Glossary extracted starting with automatic seeds, with PTM for the domain eng and language EN

zinc	(Chemical Symbol Zn) - Element No
pressure	a force applied or distributed over an area
artificial aging	An aging treatment above room temperature.
rolling mill 1	Any of the mills in which metal undergoes a rolling process
regulator	A country's regulator is tasked with supervising the derivatives activity within the country
luders lines or bands	Elongated surface markings or depressions caused by localized plastic deformation that results form discontinuous (inhomogeneous) yielding.
rotary coupling	Sealed connection between a stationary and a rotating component
cementite	A compound of iron and carbon known as "iron carbide" which has the approximate chemical formula Fe3C and is characterized by an orthorhombic crystal structure.
ferrous	Metal that is primarily made of iron
cooling pond	A natural or man made body of water that is used for dissipating waste heat from power plants.
pyrometer	An instrument of various types used for measuring temperatures.
orange peel	(Effect) - A surface roughening (defect) encountered in forming products from metal stock that has a coarse grain size
agglomerating processes	Fine particles of limestone (flux) and iron ore are difficult to handle and transport because of dusting and decomposition
coils	Metal sheet that has been wound. The metal, once rolled flat, is more than one-quarter mile long; coils are the most efficient way to store and transport sheet steel.
patina	The sheen on any surface produced by age and use.
c.w.t.	per hundred weight
bulging	Expands a portion of a drawn shell causing it to bulge.
copper	A reddish-brown metal that is easily shaped, manipulated and hammered
embossed sheet	An embossed sheet is one having a prominent, impressed texture or pattern on its surface(s)
tempered spring steel strip	Any medium or high carbon strip steel of spring quality which has been hardened and tempered to meet specifications
stretcher leveling	A method of producing unusual flatness in steel sheets bu stretching them in a hydraulic device.
cathode	An electrical terminal with a negative charge.
squeeze	An upward price movement caused by covering of short positions.
spec	specification
tolerance limit	The permissible deviation from the desired value.
tensile strength	(Also called ultimate strength) - Breaking strength of a material when subjected to a tensile (stretching) force
land	Face at pipe and between the bevel and the interior surface.
work hardening	Increase in resistant to deformation (i.e
apparent supply	Derived demand for steel using AISI reported steel mill shipments plus Census Bureau reported imports, less Census Bureau reported exports. Domestic market share percentages are based on this figure, which does not take into account any changes in inventory.
internal soundness	Refers to condition of inside of materiallack of defects, pipe, segregation, non-uniformity of composition.
cam	computer aided manufacturing
non-ferrous	Metals without iron
scale	An oxide of iron which forms on the surface of steel.
spot market	Sales for delivery in less than three months.
segregation	In an alloy, concentration of carbon or alloying elements at specific regions, usually as a result of the primary crystallization of one phase with the subsequent concentration of other elements in the remaining liquid.
refractory brick	Heat-resistant brick
landfill gas	Gas that is generated by decomposition of organic material at landfill disposal sites.
special smooth i.d.	See Electric Resistance Welding Tubing.
tungsten	An element known for its high tensile strength, ductility, and malleability
bessemer process	A steel making process in which air is blown through the molten iron so that the impurities are thus removed by oxidation.
stretch forming	A process of forming panels and cowls of large curvature by stretching sheet over a form of the desired shape.
work hardness	Hardness resulting from mechanical working.
defined contribution retirement plan	A pension plan in which the employer promises to make specified contributions to the pension fund, but the amount of pension benefits ultimately paid to retired employees depends on how well the pension fund's assets are managed
bearing surface	The part of fasteners that comes in contact with the bolted joint it is being used on.
how?	The process gasifies non-coking coal in a smelting reactor, which also produces liquid iron. The gasified coal is fed into a shaft furnace, where it removes oxygen from iron ore lumps, pellets, or sinter; the reduced iron is then fed to the smelting reactor.
passivate/passivating	This can be a very confusing term
energy demand	The requirement for energy as an input to provide products and/or services.
filed edges	Finished edges, the final contours of which are produced by drawing the strip over a series of small steel files
drive pipe	Pipe used for driving into ground in water well applications
permalloy	Nickel alloys containing about 20 to 60% Fe, used for their high magnetic permeability and electrical resistivity.
deferred delivery	Delivery in the future
tukon hardness test	A method for determining micro-hardness by using a Knoop diamond indenter or Vickers square-base pyramid indenter.
spheroidized structure	A microstructure consisting of a matrix containing spheroidal particles of another constituent.
how?	Inside the narrow confines of the coke oven, coal is heated without oxygen for 18 hours to drive off gases and impurities.
skelp	Narrow or medium-width hot rolled strip (generally 200-700mm in width) commonly used for the production of welded tube
proportional limit	The greatest stress that the material is capable of sustaining without a deviation from the law of proportionality of stress to strain
eutectic	An alloy of two (occasionally more) metals with a particular ratio of ingredients that melts at the lowest temperature of any combination of those metals.
conduit	Pipe serving as a duct for electrical wiring
mid-weld	two or more joints welded to form a longer one
unfair trade suit	A type of lawsuit filed by U.S
full annealing	Heating to above the critical temperature range followed by slow cooling through the range, producing maximum softness.
camber	Curvature in the plane of rolled sheet or strip, or in the plane of the web of structural shapes.
leveling line	A machine that smoothes any physical deficiencies in the sheet before it is shipped to the customer.
force majeure	The clause in an ore, metal, alloy or scrap supply contract which allows the seller not to deliver or the buyer not to take delivery of the contracted material because of events beyond their control.
blast box	(See Tin Plate Base Box)
hot rolled sheet pickled	A U
carbo-nitriding	A process of case hardening an iron-base alloy by the simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen through heating in a gaseous atmosphere of suitable composition, followed by cooling at a rate that will produce desired properties.
asm	American Society for Metals
malleability	The property that determines the ease of deforming a metal when the metal is subjected to rolling or hammering.
substitutional solid solution	A solid solution in which the solvent and solute atoms are located randomly at the atom sites in the crystal structure of the solution.
electrical steel	(See Silicon Electrical Steel)
peritectic	An isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid phase reacts with a solid phase to produce another solid phase.
routing	Produces various sizes and shapes of aluminum plate according to customer-supplied drawings through the use of CNC controlled machinery.
b.o.f.	Basic Oxygen Furnace
hsla	High strength low alloy
casing	pipe used as a structural retainer for the walls of a drilled hole
face centered	(Concerning cubic space lattices) - Having equivalent points at the corners of the unit cell and at the centers of its six faces
nucleus	The center of an atom
flat latch needle steel	Supplied cold rolled and annealed
controlled cooling	A process of cooling from an elevated temperature in a predetermined manner, to avoid hardening, cracking or internal damage, or to produce a desired microstructure
kip	A unit of weight equal to 1,000 pounds used to express dead weight.
emission standards	The maximum amount of a pollutant legally permitted to be discharged from a single source.
ferrous	Relating to iron.
red shortness	See "Hot Shortness."
natural aging	Spontaneous aging of a supersaturated solid solution at room temperature.
ultimate tensile strength	The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) is the maximum resistance to fracture. It is equivalent to the maximum load that can be carried by one square inch of cross-sectional area when the load is applied as simple tension. It is expressed in pounds per square inch
jam nut	Slightly thinner than a regular hex nut
spectograph	(X-rays) - An instrument using an extended surface - a photographic plate or film, or a fluorescent screen - for receiving the X-ray diffraction pattern.
tantalum	An exotic alloy having high corrosion resistance; used for medical implants, chemical process equipment, and aerospace engine components
aod converter	Argon-oxygen decarburising converter – a special converter for refining stainless steels
bright anneal	See heat treatment.
spec	Specification
truss spring steel	Supplied cold rolled and bright annealed
measurement and instrumentation	Electrical Modernization Packages and Products
bright dip	An acid solution into which articles are dipped to obtain a clean, bright surface.
tool steel	Steel with strength, fatigue, toughness and corrosion resistance suitable for manufacturing tools
residuals	Refer to so-called tramp elements such as copper and tin, which are typically introduced into the steelmaking process in the form of unsorted or contaminated scrap and which can impair the physical and mechanical properties of steel
maturity	When a futures contract comes to its due date (see maturity).
basis	(i) The listed or starting point of a product price, from which discounts are deducted or extras and surcharges are added
dead flat	Perfectly flat
greenfield steel mill	New mill that is built "from scratch," presumably on a green field.
telescoping	Transverse slipping of successive layers of a coil so that the edge of the coil is conical rather than flat.
rolling	A term applied to the operation of shaping and reducing metal in thickness by passing it between rolls which compress, shape and lengthen it following the roll pattern.
plastic	a synthetic material made from long chains of molecules; has the capability of being molded or shaped, usually by the application of heat and pressure
stabilizing treatment	A thermal treatment designed to precipitate material from solid solution, in order to improve the workability, to decrease the tendency of certain alloys to age harden at room temperature, or to obtain dimensional stability under service at slightly elevated temperatures.
integrated plants overview	Integrated Mills
free machining grades	Brought about the addition of sulphur or selenium, increases cutting speeds by approximately 75% on stainless steel
aga	American Gas Association
magnetic-particle inspection	A nondestructive method of inspection for determining the existence and extent of possible defects in ferromagnetic materials
luster finish	Refer to FINISHES.
uns	Abbreviation for ‘unified numbering system'.
burden	The ore and associated fluxes or alloying ingredients added to the top of the blast furnace which is supported by the reduction material – coke.
stain finish	(See Scratch Brushed Finish)
utility sheet aluminum	Mill finish coiled or flat sheet of unspecified composition and properties produced in specific standard sizes and suitable for general building trade usage.
distortion	A change in shape (usually refers to changes of shape caused by internal stress.)
oscillating	A method of winding narrow strip steel over a much wider roll
corrosion resistance	The ability to resist attack by corrosion.
rail	Long product requiring specific treatment to support the wheels of railway locomotives, carriages, tankers and trucks
low-carbon	A carbon steel that contains less than 0.3% carbon.
tube sheet	a mounting plate to which the tubes are rolled or secured.
strain	A measure of the change in the size or shape of a body, referred to its original size or shape
indentation hardness	The resistance of a meterial to indentation
punching	Shearing holes in sheet metal with punch and die.
special bar quality	SBQ represents a wide variety of higher quality carbon and alloy bars that are used in the forging, machining and cold-drawing industries for the production of automotive parts, hand tools, electric motor shafts and valves
tantalum	A gray ductile metal with a high melting point and excellent corrosion resistance against chemicals.
scallop	(See Ear)
stretcher strains	Elongated markings that appear on the surface of some materials when deformed just past the yield point
sae	Abbreviation for Society of Automotive Engineers
machining	The deliberate removal of metal by one or more of several processes.
mandrel	(1) A device used to retain the cavity in hollow metal products during working
thermal fatigue	Fracture resulting from the presence of temperature gradients which vary with time in such a manner as to produce cyclic stresses in a structure.
hydrogen embrittlement	1) Brittleness of metal, resulting from the occlusion of hydrogen (usually as a by-product of pickling or by co-deposition in electroplating).2) A condition of low ductility resulting from hydrogen absorption and internal pressure developed subsequently
terne plate	Sheet steel, coated with a lead-tin alloy
taconite	What?
cft	hundred foot (sometimes used in pricing, i.e
brake	A piece of equipment used for bending sheet: also called a "bar folder." If operated manually, it is called a "hand brake"; if power driven, it is called a "press brake."
cu	Copper
metallurgical services overview	Operational Support
short terne	A term applying to terne coated (Lead and Tin) sheets with reference to Base Box sizes (14 x 20)
plate-steckel mill	Bar Mill
ferrochrome	An alloy of iron and chromium with up to 72% chromium
strength	Properties related to the ability of steel to oppose applied forces
bronze	An alloy of copper and tin.
shear crack	A diagonal, transgranular track caused by shear stresses.
roll threading	A typical style of forming threads on fasteners
ac1	The temperature at which austenite begins to form during heating.
medium-carbon steel	Contains from 0.30% to 0.60% carbon and less than 1.00% manganese
mtu	Short for metric ton unit
galvannealed	An extra tight coat of galvanizing metal (zinc) applied to a soft steel sheet, after which the sheet is passed through an oven at about 1200 degrees F
ew	Electric Weld
wetting agent	Surface-active agent which by reducing surface tension of the wetting liquid causes a material to be wetted more easily.
sulfur	(Chemical Symbol S) - Nonmetal occurring most commonly as a pale yellow, brittle solid
wire rod	Produced by hot rolling billet
ask	A sales price placed by a market participant willing to trade.
fob pricing	Free on Board Pricing
profilometer	An instrument used for measuring surface finish
stress corrosion cracking	Slow growth of cracks in stainless steel caused by the combined effect of mechanical stress and exposure to a corrosive environment.
brownfield expansion	A “Brownfield” contrasts to a “Greenfield” (or a facility new from the ground up)
seams	Open, broken surface running in lines parallel to the rolling direction caused by subsurface inclusions or oxidized ingot/slab cracks.
stainless steel	By definition this type of alloys contain at least 10.50% chromium, with or without other elements
quench cracking	Cracking resulting from stresses produced during the austenite to martensite transformation during heat treating (quench and tempering)
nickel	An alloying element used as a raw material for certain classes of stainless steel
cold forming	Any mechanical operation that creates permanent deformation, such as bending, rolling, drawing, etc
reduction of area	The difference between the original cross-section area of a tensile specimen and that of the smallest area at the point of rupture
ultrasonic	An electronic method of non destructive testing utilizing sound waves.
converter	In steelmaking, the vessel in which iron from the blast furnace is refined by oxygen treatment.
survey	Measurements, inspections, or observations intended to discover and identify events or conditions that indicate a departure from normal operation of the pipeline.
box annealing	A process of annealing a ferrous alloy in a suitable closed metal container, with or without packing materials, in order to minimize oxidation
total utility costs	Total direct and indirect utility costs
salt spray test	An accelerated corrosion test in which the metal specimens are exposed to a fine mist of salt water solution either continuously or intermittently.
twist	A winding departure from flatness.
microstructure	The structure of a prepared surface of a metal as revealed by a microscope at a magnification greater than ten diameters.
good till cancelled	An order placed with a broker to buy or sell at a fixed price, valid until executed.
finish coat	The topcoat or exposed prime side paint film.
thin plate	Steel plate with a thickness that is less or equal to 5.00mm and no larger than 0.30mm
transformation temperature	The temperature at which transformation occurs
leveling	Flattening rolled metal sheet or strip
drill pipe	Pipe used in the drilling of an oil or gas well. Drill pipe is the conduit between the wellhead motor and the drill bit. Drilling mud is pumped down the center of the pipe during drilling, to lubricate the drill bit and transmit the drilled core to the surface. Because of the high stress, torque and temperature associated with well drilling, drill pipe is a seamless product.
wire	A long product that is from 0.030 inch (0.76 mm) to ¼ inch (6.35 mm) in diameter, in round, square, octagonal, or hexagonal cross-sections.
drl	Double Random Length (35' minimum average or as defined in specifications)
shot peening	Stressing the surface of a material by hitting it with a selected medium
lead-time	Delivery time for an item of inventory to be moved from a source location to a destination via a specific route
worms	(See Stretcher Strains)
fiber or fibre	Direction in which metals have been caused to flow, as by rolling, with microscopic evidence in the form of fibrous appearance in the direction of flow.
pipe	Used to transport fluids or gases
recrystallization	The reversion of distorted cold worked microstructure to a new, strain-free structure during annealing.
operating rates	The ratio of raw steel production to the mill's stated capacity
ragged edges	Edges of sheet or strip which are torn, split, cracked, ragged or burred or otherwise disfigured.
psi	pounds per square inch
monel	Invented by the International Nickel Co., and composed basically to two-thirds nickel, one-third copper
bales	Term associated with banded lifts of pipe
galvanizing	The process of protecting steel against corrosion by coating it with zinc
pickling line	Annealing Line
ladle analysis	A term applied to the chemical analysis representative or in layers, as reported by the producer
soft skin rolled temper	(No.4 Temper) - In low carbon-rolled strip steel, soft and ductile
roller leveling	Leveling by passing flat stock through a machine having a series of small-diameter staggered rolls.
ls	limited service - pipe not meeting specification, usually rejected at the mill
strip steel	(Cold Rolled) - A flat cold rolled steel product (Other than Flat Wire) 23 15/16 and narrower; under .250 in thickness, which has been cold reduced to desired decimal thickness and temper on single stand, single stand reversing, or tandem cold mills in coil form from coiled hot rolled pickled strip steel.
b.t.u.	British Thermal Unit
magnetic separation	(i) Where ores contain magnetically attractive metals, concentration may be effected dry with magnets and conveyor belts
shell molding	Forming a mold from thermosetting resin-bonded sand mixtures brought in contact with pregeated (300 to 500 (degrees) F) metal patterns, resulting in a firm shell with a cavity corresponding to the outline of the pattern
preheating	A term used to describe heating applied as a preliminary to some further thermal or mechanical treatment.
patent leveling	(See Stretcher Leveling)
ductility	The ability of a fastener, screw, bolt to deform before breaking
bar mill	Rod Mill
creep	The flow or plastic deformation of metals held for long periods of time at stresses lower than the normal yield strength
ar1	The temperature at which transformation of austenite to ferrite or to ferrite plus cementite is completed during cooling.
hydrogen embrittlement	(1) Brittleness of metal, resulting from the occlusion of hydrogen (usually as a by-product of pickling or by co-deposition in electroplating)
oxide	Compound of oxygen with another element.
transaction	A single trade
initial margin	The minimum amount of margin that a buyer or seller must place with the clearing house when a futures market position is opened
chromium	Chromium is a hard, malleable, glossy, gray, chemical element with an atomic weight of 24
heavy structural shapes	A general term given to rolled flanged sections that have at least one dimension of their cross sections three inches or greater
argon-oxygen decarburization	A process of further reducing the carbon content of stainless steel during refinement
grid	Matrix of an electrical distribution system.
toughness	The ability of a material to withstand sudden impacts
compound	Allows the cutting of internal and external part features on a single press stroke.
construction manager	a person who coordinates the entire construction process -- from initial planning and foundation work through the structure's completion
strength	The ability of metal to resist forces that attempt to break or deform it
grain size	A measure of the size of individual metallic crystals usually expressed as an average
drifted	Attaining a certain minimum I.D
scab	(Scabby) - A blemish caused on a casting by eruption of gas from the mold face or by uneven mold surface or occurring where the skin from a blowhole has partly burned away and is not welded.
finmet	The process reduces iron ore fines with gas in a descending series of fluidized bed reactors
cold reduction	What?
finish	In the steel industry, refers to the type of surface condition desired or existing in the finished product.
pellets	(See Agglomerating Processes)
broach	usually refers to a manufacturing style of using sharp edges to cut material and push it away
draught	The depth of water necessary for a vessel to float without fouling the bottom.
hot isostatic pressing	Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) takes various forms:
skin milling 3	Grinds the top and/or bottom of a large aluminum plate into close tolerance.
solvent cleaning	Removal of contaminants in material with a solvent
grain refinement	Reducing the crystalline of grain structure by heat treating, or by a combination of heat treating and mechanical working.
drawn-over-mandrel	A procedure for producing specialty tubing using a drawbench to pull tubing through a die and over a mandrel, giving excellent control over the inside diameter and wall thickness. Advantages of this technique are its inside and outside surface quality and gauge tolerance. Major markets include automotive applications and hydraulic cylinders.
corex®	What?
etalon	a specialist term used in calibration for a measuring instrument, a measurement standard or a material measure
vickers hardness	Standard method for measuring the hardness of metals, particularly those with extremely hard surfaces: the surface is subjected to a standard pressure for a standard length of time by means of a pyramid-shaped diamond
black	Term associated with pipe surface
ladle	A "bucket" lined with refractory (heat resistant) bricks, used to transport molten steel from process to process in a steel plant.
open hearth furnace	A reverberatory melting furnace with a shallow hearth and a low roof
chamfer	A beveled surface to eliminate an otherwise sharp corner.
half hard temper	(A) No
load profile	Information on a customer's usage over a period of time, sometimes shown as a graph
fatigue limit	See "Endurance Limit."
esr	Electro slag refined
notch sensitivity	A measure of the reduction in strength of a metal caused by the presence of stress concentration.
steel service center inventories	End-of-period material stocks reported by the Metals Service Center Institute (MSCI).
solid solution	A solid crystalline phase containing two or more chemical species in concentrations that may vary between limits imposed by phase equilibrium.
creep strength	(1) The constant nominal stress that will cause a specified quantity of creep in a given time at constant temperature
machinability	The ease of metal removal during machining, the tool life obtained, the surface finish obtained or any combination of these three.
mini–mills	Mills that melt scrap metal into commodity products
blds	Bundles - practice of packaging pipe from NPS 1/8 to NPS 1-1/2
suspension	Mixture of substances consisting of a liquid and the fine particles of solid substances suspended in it
tandem cold mill	Coupled pickling line and tandem cold mill
introducing broker	A broker which establishes a direct relationship with a client, but delegates some operations and trade execution to another broker or firm.
dead soft temper	(No
cigarette knife steel	Hardened, tempered and bright polished, 1.25 Carbon content- Chromium .15
aisi	Abbreviation for the American Iron and Steel Institute,
banded structure	A characteristic microstructure consisting of parallel bands of ferrite and perlite which run in the direction of working.
shot blasting	Cleaning surface of metal by air blast, using metal as a result of solidification shrinkage and the progressive freezing of metal towards the center.
ton - gross ton	2,240 pounds
why?	Sulfur enters the steel from the coke in the blast furnace smelting operation, and there is little the steelmaker can do to reduce its presence. Because excess sulfur in the steel impedes its welding and forming characteristics, the mill must add this step to the steelmaking process.
hot metal	The name for the molten iron produced in a blast furnace
blanking	An early step in preparing flat-rolled steel for use by an end user
nitriding	Introducing nitrogen into a solid ferrous alloy by holding at a suitable temperature (below Ac1 for ferritic steels) in contact with a nitrogenous material, usually ammonia of molten cyanide of appropriate composition
warrant	Bearer document
months of inventory	Ratio of the end-of-period inventory to average monthly level of sales for the period.
flash-in tubing	See Electric Resistance Welded Tubing.
soaking pit	A furnace or pit for the heating of ingots of steel to make their temperature uniform prior to rolling or forging.
sc	Square cut plain end pipe.
chemical analysis	A report of the chemical composition of the elements, and their percentage that form a stainless steel product.
registry printing	Printing successive colors or figures in a precise pattern and with exact superposition.
laser cutting	An operation that uses a laser to cut parts from sheet metal. Typically laser cutting is used for short run, lower production numbers or prototype pieces.
ductility	Ability of steel to undergo permanent changes in shape without fracture at room temperature.
beam	a rigid, usually horizontal, structural element
sulfur	A nonmetal element that is frequently found as a contaminant in steel
eurometal	Organisation representing European steel, tube and metal distributors as well as European flat steel service centres.
energy resources	Everything that could be used by society as a source of energy.
non-metalic inclusions	Impurities (commonly oxides), sulphides, silicates or similar substances held in metals mechanically during solidification or formed by reactions in the solid state.
r & d	Reamed and Drifted
fretting corrosion	Deterioration at the interface of two contacting surfaces under load that is accelerated by their relative motion.
shore hardness	(See Scleroscope Hardness)
slab	The most common type of semi-finished steel
hydrostatic testing	High pressure water test to predetermine pressures as required by specifications.
shear strength	Measured by push or pull against the side of a bolt, fastener, until the fastener breaks
coating 1	The process of covering steel with another material (tin, chrome, and zinc), primarily for corrosion resistance.
cold shut	An area in metal where two portions of the metal in either a motlen or plastic condition have come together but have failed to unite into a integral mass.
teeming	Pouring steel from the ladle to the molds.
smle	Seamless - pipe without a seam or weld in the circumference.
induction hardening	A process of hardening a ferrous alloy by heating it above the transformation range by means of electrical induction, and then cooling as required.
powder metals	A fabricating technique where fine metallic powder is compacted and heated under high pressure to solidify the material
random lengths	Lengths that can be specified, but, if random lengths are permitted, cutters have a spread from 2 to 5 feet, depending on ordered length and size.
maraging steels	Nickel-containing steels which attain their highest strength by heat treatment followed by ageing for several hours at lower temperature.
stress relieving	A process of reducing residual stresses in a metal object by heating the object to a suitable temperature and holding for a sufficient time
flux	The (scalar) number of flux lines crossing a unit area at right angles to the unit area
utility	A company or other organization that provides a public service, such as supplying electricity, natural gas, or water.
monopoly	The only seller with control over market sales.
mf	The temperature, during cooling, at which transformation of austenite to martensite is substantially completed.
filter	a device for capturing and removing mechanical and liquid impurities in gas
lng	Liquified Natural Gas
performance based ratemaking	Regulated rates based on performances objectives, not actual costs.
iron	A magnetic metal characterized by its high tensile strength, ductility and malleability.
vacuum oxygen decarburization	What?
why?	Most unionized companies cannot unilaterally reduce their employment levels to cut costs, so management must rely on attrition to provide openings that it, in turn, does not fill. Because the median ages of work forces at the integrated mills may be more than 50, an increasing number of retirements may provide these companies with added flexibility to improve their competitiveness.
sinkhead or hot top	A reservoir insulated to retain heat and to hold excess molten metal on top of an ingot mold in order to feed the shrinkage of the ingot
oxide	A compound consisting of oxygen and one or more metallic elements.
refinement of structure	See "Grain Refinement."
sintering	A process that combines iron-bearing particles, once recovered from environmental control filters, into small pellets
trimming	Cuts away excess or unwanted irregular features from a part and is usually the last operation formed.
macroscopic	Visible either with the naked eye or under low magnification (as great as about 10 diameters).
briggs standard	A standard of thread dimensions
corrosion	The gradual degradation or alteration of metal caused by atmosphere, moisture, or other agents.
delta iron	Allotropic modification of iron, stable above 2552°F
alacero	Latin American steel industry association.
tantalum	An exotic alloy having high corrosion resistance; used for medical implants, chemical process equipment, and aerospace engine components.
finish machine size	Normally specified in terms of the maximum machined OD and the minimum machined ID as applied to tubular parts
differences	Electrogalvanizing equipment is more expensive to build and to operate than hot dipped, but it gives the steelmaker more precise control over the weight of the zinc coating
forging stresses	Stresses resulting from forging or from cooling from the forging temperature.
wedge	A steel thickness profile wherein one edge is thicker than the center, which is thicker than the other edge.
curling	Forms the material at the edge of a workpiece into a circular shape or hollow ring.
modulus of elasticity	The ratio of stress applied to a material and the resulting strain occurring at the stresses below the elastic limit.
embossing	Raising a design in relief against a surface.
acid brittleness	Commonly attributed to the absorption of hydrogen, this is the brittleness induced steel when it is pickled in diluted solution of acid for the purpose of removing scale, or upon electroplating.
laminations	Defects resulting from the presence of blisters, seams or foreign inclusions aligned parallel to the worked surface of a metal.
notch brittleness	Susceptibility of a material to brittleness in areas containing a groove, scratch, sharp fillet or notch.
decarburization	The removal of carbon from the outer surface of iron or steel, usually by heating in an oxidizing or reducing atmosphere.
fossil fuels	mineral resources formed in ancient times by the decomposition of dead plants and animals in the absence of air
turning	Turning is a machining process, which can be carried out manually or by an automated CNC lathe
galv	Galvanizing - coating pipe with a protective coating of zinc.
carbon electrode	A non-filler metal electrode used in arc welding and cutting, consisting of a carbon or graphite rod, which may be coated with copper or other materials.
psi	Pounds per Square Inch
mold	A form of cavity onto which molten metal is poured to produce a desired shape.
ex-warehouse	Goods sold ex-warehouse are usually placed on the truck, wagon or barge of the buyer.
work harden	An increased level of hardness caused by cold forming fasteners.
alloying elements	Chemical elements, such as nickel, chromium, copper or others, added to improve properties of a finished product.
passivation layer	A passivation layer is an invisible, adamantine, non-reactive film that forms on the surface of steel and other materials in a caustic environment
t & c	Threaded and Coupled
sheet metal	Flat metal stock typically with a thickness from ¼ (.25) inch to 1/64 (.01562) inch.
coke	Coke is the basic fuel consumed in blast furnaces in the smelting of iron
dead soft steel	A steel normally made in the basic open-hearth furnace or by the basic oxygen process with carbon less than 0.10% and manganese in the 0.20%-0.50% range and which is completely annealed.
stress-corrosion cracking	Failure by cracking under combined action of corrosion and stress, either external (applied) or internal (residual)
macroscopic	Visible either with the naked eye or under low magnification (as great as about ten diameters).
tube round	Billet
chamfer	(1) A beveled surface to eliminate an otherwise sharp corner
block trade	A pre-arranged large trade of one contract to be executed, usually during a designated trading time period
carbide	A compound consisting of carbon and other elements.
cats	Community Assistance and Technical Services
blk	Black - Term used when O.D
busheling	Scrap consisting of sheet clips and stampings from metal production. This term arose from the practice of collecting the material in bushel baskets through World War II.
plasticity	The ability of a metal to be deformed extensively without rupture.
full hard	Cold rolled steel (or other metal) that has not been annealed.
capacity charge	An assessment on the amount of capacity being purchased.
cwt	hundred weight. Often used in handling or trucking pricing, i.e
forging	A process of shaping or forming steel by using compressive forces such as hammering, upsetting, rolling or pressing.
octg	includes casing, drill pipe and oil well tubing, which, depending on their use, may be formed through welded or seamless processes.
full annealing	A softening process in which a ferrous alloy is heated to a temperature above the transformation range and, after being held for a sufficient time at this temperature, is cooled slowly to a temperature below the transformation range
resolution	The capacity of an optical or radiation system to separate closely spaced forms or entities; also, the degree to which such forms or entities can be discriminated.
acid lining	The inner bottom and lining of a metling furnace composed of materials having an acid reaction if in contact with a molten slag (sand, silicous rock, or silica bricks).
c.d.	Cold Drawn - Drawing pipe or tubing through a die to reduce diameter and wall, to obtain closer tolerances, a better finish or higher physical properties.
quenching	Cooling rapidly by immersion in oil, water, etc.
api	American Petroleum Institute - issues standards for oil & gas industry
solar energy	Energy from the sun.
killed steel	Steel deoxidized to such a level that essentially no reaction occurred between carbon and oxygen during solidification.
poisson's ratio	The absolute value of the ratio of the transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain, in a body subjected to uniaxial stress; usually applied to elastic conditions.
flat products	Types of rolled products that have smooth surfaces and are available in a range of dimensions and a variety of thicknesses
sorbitic pearlite	Structure of steel resulting, on cooling under the proper conditions, from the decomposition of austenite; has a fine, lamellar appearance.
billet	A semi-finish rolled ingot of rectangular cross section or nearly so, In general the term "billet" is used when the cross section ranges from 4 up to 36 sq
hydrogen	A colorless, odorless gas that is the simplest and most common element in the universe.
holder	The purchaser of an option
tin plating	Electroplating metal objects with tin; the object to be coated is made cathode (negative electrode) in an electrolytic bath containing a decomposable tin salt.
stamping	A term used to refer to various press forming operations in coining, embossing, blanking, and pressing.
rolling mills	Equipment used for rolling down metal to a smaller size or to a given shape employing sets of rolls tie contours of which determine or fashion the product into numerous intermediate and final shapes.
cif	Cost insurance and freight
yield	The ratio of the amount of product compared with the amount of material input to a process or group of processes.
black pipe	Denotes a lacquered outside diameter (OD) finish as opposed to bare or galvanized.
overbought/oversold	A market analyst's opinion that the market has moved further or faster than justified by all the known factors.
killed steel	Steel deoxidized with a strong deoxidizing agent, such as silicon or aluminium, to reduce the oxygen content to such a level that no reaction occurs between carbon and oxygen during solidification.
strain	Deformation produced on a body by an outside force.
standard deviation	A statistical measure which compares variations in the values of a time series with the mean or average value, taking account of the number of observations in the series
cross rolling	The rolling of sheet so that the direction of rolling is changed about 90° from the direction of the previous rolling.
fee	Sum of money paid for each transaction, either to an exchange or to a broker.
galling	When two screws/fasteners stick together and cannot be easily loosened
network structure	A structure in which the crystals of one constituent are surrounded by envelopes of another constituent which gives a network.
wedge	A hardwood stick used as a forming tool in spinning.
cross direction	(In rolled or drawn metal) The direction parallel to the axis of the rolls during rolling
ironworks	Plant smelting or direct-reducing iron ore to produce pig iron
site energy	The energy consumed at a building location or other end-use site.
interstitial free steel	A recently developed sheet steel product with very low carbon levels that is used primarily in automotive deep-drawing applications
powder metallurgy	The art of producing metal powders and of utilizing metal powders for the production of massive materials and shaped objects.
sae	Society of Automotive Engineers; this organization has specified common and alloy steels and copper base alloys in accordance with a numerical index system allowing approximation of the composition of the metal.
tolerance	Permissible variation.
cut-to-length	Process to uncoil sections of flat-rolled steel and cut them into a desired length
ce	Carbon Equivalent
average wall	See dimensions
reduction of area	A measure of ductility determined in a tensile test
grade	Designates divisions within different types based on carbon contents or mechanical properties; for example, "high-tensile grade structural steel"
aluminium rolling mills	Hot Mill Alu
impact testing	There are several methods of determining the toughness of a steel, but the Izod and Charpy notched-bar tests are used quite widely
segregation	In an alloy object, concentration of alloying elements at specific regions, usually as a result of the primary crystallization of one phase with the subsequent concentration of other elements in the remaining liquid
production costing	A method used to determine the most economical way to operate a given system of power resources under given load conditions.
interruptible loads	Loads that can be interrupted in the event of capacity or energy deficiencies on the supplying system.
flexibility	The degree to which a paint film can withstand deformation without significant change in color and appearance
sintering	A process in which fine materials (typically iron ore fines and coke breeze) are combined into a porous mass that can be used in the blast furnace
vertical-axis wind turbine	A type of wind turbine in which the axis of rotation is perpendicular to the wind stream and the ground.
mini mill	A small non-integrated or semi-integrated steel plant, generally based on electric arc furnace steelmaking
hot quenching	A process of quenching in a medium at a temperature substantially higher than atmospheric temperature.
spot	Physical market supplies, immediately available at a named location.
lgth	Length
tumbling	Cleaning articles by rotating them in a cylinder with cleaning materials.
circored®	WHAT A gas-based process developed by Lurgi Metallurgie in Germany to produce DRI or HBI (see Direct Reduced Iron and Hot Briquetted Iron).HOW The two-stage method yields fines with a 93% iron content
titanium	A ductile and malleable white metal that is used in aviation and aerospace because of its high strength
cupola	A smaller melting furnace, typically used by a foundry to melt iron or scrap.
welded tube	(i)Small-diameter tube roll-formed from strip and longitudinally welded
attrition	What?
lw.	Lap Weld - Old method of producing pipe 5 inch diameter and over
side cam	Transforms vertical motion from the press ram into horizontal or angular motion.
substrate	The layer of metal underlying a coating, regardless of whether the layer is base metal.
galvanised steel	Steel that is coated with a thin layer of zinc for protection
sterling silver	A silver alloy containing at least 95.2% Ag, the remainder being unspecified but usually copper.
non-ferrous metals	Metals or alloys that are free of iron or comparatively so.
strain hardening	An increase in hardness and strength caused by plastic deformation at temperatures lower than the recrystallization range.
free machine	A term used to describe a metal which may be machined at relatively high speed without the development of excessive heat and from which the chips will break off easily leaving a smooth surface.
casing	Casing is the structural retainer for the walls of oil and gas wells and accounts for 75% (by weight) of OCTG shipments
yield point	In mild or medium-carbon steel
magnetism	300 series stainless is non-magnetic in its raw material form
tensile elongation	The ultimate elongation of an engineering material is the percentage increase in length that occurs before it breaks under tension
blue brittleness	Reduced ductility occurring as a result of strain aging, when certain ferrous alloys are worked between 150 and 370°C
mn	Manganese
magnetite	The oxide or iron of intermediate valence, which has a composition close to the stoichiometric composition Fe3O4.
killed steel	The term killed indicates that the steel has been sufficiently deoxidized to quiet the molten metal when poured into the ingot mold
charge	The act of loading material into a vessel
tungsten carbide	Compound of tungsten and carbon, of composition varying between WC and W2C; imbedded in matrix of soft metal, such as cobalt, extensively used for Sintered Carbide Tools.
finished steel	Steel that is ready for the market without further work or treatment
plant upgrades	Maintenance Services
hot forming	Hot forming operations are used widely in the fabrication of stainless steel to take advantage of their lower resistance to shape change
iso	International Organization for Standardization.
polishing	Producing a specularly reflecting surface.
fabricate	To work a material into a finished state by machining, forming, or joining.
network structure	A structure in which the crystals of one constituent are partially or entirely surrounded by envelopes of another constituent, an arrangement that gives a network appearance to a polished and etched specimen.
pickling	The removal of the oxide film from the surface of a metal by chemical means
alloy	Two or more chemical elements, of which one at least is metal.
wire rope	Wire strand twisted together forms wire rope.
cathodic protection	Methods of increasing the corrosion resistance of the surface, over a wider range of conditions, for example on Type 316 stainless steel in some seawater applications
chemical treatment	An aqueous solution of corrosion-inhibiting chemicals, typically chromates or chromate/phosphate.
austenitic steel	Steel which, due to the presence of alloying elements like manganese, nickel or chromium, shows stability of austenite at normal temperatures.
voluntary restraint agreements	A compromise reached between the U.S
grip/grip length	The unthreaded portion of a fastener
t&c	threaded and coupled. Male (pin) threads are cut into the pipe and a coupling provides female threads for both lengths being joined
why?	Domestic supplies of iron-rich ores (greater than 50% iron) were largely depleted in the 1940s, so integrated steel companies now process the lower grade taconite to make it useful.
hot working	Plastic deformation of metal at such a temperature and rate that strain hardening does not occur
nas	National Aerospace Standards
hydrogen-induced cracking	Stepwise internal cracks that connect adjacent hydrogen blisters on different planes in the metal, or to the metal surface.
endurance limit	Maximum dynamic stress to which material may be submitted for an infinite number of times without causing fatigue failure.
telescoping	Transverse slipping of successive layers of a coil so that the edge of the coil is irregular rather than flat.
neutron	A basic particle in an atom's nucleus that has a neutral electrical charge.
carbon	An element on the periodic table that is present in nearly all ferrous alloys and has tremendous effect on the properties of the resultant metal.
eddy current	Non-destructive testing method using eddy current flow for the purpose of recognizing a discontinuity in the piece being tested.
matching	The process of allocating a buyer and a seller to a particular trade.
drawing	Similar to forming with more severe plastic deformation in the material.
isri	Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries
xhy	extra heavy - pipe about 50% thicker than standard (=sch
offer	The price the seller asks for the commodity on offer
blast furnace	A towering cylinder lined with heat-resistant (refractory) bricks used by integrated steel mills to smelt iron from its ore
investment casting	1) Casting metal into a mold produced by surrounding (investing) an expendable pattern with a refractory slurry that sets at room temperature after which the wax, plastic, or frozed mercury pattern is removed through the use of heat
bright annealing	An annealing process done in a protective atmosphere to prevent surface tarnish or oxidation
i-beams	Structural sections on which the flanges are tapered and are typically not as long as the flanges on wide-flange beams
n.b.s.	National Bureau of Standards
network structure	A structure in which the crystals of one constituent are surrounded by envelopes of another constituent which gives a network appearance to an etched test specimen.
hot dip	In steel mill practice, a process whereby ferrous alloy base metals are dipped into molten metal, usually zinc, tin or terne, for the purpose of fixing a rust resistant coating.
borescope	An optical device used for inspecting under low magnification the inside surface of tubes.
daf	Delivered at frontier.
precipitation heat treatment	Any of the various aging treatments conducted at elevated temperature to improve certain of the mechanical properties through precipitation from solid solution.
luster finish	Refer to Finish.
primer coat	The base coat of paint in a typical two-coat system
rolling direction	The direction, in the plane of the sheet, perpendicular to the axes of the rolls during rolling.
young's modulus	The coefficient of elasticity of stretching
i.d.	Inside Diameter. See OD
electrocleaning	(Electrolytic Brightening) - An anodic treatment
spinning	The procedure of making sheet metal discs into hollow shapes by pressing the metal against a rotating form (spinning chuck) by a tool.
heat	A batch of refined steel
discard	See "Crop."
light metals	Metal and alloys that have a low specific gravity, such as beryllium, magnesium and aluminum.
spheroidizing	Any process of prolonged heating and slow cooling of steel which will convert the carbide content into rounded or spheroid form.
awwa	American Water Works Association
flame annealing	A process of softening a metal by the application of heat from a high temperature flame.
std	Standard - Same as Sch
iron carbide	One of several substitutes for high-quality, low-residual scrap for use in electric furnace steelmaking
solution heat treatment	Heating a metal to a high temperature and maintaining it long enough for one or more constituents to enter the solid solution
why?	BOFs, which can refine a heat (batch) of steel in less than 45 minutes, replaced open-hearth furnaces in the 1950s; the latter required five to six hours to process the metal. The BOF's rapid operation, lower cost, and ease of control give it a distinct advantage over previous methods.
nitriding	A process of case hardening in which a ferrous alloy, usually of special composition, is heated in an atmosphere of cracked ammonia or in contact with nitrogenous material to produce surface hardening without quenching by the absorption of nitrogen
aluminum rolling	Processing Line
strip finishing line	Stainless Line
plating	A thin coating of metal laid on another metal.
transformation temperature	The temperature at which a change in phase occurs in steels
binder	The boring agent in ceramic slurry or sand.
stretching	The operation where the blank is stretched around the punch with no metal flow over the draw ring
bilateral agreement	A written statement signed by two parties that specifies the terms for exchanging energy.
heat treatment	Altering the properties of a metal by subjecting it to a sequence of temperature changes, time of retention at specific temperature and rate of cooling therefrom being as important as the temperature itself
pearlite	Lamellar structure resembling mother of pearl
satin finish	(See Scratch Brushed Finish)
xxhy	double extra heavy - twice as thick as xhy for 1/2-6"
reducing agent	Either natural gas or coal can be used to remove the oxygen from iron ore in order to produce a scrap substitute
coke oven battery	A set of ovens that process coal into coke. Coke ovens are constructed in batteries of ten to 100 ovens that are 20 feet tall, 40 feet long, and less than two feet wide. Coke batteries, because of the exhaust fumes emitted when coke is pushed from the ovens, often are the dirtiest area of a steel mill complex.
ripple	(Defect) - A slight transverse wave or shadow mark appearing at intervals along the piece.
micro-etch	Micro-etching is used for the examination of a sample under a microscope
work hardenging	Increase in resistant to deformation (i.e
reciprocal lattice	(For a crystal) - A group of points arranged about a center in such a way that the line joining each point to the center is perpendicular to a family of planes in the crystal, and the length of this line is inversely proportional to their interplanar distance.
maraging	A process of improving the mechanical strength of certain ferrous alloys
ultrasonic	Nondestructive testing method of detecting, locating, and measuring both surface and subsurface defects in metals using high-frequency sound.
piercing	Used to pierce holes in stampings.
smls.	seamless - pipe with no weld in the circumference
yellow brass	65% copper and 35% zinc
billet	Billet is a semi-finished steel product with a square cross section up to 155mm x 155mm
yield	(i) A measure of efficiency of a process stage or complete production chain, often expressed as a percentage
lancing	The workpiece is sheared and bent with a single press stroke.
vibrated wound	(See Oscillated Wound Coils)
active	The surface has lost its ability to resist corrosion (the passive state) under the prevailing conditions
ultrasonic frequency	A frequency, associated with elastic waves, that is greater than the highest audible frequency, generally regarded as being higher than 15 kc per sec.
gasometer	(gas holder) a facility used for the collection and storage of gas, and for balancing out any differences between the quantity of gas supplied and consumed.
short ton	2,000 pounds
cold working	What?
preheating	(1) A general term used to describe heating applied as a preliminary to some further thermal or mechanical treatment
net operating loss	An income-averaging provision that allows companies with losses to either carry forward the loss up to 15 years to offset otherwise taxable future income, or carry back the NOLs up to three years to receive a refund for taxes previously paid (see FAS 109).
slip line	Trace of a slip plane on a viewing surface.
skin milling	Grinds the top and/or bottom of a large aluminum plate into close tolerance.
stamping	A term used to refer to various press forming operations (blanking, coining, embossing, etc.) or to the product of those operations.
heat treatment	What?
wavy	Not flat
fuel	A substance that can be burned to product heat.
n.t.	Net Ton - 2,000 pounds
smls	Seamless
silicon	(Chemical Symbol Si) - An extremely common element used as a deoxidizer in steelmaking.
slit edges	The edges of sheet or strip metal resulting from cutting to width by rotary slitters.
fob	free on board - used to denote where pipe is to be provided to the buyer
protector	Sleeve with threads to protect threads
coil	Both long products and flat products may be transported in coil form
baghouse[ii]	An air pollutant control device used to trap particles by filtering gas streams through large cloth or fiberglass bags.
hydrogen embrittlement	The absorption of hydrogen by a metal resulting in a loss of ductility.
camber tolerances 1	Camber is the deviation from edge straightness. Maximum allowable tolerance of this deviation of a side edge from a straight line are defined in ASTM Standards.
bending	The shaping of sheet metal at a predetermined angle. This operation compresses the interior side of the bend and stretches the exterior side.
toughness	Property of resisting fracture or distortion
proeutectoid	Particles of a phase that precipitate during cooling after austenitizing but before the eutectoid transformation takes place.
extra-spring temper	In brass mill terminology, Extra Spring is ten numbers hard or 68.55% reduction in thickness from the previous annealing or soft stage.
casting	A solidification process used for manufacturing metal shapes by the pouring of molten metal into sand or metal moulds
hydrate[i]	An aluminum oxide with three molecules of chemically combined water.
luders lines	(Steel) - Characteristic of No
tinning	Coating with tin, commonly either by immersion into molten tin or by electro-deposition; also by spraying.
pearlite	A relatively hard constituent of steel made up of alternate layers of ferrite (iron)
corrosion rate	The rate at which an object corrodes
short	Brittle.
straightness	Measure of adherence to or deviation from a straight line, normally expressed as sweep or camber, according to the plane.
kind band	In polycrystalline materials, a volume of crystal that has rotated physically to accommodate differential deformation between adjoining parts of a grain while the band itself has deformed homogeneously
fretting corrosion	Deterioration at the interface of two contacting surfaces
isothermal anneal	See heat treatment.
grain boundary	Bounding surface between crystals
dendrite	A crystal formed during solidification having many branches and a tree-like pattern; also termed "pine tree" and "fir tree" crystals.
forging	A metal part worked to predetermined shape by one or more processes such as hammering, pressing, or rolling.
o.d.	Outside Diameter.
hardenability	(Of Steel) The ability of a steel to harden with cooled form its hardening temperature as measured by its surface hardness and by the depth of hardening below the surface.
seam annealed	Heating a weld seam to a temperature slightly below the point at which grain structure is affected, thereby reducing weld hardness without changing the grain structure.
wild steel	Steel which has not been completely deoxidized and reacts violently after casting due to liberation of gases of cooling.
modulus of elasticity	(Tension) - Force which would be required to stretch a substance to double its normal length, on the assumption that it would remain perfectly elastic, i.e., obey Hookes Law throughout the test
environmental cracking	Cracking and corroding of a normally ductile material due to environmental conditions
case hardening	Generic term covering any of several processes applicable to steel that change the chemical composition or microstructure, or both, of the surface layer.
slitting	Cutting sheet or strip metal to width by rotary slitters.
etching	In metallography, the process of revealing structural details by the preferential attack of reagents on a metal surface.
trade case	A type of lawsuit filed by U.S
coils	Metal sheet that has been wound
bloom caster	Beam Blank Caster
casting[iv]	The process of pouring molten metal into a mould so that the cooled, solid metal retains the shape of the mould.
brass	A copper-zinc alloy yellow in color; known as ”High Brass” or “Two-to-One Brass.”
press brake	A special type of machine press that bends sheet metal into shape. Normally they have an open frame and narrow bed.
out-of-round	Deviation of cross section of a round bar from a true circle: normally measured as difference between maximum and mini-mum diameters at the same cross section of the bar.
forging	Forming a hot or cold metal into a predetermined fixed shape by hammering, upsetting, rolling or pressing.
commercial bronze	A copper-zinc alloy containing 90% copper and 10% zinc; commonly used for screws, wire and hardware.
immersed scanning	In ultrasonics, a planned, systematic movement of the beam relative to the object being inspected, the search unit being coupled to this object through a column of liquid
impact values	Resistance to shock and ability to distribute localized stress as measured by impact test-usually expressed in foot-pounds.
dcrm	Disc Cutter Rotation Monitoring
electric furnace	A melting furnace with a shallow hearth and a low roof in which the charge is melted and refined by an electric arc between one or more electrodes and the charged material
core wound flat wire	(See Oscillated Wound Coils)
casing	Casing is the structural retainer for the walls of oil and gas wells, and accounts for 75% (by weight) of OCTG shipments
bulb flats	Hot rolled flat products with a rounded bulbous profile on one edge
hot rolling mills	Hot-Strip Mill
metalograph	An optical instrument designed for both visual observation and photomicrography of prepared surfaces of opaque materials at magnifications ranging from about 25 to about 1500 diameters.
biomass gas	A medium Btu gas containing methane and carbon dioxide, resulting from the action of microorganisms on organic materials such as a landfill.
bloom	A semi-finished steel form whose rectangular cross section is more than eight inches
mechanical working	Plastic deformation or other physical change to which metal is subjected, by rolling, hammering, drawing, etc
obsolete scrap	Iron-bearing items such as old automobiles; household appliances; farm, office, and industrial equipment; ships and railroad cars; buildings and bridges that have completed their useful life which can be recovered from the junkyard and remelted
full annealing	Used principally on iron and steel, means heating the metal to about 100°F above the critical temperature range, followed by “soaking” and slow cooling below the critical temperature.
ansi	American National Standards Institute
lt	Loaded Trucks used in price quotation to indicate seller pays for handling
luders lines	(Characteristic of No
permanent mold	A metal mold which is used repeatedly for the production of many castings of the same form.
sliver	Loose metal piece rolled down onto the surface of the metal during the rolling operations.
capacity utilisation	The percentage ratio of plant capacity actually used to that available
cold reduction	Process of rolling cold coils through a press to make steel stronger, thinner, and smoother
compression	a pressing force that squeezes a material together
air frame tubing	This tubing is produced for aircraft structural parts
soaking	Prolonged heating of a metal at selected temperature.
lead annealing	(See Bath Annealing)
commercialization	Programs or activities that increase the value or decrease the cost of integrating new products or services into the electric sector.
gap frame/c frame	A press with a C shaped frame suspending the crown over the bed and an open portion in the front. The open front of the press offers easy access to the die set.
corrosion rate	Rate at which an object corrodes
chipping	One method of removing surface defects such as small fissures or seams from partially worked metal, If not eliminated, the defects might carry through to the finished material
chaplet	Supporting a core by inserting a mold cavity.
coefficient of thermal expansion	A physical property value representing the change in length per unit length, the change in area per unit area or the change in volume per unit volume per one degree increase in temperature.
passivation	A technique for controlling the chemically reactive condition of a metal product or the surface of a metal product to make it less reactive
skin-pass mill	Cold mill complexes
saw	submerged arc weld - a method of producing very large OD pipe
swap	A contract whereby one counterparty agrees to exchange a fixed price for a floating price, settled by the value of an underlying asset
emissions coefficient	A unique value for scaling emissions to activity data in terms of a standard rate of emissions per unit of activity (e.g., pounds of carbon dioxide emitted per Btu of fossil fuel consumed).
process annealing	Heating to a temperature below or close to the lower limit of the critical temperature range and then cooling as desired.
stainless	An alloy of carbon and iron that has a minimum chromium content of 10.5 percent
metallic coating line	Organic Coating Line
cathodic inhibitor	A chemical substance that prevents or slows a cathodic or reduction reaction.
leveling 1	The process by which a leveling machine flattens metal strip, coil, or sheets by bending it up and down over the interrupting arcs of upper and lower sets of long, slender work rolls
cast steel	Any object made by pouring molten steel into molds.
degassing process	(In steel making) - Removing gases from the molten metal by means of a vacuum process in combination with mechanical action.
residuals	Incidental or tramp elements not named in a specification
bark	Decaburized skin found just beneath the scale.
environmental engineer	an engineer who designs and operates systems to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollution in water, in the air, and on the land
stress	Deforming force to which a body is subjected or the resistance which the body offers to deformation by the force.
transformation temperature	The temperature at which a change in phase occurs
slip direction	The crystallographic direction in which translation of slip takes place.
creep limit	(1) The maximum stress that will cause less than a specified quantity of creep in a given time
deburring	A method whereby the raw slit edge of metal is removed by rolling or filing.
edge filing	A method whereby the raw or slit edges of strip metal are passed or drawn one or more times against a series of files, mounted at various angles
manifest	Ship's document listing the packages in the vessel's cargo
photovoltaic cell	A device that changes sunlight directly into electricity.
lance	A long metallic tube through which oxygen is blown into the BOS vessel under high pressure.
variation margin	A payment made on a daily basis based on the adverse price movement in a position carried by a market participant
b.w.g.	Birmingham Wire Gauge
mechanical working	Working metal through rolls, presses, hammers, etc., to change its shape, properties or structures.
silicon steel	Steel usually made in the electric furnace with about 0.50-5.0% silicon, other elements being usually kept as low as possible
work rules	The division of jobs into separate crafts and specify guidelines for work in the labor contract
deep drawing applications 1	Parts/applications that require deep drawing in their fabrication. Examples are motor shells, fenders, quarter panels, and door panels.
martempering	1) A hardening procedure in which an austenitized ferrous material is quenched into an appropriate medium at a temperature just above the Ms temperature of the material, held in the medium until the temperature is uniform through-out -but not long enough for bainite to form - and then cooled in air
carbon free	Metals and alloys which are practically free from carbon.
spangle 1	Finish achieved when zinc is allowed to "freeze" naturally on the sheet – galvanize
argon–oxygen decarburisation	A process to reduce the carbon content during refinement
crystallization	The formation of crystals by the atoms assuming definite positions in a crystal lattice
stretcher leveling	(Also termed patent leveling.) A method of making metal sheet or strip dead flat by stretching.
finishing temperature	Temperature at which hot mechanical working of metal is completed.
thixotropic	Liable to become liquid when agitated
slivers	Surface ruptures similar to skin laminations, but usually more pronounced.
rockwell hardness test	Forcing a cone - shaped diamond or hardened steel ball into the specimen being tested under standard pressure
orientation	(Crystal) - Arrangement of certain crystal axes or crystal planes in a polycrystalline aggregate with respect to a given direction or plane
sigma phase	An extremely brittle Fe-Cr phase that can form at elevated temperatures in austenitic and ferritic stainless steels.
btc	buttress threaded and coupled
cad	computer aided design
broaching	Removes material through the use of multiple cutting teeth, with each tooth cutting behind the other. A broaching die is commonly used to remove material from parts that are too thick for shaving.
scale	Oxide layer which forms on a steel surface at high temperatures
pvd/cvd	Abbreviations for physical vapour deposition and chemical vapour deposition
fair value	(i) A loose term referring to the level at which the commentator believes the market should be trading
cnc	computer numerically controlled - refers to machinery
mold	A form of cavity into which molten metal is poured to produce a desired shape.
slip	Plastic deformation by irreversible shear displacement of one part of a crystal relative to another in a definite crystallographic direction and on a definite crystallographic plane.
roll force systems	Mill stands place considerable pressure on slabs, blooms and coils to further process the material
ductility	The ability of a tube to deform plastically
cement	a binding material, or glue, that helps concrete harden
gamma iron	The form of iron stable between 1670 (degrees) F., and 2550 (degrees) F., and characterized by a face-centered cubic crysta structure.
rockwell hardness	Relative resistance of a metal to indentation by a diamond cone, as expressed in hardness scale units (A, B, C or G) See Brinell, Vickers hardness test
black pipe	denotes lacquered OD finish (as opposed to bare or galvanized)
ac4	The temperature at which austenite transforms to delta ferrite during heating.
boron	(Chemical Symbol B)- Element No
steel analysis	The chemical composition and make up of a steel specification
ingot	A form of semi-finished steel
totter	English word for an itinerant scrap buyer, a first point on the collection chain.
beading	Raising a ridge on sheet metal.
critical surface	Intended for material applied to critical exposed/painted applications where cosmetic surface imperfections are objectionable
matte finish	A dull or grit surface appearance achieved by rolling on rolls that have been roughened by mechanical, chemical, or electrical means to various degrees of surface texture.
midrex	Circular Pelletizing Technology
camber 1	1 Camber is the deviation of a side edge from a straight edge. Measurement is taken by placing a straight edge on the concave side of a sheet and measuring the distance between the sheet edge and the straight edge in the center of the arc. Camber is caused by one side being elongated more than the other.
bath annealing	Immersion in a liquid bath, such as molten lead or fused salts, held at an assigned temperature.
stainless steels	Stainless steels are distinguished from carbon steel by their chromium content (ferritic steels) and, in certain cases their nickel content (austenitic steels)
flux	An iron cleaning agent
radiography	A nondestructive method of internal examination in which metal objects are exposed to a beam of X-ray or gamma radiation
stainless steel	Steel containing 10.5% or more chromium
hot end	The section of a steelmaking complex from the furnace up to, but not including, the hot-strip mill.
wire 5	A long product that is from 0.030 inch (0.76 mm) to ¼ inch (6.35 mm) in diameter, in round, square, octagonal, or hexagonal cross-sections.
specific gravity	A numerical value representing the weight of a given substance as compared with the weight of an equal volume of water, for which the specific gravity is taken as 1.0000.
plural spray equipment	a two-component airless sprayer that regulates and maintains optimal heat levels of the base and activator before the parts are mixed and transferred through the hose to the spray gun.
what?	COREX® is a coal-based smelting process that yields hot metal or pig iron. The output can be used by integrated mills or EAF mills.
virgin metal	Metal obtained directly from ore and not used before.
frt	Freight
austenitic stainless steel	Low carbon, iron-chromium-nickel stainless alloys containing more than 16% chromium, and 4 to 22% nickel to provide an austenitic structure at normal temperatures
docket	A formal record of a Federal Energy Regulatory Commission proceeding
oxidation	In its simplest terms, oxidation means the combination of any substance with oxygen
cross direction	The direction at, right angles, to the direction of rolling or drawing.
manganese	A brittle, non-malleable metal that is used in alloys to increase hardenability and counteract the brittleness from sulfur.
space-centered	Body-centered.
minimum wall	Any wall having tolerances specified all on the plus side.
area load	The total amount of electricity being used at a given point in time by all consumers in a utility's service territory.
distribution	Refers to the reach of electronic trading platforms
martensite range	The interval between the Ms and Mf temperatures.
"true" capacity	Volume at full utilization, allowing for the maintenance of equipment and reflecting current material constraints. (Bottlenecks of supply and distribution can change over time — capacity will expand or reduce.)
open hearth furnace	A broad, shallow hearth to refine pig iron and scrap into steel
anodic protection	Polarization to a more oxidizing potential to achieve a reduced corrosion rate by the promotion of passivity.
lamination	An abnormal structure resulting in a separation or weakness aligned generally parallel to the worked surface of the metal.
specialty alloys	Metals with distinct chemical and physical properties
ferrochrome	A common material used in the production of stainless steel
whipping	A manual welding technique in which the arc or flame is oscillated backwards and forwards in the direction of travel as it progresses along the weld path.
concrete	a mixture of water, sand, small stones, and a gray powder called cement
sliver	(Defect) - Loose metal piece rolled down onto the surface of the metal during the rolling operations.
contract for difference	A contract stipulating the seller will pay to the buyer the difference between the current value of an asset and the contract value.
peak earnings	The ultimate earnings level of a company at the top of the business cycle
black annealing	A process of box annealing of sheets prior to tinning whereby a black oxide color is imparted to the surface of the product.
nickel-based superalloys	Nickel-based alloys developed for very high temperature service where relatively high stresses are encountered and where high surface stability is frequently required
cold reduction	The reduction of sectional dimensions of a tube by any of a number of types of cold-working operations.
brazing	Brazing and soldering are techniques for joining metals in the solid state by means of a fusible filler metal with a melting point well below that of the base metal.
watch main spring steel	Usually supplied cold rolled and annealed in large widths and cut and hardened by the spring manufacturers
toe	Thread One End
ferritic stainless steels	are plain chromium steels with no significant nickel content; the lack of nickel results in lower corrosion resistance than the austenitics (chromium-nickel stainless steels)
natural edge	Occurs when there is no final trimming after cold lamination.
bright annealing	A process of annealing usually carried out in a controlled furnace atmosphere so that surface oxidation is reduced to a minimum and the surface remains relatively bright.
short put	The position held by the seller of a put option
wet scrubber	In air pollution control, a liquid (usually water) spray device for collecting pollutants in escaping foundry gases.
fossil fuel	Fuel, such as oil, coal, natural gas and their by-products, formed in the earth from remains of living-cell organisms.
hydrate	An aluminum oxide with three molecules of chemically combined water.
plastic deformation	Deformation that remains, or will remain, permanent after release of the stress that caused it.
pipe threading 3	Cutting of threads around the circumference of the pipe.
lot number/lot	A way of tracking batches of fasteners
cooling stresses	Stresses developed by uneven contraction or external constraint of metal during cooling; also those stresses resulting from localized plastic deformation during cooling, and retained.
stabilizing anneal	A treatment applied to austenitic stainless steels that contain titanium or niobium
hot shortness	Brittleness in metal - at an elevated temperature.
billet	A semi-finished steel form that is used for "long" products: bars, channels or other structural shapes
coking plant	Blast Furnace
finish	The final condition of the surface after the last phase of production
chloride stress corrosion cracking	Cracking due to tensile stress and corrosion by water and chlorides
unwrought:	Not worked; see wrought metal.
rule die steel	A hardened and tempered medium high carbon spring steel strip sufficiently low in hardness to take moderately sharp bends without fracture, intended for manufacture into rule dies for the purpose of cutting or stamping fabrics, paper, cardboard, plastics, and metal foil into desired shape.
transfer price	A calculated price assigned to intermediate goods transferred between partner companies or subsidiaries
type b	Refers to sheet metal screws with a blunt point and more threads per inch then a typical type A sheet metal screw.
crystalline	Composed of crystals.
nickel pig iron	A source of nickel and iron, usually also including chrome
microstructure	The structure of polished and etched metal and alloy specimens as revealed by the microscope.
opeb expense	Other Postretirement Employment Benefits
martensite	An unstable constituent in quenched steel, formed without diffusion and only during cooling below a certain temperature known as the M 5 (or Ar") temperature
nafta	North American Free Trade Agreement
lance 4	A long metallic tube through which oxygen is blown into the BOS vessel under high pressure.
arcm	The temperature at which precipitation of cementite starts during cooling.
electrogalvanized	Zinc plating process whereby the molecules on the positively charged zinc anode attach to the negatively charged sheet steel. The thickness of the zinc coating is readily controlled
patterned or embossed sheet	A sheet product on which a raised or indented pattern has been impressed on either one or both surfaces by the use of rolls.
quenching	Rapid cooling.
press release	CPT Webpage
edge rolling	Rolling a strip of steel to smooth the edges. By removing the burr off the coil, it is safer for customers to manipulate.
true capacity	Volume at full utilization, allowing for the maintenance of equipment and reflecting current material constraints
structure	The arrangement of parts; in crystals, especially the shape and dimension of the unit cell, and the number, kinds and positions of the atoms within it.
stress-corrosion cracking	Failure by cracking under the combined action of corrosion and stress, either external (applied) or internal (residual)
bed	The main foundation and supporting structure on which the operating parts of a press are mounted and guided.
normalizing	Heating to about 100° F
fragmentiser	See shredder.
i.p.s.	Iron Pipe Size - Same as nominal size from 1/8 inch to 12 inch.
stretch straightening	A process for straightening rod, tube, and shapes by the application of tension at the ends of the stock.
stockist	A stockist holds supplies of steel products ready for sale to users
low-carbon steel	Steel with less than 0.005% carbon is more ductile (malleable): It is capable of being drawn out or rolled thin for use in automotive body applications
chemical properties	Minimum or maximum limits, normally associated with a limited number of chemical elements, are established in most ASTM and API specifications.
ex stock	Available from manufacturer's or trader's stock; immediately available.
shrinkage cavity	A void left in cast metals as a result of solidification shrinkage and the progressive freezing of metal towards the center.
tin/chrome plating	A plating process whereby the molecules from the positively charged tin or chromium anode attach to the negatively charged sheet steel
modulus of rigidity	Of a material suffering shear, the ratio of the intensity of the shear stress across the section to the shear strain, i.e., to the angle of distortion in radians; expressed on pounds or tons per square inch.
brownfield expansion	A "brownfield" contrasts to a "greenfield" (or a facility new from the ground up). A brownfield expansion means adding on to an existing facility.
type a	Typically refers to standard sheet metal screw points
zirconium	(Chemical Symbol Zr.) - Element No
oxidation	A rusted finish achieved either through the use of chemicals or exposure to the elements; finish is typically sealed when the desired color is achieved to prevent further change.
mechanical engineer	an engineer who applies the principles of mechanics and energy to the design of machines and devices
porosity	Unsoundness caused in cast metals by the presence of blowholes or shrinkage cavities.
isobar	a line on a state diagram showing an isobaric process (a process happening at constant system pressure).
doctor blade steel strip	A hardened and tempered spring steel strip, usually blued, produced from approximately .85 carbon cold rolled spring steel strip specially selected for straightness and good edges
stamping	A manufacturing method used to make washers and various parts out of sheet.
fatigue crack or failure	A fracture starting from a nucleus where there is an abnormal concentration of cyclic stress and propagating through the metal
defined benefit retirement plan	A type of pension plan whereby the employer promises to make pension payments to retired employees in specified amounts, regardless of the performance of the fund established to provide for the retirees or the amount contributed
force	any action that tends to maintain or alter the position of a structure
cwt	Hundred Weight
cold short	The characteristics of metals that are brittle at ordinary or low temperatures.
overheated	A term applied when, after exposure to an excessively high temperature, a metal develops an undesirably coarse grain structure but is not permanently damaged
premium	The cost of an option, invoiced to the holder and non-refundable, even if the holder does not exercise the option.
quenching	A process of rapid cooling from an elevated temperature by contact with liquids, gases or solids.
in process sampling	SPC – a typical production inspection technique in which an pre-determined number of random samples is pulled from the production line and dimensionally inspected or mechanically if required.
carbon	(Chemical symbol C) - Element No
mini-mills	Normally defined as steel mills that melt scrap metal to produce commodity products
chatter marks	(Defect) - Parallel indentations or marks appearing at right angles to edge of strip forming a pattern at close and regular intervals, caused by roll vibrations.
coke	Processed coal used as fuel in blast furnaces
yield strength	The tensile stress required to produce a total elongation of .5 percent of the gauge length as determined by an extensometer
corrosion potential	The potential of a corroding surface in an electrolyte relative to a reference electrode under open-circuit conditions.
rolling direction	(In rolled metal) - The direction, in the plane of the sheet, perpendicular to the axes of the rolls during rolling.
quench aging	Aging that occurs after quenching following solution heat treatment.
grain	The individual crystal units comprising the aggregate structure where the crystalline orientation does not change
terne	Sheet steel coated with a mixture of lead and tin
legacy costs	Any costs that are associated with prior operations
billet mill	See "Blooming Mill"
annuity	A series of equal cash flows over a number of years.
recrystallization	A process whereby the distorted grain structure of cold worked metals is replaced by a new, strain-free grain structure during annealing above a specific minimum temperature.
wll	Work Load Limit, this is the recommended weight limit for safe use of a product.
chipping	A method for removing seams and other surface defects with chisel or gouge so that such defects will not be worked into the finished product
extrusion	Shaping metal into a chosen continuous form by forcing it through a die of appropriate shape.
global warming potential	An index used to compare the relative radiative forcing of different gases without directly calculating the changes in atmospheric concentrations
ms	The temperature at which transformation of austenite to martensite starts during cooling.
member	An entity that is approved by the relevant regulator to operate on an exchange, particularly on behalf of others as a broker
youngs modulus	The coefficient of elasticity of stretching
rollover	Reinvesting funds from a mature contract into a new issue of the same or similar contract.
charge	The material that is loaded into an electric furnace that will melt into a composition that will produce a stainless molten product
present worth factor	The adjustment factor that discounts a sum of future dollars back to the current year.
bearing quality steels	Steels suitable for use in balls, rollers and races of high quality anti-friction bearings.
ironing	Thinning the walls of deep drawn articles by reducing the clearance between punch and die.
xhy	Extra Heavy pipe about 50% thicker than standard (=sch
nickel silver	Copper base alloys that contain 10-45% Zn
normal segregation	Concentration of alloying constituents that have low melting points, in those portions of a casting that solidify last.
long ton	2,240 pounds.
defined benefit retirement plan	A type of pension plan whereby the employer promises to make pension payments to retired employees in specified amounts, regardless of the performance of the fund
solder embrittlement	Reduction in ductility of a metal or alloy, associated with local penetration by molten solder along grain boundaries.
deep drawing	A cold forming the manufacturing process of forming sheet metal stock, called blanks, into geometrical or irregular shapes that are more than half their diameters in depth
half hard temper	In low carbon cold-rolled strip steel, produced by cold rolling to a hardness next to, but somewhat softer than, full hard temper
what?	A process for further refinement of stainless steel through reduction of carbon content.
acid steel	Steel melted in a furnace having an acid bottom and lining and under a slag with acid reaction
silver solders	Alloys of silver, copper, zinc and other metals, melting between 650 and 875°C
tempering	Quenched materials are hard and strong, but extremely brittle and of low ductility
vic-victaulic	Groove
marking	Used to identify each unique piece
yield strength	The stress at which the metal changes from elastic to plastic in behavior.
credit	The borrowing capacity of an individual or company.
pickling	What?
o/d	Outside diameter (of tube etc.).
polymorphism	The property whereby certain substances may exist in more than one crystalline form, the particular form depending on the conditions of crystallization - e.g., temperature and pressure
corrosion	Gradual chemical or electrochemical attack on a metal by atmosphere, moisture or other agents.
quench hardening	Hardening a ferrous alloy by austenitizing and then cooling rapidly enough so that some or all of the austenite transforms to martensite.
perc	Plain end roller cut
t&c	Threaded and Coupled.
quenching	Process of rapid-cooling from an elevated temperature by contact with liquids, gasses or solids.
skin	A thin surface layer that is different from the main mass of a metal object, in composition, structure or other characteristics.
toughness	Property of absorbing considerable energy before fracture; usually represented by the area under a stress-strain curve, and therefore involving both ductility and strength.
continuous annealing	Continuous mesh belt furnaces are employed for the sub-critical annealing of steel components, such as pressings and small machined parts, with section thickness of up to 1 inch
reflectivity	A term to indicate the percentage of reflected light from a painted surface
bend test	A test commonly made by bending a cold sample of specified size and through a specific circular angle
gas chromatograph	a device used for the analysis of gases, primarily in order to determine their composition
solution heat treatment	A process in which an alloy is heated to a suitable temperature, is held at this temperature long enough to allow a certain constituent to enter into solid solution and is then cooled rapidly to hold the constituent in solution.
eia	a detailed assessment of the impact of equipment and installations, e.g
what?	A pear-shaped furnace, lined with refractory bricks, that refines molten iron from the blast furnace and scrap into steel. Up to 30% of the charge into the BOF can be scrap, with hot metal accounting for the rest.
agglomerating processes	Fine particles of limestone (flux) and iron ore are difficult to handle and transport because of dusting and decomposition, so the powdery material is usually processed into larger pieces
hardness	Degree to which a metal will resist cutting, abrasion, penetration, bending and stretching.
tin	Chemical symbol Sn
arch bridge	a curved structure that converts the downward force of its own weight, and of any weight pressing down on top of it, into an outward force along its sides and base
interrupted aging	The aging of an alloy at two or more temperatures by steps, and cooling to room temperatures after each step
magnesium	A light, silvery, moderately hard metallic element used in processing metals and chemicals, and in alloying aluminum to give it desired metallurgical properties.
iron	(Chemical Symbol Fe.) Element No
range	(R1, R2, R3) lengths of OCTG (Range 1 casing 16-25') (Range 2 casing 25-34') (Range 3 casing 34-48') (Range 1 tubing 20-24') (Range 2 tubing 28-32')
hydrogen embrittlement	A condition of low ductility resulting from hydrogen absorption and internal pressure developed subsequently.
corrosion resistance	A metal's ability to resist corrosion in a particular environment.
amorphous steel	A non-crystalline or 'metallic glass' form of steel produced by very rapid cooling of molten steel
slag	The impurities in a molten pool of iron
intergranular stress corrosion cracking	Stress corrosion cracking in which the cracking occurs along grain boundaries.
titanium	An element known for its malleability and ductility when pure, and high strength and good corrosion resistance in alloys.
compression	(1) The process of increasing the pressure of gas to maintain its flow in a pipeline system
specialty tube	Refers to a wide variety of high-quality custom-made tubular products requiring critical tolerances, precise dimensional control and special metallurgical properties
pressure tubing	Tubing produced for the purpose of containing or conducting fluids or gases under pressure
rimmed steel	A low-carbon steel containing sufficient iron oxide to give a continuous evolution of carbon monoxide while the ingot is solidifying, resulting in a case or rim of metal virtually free of voids
dumping	Dumping occurs when imported merchandise is sold in, or for export to, the domestic market at less than the normal value of the merchandise, i.e., a price which is less than the price at which identical or similar merchandise is sold in the comparison market, the home market (market of exporting country) or third-country market (market used as proxy for home market in cases where home market cannot be used)
magnesium 6	A light, silvery, moderately hard metallic element used in processing metals and chemicals, and in alloying aluminum to give it desired metallurgical properties.
fracture	The surface of a break in metal.
pellets 4	Fine particles of iron ore mixed with bonding clay and roasted into hard round balls for blast furnace feed.
needle cutter steel	Usually supplied quarter hard rolled, extra precision rolled with sheared edges
hot top	(See Sinkhead)
perimeter	the distance around the outside of a shape
ferrite	A solid solution in which alpha iron is the solvent, and which is characterized by a body-centered cubic crystal structure.
base period	The period of time for which data used as the base of an index number, or other ratio, have been collected.
direct reduced iron	What?
type ab	Sharp point, finer thread than a type "A", thread dimensions similar to a type "B" sheet metal screw
feedstock	Any raw material.
inco terms	A suite of legally-precise terms covering the international shipment of material, e.g
z-mill	(See Sendzimir Mill)
vanadium	Chemical symbol V
hydroforming	A forming process in which a tube is placed into a forming die
l grades	Mostly applied to 304L (1.4307) and 316L (1.4404)
pellets	Iron ore or limestone particles are rolled into little balls in a balling drum and hardened by heat.
od	Outside Diameter
pe	Plain End
self diffusion	The spontaneous movement of an atom to a new site in a crystal of its own species.
cathodic inhibitor	A chemical substance that prevents a cathodic or reduction reaction
exotic alloys[i]	Zirconium, niobium, hafnium, and tantalum products.
longitudinal direction	The direction in a wrought metal product parallel to the direction of working (drawing, extruding, rolling).
shearing	If the edges of sheet and strip are not controlled during reduction, they must be trimmed parallel by shears
tempering	Reheating after hardening to a temperature below critical and then cooling.
solid solution	A condition wherein one element is dissolved in another element while the dissolving element is in a solid and not liquid condition.
plasma ironmaking	A relatively new high-speed, low-energy ironmaking process for making small volumes of iron.
metal service center institute	North American association of steel and metal stockists
quenching crack	A fracture resulting from thermal stresses induced during rapid cooling or quenching: frequently encountered in alloys that have been overheated and liquated and are thus "hot short".
build-up sequence	Occurs when weld beads are deposited in a certain order.
galvanized steel	Steel that is treated with zinc to prevent corrosion
hardness test	Hardness testing consists of pressing an indenter into a flat surface under a perfectly controlled load, then measuring the dimension of the resulting indentation
slag	A product resulting from the action of a flux on the nonmetallic constituents of a molten metal bath, or on the oxidized metallic constituents that are undesirable.
tempering	See heat treatment.
milling	Milling is a machining technique used for cutting and shaping solid material
electron	The basic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom
operational support	Plant Upgrades
single-action press	A forming press that operates with a single function, such as moving a punch into a die with no simultaneous action for holding down the bland or ejecting the formed work.
culvert pipe	Heavy gauge, galvanized steel that is spiral-formed or riveted into corrugated pipe, which is used for highway drainage applications.
scallop	(See Earing)
detection	The process of obtaining an inspection signal that is recognized as coming from a defect or anomaly
electroplating	A process by which a metal is deposited from an anode or from metallic salts in an electrolyte bath to a metal substrate forming the cathode of the circuit
physical properties	Those properties familiarly discussed in physics, exclusive of those described under mechanical properties; for example, density, electrical conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion
transverse	Literally "across" signifying a direction or plane perpendicular to the direction of working.
allotropic	Elements can exist in forms (referred to as phases of the element) with different characteristics depending on their crystal structure (that is the forms in which they solidify from a molten condition)
stretcher strains	Long vein-like marks appearing on the surface of certain metals, in the direction of the maximum shear stress, when the metal is subjected to deformation beyond the yield point.
brinell hardness test	A test for determining the hardness of a material by forcing a hard steel or carbide ball of specified diameter into it under a specified load
pitting corrosion	Pitting indicates deep corrosion in localized spots on a fastener
semikilled steel	Steel that is incompletely deoxidized and contains sufficient dissolved oxygen to react with the carbon to form carbon monoxide and thus offset solidification shrinkage.
x-rays	Light rays, excited usually by the impact of cathode rays on matter, which have wave lengths between about 10-6 cm, and 10-9 cm; also written X-rays, same as Roentgen rays.
scab	(scabby) A blemish caused on a casting by eruption of gas from the mould face, or by uneven mould surfaces; or occurring where the skin from a blowhole has partly burned away and is not welded.
cathodic protection	Reducing the corrosion of a metal by making the particular surface a cathode of an electrochemical cell
flame hardening	A process of heating the surface layer of an iron-base alloy above the transformation temperature range by means of the flame of a high temperature torch, followed by quenching.
hot working	Plastic deformation of metal at a temperature sufficiently high not to create strain hardening
ara	The temperature at which austenite begins to transform to ferrite during cooling
proton	A basic particle in an atom's nucleus that has a positive electrical charge.
heat	(1) Form of energy that raises the temperature of bodies into which it is absorbed; or (2) an individual bath of metals as it is melted in a furnace.
secondary steel	Rejected steel from a primary customer due to a defect
polymeric coating	paint made with polymers that provide superior adherence and protection from heat, chemicals, salt, and moisture.
premium	A generally used term for the extra payment made for a specialised product, or for an especially pure form of a product or a product from a highly regarded supplier, or for delivery at particular preferred locations
sendzimir mill	What?
oxidation	1) A reaction in which there is an increase in valence resulting from a loss of electrons.2) Chemical combination with oxygen to form an oxide.
workability	The characteristic or group of characteristic that determines the ease of forming a metal into desired shapes.
macrostructure	The structure of metal as revealed by macroscopic examination.
an	An acronym for Air Force-Navy.
cavitation damage	The wearing of a metal due to the collapse and formation of cavities in a liquid.
quotation	(i) The price at which the seller or buyer is willing to trade
rds	Rounds
masonry	a building material such as stone, clay, brick, or concrete
nitriding	Adding nitrogen to the solid iron-base alloys by heating at a temperature below the critical in contact with ammonia or other nitrogenous material.
steel	Iron, malleable in at least one range of temperature below its melting point without special heat treatment substantially free from slag, and containing carbon more than about 0.05% and less than about 2.00%.
hic test	(Hydrogen-Induced Cracking) is used to evaluate the resistance of pipeline and pressure-vessel plate steels to cracking caused by hydrogen absorption from aqueous sulfide corrosion
skull	A layer of solidified metal or dross on the wall of a pouring vessel often when metal has been poured.
bloom	A semi-finished steel form, with a rectangular cross-section that is more than 8”
saw	Submerged Arc Weld - a method of producing very large OD pipe.
malleabilizing	A process of annealing white cast iron in such a way that the combined carbon is wholly or partly transformed to graphitic or free carbon or in some instances, part of the carbon is removed ompletely.
pickling	The process of chemically removing oxides and scale from the surface of a metal by the action of water solutions of inorganic acids.
fas 106	An accounting rule established in 1990 that requires companies to change their accounting for the cost of their retirees' future nonpension benefits (life insurance and health services)
reduction	Chemical removal of oxygen
isothermal annealing	A process on which a ferrous alloy is heated to produce a structure partly or wholly austenitic, and is then cooled to and held at a temperature that causes transformation of the austenite to a relatively soft ferrite-carbide aggregate.
bessemer process	A process for making steel by blowing air through molten pig iron contained in a suitable vessel, and thus causing rapid oxidation mainly of silicon and carbon.
teeming	Pouring
grain growth	An increase in metallic crystal size as annealing temperature is raised; growth occurs by invasion of crystal areas by other crystals.
srl	Single Random Lengths - usually 16 foot to 22 foot
geothermal energy	Hot water or steam extracted from geothermal reservoirs in the earth's crust.
ram	The main upper portion of the press that slides up and down within the press frame. The upper die shoe is attached to the ram.
inclusion	Particles of impurities (usually oxides, sulfides, silicates, etc.) that are held mechanically or are formed during the solidification or by subsequent reaction within the solid metal.
galvanneal	A form of hot-dip galvanizing carried out continuously whereby the coil to be coated is passed in the usual way through a bath of molten zinc, subjected to control of the coating thickness after it emerges (evened out and controlled by passing) and then drawn through an annealing oven
lot	This has a precise meaning in futures markets, where it refers to the minimum quantity covered in a contract, but it is also a common way of referring to consignments being transported or traded.
merchant	As an adjective, used to refer to products with the meaning of ordinary grade or form or quality suitable for trading.
capacity	The maximum load a generating unit, generating station, or other electrical apparatus is rated to carry by the user or the manufacturer or can actually carry under existing service conditions.
gangue	The worthless part of as-mined ore.
ansi	American National Standards Institute. Formerly the ASA American Standards Association.
hardenability	Property that determines the depth to which the steel will harden.
hr	Hot rolled
peening	A technique of blasting the surface of metal with shot
structure	The arangement of parts; in crystals, expecially, the shape and dimension of the until cell, and the number, kinds and positions of the atoms within it.
elastic limit	The maximum stress that a material will withstand without permanent deformation
melting point	The temperature at which a pure metal, compound or eutectic changes form solid to liquid; the temperature at which the liquid and the solid are in equilibrium.
charpy test	Method for measuring the amount of energy absorbed by a notched specimen during fracture as a result of an impact load.
scrap	Material unsuitable for direct use but usable for reprocessing by remelting.
passivate	The changing of the chemically active surface of a metal to a much less active state by the application of the proper chemical treatment or by applying an induced electrical current and voltage for cathodic or anodic protection from corrosion
wood	a common natural material strong in both compression and tension
recystallization annealing	Annealing cold worked metal to produce a new grain structure without a phase change.
flux	Iron cleaning agent consisting of limestone and lime
full body diameter	When the unthread portion of a fastener has the same major diameter of the threaded fastener area.
r&d	Reamed and Drifed - commonly used in water wells to guarantee I.D
dish	A concave surface departing from a straight line edge to edge
freight equalization	A common industry practice when a mill sells steel outside its geographic area; it will assume any extra shipping costs (relative to the competition) to quote the customer an equivalent price to get the business.
market surveillance	Exchange-run supervision of market integrity.
benchmark	Commonly used term for a standard measurement point
lead-time 1	Delivery time for an item of inventory to be moved from a source location to a destination via a specific route
cr	Cold rolled
niobium	(Chemical symbol Nb) Element No
wall-heavy	Wall thickness greater than the specified minimum wall thickness called for in the pipe standard.
rotary shear	(Slitting Machine) - A cutting machine with sharpened circular blades or disc-like cutters used for trimming edges and slitting sheet and foil
liquefied petroleum gas	In prehistoric times, much of the Earth’s surface was covered by oceans
refractory	Adjective refers to an ability to retain strength at high temperature
space lattice	(Crystal) - A system of equivalent points formed by the intersections of three sets of planes parallel to pairs of principal axes; the space lattice may be thought of as formed by the corners of the unit cells.
sweep	Curvature in structural and other similar shapes normal to the plane of the web.
sintering	(i) Converting soft, loose ores or concentrates to a clinker-like consistency by roasting
transformation range	Temperature range over which a chemical or metallurgical change takes place.
mid-welds	Two or more joints welded to form one long joint.
capacity	Normal ability to produce steel in a given period
pot annealing	Is the same as Box Annealing.
shfe	Shanghai Futures Exchange
annealing	What?
protective coating	A temporary adhesive protective film attached to the surface that protects the surface during forming and handling operations that is stripped before final use.
circular pelletizing technology	Hybrid Flotation Technology
commercial bronze	A copper-zinc alloy (brass) containing 90% copper and 10% zinc; used for screws, wire, hardware, etc
riffles	Waviness at the edge of sheet or strip.
lot	Definite quantity of product manufactured under conditions that are considered uniform.
how?	Molten, unrefined steel is transferred from the EAF into a separate vessel. A mixture of argon and oxygen is blown from the bottom of the vessel through the melted steel. Cleaning agents are added to the vessel along with these gases to eliminate impurities, while the oxygen combines with carbon in the unrefined steel to reduce the carbon level. The presence of argon enhances the affinity of carbon for oxygen and thus facilitates the removal of carbon.
pipe	Technically a tube used to transport fluids or gases
plastic deformation	Permanent distortion of a material under the action of applied stresses.
cross-country mill	A rolling mill in which the mill stands are so arranged that their tables are parallel with a transfer (or cross-over) table connecting them
yield	The resistance to a load pulling on the middle of a fastener until the fastener shows permanent deformation.
processing lines	Pickling Line
secondary metal dealer	A firm which specialises in buying and selling scrap metal in bulk
carburizing	Adding carbon to iron-base alloys by absorption through heating the metal at a temperature below its melting point in contact with carbonaceous materials
quenching	A heat treatment term where a steel is rapidly cooled after heating (common cooling mediums include oil, water and air)
flat wire	A flat cold-rolled, prepared-edge section up to .25″ wide, rectangular in shape.
mild steel	The most common form of steel as its price is relatively low while it provides material properties that are acceptable for many applications
con cast	Continuous Cast
spelter	(Prime Western Specter)
id	Inside diameter
heat	Generic term denoting a specific lot of steel, based upon steelmaking and casting considerations.
clearing house	The body that clears and settles transactions
hardening	One of a number of processes used to improve the hardness of an alloy superior to that normally present in the core stock
nps	Nominal Pipe Size
fas 109	An accounting rule for deferred taxes that requires companies to explain within their financial statements the difference between the tax expense found on the income statement and the check actually sent to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
notch brittleness	Susceptibility of a material to brittle fracture at points of stress concentration.
sheet piling	Rolled sections with interlocking joints (continuous throughout the entire length of the piece) on each edge to permit being driven edge-to-edge to form continuous walls for retaining earth or water.
hardness	Defined in terms of the method of measurement
burnt	A term applied to a metal permanently damaged by overheating.
hardening	What?
lattice	Space lattice
shear bands	Bands in which deformation has been concentrated inhomogeneously in sheets that extend across regional groups of grains
low carbon steels	Contain from 0.10 to 0.30% carbon and less than 0.60% manganese
ore	An iron–containing material used primarily in the blast furnace
wrought metal	Metal that has undergone physical deformation during semi-fabrication, e.g
ferrous	Metals that consist primarily of iron.
passive film	The major characteristic of stainless is its ability to form a thin layer of protection called a passive film on its outside surface
refining temperature	A temperature employed in heat treatment to refine structure, in particular, to refine the grain size
roller straightening	A process involving a series of staggered rolls of small diameter, between which rod, tubing and shapes are passed for the purpose of straightening
banking	See hot idling.
why?	To increase corrosion resistance at lower initial cost than exclusive use of stainless steel.
forging	A piece of metal which has been saped or formed
long products	Category of stainless steel that includes rods, bars, and structural products that are described as long rather than flat.
straight side	A press with supporting columns in each corner of the frame offering improved rigidity and reduced deflection.
shaving	Removes a small amount of material from the edges of a part to improve the edges finish or accuracy.
std	Standard
hardness	Defined in terms of the method of measurement, usually (1) the resistance to indentation; (2) stiffness of temper of wrought products; and (3) machinability characteristics.
manganese	A non-magnetic metal which can improve strength and hardness in a fastener.
hardness	A measure of the degree of a materials resistance to indentation
chamfer	A beveled surface to eliminate an otherwise sharp corner
tukon hardness	A method for determining micro-hardness by using a Knoop diamond indenter or Vickers square-base pyramid indenter.
open hearth	An obsolescent steelmaking technique, at one time the mainstay of world production
sintering	Treatments which strengthen the molecular bonding of powder compacted components
foil	Metal with a maximum width of .005 inches.
flux	An iron-cleaning agent
polished surface	The finish obtained by buffing with rouge or similar fine abrasive, resulting in a high gloss or polish.
proportional limit	The greatest stress that the material is capable of sustaining without a deviation from the law of proportionality of stress to strain (Hooke's Law).
progressive	A single die that provides multiple stations to blank a finished part.
crap	An abbreviation for "cold rolled annealed and pickled."
attrition	A natural reduction in work force as a result of resignations, retirements or death
pinchers	Long fern like creases usually diagonal to the direction of rolling.
solution treatment	A heat treatment that effects the solution of intermetallic compounds or precipitates (e.g
nylon	Light weight, low in strength but has great resistance to many chemicals and is good for insulation.
electrics/automation overview	IT4Metals
beam bridge	a simple type of bridge, composed of horizontal beams supported by vertical posts
power / power supply	Motors and Drives
homogeneous	Usually defined as having identical characteristics throughout
overaging	Aging under conditions of time and temperature greater than those required to obtain maximum change in a certain property, so that the property is altered in the direction of the initial value.
mutual fund	A company that brings together a group of investors and invests their money in assets
tarnish	Surface discoloration on a metal, usually from a thin film of oxide or sulfide.
gloss	The property of a surface related to its ability to reflect light
cementite	A compound of iron and carbon, known chemically as iron carbide and having the approximate chemical formula Fe3C
two-coat system	The combination of a prime coat and a finish coat into a specified paint film
flare test	A test applied to tube, involving a tapered expansion over a cone
electric furnace process	One of the common methods used for melting and refining stainless and some alloy steels
nominal	Pipe size or wall thickness as specified (not actual)
thermocouple	A device for measuring temperatures by the use of two dissimilar metals in contact; the junction of these metals gives rise to a measurable electrical potential with changes in temperature.
statistical process control	A technique used to predict when a steelmaking function's quality may deteriorate
amorphous	Non-Crystalline.
protector	Plastic, steel or composite cap to protect threads from handling damage
superalloy	An alloy, usually based on nickel, cobalt, or iron, developed for high temperature service where relatively severe mechanical stressing is encountered and where high surface stability is frequently required.
high brass	65% - A copper-zinc alloy containing 35% zinc
die sinking	Forming or machining a depressed pattern in a die.
sinkhead or hot top	A reservoir insulated to retain heat and to hold excess molten metal on top of an ingot mold, in order to feed the shrinkage of the ingot
margin	The difference between the spot price and forward price quoted for a commodity
ferritic stainless steel	Has a body centered cubic (BCC) structure
sintering	A process that combines iron-bearing particles, once recovered from environmental control filters, into small pellets. Previously, these materials were too fine to withstand the air currents of the smelting process and were thrown away
pellet	In iron ore, fines are blended with clay and rolled into pellets of 6-10 mm diameter and sintered to make a suitable charge to the blast furnace or for direct reduction (see DRI).
cyaniding	Surface hardening of an iron-base alloy article or portion of it by heating at suitable temperatures in contact with molten cyanide salt and then quenching.
slip plane	The crystallographic plane on which slip occurs in a crystal.
integrated compact mills	Mini Mills for Flat Products
'temper' brittleness	Brittleness that results when certain steels are held within, or are cooled slowly through, a certain range of temperature below the transformation range
camber	Edgewise curvature
low carbon steels	Contain from 0.10% to 0.30% carbon and less than 0.60% manganese.
expanded pipe	Pipe which has been enlarged circumferentially by mechanical or hydraulic pressure.
aca	The temperature at which transformation of ferrite to austenite is completed during heating.
silicon steel	Steel usually made in the basic open-hearth or electric furnace, with about 0.50-5.% silicon, other elements are usually kept as low as possible
aar	Association of American Railroads
fabricator	A producer of intermediate products that does not also produce primary metal
torsion	A twisting action resulting in shear stresses and strains.
plate	Stainless steel measuring more than ten inches wide with a thickness ranging from 3/16 of an inch and over.
resilience	The tendency of a material to return to its original shape after the removal of a stress that has produced elastic strain.
skin	A thin surface layer that is different from the main mass of a metal object, in composition structure or other characteristics.
ore	A mineral from which metal is (or may be) extracted.
defined contribution retirement plan	A pension plan in which the employer promises to make specified contributions to the pension fund, but the amount of pension benefits ultimately paid to retired employees depends on how well the pension fund's assets are managed. There are no balance sheet items for Defined Contribution Plans because all liabilities are satisfied in full each year.
elastic limit	The maximum load per unit are (usually stated as pounds per square inch) that may be applied without producing permanent deformation
cube-centered	Metallography - (Concerning space lattices) - Body-centered cubic
vanadium	An element frequently used in alloys to make tool steels
nitriding steel	Steel which is particularly suited for the nitriding process, that is, it will form a very hard and adherent surface upon proper nitriding (heating in a partially dissociated atmosphere of ammonia gas)
atom	The smallest unit of matter
hardenable	This means that a material can be hardened by heat treatment which involves heating the material to a specified high temperature and subsequently cooling it (quenching) at a rapid rate
heat treatment	A process to change the mechanical properties of a steel
smls	Seamless.
kaldo process	One of the family of basic oxygen steelmaking processes which uses an inclined, rotating cylindrical furnace in which oxygen is injected through a lance in the center line of the furnace
fatigue	A form of failure of metals after being subject to vibration, repetitive strain or temperature cycles.
annealing	Annealing is a thermal process whereby the material is heated to and maintained at a suitable temperature, followed by cooling to ambient conditions when the metal now has a stable structure.
scale	Oxides of iron that form on the surface of steel at elevated temperature.
power	The rate at which energy is transferred
futures exchange	A formal exchange on which certain futures are traded.
metal dusting	Breakdown of metal due to exposure to carbonaceous gasses at higher temperatures
oscillation	A method of winding a narrow strip of steel over a wider roll allowing more steel per roll and longer processing runs
cold rolled products	Flat rolled products for which the required final thickness has been obtained by rolling at room temperature.
microcrack	A crack of microscopic size.
fracture strength	As usually related to the tensile test, fracture strength or true breaking strength is defined as the load on the specimen at the time of fracture.
machinability index	A relative measure of the machinability of an engineering material under specified standard conditions.
blister	A defect in metal produced by gas bubbles either on the surface or formed beneath the surface while the metal is hot or plastic
body-centered	(Concerning space lattices.) Having the equivalent lattice points at the corners of the unit cell, and at its center; sometimes called centered or space-centered.
regulating station	a set of devices and equipment for automatically regulating the inlet pressure of gas to a lower outlet pressure according to predetermined values.
capacity	Normal ability to produce metals in a given time period. This rating should include maintenance requirements, but because such service is scheduled to match the needs of the machinery (not those of the calendar), a mill might run at more than 100% of capacity one month and then fall well below rated capacity as maintenance is performed.
electrogalvanized	Zinc plating process whereby the molecules on the positively charged zinc anode attach to the negatively charged sheet steel
vacuum degassing	An advanced steel refining facility that removes oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen under low pressures (in a vacuum) to produce ultra-low-carbon steel for demanding electrical and automotive applications
rimmed steel	Low-carbon steel in which incomplete deoxidation permits the metal to remain liquid at the top of the ingot, resulting in the formation of a bottom and side rim of considerable thickness
hot finished seamless tubing	Tubing produced by rotary piercing, extrusion, and other hot working processes without subsequent cold finishing operations.
wire	A cold finished stainless steel product (normally in coils) that is round, square, octagon, hexagon and flats less than 3/16 inches.
tool joint	threaded tube, usually thicker and harder, welded onto pipe to provide joint strength and durability exceeding that of flush joint or T&C connections
subgrain	A portion of a crystal or grain slightly different in orientation from neighboring portions of the same crystal
alloy	A metal composed of a combination of two or more metals or a combination of a metal and a non-metal
ferritic	A term applied to stainless steels containing no nickel
iron ore	Mineral containing enough iron to be a commercially viable source of the element for use in steelmaking
cold rolled finish	A finish obtained by cold rolling a plain pickled sheet or strip with a lubricant, resulting in a smooth appearance.
finish	The surface appearance of steel after final treatment.
pitch/thread pitch	The distance between two adjacent threads measured at the outside diameter of the threads.
scaling temperature	Temperature above which an arbitrary rate of surface oxidation in air occurs
camber tolerances	Camber is the deviation from edge straightness
resilience	The tendency of welding process in which the work pieces are heated by the passage of an electric current through the contact
teeming	Act of pouring molten metal from a ladle into an ingot mold.
renege	Arbitrarily failing to perform a contract requirement such as delivery or payment without justification such as force majeure.
grade	A numeric name that describes the contents of a metal alloy.
desulfurization	Operation that injects a chemical mixture into a ladle full of hot metal to remove sulfur prior to its charging into the Basic Oxygen Furnace
crop	The end or ends of an ingot that contain the pipe or other defects to be cut off and discarded; also termed "crop end" and "discard".
pit	(Defect) - A sharp depression in the surface of the metal.
ductility	The ability to permit change of shape without fracture
flame hardening	A localised hardening process where components are subject to mainly an acetylene flame and then spray quenched.
phase diagram	Synonymous with constitutional diagram.
air tabling	A process for sorting scrap from waste
intermediate annealing	An annealing treatment given to wrought metals following cold work hardening for the purpose of softness prior to further cold working
voltage	Measure of the force of moving energy.
rod	Usually a round long product, but may also be square or otherwise polygonal
order rate	The ratio of new orders recorded to the mill's capacity to produce the steel to fill the orders
secondary metal	A general term for metal (including iron and steel) produced from scrap instead of primary raw materials.
ferro-manganese	An alloy of iron and manganese (80% manganese) used in making additions of manganese to steel or cast-iron.
london metal exchange	A metals trading center for the Western World
dead soft annealing	The heating of metal to above the critical range and appropriately cooling to develop the greatest possible commercial softness or ductility.
extrusion	The process of shaping material by forcing it to flow through a shaped opening in a die.
exercise style	The manner in which an option can be exercised.
chamfer	beveled end, usually done as a preliminary operation to threading
fission	The splitting apart of an atom's nucleus, releasing a large amount of heat energy.
tungsten carbide	A compound of tungsten and carbon, it is frequently imbedded in soft metals, such as cobalt.
liquid penetrant inspection	A test method for finding cracks and discontinuities in fasteners
core	central region of a skyscraper; usually houses elevator and stairwell
coil breaks	Creases or Ridges appearing in sheets as parallel lines transverse to the direction of rolling and generally extending across the width of the sheet.
olsen test	This is a cupping test made on an Olsen machine as an aid in determining ductility and deep drawing properties.
sintering	Converting powder into a continuous mass by heating to a temperature considerably below fusion, usually after preliminary compacting by pressure.
rockwell hardness	See hardness.
depth	Market depth is the size of an order needed to move the market a given amount – if the market is deep, a large order is needed to change the price.
non-alloy steel	Steel which does not have any alloy elements.
cavitation	Rapid formation and depletion of air bubbles that can damage the material due to severe turbulent flow
spalling	The cracking and flaking of particles out of a surface.
erichsen test	Similar to the Olsen Test
creep	Strain caused by stress over time
pearlite	A eutectoid transformation product of ferrite and cementite that ideally has a lamellar structure but that is always degenerate to some extent.
pot annealing	See " Box Annealing."
mil	A term used to indicate the thickness of the paint film
physical properties	Those properties not specifically related to reaction to external forces
ultrasonic cleaning	Cleaning in a solvent through which very high frequency vibrations are being passed.
prompt date	The date at which a futures contract is due to be delivered against or cash-settled, or the date at which an option is due to be exercised or expire.
scale	The oxide that forms on the surface of stainless steel, after exposure to high temperature.
current	A flow of electrons in an electrical conductor
thermal conductivity	A measure of the ease with which heat is transmitted through a material.
chrome	The indispensable ingredient of stainless steel, which requires a chrome content of at least 10.5%
l/c	Letter of Credit
consumption	Amount of fuel used for gross generation
b.o.p.	Basic Oxygen Process
space lattice	A system of equivalent points formed by the intersections of three sets of planes parallel to pairs of principal axes; the space lattice may be thought of as formed by the corners of the unit cells.
tool stainless steels	Hardened stainless steels that are used in the manufacturing of tools and dies.
alloy surcharge	The producer’s selling price plus a surcharge added to offset the increasing costs of raw materials caused by increasing alloy prices.
pm 2.5	The moniker for the Environmental Protection Agency's new Particulate Matter standards
ultrahigh voltage transmission	Transporting electricity over bulk-power lines at voltage greater than 800 kilovolts.
sorbite	Structure of steel, resulting from the tempering of martensite
electrolysis	A process by which direct current passes from one electrode (the anode) through a liquid electrolyte to another electrode (the cathode) in a cell
recrystallization	The formation of a new grain structure through a nucleation and growth process.
bedrock	the solid rock layer beneath sand or silt
cut-off	Is used to cut off excess material from a finished end of a part or to cut off a predetermined length of material strip for additional operations.
dia	Diameter
deep drawing	The process of working metal banks in dies on a press into shapes which are usually more or less cup-like in character.
cut edge	Removal of the as-rolled hot mill edge
what?	Processed iron ore that is iron-rich enough to be used as a scrap substitute in electric furnace steelmaking.
open hearth furnace	A furnace for melting metal, in which the bath is heated by the convection of hot gases over the surface of the metal and by radiation from the roof.
converter	A furnace in which air is blown through the molten bath of crude metal or matte for the purpose of oxidizing impurities.
precision grinding	The method of finishing steel plate by removing the surface with a surface grinding machine, to achieve tight tolerances
nominal	Name given to standard pipe size designation.
bess	Bessemer
endurance limit	The maximum stress below which a material can presumably endure an infinite number of stress cycles.
drop weight tear test	Impact test used to determine the nil ductility transition temperature of ferric steel.
corrosion fatigue	Cracking due to repeating and fluctuating stresses in a corrosive environment.
parts conveyor	A piece of equipment designed to remove parts from the die area.
charge	(1) The liquid and solid materials fed into a furnace for its operation
insulator	Something that does not allow electricity to flow through it easily
hydrogen embrittlement	Hydrogen trapped under the surface of a plated fastener can later cause failure in the fastener
e.u.e.	External Upset Ends - used in API tubing and drill pipe.
diffusion bonding	Diffusion bonding is a solid-state process between two or more materials in contact with each other where inter-diffusion occurs between the various components on an atomic level
hardness 1	Defined in terms of the method of measurement.
lumsden grinding	The method of finishing steel plate by removing the surface with a reciprocating or rotary grinding machine.
slab	A very common type of semi-finished stainless steel which usually measures 6-10 inches thick by 30-85 inches wide and averages 20 feet long
offer	A sales price placed by a member.
friction gouges or scratches	A series of relatively short surface scratches variable in form and severity
coal	The primary fuel used by integrated iron and steel producers.
fatigue limit	Synonymous with Endurance Limit.
gross ton	2,240 pounds
silicon steel	Steel usually made in the basic open-hearth or electric furnace, with about 0.50-5.% silicon, other elements being usually dept as low as possible
yield 2	The ratio of the amount of product compared with the amount of material input to a process or group of processes.
semi-killed steel	Steel that is incompletely deoxidized to permit the evolution of carbon monoxide, thereby offsetting solidification shrinkage.
lapping	Rubbing two surfaces together with, or without abrasives, for the purposes of obtaining extreme dimensional accuracy or superior surface finish.
as rolled	When bars are hot rolled and allowed to cool in the air, they are to be in the "as rolled" or natural condition.
dumping	Dumping occurs when imported merchandise is sold in, or for export to the domestic market at less than the normal value of the merchandise — that is, at a price that is less than the price at which identical or similar merchandise is sold in the comparison market, the home market (the market of the exporting country), or third-country market (in this case, "market" is used as proxy for "home market" in cases where home market cannot be used). The normal value of the merchandise cannot be below the cost of production.
an	Stands for Army/Navy
fas 109	An accounting rule for deferred taxes that requires companies to explain within their financial statements the difference between the tax expense found on the income statement and the check actually sent to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
watt	The electric unit of power or rate of doing work. One horsepower is equivalent to approximately 746 watts.
yield point	The load per unit of original cross-section area at which a marked increase in the deformation of the specimen occurs without increase in load
graphitizing	Annealing gray cast iron so that most of the carbon is transformed to the graphitic condition
iron carbide	A compound of iron and carbon forming naturally in a blast furnace
vacuum degassing	(See Degassing Process)
solution heat treatment	A process in which an alloy is heated to a suitable temperature, is held at this temperature long enough to allow a certain constituent to enter into solid solution and is then cooled rapidly to hold the constituent in solution
angle rolling	a process used to form angle iron into curves at specific radii.
inmetco	What?
g.t.	Gross Ton - 2,240 pounds
ansi/asme	Typical standards for fasteners and related products
pressure vessel steel	Product intended for pressure vessels and similar end use applications
option	The right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a specific amount of a given commodity at a specified price during a specified period.
greenfield facility	New metalmaking complex that is built "from scratch," presumably on a green field.
taconite	Natural mineral containing less than 30% iron
bow	(See Camber)
flash	The metal which exudes at the joint line of a casting mould or die or closed die for forging
fatigue strength	The maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without failure, the stress being completely reversed within each cycle unless otherwise stated.
mill edge	The edge of strip, sheet or plate in the as-rolled state.
inclusions	Particles of non-metallic material usually oxides, suphides, silicates and such which are entrapped mechanically or are formed during solidification or by subsequent reaction within the solid metal.
hot-briquetted iron	Direct-reduced iron that has been processed into briquettes
electrical services	Ironmaking
painting	All Applications
teeming	Pouring metal into ingot molds.
stranded investments/costs	Utility investments in facilities built to serve customers under traditional regulation may become unrecoverable or "stranded" if those assets are deregulated and their cost of generation exceeds the actual price of power in a competitive market. These include prior investments allowed by regulators that are currently being recovered through regulated rates.
nitriding steel	Steel that is particularly suited for the nitriding process, that is, it will form a very hard and adherent surface upon proper nitriding.
cold drawn	pipe or tubing which is pulled through a die to reduce diameter and wall. This process usually produces closer tolerances and higher strength.
sinker steel	Used for making sinkers in hosiery making machinery
i.d.	Inside Diameter - The O.D
passivation	Changing of a chemically reactive metal surface to a less reactive state, typically through chemical treatment
active solar energy system	A system designed to convert solar radiation into usable energy for space, water heating, or other uses by using a pump or fan to collect energy from the sun.
office of pipeline safety	Events of similar magnitude affecting hazardous liquid pipelines are considered accidents
type 430	The most widely used ferritic (plain chromium stainless category) stainless steel, offering general-purpose corrosion resistance, often in decorative applications.
od	Outside diameter
refractory	A heat-resistant material, usually nonmetallic, which is used for furnace linings and such.
t&c	Threaded and Coupled
chemical analysis	Qualitative analysis consists of separating a substance into its component elements and identifying them
cast iron	Iron containing more carbon than the solubility limit in austenite (about 2%).
manganese	(Chemical symbol Mn.) - Element No
cladding	A process for covering one metal with another in which the surfaces of two fairly thick slabs of metals are brought carefully into contact and are then subjected to co-rolling.
flowlines	Always visible to a greater or less degree when a longitudinal section has been subjected to Macro etching, indicating the direction of work or rolling.
stress relief	Low temperature annealing for removing internal stresses, such as those resulting in a metal from work hardening or quenching.
muntz metal	(A Refractory Alloy) - Alpha-beta brass, 60% copper and 40% zinc
creep strength	The constant nominal stress that will cause a specified quantity of creep in a given time at a constant temperature
physical properties	Those properties familiarly discussed in physics, such as density or electrical conductivity.
flattening	(See Roller and Stretcher Leveling)
planimetric method	A method of measuring grain size, in which the grains within a definite area are counted.
cut thread	Forming threads on a fastener by cutting material away.
what?	Inmetco is a coal-based process similar to FASTMET that uses iron oxide fines and pulverized coal to produce a scrap substitute
line pipe	Pipe used in the surface transmission of oil, natural gas and other fluids.
embankment dam	a dam composed of a mound of earth and rock; the simplest type of gravity dam
peb	plain end beveled
home scrap	Waste steel that is generated from within the steel mill, through edge trimming and rejects
hot top	See "Sinkhead."
coke	What?
mechanical working	Plastic deformation or other physical change to which metal is subjected, by rolling, hammering, drawing., etc
edgewise curvature	(See Camber)
ld steelmaking	Stainless Steelmaking
forging	Forming metal into a fixed shape by hammering, pressing, or rolling
galvanizing	Covering an iron or steel surface with a protective layer of zinc.
cold working	Mechanically forming material at about room temperature.
grain structure	The type of crystalline structure as observed by eye or under the microscope.
twist	Winding departure from flatness.
deep drawing steel	Sheet of this designation should be used when Drawing Steel will not provide a sufficient degree of ductility for fabrication of parts having stringent drawing requirements, or applications that require the sheet be free from aging
man-hours per ton	This is a measure of labor efficiency — the ratio of total hours worked by steel employees to the tons shipped for a given period of time
o.h.	Open hearth
fob pricing	Freight on Board Pricing
medium-carbon steel	Contains from 0.30% to 0.60% carbon and less than 1.00% manganese.
cftc	Commodity Futures Trading Commission
scaling	Surface oxidation caused on metals by heating in air or in other oxidizing atmospheres.
od	outside diameter
polymorphism	The ability of a material to exist in more than one crystallographic structure
corrugated	As a defect
ferroalloy	A metal product commonly used as a raw material feed in steelmaking, to aid various stages of the steelmaking process such as deoxidation, desulfurization, and adding strength
rabble	A kind of rake for stirring solid material in a furnace.
overaging	Aging under conditions of time and temperature greater than those required to obtain maximum strength.
matte finish 1	A dull or grit surface appearance achieved by rolling on rolls which have been roughened by mechanical, chemical, or electrical means to various degrees of surface texture.
recovery	The removal of residual stresses by localized plastic flow as the result of low-temperature annealing operations performed on cold worked metals without altering the grain structure or strength properties substantially.
shear strength	The stress required to produce fracture in the plane of cross section, the conditions of loading being such that the directions of force and of resistance are parallel and opposite although their paths are offset a specified minimum amount.
case hardening	Carburizing, nitriding
sponge iron	A metallic product made by direct reduction of iron, via the removal of oxygen from iron ore
hydrogen stress cracking	Cracking of a metal resulting from the combination of hydrogen and tensile stress.
matrix	The principal phase or aggregate in which another constituent is embedded.
hafnium	An exotic alloy usually obtained as a by-product of zirconium production with outstanding corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties
inert-gas shielded-arc welding	Arc welding in an inert gas such as argon or helium.
strain hardening exponent	A measure of the rate of strain hardening
bake hardenable steel	A cold-rolled, low-carbon sheet steel used for automotive body panel applications. Because of special processing, the steel has good stamping and strength characteristics, and, after paint is baked on, improved dent resistance.
psi	Pounds per square inch.
superalloy 5	An alloy, usually based on nickel, cobalt, or iron, developed for high temperature service where relatively severe mechanical stressing is encountered and where high surface stability is frequently required.
megapascal	A measure of pressure defined as MPas.
grain	Metalworking (e.g
superalloy	An alloy developed for very high temperature service where relatively high stresses (tensile, thermal, vibratory, and shock) are encountered and where oxidation resistance is frequently required.
hydraulic	This modern system uses fluid pressure to rapidly adjust the roll spacing several times per second
steel	Iron, malleable in at least one rang of temperature below its melting point without special heat treatment substantially free from slag, and containing carbon more than about 0.05% and less than about 2.00%
torsion	an action that twists a material
threads	Class 1 threads are a loose tolerance
saturation	The degree of magnetization where a further increase in magnetic field strength produces a decrease in permeability of a material.
powder metals	Fabrication technology in which fine metallic powder is compacted under high pressure and then heated at a temperature slightly below the melting point to solidify the material
deoxidizing	Removal of oxygen
non ferrous metal	A metal or alloy that has no iron content.
coke oven battery	Ovens that produce coal into coke
macrograph	A photographic reproduction of any object that has not been magnified more than ten times.
inhibitor	A substance which retards some specific chemical reaction
preheating	General term used to describe heating applied as preliminary to further thermal or mechanical treatment.
intergranular corrosion	Preferential corrosion cracking at or along the grain boundaries of a metal.
liquidity	Measure informed by the volume of trade in a particular market that defines the ability of an instrument or asset to be bought or sold without affecting its value (see liquidity risk).
fatigue	A progressive mechanical failure mechanism resulting from oscillating (cyclic) stresses (e.g
off peak	Period of relatively low system demand.
isothermal annealing	A process on which a ferrous alloy is heated to produce a structure partly or wholly austenitic, and is then cooled to and held at a temperature that causes transformation of the austenite to a relatively soft ferrite-carbide aggregate
coffer	a sunken panel in a ceiling
smut	A reaction product sometimes left on the surface of the sheet after pickling or annealing.
degreasing	The removal of grease and oil from a surface
quench hardening	(Steel) - A process of hardening a ferrous alloy of suitable composition by heating within or above the transformation range and cooling at a rate sufficient to increase the hardness substantially
wire rods	Coiled bars of up to 18.5 millimeters in diameter, used mainly in the production of wire.
erosion-corrosion	An accelerated loss of material concerning corrosion and erosion that results from corrosive material interacting with the material.
inclusions	Particles of impurities (usually oxides, sulfides, silicates and such) that are held mechanically, or are formed during solidification or by subsequent reaction within the solid metal.
turbine	A machine for generating rotary mechanical power from the energy of a stream of fluid (such as water, steam, or hot gas)
magnetic permeability	Test simply determines the level of magnetism.
tapping	Transferring molten metal from melting furnace to ladle.
baghouse	An air pollutant control device used to trap particles by filtering gas streams through large cloth or fiberglass bags.
magnesium	A metal known for its low density, malleability, ductility and the white light it produces when burning.
dome	a curved roof enclosing a circular space; a three-dimensional arch
primary mill	A mill for rolling ingots or the rolled products of ingots to blooms, billets or slabs
brittleness	A tendency to fracture without appreciable deformation.
magnesium	(Chemical symbol Mg.) - Element No
pcs	Pieces
molybdenum	(Chemical Symbol Mo) - Element No
asa	American Standard Institute - Now known as ANSI
crucible	A ceramic pot or receptacle made of graphite and clay, or other refractory materials, and used in the melting of metal
arc cutting	The process when an arc is utilized in metal cutting for use between an electrode and the metal that is being cut.
desulfurization	What?
engineering	a profession in which a knowledge of math and natural science is applied to develop ways to utilize the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of all human beings
silicon electrical steel	A type of specialty steel created by introducing silicon during the steelmaking process
coining	Forming features on either face of a blank by transfer from the face of the punch or die.
f.o.b.	Free on Board
tempering	A treatment used to remove brittleness from mainly quench hardened steels and achieved by thoroughly soaking the material, at an alloy dependent temperature, prior to cooling
alloy	A material with metallic properties composed of two or more elements of which as least one is a metal.
dry metric ton	In some contracts covering concentrates or bulk ores, the relevant tonnage is specified as dry – i.e
light metals	Metals and alloys that have a low specific gravity, such as beryllium, magnesium and aluminum.
foil	Metal in any width but no more than about 0.005 thick.
certificate of origin	SA consular document certifying the origin of a material
malleabilizing	An annealing operation performed on white cast iron for the purpose of partially or wholly transforming the combined carbon to temper carbon, and in some cases to remove completely the carbon from the iron by decarburization.
quaternary alloy	An alloy of four metals.
penetrant inspection	A method of non-destructive testing for determining the existence and extent of discontinuities that are open to the surface in the part being inspected
reduction in area	The difference between the original cross-sectional area and that of the smallest area at the point of rupture; usually stated as a percentage of the original area; also called "contraction of area".
oxide	Compounding oxygen with another element.
hot-strip mill	Compact Hot-Strip Mill
uts:	Ultimate tensile strength; the principal measure of the strength of a metal.
polycrystalline	Comprising an aggregate of more than one crystal, and usually a large number of crystals.
galling	The damaging of one or both metallic surfaces by removal of particles from localized areas due to seizure curing sliding friction.
tumbling	Cleaning and/or deburring articles by rotating them in a cylinder containing cleaners and/or abrasives.
continuous mill	A rolling mill consisting of a number of stands of synchronized rolls (in tandem) in which metal undergoes successive reductions as it passes through the various stands.
pah	Abbreviation for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
net operating loss	An income-averaging provision that allows companies with losses to either carry forward the loss up to 15 years to offset otherwise taxable future income or carry back the NOLs up to three years to receive a refund for taxes previously paid (see FAS 109).
coke oven battery	A set of ovens that process coal into coke
inclusion	Particles of impurities that are held mechanically or are formed during the solidification or by subsequent reaction within the solid metal.
pass	A term indicating the process of passing metal through a rolling mill.
extrusion	Production process in which steel is forced by compression through a die into solids (round or special shape) or through a die and over a mandrel to form a tubular shape.
photomicrograph	A photographic reproduction of any object magnified more than ten diameters
slip plane	See "Slip Bands."
scale	The oxide of iron that forms on the surface of steel after heating.
pickling	Use of solutions, usually acids, to remove surface oxides from a tube, may also be used to produce a desired surface finish.
cladding	What?
pyrometer	An instrument of any of various types used for measuring temperatures.
stress raisers	Factors such as sharp changes in contour or surface defects, which concentrate stresses locally.
taconite	A natural mineral containing less than 30% iron that is the primary ore used in blast furnaces.
pit	A sharp, usually small, depression in the surface of metal
reverse flow operation	operation of single-pipe horizontal systems where the direction of gas flow may change at regular intervals.
impact	Impact testing measures energy absorption by fracturing a steel test bar at high velocity.
clad metal	A composite metal containing two or three layers that have been bonded together.
interstitial alloy	In an interstitial alloy, the atoms of the materials that make up the alloy are quite dissimilar in size and the smaller atoms are situated neatly into the gaps between the larger atoms
tempered spring steel strip	Any medium or high carbon (excluding clock spring) strip steel of spring quality which has been hardened and tempered to meet specifications
deformation	A change in the shape or size of an object due to an applied force.
cyaniding	A process in which an iron-base alloy is heated in contact with a cyanide salt so that the surface absorbs carbon and nitrogen
segment steel	Used for laminated piston rings
hydrogen–induced cracking	Internal cracks that connect adjacent hydrogen blisters on different planes in the metal
operating rates	The ratio of raw steel production to the mill’s stated capacity
cold drawing	See " Cold Finishing"
stainless line	Furnace Technologies
universal mill	A rolling mill in which rolls with a vertical axis roll the edges of the metal stock between some of the passes through the horizontal rolls.
stretch forming	A process of forming panels and cowls of large curvature by stretching sheet over a form of the desired shape
austenite	A phase in certain steels, characterized as a solid solution, usually of carbon or iron carbide, in the gamma form of iron.
burning	Heating steel to a temperature sufficiently close to the melting point to cause permanent injury
burr	A thin ridge or roughness left by a cutting operation such as in metal slitting, shearing, blanking or sawing.
induction heating	A process of heating by electrical induction.
ductility	The property that permits permanent deformation before fracture by stress in tension.
solvent	The component of either a liquid or solid solution that is present to the greater or major extent; the component that dissolves the solute.
bid	The price the buyer is prepared to pay
ingot iron	Open hearth iron low in carbon, manganese and other impurities.
erosion	Continuous depletion of a material due to an interaction with a liquid, fluid, or solid particles carried with the fluid
flow moisture point	A measure of a danger point at which combined moisture in a cargo, typically concentrates, becomes free moisture under the effect of vibration or movement
pyrites	A copper-iron sulphide mineral.
melting range	The range of temperature in which an alloy melts, that is the range between solidus and liquidus temperatures.
hardness	Resistance to deformation or indentation
basic oxygen process	A steel making process wherein oxygen of the highest purity is blown onto the surface of a bath of molten iron contained in a basic lined and ladle shaped vessel
bessemer process	A steel-making process in which air is blown through the molten pig iron in removing impurities by oxidation.
precipitation heat treatment	Nonfer met
band saw steel	A hardened tempered bright polished high carbon cold rolled spring steel strip produced especially for use in the manufacture of band saws for sawing wood, non ferrous metals, and plastics
minis	Equivalent exchange contracts with smaller lot size
whistlers	Small openings from isolated mold cavities to allow gases to escape easily
metallography	The science concerning the constituents and structure of metals and alloys as revealed by the microscope.
api	American Petroleum Institute
conventional hydroelectric plant	A plant in which all of the power is produced from natural streamflow as regulated by available storage
contango	Description of forward curve
tbe	Thread Both Ends
sheet	A thin flat rectangular piece of rolled metal
steel	Iron that has been subjected to refining and further treatments, including, in some cases, the addition of alloying metals, to control its chemistry and physical structure
american style option	An option that can be exercised by the holder at any time after the option has been purchased.
tinning	Coating with tin, commonly either by immersion into molten tin or by electrodeposition; also by spraying.
notch sensitivity	The reduction caused in nominal strength, impact or static, by the presence of a stress concentration, usually expressed as the ratio of the notched to the un-notched strength.
pickle	Chemical or electrochemical removal of surface oxides.
stretcher strains	Long vein-like marks appearing on the surface of certain metals, in the direction of the maximum shear stress, when the metal is subjected to deformation beyond the yield point
brittle fracture	Fracture with little or no plastic deformation.
black pipe	Denotes lacquered OD finish (as opposed to bare or galvanized)
carburizing	The addition of carbon to the surface of iron-base alloys by absorption through heating the metal at a temperature below its melting point in contact with carbonaceous solids, liquids or gases.
spangle	The characteristic crystalline form in which the hot dipped zinc coating solidifies on steel strip.
finishing stand 1	The last stand in a rolling mill, which determines the surface finish and final gauge.
it4metals	Power / Power Supply
pig iron	The name for the melted iron produced in a blast furnace, containing a large quantity of carbon (above 1.5%)
t&d	tested and drifted - one method of verifying integrity of used tubing and casing (OCTG). "Test" refers to hydrostatic: ends are sealed and water pumped inside to a predetermined pressure. See drift def
cable	a structural element formed from steel wire bound in strands; the suspending element in a bridge; the supporting element in some dome roofs
casting shrinkage	Reducing the volume of liquid metal as the cooling process takes place before the liquid hardens.
taconite	WHAT Natural mineral containing less than 30% iron
iron ore	A mineral that contains enough iron to be used in steel production
brinell hardness test	The test consists of forcing a ball of standard diameter into a specimen being tested under standard pressure, and judging the hardness of the material by the amount of metal displaced.
shear	A type of cutting operation in which the metal object is cut by means of a moving blade and fixed edge or by a pair of moving blades that may be either flat or curved.
ar4	The temperature at which delta ferrite transforms to austenite during cooling.
welded blank	A further development by steelmakers beyond supplying conventional oiled blanks to carmakers' panel shops
dumping	Dumping occurs when imported merchandise is sold in, or for export to, the domestic market at less than the normal value of the merchandise, i.e., a price which is less than the price at which identical or similar merchandise is sold in the comparison market, the home market (market of exporting country) or third-country market (market used as proxy for home market in cases where home market cannot be used).
woody fracture	Fractures having a fibrous appearance.
seam	A crack on the surface of metal that has been closed but not welded; usually produced by some defect either in casting or in working.
aisi	The American Iron and Steel Institute
continuous casting	A casting technique in which the ingot is continuously solidified while it is being poured and the length is not determined by mold dimensions.
full anneal	See heat treatment.
critical point	1) The temperature or pressure at which a change in crystal structure, phase or physical properties occurs; same as transformation temperature.2) In an equilibrium diagram, that specific combination of composition, temperature and pressure at which the phases of an inhomogeneous system are in equilibrium.
hookes law	Stress is proportional to strain in the elastic range
ferrous	Related to iron (derived from the Latin ferrum.) Ferrous alloys are, therefore, iron base alloys.
camber	Camber is the deviation of a side edge from a straight edge
scale	(See Scaling)
nickel	A metal added to 300 series stainless to provide corrosion resistance, increased strength at both high and low temperatures
reducing agent	The addition of natural gas or coal to remove oxygen from iron ore producing a scrap substitute.
copper	A reddish metal that is highly malleable and ductile and has high electrical and heat conductivity.
carbide	A compound of carbon with one or more metallic elements.
quench hardening	A process of hardening a ferrous alloy of suitable composition by heating within or above the transformation range and cooling at a rate sufficient to increase the hardness substantially
anchorage	a secure fixing, usually made of reinforced concrete to which the cables are fastened
universal mill plate	Plate rolled on a universal mill having vertical (edge) rolls as well as horizontal rolls; also any plate having characteristics identical to plate produced on a universal mill.
ingot iron	Commercially pure open-hearth iron.
discount /interest rate	The discount rate is used to determine the present value of future or past cash flows. The rate accounts for inflation and the potential earning power of money.
drawing	(See Tempering)
hydrogen stress cracking	Cracking due to hydrogen and tensile stress
risk	Often associated with expressions of absolute risk but can also include methods expressing risk in relative terms, such as indices or scores.
single-action press	A forming press that operates with a single function, such as moving a punch into a die with no simultaneous action for holding down the clank or ejecting the formed work.
midrex direct reduction process	MIDREX was developed by the Midrex Corporation, which produces about 65% of DRI globally
crystal	A physically homogeneous solid in which the atoms, ions or molecules are arranged in a three-dimensional repetitive pattern.
dry film thickness	The thickness of the dry paint film.
conversion cost	Resources spent to process material in a single stage, from one type to another
hair line seam	See "Seam."
seamless pipe	Pipe made from a solid billet, which is heated, then rotated under extreme pressure
columbium	Also referred to as niobium, is a grey, ductile, tarnish-resistant and superconductive metal with a melting point of 2468°C
joint	one length of pipe
tee splitting	Involves splitting metal beams
galvanic corrosion	accelerated corrosion occurring when two different metals are in contact with moisture
c.w.	Continuous Weld - method of producing pipe normally in sizes from ½ inch to 4 inch.
matrix	The ground mass or principal substance in which a constituent is embedded.
capacity	Normal ability to produce metals in a given time period
strain	Deformation produced on a body by an outside force
machine straightening	Straightening metal bars by rolling in a straightening machine.
certificate of compliance/coc	certification stating that parts meet all required specifications it is being sold under.
normalizing	A process in which a ferrous alloy is heated to a suitable temperature above the transformation range and is subsequently cooled in still air at room temperature.
magnetic particle	One of several methods of non destructive testing
matte finish	A dull or grit surface appearance achieved by rolling on rolls which have been roughened by mechanical, chemical, or electrical means to various degrees of surface texture.
surface texture	The finish of the surface of sheet steel presently described by the roughness (peak) height in micro inches and the peaks per inch.
brinell	A measurement of the surface hardness of a steel
flame cutting	A process used to cut carbon steel plate using an oxy-fuel gas flame.
fatigue limit	The maximum stress that a metal will withstand without failure for a specified large number of cycles of stress
cup fracture	A type of fracture - which looks like a cup having the exterior portion extended with the interior slightly depressed - produced in a tensile test specimen
critical temperatures	See "Critical Points."
fuel cell	A technology that produces electricity through a chemical reaction similar to that found in a battery.
bauxite	The only commercial ore of aluminum, corresponding essentially to the formula Al2O3xH2O.
ultrasonic testing	The method of detecting defects in tubes or welds by passing high frequency sound waves into a material then monitoring and evaluating the reflected signals.
fretting	Fretting is surface wear resulting from relative motion between surfaces in contact under pressure.
qualification trials	The testing required for a new process adopted to make certain grades of steel with exacting end uses
solidification range	The temperature range through which metal freezes or solidifies.
shore hardness test	(See Scleroscope Hardness)
scaling	Oxidation of metal due to heat resulting in relatively heavy surface layers of oxide.
routing 3	Produces various sizes and shapes of aluminum plate according to customer-supplied drawings through the use of CNC controlled machinery.
quenching	In the heat treating of metals, the step of cooling metals rapidly in order to obtain desired properties; most commonly accomplished by immersing the metal in oil or water
oil stain aluminum	Stain produced by the incomplete burning of the lubricants on the surface of the sheet
integrated mills	Integrated Compact Mills
scrubber	An air pollutant device that reduces the temperature of an emission – a liquid spray is used to remove pollutants from a gas stream by absorption or chemical reaction.
defined benefit retirement plan	A type of pension plan whereby the employer promises to make pension payments to retired employees in specified amounts, regardless of the performance of the fund. Because the employees' total years of service and their length of retirement are uncertain, the employer's future liabilities must be estimated and can fluctuate over time.
gauer bar	A term meaning Edged Flat Bar
ingot	A casting intended for subsequent rolling or forging
shredded scrap	Fist-sized, homogenous pieces of old automobile hulks
bright annealing	An annealing process usually carried out in controlled furnace atmosphere so that surface oxidation is reduced to a minimum and the surface remains relatively bright.
rod	Refers to small cross-section bar, typically ~5.5 to ~13.5mm diameter that is coiled after rolling
metric ton	1000 kilograms
steam blued	(See Bluing)
gages	Manufacturers’ standard numbering systems indicating decimal thickness or diameters.
one-call system	However, such participation does not relieve the operator of the responsibility of compliance to the regulation.
solute	The component of either a liquid or solid solution that is present to the lesser or minor extent; the component that is dissolved in the solvent.
boulder	Geological obstacles (mostly single large pieces of rock encountered in sandy or clayey soils).
suspension agreement	A resolution of an unfair trade dispute that can suspend further proceedings in an unfair trade suit
what?	Natural mineral containing less than 30% iron
ironmaking	Steelmaking
dry	Term associated with pipe surface in which the pipe is not coated with a corrosion inhibitor and all grease spots and cutting oil are removed by washing.
grain	A solid many-sided crystal consisting of groups of atoms bound together in a regular geometric pattern
cyaniding	Surface hardening of an iron-base alloy article or portion of it by heating at a suitable temperature in contact with a cyanide salt, followed by quenching.
carburizing	Adding carbon to the surface of iron-base alloys by heating the metal below its melting point in contact with carbonaceous solids, liquids or gases
ribbon wound	A term applied to a common method of winding strip steel layer upon layer around an arbor or mandrel.
indentation hardness	The resistance of a material to indentation
motors and drives	Measurement and Instrumentation
brinell	Hardness testing system which measures indentation of the subject using a standard weight, shaped point
dumping	Dumping occurs when imported merchandise is sold in, or for export to the domestic market at less than the normal value of the merchandise — that is, at a price that is less than the price at which identical or similar merchandise is sold in the comparison market, the home market (the market of the exporting country), or third-country market (in this case, "market" is used as proxy for "home market" in cases where home market cannot be used)
manganese steel	Commonly referring to the 11% to 14% manganese steel plate
pile	a long, round pole of wood, concrete, or steel driven into the soil by pile drivers
electrical metal tubing	Electrical metallic tubing, or EMT also nown as conduit
feedstock	Any raw material
beryllium copper	An alloy of copper and 2-3% beryllium with optionally fractional percentages of nickel or cobalt
bright commercial finish	(See Finish)
call option	An option granting the purchaser the right to buy.
plate	Sheet steel with a width of more than eight inches, with a thickness ranging from one quarter of an inch to more than one foot (see Sheet Steel).
sizing	See characterization.
double jointed	Two standard-length pipe joints welded together to form a single joint or double length.
british thermal unit	The standard unit for measuring quantity of heat energy. It is the amount of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.
coke	The basic fuel consumed in blast furnaces in the smelting of iron
scale	An oxide of iron that forms on the surface of hot steel.
ansi	American National Standards Institute - Formerly ASA
strain ratio	The ratio of width to thickness strain determined in the uniform elongation portion of a tension test
energy	The ability to do work
srl	Single Random Length (16-22 ft
zinc	(Chemical Symbol Zn.) - Element No
superalloys	Lightweight metal alloys designed specifically to withstand extreme conditions
tolerances	Allowable variations from specified dimensions.
gross ton	2,240 pounds.
sheet steel	Thin, flat-rolled steel
position	The number of futures contracts a participant has open to buy or sell an asset.
greenfield facility	New metal making complex that is built “from scratch,” presumably on a green field
snaky edges	Carbonaceous deposits in a wavy pattern along the edges of the annealed strip.
toughness	Property of absorbing considerable energy before fracture.
dumping margin	The amount by which the normal value exceeds the export price or constructed export price of the subject merchandise.
bar turning[iii]	Involves machining a metal bar into a smaller diameter.
bronze	Primarily an alloy of copper and tin but the name is now applied to other alloys not containing tin; e.g., aluminum, bronze, manganese bronze, and beryllium bronze
ls	Limited service – pipe not meeting specification, usually rejected at the mill
spectograph	An instrument using an extended surface -- a photographic plate or film, or a fluorescent screen -- for receiving the X-ray diffraction pattern.
izod	A test for the notch-sensitivity (effectively brittleness) of metals and alloys.
case hardening	Hardening the surface of steel without affecting the core metal.
micrograph	A graphic reproduction of the prepared surface of a specimen at a magnification greater than ten diameters
austenite	A non-magnetic allotropic form of iron, the result of re-crystallisation of iron when it is raised to a high temperature
vanadium	(Chemical Symbol V) - Element No
short	(See Brittleness)
plain carbon	The basic type of steel that contains less than 3% of elements other than iron and carbon.
flatness	Relative term for the measure of deviation of flat rolled material from a plane surface: usually determined as the height of ripples or waves above a horizontal level surface.
electric arc furnace	Mostly used for melting steel scrap, iron or DRI
tin	(Chemical Symbol Sn) - Element No
stress	Deforming force to which a body is subjected or the resistance which the body offers to deformation by the force
nonferrous metals	Metals or alloys that are free of iron.
rimmed steel	A steel that is poured containing enough oxygen to evolve appreciable gas during solidification
ductility	The ability of a material to deform plastically without fracturing
flash removed	See Electric Resistance Welded Tubing,
beryllium copper	An alloy of copper and 2%-3% beryllium with nickel or cobalt, which shows remarkable age-hardening properties and good electrical conductivity; often used in electrical switches and springs.
pickle	Chemical (usually acid) treatments that remove a thin layer of surface metal
nickel-based superalloys 5	Nickel-based alloys developed for very high temperature service where relatively high stresses are encountered and where high surface stability is frequently required
minimum wall	Minimum thickness permissible calculated by subtracting minus tolerance from nominal wall.
vanadium	A gray metal that is normally used as an alloying agent for iron and stainless steel
non-refractory alloy	A term opposed to refractory alloy
cross break	(See Luders Lines) This term also applies to transverse ribs or ripples.
source: reliance steel 10-k	Source: BlueScope Steel Glossary of Terms
taconite	Type of iron ore principally from the US Midwest.
strain aging	Aging induced by cold working.
crevice corrosion	Corrosion of a surface that is fully shielded but still corrodes because it is so close to the surface of another metal
dye penetrant inspection	Non-destructive test employing dye or fluorescent chemical and sometimes black light to detect surface defects.
deburring	The process used to smooth the sharp, jagged edges of a cut piece of steel.
carburizing	A process that introduces carbon into a solid ferrous alloy by heating the metal in contact with a carbonaceous material-solid, liquid or gas-to a temperature above the transformation range and holding at that temperature.
run of mine	Ore (e.g
die stamping	Permanent marking placed on pipe as required by some specifications.
writer	The seller of an option
charpy test	A test made to determine the notched toughness, or impact strength, of a material
single-stand mill	A rolling mill of such design that the product contacts only two rolls at a given moment
network integration transmission service	A service that allows the customer to integrate, plan, dispatch, and regulate its Network Resources.
spark testing	A process for sorting scrap metal, especially high speed steel
captive/captivated	A term for a fastener that has a "captive" area under the head, usually at or below the minor diameter of the threaded area at the end of the screw
eue	external upset ends - forging of ends on (API) tubing and drill pipe to provide additional thickness for strengthening connections
hot working/rolling	The shaping of metal at temperatures close to the metal's molten state.
precipitation heat treatment	Any of the various aging treatments conducted at elevated temperature to improve certain of the mechanical properties through precipitation from solid solution
carbon free	Metals and alloys that have practically no carbon.
strength	The ability of stainless steel to oppose applied forces when considering resistance to stretching, forming, compressing, etc.
hafnium 5	An exotic alloy usually obtained as a by-product of zirconium production with outstanding corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties
put option	An option granting the purchaser the right to sell.
cast iron	An alloy of iron that contains a carbon content of between 1.8% to 4.5%, combined with silicon and manganese
principal	A person or organisation able to make, and obliged to fulfil, all the conditions of a contract.
tapping	Removing molten metal from a furnace.
pot	A vessel for holding molten metal
roll forming	(1) An operation used in forming sheet
xxhy	Double Extra Heavy twice as thick as XHY for ½ - 6"
flush joint	connection with male and female threads cut directly into the pipe (as opposed to T&C). This provides the same ID and OD clearance as in the middle of the tube, once lengths are joined.
general corrosion	"General corrosion" is the term used to describe the attack that proceeds in a relatively uniform manner over the entire surface of a metal
cold rolling mills	Tandem cold mill
continuous casting	Process of pouring and solidification of steel heats in a continuous strand.
api	American Petroleum Institute - Corpac provides high-quality tubing designed to withstand the rigors of transporting oil and gas from the production zone to the surface.
methane	A hydrocarbon gas that is the main ingredient in natural gas.
argon-oxygen decarburization	What?
low-hydrogen electrode	A covered arc-welding electrode that provides an atmosphere around the arc and molten weld metal which is low in hydrogen.
soldering	Joining metals by fusion of alloys that have relatively low melting points most commonly, lead-base or tin-base alloys, which are the soft solders
change-over tooling	Components of a die that allow tools to produce multiple parts.
binding head	A low profile head, typical and a slotted drive style and Phillips on special order.
hot mill alu	Cold Mill Alu
ton	Unit of measure for steel scrap and iron ore.GROSS TON 2,240 pounds.LONG (NET) TON 2,240 pounds.SHORT (NET) TON 2,000 pounds
continuous weld	Commonly used phrase for continuous butt weld
plating	A thin coating of metal laid on another metal
chemical properties	Normally associated with a limited number of chemical elements
coupling	short piece used to connect two lengths of pipe
oiled	See Black oiled.
cavitation	The rapid formation and depletion of air bubbles that can damage the material at the solid/liquid interface under conditions of severe turbulent flow.
long ton	2,240 pounds
ferritic stainless steels	The designation used for certain high chromium content steels that exhibit microstructures consisting mainly of ferrite at ordinary temperatures
isda	International Swaps and Derivatives Association
minor diameter	The smallest diameter of a screw thread.
pickling	Removal of mill scale by mechanical and chemical means
solution heat treatment	Heating metal to a high temperature long enough for constituents to enter the solid solution
chlorides	Ions formed from chlorine (fluorine, bromine, iodine) atoms
broker	A company or person that buys and sells on behalf of others for commission.
finishes	The surface appearance of the various metals after final treatment such as rolling, etc
spring temper	In brass mill terminology, Spring Temper is eight numbers hard or 60.50% reduction.
camber	The amount of curvature or deviation from exact straightness over any specified length of tubing.
shear crack	A diagonal, transgranular crack caused by shear stresses.
solution heat treatment	A process in which an alloy is heated to a suitable temperature long enough to allow a certain constituent to enter into solid solution and is then cooled rapidly to hold the constituent in solution
upsetting	(1) A metal working operation similar to forging
ring	London Metal Exchange trading floor where Category I members of the exchange trade via open outcry (see pit and floor).
erosion	The continuous depletion of a material due to mechanical interaction with a liquid, a multi-component fluid, or solid particles carried with the fluid.
shex	Shipping term relating to loading – Sundays and holidays excepted.
polished surface	(Buffed Surface) - The finish obtained by buffing with rouge or similar fine abrasive, resulting in a high gloss or polish.
ex ship	Seller's responsibility ends when the goods leave the slings alongside the vessel
silicon steel	Steel usually made with about 0.5%-5% silicon.
rebar	Short for reinforcing bar
ms	Military Standard
reinforcing bar	A commodity-grade stainless steel used to reinforce concrete in highway and building structures.
alloy surcharge	The addition to the producer's selling price included in order to offset raw material cost increases caused by higher alloy prices.
ferro alloys	Iron alloyed with some element such as manganese, chrome, or silicon, etc., used in adding the element to molten sheet.
critical cooling rate	The minimum rate of continuous cooling just sufficient to prevent undesired transformations
why?	As mini-mills expand their product abilities to sheet steel, they require much higher grades of scrap to approach integrated mill quality. Enabling the mini-mills to use iron ore without the blast furnace, DRI can serve as a low residual raw material and alleviate the mini-mills' dependence on cleaner, higher priced scrap.
tapping	The act of pouring molten metal from a furnace into a ladle.
transformation	A constitutional change in a solid metal, e.g., the change from gamma to alpha iron, or the formation of pearlite from austenite.
assembly	Assembling two or more parts together by press fitting, riveting, staking or other means.
indirect utility cost	Any cost that is not identified with a specific DSM category such as Administration, Marketing, etc.
silt	sediment particles ranging from 0.004 to 0.06 mm (0.00016 to 0.0024 inch) in diameter
crystal	1) A physically homogeneous solid, in which the atoms , ions, or molecules are arranged in a three-dimensional repetitive pattern.2) A coherent piece of matter, all parts of which have the same anisotropic arrangement of atoms; in metals, usually synonymous with "grain" and "crystallite."
plate rolling	a process used to form metal plates to a specific curve or radius to form arcs, rings, cylinders, shells, tanks, and cones.
alloy steel	All steels contain carbon and small amounts of silicon, sulfur, manganese and phosphorus
finishing stand	The last stand in a rolling mill, which determines the surface finish and final gauge.
punch	The movable part that forces the metal into the die in equipment for sheet drawing, blanking, coining, embossing and the like.
raw metal	Unwrought (i.e
l-0 process	One of the basic oxygen steelmaking processes using a vertical cylindrical furnace in which oxygen is injected from above by a lance
ni	Nickel
p.e.	Plain ends
import administration	Import Administration, within the International Trade Administration of the Department of Commerce, enforces laws and agreements to protect U.S
iron	Pure iron is a relatively soft metal, but it is rarely encountered as the reduction of iron ore by established processes produces impure forms
tungsten	Chemical symbol W
reverberatory furnace	A furnace with a shallow hearth, usually non-regenerative, having a roof that deflects the flame and radiates heat toward the hearth or the surface of the charge.
duplex	Steel that contains high amounts of Chromium and Nickel
roller leveling	Passing sheet or strip metal through a series of staggered small rolls so as to flatten the metal
blanking	Produces a blank by cutting the entire periphery in one simultaneous operation.
stretcher strains	See "Lüder lines".
scrubber	An air pollutant device that reduces the temperature of an emission – a liquid spray is used to remove pollutants from a gas stream by absorbtion or chemical reaction.
earing	Wavy projections formed at the opera end of a cup or shell in the course of deep drawing because of differences in directional properties
open position	A position that is yet to mature (See Long or Short).
steel	An iron based alloy containing various quantities of carbon, silicon, manganese and other elements.
modulus of elasticity	The slope of the elastic portion of the stress-strain curve in mechanical testing, The stress is divided by the unit elongation
space-centered	(Concerning space lattices) - Body-centered.
steel intensity	The amount of steel used per unit of gross domestic product
strike price	The price at which an option buyer can buy or sell the underlying asset.
rolled in scale	A surface defect consisting of scale partially rolled into the surface of the sheet.
matrix	See In Solution.
temper	The state of or condition of a metal as to its hardness or toughness produced by either thermal treatment or heat treatment and quench or cold working or a combination of same in order to bring the metal to its specified consistency
workability	The characteristic that determines the ease of forming a certain metal into shapes.
screw	This older method used the basic principle of the screw to adjust the space between the mill rolls
tipping fee	A credit received by municipal solid waste companies for accepting and disposing of solid waste.
why?	To increase the hardness, strength, or ductility of steel so that it is suitable for additional applications.
malleabilizing	A process of annealing white cast iron in such a way that the combined carbon is wholly or partly transformed to graphitic or free carbon or, in someinstances, part of the carbon is removed completely.
precipitation hardening	A process in which the hardness and stressrupture strength can be improved of hardenable high-temperature steels, as well as titanium, nickel and cobalt alloys
forming	Bending a blank along a curved surface.
oxidation	The addition of oxygen to a compound
scrubber 2	An air pollutant device that reduces the temperature of an emission – a liquid spray is used to remove pollutants from a gas stream by absorbtion or chemical reaction.
dsaw	Double Submerged Arc Weld
roentgen rays	(See X-rays)
carbides	As found in steel, carbides are compounds of carbon and one or more of the metallic elements, such as iron, chromium, tungsten, etc.
electrolytic polishing	(See Electrocleaning)
plate	Flat product which is usually thicker than 3 mm, mostly in a range of 5-80 mm (0.2 inch to 3 inch plus)
superalloys	Lightweight metals that are designed to withstand in extreme conditions
rolled edges	Finished edges, the final contours of which are produced by side or edging rolls
source: alcoa 10-k	Source: Dofasco Glossary of Terms
mechanical properties	Physical properties of a material concerning the elasticity when force is applied
tube rolling	a process for forming square or rectangular tubes into arcs and curves at specific radii
full hard temper 1	Full Hard Cold Rolled steel produced to a Rockwell hardness of 84 and higher on the B scale.