravity	The ratio of the mass of a body to the mass of an identical volume of water at a specific temperature.
hyperplasia	An increase in tissue due to enhanced cell division
talus	An accumulation of angular rock debris from rockfalls.
mutation	When DNA damaged or changed anywhere along the DNA strand.
exponential population growth	The geometric increase of a population as it grows in an ideal, unlimited environment
codis core loci	Thirteen STR (short tandem repeat) sequences that have been selected for the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS).
histocompatibility testing	A method of matching the self antigens (HLA) on the tissues of a transplant donor with those of the recipient
diorite	A coarse grained igneous rock of intrusive origin that is darker and chemically more mafic than granite.
diabetes	A disease caused by loss of control of glucose homeostasis.
size standard	See internal size standard
antigen	A substance capable of causing the body to produce specific antibodies; any substance that stimulates lymphocytes (white blood cells) to initiate an immune response.
hydroxide ion	A water molecule that has lost a proton; OH-.
pistillate	Pertaining to the pistil
cells	by using the patient's own immune system or the transfer of antibodies or T-cells from an outside source.
bolus	A lubricated ball of chewed food.
uniformitarianism	The assumption that the same natural processes acted in the past as are observed to operate now.
pore ice	A form of periglacial ground ice that is found in the spaces that exist between particles of soil.
feedback inhibition	A method of metabolic control in which the end-product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.
major groove	If you wrap two cords around each other in the manner of a double helix, there will be two grooves between the cords
directed mutagenesis	/myoot-ə-JEN-ə-səs/ Alteration of DNA at a specific site in order to study the change's effects.
immunotherapy	Stimulates or restores the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease
alzheimer disease	Additional information on apoE can be found in OMIM.
suspension	Erosional movement of sediment continually held in the transport medium of air, water or ice.
homologous	Hybridation in situ : Hybridation d'une sonde d'ADN ou d'ARN spécifique marquée avec l'ARN ou l'ADN cellulaire, sur une coupe de tissu ou des cellules fixées
bioequivalent	A pharmaceutical compound that equals another in bioavailability and potency.
carbon cycle	Worldwide circulation and reutilization of carbon atoms, chiefly due to metabolic processes of living organisms
metabolite	A chemical substance produced within the body, typically due to the actions of an enzyme
stroke volume	The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each contraction.
reasoning	in argumentation- statements that link the evidence to the claim, showing why the data counts as evidence to support the claim
dilution	the decrease in relative ownership among existing investors as additional shares are issued.
molecular formula	A type of molecular notation indicating only the quantity of the constituent atoms.
co-localization	This term is used to identify and describe interaction data displayed at SGD
bloom's taxonomy	A recognized structure for the identification of cognitive areas related to learning.
chromatography	A procedure for separating chemically similar molecules
maternal pku	The developing fetus is exposed to high blood phenylalanine if the mother has PKU
anaemia	A condition caused by a reduced number of red blood cells or haemoglobin
advocacy group	A group of people who work together to support a cause.
plasma cell	An antibody-secreting B-lymphocyte.
somatic mutation	A non-heritable genetic change occurring within a somatic cell, also known as an acquired mutation.
oviduct	A tube passing from the ovary to the vagina in invertebrates or to the uterus in vertebrates.
necrosis	Process of cell death that results from massive disruption of normal cellular homeostasis, that is so disruptive that the cells cannot repair themselves and then die
species	The lowest taxonomic category in Linnaean biological classification, denoted by a combined generic and specific name, as in Homo sapiens - humans
patent	A grant made by a government that allows the creator of an invention the sole right to make, use, and sell that invention for a set period of time.
tfiif	A general transcription factor contributing to the formation of the pre-initiation complex.
blue gene	A massively parallel supercomputer with 1 million processors that is under construction and will be capable of 1 petaflop floating point operations/sec
phenocopy	An environmental condition that results in a phenotype different that that usually observed for a certain mutant
patent	intellectual property protection
stochastic effects	Being or having a random variable.
chi-squared test of association	Comparison of the observed frequencies with the frequencies that would be expected if the null hypothesis of no association were true.
ribosome	Cellular structure composed of RNA and protein that is responsible for protein synthesis.
f-pilus	A filamentous appendage encoded by the F-plasmid
phosphate group	A small chemical group with the formula, PO4
amoeba	A protist grade characterized by the presence of pseudopodia.
cofactor	Inorganic ion or coenzyme necessary for the activity of an enzyme.
dizygotic twins	Twins formed from separate zygotes and therefore related in the same way as siblings.
convergence	The endpoint of an iterative or recursive algorithm
deism	The view that God works through fixed laws of nature; that is, that events occur without supernatural intervention.
brassinosteroids	Steroid honnones in plants that have a variety of effects, including cell elongation, retarding leaf abscission, and promoting xylem differentiation.
nasopharynx	NAY-zō-FARE-ənks/ The portion of the pharynx above the soft palate.
dna fingerprinting	technique for identifying individuals using repeating sequences in the human genome that produce a pattern of bands that is unique for every individual.
premessenger rna	Same as primary transcript.
dd	Dideoxy-.
character	An observable heritable feature.
inclusive fitness	A measure of individual fitness that includes the effects of that individual on its neighbors’ fitness, weighed by their relatedness, and discounts the effects of neighbors on the individual’s own fitness.
leukemia	Cancer arising from the precursors of circulating blood cells.
beach	The terrestrial interface area in between land and a water body where there are accumulations of unconsolidated sediments like sand and gravel
linkage disequilibrium	Where alleles occur together more often than can be accounted for by chance
ovule	The structure that consists of haploid tissue (the gametophyte generation) and the surrounding diploid tissues (the integuments), which become the seed after fertilization.
phase iii	clinical trial designed to verify the safety and effectiveness of an experimental drug
antibodies	Proteins produced by the immune system of humans and other vertebrates in response to the presence of a specific antigen.
vertebrate	Animal that does have a backbone
bcl-2	A member of a family of proteins that regulate programmed cell death.
chiral	A compound that cannot be superimosed on its mirror image.
serum	The liquid that separates from the blood when a clot is formed.
fatal	Causing death.
presynaptic cell	The transmitting cell at a synapse.
carcinogen	Something which causes cancer to occur by causing changes in a cell's DNA
matter	Is the material (atoms and molecules) that constructs things on the Earth and in the Universe.
mutation	Change in the structure of a gene or chromosome.
phytochromes	A class of light receptors in plants
hominin	All taxa closer to humans than to chimpanzee
biological pump	Collection of biological ocean processes that regulate the uptake, storage, transformation, and release of carbon.
unequal crossover	The outcome when two tandemly repeated sequences do not pair correctly
time	Measurable period in which cause and effect occurs and systems function.
semisterility	Condition which results when there is an absence of interstitial crossover, 50% of the assortments are alternate, 25% are adjacent-1, and 25% are adjacent-2, producing 50% viable gametes and 50% non-viable gametes.
absorption spectrum	The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light.
homologous structures	Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
cochlea	The complex, coiled organ of hearing that contains the organ of Corti.
tropical rainforest	Forested biome found near the equator and dominated by evergreen vegetation.
photosynthesis	The process by which cells harness energy from sunlight and synthesize glucose from CO2 and water.
teleost fish	Any member of the Teleostei, a subclass of bony fishes
opsin	A membrane protein bonded to a lightabsorbing pigment molecule.
crm	Cross reacting material
structural formula	A type of molecular notation in which the constituent atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds.
androgen	Any steroid hormone, such as testosterone, that stimulates the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.
solution	A homogeneous, liquid mixture of two or more substances.solvent The dissolving agent of a solution
brainstem	Collection of structures in the adult brain, including the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata; functions in homeostasis, coordination of movement, and conduction of information to higher brain centers.
supercooled water	Cooling of water below 0° Celsius without freezing
wetting and drying	Physical weathering process where rocks are mechanically disintegrated by the accumulation of successive layers of water molecules in between the mineral grains of a rock
amniote	Member of a clade of tetrapods that have an amniotic egg containing specialized membranes that protect the embryo, including mammals and birds and other reptiles.
covirus	One of a pair of viruses that have complementary functions and that must coinfect a cell for successful viral transmission.
bioinformatics	The science of using computers and sophisticated mathematics to sort and analyze large amounts of biological data.
névé	Partially melted and compacted snow that has a density of at least 500 kilograms per cubic meter.
cambrian explosion	an event at the beginning of the Cambrian, lasting less than 10 million years, during which most of the major animal phyla first appear in the fossil record.
kingdom	The major taxonomic group in the current classification of living organisms with the exception of informal division of prokaryotic and eukaryotic empires
cns	Central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord.
stable equilibrium	In a stable equilibrium the system displays tendencies to return to the same equilibrium after disturbance.
semi-diurnal tide	Tides that have two high and two low waters per tidal period.
morphospecies	A species defined by its anatomical features.
excision repair	DNA repair in which a damaged region is replaced.
nucleus	The structure in a cell which contains the chromosomes.
mitogen	A stimulant of cell division.
phase iii clinical trials	Establish the long-term efficacy and safety of the drug candidate in its final dose and formulation
analysis of variance	The separation of the variance into a sum of components, a widely used statistical technique that is the basis for quantitative genetics.
embryo	an early developmental stage of a multicellular organism.
tornado	A vortex of rapidly moving air associated with some severe thunderstorms
rangeland	Land-use type that supplies vegetation for consumption by grazing and browsing animals
stream flow	The flow of water in a river or stream channel.
t-cell receptors	These cells arise after antigenic stimulation and serve as the "historians" of the immune system, providing a quick start in the event of subsequent exposure of the organism to the same antigen.
magnetic field	The space influence by magnetic force
nanomole	One billionth mole; 10-9 mole.
vagina	External canal of the female reproductive system attached to the cervix.
salami slicing	filing for multiple orphan drug designations on the same drug.
posterior pituitary	Also called the neurohypophysis; an extension of the hypothalamus composed of nervous tissue that secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone made in the hypothalamus; a temporary storage site for these hormones.
transduction	Genetic exchange in bacteria that is mediated via phage.
bridge loan	a short-term, high-interest loan provided by venture capitalists to companies in dire need of cash.
glycolysis	The catabolic conversion of glucose to pyruvate with the production of ATP.
perennial plant	Plant species that lives for more than two years.
stigma	Surface on the style of a flower on which pollen cells germinate.
germ cell	a sex cell or gamete (egg or spermatozoan).Haldane equation Haldane's law: the generalization that if first generation hybrids are produced between two species, but one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is the heterogamic sex.
nano-sims	Imaging technique that uses a nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometer (nano-SIMS) and cells labeled with stable isotopes of carbon and/or nitrogen to identify areas of active growth and follow nutrient fluxes between cells.
internal size standard	Specific DNA fragments of known sizes which are defined and used to size unknown fragments.
codex alimentarius commission	a commission created in 1962 by two UN organizations, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO)
lineage sorting	The process by which, following separation of two species, the ancestry of every gene converges to the overall phylogeny of the species
conidium pl. conidia	A naked, asexual spore produced at the ends of hyphae in ascomycetes.
marine	Pertaining to the sea.
tag	See label.
detrivore	/DET-trə-vore/ n
thermostability	Retention of activity at high temperature.
nitrous oxide	Gas found in the atmosphere that contributes to the greenhouse effect
single nucleotide polymorphisms	A type of polymorphism involving variation of a single base pair
chemical genomics	The large-scale study of biological processes based on small-molecule intervention.
lymph node	A small organ that is a component of the lymphatic system and consists of lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
spectrum	Is a graph that describes the quantity of radiation that is emitted from a body at particular wavelengths.
heterozygous	organism that has two different alleles for the same trait and is said to be hybrid for that particular trait.
natural selection	Environment's influence on the reproductive success of individuals in a population
epidemic	outbreak of a disease in a community.
recurrent mutation	Mutational event with characteristic mutation rates.
polymorphic	Variable, more than one kind.
antigen	Substance capable of inducing the production of antibodies.
enteric	Pertaining to the intestines.
icosahedron	A regular geometric polyhedron with 20 equilateral trangular faces and 12 corners
yotta-	A prefix indicating 1024; a septillion.
proof of principle	demonstration of the commercial potential of a discovery or invention.
linebreeding	System of mating which maintains close relationships in descendent generations to a particular ancestor.
hydrophobic effect	The noncovalent association of nonpolar groups with each other in aqueous solution.
chronic disease	A long-lasting health condition such as cancer, coronary heart disease, and diabetes.
membranelle	A compound structure comprised of many cilia and associated with the mouth of a ciliate
parasitoidism	A type of parasitism in which an insect lays eggs on or in a living host; the larvae then feed on the body of the host, eventually killing it.
punctuated equilibrium	A theory of evolution advocating spurts of relatively rapid change followed by long periods of stasis.
xylem	Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from roots to the rest of the plant.
mixotroph	An organism that is capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy.
kinesis	A change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus.
macromolecule	A molecule larger than about 10 kDA.
prostacyclin	An eicosanoid formed from prostaglandin H2.
affinity chromatography	A column chromatographic technique that employs attached functional groups that have a specific affinity for sites on particular proteins.
gated ion channel	A transmembrane protein that allows ion fluxes to pass under defined conditions
biocatalysis	The use of biological systems or their components for chemical synthesis or transformation.
panmixis	Random mating.
amyloid-beta	target molecule in Alzheimer's disease therapy; main constituent of amyloid plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients
foreset bed	Deltaic deposit of alluvial sediment that is angled 5 to 25° from horizontal
levene model	A model of a structured population in which individuals from a single gene pool spend part of their lives competing within small patches.
long-term potentiation	An enhanced responsiveness to an action potential (nerve signal) by a receiving neuron.
liposome	an artificial membrane
lactose	The sugar that occurs in milk
fossil	Geologically preserved remains of an organism that lived in the past.
symbiosis	a long-term, close, association between two individuals of different species that is a benefit to both ("mutualism"), a benefit to one at a cost to the other ("parasitism"), or a benefit to one with no effect on the other individual ("commensalism").
cell-based therapies	Therapies involving the transplantation of stem cells into damaged tissues to regenerate the various cell types of that tissue
intelligent design	The argument that organisms are irreducibly complex and so must have been created by an intelligent designer
desiccation	/deh-sick-KAY-shən/ n
subatomic particles	Extremely small particles that make up the internal structure of atoms.
stratopause	The stratopause is a relatively thin atmospheric transition layer found between the stratosphere and the mesosphere
synthetic genetic interaction	A genetic interaction in which a combination of mutations in two or more genes of a single strain results in a phenotype that is different in degree or nature from the phenotypes conferred by the individual mutations
growth cone	Responsive region at the leading edge of a growing axon.
tropical disturbance	An organized group of thunderstorms often found over a tropical ocean that generates a slight cyclonic flow of less than 37 kilometers per hour
test-tube fertilization	In vitro fertilization.
fluid-feeder	An animal that lives by sucking nutrient-rich fluids from another living organism.
dendritic	Term used to describe the stream channel pattern that is completely random
guttation	The exudation of water droplets caused by root pressure in certain plants.
proton acceptor	A functional group capable of accepting a proton from a proton donor molecule.
bioremediation	The use of plants and micro-organisms to consume or otherwise help remove materials (such as toxic chemical wastes and metals) from contaminated sites (especially from soil and water)
teratology	The science concerned with malformations and monstrosities or serious deviations from normal structure
evolutionary species concept	The idea that evolutionary lineages and ecological roles can form the basis of species identification.
bryozoan	Member of a phylum (Ectoprocta or Bryozoa) of sessile colonial animals, commonly referred to as sea mats or moss animals, that are superficially similar to corals but are instead members of the Lophotrochozoa.
industrial smog	Form of air pollution that develops in urban areas
cell wall	Most commonly found in plant cells - Controls turgity - Extracellular structure surrounding plasma membrane - Primary cell wall: extremely elastic - Secondary cell wall: forms around primary cell wall after growth is complete
golden alga	A chrysophyte; a typically unicellular, biflagellated alga with yellow and brown carotenoid pigments.
pentose phosphate pathway	The pathway involving the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate to pentose phosphates and further reactions of pentose phosphates.
meteorology	The scientific study of the atmosphere and its associated phenomena.
homosphere	The lower layer in a two part classification of the atmosphere based on the general homogeneity of chemical composition
strategy	A general term used in game theory
semilunar valve	A valve located at the two exits of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle.
pneumonia	inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria and viruses.
glycolipid	A molecule consisting of a short carbohydrate chain attached to a lipid.
meconium	The substance excreted by certain metabolic insects soon after their emergence from the chrysalis or pupa.
sand dune	A hill or ridge of aeolian sand deposits with a minimum height of less than one meter and a maximum height of about 50 meters
acid precipitation	Rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.6.
domain of attraction	The domain of attraction of a stable equilibrium is the set of states from which a system will evolve toward that equilibrium.
dynamic equilibrium	A dynamic equilibrium occurs when a system displays unrepeated average states through time.
strict anaerobe	An organism that cannot survive in an atmosphere of oxygen
monoclonal antibody	Any of a preparation of antibodies that have been produced by a single clone of cultured cells and thus are all specific for the same epitope.
coastal dune	Sand dune that forms in coastal areas
hepatitis	Liver inflammation usually caused by a virus.
dalton	A unit of molecular mass approximately equal to the mass of a hydrogen atom.
acetylcholine	One of the most common neurotransmitters; functions by binding to receptors and altering the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to specific ions, either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing the membrane.
cellulose	Linear polysaccharide polymer with many glucose monosaccharide units
virulence	The quality or property of being virulent
occam’s razor	The general principal that if all else is equal, the simplest explanation is best
ultrametric tree	A phylogenetic tree in which the lengths of the branches reflect measurements of geologic time.
proprotein	A protein that is made in an active form, so that it requires processing to become functional.
stomach	An organ of the digestive system that stores food and performs preliminary steps of digestion.
field capacity	The water remaining in a soil after the complete draining of the soil's gravitational water.
aloricate	No lorica present.
matter	Anything that takes up space and has mass.
pronucleus	One of the two haploid nuclei in a newly fertilized egg.
leukocyte	White blood cell.
adenovirus	A virus that causes clinical conditions such as the common cold and respiratory infections.
electronegativity	The tendency for an atom to pull electrons toward itself.
pedogenic regime	The particular soil forming process that operates in a certain climate
predator	Animal that kills another animal for food.
endodermis	The innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots; a cylinder one cell thick that fonns the boundary between the cortex and the vascular cylinder.
fda	Food & Drug Administration, the health Authorities in the US.
ultramafic	Rock that is rich in magnesium and iron content.
integration	The interpretation of sensory signals within neural processing centers of the central nervous system.
clinical trial	A study (experiment) in humans that evaluates a diagnostic or therapeutic product
reproductive cloning	Making a full living copy of an organism
radioactive isotope	An isotope that has an unstable nucleus and that spontaneously disintegrates, releasing energy in the form of radiation.
fallopian tube	See Oviduct.
effector cell	A muscle cell or gland cell that performs the body's responses to stimuli; responds to signals from the brain or other processing center of the nervous system.
mesopause	Thin boundary layer found between the mesosphere and the thermosphere
hemolymph	In invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues.
batch culture	Growth of bacteria in a fixed volume of liquid medium in a closed vessel, with no additions or removals made during the period of incubation.
continental shelf	the zone of the sea floor that stretches from the continent to the continental slope where there is a steep slope to deep water.
conformation	The spatial determinants of the atoms within a molecule, for example, the 3-D shape of a protein.
snp	See single-nucleotide polymorphism.
geneticist	a scientist who studies genes.
sympathetic division	One of three divisions of the autonomic nervous system of vertebrates; generally increases energy expenditUre and prepares the body for action.
agrobacterium	Is a genus of gram-negative bacteria that uses horizontal gene transfer to cause tumors in plants.
human immunodeficiency virus	The infectious agent that causes AIDS; HIV is an RNA retrovirus.
hair follicle	tubelike pocket of epidermal cells that extends into the dermis and produces hair.
net primary production	The gross primary production of an ecosystem minus the energy used by the producers for respiration.
capillary water	Water that moves horizontally and vertically in soils by the process of capillary action
sporangium	A structure containing spores.
immune complex	A cluster of interlocking antigens and antibodies.
soma	A general term for all the somatic cells of the body.
x-over	An abbreviation for cross-over.
cholesterol	A lipid consisting of four hydrocarbon rings
indeterminate growth	A type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives.
triassic	The word Triassic comes from the word tri, which means “three.” There were three types of rock that were common during this time of the dinosaurs: sandstone, mudstone, and shale
extremophile	An organism that grows optimally in extreme conditions, including extreme temperature, pressure, pH, ionic concentration, and pressure.
attenuation	the gradual weakening of a signal.
autosome	One of the two types of chromosomes in most animals
determinate growth	A type of growth characteristic of animals, in which the organism stops growing after it reaches a certain size.
foot	(1) The portion of a bryophyte sporophyte that gathers sugars, amino acids, water, and minerals from the parent gametophyte via transfer cells
transparent	Having the property of transmitting light, so as to render bodies lying beyond completely visible.
electron shell	An energy level represented as the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.
apoptosis	Programmed cell death, the body's normal method of disposing of damaged, unwanted, or unneeded cells.
anthocyanin	Natural water-soluble pigments of blue, purple or red which are dissolved in the cell-sap vacuole of plant cells.
frost creep	Slow mass movement of soil downslope that is initiated by freeze-thaw action
direct solar radiation	Solar radiation received by the Earth's atmosphere or surface which has not been modified by atmospheric scattering.
cotransformation	The simultaneous uptake of two genetic markers via transformation
sequence profile	A sequence pattern representation emerging from comparison of multiple aligned sequences.
antiseptic	a topical substance which inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms either through its action as a bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic.
pharmacogenomics	The study of the interaction of an individual's genetic makeup and response to a drug.
igneous rock	Rocks formed by solidification of molten magma either beneath (intrusive igneous rock) or at (extrusive igneous rocks) the Earth's surface.
prolactin	A hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary with a great diversity of effects in different vertebrate species
montmorillonite	A type of clay that has a large capacity to shrink and expand with wetting and drying.
bacteria	Microorganisms that consist of a single cell
contrast agent	A compound used for in vivo 3-D mapping of tissues by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
pluton	A large body of intrusive igneous rock that crystallizes below the Earth's surface.
population	Organisms of the same species that occupy the same area.
reagent	Substance used in research and diagnostic applications
carriage	the presence of particular bacteria on an individual.
cell hybrid	When two cells fuse, they form a cell hybrid
variance component	A contribution to the phenotypic variance due to a specific kind of variation
baculovirus	A viral pathogen, such as Autographa californica, that replicates in lepidopteran larvae
marine snow	Aggregates of mostly organic materials that sink to the ocean floor from the photosynthetically active surface layers.
dna analysis	The process of testing used to identify DNA patterns or types
evolutionary ecology	Study of the evolutionary consequences of interactions between species and between a species and its environment.
phagocytes	Large white blood cells that contribute to the immune defenses by ingesting microbes or other cells and foreign particles.
cocci	sphere-shaped bacteria.
co2 fertilization	Increase in plant growth due to a higherthan-normal carbon dioxide concentration in the environment.
psychrometer	Instrument used to measure atmospheric humidity
amino acid	Three of the 64 codons are stop codons; the remainder code for amino acids.
coefficient of kinship	See coancestry.
co-stimulation	The delivery of a second signal from an antigen-presenting cell to a T cell
endangered species	A species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
positive control	A system that is turned on by the presence of a regulatory protein.
open circulatory system	A circulatory system in which fluid called hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid.
dependent variable	Variable in a statistical test whose observation's values are thought to be controlled through cause and effect by another independent variable modeled in the test.
efficiency	A measure of the speed at which a method performs.
inductive reasoning	A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.
auxotroph	A mutant that will only grow when a particular nutritional requirement (e.g
systemic	Affecting the entire body rather than a single part.
antigen binding site	Part of variable domains of antibodies responsible for antigen binding
genotype	Bacteriophage A virus that infects bacteria (synonym: phage).
mode of entry	the means and route by which a bacterium enters an individual where it is ab;le to multiply.
dna fingerprinting	the use of fragments of DNA to identify the unique genetic makeup of an individual
merodiploid	An organism that is diploid for some but not all of its genes.
word length	The Word Length (W) is a BLAST parameter that determines the minimum length of a match
polymorphism	Any genetic difference (e.g
lightning	Visible discharge of electricity created by thunderstorms.
cleistogamy	Flowering system in plants in which fertilization occurs within closed flowers, thereby promoting self-pollination.
sensible heat flux	Process where excess heat energy is transferred into the atmosphere
neural network	A computational method for optimizing for a desired property based on previous learning cycles (training).
x-ray	X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation primarily used for radiography and crystallography
plus end	The end of an actin filament to which monomers are added more rapidly.
phenotype	The appearance or other observable characteristics of an organism
wavelength	The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.
biology	the study of living things.chronic disease — a disease with lingering symptoms.
lak cells	Lymphocytes transformed in the laboratory into lymphokine-activated killer cells, which attack tumor cells.
earthflow	A rapid type of downslope mass movement that involves soil and other loose sediments
indigo dye	A blue colored dye that is derived from several plant species and commonly used to dye denim for blue jeans
parasitic genetic element	A genomic sequence that is thought to be essentially alien to the organism, "using" the organism to advance its own survival, or, rather, the survival of other elements of its kind.
altruism	Behavior that reduces an individual's fitness while increasing the fitness of another individual.
testing outcomes	The possible results you can receive after participating in a test such as positive, negative, or inconclusive.
thioester	An ester of a carboxylic acid with a thiol or mercaptan.
patient confidentiality	The right of an individual patient to have personal, identifiable medical information kept private.
plasma cell	A derivative of B cells that secretes antibodies.
histocompatibility	The ability of a host to tolerate a tissue graft.
pulmonologist	A physician trained to specialize in lung diseases. These diseases include breathing problems in muscle disease, asthma and emphysema. A pulmonologist may not be familiar with how best to diagnose and treat an individual with CMD is having breathing problems.
lux proteins	Bioluminescent marine proteins that are the counterpart of the luciferase system.
dark reactions	The series of reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates during photosynthesis
elastic deformation	Change in the shape of a material as the result of the force of compression or expansion
monophyletic	Describes a set of taxa that all descend from a common ancestral taxon—that is, a group of organisms or genes that share a common ancestor to the exclusion of all other entities.
abiotic	The absence of living systems.
csiro	Acronym for the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
gradient wind	Horizontal wind in the upper atmosphere that moves parallel to curved isobars
amyloid	Proteins with beta sheet structure that form extracellular aggregates.
infiltration	The absorption and downward movement of water into the soil layer.
hominoid	A term that refers to great apes and humans.
serious adverse event	Any untoward medical occurrence in human drug trials that at any dose results in: death, is life-threatening; requires inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, or is a congenital anomaly/birth defect.
piezoelectric	A material capable of transducing mechanical output to electrical signals or, alternatively, electrical signals to mechanical output
radiation fog	A type of fog that is also called ground fog
ribosomal rna	RNA molecules that make up the ribosome.
expert system	A software program or set of software programs designed to rapidly process data without human intervention.
dna ligation	Chemical connection of two DNA strands
pyroclastic material	Pieces of volcanic rock thrown out in a volcanic explosion.
north magnetic pole	Location in the Northern Hemisphere where the lines of force from Earth's magnetic field are vertical
metabolism	the sum total of all of the chemical reactions which occur within the cell.
estuary	The area where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean
sepal	A modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens.
galápagos archipelago	a group of volcanic islands about 600 miles off the west coast of Ecuador, South America.
heteroduplex	An annealed duplex structure between two DNA strands that do not show perfect complementarity
peridotite	Coarse grained ultramafic igneous rock composed mainly of olivine and pyroxene
nivation hollow	Ground depression found in periglacial areas that is created by nivation.
fingerprint	Any technique that enables the identification of substances by the comparison of patterns
systematics	The analytical study of the diversity and relationships of organisms, both present -day and extinct.
fermentation	The energy-generating breakdown of glucose or related molecules by a process that does not require molecular oxygen.
differentiation	The movement from less specialized cellular forms to more specialized ones
operant conditioning	A type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with a reward or punishment and then tends to repeat or avoid that behavior; also called trial-and-error learning.
cat assay	An enzyme assay
photoaffinity label	A label with a photoactivatable group that forms a covalent link with an adjacent protein upon illumination.
plasmid curing	The treatment of cells with a substance that interferes with plasmid replication.
compound	A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.
micron	A unit of length equal to 10-6 meter.
secondary succession	A type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact.
competitive immunoassay	An assay based on the competition of labeled antigen and unlabeled antigen (from the sample) for antibody binding sites.
pitch	A function of a sound wave's frequency, or number of vibrations per second, expressed in hertz.
secondary consumer	A member of the trophic level of an ecosystem consisting of carnivores that eat herbivores.
infrared radiation	Form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0.7 and 100 micrometers (µm)
pharming	The process of farming genetically engineered plants or animals to be used as living pharmaceutical factories
realized niche	Describes the part of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies.
monogenic	A characteristic which is due to the information contained in a single gene.
thromboembolism	A clot in a blood vessel obstructing the flow of blood.
pluralism	The belief that there are multiple opinions about an issue, each of which contains part of the truth but none contain the whole truth.
muscle	Muscle is a tissue composed of bundles of cells that have the ability to contract and relax to create movement
lambda chain	One of two types of light chains that occur in antibodies.
varve	A thin yearly deposit of sediment found on the bottom of a lake
heterozygous	Having two different forms of a particular gene, one inherited from each parent
cell colony	Compatibilité : Capacité de deux plasmides à coexister de façon stable à l'intérieur d'un hôte commun
latosol	Soil order (type) of the United States Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Classification System
composite volcano	Volcano created from alternate layers of flows and exploded rock
terrace	An elevated surface above the existing level of a floodplain or shore that is created by stream or ocean wave erosion.
bootstrap	starting a business with little or no external funding.
humidity	A general term used to describe the amount of water vapor found in the atmosphere.
host-range	The strain or species specificity of a bacteriophage, plasmid, or pathogen.
read-through	Failure to stop transcription at a normal termination signal.
endodermis	A layer of cells surrounding the vascular cylinder of plants.
flow cytometry	Analysis of biological material by detection of the light-absorbing or fluorescing properties of cells or subcellular fractions (i.e., chromosomes) passing in a narrow stream through a laser beam
apoptosis	Process of cell death that results from turning on specific, active processes in the cell that lead the cell to kill itself
expectation	The average value of a function g(x) of a random variable x is called its expectation,where f(x) is the probability density of x.
heterokaryon	A cell with more than one nucleus.
metabolic disorder	A disorder or defect in the way the body breaks down food or other products (metabolism).
in situ	a Latin term referring to something in its original place.
carbon monoxide	A colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is produced by the incomplete burning of fossil fuels
environmental variance	The variance of the environmental deviation, var(E) = VE.
burn rate	The rate at which an unprofitable company is going through its available money.
fish	Fluorescent in situ hybridisation, a technique which can be used to detect and localise the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes.
o-antigen	The arrangement of polysaccharide side chains on the LPS of Gram-negative bacteria
terminal bud	A branch tip, an undeveloped shoot containing rudimentary floral buds or leaves, enclosed within protective bud scales.
endemic	Present in a community at all times.
nucleus	the center part of the cell
endosperm	In angiosperms, the triploid cells which nourish the embryo during development
inflorescence	The reproductive portion of a plant that bears a cluster of flowers in a specific pattern.
rrna	that have important known cellular functions
transfection	A method by which experimental DNA may be put into a cultured mammalian cell
norepinephrine	See noradrenaline.
dna repair	Réplicon : Unité de réplication formée par une molécule d'ADN pouvant se répliquer de façon autonome dans une cellule
radiation	The emission of energy from an object in the form of electromagnetic waves and photons.
bacteriophage	[bacterio- + phagein to eat.] A virus that attacks and destroys bacteria. Studies of bacteriophage were important in early development of the field of molecular biology.
fatty acid	A long carbon chain carboxylic acid
vascular tissue system	A system formed by xylem and phloem throughout a vascular plant, serving as a transport system for water and nutrients, respectively.
competencies	Identified behaviors, knowledge, skills, and abilities that directly and positively impact the success of employees and the organization.
mode	Statistical measure of central tendency in a set of data
rod cell	One of two kinds of photoreceptors in the vertebrate retina; sensitive to black and white and enables night vision.
vasodilation	An increase in the diameter of superficial blood vessels triggered by nerve signals that relax the muscles of the vessel walls.
reticular formation	A system of neurons, containing over 90 separate nuclei, that passes through the core of the brainstem.
continental effect	The effect that continental surfaces have on the climate of locations or regions
nucleic probe	Spinal : relatif à la colonne vertébrale
negative pressure breathing	A breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs.
androgen	[Greek andros man + gennan produce.] Any male hormone, of which testosterone is an example
limnetic	Occurring in the deeper open water of lakes or ponds.
protein complex	Aggregate structure consisting of multiple protein molecules.
valley train	A linear accumulation of glaciofluvial outwash sediments found in a once glaciated valley.
dichotomous tree	A tree where all branching points are dichotomies
hybrid zone	A region where two related populations that diverged after becoming geographically isolated make secondary contact and interbreed where their geographical ranges overlap.
testes	The male reproductive organ, or gonad, in which sperm and reproductive hormones are produced.
transport	One of three distinct processes involved in erosion
anti-angiogenesis	Prevents the growth of new blood vessels
taxon	A classification category for a group of organisms.
septum	A cross-wall in a hypha.
plane of the ecliptic	Hypothetical two-dimensional surface in which the Earth's orbit around the Sun occurs.
camp	3',5' cyclic adenosine monophosphate
intertidal zone	The shallow zone of the ocean where land meets water.
volatilization	The process where a solid or liquid substance is converted into a gas.
subtropical jet stream	Relatively fast uniform winds concentrated within the upper atmosphere in a narrow band
rare health conditions	An uncommon disorder that affects the ability of the human body to function normally.
prophylactic surgery	surgery to remove tissue that is in danger of becoming cancerous, before cancer has the chance to develop
kirchoff's law	This law suggests that good emitters of radiation are also good absorbers of radiation at specific electromagnetic radiation wavelength bands
warm front	A transition zone in the atmosphere where an advancing warm air mass displaces a cold air mass.
microsporidia	Unicellular parasites of animals and protists that molecular comparisons suggest may be most closely related to zygomycete fungi.
nitrogen dioxide	A gas produced by bacterial action in the soil and by high temperature combustion
indication	The medical use of a product (e.g
diaphragm	/DIE-ə-fram/ n
heritability	Proportion of the phenotypic variation attributed to genetic variation
position effect	Electrophorèse : Technique de séparation des protéines déposées sur un gel selon leur vitesse de déplacement sous l'action d'un champ électrique
nucleus	Examples include bacteria
sporopollenin	A secondary product, a polymer synthesized by a side branch of a major metabolic pathway of plants that is resistant to almost all kinds of environmental damage; especially important in the evolutionary move of plants onto land.
deme	/DEEM/ n
symptomology	The science that treats the symptoms and signs of disease
mitochondria	Membrane-bound cellular organelles in which organic substrates derived from food are oxidized to provide energy for all kinds of vital activities
out-licensing	A cooperation in which another company takes over the development process for a candidate drug.
oxidation	The loss of electrons from a compound.
parasite	A plant or animal that lives, grows and feeds on or within another living organism.
central nervous system	In vertebrate animals, the brain and spinal cord.
cavitation	Process of intense erosion due to the surface collapse of air bubbles found in constricted rapid flows of water
heterosporous	A term referring to a plant species that has two kinds of spores: microspores that develop into male gametophytes and megaspores that develop into female gametophytes.
prophage	The silent phage genome
gaia hypothesis	The Gaia hypothesis states that the temperature and composition of the Earth's surface are actively controlled by life on the planet
poisson distribution	A statistical test developed by Simeon Poisson
base	A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
high-content screening	Simultaneous multiparametric analysis of complex systems, such as living cells.
genetic engineering	The manipulating of genetic material in the laboratory
compound	A compound is the atoms of different elements joined together.
tandem repeats	Multiple adjacent copies of the same sequence.
restrictive conditions	The particular environmental conditions which do not allow growth of a conditional lethal mutant but result in the expression of the mutant phenotype.
genetic isolation	The absence of genetic exchange between populations or species as a result of geographic separation or of premating or postmating mechanisms (behavioral, anatomical, or physiological) that prevent reproduction.
taq polymerase	A DNA polymerase isolated from the bacterium Thermophilis aquaticus and which is very stable to high temperatures
tfiid	A general transcription factor contributing to the formation of the pre-initiation complex.
insecta	a class of arthropods characterized by a body divided into three parts (head, thorax, and abdomen); the head has compound eyes and the thorax has three pairs of legs.
southern oscillation	Reversal of atmospheric circulation in tropical Pacific Ocean that triggers the development of an El Ni隳.
medical geneticist	A doctor who diagnoses genetic conditions.
test cross	Procedure for distinguishing between homozygous and heterozygous individuals for traits with complete dominance by breeding them to individuals that are homozygous recessive for that trait.
species-specific	Characteristic of (and limited to) a particular species.
adsorption	Accumulation of molecules or cells on the surface of a substance.
anion	[Pronounced AN-eye-on, more or less.] A negatively charged atom or molecule. See ion.
nernst equation	An equation that relates the redox potential to the standard redox potential and the concentrations of the oxidized and reduced form of the couple.
primary immune response	The response of the immune system to the first challenge by an antigen.
electron donor	Substance that loses electrons to another substance in an oxidation-reduction reaction.
slaking	See wetting and drying.
dermatology	/derm-ə-TAWL-ə-jee/ n
surface tension	A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
excavate	When you excavate something, you remove it from somewhere
chasmogamy	Flowering system in plants in which fertilization occurs after the flower has opened.
ovulation	The release of an egg from ovaries
uric acid	An insoluble precipitate of nitrogenous waste excreted by land snails, insects, and many reptiles, including birds.
neural crest	A band of cells along the border where the neural tube pinches off from the ectoderm; the cells migrate to various parts of the embryo and form the pigment cells in the skin, bones of the skull, the teeth, the adrenal glands, and parts of the peripheral nervous system.
reptile	Group of terrestrial vertebrate animals that includes turtles, tortoises, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and alligators.
rill	A very small steep sided channel carrying water
secondary plant body	The tissues produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium, which thicken the stems and roots of woody plants.
in silico biology	The use of computational algorithms to create virtual systems that emulate molecular pathways, entire cells, or more complex living systems.
metamorphosis	Among insects, metamorphosis is the transition from a distinct larval to adult (reproductive) form
valence shell	The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom.
independent learning	A self-motivated and often discovery-based approach to learning.
nerve	A ropelike bundle of neuron fibers (axons and dendrites) tightly wrapped in connective tissue.
kb	abbreviation for kilobase, one thousand bases.
hydrophobic	Incapable of interacting with water.
recessive	Refers to the member of a pair of alleles that fails to be expressed in the phenotype of the organism when the dominant member is present
retrovirus	A virus that contains the enzyme reverse transcriptase
silicate magma	Magma that is felsic in composition.
geographic isolation	See spatial isolation.
melting	The thermal denaturation of a macromolecule.
choroid	A thin, pigmented inner layer of the vertebrate eye.
septicidal	When a fruit capsule dehisces along lines coinciding with the partitions between loculi (the enclosed compartments within the ovary)
hugo	Human Genome Organization.
trochophore	Larval type characteristic of many protostomes including annelids and many mollusks.
map scale	Ratio between the distance between two points found on a map compared to the actual distance between these points in the real world.
norm of reaction	The range of phenotypes produced by a single genotype, due to environmental influences.
neutral atmosphere	Condition in the atmosphere where isolated air parcels do not have a tendency to rise or sink
hepatocarcinoma	A cancer of the liver that is derived from hepatocytes.
short-day plant	A plant that flowers, usually in late summer, fall, or winter, only when the light period is shorter than a critical length.
threshold potential	The potential an excitable cell membrane must reach for an action potential to be initiated.
sporangiospores	A spore borne within a sporangium.
hematological	Of or relating to the blood
isomerase	An enzyme that catalyzes an intramolecular rearrangement.
atherosclerosis	A cardiovascular disease in which growths called plaques develop in the inner walls of the arteries, narrowing their inner diameters.
molecular seive chromatography	See Gel filtration chromatography.
antigen	Any substance that stimulates the production of antibodies in the body
cork cambium	A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells.
catalysis	Is the process in which the rate of a chemical reaction is either increased or decreased by means of a chemical substance known as a catalyst
fasta	An algorithm for identifying sequence similarities.
latent period	The time between the initial infection of a cell with a virus and the production and release of new virions via lysis of the bacterial cell (contrast with eclipse period).
amniocentesis	A procedure in which a small amount of amniotic fluid (the fluid surrounding a baby in the womb) is drawn out using a needle and syringe
activation energy	See free energy of activation.
rossby wave	See long wave.
convergence precipitation	The formation of precipitation due to the convergence of two air masses
phenotype	The detectable outward manifestations of a specific genotype; the physical characteristics of a living object.
electroporation	Empreinte génétique : Caractéristique structurale fine d'une région spécifique de l'ADN permettant d'identifier une cellule et sa filiation
divergent evolution	Creation of two or more unique species from one ancestral species through the differential evolution of isolated populations.
diauxic growth	Biphasic growth on a mixture of two carbon sources in which one carbon source is used up before the other one
enucleation	Removal of the nucleus from a cell.
dormancy	A condition typified by extremely low metabolic rate and a suspension of growth and development.
presumptive test	A screening test used to indicate the possible presence of the named body fluid.
niche	See Ecological niche.
element	Element is one atom of a particular substance found on the periodic table
radioisotope or radioactive isotope	A unstable isotope of an element
apoptosis	Cell death due to a intracellular developmental program or induced by other cells.
teratogen	[Greek teratos monster + genesis production.] Any agent that interferes with normal embryonic or fetal development
fanconi anaemia	(FA)
primase	An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer.
genetic screening	Screening is the process of testing for disease in a person who does not show signs of having the disease (a non-symptomatic or asymptomatic person)
dispersion	The distribution of individuals within geographical population boundaries.
permafrost	Zone of permanently frozen water found in high latitude soils and sediments
aerosols	Airborne solid or liquid particles (typically no larger than a few micrometers) that can remain in the atmosphere for hours to days
fog	Fog exists if the atmospheric visibility near the Earth's surface is reduced to 1 kilometer or less
array	(see Microarray)
bionics	The use of information derived from living systems to build electromechanical systems.
luca	Last Universal Common Ancestor; the most recent organism from which, in theory, all subsequent organisms have descended.
hamada	A very flat desert area of exposed bedrock.
stromatolite	A layered sedimentary structure in which the alternating layers have more and less organic matter
adherence	Similar to compliance, and describes how closely patients follow the therapeutic regimen agreed between themselves and their healthcare practitioners
unconfined aquifer	Aquifer that is not restricted by impervious layers of rock.
chimerization	Technique to make antibodies of murine origin more human
white blood cell	A blood cell that functions in defending the body against infections and cancer cells; also called a leukocyte.
cosexual	Producing both male and female gametes
descent with modification	Darwin’s term for evolution.
bilamellar	Consisting of two layers, often used in reference to lipid bilayer structures.
sling psychrometer	Psychrometer that uses a rotating handle and a whirling motion to ventilate its wet-bulb thermometer.
f+ strain	E.coli strain behaving as donors during conjugation (male)
cetacea	an order of marine mammals; includes whales, dolphins and porpoises.
succession	See Ecological succession.
glycolipid	A lipid covalently attached to a carbohydrate.
dermal tissue system	The protective covering of plants; generally a single layer of tightly packed epidermal cells covering young plant organs formed by primary growth.
genotypic frequency	Proportion of individuals in a population with a particular genotype.
neural crest	A band of cells along the border where the neural tube pinches off from the ectoderm
molecular clock	An evolutionary hypothesis based on the assumption that mutations occur in a regular manner.
estuary	Somewhat enclosed coastal area at the mouth of a river where nutrient rich fresh water meets with salty ocean water.
veneral disease	Disease spread by sexual intercourse.
evapotranspiration	The evaporation of water from soil plus the transpiration of water from plants
major transitions	Identified by Maynard Smith and Szathmáry as major changes in the way hereditary information is transmitted
isotope	Forms of an element that differ in atomic mass.
chromosome painting	Attachment of certain fluorescent dyes to targeted parts of the chromosome
permanent environmental effect	Non-genetic effect which influences all observations on an individual for the same trait, hence causing an additional covariance between the repeated measures.
glacial ice	A very dense form frozen water that is much harder than snow, névé, or firn.
suppressor mutation	A mutation that restores a function lost by an initial mutation and that is located at a site different from the initial mutation.
licensed for use	all animal medicines require official authorisations before they can be marketed in the UK
satellites	Small, round appendages attached by fine stalks to the ends of the short ‘p' arms of the acrocentric chromosomes
theistic evolution	A view in which religious teachings are seen as compatible with biological evolution
discoplacental	/DISK-oh-plu-SENT-əl/ adj
picomole	One trillionth mole; 10-12 mole.
gene therapy	The process involving the correction of the effects of an abnormal gene
intermediate filament	A cytoskeletal filament about 10 nm in diameter that provides mechanical strength to cells in tissues
predisposition	to have a tendency or inclination towards something in advance.
fatty acid	A long-chain aliphatic acid that is found in natural fats.
consistency	A measure of whether, given sufficient data, a method will generate a correct answer.
anonymous ftp	A method of sharing files on the Internet
ion	An atom or molecule with a positive or negative electrical charge
maritime effect	The effect that large ocean bodies have on the climate of locations or regions
biogeography	the study of the geographical range of different species of plants and animals around the world.
tropic hormone	A hormone that has another endocrine gland as a target.
long-day plant	A plant that flowers (usually in late spring or early summer) only when the light period is longer than a critical length.
polyandry	A polygamous mating system involving one female and many males.
nsaids	Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs including but not limited to aspirin, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen and naproxan that reduce inflammation, pain and swelling.
penicillinase	a complex enzyme found in some bacteria, which destroys penicillin and confers resistance to it.
hybridoma	A hybrid cell, derived from a B (antibody producing) lymphocyte fused to a tumour cell, which grows indefinitely in tissue culture and is selected for the secretion of the specific antibody produced by that B cell.
deciliter	/DES-ə-LEET-er/ n
punnett square	The checkerboard diagram used for analysis of allele segregation.
svedberg unit	The unit used to express the sedimentation constant (S = 10-l3 sec)
headlands	A strip of land that juts seaward from the coastline
bond energy	The quantity of energy that must be absorbed to break a particular kind of chemical bond; equal to the quantity of energy the bond releases when it forms.
foliar leaching	Process in which water from precipitation removes plant nutrients from the surface of leaves.
hyphae	Thread like structures found on a fungus.
dmf	Dimethylformamide.
biological evidence	Evidence commonly recovered from crime scenes in the form of hair, tissue, bones, teeth, blood or other bodily fluids.
directional selection	Natural selection that favors individuals on one end of the phenotypic range.
fusion protein	Proteins composed of different parts
transfection	Describes the introduction of foreign material into cells using a means of transfer.
virus	Infectious units (obligate parasites) comprising either DNA or RNA enclosed in a protective coat
b chromosome	An extra chromosome that is not required for normal function in either sex and is present in only some individuals.
working copy	A gene that functions the way it is intended to.
apomixis	The production of seed without embryo fertilization, which can involve direct embryogenesis from somatic cells or the development of meiotic products into embryos.
community	all of the organisms that interact, both directly and indirectly, within an ecosystem.
landslide	Term used to describe the downslope movement of soil, rock, and other weathered materials because of gravity.
genetic heterogeneity	Each individual is unique in terms of their DNA
euglenid	A protist, such as Euglena or its relatives, characterized by an anterior pocket, or chamber, from which one or two flagella emerge
salivary glands	Exocrine glands associated with the oral cavity
cell	The cell is the basic structural and functional unit in people and all living things
dodecandrous	adj
genetic distance	A measure of the difference in allele frequencies between populations
parallel analysis	Simultaneous analysis of thousands of samples.
metabolite	A molecule synthesized or modified by metabolic processes within an organism.
antibody	A glycoprotein produced by B-lymphocytes of vertebrates capable of recognizing and reversibly binding an antigen
sclerophyllous vegetation	Term used to describe drought resistant vegetation common in Mediterranean climates
protomer	A subunit of an oligomeric protein.
ecological efficiency	The ratio of net productivity at one trophic level to net productivity at the next lower level.
groundwater flow	Underground topographic flow of groundwater because of gravity.
ascus	A saclike spore capsule located at the tip of a dikaryotic hypha of a sac fungus.
protogyny	Maturation of the female organs before that of the male organs
vm	See mutational variance.
carbohydrate	A chemical compound which contains only carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) and has the general formula Cx (H2O)y
acetyl group	A small chemical group with the formula, -COCH3
standard operation procedures	A prescribed procedure to be followed routinely.
biophysics	A branch of science concerned with the application of physical principles and methods to biological problems.
density	The number of individuals per unit area or volume.
ingestion	A heterotrophic mode of nutrition in which other organisms or detritus are eaten whole or in pieces.
ethnicity	Property of a culture or subculture whose members are readily distinguishable based on traits originating from a common source (e.g
somatic mutations	(See Acquired mutations.)
collecting duct	The location in the kidney where filtrate from renal tubules is collected; the filtrate is now called urine.
glacier	A large long lasting accumulation of snow and ice that develops on land
cross contamination	The undesirable transfer of material between two or more sources of physical evidence.
pelagic	Pertaining to the water column of the open sea - as opposed to coastal areas or the sea floor.
polytomy	A portion of a phylogenetic tree in which more than two branches emerge from a single node
secondary wave	See S-wave or shear wave.
emergent	Describes a property of a system that is not predictable from the starting conditions.
longshore transport	The transport of sediment in water parallel to a shoreline.
amphitrophic	Capable of photosynthetic or chemotrophic growth.
proterozoic	The uppermost of the three divisions of the Precambrian, dating from 2.5 billion years ago to 542 million years ago.
assortative mating	Nonrandom choice of mates in sexual reproduction
radioactive isotope	Most other elements are similar, having one or more stable isotopes plus one or more unstable isotopes. In the case of elements with high atomic numbers, none of the isotopes may be stable.
orbital	The three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time.
biogenic amine	A neurotransmitter derived from an amino acid.
ti plasmid	A plasmid of a tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into the host chromosome of a plant; frequently used as a carrier for genetic engineering in plants.
plateau basalt	An accumulation of horizontal flows of basaltic lava
syncline	A fold in rock layers that forms a trough-like bend.
karyogamy	Fusion of the nuclei of the male and female gametes.
exergonic reaction	A chemical reaction that takes place with a negative change in standard free energy.
prostate gland	A gland in human males that secretes an acid-neutralizing component of semen.
ligand	A molecule that binds to a receptor.
anti-hbc	Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen.
group selection	Selection of traits that increase survival and proliferation of groups of individuals.
endonuclease	Enzyme that breaks the phosphodiester bonds in a DNA molecule.
trigonotarbid	Member of an order of extinct terrestrial spider-like animals (order Trigonotarbida).
buffer	A conjugate acid-base pair that is capable of resisting changes in pH when acid or base is added to the system
langley	Unit of the intensity of radiation measured per minute and equal to one calorie.
phylum	A taxonomic category in Linnaean biological classification
temperature	A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
ecological succession	Transition in the species composition of a biological community, often following ecological disturbance of the community; the establishment of a biological community in an area virtually barren of life.
mutagenesis	A process that leads to a change in the genetic material that is inherited in later generations.
system	A system is a set of interrelated components working together towards some kind of process.
histocompatibility antigen	An antigen that causes the rejection of grafted material from an animal different in genotype from the host animal
tornado alley	Region in North America which receives a extraordinary high number of tornadoes
mean	The mean of sample is calculated by taking the sum of all data values and dividing by the total number of data values.
upslope fog	Fog produced by air flowing over topographic barriers
epstein-barr virus	A herpes virus that causes mononucleosis.
muscardine	A term used generally in connection with those mycoses of insects in which the fruiting bodies of the pathogenic fungi (muscardine fungi) arise on the exterior of the insect, produce a thick covering about the animal
conidiophore	A specialized hypha bearing conidia.
symptom	Evidence of a disorder or disease that directly affects and is noticed by the patient, such as a rash, pain, nausea, or a runny nose.
euramerica	An ancient supercontinent consisting of large parts of the modern continents of North America, Europe, and Greenland
dicot	A flowering plant with two embryonic initial leaves, known as cotyledons.
broad host range	The ability to infect and reproduce in a wide variety of different organisms
protoplasm	All the contents of a cell, including the nucleus
computer-assisted molecular modeling	Computational techniques for the exploration and visualization of molecular structures and properties.
discodactylous	/DISK-oh-DAK-təl-əs/ adj
signaling network	The interconnected network formed by the interactions of multiple signaling pathways within a cell.
f- cell	A cell which does not contain the F-factor, and hence able to act as a recipient (female) in a conjugative DNA transfer in matings with F+ or Hfr strains.
estrogen	A steroid hormone produced by the ovaries.
endoparasite	A parasite that lives within the body of its hosts.
basement rock	Very old granite and metamorphic rocks found in continental crust
biophysics	The application of the techniques of physics to biological processes.
tay-sachs disease	An autosomal recessive disorder involving deterioration of the central nervous system and death in young children
sign stimulus	An external sensory stimulus that triggers a fixed action pattern.
rhizome	An underground stem that grows horizontally and generally gives off vertical stems that bear leaves and reproductive structures.
orthogenesis	An inherent tendency for lineages to change in a particular direction.
amniocentesis	A procedure for obtaining amniotic fluid for prenatal diagnosis
følling's disease	An early term for PKU, named after Asbjorn Følling, who was the first to discover a link between excess phenylalanine and the syndrome of progressive and severe mental retardation we now know as PKU.
labelling	Marqueur génétique : Séquence d'ADN repérable spécifiquement
phase variation	A mechanism which results in variable expression of surface antigens
rime	Deposit of ice crystals that occurs when fog or super cooled water droplets comes in contact with an object with a temperature below freezing (0° Celsius)
pancreas	A gland with dual functions: The nonendocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small intestine via a duct; the endocrine portion secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood.
norm of reaction	The range of phenotypic possibilities for a single genotype, as influenced by the environment.
talus slope	A slope that is composed of talus.
somatic nervous system	The branch of the motor division of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system composed of motor neurons that carry signals to skeletal muscles in response to external stimuli.
optical tweezers	A laser-based technique that utilizes minute forces exerted by light waves to measure and to manipulate biomolecules.
mosasaur	Any member of a group of large, extinct, predaceous marine reptiles that appeared late in the Cretaceous and became extinct at the end of the period
parasexual recombination	The occurrence of nuclear fusion without proper meiosis.
sexual selection	Selection based on variation in secondary sex characteristics, leading to the enhancement of sexual dimorphism.
sex influenced	A genetic condition or characteristic whose expression or severity differs between the sexes
clinical trial	human study designed to measure the safety and efficacy of a new drug.
algae	a general term for aquatic plants that lack seeds and vascular tissue
paedomorphosis	The retention in an adult organism of the juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors.
cloning	the process of making genetically identical copies.
data mining	The automated or semi-automated search for relationships and global patterning within data
continuous cell-line	A cell line which has acquired the characteristic of being "immortal", i.e
capillary action	The movement of water or any liquid along a surface; results from the combined effect of cohesion and adhesion.
continental glacier	Largest type of glacier with a surface coverage in the order of 5 million square kilometers.
radioactive decay	Natural decay of the nucleus of an atom where alpha or beta particle and/or gamma rays are released at a fixed rate.
testosterone	The condition was earlier called testicular feminization
pluripotency	The capacity to develop into all of the different types of cells in adult tissues and organs.
dna glycosylase	Enzymes that initiate DNA repair by hydrolyzing links to bases.
free energy of activation	The initial investment of energy necessary to start a chemical reaction; also called activation energy.
somatic cells	Any cell in the body except for sperm and egg cells.
humoral immune response	The production of antibody by B cells of the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign antigen
zone of elongation	The zone of primary growth in roots where new cells elongate, sometimes up to ten times their original length.
colony blots	See Colony hybridization.
capsule	(1) A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some prokaryotes, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces
tubal ligation	A means of sterilization in which a woman's two oviducts (Fallopian tubes) are tied closed to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus
dna fingerprinting	A term for DNA typing.
fluorescence	The emission of light by an excited molecule in the process of making the transition from the excited state to the ground state.
biolistics	The high-velocity injection of DNA-coated particles directly into tissues, cells, or organelles using a gene gun.
rna	A nucleic acid that is found in the cytoplasm and also in the nucleus of some cells
immigration	Migration of an organism into an area for the purpose of changing its residence permanently
hormone	A signaling molecule produced by an endocrine gland that acts on cells at distant body sites.
neutral evolution	Evolving without the influence of natural selection.
gust front	A boundary found ahead of a thunderstorm that separates cold storm downdrafts from warm humid surface air
phytochemical	A biologically active molecule derived from herbs, vegetables, fruits, flowers, etc.
white matter	Tracts of axons within the CNS.
enzyme	A protein that encourages a biochemical reaction, usually speeding it up
eutrophic lake	Lake that has an excessive supply of nutrients, mostly in the form of nitrates and phosphates
diabetes	A grouping of diseases in which either the body does not synthesize (manufacture) insulin, or else its tissues are insensitive to the insulin that it does synthesize.
agonist	A ligand that binds a receptor at a site adjacent to the active site.
falsification	Falsification is a procedure used in science to test the validity of a hypothesis or theory
action letter	An official FDA communication that informs the sponsor of an NDA or BLA of a decision by the agency
node	A point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached.
reductionism	Reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manage
coral reef	Ridge of limestone found generally below the ocean surface
evolution	All the changes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity that characterizes it today
metabolome	The total small molecule complement of whole cells.
deconvolute	To simplify or render less complex.
rock cycle	General model describing the geomorphic and geologic processes involved in the creation, modification and recycling of rocks.
adjuvant	A substance that enhances or diversifies the immune response; a drug that modulates the actions of other drugs.
ultraviolet radiation	Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0.1 and 0.4 micrometers (µm).
immunotoxin	An antibody joined to a toxic molecule that is used to target toxins to specific tissues.
cross	Mating between genetically different individuals.
catalyst	A chemical that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction
transformation	The alteration of the heritable properties of a cell.
stream order	The relative position, or rank, of a stream channel segment in a drainage network.
precipitate	Solidification of a previously dissolved substance from a solution.
myosistis	An inflammation of the muscle, which can result from infection, injury, or attach by the immune system on muscle tissue.
hypotonic	Osmotic potential less than that of living cells
anther	The male reproductive organ where pollen is produced in a flowering plant.
squall line	A band of thunderstorm development found ahead of a cold front.
epidermal cell	A type of cell that forms a protective layer on the surfaces of plants and animals.
fundamental niche	Describes the total range of environmental conditions that are suitable for a species existence without the effects of interspecific competition and predation from other species.
clinical pharmacology study	clinical trial designed to determine the absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity (ADMET) of a drug.
dune field	An extensive region covered by numerous sand dunes.
phenylketonuria	A hereditary disorder that results in reduced production of the liver enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
alzheimer's disease	A disease that causes memory loss, personality changes, dementia and, ultimately, death
reconstruct	When you reconstruct something, you rebuild it
granularity	The degree to which a system contains separate components
gel electrophoresis	see electrophoresis
nitrogen fixation	The assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by certain prokaryotes into nitrogenous compounds that can be directly used by plants.
radioactive isotope	An isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy
eukaryote	Organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and many specialized structures located within their cell boundary
secondary immune response	The immune response elicited when an animal encounters the same antigen at some later time
environmental factors	Factors in the environment that may have an effect on our development or growth eg
exponential growth	In populations, the increasingly accelerated rate of growth due to the increasing number of individuals being added to the reproductive base
determinacy	Destined to produce a defined number of organs
gelifluction	Form of mass movement in periglacial environment where a permafrost layer exists
southeast trade winds	See trade winds.
phytoremediation	An emerging nondestructive technology that seeks to cheaply reclaim contaminated areas by taking advantage of the remarkabJe ability of some plant species to extract heavy metals and other pollutants from the soil and to concentrate them in easily harvested portions of the plant.
mouse model	A laboratory mouse is useful for medical research because it has specific characteristics that resemble a human disease or disorder
lateral inhibition	A process that sharpens the edges and enhances the contrast of a perceived image by inhibiting receptors lateral to those that have responded to light.
till	Heterogeneous sediment deposited directly by a glacier
solution hybridization	A method closely related to RNase protection (see "RNase protection assay")
cambrian explosion	A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geological history; recorded in the fossil record about 545 to 525 million years ago.
electron microscope	A microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope
trace element	See microelement.
biome	Largest recognizable assemblage of animals and plants on the Earth
fertile	Capable of reproduction.
vascular cylinder	The central cylinder of vascular tissue in a root.
stop signal	Silenceur : Région de l'ADN située au voisinage d'un gène et qui diminue sa transcription
blood	A type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which blood cells are suspended.
flaccid	Limp
cancer	Any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream.
cellular respiration	The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.
aquatic	Pertaining to water - as in aquatic habitat (ponds, lakes, streams, oceans, etc).
restriction-modification	The modification of host DNA to prevent cutting by a restriction endonuclease (see restriction endonuclease)
life table	A table of data summarizing mortality in a population.
haemolymph	The mixture of blood and other fluids in the body cavity of an invertebrate.
cofactor	Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme
pyramid of numbers	Graphical model describing the number of organisms that exist at each trophic level in a community or an ecosystem
hydrophilic	Soluble in water.
osmoregulator	An animal whose body fluids have a different osmolarity than the environment, and that must either discharge excess water if it lives in a hypotonic environment or take in water if it inhabits a hypertonic environment.
keystone species	A species that is not necessarily abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on community structure by the nature of its ecological role or niche.
clone	A living organism produced asexually from a single ancestor, to which it is genetically identical.
stigma	The sticky part of a flower's carpel, which traps pollen grains.
lactose intolerance	More information is available in OMIM.
ecological niche	The sum total of an organism's utilization of the biotic and abiotic resources of its environment.
conodont	An early, soft-bodied vertebrate with prominent eyes and dental elements.
systematics	The branch of biology that studies the diversity of life; encompasses taxonomy and is involved in reconstructing phylogenetic history.
dissociation curve	A chart showing the relative amounts of oxygen bound to hemoglobin when the pigment is exposed to solutions varying in their partial pressure of dissolved oxygen, pH, or other characteristics.
neurotrophic factor	Famille de gènes : Ensemble de gènes ayant de grandes ressemblances fonctionnelles et structurelles
heterozygote	An organism that has different alleles of a particular gene.
quantitation	Method used to determine the quantity of "x" in a given sample
proportional	Cause and effect relationship between two variables where a positive or negative change in the quantity of one causes a predictable similar quantity change in the other.
enzyme stabilization	The stabilization of the active structure of an enzyme by binding with antibodies
flocculation	Chemical processes where salt causes the aggregation of minute clay particles into larger masses that are too heavy to remain suspended water.
turnover	The mixing of waters as a result of changing water-temperature profiles in a lake.
b factor	A fungal incompatibility factor
neuralgia	noo-RAL-zhə/ Sharp, shooting pain along the length of a nerve.
biorepository	A collection of human biological samples (such as blood and tissue) and medical information about the people who gave their samples for research studies.
footprinting	A method for identification of a protein-binding site on a DNA molecule
monosaccharide	A simple sugar with the basic formula of (CH2O)n.
pharmacogenomics	examination of the genetic basis for variation in response to therapeutics by different individuals.
lava flow	Stream of lava flowing from a volcanic vent.
wave	A moving swell or ridge on the surface of a solid or liquid or within the medium of a gas
unrooted tree	A phylogenetic tree in which the root is not shown (frequently because it is not known).
decolonisation	A process, usually using topical antimicrobial substances, to eliminate bacteria from the skin or mucosal surfaces of an individual.
bioleaching	The recovery of precious metals from ore by biological processes.
niche	The set of resources and manner of using them of a given species.
double-helix	the physical structure of DNA, comprising two parallel strands of DNA coiled helically.
eutrophication	Physical, chemical and biological changes in a water body as a result of the input nitrogen and phosphorus.
immunology	study of disease and the body?s response to it.
dendrochronology	/den-droh-krə-NAWL-ə-jee/ n
aspermia	The absence of sperm; sterility in males.
orthopedic doctor	A doctor trained to specialize in bony injury. Individuals with CMD will see an orthopedic doctor to check for scoliosis and contractures. An orthopedic surgeon may perform a surgery to release a contracture or fix scoliosis. An orthopedic doctor may also write the prescription for occupational and physical therapy.
nerve growth factor	A protein that stimulates the growth of neurons and the formation of neural networks.
metabolic pathway	A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway).
savanna	A tropical or sub-tropical plant community characterized by trees and shrubs scattered among a cover of grasses, herbs and forbs
binary fission	The type of cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce; each dividing daughter cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome.
antisense technology	gene silencing or the process of inactivating a gene.
lignite	Low grade coal
toxic	Poisonous.
deoxyribonucleic acid	(DNA) - Self replicating molecule that encodes hereditary information, consisting of long chains of four different nucleotides arranged in a double helix.
proximal	Near to (compare distal).
permissive conditions	A particular environmental condition which allows the growth of an organism with a conditional mutation
anti-hbs	Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen.
fragile x syndrome	A frequent genetic cause of mental retardation
ferrobacteria	Bacteria that utilize iron as an energy source.
recombination frequency	The number of recombinants divided by the total number of progeny
toxin	A harmful substance, specifically one produced by an animal, plant, or bacterium
inhibition model of succession	This model of succession suggests that the change in plant species dominance over time is caused by death and small scale disturbances and variations is plant species longevity and ability to disperse
energy	The ability to bring about changes or to do work.
confined groundwater	Groundwater trapped between two impervious layers of rock.
symptom	Any object aberration in function (including behavior), indicating disease.
subsolar point	The location on the Earth where the Sun is directly overhead
reproductive rate	The number of progeny produced by a parent per unit of time as per year.
coronavirus	A single-stranded RNA virus that resembles a crown when viewed under an electron microscope because of its petal-shaped projections
oxygen debt	In muscle, the cumulative deficit of oxygen that develops during strenuous exercise when the supply of oxygen is inadequate for the demand; ATP is produced anaerobically by glycolysis, and the resulting pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, which is subsequently metabolized when adequate oxygen is available.
kuvan®	Kuvan® is sapropterin dihydrochloride, a pharmaceutical formulation of tetrahydrobiopterin (soluble tablets) that is approved for use in the management of PKU in many countries.
marine benthic zone	The ocean floor.
sedimentary rock	Rock formed from sand and mud that once settled in layers on the bottom of seas, lakes, and marshes
symbiosis	A close association between two organisms.
one-tailed statistical test	Is an inferential statistical test where the values for which one can reject the null hypothesis are located entirely in one side of the center of the probability distribution.
host	An animal or plant on which, or in which, a parasite lives
angel investor	wealthy individual who personally provides startup capital to very young companies to help them grow.
neutrophil	Neutrophils are a particular kind of white blood cell
moist adiabatic lapse rate	See saturated adiabatic lapse rate.
aspartame	Aspartame is an artificial sweetener, sold under various brand names
informed consent	A term describing the responsibility of doctors or researchers to ensure that patients or people have an understanding of the relevant facts regarding their care or participation in research
biotic	living, biological
transfection	Infection of a cell with nucleic acid from a virus, resulting in replication of the complete virus.
false origin	Location of the starting coordinates picked to the south and west of the true origin of a rectangular coordinate system
oxygen	[Symbol O; atomic number = 8; atomic mass = 15.999.] A very important element for biological systems and for other processes. Many substances combine with oxygen, either directly or indirectly, releasing energy that can be used for other purposes. In many organisms, including all eukaryotes, this process of oxidation causes energy to be transferred to ATP, which then serves as an energy source for many other processes. Oxygen is an important component of a very large number of biological molecules.
chimera	A composite individual derived from the fusion of two embryos.
intellectual property	A term that refers to the content of the human intellect, or the result of intellectual effort, which is considered to be unique and original and have value in the marketplace, and therefore requires legal protection and ownership
gross primary productivity	Total amount of chemical energy fixed by the processes of photosynthesis.
plaque	A clear zone in a layer of cells produced by the action of an agent that lyses the cells, such as a virus.
tropism	Refers to host tropism that is a process of tropism that determines which cells
b cell	A B-lymphocyte.
feldspar	A group of common aluminum silicate minerals that contains potassium, sodium, or calcium.
leukocyte	A white blood cell; typically functions in immunity, such as phagocytosis or antibody production.
photosynthesis	The process by which some organisms use energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic materials
antibody	A specific protein that interacts with a foreign substance (antigen) in a specific way.
parkinson's disease	A degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's motor skills and speech.
pubmed	PubMed is a database of bibliographic information developed by NCBI.
thermotherapy	Technique mainly used for virus or mycoplasma elimination
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	an inherited, fatal degenerative nerve disorder; also known as Lou Gehrig's disease.
asexual reproduction	Growth and cell duplication that does not involve the union of nuclei from cells of opposite mating types.
lymphocyte	A leukocyte (white blood cell) that functions in specific immunity.
zone of saturation	Groundwater zone within the Earth's bedrock where all available pores spaces are filled by water
law of mass action	The finding that the rate of a chemical reaction is a function of the product of the concentrations of the reacting species.
model organism	A relatively simple organism that duplicates some critical aspect of a more complex system that would be difficult to manipulate experimentally
resonance hybrid	A molecular structure that is a hybrid of two structures that differ in the locations of some of the electrons
plate tectonics	The theory of plate tectonics proposes that the Earth's crust is composed of a dozen or more large and small plates that move relative to one another as they ride on convection currents in the hotter mantle that lies beneath
fetal alcohol syndrome	a link between excessive alcohol consumption during pregnancy and birth defects; characteristics include small head and eyes, folds of the skin that obscure the inner juncture of the eyelids, short, upturned nose, and thin lips.
catalysis	[Greek katalysis dissolution.] An increase in the rate of a process in the presence of a substance (the catalyst) that itself is not consumed in the process
monospecific	An antibody that recognizes a single antigen or epitope.
adenylyl cyclase	An enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a chemical signal.
passive immunity	Immunity acquired by transfer of antibodies or T-lymphocytes from another individual.
vegetative reproduction	Asexual reproduction
raindrop impact	Force exerted by a falling raindrop on a rock, sediment, or soil surface.
cloning	the process of producing a genetically identical group of cells from a single ancestor.
gentamicin	A type of aminoglycoside antibiotic
gene pool	The set of all genes in a particular population
gross secondary productivity	Total amount of chemical energy assimilated by consumer organisms.
pseudotyping	Process for changing the cell binding specificity of a virus by changing the capsid (envelope) proteins.
hydrophobic	Preferring not to be in contact with water, as is the case with the hydrocarbon portion of a fatty acid or phospholipid chain.
interference	One crossover event inhibits the chances of another crossover event
central canal	The narrow cavity in the center of the spinal cord that is continuous with the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain.
asexual reproduction	A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.
astrocyte	A glial cell found in the brain with a star-like shape
frequency	The number of times something happens in a specific group.
photosphere	Visible surface of Sun from which radiant energy is release.
glossary	A defined list of terminology that may include industry specific terms and trade names.
periplast	The entire assemblage of scales, spines and spicules which encase some heliozoa, chrysomonads, etc.
genetic engineering	The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.
genotype	The actual genes carried by an individual.
micromanipulator	Instrument used with a microscope for manipulating small instruments and specimens.
flagellum	an extension on many unicellular organisms that enables movement through whip-like motions
endospore	A metabolically inactive, nonreplicating form of certain bacteria, including the genera Bacillus and Clostridium
mean	Statistical measure of central tendency in a set of data
gene expression	The process by which a gene
ess	See evolutionarily stable strategy.
leukemia	Cancer of the developing blood cells in the bone marrow
cambrian	The first of the six periods of the Paleozoic Era, from 543 to 490 million years ago.
albedo	Proportion of light or radiation reflected by a surface.
crystal structure	A structure obtained by x-ray diffraction analysis of a crystal consisting of an ordered array of biomacromolecules.
seamount	an isolated, steep-sided, peak on the seafloor usually caused by volcanic activity
is element	An insertion sequence
hyperphenylalaninemia	Elevated levels of phenylalanine in the blood
sponges	Common name for members of the phylum Porifera, which are thought to be the earliest branching lineage of animals
countercurrent multiplier system	A countercurrent system in which energy is expended in active transport to facilitate exchange of materials and create concentration gradients
mutation	Biotechnology Commercial or industrial processes that utilize biological systems or products.
dna replication	The process of replicating a double-stranded DNA molecule.
domain	n
stromatolite	Rock made of banded domes of sediment in which are found the most ancient forms of life: prokaryotes dating back as far as 3.5 billion years.
phage tail	Proteins that extend from a phage head and mediate adsorption to receptors on the host cell.
g protein	A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma-membrane signal receptor, known as a G-protein linked receptor, to other signal-transduction proteins inside the cell
oxidation	The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
ring chromosome	This occurs as a result of the fusion of the two ends of the same chromosome; there is a consequent loss of genetic material.
contour interval	Difference in elevation between two successive contour lines
frontal lifting	Lifting of a warmer or less dense air mass by a colder or more dense air mass at a frontal transitional zone.
component of fitness	See fitness component.
multifactorial trait	a trait that is determined by heredity and environment.
template	Strictly speaking, the full name should be DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, since some viruses can use an RNA template to make RNA.
exotoxin	A toxic protein that is secreted by a prokaryote and that produces specific symptoms even in the absence of the prokaryote
anticoagulant	Substance that prevents blood from clotting.
vascular tissue	Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body.
chemical reaction	Reaction between chemicals where there is a change in the chemical composition of the elements or compounds concerned.
precautionary principle	A guiding principle in making decisions about the environment, cautioning to consider carefully the potential consequences of actions.
mesoproterozoic	Division of time from 1600 to 1000 Mya.
gene testing	Methods that identify the presence, absence or mutation of a particular gene in an individual.
limiting factor	Abiotic condition that most controls the growth of a species
optical density	Synonymous with absorbance
clinical testing	Testing that is done to confirm if a person has a condition.
periplasm	The space between the bacterial cell membrane and the cell wall
calicivirus	The virus that causes rabbit calicivirus disease (RCD) in rabbits
competitive exclusion principle	The concept that when the populations of two species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other population.
dry deposition	The transport of gases and minute liquid and solid particles from the atmosphere to the ground surface without the aid of precipitation or fog
fold	Wavelike layers in rock strata that are the result of compression.
social learning	Modification of behavior through the observation of other individuals.
cystic fibrosis	A human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated.
geodesy	The science that measures the surface features of the Earth.
mass-to-charge ratio	The ratio of the mass of an ion being analyzed to its charge.
proficiency test	A proficiency test is a quality assurance measure used to monitor performance of an examiner.
plasmodium	A single mass of cytoplasm containing many diploid nuclei that forms during the life cycle of some slime molds.
lymphomas	A group of diseases of unknown cause, characterized by painless, progressive enlargement of the lymphoid tissue.
lectin	A glycoprotein that binds sugars and agglutinates cells.
defective prophage	Prosome : Petite particule ribonucléoprotéique associée à un ARN messager libre et réprimé dans le cytoplasme
cms	See cytoplasmic male sterility.
headwaters	Upper portion of stream's drainage system.
genotypic value	Value of a genotype measured for a single locus as the phenotypic value associated with the genotype minus the average phenotypic value of the two homozygotes.
lipid	A biological molecule that is soluble in organic solvents
congenic	Strains that are identical except for a small region of the chromosome.
diatom	Type of microscopic, photosynthetic algae known for its intricately designed, silica-containing shell
autogamy	The mode of reproduction in which fusion of two haploid nuclei from the same individual results in formation of the zygote.
three-hybrid system	A technique for the detection of complexes that involve three proteins; also used to refer to a technique for the detection of RNA-protein interactions.
clone	Refers to a replica
commensal bacteria	normally harmless bacteria that help an individual digest foods and acquire nutrients
transcriptome	The total set of different RNA molecules transcribed from the genome in a particular cell, tissue or organism at a given time.
homology	A similarity due to inheritance from a common ancestor (see also
multipotent	The potential to make a few cell types in the body
saturation mixing ratio	Mass of water vapor that a kilogram of dry air can hold at saturation
individualization	In forensic science, the process of attempting to associate an item of evidence with one and only one source.
distal	Away from (contrast with proximal).
translational initiation signal	See initiation codon.
pentose	A sugar with five carbon atoms.
low-density lipoprotein	A lipoprotein particle that transports cholesterol in the circulation.
northern blotting	See Southern blotting.
analogous structure	a body part in two or more species that performs a similar function but has a different structure; for example, the wings of bats and butterflies.
sea arch	A coastal landform composed of rock that resembles an arch
zinc finger	A DNA-binding protein motif that contains residues that coordinate a zinc ion which creates a finger-like loop.
expected heterozygosity	See gene diversity.
eukaryote	An organism whose cells contain a nucleus and, usually, other membrane-bound organelles
entropy	The randomness of a system.
symbiosis	Ecological relationship between two organisms in which both parties benefit.
segregrate	See segregration below.
androgens	This causes masculinization of affected children.
pyloric sphincter	In the vertebrate digestive tract, a muscular ring that regulates the passage of food out of the stomach and into the small intestine.
nephritis	nə-FRĪT-əs/ Inflammation of the kidney.
greenhouse effect	The tendency for certain gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, to trap heat at the Earth's surface by reducing outgoing long-wave radiation
cos site	The sequence that is cut to produce the cohesive, single-stranded extensions located at the ends of the linear DNA molecules of certain phages (e.g
genetic marker	A sequence of DNA that has a known location on a chromosome and is known to be associated with a particular gene or trait
adaptation	Process of selection on heritable components of the phenotype that enhances the survival and reproductive fitness of a population.
ovary	An ovule-containing organ that is derived from fused carpels.
nociceptor	A class of naked dendrites in the epidermis of the skin.
moss	A small, herbaceous nonvascular plant that is a member of the phylum Bryophyta.
conservation biology	Multidisciplinary science that deals with the conservation of genes, species, communities, and ecosystems that make up Earth's biodiversity
epinephrine	A
heat	The total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter
equilibrium	The point at which the concentrations of two compounds are such that the interconversion of one compound into the other compound does not result in any change in free energy.
heat of vaporization	The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.
base-pair substitution	A type of point mutation; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides.
trait	any detectable phenotypic property of an organism.
measurement scale	An object showing standard units of length (e.g., ruler) used in photographic documentation of an item of evidence.
dispersal	An organism leaving its place or birth or activity for another location.
monoecy	System of sexual expression in plant species in which individual plants bear staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers that are physically seperated on the same plant..
negative test result	A possible result of a screening or diagnostic test. If the result came back from a genetic screening test, it means that the test did not find any evidence of the genetic condition for which it was testing. If the result came back from a genetic diagnostic test, then the test did not find any evidence that the person has the genetic condition for which it was testing.
bacteriophage	Virus that lives in and kills bacteria
detritus	Dead organic matter.
cross-fertilization	Fusion of gametes formed by different individuals; as opposed to self-fertilization.
combination therapy	A cancer treatment strategy that employs a variety of different chemotherapeutic agents simultaneously
cation exchange	Chemical trading of cations between the soil minerals and organic matter with the soil solution and plant roots.
bay	A body of sheltered water found in a crescent shaped coastal configuration of land.
promoter	A region of DNA
locus	the position of a particular gene on a chromosome.
vitamin	A trace organic substance required in the diet of some species
crassulacean acid metabolism	A process by which some species of plants in hot, dry climates take in carbon dioxide during the night, fixing it in organic acids; the carbon dioxide is released during the day and used immediately in the Calvin cycle.
amniotic egg	A shelled, water-retaining egg that enables reptiles, birds, and egg-laying mammals to complete their life cycles on dry land.
minichromosome	Minigène : Gène reconstruit à des fins expérimentales à partir de ses séquences régulatrices et de l'ADNc double brin de l'ARNm correspondant
somatic cell	Cell that is not involved in the production of gametes.
relaxation	The self-adjustment of a molecular system to a new minimum free energy state after the perturbation of the system.
chromatography	The separation of a mixture of substances by charge, size, or other property by allowing the mixture to partition between a moving phase and a stationary phase.
stratum	A layer of sedimentary rock that is visually separate from layers above or below it.
false negative	A test result indicating that a person does not have a specific disease when, in fact, they do have a specific disease.
ada	The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 gives civil rights protections to individuals with disabilities and guarantees equal opportunity for individuals with disabilities in public accommodations, employment, transportation, state and local government services, and telecommunications.
orgasm	Rhythmic, involuntary contractions of certain reproductive structures in both sexes during the human sexual response cycle.
chinook wind	The name of a North American wind that occurs on the leeward side of mountains
eea	See environment of evolutionary adaptation.
peat	Partially decomposed remains of plants that once flourished in a waterlogged environment.
paleoclimatology	Scientific study of the Earth's climate during the past.
diauxic growth	A biphasic growth curve, typically resulting from the sequential use of multiple nutrients (e.g
duodenal atresia	Refers to a blockage in the hollow tube that connects the stomach to the rest of the intestine.
bottomset bed	Horizontal deltaic deposit of alluvial sediment composed of fine silt and clay.
metasomatic metamorphism	Form of metamorphism that causes the chemical replacement of elements in rock minerals when gases and liquids permeate into bedrock.
lignin	A polymer of phenolic residues that strengthens secondary cell walls.
cytostome	Literally, 'the cell mouth'
metastases	Tumor which has spread out from the original place of the tumor.
vital staining	a technique where the viability of cells is assessed by their inability to permit the entry of water-soluble dyes
derived trait	A synapomorphy.
subpopulation	Subgroup of individuals isolated from other member of the larger or total population.
environmental variation	Variation between genetically identical individuals.
prosthetic group	Synonymous with coenzyme except that a prosthetic group is usually more firmly attached to the enzyme it serves.
variety	a subdivision of a species for taxonomic (DESCRIPTION??) classification, sometimes referred to as a cultivar (cultivar is short for cultivated variety)
enzyme	A protein that acts as a catalyst, affecting the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs within a cell, without being changed or used up in the reaction.
iq	"Intelligence Quotient", a commonly used index of intelligence derived from tests
structured coalescent	An extension to the coalescent process in which lineages move from place to place as they trace backward in time while they coalesce.
double helix	The twisted-ladder shape that two strands of DNA form.
macrosporocyte	Cell which undergoes meiosis to generate the meiotic products that become ovules.
phenotypic variance	The variance of the phenotypic value, var(P)= VP.
f-factor	An E
bacterium	a one-celled pathogen which can survive either as a free-living organism or as a parasite
photobiology	The study of the effects of light on living systems.
haltere	Sense organs found in Diptera on the second thoracic segment, evolutionarily derived by modification of the wings
transport protein	A protein whose function is to bind and transport a substance from one part of the body to another. Examples are hemoglobin, which transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, and transferrin, which binds iron in the plasma and transports it to tissues, especially liver.
pfu	Abbreviation for plaque forming unit.
non-renewable resource	Resource that is finite in quantity and is being used faster than its ability to regenerate itself.
hereditary mutations	A change within a gene that can be passed to offspring.
european commission	a group, appointed by the agreement of the governments of the European Union, which initiates Union action and safeguards its treaties.
helper virus	A virus that provides a function or functions to another virus in the same cell.
bacteriostatic	Inhibiting growth and reproduction of bacteria.
geometric isomer	One of several organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms.
behavioral genetics	The study of genes that may influence behavior.
generation interval	The time elapsing from reproduction in one generation to the time the next generation reproduces.
bipolar disorder	Depressive mental illness characterized by swings of mood from high to low; also called manic-depressive disorder.
magnetosphere	Zone that surrounds the Earth that is influenced by the Earth's magnetic field.
variance	A statistical measure of the dispersion of observation values in a data set
homeosis	Evolutionary alteration in the placement of different body parts.
fault scarp	The section of the fault plane exposed in a fault
gause's principle	See Competitive exclusion principle.
rhyolite	A fine grained extrusive igneous rock that is rich in quartz and potassium feldspar
chromosomes	Structures within a cell nucleus that carry genetic information that determines the sex and characteristics an organism inherits from its parents.
etiolation	Plant morphological adaptations for growing in darkness
exonuclease	An enzyme that cleaves nucleotides sequentially from free ends of a linear nucleic acid substrate.
host range	The limited range of host cells that each type of virus can infect and parasitize.
luca	See last universal common ancestor.
atomic mass	The total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of one mole of the atom.
lymph	A transparent, slightly yellow fluid that carries lymphocytes, bathes the body tissues, and drains into the lymphatic vessels.
antigenic determinant	A specific region of an antigenic molecule that binds an antibody (epitope)
mass number	The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
transcription unit	is transcribed along with the
ecological capacity	The actual resource base of a country
law of independent assortment	Genetic factors that influence one trait segregate independently from those that influence a second trait.
deamination	The enzymatic removal of an amine group, as in the deamination of an amino acid to an alpha keto acid.
synoptic scale	Scale of geographic coverage used on daily weather maps to describe large scale atmospheric phenomenon (for example, mid-latitude cyclone, air masses, fronts, and hurricanes).
secondary growth	The increase in girth of the stems and roots of many plants, especially woody, perennial dicots.
backshore slope	Sloping bank landward of the shore
ethics	A branch of philosophy that deals with morality
gneiss	A coarse-grained rock usually with alternating light and dark layers composed of different minerals
xenotropic virus	A virus that can be grown in a species different from the normal host species.
endomitosis	Mitosis with no cell division, which leads to a doubling of ploidy.
tropical savanna	See savanna.
catenane	A circular DNA molecule with two or more interlinked rings.
decomposer	bacteria that break down dead organic material.
inter se	Among themselves.
temperate phage	A phage (virus) that invades but may not destroy (lyse) the host (bacterial cell)
progradation	The natural extension of a shoreline seaward.
phytoalexin	An antibiotic, produced by plants, that destroys microorganisms or inhibits their growth.
l-	A configurational prefix that designates one of two chiral configurations (see D-).
agonist	A component of the body's immune response
dermad	/DERM-ad/ adv
secondary substance	Organic chemical produced by a plant that has no direct function in its metabolism
pcr	Peptide signal : Segment de 15 à 30 acides aminés présent à la partie N-terminale d'une protéine, et qui indique à la machinerie cellulaire que cette protéine doit être exportée ou sécrétée
neutral	Any substance with a pH around 7.
virion	A complete viral particle comprising a nucleic acid core and a protein capsid.
nidology	nide-DAWL-ə-jee/ The scientific study of nests.
colloid	A substance that contains components in different phases (e.g., minute solid particles within a liquid).
lignin	Complex, insoluble polymer whose structure, while not well understood, gives strength and rigidity to cellulose fibers in the cell walls of woody plants
volume	The occupation of space in three dimensions
orogenic belt	A major range of mountains on the continents.
genus	a group of closely related species
diastasis	/die-AST-ə-səs/ n
evolutionary adapation	An accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms' ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments
double fertilization	A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm.
topography	pattern of elevation of the Earth's surface including the ocean bottom
public policy	a set of action guidelines or rules that result from the actions or lack of actions of governmental entities.
molarity	A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute in 1 L of solution.
theropod	Any member of the group Theropoda, which were bipedal, flesh-eating saurischian dinosaurs.
bifurcation ratio	Quantitative ratio determined between the parts of systems that display branching
immunosuppression	Reduction of the immune responses, for instance by giving drugs to prevent transplant rejection.
nasopalatine	NAY-zō-PAL-ə-teen/ Pertaining to the nose and palate.
robinson projection	Map projection system that tries to present more accurate representations of area
translational stop signal	See termination codon.
false negative	A test result that wrongly shows an effect to be absent.
heparan	A glycosaminoglycan.
neurones	Nerve cells, the structural and functional unit of the nervous system
geothermal energy	Heat energy derived from the Earth's interior.
organ	a group of tissues that form a distinct structure and perform a specific function, such as a heart or lung.
differentiate	A developmental process by which individual cells in the body become specialized and take on different functions.
teraflop	A measure of supercomputer speed equivalent to 10 to the power of 12 floating point operations per second.
helicase	An enzyme that catalyzes the unwinding of DNA.
greenhouse effect	The warming of planet Earth due to the atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide, which absorbs reflected infrared radiation and re-refJects some of it back toward Earth.
single domain antibody	A synthetic antibody based on a single chain.
surrogate marker	an indirect measure of effectiveness, such as a laboratory test or tumor shrinkage, used to show a strong potential for effectiveness in accelerated drug approval.
tract	A group or bundle of nerve fibers with accompanying connective tissue, located within the central nervous system.
dactyl	/DAKT-əl/ n
phenotype	An individual's observed characteristics that usually (but not always) a result of their genotype
bacteria	Unicellular prokaryotic organisms that lack a membrane-bounded nucleus.
mesenchymal stem cell	A pluripotent cell that differentiates into connective tissue.
ascites	An accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
saturated fat	A fat that has only single bonds in the molecule.
inversion loop	The loop that results when homologous chromosomes, one with an inversion, pair.
theca	A layer which encloses a body, may refer to a closely adpressed rigid wall, or to a more loosely-attached rigid lorica or test or even to a soft enclosing sheath of material.
rock slide	Large scale mass movement of rock materials downslope.
industrial revolution	Major change in the economy and society of humans brought on by the use of machines and the efficient production of goods
chemical weathering	Breakdown of rock and minerals into small sized particles through chemical decomposition.
trait	any characteristic of an organism, whether genetic or structural.
transfiguration	The act of transforming; a change in appearance or character or circumstances.
nuclear magnetic resonance	Technique used to study molecular structure by analyzing the absorption of electromagnetic resonance at a specific frequency in atoms subjected to strong magnetic field.
solution-phase synthesis	Liquid-phase combinatorial chemical synthesis techniques for the creation of libraries of diverse compounds.
assembly	The compiling of overlapping gene sequence fragments into a single, continuous sequence.
human serum albumin	Soluble blood proteins that make up about 55% of plasma proteins
avirulent	A term describing a pathogen that can only mildly harm, but not kill, the host plant.
prior odds	A ratio of the probability of one hypothesis relative to the probability of another hypothesis ((Prob(H1)/Prob(H2)), prior to observing any data.
stereoisomer	A molecule that is a mirror image of another molecule with the same molecular formula.
catalytic antibody	An antibody engineered to catalyze an enzymatic reaction
biotechnology	the use of biological processes to make products
stream bank	Sides of the stream channel.
reverse fault	This vertical fault develops when compressional force causes the displacement of one block of rock over another.
bottleneck effect	Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.
endotherm	An animal, such as a bird or mammal, that uses metabolic heat to regulate body temperature.
nutrient	Any food, chemical element or compound an organism requires to live, grow, or reproduce.
biochemical pathway	A series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that results in the conversion of a precursor molecule into a product molecule.
derepression	Diagnostic génétique : Détection de gènes d'un organisme par hybridation de son génome avec des sondes moléculaires spécifiques
congruency	A measure of how similar are different phylogenetic trees containing the same operational taxonomic units (OTUs).
periderm	The protective coat that replaces the epidermis in plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium.
pelagic zone	Open ocean that is not near the coast or ocean floor.
peroxisome	A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.
perihelion	It is the point in the Earth's orbit when it is closest to the Sun (147.5 million km)
basalt	A hard, black volcanic rock with low silica content
runoff	The topographic flow of water from precipitation to stream channels located at lower elevations
paraxial rod	A rod of material lying within the flagellum parallel to the axoneme, only found in some protists (e.g
institutional review board	The Institutional Review Board (IRB) makes sure that risks to people are as low as possible in a research study.
pupil	The opening in the iris, which admits light into the interior of the vertebrate eye
gene testing	See: genetic testing
selectionist	One who holds that most molecular divergence and variation is shaped by selection
lateral line system	A mechanoreceptor system consisting of a series of pores and receptor units (neuromasts) along the sides of the body of fishes and aquatic amphibians; detects water movements made by an animal itself and by other moving objects.
disposable instruments	Items that will be used only once to collect evidence, such as biological samples, then discarded to minimize contamination (e.g., tweezers, scalpel blades, droppers).
global warming	A term used to describe a warming event that raises Earth's average temperature and causes an associated climate change.
agar	A gelatinous material prepared from certain red algae that is used to solidify nutrient media for growing microorganisms.
mda	The MDA is a national voluntary health agency working to defeat neuromuscular diseases through worldwide research, comprehensive services, and public health education. The MDA is dedicated to conquering more than 40 neuromuscular diseases.
storm surge	Relatively rapid rise in the height of the ocean along a coastline
sars	Severe acute respiratory syndrome
decubation	/deck-you-BAY-shən/ n
mass number	Total number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom
probability	A quantitative description of the likely occurrence of a particular event, conventionally expressed on a scale of 0 to 1.
output	Movement of matter, energy, or information out of a system
homozygous	Having two forms of a particular gene that are the same, one inherited from each parent
hypostatic gene	See Epistasis
orthologous	A gene present in multiple species that descended from a unique ancestral gene, when the relative divergence in different species is comparable to the overall difference between the species
minerals	inorganic molecules that are essential for normal metabolism, growth and development, and for the regulation of cell function
o horizon	Topmost layer of most soils
systemic circuit	The branch of the circulatory system that supplies all body organs and then returns oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium via the veins.
omnivore	A heterotrophic animal that consumes both meat and plant material.
longshore current	A water current that moves parallel to the shoreline.
protozoa	The protozoa ("first animals") are a heterogeneous group of microorganisms of very diverse characters, behavior, and life cycles
temporary environmental effect	Effect which influences only a single observation on an individual.
established cell line	A group of cultured cells derived from a single origin and capable of stable growth for many generations.
termination codon	See stop codon.
bioethics	The study of ethical issues raised by the developments in the life science technologies.
superpest	A plant pest that has developed a resistance to an insectide (that has been genetically engineered into a plant, or externally applied to a crop) it was once intolerant of.
natural gas	Hydrocarbon based gas, mainly composed of methane, commonly found in the pores of sedimentary rocks of marine origin.
hyperproliferation	an abnormal increase in the rate of cell reproduction.
forest	Ecosystem dominated by trees
bacteriocin	A toxin produced by a bacterium that kills its competitors.
inflorescence	Any type of flower cluster.
erythropoiesis	The production of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the marrow of adults from pluripotent stem cells.
protein-rna	This term is used to identify and describe interaction data displayed at SGD
dicotyledon	/die-cawt-əl-EE-dən/ n
high pressure	An area of atmospheric pressure within the Earth's atmosphere that is above average
multinational corporation	Corporation operating (with offices, factories, headquarters) in more than one country
microphyll	In lycophytes, a small leaf with a single unbranched vein.
marker rescue	The recovery of genetic markers due to recombination events that restore function.
meiosis	cellular division that yields four gametes through two cellular divisions
utricle	A chamber behind the oval window that opens into the three semicircular canals.
prebiotic synthesis	The naturally occurring synthesis of organic compounds before there was life on Earth.
punctate	With a dimpled or spotted appearance.
biosphere	Part of the Earth where life is found
molecule	the smallest unit of any chemical substance that has an independent, separate existence and that still retains the properties of the chemical substance
second messenger	A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signal received by a signal receptor protein.
calvin cycle	A series of reactions by which six molecules of CO2 are converted into glucose.
phage	A bacterial virus.
cell structure	The total type and arrangement of components in a cell - varies depending on species and specialised function.
marker	Pieces of DNA sequence of known locations on chromosomes that are used to identify the specific genetic variations an individual possesses.
fallopian tube	The pathway that leads from the ovary to the uterus
archaebacteria	One of two major groups of prokaryotes; many species of archaebacteria live in extreme conditions similar to those prevalent on primitive Earth.
thalassaemia	A hereditary anaemia resulting from reduced production of either alpha or beta haemoglobin
anatomy	The study of the structure of an organism
cost of meiosis	See cost of genome dilution.
sinusoidal equal-area projection	Map projection that represents areas in their true form on a two-dimensional map
phenylalanine exchange	Phenylalanine exchanges are lists of common foods with information on the amount of phenylalanine that they contain
villus	(1) A fingerlike projection of the inner surface of the small intestine
nemadesmata	Stiff aggregates of many microtubules found around the cytostome of some ciliates and used during the ingestion of food
intrahepatic	Within the liver.
half-life	The time required for the disappearance of one half of a substance.
protandry	Maturation of the male organs before that of the female organs
ecocentrism	The view that considers the whole environment or ecosphere as important and deserving of consideration, without giving preference to organisms such as animals and humans
coastal zone	Relatively nutrient-rich, shallow part of the ocean that extends from the high-tide mark on land to the edge of the continental shelf.
medline	Medline is the National Library of Medicine's database of biomedical papers; it contains all citation information for each paper, as well as abstracts for most of the papers.
siltstone	Fine grained sedimentary rock composed of lithified silt particles.
major histocompatibility complex	A group of genes that controls several aspects of the immune response
cone cell	One of two types of photoreceptors in the vertebrate eye; detects color during the day
abortion	The termination of a pregnancy in progress.
sphenopsid	A member of a group of plants that includes trees in the Carboniferous coal swamp forests as well as the living horsetail (Equisetum).
diffusion feeding	Feeding strategy in which the predator relies on the movements of the prey to make contact - as in heliozoa and suctoria.
urethra	Common duct in the penis for passage of sperm and urine, normally controlled so that only sperm pass at ejaculation.
epizootic	The widespread occurrence of an animal disease.
antibiotic	A substance that interfers with a particular step of cellular metabolism, causing either bactericidal or bacteriostatic inhibition; sometimes restricted to those having a natural biological origin.
culture medium	A liquid or gel containing nutrients that is used to cultivate microorganisms.
payoff matrix	A matrix showing the payoff that is won by each possible strategy when played against each other strategy.
day length	Period of time for a location on the Earth when insolation from the Sun is being received.
chromatin remodeling	The architectural re-structuring of chromatin
hereditary	Capable of being passed, through genetic material, from one generation to the next.
physicochemical	Relating to both physical and chemical properties.
heel prick	Blood for newborn screening for PKU and other diseases is usually taken from the heel of a baby, after pricking it with a needle.
stock center	The Dictyostelium Stock Center stores all available D
denaturation of proteins	The unfolding of a protein molecule, usually by high temperatures or ionic detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS).
riluzole	Glutamate antagonist approved in the united states to treat patients with ALS.
hormone	A substance produced in particular cells (for example, in a gland) that can travel to other parts of the body and (often in very small quantities) influence those other parts
natural selection	the process by which only the organisms better adapted to the environment survive and reproduce.
topographic map	Map that displays topography through the use of elevation contour lines
noncompetitive inhibitor	A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.
epigenesis	A cartilaginous flap that blocks the top of the windpipe, the glottis, during swallowing, which prevents the entry of food or fluid into the respiratory system.
unit of instruction	A clearly identified component of an educational course or training program.
radarsat	Satellite program established by the Canadian Space Agency for the purpose of remotely sensing the Earth's resources
insertion sequence	A transposable nucleotide sequence that only encodes the functions required for its own transposition
ice sheet	A dome-shaped glacier covering an area greater than 50,000 square kilometers
return on investment	profit (or loss) on an investment, often expressed as a percentage.
sodium dodecyl sulfate	Also known as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)
x-ray diffraction	The scattering of x-rays from a crystal, resulting in an interference pattern used to determine the structure of the crystal.
expected number	Prediction of the number of observations occurring for an event based on the probability of the event given the hypothesis being tested and the total number of observations in the sample.
melatonin	A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that regulates body functions related to seasonal day length.
tonoplast	A membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the cell sap.
core	The central part of the hepatitis B virus, as well as other viruses.
solstice	Dates when the declination of the Sun is at 23.5° North or South of the equator
genotype	The genetic makeup of an organism
bind	To attach chemically; form a chemical bond with
homunculus	A “little man” that was supposedly introduced into a fertilized egg by the sperm and that guided its development
linear equation	An equation of the form y = a + bx, where the variable x does not appear as a power or special function.
genomic imprinting	Phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent.
acute	Of short and sharp course; not chronic (new infection).
chimera	The individual (animal or lower organism) produced by grafting an embryonic part of one species onto an embryo of either the same or a different specie.
environmental stewardship	This is a view that humans have a duty to manage and care for the whole natural environment
two-hybrid system	A method for studying protein-protein interactions
ferrel cell	Three-dimensional atmospheric circulation cell located at roughly 30 to 60° North and South of the equator.
lithification	The process of cementation, compaction, desiccation, and crystallization of sediments into solid rock.
outcrossing	Mating with unrelated individuals.
s	See selection coefficient.
darwinian medicine	The application of evolutionary principles to medicine.
irreducibly complex	A system that cannot function if any one of its components is missing.
law of stream number	Morphometric relationship observed in the number of stream segments of a particular classification order in stream channel branching
signal to noise ratio	A measure of signal strength relative to background noise.
coevolution	The coordinated evolution of two or more species that interact and exert selective pressures on each other that can cause each species to undergo associated adaptations
maldi-tof ms	The abbreviation for Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry, a high-throughput protein sequencing method based on embedding samples in a matrix from which they are desorbed by laser light.
triticale	The species formed by crossing wheat and rye.
conservation biology	A goal-oriented science that seeks to counter the biodiversity crisis, the current rapid decrease in Earth's variety of life.
hormone	In multicellular organisms, one of many types of circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells to change their functioning.
x chromosome	The sex chromosome that exists in paired form in females.
parathyroid gland	Any o{ {our smarr encfocrine glands, embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland, that secrete parathyroid hormone
adeno-associated virus	A virus used to construct vectors that introduce genes into cultured cells.
lymphocyte	A blood cell that functions in the immune response
escherichia coli	A bacterium that inhabits the intestinal tract of most vertebrates
surface creep	The sliding and rolling movement of soil particles on the Earth's surface because of wind
quality control	Monitoring the degree of adherence to defined criteria, taking corrective action when the system fails and documenting all of these events to convey the total quality of performance.
treatable condition	A condition with a known treatment that can improve the survival and/or quality of life of an individual.
electron transport chain	A series of carriers through which electrons are transported from a higher to a lower energy state.
protein shell	a protective layer enclosing a virus that protects its genetic material.
hybrid seed	1
euphotic zone	The layer of a body of water that receives sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis
hyphae	Multicellular filaments formed during the vegetative reproduction of fungi or actinomycetes.
sympathetic division	One of two divisions of the autonomic nervous system of vertebrates; generally increases energy expenditure and prepares the body for action.
blast	Basic Local Alignment Search Tool is a search algorithm developed by Altschul et al
littoral transport	The process of sediment moving along a coastline
soil organic matter	Organic constituents of soil.
subunit	Individual polypeptide chains in a protein.
palea	The smaller of the two bracts (the other being the lemma) that encloses the stamens and pistil in a grass floret.
positive feedback	A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change.
lytic infection	A viral infection that results in the lysis of the host cell and release of viral progeny.
proof-reading	An enzymatic mechanism that corrects errors in DNA synthesis.
conifer	Any member of the conifer lineage of seed plants that have cone-like reproductive structures, and typically have needle or scale-like leaves
kettle hole	Depression found in glacial deposits
fetch	The distance of open water in one direction across a body of water over which wind can blow.
stream gradient	The change in elevation from a stream's headwaters to its mouth expressed in degrees, percentage, or as a distance ratio (rise/run).
restoration ecology	A goal-directed science that applies ecological principles in an effort to return degraded ecosystems to conditions as similar as possible to their natural, predegraded state.
nucleus	The structure within the cell that contains the chromosomes.
dna	Deoxyribonucleic acid
genetic predisposition	Having some genetic factor(s) that may make an individual more likely to develop a particular condition than the general population.
map	An abstraction of the real world that is used to depict, analyze, store, and communicate spatially organized information about physical and cultural phenomena.
source region	Area where air masses originate and come to possess their moisture and temperature characteristics.
pharming	The process of farming GM plants or animals to be used as living pharmaceutical factories
cyclin-dependent kinase	A protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin.
tripartite mating	A process in which conjugation is used to transfer a plasmid vector to a target cell when the plasmid vector is not self-mobilizable
dna carrier	1
eddy	A localized chaotic movement of air or liquid in a generally uniform larger flow.
attenuator	A provisional transcription stop signal.
nucleomorph	A highly reduced relic of a nucleus
dendrology	/den-DRAWL-ə-jee/ n
polysaccharide	A linear or branched chain structure containing many sugar molecules linked by glycosidic bonds.
herbivore	An animal that consumes living plants or their parts.
metaphase	second phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the equator of the cell.
nanometer	A unit of measure in the metric system
active immunity	A type of acquired immunity whereby resistance to a disease is built up by either having the disease or receiving a vaccine to it.
heterochrony	The change in the relative timing or duration of events during development achieved by altering the relative onset or ending of particular developmental processes.
polymer	A large molecule (macromolecule) composed of multiple repeated units which are identical or similar.
rockfall	Type of mass movement that involves the detachment and movement of a small block of rock from a cliff face to its base
pacific high	High pressure system that develops over the central Pacific Ocean near the Hawaiian Islands
hermaphrodite	[Greek Ermafrodito, son of Hermes and Aphrodite, who, according to mythology, merged with the nymph Salmacis and thus acquired both male and female characteristics.]
surrogate	A person or animal that functions as a substitute for another
systole	The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle contracts and the chambers pump blood.
asthenosphere	the partially melted portion of the upper mantle in the earth's interior
endogenous	Developed from within a cell, tissue, or organism.
oncogenes	Genes that normally play a role in the growth of cells but, when overexpressed or mutated, can foster the growth of cancer.
mutations	rabies
cathode	A negatively charged electrode.
polar cell	Three-dimensional atmospheric circulation cell located at roughly 60 to 90° North and South of the equator
pathogen	An organism or agent that causes disease
ecological niche	The sum total of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment.
modularity	Subdivision into distinct parts or modules that can function independently
tabulate coral	Any member of an extinct order (Tabulata) of corals that take their name from their horizontal internal partitions
pigments	Chemicals that are coloured
apoptosis	The changes that occur within a cell as it undergoes programmed cell death, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die.
style	The stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top.
genealogy	The tree-like ancestral relationship that connects a set of genes at a single genetic locus.
terrestrial	Belonging to or inhabiting the land.
natural logarithm	The natural logarithm log(x) is the inverse of the exponential function: log(exp(y)) = y
meiosis	Nuclear division that occurs in eukaryotes to produce haploid eggs and spermocytes from a diploid cell
through talik	Is a form of localized unfrozen ground (talik) in an area of permafrost
taxis	Movement toward or away from a stimulus.
benthic	Living at the bottom of a body of water.
electromagnetic energy	Energy stored in electromagnetic waves or radiation
moraine	A hill of glacial till deposited directly by a glacier.
mutation	Change in the number, arrangement, or molecular sequence of a gene
medical foods	Patients with PKU are usually unable to eat natural sources of protein, due to its phenylalanine content
organic compounds	Carbon compounds generally derived from living organisms.
quiescent	Silent or inactive.
pr protein	A protein involved in plant responses to pathogens (PR = pathogenesisrelated) .
wave crest	The curved tops or ridges of an oscillating wave.
thyroid hormone	A hormone synthesized from tyrosine in the thyroid gland.
proliferating cell nuclear antigen	(PCNA)
mutation	The genetically inheritable alteration of a gene or group of genes.
trinucleotide repeat	See Triplet Repeat.
bract	A modified leaf that often subtends reproductive structures.
sex ratio	The ratio of males to females in the population.
zygotene stage	Stage in meiotic prophase in which homologous chromosomes pair up, and visible bodies in the nucleus are now bivalents.
proteins	Organic compounds made up of amino acids
horn	Pyramidal peak that forms when several cirques erode a mountain from three or more sides.
decomposer	Any of the saprobic fungi and prokaryotes that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms, and convert them into inorganic forms.
immunosuppression	Suppression of the immune response.
eddy diffusion	Mixing of the atmosphere by chaotic air currents.
depolarization	An electrical state in an excitable cell whereby the inside of the cell is made less negative relative to the outside than at the resting membrane potential
locus	The site in a linkage map or on a chromosome
excipient	an inactive ingredient (there are no absolutely inert excipients) added to a drug to give it a pill form or otherwise aid in delivery.
photosynthesis	The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes.
newborn screening	The process of testing all babies for certain diseases, such as PKU, so that treatment can be applied in time to protect the child from long-term harm from the disease
temperature-sensitive mutation	A mutation that results in a gene product that is functional within a certain temperature range (e.g
kin discrimination	The ability to distinguish between related and unrelated individuals.
fibrous protein	Insoluble structural protein in which the polypeptide chain is coiled along one dimension
extant	Describes a species that is still living, not extinct.
gps	Global Positioning System - a system that utilizes satellites and a handheld device to pinpoint one's exact location on the Earth.
kinetic energy	The energy due to motion.
cytoplasm	All the inner contents of a cell external to the nucleus and bounded by the cell membrane.
resolvase	An enzyme involved in the replicative transposition of elements in E
critical entrainment velocity	Velocity required to entrain a particular sized particle into the moving medium of air or water.
prokaryote	A unicellular organism lacking a membrane-bound nucleus
homology	Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry
lymphocyte	A type of leukocyte found in lymphoblastic tissue in the blood, lymph nodes and organs
lagging strand	A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork.
inflammatory response	A line of defense triggered by penetration of the skin or mucous membranes, in which small blood vessels in the vicinity of an injury dilate and become leakier, enhancing the infiltration of leukocytes; may also be widespread in the body.
outer core	Outer region of the Earth's core
binomial nomenclature	Naming scheme for species in which there is a genus name and a species name.
nucleus	a comparatively large structure found in all eukaryotic cells
calyptra	A protective cap of gametophyte tissue that wholly or partially covers an immature capsule in many mosses.
single chain antibody	A synthetic antibody based on a single chain.
biotreatment	The treatment of a waste or hazardous substance using organisms such as bacteria, fungi and protozoa (see bioremediation).
divide	The topographic ridge that separates drainage basins.
viable	The ability of an organism to grow and divide.
epidemiology	Epissage : Processus englobant l'excision des introns et la réunion des exons dans l'ARN
isogenic	Genotypically identical.
neoplasm	A tissue growth or tumor that may be benign or malignant.
shale	Fine grained sedimentary rock composed of lithified clay particles.
genomics	Genomics aims at deciphering the structure and the functioning of genomes as a whole
primary immune response	The initial immune response to an antigen, which appears after a lag of several days.
mutagen	An agent that can bring about a heritable change (mutation) in an organism.
thinning	1
biofouling	Living organisms that attach to and start living on any object that is submerged in the sea
cell specialization	characteristic of certain cells that makes them uniquely suited to perform a particular function within the organism.
hairy root culture	A fairly recent development in plant culture, consisting of highly branched roots of a plant
meridional transport	Transport of atmospheric and oceanic energy from the equator to the poles.
carbon use efficiency	Ratio of net primary productivity to gross primary productivity.
learning outcomes	See learning objectives.
groundwater	Water that occupies the pore spaces found in some types of bedrock.
gross primary productivity	The total primary productivity of an ecosystem.
megafauna	refers to animals greater than 20 cm in size
reproductive table	An age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population
ice field	Large level area of glacial ice found covering a large expanse of land
polypeptide	A chain of peptides
blade	(1) The broad, expanded part of a leaf
parasitology	The study of the biology of parasites
chemical reaction	A process leading to chemical changes in matter; involves the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds.
green algae	Algae of the class Chlorophyceae
lysosomal storage disease	A family of diseases characterized by the accumulation of undegraded material in the lysosomes of affected individuals.
covalent bond	A stable bond between atoms based on the sharing of electrons.
peptidoglycan	A polymer that contains equal amounts of peptide and polysaccharide.
density-gradient centrifugation	The separation, by centrifugation, of molecules according to their density, in a gradient varying in solute concentration.
adh	Abbreviation of antidiuretic hormone.
nervous system	All the nerve cells of an animal; the receptor-conductor-effector system; in humans, the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system.
enzymes	Protein molecules that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions.
carbon sequestration	Biological or physical process that captures carbon dioxide and converts it into inert, long-lived, carbon-containing materials.
papillae	Small colonies that appear within or at the edge of a colony
ribosomal protein	Any protein component of a ribosomal subunit
ostracode	Any member of the crustacean class Ostracoda, which have a shrimp-like body in a bivalved shell
sieve element	Cell in the phloem tissue concerned with longitudinal conduction of food materials
molecule	Minute particle that consists of connected atoms of one or many elements.
alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma	A soft-tissue tumour with muscle differentiation occurring in children.
endophyte	Any organism (usually a fungus or microbe) that lives inside another organism and establishes a parasitic or mutualistic relationship with its host.
recombinant dna	DNA molecule that forms from the combination of portions of two different DNA molecules.
anonymized data	Data that cannot be traced back to their donor.
wild-type	A strain used as a standard reference to compare any mutant derivatives
continental divide	The elevated area that occurs on a continent that divides continental scale drainage basins.
cosmid	A DNA molecule with cos ends from lambda-bacteriophage that can be packaged in vitro into a virus for infection purposes .
niche	Adaptive role that a species has in a habitat
cloning	Formation of exact genetic replicas.
chronic hepatitis	A condition in which liver inflammation persists for more than six months.
dimer	/DIE-mer/ n
neurosecretory cell	A specialized nerve cell that releases a hormone into the bloodstream in response to signals from other nerve cells; located in the hypothalamus and adrenal medulla.
epimers	Two stereoisomers with more than one chiral center that differ in configuration at one of their chiral centers.
keyword	A keyword is a word identified as particularly informative about an object