Glossary extracted starting with automatic seeds, with PTM for the domain gel and language EN

longitude	The angular distance east or west, between the meridian of a particular place on Earth and that of the Prime Meridian (located in Greenwich, England) expressed in degrees or time.
delineation well	A well that extends the boundary of a previously discovered pool.
zonal isolation	Refers to the state or quality with which the fluids in one permeable zone can be kept separate from those fluids of another
"hot air"	An informal term for surplus Kyoto Protocol Assigned Amount Units
developed section	A long section through a cave, usually from the entrance to the end of the cave, with the centreline being along the usual path.Survey & Mapping term
cement evaluation log	CET
subscription rights	A privilege to the stockholders of a corporation to purchase proportionate amounts of a new issue of securities at an established price, usually below the current market price; also, the negotiable certificate or warrant evidencing such privilege.
oil battery	A system or arrangement of tanks or other surface equipment or devices receiving the effluent of one or more wells for the purpose of separation and measurement prior to the delivery to market or other disposition.
mmbtu or mbtu	These can both mean 1 million BTUs
shanty town	an area of poor-quality housing, lacking in amenities such as water supply, sewerage and electricity, which often develops spontaneously and illegally (as a squatter settlement) in a city in an LEDC.
driphole	A hole formed by water dripping onto a cave floor
burnup	Measure of the total energy released by nuclear fuel per unit of its mass, typically measured in gigawatt days/mt or gigawatt days/mt of heavy metal.
bridge plug	A downhole device composed primarily of slips, a plug mandrel
neighbourhood unit	the basic building unit for planned new towns, designed to provide people with a safe, traffic-free environment and access to all frequently needed services such as primary schools, shops and clinics within walking distance.
gatherer	A legal entity which has responsibility for the collection of the gas from the wellhead and the delivery of that gas to either a gas plant or a pipeline.
offset well	A well drilled in the next location to another well according to the spacing rules of the state.
show cause order	See ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE.
breakout	Act of unscrewing one section of pipe from another section, particularly when drill pipe is being withdrawn for the well bore
lake	In caving, a body of standing water (no matter how small) in a cave.Cave - Parts of
straight fixed variable	See RATE DESIGN.
chemical weathering	The breakdown of rock material brought about by the action of chemicals, usually in aqueous solution.
diluent	A neutral fluid added to another fluid to reduce the concentration of the second fluid in a mixture.
ferc order 636	The 1992 order that unbundled US pipeline services, requiring pipelines to cease their merchant function and instead become solely a transporter of gas.
most efficient recovery	The MER, or most efficient recovery rate, is based on the most oil and gas that can be extracted for a sustained period of time without harming the formation
nitrogen purge	To purge piping or other container with an inert agent such as nitrogen to remove combustible gases and minimize the possibility of fire or explosion.
impoundment	A body of water or sludge confined by a dam, dike, floodgate, or other barrier.
room	A wider part of a cave than a passage, but not considered as large as a chamber.Cave - Parts of
pyramid of biomass	Graphic model describing the distribution of biomass in an ecosystem or community at the trophic level
well program	The procedure for drilling, casing, and completing a well.
carbon dioxide	Gas containing carbon and oxygen, present in the atmosphere, and given off by volcanoes.
dust dome	Dome of air that surrounds a city created from the urban heat island effect that traps pollutants like particulate matter.
backscattering	Portion of solar radiation directed back into space as a result of particle scattering in the atmosphere.
sweet gas	Natural gas with no measurable quantities of hydrogen sulphide (H2S).
waste gas	See GAS, FLUE.
apoapsis	the point in orbit farthest from the planet.
conductor	A substance or body, usually in the form of a wire, cable, or busbar, that allows a current of electricity to pass continuously along it.
reformate	A high-aromatic, high-octane product made in a reformer and used to blend motor gasoline or aviation gasoline.
form r5t	Natural Gas Transporter's Monthly Report
candlesticks	A Japanese charting system which maps the open- high-low-and close of periodic price movements
leucophor	A colourless water tracer, which fluoresces blue.Survey & Mapping term
generator	A producer of electricity, both literally and figuratively.
fluid drag	Reduction in the flow velocity of a fluid by the frictional effects of a surface.
sustained pressure test	A constant internal pressure test for an extended period of time
frontal lifting	Lifting of a warmer or less dense air mass by a colder or more dense air mass at a frontal transitional zone.
hurricane	An intense cyclonic storm consisting of an organized mass of thunderstorms that develops over the warm oceans of the tropics
system-wide cost	Produced by rolled-in pricing
relative humidity	The ratio between the actual amount of water vapor held in the atmosphere compared to the amount required for saturation
solar year	The time it takes the Earth to make one orbit around the Sun
deflection temperature	The temperature at which a specimen will deflect a given distance at a given load under prescribed conditions of test
stimulation	The term used for several processes to enlarge old channels, or create new ones, in the producing formation of a well designed to enhance production
fuel assembly	An array or assembly of individual fuel rods containing UO2, MOX or uranium metal pellets, used in commercial reactors.
breeder reactor	Usually a reactor that creates more fissionable fuel than it consumes
transportation level	The transportation for others (TFO) volumes being applied to the cost of service to develop rates
gal	Abbreviation for US gallon.
peak load plant	A plant usually housing low-efficiency, quick response steam units, gas turbines, diesels, or pumped-storage hydroelectric equipment normally used during the maximum load periods
gigawatt-hour	One gigawatt-hour equals one billion watthours
rockpile	A heap of rocks in a cave, usually formed by local collapse, roughly conical in overall shape.Cave - Parts of
hydrodesulfurization	Process involving a reaction with hydrogen to remove sulfur compounds from hydrocarbon feedstock.
fusion	The formation of a heavier nucleus from two lighter ones (usually hydrogen isotopes) with the attendant release of a large amount of energy.
cation exchange capacity	The capacity of a soil to exchange cations with the soil solution
bottomhole	the lowermost portion of the well.
niche	Adaptive role that a species has in a habitat
commissions	Payments to qualified agents of the sponsor of a limited partnership, for selling interests in it to investors
naturally occurring radioactive materials	All radioactive elements found in the environment, including long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium, thorium, and potassium and any of their decay products, such as radium and radon.
parietal association	Animals found on walls around cave entrances.Speleology term
erg	a cgs unit of energy equal to work done by a force of 1 dyne acting over a distance of 1 cm
abandon	To cease producing hydrocarbons from a well when it becomes unprofitable
tracer	A substance added to reservoir fluids to permit the movements of the fluid to be followed or traced
evaporite	Rock that forms from crystals precipitating during evaporation of water.
heligmite	A helictite that grows on a cave floor or a shelf
captive customers	Buyers who can purchase gas only from one pipeline or supplier and have no access to alternate fuel sources.
biomass	Biologically produced organic matter.
extinction	Disappearance of a species from all or part of their geographic range
rift	A long narrow high and straight cave passage controlled by planes of weakness in the rock
demand interval	The period of time during which the flow is averaged in determining demand, such as 60-minute or 30-minute.
faculae	bright patches that are visible on the Sun's surface, or photosphere.
bundled service	Gas sales service and transportation service packaged together in a single transaction in which the pipeline, on behalf of the utility, buys gas from producers and then delivers it to the utility.
dry gas	Natural gas that is produced without liquids; also, a gas that has been treated to remove all liquids.
millidarcy	A darcy (or darcy unit) and millidarcy (mD) are units of permeability, named after Henry Darcy
cave	A natural cavity or recess that is roughly positioned horizontally to the surface of the Earth.
kelly bushing	Oil or Gas Drilling rig equipment that fits inside the rotary table and is also used as a reference point on logs to calculate depth.
btu	British Thermal Unit.The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a pound of water 1o Fahrenheit
psychometric	Pertaining to the state of the atmosphere with reference to moisture.
greenway	A strip or belt of vegetated land that typically includes both upland and riparian areas
full moon	A phase of the Moon in which the entire side facing Earth is illuminated by sunlight.
aerobic	Life or processes that require, or are not destroyed by, the presence of oxygen.
scale	A specific relative or proportional size or extent of a phenomena as measured through space and/or time.
soil texture	The relative quantities of the different types and sizes of mineral particles in a soil.
carbon dioxide flooding	A tertiary crude oil recovery process in which CO2 is injected in the reservoir under conditions that result in the mixing of the injected fluid and the reservoir fluid, making the fluid more viscous and pumpable.
overpressure	Is an expression which has been used commonly to refer to high pressure found in some formations; super-normal pressure or surpressure
fire flooding	A thermal recovery method in which the oil in the reservoir is ignited, the heat vaporizes lighter hydrocarbons and water pushes the warmed oil toward a producing well
common reservoir	A pool or accumulation of oil or gas that is produced in more than one oil well.
equity	Equity refers to the considerations of fairness or justice in the setting of rates - fairness between investors and consumers when the general level of rates is at issue, and the fairness among different classes of consumers when the rate relationships are under inquiry
resource partitioning	The evolutionary process of species living in the same ecosystem dividing up resources so that each species develops dissimilar resource requirements to avoid competition
casing string	Casing is manufactured in lengths of about 30 ft, each length or joint being joined to another as casing is run in a well
calcite	A mineral that is commonly secreted by marine invertebrate animals to form shells or other types of exoskeletons
detritus	Dead plant material that is in the process of decomposition.
rally	A rapid rise in a price.
industrial revolution	the growth and development of manufacturing industry and the factory system which began in the UK in the eighteenth century.
magsat satellite	The Magsat is a satellite launched by NASA in 1981 that is used to study magnetic fluctuations in the earth's crust.
exchange gas	Gas that is received from (or delivered to) another party in exchange for gas delivered to (or received from) such other party.
pitting	Formation of small depressions in a surface due to sand blasting, mechanical gouging, acid etching, or corrosion.
live oil	Oil that contains dissolved gas.
ellipse	an ellipse is an oval shape
zonation	The development of a visible progression of plant or animal communities in response to a gradient of water depth or some other environmental factor.
subsolar point	The location on the Earth where the Sun is directly overhead
depositional environment	area in which the sediment comes to rest, there are many different groups and subgroups classifying depositional environments
uncovered position	Where a long market player has bought more of a commodity than he has agreed to sell, or where a short market player has sold more of a commodity than (s)he has to deliver
momentum	The simple difference between the price now and the price N days ago
tidal period	Time it takes for one tidal cycle.
energy information administration	An agency within the U.S
spectroscope	An instrument that spreads light or other electromagnetic radiation into its component wavelengths (colours) for analysis.
r+m/2	Research Octane Number plus Motor Octane Number divided by 2, also known as the "anti-knock index." See octane number.
bonds	Certificates of indebtedness representing long-term borrowing of capital funds, the terms of which contain an indenture pledging the property as security for the loan and providing for the appointment of a trustee to represent the bondholders
tetrahedron	Silicon atom joined by four oxygen atoms (SiO4)
degrees of metamorphism	The quality of the rock is based on the amount of heat and pressure it had applied to it during the metamorphic processes
joule-thomson effect	The cooling which occurs when a compressed gas is allowed to expand in such a way that no external work is done
sleet	See ice pellets.
frost creep	Slow mass movement of soil downslope that is initiated by freeze-thaw action
gas*flow	A set of standard record formats supporting the electronic data interchange of the documents described in the Nominations/Allocations Subcommittee and the Volume Imbalance Subcommittee reports.
fas	Free Alongside Ship
boiler efficiency	The ratio of the useful heat output to the heat input, multiplied by 100 and expressed in percent.
precipitate	(verb) The process that separates solid from a solution
cosmology	a branch of science that deals with studying the origin, structure, and nature of the universe.
reclamation plant	Plant that treats and reclaims waste oil.
reformer	The reformer processes fuel used in the Fuel Cell Assembly
completion date	The date a well is opened to be tested or produced after being perforated
polypedon	An identifiable soil with distinct characteristics found in a location or region
guideline lives	Useful asset lives (by general categories) as determined and allowed for income tax depreciation charges by The Internal Revenue Service.
transform fault	Massive strike-slip fault continental in size
on-site generation	Generation of any electrical energy on a customer's property, with or without utilization of recoverable heat.
calcite	See calcium carbonate.
deferred debits	Accounts carried on the asset side of the balance sheet in which are recorded items being amortized as charges against income over a period time (such as Unamortized Debt Discount and Expense) and items held in suspense pending final transfer or disposition (such as Extraordinary Property Losses, Clearing Accounts (Net Debit), etc.).
pvr	Plant Volume Reduction
undercut bank	Steep bank found on the inside of stream meanders
gas-gathering	Gas-gathering systems on oilfields typically are designed to stream off associated gas from the crude.
pulse rate	The number of times a heart beats per minute in a person's body.
steam trap	A device for allowing the passage of condensate or air and condensate and preventing the passage of steam.
base flow	Rate of discharge in a stream where only the throughflow and groundwater flow from subsurface aquifers contribute to the overall flow.
grotto	A room of moderate dimensions in a cave, but richly decorated.Cave - Parts of
oil gas	See GAS, OIL.
tri-cam	A metallic device placed in holes or cracks for use as an anchor Cf
astronomy	The scientific study of the universe.
demand	In power: the rate at which electricity is delivered to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts
transmitter	A device which responds to a measured variable by means of a sensing element and converts it to a standardized transmission signal which is a function only of the measurement.
rate design	The term "rate design" refers to the method of classifying fixed and variable costs between demand and commodity components
paleolake	An ancient lake that existed in the past when hydrological conditions were different.
natura 2000	European network of protected natural sites, set up in particular to preserve biodiversity (see this word) across the European Union.
mmbtu	- One million British thermal units, 252,000 Kilocalories or 293 Kilowatt Hours.
mms	Minerals Management Service - The Minerals Management Service (MMS), a bureau within the Department of Interior, regulates and manages the development of mineral resources in the Federal waters off the nation's shores
base-line shift	Generally refers to a naturally occurring shift of the base line of any specific curve; e.g., the SP curve
brownfield	A project built on a previously developed or partly developed site
north magnetic pole	Location in the Northern Hemisphere where the lines of force from Earth's magnetic field are vertical
assay	A test for a specific chemical, microbe, or effect.
maximum daily quantity	The greatest quantity of gas to be received and/or delivered in a twenty-four hour period by the transporting pipeline on behalf of the shipper under terms defined in a contract
soil-heat flux	The rate of flow of heat energy into, from, or through the soil.
fuel cell	System in which hydrogen is chemically reacted with oxygen to produce electricity.
ice cave	(1) An otherwise normal cave with permanent (ie perennial) ice in it
log	Systematic recording of data
sedimentary rock	A rock formed by the accumulation and cementation of mineral (sand, silt, clay, etc.) grains
dog tooth spar	A speleothem, being calcite with acute pointed crystals.Cave - Depositional Features
total dissolved solids	The amount of salt and minerals that are suspended in water
boyle's law	See LAWS.
rig floor	The area immediately around the rotary table and extending to each corner of the derrick or mast
lay	The way in which strands of a rope or cable are twisted.Climbing and SRT
compressor stations	Locations along the interstate pipeline at which large (thousands of horsepower) natural gas-powered engines increase the pressure of the market natural gas stream flowing through the station by compression.
zenith	Point directly above your head in the night sky.
horizontal drilling	A hydrocarbon well drilling technique that allows for multiple underground wellbores to be deviated from one surface well site.
prusiking	Ascent on a rope using prusik knots as ascenders.Climbing and SRT
gis	Green Investment Scheme
seasonal method	An allocation method which allocates demand and/or commodity costs to customer classes by seasonal usage.
carnivorous	Carnivore
fod	Fuel Oil Domestique
sling	A joined loop of rope or tape.Climbing and SRT
subcooling	In the cryogenic area, e.g
take or pay	A common contract term between a buyer and seller of gas in which the buyer agrees to receive a certain amount of gas or pay a penalty
petroleum	Rock oil or "oil produced from rock" (from Latin)
tet	Texas Eastern Transmission pipeline.
bill of lading	Documentation legally demonstrating a cargo has been loaded
marketable gas	The volume of gas that can be sold to the market after allowing for removal of impurities and after accounting for any volumes used to fuel surface facilities
capital spending	Amount spent on acquisition of fixed assets (equipment and machinery) and subsidiaries during the year, less government grants received
peak day curtailment	Curtailment imposed on a day-to-day basis during periods of extremely cold weather when demands for gas exceed the maximum daily delivery capability of a pipeline or distribution system
agreement and undertaking	A document which an independent gas producer may be allowed to file, at the discretion of the Commission, in lieu of a bond, agreeing to refund that portion of an increased rate which has been made effective subject to refund and is ultimately found not justified by the Commission.
british thermal unit	British thermal unit
load factor	The ratio of average load to peak load during a specific period of time, expressed as a percent
c+f	Cost and Freight
acidizing	Injection of various acids into perforations, fractures, and reservoir rock permeability to remove contaminants and the effect of wellbore damage caused by drilling and completion operations or to increase permeability beyond the original values which existed prior to disturbing the reservoir by drilling.
clay	An earthy, mud-like sediment composed of very fine particles of minerals
ppg	Pounds per gallon (lb/GAL)
knockout	Fractioning system for removal of such heavy
materials transportation bureau	An independent office reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States Government, charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act
zinc oxide	An infusible white solid used in preparation of synthetic natural gas to absorb sulfur from naphtha.
rain gauge	Instrument that measures the rain that falls at a location over a period of time.
mboe	Thousand Barrels of Oil Equivalents
belay	1 The attachment (often by a separate rope) of a climber, or a ladder to a secure point
contract area	For the purpose of FERC Form 15, the area encompassed by one or more fields under a single purchase contract but not larger than the area covered by a single supply source.
uniform system of accounts	A list of a company's account numbers and corresponding account titles, together with specific instructions for the use of individual accounts and general instructions as to the basis of accounting
base gas	The gas required in a storage reservoir to provide the pressure to cycle the normal working storage volume
magnetic pole	either of two limited regions in a magnet at which the magnet's field is most intense.
strategic conservation	Utility-stimulated programs directed at reducing end-use consumption in specific (usually peak) periods.
frostwork	A speleothem consisting of radiating, acicular (needle like) crystal sprays resembling a catus or thistle plant.Cave - Depositional Features
radiant	a point in the sky from which meteors in a meteor shower seem to originate.
forest	Ecosystem dominated by trees
workover	Additional work required on a producing well to maintain, restore or improve production
p & a	Plugged & Abandonned
ring-specimen	A very short length of pipe cut for testing purposes, such as for the ring-tensile test.
epigean	Pertaining to the biological domain at the ground surface or above it
human geography	Field of knowledge that studies human-made features and phenomena on the Earth from a spatial perspective
daylight savings time	The setting of time so it is one hour ahead starting in the spring and one hour back beginning in the fall in the Northern Hemisphere
scat	Faecal pellets or animal droppings, which may provide an important source of food in caves.Fauna
delivered ex ship	A legal term in older sales and some newer contracts meaning the seller will be responsible for the LNG until it is delivered to a specified port
reforming	A chemical process using heat in presence of a catalyst to break down a substance into desired components, such as in the reforming of natural gas or light oils into lower Btu fuel gas.
pep index	Platts demand-weighted index of all European electricity assessments
x-ray astronomy	the field of astronomy that studies celestial objects by the x-rays they emit.
watershed	Catchment area of a drainage basin.
dual laterolog	DLL
average service life	See SERVICE LIFE.
impact	The forceful striking of one body, such as a meteorite, against another body, such as a moon or planet.
doe	Designated Operational Entity (in context of CDM): An independent company accredited to validate and verify emissions reductions at a CDM or JI project.
footprint	A company or organization's environmental impact (resource use, waste generation, physical environmental changes, etc.).
rate year	Begins when rates take effect (normally at the end of a suspension order)
open access	The non-discriminatory access to interstate pipeline transportation services.
coastal plain	A flat, low-lying geographical region near an ocean
return on investment	A measure of the profitability of a business enterprise
sedimentary rocks	rocks formed by the accumulation of fragments, or the precipitation of dissolved material, that result from the weathering of pre-existing rocks.
circ	Abbreviation for Circulating
siberian high	High pressure system that develops in winter over northern central Asia.
intangible plant	Organization, Franchises and Consents, Patent Rights, Licenses, Privileges, and other intangible property necessary or valuable in the conduct of the utility's operations.
o	Abbreviation for Oil
giant molecular cloud	massive clouds of gas in interstellar space composed primarily of hydrogen molecules
correlation coefficient	Statistic that measures the degree of linear association between two variables
cold flow	The dimensional change with time of a plastic under load, following the instantaneous elastic or rapid deformation
back-in interest	A type of interest in a well or property that becomes effective at a specified time in the future, or on the occurrence of a specified future event.
station meter	A meter of high capacity for measuring the output of a gas plant or pipeline delivery station.
bed thickness	(1) True bed thickness is the thickness of the stratigraphic unit measured along a line normal to the direction of extension of the unit
riverine wetlands	Wetlands associated with rivers.
coordinates	X and Y values which define a location in a coordinate system
acre feet of water	The volume of water that would cover one acre to a depth of one foot, or 43,560 cubic feet of water, or 325,841.1 gallons of water.
radiant energy	Energy in the form of electromagnetic waves and photons
enhanced oil recovery	Refers to a variety of processes to increase the amount of oil removed from a reservoir, typically by injecting a liquid (e.g., water, surfactant) or gas (e.g., nitrogen, carbon dioxide).
cap rock	Cap rock or seal
postage stamp rate	A rate for electric transmission that does not vary according to distance from the source of the power supply
injectability	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
interception	Is the capture of precipitation by the plant canopy and its subsequent return to the atmosphere through evaporation or sublimation
preliminary determination	A conditional approval issued by the FERC that reviews and authorizes all the terms and conditions of a proposed construction project, except the environmental aspects
tva	Tennessee Valley Authority.
piezometer	An instrument for measuring pressure or compressibility.
terminus	End or snout of a glacier.
faulting	The processes by which rocks fracture under stress, and move relative to rocks on the other side of a fracture.
appalachian basin	The subterranean geologic formations that roughly follow the Appalachian Mountain range
cooling coil	A coil of pipe or tubing used as a heat exchanger to cool material inside or outside the coil by means of colder material passing over or through the coil respectively.
interim relief	Relief granted by the Commission in response to an applicant's claim that a regulation would cause irreparable injury, special hardship or inequity to himself or the public.
unfccc	United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: An international treaty signed in 1992, of which the Kyoto Protocol is an amendment
biogeochemical cycling	Cycling of a single element, compound or chemicals by various abiotic and biotic processes through the various stores found in the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
soil water	The water found occupying the pore spaces between soil particles.
orifice meter	See METER, ORIFICE.
mopag	Mean of Platts AG
blanket transportation certificate	A certificate that allows a pipeline to undertake individual transportation transactions without prior FERC approval
exploration and production companies	The first step in the process of harvesting natural gas; they find the natural gas, drill, and get the gas out of the ground.
dirty power	Momentary disturbances in transmission, usually detectable only by sensitive electronic equipment.
lnr	Abbreviation for Liners
ladder	In caving, a flexible lightweight ladder of galvanised or stainless steel wires and aluminium alloy rungs.Climbing and SRT
tailings	Material rejected from a mill after most of the recoverable valuable minerals have been extracted
wet-bulb thermometer	Thermometer on a psychrometer that has a moisten wick on its reservoir bulb
silicates	Minerals that have silicone and oxygen in their composition
rupture-pipeline	A failure in the pipeline for various reasons where a complete loss to atmosphere of the gas or other media is sustained.
stalagmite	A speleothem projecting vertically upwards from a cave floor and formed by precipitation from drips, often found directly under a stalactite.Cave - Depositional Features
premium on capital stock	The excess of the amount received by the company from the sale of an issue of the capital stock over the par or stated value of the stock
mcf	The quantity of natural gas occupying a volume of one thousand cubic feet at a temperature of sixty degrees Fahrenheit and at a pressure of fourteen and seventy-three hundredths pounds per square inch absolute.
gathering station	A compressor station at which gas is gathered from wells by means of suction because pressure is not sufficient to produce the desired rate of flow into a transmission or distribution system.
scavenger	An animal that eats dead remains and wastes of other animals and plants
sea breeze	Local thermal circulation pattern found at the interface between land and water
core	(1) A cylindrical sample of rock taken from a formation for analysis
mitochondria	Organelle in a cell that oxidizes organic (see respiration) energy for use in cellular metabolism.
scaling pole	A light weight pole, often in short sections and assembled where used, to raise a ladder to points inaccessible by climbing.Climbing and SRT
flood	An unusual accumulation of water above the ground caused by high tide, heavy rain, melting snow or rapid runoff from paved areas (source: EPA). A ten-year flood is defined as a flood that has a one in ten chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year.
arbitrage	The simultaneous purchase of a commodity/derivative in one market and the sale of the same, or similar, commodity/derivative in another market in order to exploit price differentials
free-trade agreement	The United States negotiates free-trade agreements with nations to reduce barriers to U.S
survey	In caving, the measurement of directions and distances between survey points and of cave details from them, and the plotting of cave plans and sections from these measurements.Survey & Mapping term
mboepd	Thousand Barrels of Oil Equivalents Per Day
methane gas	The simplest of the hydrocarbons, CH4
hanging valley	A secondary valley that enters a main valley at an elevation well above the main valley's floor
peaking capacity	Capacity of generating equipment normally reserved for operation during the hours of highest daily, weekly, or seasonal loads.
delivered at place	A sales-contract term meaning that the seller's LNG price includes delivery to a named place but not the unloading and import-clearance costs, such as taxes
infrared radiation	Form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0.7 and 100 micrometers (µm)
isotherm	Lines on a map joining points of equal temperature.
pennsylvanian	Geologic period that occurred roughly 286 to 320 million years ago
reverse circulation	Normal course of drilling fluid circulation is downward inside the drill pipe and upward in the well bore space surrounding the drill pipe
relative humidity	See Humidity.Speleology term
blanket certificate	Authorizes open access transportation by interstate pipeline companies on behalf of others and certain services by local distribution companies and Hinshaw companies under blanket certificates (of public convenience and necessity) subject to certain conditions and reporting requirements
mid-oceanic ridge	Chain of submarine mountains where oceanic crust is created from rising magma plumes and volcanic activity
climate	General pattern of weather conditions for a region over a long period time (at least 30 years).
purge	To displace gas, liquids, or foreign matter from piping, tanks, and equipment with other gases or liquids.
heliosphere	the space within the broundary of the heliopause containing the Sun and solar system.
bull plug	A threaded nipple with a rounded, closed end with O-ring seals
service value	The difference between original cost and net salvage value of utility plant.
atmosphere	An envelope of mixed gases that surround a celestial body such as a planet, moon, or star
interim bill	See CALCULATED BILL.
inverter	An electrical device for conversion of direct current to alternating current.
multiple completion	An arrangement for producing a well in which one wellbore penetrates two or more petroleum-bearing reservoirs that lie one over the other
lifo	Last-in, first out method of inventory valuation in which the earliest acquired inventory is assumed to be still on hand; the most recently acquired is assumed to be sold first.
kingdom	Top most level of the common system used to classify life
antennae	The feelers on the head of an insect, crustacean or other invertebrates that function as sensory organs.Fauna
burst	See Flap.Lava Cave term
timecharter	The chartering of a tanker or other freight vessel for a period of time rather than for a specific voyage.
bell joint clamp	A sealing device attached at the joint of bell-and-spigot pipe to prevent leakage.
sustainable development	The exploitation of a resource in such a way that it can be replaced within a reasonable time scale (in human terms).
projection	A mathematical model that transforms the locations of features on the earth's curved surface to locations on a flat surface.
planetesimal	a rocky and/or icy body, a few to several tens of kilometers in size, that was produced in the solar nebula.
aquifer	An underground geological formation, or group of formations, containing water
pressure rating	The estimated maximum pressure that the medium in the pipe can exert continuously with a high degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.
theoretical air requirements	Volume of air necessary to insure the complete combustion of unit mass or volume of a fuel.
preventive maintenance	Examination of plant and equipment on a schedule basis and the replacement or repair of parts that are worn by prescribed amounts or that are in such condition that further use will involve the risk of their failure while in service
upstream	From a reference point, any point located nearer the origin of flow, that is, before the reference point is reached.
meter bar	A metal bar for mounting a gas meter having fittings at the ends of the bar for connecting the inlet and outlet connections of the meter and to which, in turn, the gas service line and house piping are connected.
erus	Emissions Reduction Units
permitting	Process of obtaining an approval from an authority or an individual to use its land by Total E&P Denmark B.V
latent heat	See HEAT, LATENT.
contesting party	A party (staff, a customer, or other interested party) that does not support a stipulation and agreement or settlement in a rate or other proceeding, and prefers to take the case to hearing
joint compounds	Materials to be used on pipe joints, primarily to lubricate the threads and secondarily to prevent leakage.
plate	A large rigid slab of lithosphere, distinguished from neighbouring plates by frequent earthquake activity along its edges.
tolling arrangement	An arrangement whereby a party moves fuel to a power generator and receives kilowatt hours (kWh) in return for a pre-established fee.
risk premium	A method to determine the cost of common equity component of return using the bond yield plus a risk premium based on selected stock market yields to bond yields
ohm	The unit of measurement of electrical resistance
network	A system of transmission or distribution lines so cross-connected and operated as to permit multiple supply to any principal point on it.
evaporation pits	A common brine disposal technique intended to recover the brine product
common trench	A trench containing two or more utilities.
form r-6	Gasoline and/or Cycling Plant Monthly Report
travelling block	The set of sheaves that move up and down in the derrick
estimator	An estimator is any value calculated from the sample data For example, the sample mean is an estimator of the population mean.
microlaterolog	An electrode device with small spacings from which the current flow, and hence the measurement, is focused a short distance into the formation
base load capacity	The generation units normally used to meet demand around-the-clock.
demand charge	The portion of a rate for gas service which is billed to the customer whether they use the service or not
pack	See LINE PACK.
abbreviation for commanding officer	Contract: Advanced courses of military science, naval science or aerospace studies in which the cadet is under contract with a military service to pursue an officer's commission.
dune field	An extensive region covered by numerous sand dunes.
displacement	The substitution of less expensive energy generation for more expensive generation
infiltrate	To filter into or through
valve seat	The stationary portion of the valve which, when in contact with the movable portion, stops flow completely.
brackish	Environment that is influenced by seawater with a salinity less than 35 parts per thousand (usually caused by the presence of an inflow of fresh water).
methane	The most prevalent and common component of most natural gas produced in British Columbia.
cross plot	A plot of one parameter versus another.
restructuring proceedings	Negotiations wherein each interstate pipeline and its customers determine how they will conduct business pursuant to the provisions of Order 636.
oilfield	The surface area overlying an oil reservoir or reservoirs
pigging	The act of pushing a device through a pipeline in order to physically clean deposits from the inner surface of the pipeline, or to remove liquids.
perigee	the point in the orbit of the Moon or other satellite at which it is closest to the Earth.
hydrostatic pressure	Force caused by water under pressure.
scaling chip	A small, thin, flat piece of limestone that has fallen from the ceiling or wall of a cave
grazing food chain	Model describing the trophic flow of organic energy in a community or ecosystem.
mist flow	A producing flow condition in a well bore in which gas and oil flow at very high velocities
permeability	The property of rock or soil permitting water to pass through it
through cave	A cave which may be followed from entrance to exit along a stream course or along a passage which formerly carried a stream.Cave - Kinds of
injection molding	The process of forming a material by forcing it, under pressure, from a heated cylinder through a sprue (runner, gate) into the cavity of a closed mold
sxs	Abbreviation for Sacks
sinter	roasting of fine–grained ore to produce larger particles for further treatment.
swaps contract	Agreement between two parties whereby a notional amount is exchanged between two parties
intermediate	Intermediate are between light and dark colored
transformer	An electrical device for changing the voltage of alternating current.
armchair caver	An experienced caver who now rarely if ever goes caving, but who may offer advice to those that do.Miscellaneous terms
nylon plastics	Plastics based on resins composed principally of a long-chain synthetic polymeric amide which has recurring amide groups as an integral part of the main polymer chain.
x-ray star	a bright celestial object that gives off x-rays as a major portion of its radiation.
thunderstorm	A storm several kilometers in diameter created by the rapid lifting of moist warm air which creates a cumulonimbus cloud
cratering or sloughin	When the walls of a hole cave in
registration	The meter-dial positions of a meter index
average orbital	speed around the Sun: This is a measure of how fast a planet moves through space, in kilometers per hour.
fpso	Floating production storage and offloading vessel
telemetering	Use of an electrical apparatus transmitting data to a distant point for indicating, recording, or integrating the values of a variable quantity.
broker	In CAPACITY ASSIGNMENT/BROKERING, a broker is one who sells or assigns firm transportation (or storage) capacity rights on an interstate pipeline to another entity
mr	Medium range tanker, 25,000-49,999-dwt
gallery	A cave chamber that is rather large and nearly horizontal
coprolite	Fossilised large excrement of animals as found in caves, especially those used as lairs.Miscellaneous terms
saprophage	A scavenger feeding on decaying organic material.Cave - Biota
dollar-years	The aggregate years of service for plant dollars during the life of the plant
geothermal	Pertaining to temperatures in the earth, ground, or crust of the earth
oxygen	An element consisting of atoms with eight protons
stable atmosphere	Condition in the atmosphere where isolated air parcels have a tendency to sink
full waveform recording	A representation of the acoustic wave train in the amplitude-time mode
fip	Free In Pipe
slump	See rotational slip.
unitization	Joint operation of several leases, usually for economic or conservation reasons
weather	The state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place.
annex ii parties	The OECD members of Annex I, minus the EIT parties, which agreed to pay developing (non-Annex I) countries for climate change adaptation.
bucking electrodes	Current electrodes on a laterolog type resistivity measuring system from which bucking current flows in order to confine the survey current into a thin, horizontal investigative layer
jacket	The space surrounding a cylinder of an engine through which a cooling liquid flows
repressuring	Forcing gas, under pressure, into the oil reservoir in an attempt to increase the recovery of crude oil; also done with water
meter seal	A metal wire or tape seal attached to a gas meter or a service stop in such a way as to prevent its being opened by an unauthorized person.
fission	The splitting of a heavy nucleus into two (occasionally three) parts following neutron capture, accompanied by the release of energy, two or more neutrons, and radiation
mms	The US Minerals Management Service, an agency of the Interior Department.
mcf	Thousand Cubic Feet
wash	Removal of impurities from a gas or vapor by passing the gas through water or other liquid which retains or dissolves the impurity.
falsification	Falsification is a procedure used in science to test the validity of a hypothesis or theory
turnkey contract	Contract under which contractor carries out and completes his assignment for a fixed fee, as opposed to working on a per diem basis
heat gain	The amount of heat gained by a space from all sources, including people, lights, machines, sunshine, etc.
fel	Abbreviation for From east line
market area	Any area in which the company feels that gas can be sold in the public convenience and necessity to the benefit of the company and stockholders.
cnpcp	Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program - Required by the Coastal Zone Act Re-Authorization Amendments (CZARA) of 1990 this partnered program is implemented by the LDNR/CMD and the Department of Environmental Quality
recurrence interval	The average time period that separates natural events of a specific magnitude
solvent cementing	Joining pipe by the use of a solvent which dissolves the surface of the pipe and forms a continuous bond upon evaporation.
present net value	The present value of money to be received at some specified time in the future, discounted back to the present at a specified interest rate.
battery	Equipment used to process or store crude oil from one or more wells.
salinity	Concentration of dissolved salts found in a sample of water
boghead coal	a type of coal comprising mostly algal material with fungal matter
non-associated gas	Natural gas not in contact with crude oil in the reservoir, or natural gas in contact with crude oil, where the volume of oil is small and where production of such gas does not significantly affect recovery of the crude oil.
mtbe	Methyl tertiary butyl ether — an octane booster and oxygenate used for gasoline blending.
jurassic	The middle period of the Mesozoic from 208Ma to 145Ma.
laying mains	The complete operation of installing piping systems in towns or cities including trenching, joining sections of pipe, placing pipe in trenches, back-filling trenches, and cleaning up.
food chain	Movement of energy through the trophic levels of organisms
singularity	the center of a black hole, where the curvature of spacetime is maximal
psychrometric table	Table of values that allows for the determination of relative humidity and dew point from dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures recorded on a psychrometer.
solution	A mixture (usually of a solid in a liquid in which the components are mixed at the molecular level).
nuclear energy	Energy released when the nucleus of an atom experiences a nuclear reaction like the spontaneous emission of radioactivity, nuclear fission, or nuclear fusion.
fertile material	In nuclear technology, a term describing a substance that is not capable of sustaining a chain reaction, but which can be converted into a fissionable material in a nuclear reactor.
mangrove	Treed wetlands located on the coastlines in warm tropical climates.
funnel cloud	A tornado which is beginning its descent from the base of a cumulonimbus cloud
annualization	To adjust to a full-year basis any item not included in the Base Period or included in the Base Period for less than a full year
comparability of service	Refers to the comparability of quantity and quality of firm transportation service offered to the pipeline's firm bundled sales service
ara	Amsterdam-Rotterdam-Antwerp
top storage capacity	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
tropical depression	An organized group of thunderstorms often found over a tropical ocean that generates a cyclonic flow of between 37 and 63 kilometers per hour
blue gas	See WATER GAS.
billing determinant	The demand which is used to determine demand charges in accordance with the provisions of a rate schedule or contract
cups	Coastal Use Permit System
integrating pressure-instrument	The integrating pressure-instrument registers the total volume of gas metered in cubic feet at a specified base pressure
settlement pattern	the shape and spacings of individual settlements, usually dispersed, nucleated or linear.
irreducible saturation	The irreducible saturation of a fluid is the minimum saturation of that fluid attainable when that fluid is displaced from a porous medium by another fluid immiscible with the first.
commodity costs	That part of the total cost of service which must be recovered through use of a commodity rate; i.e., a rate for each Mcf of gas sold
brining	the process of dissolving salt formations using fresh water pumped and circulated into and through wells for the purposes of salt solution mining.
succession	Directional cumulative change in the types plant species that occupy a given area, through time.
daylight hole	An opening to the surface in the roof of a cave.Cave - Parts of
standard metering base	Standard conditions, plus agreed corrections, to which gas volume are corrected for purposes of comparison and payment.
brent blend	The most commonly traded North Sea crude oil
social leap-frogging	the process by which those who can afford to do so move out of an area as it becomes older and more run down, to be replaced by less well-off people.
tropical cyclone	Another name for hurricane.
accumulated provision for depletion	The net accumulated credit resulting from offsetting charges to income for the pro-rata cost of extracted depletable natural resources such as coal, gas, oil, etc.
dht	Abbreviation for Dry HoleTree
asteroid	A small rocky or metallic body that orbits a star.
hub	A location where several pipelines interconnect
reverse south georgia method	Works in the reverse of the SOUTH GEORGIA METHOD
possible reserves	The high-side estimate of resources profitable to produce with current technologies; less technical work has been done to explore and evaluate these reserves, therefore there is a high degree of uncertainty in this estimate.
convector	An agency of convection
halite	An evaporite mineral, NaCl, common salt
uic-28	Exploration and Production Waste Shipping Control Ticket commonly referred to as a Manifest.
quick burst	The internal pressure required to cause failure of a pipe or fitting due to an internal pressure buildup, usually within 60 to 70 seconds.
public interest	Usually intended to mean the interest of the public generally as opposed to the interest of an individual or company.
nothephreatic	Referring to water moving slowly in cavities in the phreatic zone.Speleology term
clean development mechanism	A UN scheme set up under the Kyoto Protocol to allow industrialized countries to invest in greenhouse gas emissions reduction projects in developing countries in return for tradable offset credits (CERs).
non-core customers	End-users with enough gas volume to justify consideration of transportation-only service from the distributor
bol	Abbreviation for Bottom of Liner
electron volt	Abbreviated eV
density	The weight of a unit of volume, usually expressed as pounds per cubic foot.
ets	(European Union) Emissions Trading Scheme
toluene	One of the aromatic hydrocarbons, produced from crude oil via fractional distillation and catalytic reforming
stored gas	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
compliance	Compliance is based upon three levels of enforcement: the notice, the order and the written management letter (another form of order)
centripetal force	Force required to keep an object moving in a circular pattern around a center of rotation
trend lines	Lines drawn on a price chart linking subsequent lows in a downtrend and subsequent highs in a uptrend.
depth of investigation	Radius of investigation
operator	The party designated in the operating agreement to conduct the operations on the well.
mudflow	Form of mass movement where fine textured sediments and soil mix with water to create a liquid flow.
ropy lava	Another term for pahoehoe, especially the type with curved and twisted ridges.Lava Cave term
gabion	Wire cage used to contain rip rap and stone
spring	A natural flow of water from rock or soil onto the land surface or into a body of surface water
fixed charge	The charge calculated to recover all or a portion of the fixed costs of a utility, including generation facility and transmission lines, meters, and some taxes.
lock in	Generally, to unseal a gas meter and start gas service by opening the meter stop (valve)
chelation	Chemical weathering process that involves the extraction or metallic cations from rocks and minerals by chelates.
break out	To unscrew one section of pipe from another section, especially drill pipe while it is being withdrawn from the wellbore.
injection well	A well used for injecting fluids into a formation in an attempt to increase recovery efficiency.
multiple 49	Rule governing gas well production from an oil reservoir gas cap.
working capital	Money necessarily invested in the business to carry on the day-to-day operations
stratopause	The stratopause is a relatively thin atmospheric transition layer found between the stratosphere and the mesosphere
remote sensor	Mechanical devices used to remotely sense an object or phenomenon.
column	A speleothem joining floor to ceiling, formed when a stalactite and stalagmite grow and join, or when either grow to meet bedrock.Cave - Parts of
eclipse	When our view of one object in the sky is blocked by either another object or the Earth's shadow.
degradation	the wearing down and general lowering of an area or a feature by any process of weathering and erosion.
groundwater recharge	Increasing the amount of groundwater in storage via percolating rainwater.
contract depth	Depth that well must be drilled to fulfill the contract
independent producer	A non-integrated company which receives nearly all of its revenues from production at the wellhead
re-enrichment	Enrichment of uranium previously enriched or depleted.
variable star	a star that fluctuates in brightness
troglomorphic adaption	Adaptions to the cave environment, eg loss of pigment, for species living in the dark zone
cathode	a plate of metal produced by electrolytic refining
boston box	A square box installed flush with the pavement.
short form rate schedule	A statement, in lieu of a conventional rate schedule, that may be filed by independent producers annually transporting or selling less than 100,000 Mcf of natural gas that is subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission.
hygrometer	An instrument for measuring atmospheric humidity.
csa	Canadian Standards Association.
skidding the rig	Moving a rig from the location of a lost or completed hole preparatory to starting a new one
free pitch	Where a rope or ladder hangs vertically and free of the walls.Climbing and SRT
multiphase flow	A flow regime in which gas, oil, and water are all flowing.
clearing accounts	Accounts used for the accumulation of expenses which cannot be equitably distributed at the time of the charge
throughflow	The roughly horizontal flow of water through soil or regolith.
reservoir	A porous and permeable subsurface rock layer that contains a separate accumulation of petroleum that is confined by impermeable rock or water barriers and is characterized by a single pressure system.
water consumption	The complete removal of water from some type of source, like groundwater, for some use by humans
centistoke	Unit of measurement for viscosity, similar to seconds.
aging	Effect on materials in service of exposure to an environment for an interval of time.
sump	Shallow pond lined with plastic adjacent to the drilling rig, used to store drilling fluid.
biological weathering	The disintegration of rock and mineral due to the chemical and/or physical agents of an organism.
authigenic	A term implying a development in place during or after deposition.
rigging	In climbing, the process of establishing the belays for ropes and or ladders.Climbing and SRT
cave raft	See Raft.Cave - Depositional Features
charles' law	See LAWS.
vug	A small cavity in rock, often lined with crystals.Cave - Erosional & Solutional Features
customer nomination method	A method to allocate a portion of demand cost to customer classes based on those classes' nominated level of service.
driller	One who operates a drilling rig
microannulus	A type of impairment in cement bond quality
two-part rate	A charge for electricity consisting of a demand (kW) component and an energy or commodity (kWh) component.
tight gas	Natural gas found in reservoirs with low porosity and low permeability
primary air	Air that is mixed with fuel before the mix reaches the ignition zone to enhance combustion.
logs	The result of surveys which gather information from the wellbore and surrounding formations which typically consist of traces and curves
density	The gravity of crude oil, indicating the proportion of large, carbon-rich molecules.
pvt analysis	Pressure-volume-temperature analysis of a sample of fluid collected from a subsurface fluid reservoir at the datum depth.
bit	A cutting device attached to the bottom end of the drill pipe
pressure control	Maintenance of pressure, in all or part of a system, at a predetermined level or within a selected range.
riser pipe	The pipe that connects an underwater wellhead to the drilling rig floating on the surface of the ocean above.
wellhead	The surface termination of a wellbore that incorporates facilities for installing casing hangers during the well construction phase
use or lose	A provision which decreases a shipper's right to capacity if the shipper does not use it at a certain level
natural gasoline	Liquid removed from natural gas by absorption or refrigeration and containing hydrocarbons heavier than butane.
inhibitor	A chemical agent which slows or reduces chemical action
transport	The movement of sedimentary material
lls	Light Louisiana Sweet
standard dimension ratio	The ratio of diameter to wall thickness of pipe
tie in	To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.
unconformity	A surface of erosion which separates older sediment from younger sediment.
pendant	See Rock pendant.Cave - Erosional & Solutional Features
required depreciation reserve	See THEORETICAL DEPRECIATION RESERVE.
evaporite	A sediment resulting from the evaporation of saline water.
forebay	Stormwater design feature that uses a small basin to settle out incoming sediment before it is delivered to a stormwater BMP.
oort cloud	A spherical cloud of trillions of comets extending about halfway to the nearest stars and weakly bound by the Sun's gravity
fastline	The end of the drilling line that is affixed to the drum or reel of the draw-works, so called because it travels with greater velocity than any other portion of the line.
rural-urban fringe	a zone of transition between the built-up area and the countryside, where there is often competition for land use
atmospheric pollution	See POLLUTION, ATMOSPHERIC.
nd	NEW DISCOVERY WELL
payoff	The point in time at which a well's operation begins to produce revenues.
md-13-r	Permit to Drill for Minerals.
british thermal unit	A measure of the heating value of a fuel.
tol	Abbreviation for Top of liner
degradation	A deleterious change in the chemical structure, physical properties or appearance of a plastic.
normal distribution	A common probability distribution displayed by population data
economy energy	Energy sold on a non-firm basis and subject to recall at the discretion of the selling party.
extended detention	A function provided by BMPs which incorporate a water quality storage
draft regulator	A device which functions to maintain a desired draft in the appliance by automatically reducing the draft to the desired value.
host	Organism that develops disease from a pathogen or is being feed on by a parasite.
fjord	A glacial valley or glacial trough found along the coast that is now filled with a mixture of fresh water and seawater.
dry-point site	a settlement site on dry land surrounded by low, wet ground; this was good for defence.
polyolefin	A polymer prepared by the polymerization (copolymerization) of olefin(s) as the sole monomer(s).
cogeneration	The production of both electricity and useful thermal energy from the same energy source
discovery well	The first successful oil or gas well drilled in a new field
unit heater	See HEATER, ROOM.
eastern zone	For rate design purposes, the Eastern Zone encompasses the geographic area from North Bay to Montreal, including Toronto and southern Ontario
base pressure index	A device which continuously and automatically compensates to correct gas volume at operating pressure to volume at base pressure, without regard for any correction for temperature.
emergency clearance	Office of Conservation approval to move legally produced liquids pending submittal and approval of Form R-4.
administrative law judge	The officer designated by the FERC to conduct the proceedings in a rate or other tariff filing.
convenience goods/services	these are low/order goods - inexpensive things that vary little in price, quality or other features that we need to buy regularly e.g
earnings/price ratio	A method to determine the cost of common equity component of return using the ratio of earnings per share to the stock price.
shore	The land area bordering a relatively large water body like a lake or ocean.
deuterium	Isotope of hydrogen, with a nucleus containing one proton and one neutron, and an atomic mass number of 2.
nucleated settlement pattern	a settlement where buildings are clustered around a particular point.
forestry compass	A lightweight tripod mounted compass which also functions as a clinometer, and has a telescopic sight
neural networks	A concept for advanced computer calculations developed by Alan Turing to mimic some of the operations of the neurons in a brain
driller	Employee directly in charge of a particular crew, as opposed to a tool pusher, who is in charge of all the crews on a rig.Operation of drilling and hoisting equipment constitutes the driller’s main duties
flaring	Burning of gas for the purpose of safe disposal.
diamagnetic	having a small negative magnetic susceptibility.
unbilled revenues	Revenues applicable to gas or electricity consumed but not yet billed to the customer because of bimonthly or cycle billing or for other reasons.
u gauge	See MANOMETER.
combustion	Rapid chemical reaction of oxygen with fuel accompanied by the production of heat, or heat and light.
tolling fee	A fee paid for use of electric generation assets used to convert fuel to power.
supergiant	the stage in a star's evolution where the core contracts and the star swells to about five hundreds times its original size
elevated temperature testing	Tests on plastic pipe above 23oC (73oF).
diatomite	A siliceous chert-like sediment formed from the hard parts of diatom.
lava stalactites	Longer and thicker than 'lava drips'
completion fluid	A special drilling mud used when a well is being completed
water saturation	The percentage of the porosity of the reservoir rock containing water at reservoir conditions (reservoir fluid pressure and reservoir fluid temperature conditions)
flue	Passage for combustion products within furnace or boiler
open hole	Uncased hole, or uncased portion of the hole.
meridional transport	Transport of atmospheric and oceanic energy from the equator to the poles.
quasar	An unusually bright object found in the remote areas of the universe
spot market	A market where goods are traded for immediate delivery.
docket	A formal proceeding with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission or local Public Utility Regulatory Commission for construction or abandonment of facilities, changes in rates and rulemaking.
band clamp	See LEAK CLAMP.
depth-control log	A well log run in cased holes for the purpose of providing correlation with open-hole logs in order to establish depth control for certain completion operations
ion	An atom, molecule or compound that carries either a positive (cation) or negative (anion) electrical charge.
native gas	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
gathering line	- A pipeline that transports oil or gas from a central point of production to a transmission line or mainline.
groundwater	Water below the level at which all voids in the rock are completely filled saturated
pigment	Organic substance found in plant and animal cells that creates coloring.
rock pressure	A term used for the initial pressure of gas in a well.
star	A large and very massive, self-luminous celestial body of gas that illuminates via the radiation derived from its internal source of energy.
burner tip	An attachment for a burner head which forms a burner port modified for a specific application
concentration	A number expressing the percent of the specified constituent in a mixture to the total quantity of the mixture, as pounds of salt per pound of brine.
sensible heat	Heat that can be measured by a thermometer and thus sensed by humans.
frontal fog	Is a type of fog that is associated with weather fronts, particularly warm fronts
easement	A grant of one or more of the property rights by the property owner to and/or for the use by the public, a corporation or another person or entity.
acid	In chemistry, a substance that may have a sour taste, makes blue litmus paper turn red, and can react with a base to make salt
ops	Abbreviation for Operations
chemical grade	Refers to a particular grade of polypropylene with around 93-94% purity.
thematic mapper	Remote sensing device found on Landsat satellites that scans images in seven spectral bands from visible to thermal infrared.
net smelter return	The interest in a mining property held by the vendor on the net revenues generated by the sale of the metal produced by the mine.
heat balance	The accounting of the energy output and losses from a system to equal the energy input.
leaching	A solution mining process to remove salt and form gas storage caverns in salt domes.
twilight zone	the term applied to an inner city area as it begins to change into the Zone of Transition.
storm sewer system	Pipes, swales natural features and man-made improvements designed to carry runoff.
ribbon development	when housing grows out from a town along a main road.
mesoscale convective complex	A cluster of thunderstorms covering an area of 100,000 kilometers or more
protostar	dense regions of molecular clouds where stars are forming.
fissure cave	A narrow vertical cave passage, often developed along a joint but not necessarily so
cement	(1) A powder consisting of alumina, silica, lime, and other substances which hardens when mixed with water
cold desert	Desert found in the high latitudes and at high altitudes where precipitation is low
scale	The ratio of the length between any 2 points on a map to the actual distance between the same points on the ground or in a cave.Survey & Mapping term
elastic deformation	Change in the shape of a material as the result of the force of compression or expansion
assignee	The person to whom oil and gas leases are assigned.
sector model	see Hoyt model.
gypsum flower	An elongated and curving deposit of gypsum on a cave surface.Cave - Depositional Features
compressibility	The property of a material which permits it to decrease in volume when subjected to an increase in pressure
quicklook	A preliminary, well site, computed well-log analysis.
air receiver	A storage tank for compressed air.
price elasticity of demand	A measurement of the sensitivity of demand to changes in price
universal time	also known as Greenwich Mean Time, this is local time on the Greenwich meridian
crater	a bowl-shaped depression formed by the impact of an asteroid or meteoroid
mercaptans	A group of organic chemical compounds containing an SH group having distinctive odors in small concentrations is often added to natural or LP gases to warn of leaks
monitoring regulator	A pressure regulator set in series with a control pressure regulator for the purpose of automatically taking over the control of the pressure downstream in case that pressure tends to exceed a set maximum.
latent heat of vaporization	The amount of heat energy required from the environment to change the state of a liquid to a gas
wholesale wheeling	The transmission of electricity from a wholesale supplier to another wholesale supplier by a third party
porosity	The volume of spaces within rock or coal seam that might contain oil and gas (like the amount of water a sponge can hold); the open or void space within rock.
meteor	A meteor is a meteoroid that has entered the Earth's atmosphere, usually making a fiery trail as it falls
calibration	The process wherein the zero and sensitivity of the measuring circuit is adjusted to meaningful units so that the recorded measurements will be accurate with respect to an industry standard.
shale oil	A liquid similar to conventional crude oil but obtained from oil shale by conversion of organic matter (kerogen) in oil shale.
national energy board	The Canadian regulatory body which oversees interprovincial natural gas trade and pipelines
kt	Abbreviation for one thousand tonnes.
hydrophone	The recorder used to monitor time of travel of offshore seismic disturbances.
well density	The concentration of wells on the land surface (per unit area).
aor	Area of Review
sunset	Moment of time when the Sun's edge completely disappears below the Earth's horizon.
radiometer	General name for an instrument used to measure radiation over a specific wavelength range.
rigid pvc	Polyvinyl chloride or a polyvinyl chloride/acetate copolymer characterized by a relatively high degree of hardness; it may be formulated with or without a small percentage of plasticizer
masip	Maximum Authorized Surface Injection Pressure USDW/Offical MASIP
canopy	A compound speleothem consisting of a flowstone cover on a bedrock projection and a fringe of stalactites or shawls on the outer edge.Cave - Depositional Features
ultimate reservoir capacity	Total volume of gas within a reservoir which exerts a pressure from 0 pounds per square inch gauge pressure to the maximum or ultimate reservoir gauge pressure.
kelly bushing	The kelly runs through the kelly bushing which is fitted in the rotary table and provides the means of rotating the drillstring and hence the drill-bit.
check meter	A device for measuring utility service consumption within individual dwelling units where the utility service is supplied through a master meter.
obsidian	Glassy dark colored volcanic rock
evapotranspiration	The combined processes of evaporation from the water or soil surface and transpiration of water by plants.
sales refund objective	A provision included in many prior settlements, and often examined by Staff, that if actual volumes exceed an agreed level during the period of time the rates are in effect, the pipeline agrees to refund the fixed costs received in the commodity rate
double bottom	A bullish reversal pattern characterized by two lows at roughly equal value.
fcc	First class charterer
tar sands	Hydrocarbon bearing deposits distinguished from more conventional oil and gas reservoirs by the high viscosity of the hydrocarbon which is not recoverable in its natural state through a well by ordinary oil production methods.
carbon	Element, symbol C
injection wells	Wells to be used for injection of fluids into reservoir for enhancement of hydrocarbon recovery.
aggressive	A measure of the relative capacity of water to dissolve rock material
hydrogen embrittlement	The process whereby steel components become less resistant to breakage and generally much weaker in tensile strength
inner core	Inner region of the Earth's core
woc	Abbreviation for Waiting on cement
book value	The recorded plant cost less the accumulated depreciation.
theory	Proposed explanation for the causal mechanisms responsible for a phenomenon or a set of facts
deciduous vegetation	Type of vegetation that sheds its leaves during winter or dry seasons
firm service	Service offered to customers (regardless of Class of Service) under schedules or contracts which anticipate no interruptions
thermally actuated valve	An automatic valve which utilizes the heat generated by the resistance of an electrical component in opening or closing the valve.
adjustment clause	See CLAUSE, ADJUSTMENT.
bunker "c" fuel oil	A heavy residual fuel oil used by ships, industry, and for large scale heating installations
s/t	Abbreviation for Side track
capacity release	The temporary relinquishment of firm transportation capacity on a pipeline
kill	To prevent the threatened blowout of a well or to stop a blowout in progress, usually accomplished by the pumping of heavy fluids under pressure into the wellbore to overbalance (exceed) the formation pressure.
iron meteorite	A meteorite consisting of metallic iron and nickel.
circle of illumination	A line that bisects areas on the Earth receiving sunlight and those areas in darkness
test weld	The process of cutting out a portion of a weld in a pipeline for testing as to acceptability.
reservoir	In oil, a naturally occurring geological formation containing hydrocarbon
transpiration	Transpiration is the process of water loss from plants through stomata
joint interest billing	Statement attached to a check disclosing well names, month of expenses, total expenses and venturers' shares.
long wave	A large wave in the polar jet stream and the westerlies that extends from the middle to the upper troposphere
r-value	A measure of thermal resistance of a material, equal to the reciprocal of the U-Value
eua	European Union (emission) Allowance: the standard tradable emissions unit under the ETS
earth albedo	Is the reflectivity of the Earth's atmosphere and surface combined
abandoned	A well that is permanently closed off when no viable hydrocarbons are discovered or it is depleted and no longer capable of producing profitably.
cavernicole	An animal which normally lives in caves for the whole or part of its life cycle
appropriate state regulatory agency	Term used in Part 284 of the Regulations to refer to a state agency which regulates intrastate pipelines and local distribution companies within such state
on belay	Signal given to a climber by the belayer, that the manually operated belay system is ready for use.Climbing and SRT
cubic foot	A unit of measurement for volume
minor planet	another name used to describe a large asteroid.
kelly bushing	An adapter that serves to connect the rotary table to the kelly
brake bar	A round bar hinged to a karabiner or rappel rack used for abseiling.Climbing and SRT
pinnacle karst	Tropical landscape of near vertical sided spires
allowed rate of return	The rate of return that a regulatory commission allows on a rate base in establishing just and reasonable rates for a utility
bed	An individual layer of a sedimentary rock.
secondary production or recovery	Oil and gas obtained by the augmentation of reservoir energy; often by the injection of air, gas, or water into a production information
sediment	sedimentary rock, deposit deriving from the accumulation solid fragments (ex
suspended load	Portion of the stream load that is carried almost permanently suspended in flowing water.
mistral	Term used to describe a katabatic wind in southern France.
p & a permit	A report which list detailed plugged and abandoned activities on wells.
nitrous oxide	Gas found in the atmosphere that contributes to the greenhouse effect
cif	Cost, insurance and freight charges for shipping products
perfluorocarbon tracer technology	The use of tracer elements to measure the air infiltration rates within residential and commercial buildings
matter	a word used to describe anything that contains mass.
craton	A relatively large block of the earth
planet	Any of eight solid, nonluminous bodies revolving about the Sun.
seasonal cycle	Changes in the environment brought about by the changes in the seasons- winter, spring, summer, autumn.
bha	Abbreviation for Bottom Hole Assembly
bbq	A composite of Bonny, Brass River and Qua Ibo crudes from Nigeria.
salt weathering	Detachment of particles from a rock surface by the growth of crystals from salt solutions
straightening vanes	Round, square, or other shaped tubing installed axially inside the piping preceding an orifice or turbine meter to eliminate swirls and cross-currents set up by the pipe fittings and valves
psia	Pounds of pressure per square inch absolute, using absolute zero as a base.
proppant/propping agent	A granular substance (sand grains, aluminum pellets, or other material) that is carried in suspension by the fracturing fluid and that serves to keep the cracks open when fracturing fluid is withdrawn after a fracture treatment.
keystone species	Species that interacts with a large number of other species in a community
barrel	A volumetric unit of measure for crude oil and petroleum products
organism	Any form of life.
eccentricity	Geometric shape of the Earth's orbit
turbo blower	A blower in which the rotating part is equipped with blades that rotate between stationary blades attached to the housing
occulation	the blockage of light by the intervention of another object; a planet can occult (block) the light from a distant star
föhn wind	European equivalent of chinook wind.
pure volumetric	See VOLUMETRIC RATES.
tight hole	A drilling well in which the information obtained is restricted and passed only to those authorized to receive it.
public water system	A system for providing the public with water for human consumption that has at least 15 service connections or regularly serves at least 25 individuals.
gas well	A well capable of producing natural gas.
flow	A current or stream of fluid or gas.
producing sand	A rock stratum that contains recoverable oil or gas.
cost of removal	The cost of demolishing, dismantling, tearing down or otherwise removing plant, including the cost of transportation and handling incidental thereto.
graphite	A soft, black, lustrous mineral made of carbon
forward price curve	When plotted together, a series of forward prices creates a forward curve, reflecting a range of today's tradable values for specified dates in the future
coa	Contract of affreightment between ship owner and charterer.
oil wet	Pertaining to the preference of a solid to be in contact with an oil phase rather than a water or gas phase
percolation	Vertical movement or infiltration of water from the Earth's surface to its subsurface
casing head gas	Gas dissolved in crude oil which emerges at the casing head when pressure is lowered
heat capacity	Quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit quantity of a substance one degree
plasma	plasma consists of a gas heated to sufficiently high temperatures that the atoms ionize
polyvinylchloride	A polymer prepared by the polymerization of vinyl chloride with or without small amounts of other monomers.
river-clamp	Long, heavy iron or concrete sleeves installed on a pipeline to prevent injury to pipe laid in a river bottom and to weight the pipe
fractured	See 'Hydraulic fracturing'.
iw	INACTIVE WELL
international energy agency	An autonomous organization comprised of the main oil-consuming countries established in 1974 under the OECD for collective action on energy.
jack or unit	An oil-pumping unit
severance tax relief program	The severance tax is predetermined percentage of total sales tax less any allowable deductions
soil porosity	The volume of water that can be held in a soil
potential	Actual or maximum volume of oil and/or gas that a well is capable of producing
recharge	The process involving the input or intake of water into the saturated zone in karst aquifers
lap	Term usually applied to an interval in the cased hole (of an oil or gas well) where the top of a liner overlaps the bottom of a string of casing.
canopy drip	Redirection of a proportion of the rain or snow falling on a plant to the edge of its canopy.
venting	The intentional controlled release of un-combusted gases directly to the atmosphere
telephone directory - dnr	Telephone Numbers For Department of Natural Resources DNR Telephone Directory
joule-thomson expansion	The throttling effect produced when expanding a gas or vapor from a high pressure to a lower pressure with a corresponding drop in temperature.
nucleus	the positively charged core of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons (except for hydrogen), around which electrons orbit.
hero	Home Energy Rebate OptionHome Energy Rebate Option
system lambda	The marginal, variable production cost of electricity at a given level of system output.
blizzard	Winter severe weather condition characterized by strong wind, blowing snow, and cold temperatures.
logarithmic scale	Measurement scale based on logarithms
lact	Lease Automatic Custody Transfer
separation	The process of separating liquid and gas hydrocarbons and water
oil gravity	The density of oil compared to the density of water, i.e., the specific gravity of the oil
bottom hole pressure	The pressure at the bottom of a well
peak day sendout	See SENDOUT, MAXIMUM DAY.
periodic table	Table that describes some of the chemical properties of the known elements.
liter	A liter is 1,000th of a cubic meter
igneous	one of the three main groups of rocks on Earth
diversity	A characteristic of the variety of gas loads whereby individual maximum demands usually occur at different times
conjunctive billing	Tariff provisions which permit the grouping of delivery points for billing purposes
bottle	A gas-tight container fabricated from pipe or plate with integral drawn, forged, or spun end closures, tested in the manufacturer's plant, used for storing or transporting gas.
anode	a plate of metal cast in a shape suitable for refining by the electrolytic process.
metamorphic rocks	rocks which have formed from pre-existing rocks due to changes in temperature, pressure, stress or chemistry.
bgl	Abbreviation for Below Ground Level
swallet	Usually in karst, a form of sinkhole (which may also be a cave entrance) but could refer to a streamsink
natural arch	An arch of rock formed by weathering.Speleology term
by-pass	A road built around a busy urban area to avoid traffic jams.
weir	A device used to control and measure water flow.
energy security	A term used to refer to the reliability of future energy supply
high-order goods/services	a good or service, usually expensive, that people buy only occasionally e.g
generation	The process of producing electricity by transforming other forms of energy such as steam, heat or falling water
nad-83	Is based on the Geodetic Refrence System 1980 ellipsoid.
cave coral	Speleothems consisting of short stalks with bulbous ends or nodular, prickly, globular, pop-corn or coral-like form
infra-red radiation	See RADIATION, INFRA-RED.
contact metamorphism	Is the small scale metamorphic alteration of rock due to localized heating
sediment	Solid material that has been or is being eroded, transported, and deposited
compressor station	Facility that moves gas through transmission lines or into storage by creating pressure differentials
capture cross section	The nuclear capture cross section for neutrons is the effective area within which a neutron passes in order to be captured by an atomic nucleus
flange up	To complete the drilling of a well.
rotation	the spin of a body about its axis.
photosynthesis	The use of light energy to drive chemical reactions resulting in the conversion of carbon from carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.
dampener	An air or inert gas device that minimizes pressure surges in the output line of a mud pump
coral	Simple marine animals that live symbiotically with algae
original cost	The actual cost of land, buildings, pipelines and other plant items (in the Code of Federal Regulations) "to the person first devoting it to public service." (Distinguished from the cost to a subsequent owner of acquiring such property after it is already "devoted to public service")
gob	Good Ordinary Brand
tbg	Abbreviation for Tubing
lake	A body standing water found on the Earth's continental land masses
cloud point	The temperature at which wax begins to crystallize in a given sample of middle distillate, giving it a cloudy appearance
formation damage	The reduction in permeability in reservoir rock due to the infiltration of drilling or treating fluids into the area adjacent to the wellbore.
major planet	a name used to describe any planet that is considerably larger and more massive than the Earth, and contains large quantities of hydrogen and helium
theoretical depreciation reserve	A calculated or artificial reserve, rather than actual, used as a guide in analyzing the actual reserve condition
laminar flow	Nonturbulent fluid flow
drip box	A box around a drip, accessible at grade level, which protects the drip and pipe.
horsepower	A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per minute, or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746 kilowatts.
annulus	A part, structure, or marking resembling a ring.
convection	Convection involves the transfer of heat energy by means of vertical mass motions through a medium.
pugh clause	A provision or addendum in a gas lease agreement that addresses whether the entire parcel of land will be held under a lease agreement, if only a portion of the leased land is developed
mollweide projection	Map projection system that tries to present more accurate representations of area
probable	Probable reserves are those unproved reserves which analysis of geological and engineering data suggests are more likely than not to be recoverable
franchises and consents	The right or privilege granted by a political subdivision to do business or perform specific services.
plunge pool	A swirlhole, generally of large size
vadose zone	The zone between land surface and the water table within which the moisture content is less than saturation (except in the capillary fringe) and pressure is less than atmospheric
mountain breeze	Local thermal circulation pattern found in areas of topographic relief
amphibious	Living on land and in water
electric logs	Recording that indicates the oil well's rock formation characteristics by different responses to electric current.
button	A small disc-shaped, button-like electrode used on microresistivity pads.
elliptical galaxy	a galaxy whose structure shaped like an ellipse and is smooth and lacks complex structures such as spiral arms.
solution gas	Natural gas which is dissolved in oil in a reservoir, and which bubbles out of the oil on the surface as pressures decline during production.
marginal price of energy	Price for power from a unit which is already running
downtime	When rig operations are temporarily suspended because of repairs or maintenance
asphalt	A dark coloured bitumen found as a natural deposit
check stub	Stub attached to a check disclosing well name, month of production, price received, total volumes produced and JIB expenses deducted.
time	Measurable period in which cause and effect occurs and systems function.
equatorial orbit	An orbit around the plane of the equator.
form p l t	Packer Leakage Test
roll over	The transfer of a position from one futures period to another involving the purchase (sale) of the nearby month and simultaneous sale (purchase) of a further-forward month.
closed talik	Is a form of localized unfrozen ground (talik) in an area of permafrost
formation	A formation is a set of rock layers that consists dominantly of a certain rock type or combination of types.
solar nebula	The cloud of gas and dust that formed the young Sun and the surrounding planets.
uic-14	Application for Annular Disposal of Reserve Pit Fluids
exothermic	That characteristic of a chemical reaction, such as fuel combustion, in which heat is liberated.
dispatching	The control of product flow in a system involving the assignment of load to the various sources of supply to meet the desired objectives.
basin	A depression of large size, which maybe of structural or erosional origin
h ii region	a region of hot gas surrounding a young star or stars that is mostly ionized
eustacy	Variations in sea-level that are related to changes in the volume of seawater in the oceans.
fahrenheit scale	Scale for measuring temperature
structural trap	A trap in reservoir rock which has been formed by the deformation (folding or faulting) of the rock layer
department of energy	A United States cabinet-level federal agency responsible for managing national energy policy, nuclear power, nuclear weapons programs and the national energy research labs.
dig	An excavation made (1) to discover a new cave (2) to extend an existing cave (3) to uncover artifacts or animal bones.Speleology term
well servicing	Maintenance work performed on an oil or gas well to improve or maintain the production.
declining block rate	A fall in an electricity rate when an increase in consumption cuts the cost to a utility of providing service
flood basalt	See plateau basalt.
futures contract	An agreement to make or take delivery of a commodity at a fixed date or strip of dates in the future, at a price agreed upon at the time of dealing.
glacial sediments	sediments which form as a result of the actions of ice or glaciers.
magnetic field	a field of force that is generated by electric currents
ferc out	Contract provisions enabling a company to get out of gas purchase contracts based upon regulatory changes that are detrimental to the company.
joint operating agreement	An agreement among working interest owners describing how a well is to be operated.
fire point	Minimum temperature at which a substance will continue to burn after being ignited.
valence	A property of ions or of radicals determining the number of ions with which they can combine in chemical reactions.
filed rate doctrine	The legal principle that protects regulated customers from receiving retroactive rate hikes.
cost-effectiveness test	See BENEFIT-COST TEST.
g	Abbreviation for Gas
lockout timing	That period of time between the initial ignition trial and lockout by the ignition system.
breeching	A passageway, usually constructed of sheet metal, to conduct the flue gases from the boiler to the chimney
dividend appropriations	Amounts declared payable out of unappropriated retained earnings as dividends on outstanding preferred or common stock.
transition zone	Initial region of the Dark zone beyond the Twilight zone where there is no visible light
field print	A preliminary print of the well log presented in the field at the completion of the survey operation.
total organic carbon	The concentration of material derived from decaying vegetation, bacterial growth and metabolic activities of living organisms or chemicals in the source rocks.
urban fringe	see rural-urban fringe.
load factor	The ratio of the average requirement to the maximum requirements for the same time period, as one day, one hour, etc.
celestial	Having to do with the skies or visible heavens (the Sun, Moon, stars, and planetary bodies).
radiation	The emission of energy from an object in the form of electromagnetic waves and photons.
rig up	To prepare equipment for an operation.
globular cluster	a tight, spherical grouping of hundreds of thousands of stars
run	An assembly of more than one piece of pipe; a portion of a fitting having its end in line or nearly so, as distinct from the branch or side opening, as of a tee.
thief zone	Thief formation
bunker c oil	Residual fuel oil of high viscosity, commonly used in marine and stationary power plants
in-place resource	The quantity of oil or gas remaining in known accumulations plus those quantities already produced from known accumulations plus those quantities in accumulations yet to be discovered.
internal combustion	Pertains to any engine in which the heat or pressure necessary to produce power is developed in the engine cylinder by the combustion of a fuel.
r/d	Abbreviation for Rigging down
in-the-money	An option which has intrinsic value
crater	a hole or depression
lignite	Low grade coal
cracking	Processing that breaks down and rearranges the molecular structure of hydrocarbon chains
mile post location	The location in miles along a pipeline from 0.00, usually expressed in hundredths of a mile.
specific gravity	the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of another-commonly water
sea cave	A cave in present day or emerged sea cliffs, formed most commonly by wave attack but may have been formed by the usual karst solution processes
formation volume factor	The ratio of the volume of gas or liquid with its dissolved gas at reservoir conditions of temperature and pressure to its volume at standard conditions.
ground water	The supply of fresh water found beneath the Earth's surface, usually in aquifers, which supply wells and springs
waterspout	A vortex of rapidly moving air over water that is associated with some thunderstorms.
biodiversity	Biodiversity refers to the number of species of plants and animals in a defined area
packer	A piece of downhole equipment that consists of a sealing device, a holding or setting device, and an inside passage for fluids
unit	A surface area that encompasses part of or the entirety of a reservoir.
natural gas	A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the earth's surface, often in association with petroleum
total dissolved solids	TDS
ring-road	a by-pass that provides a route around the CBD.
evaporation pits	A common brine disposal technique intended to recover the brine product (water evaporates leaving behind a concentrated salt solution)
benzene	One of the aromatic hydrocarbons, produced from crude oil via fractional distillation and cataytic reforming, or from toluene via dealkylation
associated gas proration	Restrictions states place on the production of associated gas
ionosphere	the region of the Earth's upper atmosphere containing a small percentage of free electrons and ions produced by photoionization of the constituents of the atmosphere by solar ultraviolet radiation
humidifier	A mechanical means of increasing the relative humidity by injecting water or water vapor into the air.
planitia	a low plain.
cloud point	The temperature at which a fuel, when cooled, begins to congeal and take on a cloudy appearance caused by the bonding of paraffins.
assignor	Person who conveys the Oil and Gas Leases in an Assignment.
at-the-money	An option whose exercise price is equal, or close to, the current price in the underlying market
naphtha stripper	A piece of equipment in which light hydrocarbon fractions are removed from naphtha for recovery or sale.
throughput level	The combination of Sales Level and Transportation Level
wildcat	Well drilled in unproven territory
irreducible water saturation	The fraction of the pore volume occupied by water in a reservoir at maximum hydrocarbon saturation
histoplasmosis	A lung disease usually mild in effect but known to be fatal
sphere of influence	the area served by a settlement, shop or service.
throughfall	Describes the process of precipitation passing through the plant canopy
tankage	The process of sorting liquids in a tank, the capacity of tanks, or the price paid for tank storage of liquids.
mon	Motor Octane Number
ratification agreement	A document whereby the producer and the purchaser adopt the terms and provisions of another contract as those under which they will make their own sale and purchase.
buy-out costs	Payments made by pipelines to producers to extinguish (buy-out) outstanding take-or-pay liabilities under existing contracts, or to reform (buy-down) the contracts.
contact metamorphism	The processes by which solid rocks are altered by increased temperatures when they are close to a hot igneous body, such as an intrusion of granite.
friction	Resistance between the contact surfaces of two bodies in motion.
ultimate strength	Term used to describe the maximum unit stress a material will withstand when subjected to an applied load in a compression, tension, or shear test.
line packing	Increasing the amount of gas in a line section by increasing pressure to meet a heavy demand, usually of short duration.
eclipse	the total or partial blocking of one celestial body by another.
schedule	A pipe size system (outside diameters and wall thickness) originated by the iron pipe industry.
system capacity	The amount of gas that can be transported under specified conditions of pressure, temperature and loading (generally peak day requirements)
gasification	The process during which liquified natural gas (LNG) is returned to its vapor or gaseous state through an increase in temperature and a decrease in pressure.
mwd	A real time log taken from sensors located in the bottom of the drillstring.
draft hood	A device built into an appliance, or made a part of the flue or vent connector from an appliance, which is designed to (a) assure the ready escape of the products of combustion from the combustion chamber in the event of no draft, back draft, or stoppage beyond the draft hood; (b) prevent a back draft from entering the combustion chamber of the appliance; and (c) neutralize the effect of stack action of the chimney or gas vent upon the operation of the appliance.
resource	Anything obtained from the environment to meet the needs of a species.
inert	A material not acted upon chemically by the surrounding environment
ppm	- Parts per million.
energy factor	A measure of the overall efficiency of a water heater, based on its recovery efficiency, standby loss and energy input as set out in standardized Department of Energy test procedures.
hydrometallurgy	the treatment of ores by wet processes, resulting in the dissolution of a particular component and its subsequent recovery by precipitation, adsorption or electrolysis.
light water reactor	A nuclear reactor which uses light (or ordinary) water as a moderator and coolant and enriched uranium as a fuel.
pipeline marketing affiliate	Marketer which is a subsidiary of an interstate pipeline.
resistivity logs	Any of a number of basic logs on which some aspect of formation resistivity has been recorded.
susquehanna river basin commission	Regulatory body that governs water withdrawals from the Susquehanna River, but it does not have regulatory control over what flows into the river.
zenith	a point directly overhead from an observer.
exhaust port	In engines, the opening through which a fluid discharges out of a cylinder
holiday	A discontinuity or break in the anticorrosion protective coating on pipe, tubing, or fitting that leaves the bare metal exposed to corrosive processes.
pothole	A vertical or nearly vertical shaft or chimney open to the surface.Karst - Depression Features of
low water cut-off	A device constructed so as to automatically cut off the gas supply when the surface of the water in a boiler falls to the lowest safe water level.
unbundled services	Unbundling, or separating, pipeline transmission, sales and storage services, along with guaranteeing ‘open access' to space on the pipelines for all gas shippers.
vapor pressure	Pressure exerted by water vapor molecules in a given quantity of atmosphere.
kirkwood gaps	regions in the main belt of asteroids where few or no asteroids are found
vacuum-relieving device	A device to automatically admit air or gas into space at a pressure below atmospheric.
infiltration	The air entering a space through a wall, crack, doors, and other openings.
line pipe	Steel pipe generally used to construct pipelines to transport petroleum and natural gas.
toroidal radius	in a solar loop structure, it is the distance from the axis of the loop to the center of the "semi-circle" that the loop forms
benthic	Bottom dwelling
intrinsic value	The value to an option holder if (s)he were to exercise an option today.
salt marsh	Coastal wetland ecosystem that is inundated for some period of time by seawater
plant protection gas	Minimum volumes required to prevent physical harm to the plant facilities or danger to plant personnel when such protection cannot be afforded through the use of an alternate fuel
primary term	The basic period of time during which a lease is in effect.
chockstone	A rock wedged between 2 fixed rock surfaces and used as an aid in climbing.Climbing and SRT
pumpkin	A reinforcing sleeve welded over a coupling.
royalty interest	Funds received from the production of oil, free of costs, except taxes.
cryptozoa	The terrestrial animals that live in darkness beneath stones, logs, bark etc, or in the soil
zone in transition	the inner city area around the CBD
indeterminate	Refers to a pattern of growth and development that is open ended
wildcat	A well drilled in an unexplored area.
equivalent volumes	The term "Equivalent Volumes" shall mean the sum of the volumes of gas measured in MMBtu received by Transporter for the account of Shipper at the Transporter Receipt Point(s) during any given period of time, (a) reduced by a percentage for Fuel Gas consumed and a percentage for Gas Lost and Unaccounted For on Transporter's system as provided in the Agreement, (b) reduced by any plant volume reductions assessed as a result of Shipper's or its supplier's election to process the gas, and (c) adjusted for any variations in Btu content
turnaround	The closure of a refinery for a period of time for maintenance purposes.
rift	continental scale collapse trench, normal faults bounded.
flow prover	Apparatus used to determine the accuracy of displacement meters
supervisory fee	A fee paid to the general partner in and oil and gas limited partnership for the general partner's duties of directly supervising operations at the well site.
spectrum	electromagnetic radiation arranged in order of wavelength
bone breccia	A breccia containing many bone fragments
stocks	Widely used in the petroleum industry to designate inventories of crude oil or petroleum products at refineries, bulk terminals and in pipelines.
market potential	In DSM, an estimate of the possible energy savings that would occur because of normal market forces, without the implementation of a DSM program
floe calcite	Very thin flakes of calcite floating on the surface of a cave pool, or previously formed in this way.Cave - Depositional Features
compressed natural gas	Compressed natural gas used in vehicles and in other applications not attached to a pipeline.
disposition	The amount of crude and or condensate disposed of to a transporter shown on an OGP Report
microhabitat	The individual faunal habitat or niche within a larger (cave) environment.Fauna
pressure	A force that is applied uniformly to a surface, measured as force per unit of area.
skin	A zone of reduced permeability around the well bore, resulting from damage due to the drilling
electric well log	A record of electrical characteristics of formations drilled through
isotopes	Different forms of atoms of the same element
mesosphere	Atmospheric layer found between the stratosphere and the thermosphere
insect	Relatively small and simple animals that have a rigid external skeleton, three body sections, three pairs of legs, and antennae
cave blister	A speleothem consisting of a hemisphere shape of thin calcite
dual fuel	An energy use for which there is an alternative fuel.
catchment	The area drained by a watercourse, or by a system of watercourses
graben fault	This fault is produced when tensional stresses result in the subsidence of a block of rock
assignor	Person who conveys the oil and gas leases in an assignment.
volatility	A value attributed to an underlying futures contract which determines the premium that is set by the grantor
ocean	A body of saline water found occupying all or part of the Earth's ocean basins
compressor	A machine used to boost natural gas pressure to move it through pipelines or other facilities.
christmas tree	The system of pipes, valves, gauges and related equipment that is located on the well at ground level and that controls the flow of gas and other petroleum products produced from the well.
polje	A large closed depression draining underground, with a flat floor across which there may be an intermittent or perennial stream
random	Process or event that occurs by chance.
phreatic water	Water below the level at which all voids in the rock are completely filled with water.Speleology term
naphtha	Straight-run gasoline fractions
pollution	Unauthorized contamination of surface or subsurface waters or land.
turbine	The part of a generating unit usually consisting of a series of curved vanes or blades on a central spindle, which is spun by the force of water, steam or hot gas to drive an electricity generator.
groundwater	Water that occurs below surface, either in unconsolidated materials (ex
initial margin	The returnable collateral required to establish an options position.
seawater	The mixture of water and various dissolved salts found in the world's oceans and seas.
secchi disc	A disk with a 4-6 inch radius that is divided into 4 equal quadrates of alternating black and white colors
sound attenuation	A reduction in the sound level.
forced outage rate	The rate of shutdown of a generating unit, transmission line, or other facility for emergency reasons or a condition in which the generating equipment is unavailable for load because of unanticipated breakdown.
dsm potential	See ACHIEVABLE POTENTIAL, ECONOMIC POTENTIAL, MARKET POTENTIAL and TECHNICAL POTENTIAL.
fault	A fracture in rock caused by stress.
depletion	The value of a naturally occurring mineral deposit is a function of (1) the market value of the mineral, and (2) the concentration of the mineral in the mineral deposit.
pressure	When expressed with reference to pipe, the force per unit area exerted by the medium in the pipe.
system sendout	Total volume of gas delivered from the system in a specified period of time -- day, month, year.
casing head	Heavy steel fitting that connects the first string of casing and provides a housing for the slips and packing assemblies by which subsequent strings of casings are suspended and the annulus sealed off
allocation-supplies	The process by which supply is assigned to purchasers in accordance with a given priority during periods when total sales requests exceed the seller's total supply.
nitric oxide	A gas produced by bacterial action in the soil and by high temperature combustion
solar system	The system of the Sun and the planets, their satellites, the minor planets, comets, meteoroids, and other objects revolving around the Sun.
trap	A natural configuration of layers of rock where non-porous or impermeable rocks acts as a barrier, blocking the natural upward flow of hydrocarbons.
reservation fee	A charge for a unit of capacity reserved on a pipeline for firm transportation of customer-owned gas pursuant to Part 284 of the Commission's regulations
dissolved gas	- Commonly referred to as solution gas
owner	A legal entity which has ownership interest in a fixed asset, product, pipeline or well.
complete a well	To finish work on a well and bring it to productive status
flux	the rate of transfer of some quantity across a unit area
base pressure	The pressure used as a standard in determining gas volume
ldw	Abbreviation for Deepening of existing well work premit approved in Lafayette District Office
service stub	A piece of pipe connected to a main and usually extended to the curb line for the addition of a service.
mixed tide	Tides that have a higher high water and lower high water as well as higher low water and lower low water per tidal period.
injection well	A well into which fluids have been pumped, and from which fluids have been injected into an underground stratum to increase or maintain reservoir pressure.
ldc	See less developed country.
bpa	Bonneville Power Authority
formation	A formation is a group of beds used in stratigraphy
heat capacity	Is the ratio of the amount of heat energy absorbed by a substance compared to its corresponding temperature rise.
substitute unit well	Any well already drilled or to be drilled, completed or recompleted in the unitized sand which, in the interest of good conservation practices, should be designated to take the place of and become the unit well as determined by a special Office of Conservation order.Substitute Unit Wells
f&e	Fair and Equitable as in F&E cost distribution.
absorption	The extraction of one or more components from a mixture of gases when gases and liquids are brought into contact
swirlhole	A more or less circular hole in rock in a streambed eroded by eddying water
vers	Verified Emissions Reductions
solvent extraction-electrowinning	A metallurgical technique, so far applied only to copper ores, in which metal is dissolved from the rock by organic solvents and recovered from solution by electrolysis.
by-products	Secondary products which are obtained from the processing of a raw material and have commercial value
symbiotic	Mutual relationship between two organisms which is necessary for either to survive.
salting	The act of introducing metals or minerals into a deposit or samples, resulting in false assays, done either by accident or with the intent of making fraudulent claims about a deposit's value.
stationary front	A transition zone in the atmosphere where there is little movement of opposing air masses and winds blow towards the front from opposite directions.
exosphere	The outermost zone in the Earth's atmosphere
back pressure	Pressure against which a fluid is flowing
casing	Pipe or tubing of appropriate material, diameter and weight used to support the sides of a well hole and prevent the walls from caving, to prevent loss of drilling mud into porous formations, or to prevent fluid from entering or leaving the well.
rangeland	Land-use type that supplies vegetation for consumption by grazing and browsing animals
cfpp	Cold filter plugging point.
proppant	Specifically sized particles mixed with fracturing fluids used in hydraulic fracturing treatments to hold narrow fractures open (usually fractions of an inch in width)
vent damper	A device installed in the vent pipe that connects the furnace to the chimney
transportation	The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point to a designated delivery point pursuant to the terms of a contract between the transporter and the shipper
roustabout	A semi-skilled hand who looks after producing wells and production facilities.
shut in	To close valves on a well so that it stops production, or a well on which the valves have been closed.
mdq	The term MDQ refers to maximum daily quantity of gas which a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at each receipt or delivery point or in the aggregate as specified in an agreement.
avalanche	a large mass of snow, ice, soil, rock, or mixture of these, which falls or slides very rapidly under the force of gravity.
velocity	The speed of movement of an object in one direction.
tvd	Abbreviation for True vertical depth
telescope	an instrument used to collect large amounts of light from far away objects and increase their visibility to the naked eye
wet-bulb depression	The value calculated by subtracting a wet-bulb thermometer reading from a dry-bulb thermometer reading
below	Emergency call (often shouted) of danger
ancillary services	Any service required by a system operator to deliver electricity to the ultimate consumer
rate of penetration	ROP
chromosome	Organic structure that carries an organism's genetic code (DNA).
lost opportunity resources	DSM resources that, if not installed initially, become more costly to exploit
low-order goods/services	a good or service, usually inexpensive, that people buy on a regular, often daily daily basis - for example, newspapers, bread and milk
aniline point	Reports the aromatics content of a mixture.
pilot	A small flame which is utilized to ignite the gas at the main burner(s).
price earnings ratio	Market price divided by the annual earnings per share of common stock
neretic	Pertaining to the shallow waters near the shore over the continental shelf.
pump rate	The speed, or velocity, at which a pump is run
bathyphreatic	Referring to water moving with some speed through downward looping passages in the phreatic zone.Hydrology terms
maximum working pressure	The maximum actual operating pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating cycle or the maximum pressure for safe operation of a system.
energy conservation practice	Actions or practices taken to reduce energy consumption.
now	Nonhazardous Oilfield Waste.
heads of agreement	A non-binding preliminary agreement that outlines main issues to be settled for the sale and purchase of LNG
hypothesis testing	Process where an alternative and a null hypothesis are statistically tested for the purpose of falsifying a hypothesis.
wellhead	The equipment at the surface of a well used to control the pressure; the point at which the hydrocarbons and water exit the ground.
troglomorphies	Syn
wire ladder	A flexible lightweight ladder of steel wires and aluminium alloy rungs.Climbing and SRT
heredity	The transmission of behavioral, physiological and morphological characteristics from parent to offspring.
forties	The first substantial oil field discovered in the British sector of the North Sea
float collar	A special coupling device
riparian	Pertaining to the banks of a river or stream
sulfuric acid	Acid with the chemical formula H2SO4.
solar nebula	the disk of dust and gas of which the Solar System was believed to have formed about 5 billion years ago.
first core	All the nuclear material required to being initial operation of a reactor.
bottom hole pressure	The pressure at the bottom of a closed-in well.
estimated bill	See CALCULATED BILL.
coefficient of performance	Ratio of effect produced to the energy supplied -- effect produced and energy supplied being expressed in the same thermal units.
value of service	The concept that the value of a utility service to a consumer cannot be greater than the cost of an equally satisfactory substitute service or the consumer will switch to the substitute.
containment ponds	Man-made ponds intended to capture waste from drilling sites.
land man	A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
resistance	A price at which sellers are likely to enter the market in an uptrend.
open-flow test	A test made to determine the volume of gas that will flow from a well in a given time when flowing unrestricted and open to the atmosphere
md-10-r	Application for (or to Renew) Permit to Drill for Minerals
velocity	The speed and direction of an object's motion.
pipeline capacity	The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s), maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.
derivative	A financial transaction that derives its value from the value of another asset
fluid	any material or substance which flows or moves and which is in a semisolid, liquid, sludge, or gas state.
concrete space	Actual geographic space in the real world
hydrologic cycle	Model that describes the movement of water between the hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.
customer costs	The costs directly related to serving the customer, regardless of sales volume such as meter reading, billing, and fixed charges for the minimum investment required to serve a customer.
backwardation	A market where the price for nearby delivery is higher than for further forward months
farm in	Where a company joins a joint venture in return for paying for future (and sometimes past) joint venture operations.
lock-up or lock-off	The point at which a regulator or governor shuts of completely.
dill string	The column, or string, of drill pipe with attached tool joints that transmits fluid and rotational power from the kelly to the drill collars and the bit
temporary certificate	Temporary authorization from the Commission allowing a jurisdictional pipeline for good cause to commence sales and service and/or construction of facilities prior to the time that the Commission issues a permanent certificate pursuant to Section 7 of the NGA of 1938.
supernova remnant	an expanding shell of gas ejected at high speeds by a supernova explosion
galilean moons	the name given to Jupiter's four largest moons, Io, Europa, Callisto & Ganymede
proper motion	the apparent angular motion across the sky of an object relative to the Solar System.
fresh water	Water that is relatively free of salts.
wti	West Texas Intermediate crude oil
peat	An accumulation of partially decayed vegetable matter
cumulonimbus cloud	A well developed vertical cloud that often has top shaped like an anvil
cement bond	The adherence of casing to cement and cement to formation
free carrier	The rail- and roadfreight equivalent of Free on board.
national fuel gas code	A code that provides general criteria for the installation and operation of gas piping and gas equipment on consumers' premises
debt coverage principle	A method to determine the cost of common equity component of return based on cost of the fixed components, debt and preferred stock.
chemical autotroph	Organism that uses the external energy found in chemical compounds to produce food molecules
steam eruption	An explosive volcanic eruption caused when water and heated volcanic rocks interact to produce a violent expulsion of steam and pulverized rocks
marsh gas	Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas
demand day	That 24-hour period specified by a supplier-user contract for purposes of determining the purchaser's daily quantity of gas used (e.g., 8 AM to 8 AM, etc.)
load management	The management of load patterns in order to better use the system
energy charge	That portion of the charge for electricity based upon the electrical energy (kWh) consumed or billed
substandard acreage	Amount of acreage that is less than the standard amount for a proration unit for a field.
catalytic cracking	A petroleum refining process for breaking down heavy molecules in reduced crudes or other feedstocks
tank battery	Tanks for oil storage before delivery to a refinery.
rima	a fissure.
riparian	Relating to or living or located on the bank of a natural watercourse (as a river) or sometimes of a lake or a tidewater.
mmbtu	One million British thermal units.
pot	See Pothole.Karst - Depression Features of
uptrend	A price pattern characterized by subsequent rising highs and rising lows
fd	Free Delivered
annealing	A process involving controlled heating and subsequent controlled, generally slow, cooling applied usually to induce ductility in metals
well land rights	Right to drill and operate storage wells in a storage reservoir.
blind shear ram	The part of the blowout preventer that can completely seal the well.
solar constant	A term used to describe the average quantity of solar insolation received by a horizontal surface at the edge of the Earth's atmosphere
core	A cylindrical borehole sample taken from a well or test hole for analysis of various properties of the formation, including porosity, permeability, fluid content, and geological age.
massif	as used here, a discrete mountain mass; typically is bright and composes part of the uplifted mountainous rings around circular basins.
breccia	a rock that has been mechanically, hydraulically or pneumatically broken into angular fragments and re–cemented
interference	Form of competition where an individual directly prevents the physical establishment of another individual in a portion of a habitat.
structural landform	Is a landform created by massive Earth movements due to plate tectonics
fixed cost	Certain costs which in the aggregate do not vary in amount regardless of the quantity of gas sold or transported
tropic of capricorn	Latitude of 23.5° South
sedimentary rocks	Rocks formed from material derived from pre-existing rocks by processes of denudation, together with material of organic origin
ji	Joint Implementation: A UN scheme set up under the Kyoto Protocol to allow industrialized countries to invest in emissions reduction projects in other industrialized countries, in return for tradable greenhouse gas offset credits (ERUs).
infiltration capacity	The ability of a soil to absorb surface water.
capital asset recovery	A method to determine the cost of common equity component of return using the rate of risk- free investments plus a risk premium based on the stock market and the company's market volatility.
peak day allocation	See DESIGN DAY AVAILABILITY.
ukc	UK-Continent
gasoil	An intermediate distillate product used for diesel fuel, heating fuel and sometimes as feedstock
lost pipe	Drill pipe, drill collars, tubing, or casing that has become separated in the hole from the part of the pipe reaching the surface, necessitating its removal before normal operations can proceed; for example, a fish
zone	A stratigraphic interval containing one or more reservoirs.
casing inspection log	a log or combination of logs which:
ideal gas law	The ideal gas law is the combination of the volume, temperature, and pressure relationships of Boyle's and Charles' laws resulting in the relationship PV=RT
geostrophic wind	Horizontal wind in the upper atmosphere that moves parallel to isobars
system storage	Storage facilities, or portion of storage facilities, which is used by the pipeline to store gas for its own use, to meet the peak day requirements of its sales customers and to provide flexibility on its system
offshore well	(SWR 14) Any oil or gas well subject to Commission jurisdiction for which the surface location is on state lands in or on the Gulf of Mexico, that is not a bay oil well
direct vent appliance	Gas appliance designed so that all combustion air is derived directly from the outside, and all fuel gases are discharged to the outside through an exterior wall.
testing	The oil company may wish to obtain ore information on the productive formation, specifically as to what fluids the formation contains
capacity release	A mechanism by which holders of firm interstate transportation capacity can relinquish their rights to utilize the firm capacity to other parties that are interested in obtaining the right to use that capacity for a specific price, for a given period of time and under a specifically identified set of conditions
private placement memorandum	This refers to any investment offering made to a qualified, private investor
hydrostatic test	A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in, and the pressure monitored
overland flow	The topographic movement of a thin film of water from precipitation to lower elevations
bermuda high	High pressure system that develops over the western subtropical North Atlantic
allocation-supplies to end-use customers	The amount of gas supply available to the customer in accordance with a given priority during periods of curtailment
biodegradation	The chemical breakdown of materials under natural conditions.
title transfer	The Title Transfer Transaction is the sale/purchase and associated title transfer of the commodity ownership.
nonmajor natural gas company	Any gas company having gas sales or volume transactions exceeding 200,000 Mcf at standard conditions in the previous calendar year and is not classified as a MAJOR NATURAL GAS PIPELINE.
newton	A unit of force that creates an acceleration on a mass of 1 kilogram equal to 1 meter per second with no friction and under the conditions of a vacuum.
gas bubble	A fundamental and usually long-lasting oversupply situation
grade	The class of a cave survey on the basis of the precision of the instruments and the accuracy of the methods.Survey & Mapping term
prism	A piece of transparent material that separates the colours of sunlight into a rainbow or spectrum.
deranged drainage	Drainage pattern that is highly irregular
redox reaction	A chemical reaction involving transfer or electrons from one element to another.
epoxy resins	Resins made by the reaction of epoxides or oxiranes with other materials such as amines, alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, acid anhydrides, and unsaturated compounds.
seasonal curtailment	Curtailment imposed on a seasonal summer (April-October) or winter (November-March) basis because of gas supply deficiency
allowable	Amount of oil or gas which a well, leasehold or field may produce per month under proration orders of the RRC.
source rock	Formed by a mix of sediments and significant quantities of organic matter deposited on the sea bed over the course of time.
coquina limestone	Formed almost entirely of sorted and cemented fossil debris, most commonly coarse shells and shell fragments
office of fuels programs	The division of the U.S
epsa	Exploration Production Sharing Agreement
daylighting	Restoring a section of a stream that has been confined in a culvert or storm sewer to an above-ground channel.
mouth	End of a stream
tectonics	See plate tectonics.
hazard	Phenomenon which can cause loss of life, injury, disease, economic loss, or environmental damage.
t/c	Tanker market abbreviation for timecharter.
plastic tubing	Same as plastic pipe except that it is usually of small diameter and sized on the same system commonly used for copper tubing.
conversion efficiency	The ratio of useful energy output vs the energy required to perform the process.
expander turbine	A rotary motion machine employing the hot air blast of jet engines as the turning force.
wti	West Texas Intermediate - the primary crude pricing marker for North America
deviation angle	The inclination of the wellbore from the vertical
functionalization	The process of assigning each component of a company's cost of service to the functions the company performs (e.g., production, storage, transmission, distribution).
latch-on	To attach elevators to a section of pipe
submarine canyon	V-shaped canyons cut into the continental slope to a deep of up to 1200 meters
orogeny	A period of intense mountain building.
sinkhole	A depression at the Earth's surface caused by the underlying rock dissolving or collapsing
bottom gas	The quantity of gas that is not normally recovered from storage field operation
fixed variable	A classification method that assigns 100% of fixed costs to the demand component of the rate.
spectral gamma-ray log	Natural gamma-ray spectral log
cotyledon	The leaves of a seedling that are formed during embryonic development.
oil reforming	Step in producing carbureted water gas in which a fraction of the carburetion oil is cracked to useful gas in the water gas carburetor and superheater.
pipeline quality gas	A term used to designate a fuel gas compatible with natural gas from pipelines
district office	Office Of Conservation field offices; district offices are located in Lafayette, Monroe and Shreveport
economic/market clauses	Contract provisions which allow price redetermination at specified times or conditions at prices prevailing in the area, or at market prices.
working capital	The amount of cash or other liquid assets that a company must have on hand to meet the current costs of operations until such a time as it is reimbursed by its customers
containment	The structures, within and including the reactor building, designed to prevent any material that may escape from a nuclear reactor from reaching the outside environment
monitor	To sense the presence of a flame
residuum	Liquid or semi-liquid products obtained as residues from the distillation of petroleum
transition zone	see Zone in Transition.
flue exhauster	A device installed in and made a part of the vent to provide a positive, induced, or balanced draft.
solum	Part of the soil that is capable of supporting life.
prompt	A prompt cargo describes a cargo available for immediate lifting (one to two days)
dekatherm	A unit of heating value equal to ten therms or 1-mil Btus (1 MMBtu)
twilight zone	The part of a cave in which some daylight penetrates (but not direct sun light) and gradually diminishes to zero light
daily average send-out	The total quantity of gas delivered for a period of time divided by the number of days in the period.
physical training	Q
atom	The smallest complete particle of an element which can be obtained yet retain all physical and chemical properties of the element.
sales/transportation service	Under traditional sales service agreements, transmission and distribution companies purchase gas from suppliers, transport the gas to customers and sell it to them
market sensitive contract	A contract whose pricing and sales quantity terms can be adjusted to reflect changes in supply and demand conditions.
long-term burst	The internal pressure at which pipe or fitting will, most likely, fail after 100,000 hours (11.43 years).
ordinance	A municipally adopted law or regulation
peak rate	The maximum instantaneous rate at which runoff is discharged from a site as the result of a precipitation event, usually measured in cubic feet per second.
high-density polyethylene	Type III polyethylene with a density of 0.941 to 0.965 g/cubic centimeters.
siphon	A waterfilled passage of inverted U profile which delivers a flow of water whenever the upstream head rises above the top of the U.Cave - Parts of
central place	any settlement that provides goods and services for smaller neighbouring settlements.
undiscovered recoverable resources	Oil or gas resources outside of known fields, estimated from broad geological knowledge and theory.
short form certificate application	A statement, in lieu of a conventional certificate application, that may be filed by independent producers annually transporting or selling less than 1,000,000 Mcf of natural gas that is subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission.
cyclone	Area of low pressure in the atmosphere that displays circular inward movement of air
top plug	A cement wiper plug that follows cement slurry down the casing
asa	American Standards Association
junk basket	(1) A device made up on the bottom of the drill stem to cut a core into the bottom of the hole on which junk rests
mixer face	The air inlet end of the mixer head.
mev	one million electron volts.
strategic load growth	A targeted increase in end-use consumption during certain time periods or among certain customer types
jovian planet	any of the four outer, gaseous planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
reflected wave	A water wave that reflects off the shore or another obstacle and is redirected towards the sea or lake.
bearish	Believing that a price will fall
check valve	See VALVE, CHECK.
pangea	A hypothetical supercontinent thought to have existed during Permian time and to have included all continental masses
load density	The concentration of gas load for a given area expressed as gas volume per unit of time and per unit of area.
tower scrubber	See SCRUBBER, TOWER.
bmp	(Best Management Practice) A state-of-the-art method for achieving a desired benefit, such as infiltration or improved water quality.
subpolar glacier	Glacier in which the ice found from the its surface to base has a temperature as cold as -30° Celsius throughout the year
arboreal	Living in trees
arms-length bargaining or negotiation	Bargaining between two or more unaffiliated parties carried out in a truly competitive manner.
grille	A covering over an air inlet or outlet with openings through which air passes.
fu	Future Utilities
head up	To tighten the bolts on a hatch cover or manhole plate so that no leakage will occur from or into the vessel when operating.
big crunch	Collapse of the Universe into its original form before the Big Bang
voltage reduction	Any intentional reduction of system voltage by 3 percent or greater for reasons of maintaining the continuity of service of the bulk electric power supply system.
comet	A small solar system body made of ice and dust that moves in an elliptical orbit around the Sun
gasket	Any material (such as paper, cork, asbestos, stainless steel or other types of metal, or rubber) used to seal two essentially stationary surfaces.
current reservoir capacity	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
median	Statistical measure of central tendency in a set of data
exit temperature	The flue gas temperature taken at the point where the gas leaves the combustion chamber.
fault	A fracture in rock along which there has been an observable amount of displacement
flex rates	Monthly price changes in rates, within a minimum/ maximum range.
acid rain	Abnormally acidic rainfall, most often containing dilute concentrations of sulfuric acid or nitric acid.
caribs	Tanker market abbreviation for Caribbean.
equivalent quantities	A quantity of gas containing an amount of Btus equal to the amount of Btus received by Transporter for the account of Shipper at the Point(s) of Receipt reduced, where applicable, by the Btus removed for Transporter's compressor fuel and Transporter's lost-and-unaccounted for gas and BTU shrinkage in the treatment and processing of Shipper's gas, all as attributable to transportation of Shipper's gas.
nwly	Abbreviation for Northwesterly
floodplain	Relatively flat area found alongside the stream channel that is prone to flooding and receives alluvium deposits from these inundation events.
gas injection	See REPRESSURING.
scallop	Current markings that intersect to form points which are directed downstream.Cave - Erosional & Solutional Features
easting	(1) The distance of a point east of the point of origin of a map or a grid
water drive	The reservoir drive mechanism in which oil is produced by the expansion of the underlying water and rock, which forces the oil into the wellbore.
environmental protection agency	A federal agency created in 1970 to permit coordinated and effective governmental action, for protection of the environment by the systematic abatement and control of pollution, through integration of research monitoring, standard setting, and enforcement activities.
contract storage service	A service provided by a pipeline, or other owner of storage facilities, whereby storage customers may lease a portion of the facilities for the purposes of storing customer-owned gas
safe drinking water act	Federal law that regulates drinking water quality.
oblateness	a measure of flattening at the poles of a planet or other celestial body.
measured depth	Actual length of the well bore.
conti index	Platts demand-weighted index of continental European power assessments.
cushion	A fluid column (usually water or nitrogen) put in the drillstem to provide the desired backpressure at the start of a drillstem test
thermosphere	Atmospheric layer above the mesosphere (above 80 kilometers) characterized by air temperatures rising rapidly with height
kyoto protocol	A treaty of 163 countries, created in 1997
rotary table	That component in the plane of the drilling rig floor to which the drilling rig power system supplies the necessary power to impart rotation to the rotary table and therefore to the kelly bushing, kelly and drillstring.
system relationship	Is the association that exist between the elements and attributes of a system based on cause and effect.
nivation	Process where snow patches initiate erosion through physical weathering, meltwater flow, and gelifluction.
vadose zone	That part of the cave environment that lies or once lay above the water table
lintel line	A line on the ground at a cave entrance directly below the outer edge of the rock above
mycorrhizae	Mutualistic association of a fungus with the root of higher plant
crude oil equivalent	A measure of energy content in which a quantity of a given fuel or energy form is converted into the quantity of crude oil with equivalent energy content.
bound water	(1) Water which has become adsorbed to the surfaces of solid particles or grains
appropriate dispute resolution	A process for resolving conflicts between parties
cathodic protection	A technique to prevent the corrosion of a metal surface by making that surface the cathode of an electrochemical cell.
bcpd	Abbreviation for Barrels of Condensate Per Day
transcript/docket	Testimony & exhibits given and recorded at Public Hearing.
bullet	(1) A hollow projectile used for obtaining percussion sidewall cores.
limb	the outer edge or border of a planet or other celestial body.
point balancing	A process by which the interconnected operators will transfer a quantity greater or less than the confirmed nominations scheduled quantity for various contracts at a point in an attempt to make the total gas received or delivered at the point as close as possible to the scheduled quantity during a specific billing period.
free pipe	Pipe or casing in a well bore which is free to vibrate or respond to stress
force	That which can change the momentum of a body
fitness	A measure of the health of a species in terms of physiology and future reproductive success.
filed rates	Rates in a general rate filing that a pipeline company proposes to place in effect one month after the filing date
stygobiont	Aquatic cavernicoles
percolation water	Water moving mainly downwards through pores, cracks & fissures in the unsaturated Epikarstic zone and Vadose zone
ferc	Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
sf6	Sulphurhexafluoride: A powerful greenhouse gas used in high voltage electrical insulation, and in medical applications, among others.
gamma ray	A log of the total natural radioactivity, measured in API units
wet suit	A garment of foam neoprene that insulates a diver from the cold by allowing a thin film of water to penetrate between the suit and the body.Diving terms
pedology	The scientific study of soils.
r3	Refiner's Monthly ReportR3 Data Entry--R3 Refiner Information
fast breeder reactor	A fast reactor with fertile material loaded around the core, to be converted into fissile material through neutron capture, which generates more fissile material than is consumed.
benthic	Pertaining to the environment and conditions of organisms living at the water bottom, or benthos
force majeure	Denotes circumstances beyond the control of a company, which force the breaking of a contract.
fern	A group of about 11,000 species of vascular seedless plants that belong to the division Pterophyta
gathering system	The gathering pipelines plus any pumps, tanks, or additional equipment used to move oil or gas from the wellhead to the main pipeline for delivery to a processing facility or consumer.
frontal precipitation	See convergence precipitation.
geotechnics	the use of engineering principles to understand how earth materials, such as soils and rocks, behave
topographic profile	A two-dimensional diagram that describes the landscape in vertical cross-section.
immigrant species	Species that migrate into an ecosystem or that are deliberately or accidentally introduced into an ecosystem by humans
semiautomatic valve	A valve that is opened manually and closed automatically or vice versa.
odorant	Any material added to natural or LP gas in small concentrations to impart a distinctive odor
diesel fuel	A light hydrocarbon mixture for diesel engines; it has a boiling range just above that of kerosene
frequency	the number of repetitions per unit time of the oscillations of an electromagnetic wave (or other wave)
american petroleum institute	A petroleum industry association that sets standards for oil field equipment and operations.
helium	A colorless, odorless, inert gas, specific gravity 0.1368, found in some natural gas.
brokering	See CAPACITY ASSIGNMENT/BROKERING.
eukaryota	All the organisms with a eukaryote cell type
smelter	In copper, lead, and zinc, a plant which reduces concentrate to metal
weathering	The processes by which rocks are broken down by physical, chemical or biological processes in such a way that no movement of solid materials away from the site takes place
lme	London Metal Exchange.
average cost pricing	A pricing mechanism based on dividing the total cost of providing electricity incurred in a period by the number MWh (wholesale) and kWh (retail) sold in the same period
natural gas	hydrocarbons that occur as a gas or vapour
pumping station	These pump natural gas through pipelines at a rate of about 700 million cubic feet per day
benefit-cost ratio	The ratio of the value of a measure's savings to its cost.
acidizing	The practice of applying acids to the walls of oil and gas wells to remove any material which obstructs the entrance of fluids
pitch	A vertical or nearly vertical part of a cave for which a ladder or rope is normally used for ascent or descent.Cave - Parts of
demonstration scale plant	A plant between pilot and commercial size built to demonstrate the commercial feasibility of a process.
stage	The elevation of the water surface in a stream channel.
g/l	Grams per liter
warm front	A transition zone in the atmosphere where an advancing warm air mass displaces a cold air mass.
cave ecosystem	The interaction of the cave community organisms with their subterranean biospace environment.Cave - Biota
henry hub	A pipeline interchange near Erath, Louisiana, where a number of interstate and intrastate pipelines interconnect through a header system operated by Sabine Pipe Line
terminator	the dividing line between the illuminated and the unilluminated part of the moon's or a planet's disk.
gas absorption	The extraction of a gaseous substance from an atmosphere by liquid or solid material.
tap	To cut threads in a round hole so that other fittings or equipment can be screwed into the hole
locations	Point at which a well is to be drilled.Commonly termed ‘well site’.
karat	the proportion of pure gold in an alloy
nipple	Any short piece of pipe, especially if threaded at both ends with male threads.
meter swivel	The fitting that connects to the inlet and the outlet of a small gas meter.
compression	Natural gas is compressed during transportation and storage
zone	A geographical area
tally	To measure and record the total length or pipe, casing or tubing that is to be run in a well.
top hat	A containment device used to cap off the oil.
millionaire city	a city with over one million inhabitants.
tertiary	Geologic period that occurred roughly 1.6 to 65 million years ago
limited partnership	A business arrangement in which the general partner manages the partnership's activities and is solely liable for them
pressure differential	Difference in pressure between any two points in a continuous system
inactive well	As shown on Conservation screens is a well that is in status 03 - expired permit, 28-no responsible party, 29-plugged dry hole, 30-plugged and abandoned.
enabling agreement	An agreement that provides the general terms and conditions for the purchase, sale, or exchange of electricity but does not list specific contract details or obligate either party to perform.
form uic-5	Injection Well Integrity Test Affidavit
emulsion	A stable mixture of two immiscible fluids in which one phase is dispersed in droplets or globules in a continuous phase of the other
cng	Compressed Natural Gas.
surface creep	The sliding and rolling movement of soil particles on the Earth's surface because of wind
form dt-1	Gas Well Deliverability Test Well Test Information
primary term	The initial period in an Oil and Gas and Mineral Lease to develop the property.
environmental impact study	A written report, compiled prior to a production decision, which examines the effects proposed mining activities will have on the natural surroundings of an exploration property
visbreaking	A mild form of thermal cracking used in petroleum refining, primarily to improve certain fuel oil characteristics of residuum.
spillpoint	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
evaporation ponds	Artificial ponds with very large surface areas that are designed to allow the efficient evaporation of water through exposure to sunlight and ambient surface temperatures.
liquified natural gas	Natural gas converted to a liquid for transport or storage.
latent heat of condensation	The amount of heat energy release to the environment when a gas changes its state to a liquid
radio galaxy	a galaxy that gives off large amounts of energy in the form of radio waves.
bryozoa	A Phylum of tiny colonial animals 'Lace corals', that build calcareous structures of many kinds
right-of-way	A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific purpose.
customer charge	A fixed amount to be paid periodically by the customer without regard to demand or energy consumption.
rock pendant	A smooth surfaced projection from the roof of a cave due to solution
conservation-energy	Means of reducing the energy resources required to do a task such as heating a house, transporting freight between two points, or producing steel.
deforestation	Removal of trees from a habitat dominated by forest.
api gravity	The specific gravity or density of oil expressed in terms of a scale devised by the American Petroleum Institute
oil in place	The amount of crude oil that is estimated to exist in a reservoir and which has not been produced.
main	A distribution line that serves as a common source of supply for more than one service line.
adaptation	An inherited characteristic of an organism in structure, function or behaviour which makes it better able to survive and reproduce
richter scale	The Richter-scale is a base-10 logarithmic scale, which means that e.g
seismic	A method of geophysical prospecting involving the interaction of sound waves and buried rocks.
moody's bond ratings	See BOND RATINGS.
cracked fuel	Residue remaining after a straight run fuel has been processed by enhanced refining methods
biogeography	The study of the geographical distribution of animals and plants over the globe
microkarst	Karst topography in which all surface features are small
remaining life	The expected future service life of plant at any given age.
bit	The cutting or boring element used in drilling oil and gas wells
straw	A long, thin-walled tubular stalactite that elongates as minerals are deposited at the lower tip by seepage water flows dripping through its hollow interior
triple bottom	A bullish reversal pattern characterized by three highs at roughly equal value.
global positioning system	GPS
henry hub	A pipeline interchange, located in Vermilion Parish, Louisiana, which serves as the delivery point of natural gas futures contracts.
junk shot	One method of temporarily plugging an oil leak by shooting material such as shredded tires and golf balls into the broken wellhead.
l/d	Abbreviation for Laying down
firm energy	Energy sales which, although not subject to interruption for economic purposes, may be interrupted under force majeure conditions.
jurisdictional	That part of a natural gas company's business which is subject to the rules and regulations of the Commission
observation well	A non-producing well used to monitor pool pressure, usually included in annual pressure testing surveys.
combustion analysis	The determination of combustion characteristics, such as exhaust gas composition and temperature, air-fuel ratio, the relation of these to perfect combustion.
gas lift	The process of raising or lifting fluid from a well by injecting gas down the well through tubing or through the tubing-casing annulus
firm service contract	A type of contracted service where the distributor agrees to provide the buyer with uninterrupted supply of gas
eye	Area in the center of a hurricane that is devoid of clouds.
solar flare	a bright eruption of hot gas in the Sun's photosphere
hoyt model	an urban land use model showing wedges (sectors), based upon main transport routes and social groupings.
organizing centre	A group of cells that is located in the centre of the shoot meristem and is required to prevent the surrounding stem cells from differentiating.
corridor	An alternate name for a passage, especially when of walking height.Cave - Parts of
sedimentary rocks	Any rock formed by the consolidation of sediment settled out of water, ice or air and accumulated on the Earth's surface, either on dry land or under water
radiation	Radiation is energy that comes from a source and travels through some material or through space
dew	Condensation of water on the Earth's surface because of atmospheric cooling.
fermentation	Decomposition and breakdown of organic matter by anaerobic means.
whistle signals	In climbing, 1= Stop, 2= Up, 3= Down
natural gas liquids	The portions of gas from a reservoir that are liquified at the surface in separators, field facilities, or gas processing plants
entrance zone	The interface between surface and subterranean environments, leading into the Twilight zone.Cave - Parts of
megalopolis	a continuous stretch of urban settlement which results from towns cities and conurbations merging together.
refrigerant	A substance which will absorb heat while vaporizing and whose boiling point and other properties make it useful as a medium for refrigeration
staff	Employees, other than the Commissioners and their staffs and the ALJs and their staff, of the FERC.
plastic pipe	A hollow cylinder of a plastic material in which the wall thicknesses are ususally small when compared to the diameter and in which the inside and outside walls are essentially concentric.
bwpd	Abbreviation for Barrels of Water Per Day
speleogen	A cave feature formed erosionally or by weathering within a cave
rate schedule	The commonly known forms of rates may be divided into two main classes, and each of these classes into several different types of rates.
moving average envelopes	Envelopes use moving averages which are sifted up or down by a certain percentage to establish a certain 'normal' band in which the price moves
period	A second order geological time unit.
paraffinic	High in paraffins
geosynchronous orbit	the orbit of a satellite that travels above the Earth's equator from west to east so that it has a speed matching that of the Earth's rotation and remains stationary in relation to the Earth (also called geostationary)
contract	A written agreement that can be enforced by law and that lists the terms under which the acts required are to be performed
first hour rating	The amount of hot water that the water heater can supply in the first hour of operation
active well	As shown on Conservation screens is not necessarily a well that is producing but a well that has not been officially plugged and abandoned.
overburden	loose or unconsolidated sediments, which overlie lithified rock formations.
kilowatt year	A unit of electrical capacity equivalent to one kilowatt of power used for 8760 hours.
downstream	Any point in the direction of flow of a liquid or gas from the reference point
clean oil	Crude oil containing less than 1 percent sediment and water; "pipeline oil", oil clean enough to send through a pipeline.
semimajor axis	one-half of the longest dimension of an ellipse.
precipitable water	Amount of water potentially available in the atmosphere for precipitation
crystallinity	A state of molecular structure in some resins which denotes uniformity and compactness in the molecular chains forming the polymers.
group 3	Formerly three railroad companies in Tulsa, Oklahoma
btu	A standard measure of heat content in a fuel
acidic	acidic rock, plutonic or volcanic rock having a silica content (SiO2) greater than 66 %.
out-the-money	An option which has no intrinsic value
hypocotyl	The stem of a seedling.
tar	A naturally occurring black, viscous, residual crude oil containing a large quantity of polar compounds and asphaltenes.
hubble's law	the law of physics that states that the farther a galaxy is from us, the faster it is moving away from us.
age interval	A standard period of time, usually one year
third law of thermodynamics	This law states if all the thermal motion of molecules (kinetic energy) could be removed, a state called absolute zero would result and all energy would be randomly distributed.
japan crude cocktail	A colloquial term for
static equilibrium	Static equilibrium occurs where force and reaction are balanced and the properties of the system remain unchanged over time.
load curve	A graph in which the load of a gas system or segment of a system is plotted against intervals of time.
contract balancing	A process of managing the difference between the quantities received and delivered at various points under a contract during a defined period of time (i.e., hourly, daily, monthly, etc.).
oil gravity	The density of liquid hydrocarbons, generally measured in degrees.
volatility	The degree to which a particular price has fluctuated in the past
hygroscopic water	Water held within 0.0002 millimeters of the surface of a soil particle
sidereal period	the period of revolution of a planet around the Sun or a satellite around its primary.
underemployment	the situation where people do not have fulltime, continuous work, and are usually only employed temporarily or seasonally (e.g
informal sector	casual, irregular work, e.g
low flow channel	An incised or paved channel from inlet to outlet in a dry basin which is designed to carry low runoff flows directly to the outlet without detention.
tertiary	Tertiary climates in Australia were mainly warm and humid, with aridity first appearing towards the end of the Miocene and becoming widespread in the Pliocene.Geology
corrosion	Destruction of a metal by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment.
spillover effects	Reductions in energy consumption in a utility's service territory caused by the presence of DSM programs, beyond program-induced savings of the participants.
triple top	A bearish reversal pattern characterized by three highs at roughly equal value.
drainage divide	Topographic border between adjacent drainage basins or watersheds.
delivery by non-delivery	The delivery of gas through a meter where gas is currently being physically received
albedo	The albedo of an object is the amount of light it reflects
water heater efficiency measures	Energy Factor (EF) - A measure of the overall efficiency of a water heater based on its recovery efficiency, standby loss and energy input as set out in the standardized Department of Energy test procedures.
transmission voltage	Voltage levels utilized for bulk transmission systems: generally 69 KV - 750 KV AC or DC.
waning	The Moon is said to be waning in its phase cycle as the amount of light reflected off the lunar surface towards the Earth decreases
oakum	Shredded hemp fibers used to caulk or fill joints, as in bell-and-spigot pipe; oakum may be dry or saturated with tar or oil.
level	In caves, the height relation of a point in a cave to the entrance or a datum eg sea level.Survey & Mapping term
avails	Jargon, short for availabilities, and actually meaning supplies.
psc	Production Sharing Contract
pipe tongs	A hand or power tool for gripping or rotating pipe.
coolant	A substance circulating through a nuclear reactor to remove or transfer heat
lcp	Local Coastal Program - A parish run program which is federally and state approved and issues coastal use permits for uses of local concern
staff audit	Staff review of company's rate filing, usually within 60 days of the filings suspension order
swabbing	Operation using a swab to bring well fluids to the surface when the well does not flow naturally
sedimentary rocks	Rock formed from the weathered products of preexisting rocks that have been transported by water, wind, or glaciers
quiescent centre	A group of cells located in the centre of the root meristem and required to keep the surrounding stem cells from differentiating.
parallel	A line parallel to the equator and connecting all places of the same latitude.
assignee	The person to whom Oil and Gas Leases are assigned.
joint	The connection between two lengths of material such as pipe
photovoltaics	An active solar technology involving the conversion of sunlight directly into electricity by means of a semiconductor.
retrograde	the rotation or orbital motion of an object in a clockwise direction when viewed from the north pole of the ecliptic; moving in the opposite sense from the great majority of solar system bodies.
stipulation and agreement	A document prepared to express in writing the agreement of the parties to a controversial matter such as a rate case
service area	A geographic area where a utility provides service, usually under provisions of a franchise, charter or certificate, and subject to special government regulations
cosmic debris	material that originates anywhere in the universe beyond Earth's atmosphere; includes material believed to represent primordial condensation or sublimation products and debris resulting from collisions of meteorites, asteroids, and comets with each other, and with the planets and the Moon.
litter	Accumulation of leaves, twigs and other forms of organic matter on the soil surface
compression efficiency	The ratio of the theoretical work requirement (using a stated process) to the actual work required to compress a given quantity of gas
geographical coordinate system	System that uses the measures of latitude and longitude to locate points on the spherical surface of the Earth.
high btu oil-gas process	A manufactured gas process in which oil is converted into a fuel gas having a higher heating value than that of coal gas or carbureted water gas
order 29b	A statewide order establishing rules for drilling, production and operations of Oil and Gas wells in the State of Louisiana
ctc	The amount of condensate (allocated back to leases) that normally would be separated by conventional methods from natural gas well volumes flowing full stream directly to a plant without any condensate separation having been made at the lease or at the plant .
operator	The party designated in the Operating Agreement to conduct the operations on the well.
coal	A sedimentary rock formed from the consolidation of plant material
proved undeveloped reserves	Estimates of the amount of oil or natural gas that could be recovered by drilling new wells, deepening existing
lay down pipe	To pull drill pipe or tubing from the hole and place it in a horizontal position on a pipe rack.
cat cracker	A catalytic cracker.
zone-gate method	A method of developing zoned rates
junk	Anything in the wellbore that is not supposed to be there
sea-level	The average surface elevation of the world's oceans.
formation	(1) A general term applied in the well-logging industry to the external environment of the drilled well bore without stratigraphic connotation.
kamenitza	Serbian word for a type of Karren
acid stimulation	Acidizing of a well
amagat's law	See LAWS.
salinity	The concentration of ions in solution (sodium, potassium, chloride, sulphate, etc.)
swallet	They may empty into open or choked cave features (eg shafts, avens)
spinning reserve	Unused capacity available from units connected to and synchronized with the grid to serve additional demand
controls	Internal procedures to monitor the components of cost of service based on updated actual costs.
make up	To attach, as drill pipe or a string of tools.
combination utility	Utility which supplies both gas and some other utility service (electricity, water, etc.)
customer advances for construction	See ADVANCES FOR CONSTRUCTION.
service pipe	See SERVICE.
gust front	A boundary found ahead of a thunderstorm that separates cold storm downdrafts from warm humid surface air
wellbore	The hole made by a drilling bit
heating value	The amount of heat produced by the complete combustion of a unit quantity of fuel
off-peak power	Electricity used in periods of low demand.
northing	Second measurement of a grid reference used to specific the location of a point on a rectangular coordinate system
caldera	Created when the top of a volcano collapses into a crater.
upstream pipeline	The first pipeline to transport natural gas en route to an inter-connect point for delivery to another pipeline
tube	A cave passage of smooth surface, and elliptical or nearly circular in cross-section
u-factor	The quantity of heat transmitted per hour through one square foot of a building section (wall, roof, window, etc.) for each degree Fahrenheit of temperature difference between the air on the warm side and the air on the cold side of the building section.
lifeline rates	A rate structure applicable for residential customers which includes a specified block of energy use which is priced below the allocated cost to serve
seepage lake	A lake that gets its water primarily from the seepage of groundwater.
turbine station	A compressor station in which the power is supplied by a turbine.
futures prices	Refers to the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) which introduced futures contracts for crude oil in 1985 and natural gas in 1990
northing	1
header	A pipe or fitting that interconnects a number of branch pipes.
non-native plant	Also called "introduced", this vegetation has been brought to an area by humans and becomes established
hair hygrometer	Hygrometer that uses the expansion and contraction of hair to determine atmospheric humidity.
stress-rupture test	Method of testing plastic pipe to determine the hydrostatic strength by applying a constant internal pressure and observing time to failure.
rvp	Reid Vapor Pressure, a measure of a gasoline's volatility.
open hole	Uncased part of a well
paper hearing	A procedure established by the Commission designed to permit the full development of a record for Commission decision, without the need for full adjudication before an Administrative Law Judge
sweet gas	Natural gas not contaminated by corrosion inducing impurities such as hydrogen sulfide, or with a low level of impurities.
downhole	A term used to describe tools, equipment, and instruments used in the wellbore, or conditions or techniques applying to the wellbore.
discovery date	Date assigned to discovery of a new field.
lichen	Organism that consists of a symbiotic joining of a species of fungi and a species of algae.
aquifer	Underground bed or layer yielding ground water for wells and springs.
mesocyclone	A cylinder of cyclonically flowing air that form vertically in a severe thunderstorm
form pa-35	Form filed for a temporary inactive well ,with no stock on hand, to be omitted from the Operators Oil and Gas Monthly Production Report.
endemic	Peculiar to a country or district, and not native elsewhere
maximum gas in storage	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
roustabout	A laborer who assists the foreman in the general work about producing oil wells and around the property of the oil company
tectonic	An adjective used to relate a particular phenomenon to a structural orogenic concept.
absolute pressure	Gauge pressure plus barometric pressure
expansion ratio	The ratio of gas volume after expansion to the gas volume before expansion.
fault	A fracture within rock structures where relative motion has occurred across the fracture surface.
buyer protection clause	A provision in a gas purchase contract permitting the buyer, under certain circumstances, to reduce the price below the amount specified in the contract.
luminosity	the amount of light emitted by a star.
flame velocity	The speed at which flame progresses through a fuel-air mixture.
distribution company	Gas Company which obtains the major portion of its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of another company
zone of saturation	Groundwater zone within the Earth's bedrock where all available pores spaces are filled by water
capillary water	Water that moves horizontally and vertically in soils by the process of capillary action
interlock	A control to prove the physical state of a required condition, and to furnish that proof to the primary safety control circuit.
stranded investment/stranded costs	An investment with a cost recovery schedule that was initially approved by regulatory action that subsequent regulatory action or market forces has rendered not practically recoverable
burst test	Method of hydrostatic testing plastic pipe by a uniformly increasing internal pressure so that the pipe fails in 60 to 70 seconds
chimney connector	The pipe which connects a fuel burning appliance to a chimney.
rip current	A strong relatively narrow current of water that flows seaward against breaking waves.
fault	a surface or zone of rock fracture along which there has been displacement, from a few centimeters to a few kilometers in scale.
travertine	Compact calcium carbonate deposit, often banded, precipitated from spring, river or lake water
solar flares	Eruptions in the outer part of the Sun's atmosphere.
seamount	A volcanic mountain found on an ocean basin that has an origin not related to a mid-oceanic ridge or a tectonic subduction zone.
expenses	Expenditures for business items that have no future life (such as rent, utilities, or wages) and are incurred in conducting normal business activities.
abandonment	Converting a drilled well to a condition that can be left indefinitely without further attention and will not damage freshwater supplies, potential petroleum reservoirs, or the environment.
hydronics	Heating and/or cooling with circulated water.
main extension	The addition of pipe to an existing main to serve new customers.
apogee	the point in orbit farthest from the Earth.
block	Agreement entered into with a host country granting the company the right to explore and produce oil and gas in a designated area, in return for paying to the government licence fees and royalties on production
evergreen clause	A provision in a contract that provides for the automatic extension of the contract for specified periods beyond the primary term unless either party specifically elects to terminate the contract by giving the required notice prior to the anniversary date.
reserves	The unproduced but recoverable oil or gas in place, in a formation, that has been proved by production.
contango	Market situation where prices are higher for forward delivery dates than for nearer delivery dates
steady state theory	the theory that suggests the universe is expanding but exists in a constant, unchanging state in the large scale
permanent set	Any deformation in a piece of plastic (or metal) which remains after the removal of the load which caused the deformation.
strapping	A method of checking a bell prover by determining the relation between displaced volume and linear movement of a bell prover by means of measuring scale length, bell circumference, and displacement of the sealing liquid.
industrial service	See CLASS OF SERVICE.
seaward	Positioned or located away from land but towards an ocean or sea.
right ascension	the amount of time that passes between the rising of Aries and another celestial object
kepler's second law	a ray directed from the Sun to a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times.
evolved star	a star that is near the end of its life cycle where most of its fuel has been used up
electromagnetic spectrum	See spectrum.
hail	Hail is a solid form of precipitation that has a diameter greater than 5 millimeters
itl	International Transaction Log
reclamation	Process of restoring the surface area of a decommissioned wellsite, access road and related facilities to pre-operational conditions as is technically and economically feasible.
bird's-eye limestone	Layered limestone that is full of holes some of which may have been secondarily filled by cementing mineral
benthos	The plant and animal organisms that live on the sea floor
emissions	Gases and particulates discharged into the environment, usually the atmosphere.
common costs	See COSTS, COMMON.
off-peak	Light load hours
r2	Monthly Transporter and Storers ReportR2 Data Entry--R2 Oil Transporter/Storer Information
safety engineering	The planning, development, improvement, coordination and evaluation of the safety component of integrated systems of people, materials, equipment and environments to achieve optimum safety effectiveness in terms of protection of people and property.
set casing	To install steel pipe or casing in a well bore
flexural strength	The stress, usually in pounds per square inch (psi), a specimen will withstand when subjected to a bending moment.
wetland	An area that is inundated or saturated by surface water or groundwater at a frequency, duration, and depth sufficient to support a predominance of emergent plant species adapted to growth in saturated soil conditions.
coma	a spherical cloud of material surrounding the head of a comet
pro forma	Latin for "for the sake of form." Used to describe gas pipeline tariff sheets submitted as part of a certificate application or as part of a tariff filing
minor items	(Definition taken from the FERC Uniform System of Accounts, effective April 1, 1986)
cross over	Piping used to connect two or more pipelines.
it	Interruptible transportation.
sqz	Abbreviation for Squeeze
btu method	A method of allocating costs between different operations or between different products based upon the heat content of products produced in the various operations or of the various produced products.
pipeline	A tube or system of tubes used for the transportation of oil or gas.
darcy	A unit used to measure permeability.
barite	BaSO4
environmental gradient	Spatial gradient where abiotic and biotic factors vary.
permeability	Capacity of a porous rock formation to allow fluid to flow within the interconnecting pore network
eukaryote	Organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and many specialized structures located within their cell boundary
probability	Statistical chance that an event will occur.
air conditioning central	A mechanical system that is designed to provide air conditioning, which may include cooling, heating, dehumidifying, circulation and cleaning
kilowatt	A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts, 1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec
humidity	The amount of water vapour in the air.
agricultural land commission	The ALC is an independent Crown agency whose mission is to preserve agricultural land.
chimney	A vertical opening in a cave that is narrow enough to be climbed by chimneying.Cave - Parts of
non-point source pollution	Pollution that originates from the accumulation of low concentrations of pollutants collected over a large area
expectancy	See REMAINING LIFE.
gas turbine	A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy supplying power at the shaft.
c4s	Carbon 4s
ooc	The Office of Conservation of the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources.
lamination	Very thin layer of less than 1 cm thickness.
pool	A natural underground reservoir containing, or appearing to contain, an accumulation of petroleum or natural gas.
well spacing	The distance between wells producing from the same reservoir
biocide	Any substance the kills or retards the growth of microorganisms.
naphthenic naphtha	Favored form of reformer feedstock naphtha.
anodic polarization	(1) Polarization of anode, that is, the decrease in the initial anode potential resulting from current flow effects at or near the anode surface
behind pipe	If a well drills through several pay zones and is completed in the deepest productive reservoir, casing is set all the way down to the producing zone
kansas-nebraska method	A method used to functionalize Administrative and General (A&G) costs
demand diversity	The overall variation in the time at which individual demands occur
tropic of cancer	Latitude of 23.5° North
stylolite	Suture in rock formed where pressure solution has taken place, often leaving a thin lamina of insoluble material along it
pour point	Lowest temperature at which oil will readily flow without disturbance when chilled.
well completion	The activities and methods of preparing a well for the production of oil and gas or for other purposes, such as injection; the method by which one or more flow paths for hydrocarbons are established between the reservoir and the surface.
warm desert	Desert found in the subtropics or interiors of continents at the middle latitudes where precipitation is low and surface air temperatures are high.
carbon cycle	Storage and cyclic movement of organic and inorganic forms of carbon between the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
form uic-26	Waste Refusal Notification Waste Refusal Notification (UIC-26)
joint costs	See COSTS, JOINT.
continuous phase	The liquid in which solids are suspended or droplets of another liquid are dispersed
general partner	In a limited partnership, the general partner is responsible for managing the partnership's activities (and is commonly the party that put the deal together)
gas balance report	A monthly accounting report containing month-end meter station allocations for each customer/shipper contract
cosmic rays	Radioactive particles that travel through space
vacuum	A pressure less than atmospheric pressure, measured either from the base of zero pressure or from the base of atmospheric pressure.
photon	a discrete quantity of electromagnetic energy
trace	A length of wire rope with clips at each end to fasten a wire ladder to a belay point.Climbing and SRT
epicenter	The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the place that an earthquake occured.
protein	Organic substances primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and some other minor elements which are arranged in about 20 different compounds known as amino acids
celestial pole	the north and south celestial poles are points on the celestial sphere where earths axis of rotation intersects the celestial sphere.
down time	The length of time lost during an operation because of non-scheduled stoppages such as failure, delay, etc.
leakage survey	A systematic search for the purpose of locating leaks in a gas piping system.
total input gas	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
weathering	The process by which rocks are broken down into sediments
gully	an erosional channel or ravine.
joint venture	A large-scale project in which two or more parties cooperate
coral bleaching	Situation where coral lose their colorful symbiotic algae
rec	Regional electric company
free driver	A customer who takes the same conservation actions as those customers who participate in a utility DSM program, without participating in the program.
berm	A wall or barrier of sand usually used to protect against flooding along coasts, used to stop oil from washing up on Gulf Coast beaches.
solar radiation	Electromagnetic radiation that originates from the Sun
carbonic acid	H2CO3, an acid typical of ground water systems
dyne	A unit of force that creates an acceleration on a mass of 1 gram equal to 1 centimeter per second
terawatt hours	one thousand Gigawatt hours.
mmcf	Million Cubic Feet
first reading	The depth of the first useable reading or value recorded on a curve at the onset of the survey.
section	A map of a cave in a vertical plane, that shows the floor and roof lines.Survey & Mapping term
customer density	Number of customers in a given unit or area or on a given length of distribution line.
joint interest billing	Statement attached to a check disclosing well names, month of expenses, total expenses, and venturers shares.
grass	Type of plant that has long slender leaves that extend from a short stem or the soil surface.
jack-up	Moble offshore drilling rig with retractable legs which rest on the seabed when the rig is operational.
barite	a white, yellow or colourless mineral, BaSO4
primary product	The main product of a well, either crude oil or natural gas.
isotope	Elements having an identical number of protons in their nuclei but differing in their number of neutrons
liquid	A state of matter where molecules have the ability to flow and the surface of this mass displays the property of surface tension.
ethane	- A colorless odorless gaseous hydrocarbon with the characteristics of the predominan t molecule, CH3CH3.
updraft	Upward movement of air.
water tracing	Determination of water connection between points of stream disappearance or of soil water seepage and points of reappearance on the surface or underground.Survey & Mapping term
perforating gun	An instrument used to perforate a well. The perforating gun contains explosive charges that, after being lowered into cased well, are electronically detonated from the surface.
bearing	A system that measures in reference to the cardinal points of a compass in 90 degree quadrants.
priming	In a boiler, the excessive carry-over of fine water particles with the steam due to insufficient steam space, faulty boiler design, or faulty operating conditions
uncontrolled drainage areas	Drainage areas (or watersheds) that do not include a lake or other structure that reduces flood peaks or slows storm runoff.
communication	the passage of hydrocarbons or waters through porous and permeable connections from one reservoir to another in a single formation; from formation to formation; or from any formation to any ground water aquifer or to the surface
high pressure distribution system	See SYSTEM TYPE.
loop	See Closed traverse.Survey & Mapping term
electronic data interchange	The computer-to-computer exchange of business documents and information through the use of standard document formats.
step-out well	Well drilled adjacent or near to proven well to ascertain the limits of the reservoir
formation evaluation	The analysis and interpretation of well-log data, drill-stem tests, etc
ncs	Norwegian Continental Shelf
highly enriched uranium	Any form of uranium with a uranium-235 concentration of 20% or higher
nymex	New York Mercantile Exchange
residual	material left behind in situ after chemical weathering of a rock has removed completely removed some components
working gas	Gas in an underground storage field that is available for market
lb	Pound, unit of measurement for a number of metals and petrochemicals, eg cts/lb, lb/year.
close out	Finalizing a transaction by making an equal and opposite trade to an open position
compressor station	A facility containing equipment that is used to increase pressure to compress natural gas for transportation.
spongework	A complex of irregular, inter-connecting cavities intricately perforating the rock
gas condensate	Liquid hydrocarbons present in casinghead gas that condense when brought to the surface.
ezsv	Type of squeeze tool
wildcatter	An operator who drills the first well in unproven territory.
wocr	Abbreviation for Waiting on completion rig
sinkhole	A pit like hole in found in areas of karst
rat hole	Hole adjacent to an oil well bore for storage of the kelly joint when not in use during oil well drilling operations.
geophysics	A study of subsurface geological conditions of structure or material through the interpretation of measurement variations in density, magnetics, elasticity, electrical conductivity, temperature, and/or radioactivity.
discount on capital stock	The excess of par or stated value over the price paid to the company by the shareholders for original issue shares of its capital stock.
fall	Season between summer and winter
universe	The totality of all matter and radiation and the space occupied by same.
ionization	the process by which ions are produced, typically occurring by collisions with atoms or electrons ("collisional ionization"), or by interaction with electromagnetic radiation ("photoionization").
underground storage	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
main belt	the area between Mars and Jupiter where most of the asteroids in our Solar System are found.
brent	The primary crude pricing marker for UK and Europe.
quartz	One of the most common minerals
above the line	See BELOW THE LINE.
top sheets	The FERC Staff's written response to a company's filing for a general rate change
cambrian	period of geological time from 545 to 495 million years ago
interactive effects	The effects that a change in one end-use's consumption in a given structure has on another end-use's consumption in that structure.
saddle	A fitted plate held in place by clamps, straps, heat fusion, or welding over a hole punched or drilled in a gas main to which a branch line or service line connection is made
operator	Member of a joint venture designated to carry out all activities and operations on behalf of of the joint venture.
re-urbanisation	the process whereby towns and cities in MEDCs which have been experiencing a loss of population are able to reverse the decline and begin to grow again
tarn	A small mountain lake that occurs inside a cirque basin.
earthflow	A rapid type of downslope mass movement that involves soil and other loose sediments
cleavage	The tendency of some minerals or rocks to break along planes of weakness
lift	One of the movable sections of a liquid-sealed gas holder
field	A geographical area in which a number of oil or gas wells produce from a continuous reservoir
bourdon tube	An arc-shaped, spiral, or helical metal tube that is approximately elliptical in cross-section and has one end attached to a pressure indicating, controlling, or recording device, while the other end is fixed
by-pass	An auxiliary piping arrangement, generally to carry gas around specific equipment or an integral section of a piping system
nebula	An immense cloud-like mass of interstellar gas and dust, generally in the spiral arms of a galaxy
bio-gas	Methane produced by the decomposition or processing of organic matter.
ref	Market abbreviation for refinery, used for example in contracts specifying material sold ex-refinery: ex-ref.
gas drive	The use of the energy that arises from gas compressed in a reservoir to move crude oil to a well bore
return on equity	The ratio of net income or earnings (after all expenses are deducted) to the book value of common and preferred stock plus retained earnings.
cap rock	Impermeable rock overlaying an oil or gas reservoir that tends to prevent migration of the reservoir fluids from the reservoir
platform	continental platform: continental crust margin covered by sea and extending between shoreline and oceanic crust domain.
ultimate potential	A term used to refer to an estimate of the marketable resources that will be developed in an area by the time that exploratory and development activity has ceased, having regard for the geological prospects of an area, known technology and economics
test year	The period selected as the base for presenting data in a case or hearing before a regulatory agency upon which revenue requirements are determined
inversely proportional	Cause and effect relationship between two variables where a positive or negative change in the quantity of one causes a predictable opposite change in quantity in the other.
exercise	The procedure by which an option holder takes up the rights to the contract and is delivered a long (call) or short (put) futures position by the grantor at a fixed price.
rate of return	The return allowed to be earned (generally based on a cost of capital determination) or earned by a utility enterprise, generally calculated by dividing the net operating income (as defined) by the rate base.
unsaturated compounds	Any compound having more than one bond between two adjacent atoms; usually carbon atoms and capable of adding other atoms at that point to reduce it to a single bond.
gas prod	Abbreviation for gas production
undiscovered	Resources
ductile	Capable of being drawn out; of low rigidity and so able to flow slowly.
vortex	A rapid spiraling motion of air or liquid around a center of rotation.
stratiform	an ore deposit that occurs as a specific stratigraphic (i.e
meter stop	A shut-off valve located on the inlet side of the meter
hyporheos	Pertaining to water flowing over streambeds
cd conversions	The conversion of a portion or all of a firm sales customer's contract demand to firm transportation
helium	the second lightest and second most abundant element
ohm	A unit of electrical resistance
window	An irregular opening through a thin rock wall in a cave
hourly peak	The maximum demand for gas from a transmission or distribution system in a one hour period of time.
hinterland	the area served by a port (its sphere of influence).
uvala	A complex closed depression with several lesser depressions or dolines within its rim.Karst - Depression Features of
virus	Is a fragment of DNA or RNA that depends on the infection of host cells for their reproduction
shape-file	A GIS file format for vector (point, line, polygon) data for storing the location, shape, and attributes (textual data) of geographic features.
gravity	The natural force of attraction that exists between all bodies in the universe.
clearing	The process of matching trades, settling trades and provision of a guarantee for traded contracts, often a service performed by exchanges
kerogen	A solid organic material which yields petroleum-type hydrocarbons on heating and distillation
compound	A substance made of up two or more elements chemically combined.
unsaturated zone	In karst, the zone where voids in rock are partly filled with air and through which water descends under gravity
high wall	The unexcavated face of exposed over-burden and coal.
cave system	A collection of caves linked by enterable passages, or linked hydrologically
tenant	a person who rents his/her home from a private landlord or the local council.
rig	Drilling Rig
stratigraphy	The study of the origin, chronology, composition, and distribution of layered or stratified rocks in the subsurface.
pilot program	A DSM program that is generally limited in scope or targeted to a select group of customers and is designed to test or build capability to deliver a full scale program
common stock equity	The funds (including retained earnings) invested in the business by the residual owners whose claims to income and assets are subordinate to all other claims.
production casing	Long string
abandon	To temporarily or permanently cease production from a well or to cease further drilling operations.
biogenic	Of biological origin
form r-4	Operator's Certificate of Compliance and Authorization to Transport Oil From Lease
impeller	A set of mounted blades used to impart motion to a fluid air or gas (such as, the rotor of a centrifugal pump).
tiered rates	A rate design which divides customer use into different tiers, or blocks, with different prices charged for each.
confirmed nomination	An agreement by a seller to deliver/cause delivery or a transporter to receive and deliver a specific quantity of gas for a specified period at various points under a Sales or Transportation Agreement or for all contracts at one specific point
curtailable rate	An option offered by utilities to customers who can accept specified amounts of service reduction in return for reduced electric rates.
bypass	Obtaining service from a new supplier without utilizing the facility of the former supplier.
flask	Unit and container for measuring mercury, equal to 76lb.
cracked	Adjective normally referring to molecules broken by non-distillation refining processes
insulation	A material having a relatively high resistance to heat transfer.
scout ticket	Form used to monitor drilling progress.
mass	Refers to the amount of material found in an object (usually of unit volume).
demand	the willingness and ability of consumers to pay for a particular good or service; As long as the supply of goods and services meets the demand, prices remain the same (stable)
spot market	- Short term, non-regulated, arms length contract sales of natural gas, crude oil, refined products, or liquid petroleum gas.
petroliferous	Containing petroleum (of rocks).
starch	Complex carbohydrate composed of thousands of glucose units
creep	The time-dependent part of strain due to a constant stress (also referred to as cold flow).
make a connection	To attach a joint or stand of drill pipe onto the drill stem suspended in the wellbore to permit deepening the wellbore by the length of the pipe.
tree	A large woody plant that has a trunk which supports branches and leaves.
heavy water	Water in which the hydrogen atoms are the heavy hydrogen isotope, deuterium
christmas tree	A term given to the series of pipes and valves that sits on top of a producing gas well
hvac system	A system that provides either collectively or individually the processes of comfort heating, ventilation and/or cooling within or associated with a building.
fullbore-spinner flowmeter	A flowmeter with retractable impeller blades which can be used below the bottom of tubing where the impeller blades open to almost full inside diameter of the casing.
choke	A device inserted in a flow line to regulate the rate of flow
regulatory lag	The time interval between when a charge or credit originates and when it becomes a part of the charge for service approved by the regulatory agency
safety shutoff	See VALVE, SAFETY SHUTOFF.
surface runoff	See runoff.
gravel	Rounded particles coarser than 2 mm in diameter.
casing	A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.
lead acid battery	A rechargeable acid battery used as a light source in caving, usually worn on a waist strap and with a lamp fitted to the helmet.Lighting term
atmosphere	The gaseous envelope surrounding a star, planet, or satellite and bound to it by gravity
datum	A point, line, or surface reference from which coordinate systems are derived for surveying and mapping.
ultraviolet radiation	Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0.1 and 0.4 micrometers (µm).
spud	The small cap or plug, with an orifice through it, that admits gas into the mixing chamber of a burner
phase	the apparent change in shape of the Moon and inferior planets as seen from Earth as they move in their orbits.
retirements	Cost of utility plant retired from service, whether or not it has been physically removed or replaced.
helical flow	Movement of water within a stream that occurs as spiral flows.
full requirements	A sale of power or energy by a utility in which the utility pledges to meet all of the customer's requirements.
g-p	General purpose
eur	Expected Ultimate Reserves
cubic foot metered	The quantity of gas that occupies one cubic foot under pressure and temperature conditions in the meter.
contour	A line on a topographical map connecting points of like elevation.
air change	A method of expressing the amount of air infiltration and/or ventilation of a building or room in terms of the number of building volumes or room volumes exchanged per unit of time.
concentrates	A fine, powdery product of the milling process containing valuable metal and from which most of the waste material in the ore has been eliminated and discarded as tailings
lifting costs	The costs of producing oil from a well or lease; the operating expenses.
acre	The most common of land measure in the United States
metric ton	1,000 kilograms, or 2,204.6 pounds
borehole	The wellbore; the hole made by drilling or boring a well.
conservation supply curve	A graph showing the quantity of energy savings of individual efficiency measures on the x-axis and the total cost per unit of energy saved on the y-axis.
safety shutoff device	A device that will shut off the gas supply to the controlled burner(s) in the event the source of ignition fails
chemical	One of the millions of different elements and compounds found naturally and synthesized by humans.
salt dome	a domed-shaped incursion of salt into overlying formations caused by low-density salt deposits rising through higher density formations overlying the salt deposit.
aramco	Technically refers to a now-defunct US-Saudi company
transfer capability	The overall capacity of interprovincial or international power lines, together with the associated electrical system facilities, to transfer power and energy from one electrical system to another.
karst hydrographic zones	The 3 vertically aligned subterranean divisions of karst: upper unsaturated zone, intermittently saturated epiphreatic (or floodwater) zone and lower saturated (phreatic) zone.Speleology term
stress crack	Internal or external crack in a material caused by tensile or shear stresses less than that normally required for mechanical failure in air
capital	Short-and long-term debt, including capital lease obligations, plus total shareholders' equity.
booster	A compressor used to raise pressure in a gas or oil pipeline.
ice cap	Large dome-shaped glacier found covering a large expanse of land
permeability	Ability to transmit water savings.
anodic inhibitor	A chemical substance or combination of substances that prevents or reduces the rate of the anodic or oxidation reaction by a physical, physio-chemical or chemical action.
receipt point	Point at which transportation (movement) begins pursuant to the transportation contract
under-balanced drilling	Drilling under conditions where the pressure being exerted inside the wellbore (from the drilling fluids) is less than the pressure of the oil or gas in the formation.
coated pipe	See PIPE, COATED.
mmbo	- Million barrels of oil.
elliott wave	A theory developed by Ralph Elliott that prices move in a main five-wave trend followed by a corrective three- wave trend, the extent and scope of which are governed by certain commonly seen ratios (see Fibonacci).
grid	A system of squares on a map formed by straight lines that denote distance east and north of a fixed point of origin.Survey & Mapping term
specific weight	The weight of a unit volume, usually expressed as pounds weight per cubic foot.
cave community	All the cavernicolous animals (and plants) that live in a cave, bound together by food chains and other processes.Cave - Biota
opisometer	Mechanical device for measuring non-linear distances on maps.
laser altimeter	an instrument used to measure distance between two points by means of the traveltime of a pulse of light
synchronous rotation	a satellite's rotational period is equal to its orbital period; this causes the same side of a satellite to always face the planet
price control	The setting of limits on prices by government order
binder	In a reinforced plastic, the continuous phase which holds together the reinforcement
formations	An unsatisfactory term in speleology
coriolis force	An apparent force due to the Earth's rotation
refractory grate	The assembly within or upon which refractory material is supported.
reach	An expanse of a stream channel.
granulation	a pattern of small cells that can be seen on the surface of the Sun
core gamma	A measurement of the intensity of natural gamma radiation of a core
hexane	Any of 5 isomeric, volatile, liquid, paraffin hydrocarbons C6H14 found in petroleum.
zonation	The division of a cave into a series of zones relating to the extent of light penetration, influence of external environmental factors and degree of internal stability
fnl	Abbreviation for From north line
lacustrine	Originating in lake water
energy flux	The rate of energy flow from, into, or through a substance.
traction	Erosional movement of particles by rolling, sliding and shuffling along the eroded surface
water sink	(Looking for a definition)Speleology term
demand load	The rate of flow of gas required by a consumer or a group of consumers, often an average over a specified short time interval (cf/hr or Mcf/hr)
petrochemicals	Chemicals derived from petroleum; feedstocks for the manufacture of plastics and synthetic rubber
biennial plant	Plant species that completes its life in two growing seasons.
apogee	A point in the Moon's orbit where it is furthest from the Earth.
crooked hole	A wellbore that has been drilled in a direction other than vertical
backshore	Area behind the shore
sinusoidal equal-area projection	Map projection that represents areas in their true form on a two-dimensional map
orbit	The path of one celestial body moving around another under the force of gravity.
catfeed	Feedstock to a catalytic cracker, usually vacuum gasoil.
power purchase agreement	A contract involving the purchase and sales of electricity, which is normally executed between the owner of a power plant generating the electricity and the buyer of the electricity a regulated utility, local distribution company, or private sector industrial manufacturer.
as-billed	A method by which a pipeline includes in its rates, and charges its customers, the costs of gas or transportation services in the same manner as it is billed by its pipeline suppliers or transporter.
methanogenesis	The second stage of the anaerobic conversion of a biomass feedstock to methane
arete karst	Tropical landscape of near vertical sided spires
directional survey	Measurements of drift, azimuth
ordovician period	The Ordovician Period is the name given to the interval of geologic time between approximately 505 and 438 million years ago.
tape	In survey, a graduated tape of steel, plastic, wire-reinforced cloth, or fiberglass, used for measuring distance.Survey & Mapping term
flame test	Detection and identification of certain elements in gas by characteristic coloration imparted to a flame.
casing	Steel pipe placed in an oil or gas well to prevent the wall of the hole from caving in, to prevent movement of fluids from one formation to another and to aid in well control.
aromatic	A term for any hydrocarbon containing a benzene ring or similar structure.
puts/calls ratio	The ratio of puts to calls in an options market.
organ	Group of cells and tissues that have a particular function for an organism.
busbar cost	The cost of producing one kWh of electricity delivered to, but not through, the transmission system (typically US)
stochastics	The theory of stochastics is based on the premise that prices close nearer the high in an uptrend, and nearer the low in a downtrend
dissolution porosity	Secondary porosity which is created when solid materials in sediment dissolve in interstitial solutions
abandoned well	a well whose use has been permanently discontinued and has been plugged
load	The amount of electric power delivered or required at any specified point or points on a system
fcc	Fluid catalytic cracker
drill pipe	High grade steel pipe providing the closed flow system, through which torque is transmitted from the surface to the drill collars and therefore to the drill bit for rotation, in conventional rotary drilling
hypermarket	a giant shopping centre containing a very large supermarkets and other smaller shops found in an out-of-city location, close to a motorway junction
satellite	a natural or artificial body in orbit around a planet.
calcium carbonate	A chemical combination of calcium, carbon, and oxygen
specific gravity	The weight of a particular volume of any substance, compared with the weight of an equal volume of water
instrument piping	All piping, valves, and fittings used to connect instruments to main piping, other instruments and apparatus, or measuring equipment.
undiscovered resource	The portion of the ultimate potential that has yet to be penetrated by a wellbore or that has yet to be proven by changes in a discovered pool's reserves through extension or revision.
lag time	The time taken for cuttings to reach the surface The term is also used in place of cycle time.
room heater	See HEATER, ROOM.
spot price	Current one-time purchase price.
graphite	A mineral form of carbon characterized by a flat sheet like crystalline structure
ppb	See parts per billion.
barycenter	the center of mass of a system of bodies; e.g., the center of mass of the solar system.
stripper well	A well incapable of producing more than ten (10) barrels a day.
longwave radiation	See infrared radiation.
solstice	Dates when the declination of the Sun is at 23.5° North or South of the equator
runoff	Water that flows along the surface of the land.
magnetosphere	Zone that surrounds the Earth that is influenced by the Earth's magnetic field.
cycle of deprivation	a sequence of events experienced by disadvantaged people in which one problem e.g
unit of sales methodology	For purposes of the CURRENT ADJUSTMENT, a method of computing a pipeline's average projected purchased gas costs derived by dividing the pipeline's total projected purchased gas costs the pipeline anticipates purchasing during the PGA effective period by the quantities of gas the pipeline anticipates selling during the PGA effective period.
fishing	The procedure used to remove stuck pipe or debris in hole
actual cost	In rate base determination
ice	Frozen form of the water molecule
underbalanced drilling	The exploration and production portions of the oil and gas industry.
kinetic energy	The energy inherent in a body due to its motion; with greater speed and mass, the kinetic energy increases.
salinity	A measure of the concentration of salt dissolved in water
mmcf	Abbreviation for One million cubic feet.
infiltration	The downward movement of water from the surface of the land to subsoil.
crab	See Carabiner
futures market	A market trading in contracts to buy and sell a
thalweg	Line of deepest water in a stream channel as seen from above
boiler fuel gas	Natural gas used as a fuel for the generation of steam (or hot water).
nova	a star that flares up to several times its original brightness for some time before returning to its original state.
subsea permafrost	Form of permafrost that exists beneath the sea in ocean sediments.
heat transfer coefficient	The quantity of heat transferred through a unit area of a material in a unit time per unit of temperature difference between the two sides of the material.
catalytic rich gas	An SNG process developed in England by the British Gas Council
composites	Plants of the compositae family (Asteraceae)
cathode	In market terms, a rectangular plate of metal, produced by electrolytic refining, which is melted into commercial shapes such as wirebars, billets, ingots etc
pyrometer	An instrument for the measurement of high temperatures.
turn-on	Initiation of utility service.
allogenic drainage	Underground karst drainage that is derived entirely from surface run off from adjacent non karstic and generally impermeable rocks
tectonic	Pertaining to large scale movements of the earth's crusts, such as Folding and faulting.Geology
curtailment	Curtailment of gas service is a method to balance a utility's natural gas requirements with its natural gas supply
contour map	A map that has lines marked to indicate points or areas that are the same elevation above or below sea level
absorbent	A material which, due to an affinity for certain substances, extracts one or more such substances from a liquid or gaseous medium with which it contacts, and which changes physically, or both, during the process.
municipal utility	A utility owned and operated by a municipality or group of municipalities
floating lng	A floating LNG is created by installing an LNG plant on a large vessel
onshore	The area of Louisiana lying landward of the Intracoastal Canal.
make-up gas	The contractual right to take gas volumes at a future date that were available but not taken on their designated date as with take-or-pay contracts.
stratosphere	Atmospheric layer found at an average altitude of 11 to 50 kilometers above the Earth's surface
outer core	The liquid part of the Earth's core, lying between about 2900 km and 5100 km depth.
producer	Any party owning, controlling, managing, or leasing any gas well and/or party who produces in any manner natural gas by taking it from the earth or waters.
high-priority customers	Customers with priority in use in utility curtailment
classification	In biology, the scientific naming of all life forms eg plants, animals, fungi, algae
fob	See Free on board.
gas generator	The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.
ansi x12	American National Standards Institute X12 Committee - The committee sanctioned by ANSI for developing and maintaining U.S
heavy water	Water containing significantly more than the natural proportion (1 in 6500) of heavy hydrogen (deuterium) atoms to ordinary hydrogen atoms
conductivity	The ability of a material to conduct electricity
instantaneous technical potential	An estimate of energy savings based on the assumption that all existing appliances, equipment, building-shell measures, and industrial processes are instantly replaced with the most efficient commercially available units.
proration unit	Acreage allocated to an oil well for the purpose of determining an allowable.
dry cave	A cave without a running stream or a lake
volcanic pipe	A dyke reaches the surface of the Earth
landward	Positioned or located away from a water body but towards the land.
landman	The person who secures leases and handles damages for oil and gas companies who are drilling new wells or laying pipelines.
ceramic radiants	Baked clay devices which become incandescent and radiate heat released to them by a gas flame.
stream discharge	A river or stream's rate of flow over a particular period of time
dehydro-genation	A process by which propylene is made from propane.
rathole	Extra hole drilled at the end of the well (beyond the last zone of interest) to ensure that the zone of interest can be fully evaluated
fixed-variable method	A rate design method which assigns all fixed costs to the demand component and all variable costs to the commodity component of rates
commodity channel index	CCI measures the variation of an instrument's price from its mean
topsides	The top part of a platform positioned on top of the jacket
design day	A 24-hour period of demand used as a basis for planning gas capacity requirements.
pulse combustion	A series of controlled mini-explosions (pulses) creating a pressure pulse and sustaining combustion through a type of chain reaction
scraper	A device used to clean deposits of paraffin or other foreign substances from tubing or flow lines
flood fringe	The flood fringe occupies the distal parts of the floodplain, outside of the floodway
cable	A rope of wire, hemp, or other strong fibers; or braided wire used to conduct electricity, often called power cable.
washer cooler	A washer in the form of a tall tower in which the washing liquid is sprayed in at top is collected in the bottom of the tower and then is cooled and recycled through the tower
stratocumulus clouds	Low altitude gray colored cloud composed of water droplets that has a patchy appearance
congestion	When prices trade at similar levels over a period of time, the chart becomes cluttered with business at these levels and is referred to as 'congested'
compression	The action on a material which decreases its volume as the pressure to which it is subjected increases.
acid mine drainage	The outflow of acidic water from where the earth has been disturbed
noctilucent clouds	High altitude clouds composed of ice crystals that appear to glow silver or bright blue shortly after sunset.
bora	Term used to describe a katabatic wind in Yugoslavia.
bunker c	A residual fuel used as ship's fuel, which usually has a high sulfur content and high viscosity.
ship or pay	A contract term that requires a gas shipper to pay a penalty if it fails to move the required volumes of gas down a pipeline
positive feedback	Change in the state of a system that enhances the measured effect of the initial alteration.
system supply	Purchases of natural gas for the purchaser's own system supply requirements (i.e., for resale by the purchaser).
gamma radiation	A type of ionizing, electromagnetic radiation that readily penetrates the body tissues of organisms
permeable	Allowing water to infiltrate.
downstream	All operations taking place after crude oil is produced, such as transportation, refining, and marketing.
ignition temperature	The temperature at which a substance, such as gas, will ignite and continue burning with adequate air supply.
electric energy	Available heat in electricity; one kilowatt hour equals 3,412.97 Btu.
spacing unit	The size (amount of surface area) of a parcel of land on which only one producing well is permitted to be drilled to a specific reservoir.
gradient	the ratio of pressure per unit depth.
pipe coating	A corrosion resistant material (such as asphalt or tar), sometimes with an outer wrapping, used to protect pipe.
payback period	The time required for the cumulative operational saving of a DSM (or other) option to equal the investment cost of that option.
flame geometry	The measure of flame shape and dimension
joint operating agreement	A detailed written agreement between the working interest owners of a property setting forth the terms under which that property will be developed.
ans preferred number	Series of numbers preferentially selected for standardization purposes
gas transported for others	That volume of gas owned by another company received into and transported through any part of the transmission or distribution system under a transportation tariff.
equity return	The after-tax return to common and preferred stockholders.
day length	Period of time for a location on the Earth when insolation from the Sun is being received.
metabolic rate	The rate at which an organism transforms food into energy and body tissue; most cave animals, particularly the obligates in the dark zone have a reduced metabolic rate.Fauna
vapor pressure	The pressure exerted by a vapor held in equilibrium with its solid or liquid state.
tropopause	The tropopause is a relatively thin atmospheric transition layer found between the troposphere and the stratosphere
lurgi process	A coal gasification process which produces gas through the controlled reaction of coal and oxygen in the presence of excess steam in a reactor.
manometer	A tube in the shape of a U, partially filled with
hygroscopic	Substances that have the ability to absorb water and therefore accelerate the condensation process.
hydrocarbons	Any organic compound containing only hydrogen and carbon
open traverse	A survey traverse which does not form a loop.Survey & Mapping term
eur	Estimated Ultimate Recovery.
gas chromatograph	An analytical instrument used for separating the various components of a gas mixture, and measuring the relative concentrations of each
albedo feature	a dark or light marking on the surface of an object that may or may not be a geological or topographical feature
condensate	The liquid hydrocarbons recovered at the surface that result from condensation due to reduced pressure or temperature of petroleum hydrocarbons existing initially in a gaseous state in the reservoir
trojan satellites	satellites which orbit at the Lagrangian points, 60° ahead of and 60° behind another satellite
migration	Natural movement of oil or gas within or out of a formation
availability factor	In a nuclear power plant, the disposable energy which could have been generated during a period, expressed as a percentage of the energy which could have been produced by a continuous power rate during the same period – essentially relates to the time a reactor spends off line owing to planned outages or unplanned stoppages..
rhyolite	volcanic leucocratic rock with a granitic chemical composition
public utilities commission	A governing body that regulates the rates and services of a public utility.
signalosome	A multifunctional protein complex essential for development and possibly involved in the regulation of protein degradation.
detritus food chain	Model describing the conversion of organic energy in a community or ecosystem into inorganic elements and compounds through decomposition
porosity	The volume of space within rock that might contain oil and gas (like the amount of water a sponge can hold); the open or void space within rock, usually expressed as a percentage of the total rock volume
arc minute	one 1/60 of a degree.
reflection nebula	a type of nebula that shines by reflected light
mark-to-market	This is a process used to determine the fair value of forward contracts and commodity inventories at a specific point in time
freezing	The change in state of matter from liquid to solid that occurs with cooling
marginal cost	The cost of the next unit if it were purchased
depreciation reserve	See ACCUMULATED PROVISION FOR DEPRECIATION AND AMORTIZATION.
profit oil	The remaining share of oil produced after cost recovery through the cost oil
interruptible transportation service	Low priority service offered to customers under schedules or contracts which anticipate and permit interruption on short notice, generally in peak-load seasons, by reason of the claim of firm service customers and higher priority users.
demand side management	All activities or programs undertaken by an electricity system or consumers to influence the amount and timing of electricity use.
cash and carry	An arbitrage transaction involving the simultaneous purchase of a cash commodity with borrowed money and the sale of the appropriate futures contract.
plastic insert	Insertion of a plastic liner through an existing steel service.
nutrient	Any food, chemical element or compound an organism requires to live, grow, or reproduce.
berm	Low hill of sand that forms along coastal beaches.
radiation belt	a ring-shaped region around a planet in which electrically charged particles (usually electrons and protons) are trapped
rope protector	A length of fabric or plastic hose etc placed around a rope where it may rub against rock.Climbing and SRT
cnr	Charterer Not Reported
efflux cave	A cave entrance that has a stream flowing out of it
trajectory	The path of a projectile or other moving body through space.
psig	Pounds of pressure per square inch guage, using atmospheric pressure as a base.
retirement dispersion	The pattern of retirements taking place at various ages in relation to the average service life or, simply, the scattering of retirements about average life.
calandria	A cylindrical reactor vessel that contains the heavy water moderator in a CANDU reactor
mitigation	The replacement of functional values lost when an ecosystem is altered
electronic gas measurement	"Real time" monitoring of natural gas quantities, and characteristics, as it passes through a specific location.
natural gas	A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds and small amounts of various non-hydrocarbons (such as carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen) existing in the gaseous phase or in solution with crude oil in natural underground reservoirs.
patera	shallow crater; scalloped, complex edge.
cuttings	The rock fragments dislodged by the bit and brought to the surface in the drilling mud
falling	Emergency signal, given by a climber to the belayer, that the climber is falling (and to expect the safety line to become taut).Climbing and SRT
piezometer	In hydrology, a device usually made of a perforated tube used to measure the distance of an underground water table from the surface
cutting or samples	Pieces of rock cut out of the formation by the bit and circulated to the surface by the mud
shock	unusually high pressures produced briefly by an impact
loss of load risk	The evaluation of the risk of a system not adequately meeting the load demand of firm customers under normal operating conditions
range	A statistical measure of the dispersion of observation values in a data set
drill sump or pit	an excavation below ground level, constructed for the purpose of circulating drilling fluids during well drilling operations.
spheroidal weathering	A type of below ground chemical weathering where the corners of jointed rocks become rounded over time
dissolution	The process of a substance dissolving and dispersing into a liquid.
extension	surface enlargement of the lithosphere under tectonic strengths
carbonatite	a magmatic rock consisting of calcium carbonate, usually associated with nepheline–syenite systems.
mboe	One thousand barrels of oil equivalent
secondary substance	Organic chemical produced by a plant that has no direct function in its metabolism
natural gas vehicle	A vehicle that is equipped to operate using natural gas, either as the sole fuel (a dedicated NGV) or as an option (a dual-fuel NGV).
annex i parties	The 40 industrialized countries that were members of the OECD in 1992, plus countries with economies in transition (EIT parties), including the Russian Federation, the Baltic States, and several Central and Eastern European States
avgas	High octane aviation gasoline used in piston type aircraft engines.
brine	A salt water and chemical mix that is produced after fracking a well
posted price	Price statement by a seller of crude oil or product.
under-class	the new urban poor who are often ill, unemployed, homeless, unqualified, and with health problems.
nok	Norwegian Krone
shortwave radiation	Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0.1 and 0.7 micrometers (µm)
peak demand	The maximum load during a specified period of time
biotite	A common, iron-rich black mica found in a wide variety of rocks.
plantae	Group, at the kingdom level, in the classification of life
nuclear fuel	All fissile material in any chemical form and the hardware required to produce fuel for a reactor.
drift	The attitude of a borehole
purge cycle	As applied to electric pilot igniters, the period from the time of automatic closure of the main gas supply by the safety shutoff device to the time the electrical circuit is re-energized.
bed	A subdivision of a stratified sequence of rocks, lower in rank than a member or formation, internally composed of relatively homogeneous material exhibiting some degree of lithologic unity, and separated from the rocks above and below by visually or physically more or less well defined boundary planes.
make-up water	Water added to a tank, boiler, or other vessel to maintain a pre-determined liquid level.
wave-cut platform	A flat or slightly sloping bedrock surface that forms in the tidal zone
wave	Most waves are caused by the wind
wellhead price	The cost of gas as it comes from the well excluding cleaning, compression, transportation, and distribution charges.
purification	The process by which unwanted impurities, such as hydrogen sulfide, are removed from a gas mixture
magellanic clouds	two small, irregular galaxies found just outside our own Milky Way galaxy
regenerator	A device which uses regenerative steam to reverse the absorption process
stress relaxation	The decrease of stress with respect to time in a piece of plastic that is subject to an external load at constant deformation.
form r-3	Refiner's Monthly Report
heterotroph	Organism that must consume energy rich organic molecules for survival
firm gas	Gas sold on a continuous basis for a defined contract term.
mcf	Acronym for Thousands of Cubic Feet
drainage basin	Land surface region drained by a length of stream channel.
mineral	Component of rocks
vent	An opening in a tank or other piece of equipment, sealed to prevent escape of material within the equipment at normal pressures but so arranged that it automatically opens to relieve excessive pressure in the equipment
dry-bulb thermometer	Thermometer on a psychrometer used to determine current air temperature
contract quantity method	A method to allocate demand costs by function to customer classes based on the customer classes' contract quantity or a company's obligation to serve the customer class.
contract pressure	The maximum or minimum required operating pressure at a receipt or delivery point as specified in the Service Agreement.
nomination allocation	See ALLOCATION-CAPACITY.
cf	Cubic Feet Volume measurement
tank battery	An area allocated in the general proximity to well sites for the purpose of containing hydrocarbons and produced water storage tanks
pathogen	Microscopic parasite organism that causes disease in a host
overproduction	Production in excess of the oil mwell's monthly allowable.
inch of water	A pressure unit representing the pressure required to support a column of water one inch high
swly	Abbreviation for Southwesterly
sidereal	relating to, or concerned with the stars
greenfield	A project that is built on a previously undeveloped or minimally developed site
therm	A unit of heat equivalent to 100,000 British Thermal Units (Btu).
front	Transition zone between air masses with different weather characteristics.
gas cavern well	An underground storage area (hole made underground by drilling salt generally out) used to store liquefied natural gas for future use.
input	Addition of matter, energy, or information to a system
trend	"The trend is your friend." A trend at its most basic consists of a situation in which prices move more in one direction than another
ascender	A mechanical device for ascending a rope.Climbing and SRT
polygon	A two dimensional closed figure with at least three sides that represents an area.
complete a well	To finish work on a well by making it ready to produce oil or gas
desert pavement	A veneer of coarse particles left on the ground after the erosion of finer particles by wind.
associated gas	Also known as wet gas
wet deposition	The transport of gases and minute liquid and solid particles from the atmosphere to the ground surface with the aid of precipitation or fog
aliphatic	Hydrocarbon that does not contain an aromatic ring structure
farm-out	An interest in an oil or gas lease that is granted by the lease holder to a third party.
rig down	To dismantle equipment after the completion of an operation.
cash market	The physical market underlying a futures or options contract.
heat liberation rate	The amount of heat which is liberated per unit time per cubic foot of combustion space.
artesian	Where water moves under pressure through completely flooded cavities
revenue requirement	The amount of revenues the utility needs to receive in order to cover operating expenses, pay debt service, and provide a fair return to common equity investors.
smog	Generic term used to describe mixtures of pollutants in the atmosphere
groundwater recharge	The replenishment of groundwater with surface water.
transducer	A device for converting energy from one form to another, specifically called the measurement of pressure differential in natural gas gate stations.
solution runnel	A larger solution flute that may increase in size down its length.Karst - Minor Forms of
cwppra	Louisiana is blessed with an abundance of natural resources
lst	Abbreviation for Sidetrack of existing work permit approved in Lafayette District Office
coupling	A sleeve-type fitting used to connect two pipes of similar or different materials, providing insulation or continuity.
pooling point	The place where natural gas is aggregated from many receipt points to serve a number of contracts without tying a particular receipt point to a particular contract.
unconsolidated	Pertains to a rock framework which lacks rigidity
direct sale	Contract sale of natural gas by producer to end user or local distribution company, usually for a term of a year or longer.
star	A self-luminous sphere of gas.
diaphragm	A bellows inside a displacement type gas meter
thermal conductivity	See CONDUCTIVITY, THERMAL.
plug	Object or device that serves to block a hole or passageway such as a cement plug in a borehole
cardinal points	The four main navigational directions (North, East, South, and West) found on a compass or a map.
estimated proved recoverable reserves	See RESERVES, ENERGY.
cenozoic era	period of geological time extending from 65 million years ago to the present.
splash cup	(1) A shallow cavity in the top of a stalagmite
polar stratospheric clouds	High altitude clouds found in the stratosphere where the temperature is less than -85° Celsius
friend	A mechanical caming device that is wedged into a rock crack and used as an anchor point.Climbing and SRT
hub	A geographical location where multiple participants trade services.
horizontal drilling	The developing technology that makes it possible to drill a well from the surface, vertically down to a certain level, and then to turn at a right angle and continue drilling horizontally within a specified reservoir or an interval of a reservoir.
urban redevelopment	the total clearance of parts of old inner city areas and starting afresh with new houses, especially high-rise flats.
ultraviolet	Zone of invisible radiations beyond the violet end of the spectrum of visible radiations
capacity charge	One element of a two-part pricing method used in power transactions (energy charge is the other element
bolide	A very bright meteor that may be associated with detonations and a smoky train
electrolysis	In a pipeline, the decomposition or destruction of the pipe wall by stray electrical currents
condensate	A low-density mixture of hydrocarbon liquids that are present as gaseous components in the raw natural gas produced from many natural gas fields.
exploration	The search for oil and gas
roll cloud	A dense, cigar shaped cloud found above the gust front of a thunderstorm
feldspar	A group of common aluminum silicate minerals that contains potassium, sodium, or calcium.
safety line	A safety rope attached to a climber in addition to the main rope or ladder.Climbing and SRT
allowable working stress	The maximum hoop stress permitted by code for the design of a piping system
monera	Group, at the kingdom level, in the classification of life
solution	In chemical solution, weak acids take part especially carbonic acid H2CO3, formed by dissolved carbon dioxide.Processes
muskeg	Poorly drained marshes or swamps found overlying permafrost.
descender	A mechanical device for descending ropes.Climbing and SRT
turn-on charge	The fee paid by a customer to have his utility service turned on.
valve control	A fuel-air control system that operates by means of mechanical linkage of related valves, common in industrial combustion systems.
certificate condition	A condition imposed by the FPC or FERC when granting a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity.
pumping unit	The machine that imparts reciprocating motion to a string of sucker rods extending to the positive displacement pump at the bottom of a well
city gate rate	The rate charged a distribution company by its supplier(s)
usac	Tanker abbreviation for US Atlantic Coast.
boiling point	The highest temperature that can be reached by a liquid, under a given pressure, when heat is applied externally and evaporation occurs freely from the surface.
compaction	A loss in overall volume and pore space of a rock as the particles are packed closer together by the weight of overlying material.
watershed	A stream's watershed is the area of land over which water running along the ground surface (called runoff or surface runoff) will eventually flow into the stream
residual oil	Oil remaining in the reservoir rock after the flushing or invasion process, or at the end of a specific recovery process or escape process.
theropod	(suborder Theropoda) Large carnivorous saurischian (lizard-hipped) dinosaurs of the of the Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods (about 200 to 65 million years ago)
production test	A test of the well's producing potential usually done during the initial completion phase
gold loans	A form of debt financing whereby a potential gold producer borrows an amount of gold from a lending institution, sells the gold on the open market, uses the cash for company purposes (ie building a mine), then pays back the gold from actual mine production.
vascular plant	Plant that has vascular tissues to transport water, nutrients, and other metabolic products.
catalyst	A material that brings about a chemical reaction without being permanently changed itself in the process.
river-weight	See RIVER-CLAMP.
steam coal	trade category of bituminous coal that is used for burning in power stations and other industrial/domestic uses.
callus	A disorganized group of proliferating or undifferentiated cells.
temperature inversion	Situation where a layer of warmer air exists above the Earth's surface in a normal atmosphere where air temperature decreases with altitude
riparian	Pertaining to a stream or river
little ice age	Time period from 1550 to 1850 AD
evaporation	Evaporation can be defined as the process by which liquid water is converted into a gaseous state
sales level	The sales volume being applied to the cost of service to develop rates
acid test	If a mineral is a carbonate it will fizz when acid is dropped on it.
nonfirm gas	Gas which is not required to be delivered or not required to be taken under the terms of a gas purchase contract.
coordinate system	A system used to identify locations on a graph or grid
parasite	Consumer organism that feeds on a host for an extended period of time
psi	Pounds per square inch.
millidarcies	A darcy (or darcy unit) and millidarcies (mD) are units of permeability.
density	The compactness of matter or the number of particles per unit volume.
nitrogen cycle	Model that describes the movement of nitrogen in its many forms between the hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.
macrocavern	Includes all cavities in rocks greater than 20 cm in diameter
photoperiod	The duration of the daylight period.
flammable limits	See EXPLOSIVE LIMITS.
regression	A withdrawal of the sea from the land, due to uplift or a eustatic drop in sea level
tariff volume	The maximum amount of natural gas which a consumer is entitled to receive during any specified time period
firing rate	The rate at which fuel is fed to a burner, expressed as volume, heat units, or weight per unit time.
public convenience and necessity	That which is necessary or desirable in the public interest
refunding	The retirement of one security issue with the proceeds received from the sale of another to provide for maturing debt or to take advantage of more favorable money market conditions.
tag line	In crane and truck operations, a rope attached to the bottom of a load suspended by the crane or truck which, when grasped by a crew member, allows the crew member to prevent rotation and to assist in guiding the load.
earthshine	sunlight reflected from Earth that illuminates the lunar surface.
title tracking	Detailing (in confidence to the appropriate client) the sales and parties in transactions involving units of natural gas, which can be lengthy and complex.
rockmilk	See Moonmilk.Speleology term
relief opening	The opening provided in a draft hood to permit the ready escape to the atmosphere of the flue products from the draft hood in the event of no draft, back draft, or stoppage beyond the draft hood, and to permit inspiration of air into the draft hood in the event of a strong chimney updraft.
storage cycle	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
line loss	The amount of gas lost in a distribution system or pipeline
common stock dividends	Payment declared on common stock and charged to unappropriated retained earnings during a stated period.
golden rule	Certain parties have advanced the concept of the "Golden Rule" in pipeline rate cases
consenting party	A party (the company, staff, a customer, or other interested party) that supports a stipulation and agreement or settlement in a rate or other proceeding
earthquake focus	Point of stress release in an earthquake.
w/r	Abbreviation for Wash and ream
establishment	Subsequent growth and/or reproduction of a colonized species in a new territory.
celsius scale	Scale for measuring temperature
silica gel	A desiccant, hygroscopic material that readily absorbs substantial quantities of moisture and is used to reduce the relative humidity of air or gas.
ipe	The International Petroleum Exchange in London.
element	A molecule composed of one type of atom
heating season method	See SEASONAL METHOD.
distributional relict	Relates to a species surviving in an area isolated from the main or original distribution area
cyclic billing	Billing that occurs on a regular, periodic basis, as for OR-1 renewals or LEAS subscriptions renewals.
zone heat	A central heating and/or cooling system which is arranged so that different temperatures can be maintained in two or more areas of the building being heated or cooled or simultaneously heated or cooled.
retrofit	An investment made in an existing building or facility
heat loss	The sum cooling effect of a building structure when the outdoor temperature is lower than the desired indoor temperature.
sweet	Containing little or no hydrogen sulphide or sulphur compounds
chlorophyll	Green pigment found in plants and some bacteria used to capture the energy in light through photosynthesis.
open interest	The number of contracts left open in a market which need to be closed out or taken through to delivery
fuel price adjustment clause	See CLAUSE, ADJUSTMENT.
jetting	The process of burying offshore or river crossing pipelines by hydraulically blowing sand or dirt from beneath the pipelines.
deliverability	A well's tested ability to produce.
sand wedge	A form of ice wedge that contains accumulations of wind blown sand in long vertical layers
cop	See Conference of Parties.
delivery point	Point at which gas leaves a transporter's system completing a sale or transportation service transaction between the pipeline company and a sale or trans-portation service customer.
common name	In biology, the name used in publications aimed at a wide audience as opposed to the specific name
imputed capitalization	A method to adjust a projected capital structure for accumulated deferred income taxes.
naeca	National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987 mandates minimum energy efficiency standards for most major residential appliances.
service charge	The fee charged a customer by a utility for work on the customer's premises
alternate fuels	Other fuels that can be substituted for the fuel in use
convectional precipitation	Is the formation of precipitation due to surface heating of the air at the ground surface
embedded cost	The historical cost of all facilities in the power supply system.
usec	Petrochemical markets abbreviation for US East Coast.
sour or sweet crude	Industry terms which denote the relative degree of a given crude oil's sulfur content
fuel substitution	The conversion of an end-use from one fuel source to another.
reserve rates	Rates used internally by the company to adjust the rates billed and subject to refund to an estimate of the final or settled rate
flash point	The lowest temperature under very specific conditions at which a combustible liquid will give off sufficient vapor to form a flammable mixture with air in a standardized vessel
sdm2g	State Gas Potential - test witnessed by a Conservation Enforcement Agent
oil parity clause	A clause in some gas purchase contracts that ties the price of gas in the absence of price controls to some fraction of the Btu equivalent of the price of No
haploid	Cell that contains only one set of chromosomes
r6	Gasoline and/or Cycling Plant Monthly Report.R6 Data Entry--R6 Gasoline and/or Cycling Plant Info
pressure	Is defined as the force acting on a surface from another mass per unit area.
background extinction	Normal extinction of species that occurs as a result of changes in local environmental conditions
vaporize	To change something from a liquid or a solid to a gaseous state, as in rock that is completely changed to gas during large impacts.
oscillator	The difference between two indicators
immersion length	The length from the free end of a thermometer bulb or well to the point of immersion in the medium, the temperature of which is being measured.
unitization tract	Land subject to a unitization agreement.
cainozoic	The Era comprising the Tertiary and Quaternary periods
dark matter	a term used to describe matter in the universe that cannot be seen, but can be detected by its gravitational effects on other bodies.
standby charge	A charge related to STANDBY SALES SERVICE
declination	Location (latitude) on the Earth where the Sun on a particular day is directly overhead (90° from horizon) at solar noon
bearing	In surveying, the angle measured clockwise that a line makes with north
kame terrace	A long flat ridge composed of glaciofluvial sediment
marketer	Entity which sells natural gas it has purchased from a producer or other seller.
density	the amount of matter contained within a given volume
ripple mark	Any of the small ridges formed on sediment surfaces exposed to moving wind or water
project financing	Method for financing projects where a company solicits money by pledging its expected revenues to cover the debt.
nebula	a cloud of dust and gas in space, usually illuminated by one or more stars
gor	An acronym for gas-oil ratio, which applies to oil wells
temperate rain forest	An ecosystem that is dominated by large and very tall evergreen trees
kuiper belt	a large ring of icy, primitive objects beyond the orbit of Neptune
brownfield land	urban land that has previously been developed, such as a the site of a demolished building or factory.
detritivore	Heterotrophic organism that feeds on detritus
vehicle accident frequency rate	The frequency rate of motor vehicle accidents is the number of motor vehicle accidents per 1,000,000 miles
pennants	A price chart pattern that looks like a vertical line with a small triangle at the top
jurisdiction	Portion of the company's activities that are subject to the rules and regulations of the particular government entity which regulates it.
blue ridge province	The long mountain chain that is a part of the Appalachian Mountains in western Virginia
porifera	A sponge has a system of holes and canals the animal uses to circulate water through its body
wellbore	The hole made by a well.
electrolytic refining	The process of purifying metal ingots which are suspended as anodes in an electrolytic bath, alternated with refined sheets of the same metal, which acts as starters or cathodes.
spherically focused log	SFL
carburizing	A heat-treating process in which carbon is introduced into a solid iron-base alloy by heating above the transformation temperature range while in contact with a carbonaceous material which may be a solid, liquid, or gas
contract carrier	A transporter that voluntarily provides its services on a contractual basis for other parties.
field	The general area encompassed by one or more oil or gas reservoirs or pools that are located on a single geologic feature, that are otherwise closely related to the same geologic feature (either structural or stratigraphic)
efp	Exchange of futures for physical: refers to the exchange of a futures position for a physical (swap) position.
core	The innermost parts of the Earth, lying between 2900 km depth and the centre of the Earth at over 6300 km depth.
impact evaluation	Examination of the effects of a DSM program, including quantitative documentation of a program's costs and benefits, program participation and measure adoption, performance of technologies, and energy impacts.
cost zones	Geographic areas of the company's operations established for the purpose of accumulating certain costs to facilitate a fair distribution of such costs among all customer classes
standard & poor's	Rating
discount rate	A rate of interest representing the time-related value of resources
distributary	A smaller branching stream channel that flows away from a main stream channel
atlantic seaboard	See SEABOARD METHOD.
storm track	The path taken by a storm (thunderstorm, mid-latitude cyclone or hurricane) or the average path taken by storms.
service shutoff	This may refer either to a service stop or to a meter stop used to cut off the supply of gas.
tight sands	A geological formation consisting of a matrix of typically impermeable, non-porous tight sands.
rotational slip	Form of mass movement where material moves suddenly along a curvilinear plane
plankton	Minute plant (phytoplankton) and animal organisms (zooplankton) that are found in aquatic ecosystems.
headstation	A point at which gas enters the pipeline's main transmission line, either at the interconnection of the gathering system or of a third party transporter
dynamic positioning	A method by which a floating offshore drilling rig is maintained in position over an offshore well location
climax community	Plant community that no longer undergoes changes in species composition due to succession.
patterned ground	Term used to describe a number of surface features found in periglacial environments
hydrostatic strength	The hoop stress calculated by means of the ISO equation at which the pipe fails due to an internal pressure buildup, usually within 60 to 70 seconds.
bcp	Business Continuity Plan
sponge	A mixture of iron oxide and wood shavings for the removal of hydrogen sulfide from gas.
optional expedited certificate	A certificate provided for by FERC Order 436 aimed at reducing regulatory hurdles for obtaining a certificate of public convenience and necessity prior to commencing construction of an interstate pipeline or any extension thereof.
wheeling service	The movement of electricity from one system to another over transmission facilities of intervening systems
diversity factor	The ratio of the sum of the non-coincident maximum demands of two or more loads to their coincident maximum demands for the same period
depth datum	The zero-depth reference for well logging
watertable	The surface between phreatic water which completely fills voids in the rock, and ground air, which partially fills higher voids.Speleology term
stack gases	See GAS, FLUE.
conductivity derived porosity	A calculation of the water filled porosity from electrical conductivity or resistivity.
soil taxonomy	The classification of a soil in a hierarchical system based on its various properties
carried interest	A fractional working interest in an oil and gas lease that comes about through an arrangement between co-owners of a working interest.
experiment	A controlled investigation designed to evaluate the outcomes of causal manipulations on some system of interest.
scientific method	The approach science uses to gain knowledge
glaze	Coating of ice that forms when rain falls on a surface with a temperature below freezing.
nitrite	Form of nitrogen commonly found in the soil
reserve ratio	See DEPRECIATION RESERVE RATIO.
midstream	A term sometimes used to refer to those industry activities that fall between exploration and production (upstream) and refining and marketing (downstream)
sour crude oil	Oil containing free sulphur or other sulphur compounds whose total sulphur content is in excess of 1 percent.
damper	A valve, or plate, used to regulate the flow of air or other gases.
heat fusion joint	A joint made in thermoplastic piping by heating the parts sufficiently to permit fusion of the materials when the parts are pressed together.
casing string	Total feet of casing run in a well
landman	An agent who works for a drilling company or who is contracted by a drilling company or broker
compressor station	A facility which helps the transportation process of natural gas from one location to another.
ventilation air	That portion of supply air which comes from outside, plus any recirculated air that has been treated to maintain the desired quality of air within a designated place.
pro rata allocation	A capacity or gas supply allocation methodology under which all customers would receive the same proportion of the natural gas service available as their portion of total volumes contracted for
brine well	a well used for dissolving salt from a salt formation, adding brine to, or taking brine from a salt cavern.
meander	Sinuous shaped stream channel
current adjustment	Applicable to pipelines which have a PGA mechanism in effect
water table	The level of ground water.
fair value	In determining the company's Rate Base by this method you can either (1) estimate the cost to rebuild, (2) inflation adjust or trend Original Cost, or (3) estimate the market value
cash flow	Income before extraordinary items plus non-cash revenues (such as equity income)
anastomosis	A mesh of small hollow tubes (the result of solution in the phreatic zone) in solid rock, or half tubes when exposed in a fractured rock surface
flexible coupling	A mechanical connection between two pieces of machinery or two pipes to allow limited movement of the two parts relative to each other.
allochthonous clay	Clay originating in an environment different from the final sedimentary environment (rocky substrate soil or upstream sediment subjected to erosion).
investment tax credit	A credit against income taxes, usually computed as a percent of the cost of investment in certain types of assets.
feedback loop	Process where the output of a system causes positive or negative changes to some measured component of the system.
required radiation	The area of radiator surface required based on the heat loss computation for the space to be heated.
exploratory well	A well drilled either in search of a new and as yet undiscovered accumulation of oil or gas, or in an attempt to significantly extend the limits of a known reservoir.
recycling	The repetition of a particular process; the return of a stream or part of a stream to a previous process or location for additional recovery of the desired components.
region	A term used in geography that describes an area of the Earth where some natural or human-made phenomena display similar traits.
time-of-use pricing	A method of charging for electricity or some other service that takes into consideration both the time of day and the season of the year at which it is used.
threshold population	the minimum number of people required to support a particular good, shop or office
composition	The chemical makeup of an object.
icelandic low	Subpolar low pressure system found near Iceland
flame front	The plane along which combustion starts.
meter set	The meter and appurtenances thereto, including the meter, meter bar, and connected pipe and fittings
biomass conversion	Process by which biomass materials are burned for direct energy or by which such materials are converted to synthetic fuels.
capital structure	The long term debt and equity of a company
hedge	The reduction of risk by covering anticipated commitments at a fixed price in the future through a futures or options contract
infield exchange agreement	Contract specifying the terms and conditions for the exchange of wellhead gas production between different companies usually within the same producing field.
mmbo	Million Barrels
mechanical equivalent of heat	The conversion factor for transforming heat units into mechanical units of work
jurassic	A period in geological history from about 141 to 195 million years ago.
hydraulic gradient	The slope of the water table or aquifer
hard hat	A hard helmet worn by oilfield workers to minimize the danger of being injured by falling objects.
flue collar	That portion of an appliance designed for the attachment of the draft hood or vent connector.
eutrophic lake	Lake that has an excessive supply of nutrients, mostly in the form of nitrates and phosphates
fuel cell	A device that generates direct current to electricity by means of an electrochemical process.
matrix	Fine-grained material found in the pore space between larger sediment grains.
calcareous sand	The external shells of gastropods and bivalve mollusks (e.g., clams, scallops) are calcareous, stiff, and range in diameter from 0.02 to 2 millimeters (0.0008–0.08 inch).
mesopause	Thin boundary layer found between the mesosphere and the thermosphere
regressive evolution	Reduced body pigmentation (or no pigment); Loss of wings (in insects, such as carabid beetles); Elongated appendages including antennae; Longer and greater density spines or setae (hairs); Reduced metabolic rate.Fauna
affinity	In biology, a similar but distinct species, closely related to the given species
fnma/fannie mae	Federal National Mortgage Association that is a publicly owned, government-sponsored corporation chartered in 1938 to purchase mortgages from lenders and either to hold them in portfolio or resell them to investors.
filament	a strand of cool gas suspended over the photosphere by magnetic fields, which appears dark as seen against the disk of the Sun.
beam loading	The application of a load to a pipe between two points of support.
monthly service	A predefined monthly period in which daily services are summarized for invoicing and imbalance statements
kankar	(pronounced kunkar) A deposit, often nodular, of calcium carbonate formed in soils of semi arid regions by evaporation of mineralised water at the surface.
bell-and-spigot pipe	Pipe made with a cup-like flare at one end (the bell) and plain at the other end (the spigot)
k/o	Abbreviation for Kick off
channelization	The act of straightening a stream; typically widens and deepens the stream as well to improve the flow of water
niche specialization	Process where evolution, through natural selection, adapts a species to a particular set of abiotic and biotic characteristics within a habitat.
derrickman	The person who is second in command of the drilling crew.
residential preference	where people would like to live.
attenuation	See SOUND ATTENUATION.
shut-in	Shut off so there is no flow; refers to a well, plant, pump, etc., when valves are closed at both inlet and outlet.
atmosphere	one atmosphere is 14.7 pounds per square inch (105 Newtons per square meter); the average atmospheric pressure at sea level on Earth
bottled gas	In the industry, liquefied petroleum gas contained under moderate pressure in cylinders, sometimes referred to as bottles
ventilation	The process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to or from any space
evaporation pan	Meteorological instrument that is used to measure evaporation rates.
solar atmosphere	the atmosphere of the Sun
maunder minimum	Period from 1645 to 1715 during which the Sun had very little sunspot activity.
greenhouse effect	The heating of the atmosphere by the trapping of long-wave radiation re-emitted by the Earth from incoming solar energy.
uic-26	Waste Refusal NotificationWaste Refusal Notification (UIC-26)
hyphae	Thread like structures found on a fungus.
sonris	Strategic Online Natural Resources Information System - This service of the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources provides you free, Web-accessible information through the access method of your choice
spodosols	Soil order (type) of the United States Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Classification System
moraine	A hill of glacial till deposited directly by a glacier.
storage zone	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
unbundling	The separation of the various components of gas sales, storage, transmission, delivery and etc
ebb tide	Time during the tidal period when the tide is falling
production	The phase that occurs after successful exploration and development and during which hydrocarbons are drained from an oil or gas field.
acquisition adjustments	See ORIGINAL COST, HISTORICAL COST
chemical flooding	An enhanced recovery process in which water, with added chemicals, is injected into an oil reservoir to increase recovery.
paying interest	The cost-bearing interest arising out of the obligation to bear initialexploration, appraisal and development costs on behalf of a partner
impact fee	Imposed by commissioners
latosol	Soil order (type) of the United States Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Classification System
nad-27	Is based on the Clark speroid of 1866 with an initial point at Meades Ranch, Kansas.
lswr	Low sulfur waxy residual fuel oil.
aquatic	Living in water
settlement conference	An informal meeting of interested parties to resolve differences in a rate case
cng	Compressed natural gas
control group	See COMPARISON GROUP.
sunspot	a temporary disturbed area in the solar photosphere that appears dark because it is cooler than the surrounding areas
return air	Air returning to a heater or conditioner from the heated or conditioned space.
moon phases	The monthly changes in the appearance of the Moon as seen from Earth
joint plane cave	A cavity developed along a joint, which is often steeply dipping, and thus high in relation to width.Cave - Kinds of
electrical energy	Ususally measured in kilowatt-hours, energy delivered by an electrical utility via its transmission/distribution system
carbon sink	A component of the Earth system that absorbs carbon compounds, otherwise known as a reservoir or pool, eg the ocean.
put option	An option that gives the holder the right (but not the obligation) to sell a specified quantity of the underlying instrument at a fixed price, on or before a specified date
communities	A community is a contiguous built-up area, incorporated or unincorporated, commonly recognized as a separate entity
slickensides	the polished striations on a rock surface caused by friction generated by faulting.
seismograph	A device for detecting vibrations in the earth
co2 injection	A secondary recovery technique in which carbon dioxide (CO2) is injected into wells as part of a miscible recovery program.
louisiana administrative code	Is a state-certified publication that provides a set of permanent rules which have been formally adopted or amended by Louisiana state agencies
deuterium	An isotope of hydrogen containing one proton and one neutron in the nucleus
reserve life index	The ratio of a pipeline's system supply reserves to annual sales expected, stated in years
astronomical unit	the average distance from the Earth to the Sun; 1 AU is 149,597,870 kilometers (92,960,116 miles).
economizer	An arrangement of tubes through which the feed water passes before entering boiler drum and flue gases leave burners
dune limestone	Syn
gymnosperm	Plant that bears naked seeds
herbivore	Heterotrophic organism that consumes plants for nutrition
tanker	Ocean going ship designed for carrying crude oil and other liquid products.
reserves appreciation	Incremental changes in established reserves resulting from extension of existing pools and/or revisions to a previous reserves estimate and/or by application of improved recovery methods.
green infrastructure	T
photogrammetry	The science of using aerial photographs and other remote sensing imagery to obtain measurements of natural and human-made features on the Earth.
gor	Gas-oil ratio
form a d	Report of Proof of Apparent Deviation.
franchise gas	Natural gas provided by a utility to a governmental body, in a particular municipality, in exchange for franchise rights in that municipality.
pay zones	The vertical portion of a reservoir that is producing oil and gas within a given wellbore
suspended sediment	Small particles of insoluble organic or inorganic matter suspended in water, Syn flocculant.Hydrology terms
terminal velocity	Maximum speed that can be achieve by a body falling through a fluid like water or air.
squeeze cementing	The forcing of cement slurry by pressure to specified points in a well to cause seals at the points of squeeze
transition zone	Boundary between the meristematic zone (which is proliferative) and the differentiation zones; it is easily recognized by the onset of cell elongation in the root.
geopressure gradient	The change in pore pressure observed per unit change in depth
scrub	To remove certain constituents of a gas by passing it through equipment (Scrubber) in which the gas is intimately mixed with a suitable liquid that absorbs or washes out the constituent to be removed from the gas.
gigawatt hour	One billion watt-hours.
contract imbalance quantity	The cumulative difference between all quantities of gas received and quantities of gas delivered for a contract from inception through the most current billing period.
aeolian	Pertaining to the wind
onshore-offshore transport	The up and down movement of sediment roughly perpendicular to a shoreline because of wave action.
cfpd	Cubic Feet Per Day
ex parte communications	Off-the-record communication between any party to a proceeding before the Commission and any Commissioner, his or her staff, or any employee of the Commission.
hawaiian high	See Pacific High.
quota	OPEC sets individual crude oil production quotas for each of its 11 members
gardening	Clearing stones or other material from a route either to (1) moderate potential danger of falling stones (2) increase accessibility.Speleology term
redshift	a shift in the lines of an object's spectrum toward the red end
unconfined groundwater	Groundwater that is not restricted by impervious layers of rock.
crystal	A homogeneous solid that has a regularly repeating internal arrangement of its atoms and has external plane faces.
glut	An excess of supply over demand
sugar	Type of carbohydrate chemically based on carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
hormuz	The Strait of Hormuz is the sea-passage out of the Persian Gulf between Iran on the eastern shore and the UAE and Oman on the west.
new moon	A phase of the Moon in which none of the sides facing Earth is illuminated by the Sun.
solar energy	See insolation.
total depth	TD
kerogen	The hydrocarbon in oil shales.
equivalent direct radiation	Heat expressed in terms of a square foot of steam radiator surface emitting 240 Btu per hour
proper and adequate	As in "proper and adequate" depreciation rate
squatter settlement	another name for a spontaneous settlement.
concession contract	A contract that directly grants mining rights (including mining rights in Japan and permits, licenses and leases in other countries) to oil companies through a contract or approval from the government of oil-producing countries or from national oil companies
non-ionizing radiation	A form of electromagnetic radiation that does not have enough energy to cause ionization of atoms in living tissue
superior conjunction	a conjunction that occurs when a superior planet passes behind the Sun and is on the opposite side of the Sun from the Earth.
diffusion	The movement of a material, such as a gas or liquid, in the body of a plastic
gas-oil ratio	GOR
jars	A device used in cable drilling, shaped like two elongated links, attached to the drilling tool, and used to jar the bit on the upward stroke, thus preventing the bit from sticking in the well-bore; also used to increase the impetus of a force exerted to free objects stuck in the well-bore.
secondary pollutant	Atmospheric pollutants that are created chemically in the atmosphere when primary pollutants and other components of the air react
historical cost	The actual cost of land, buildings, pipelines and other plant items to the company, when used in ratemaking it assumes the company's acquisition costs are prudent
anchor	A fixed object used to secure a ladder, rope or safety line used for climbing.Climbing and SRT
pollutant	A substance that has a harmful effect on the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms.
industrial revolution	Major change in the economy and society of humans brought on by the use of machines and the efficient production of goods
calculated depreciation reserve	See THEORETICAL DEPRECIATION RESERVE.
cascade cycle	A liquefaction process in which a series of refrigerants are used to obtain successively lower temperatures.
combined accounts	When two or more meters are combined for billing purposes under the following conditions: Where combinations of meter readings are specifically provided for in rate schedules
compressibility factor	See SUPERCOMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR.
suspension order	FERC Order suspending the effectiveness of a new rate case for an additional five months beyond the pipeline's 30 day request.
hygroscopic coefficient	Maximum limit of hygroscopic water around the surface of a soil particle.
equinox	the two points at which the Sun crosses the celestial equator in its yearly path in the sky
megaton	an explosive force equal to one million metric tons of TNT
landed cost	The total cost of oil off-loaded at a port, including duties, fees and taxes.
deficiency based gic	See GAS INVENTORY CHARGE.
boobtube	A clear plastic tube about a metre long, used as a straw to drink water from crevices and otherwise inaccessible pools.Miscellaneous terms
kero	Kerosene.
marginal cost pricing	A system of pricing designed to ignore all costs except those associated with producing the next increment of power generation
turbidity	The muddiness, cloudiness or milkiness of water
double leverage	Concept used in developing a company's proper capital structure
nad	North American Datum
phreatic zone	The zone that is below the Water table (except at times of drought) where voids or tubes in the rock are completely saturated with water.Speleology term
free service	In DSM, an incentive in the form of assistance offered by utilities, such as energy audits and maintenance of equipment such as furnace tune-up programs.
trend	refers to the general direction of a given geologic structure.
henry hub	- Located in Erath, LA, the Henry Hub is a pipeline interchange and the delivery point for the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) active natural gas futures contracts
alternate fuel capability	The ability to use an alternate fuel whether or not the facilities for such use have actually been installed.
naphtha	A loosely defined petroleum fraction containing primarily aliphatic (linear) hydrocarbons with boiling points ranging from 125o to 240o C
surface casing	The first string of casing put into a well; it is cemented into place and serves to shut out shallow water formations and as a foundation for well control.
indirect-fired	A heater in which combustion products do not come in contact with the material to be heated; heating of the material is accomplished by radiation or conduction from the heated surfaced
surface tension	Tension of a liquid's surface
thermogenic	Generated or formed by heat, especially via physiological processes.
pipe	Oilfield tubular goods such as casing, drill pipe, tubing, or pipeline
viscosity	In general, resistance to flow; that property of semi-fluids and gases by virtue of which they resist an instantaneous change of shape or arrangement of molecules.
drill pipe	Heavy, thick-walled, seamless steel pipe used in rotary drilling to turn the drill bit and to provide a conduit for the drilling mud
vlcc	Very large crude carrier; with a capacity of 200,000-320,000 dwt
transmission loss	The power lost in transmission between one point and another
moving-bed gasifier	A gasifier in which coke is fed into the top keeping the gasifier essentially full when operating
continental shield	See shield.
urban area	Geographic area with a high density of people over a limited area
form or-1	Organization/Transporter Permit and Annual Registration Form Organizations (OR-1) Information-- Organization Search -- Organization Officer/Contact Search
gas controller	A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a pipeline or distribution system.
transparency	The ability of a medium to allow light to pass through it.
surge	A large, destructive ocean wave caused by very low atmospheric pressure and strong winds
open pressure	The pressure on a gas well that has been open long enough for the pressure to stabilize.
herfindahl-hirschman index	A measure of market concentration
reef	A ridge of rocks found in the tidal zone along a coastline
surface location	The surface location of the well.
dye gauging	Determining stream discharge by inserting a known quantity of dye and measuring its concentration after mixing.Survey & Mapping term
integrated resource planning	A utility planning method whereby alternative resource mixes, including demand-side and supply-side options, are evaluated in order to determine which resource plan minimizes the overall cost of service, subject to reliability and various other constraints.
tariff	Rates an regulated entity will charge to provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions that it will follow in providing service.
selective catalytic reduction	A post combustion control which taps flue gas off the boiler and injects ammonia with nitrogen oxide gas to reduce emissions.
anemometer	An instrument for measuring the velocity of wind.
suburbs	the outer zone of towns and cities.
topsides	The superstructure of a platform.
lagrange point	french mathematician and astronomer Joseph Louis Lagrange showed that three bodies can lie at the apexes of an equilateral triangle which rotates in its plane
event horizon	the invisible boundary around a black hole past which nothing can escape the gravitational pull - not even light.
geographical fault	A fracture or fracture zone in rock along which movement has occurred..
bio-leaching	A process for recovering metals from low-grade ores by dissolving them in solution, the dissolution being aided by bacterial action.
vanadium	Metal present in some fuels
nuclear fusion	a nuclear process whereby several small nuclei are combined to make a larger one whose mass is slightly smaller than the sum of the small ones
remaining established reserves	Initial established reserves less cumulative production.
net generation	Gross generation less the electric energy consumed at the generating station for station use.
calcium carbonate	Compound consisting of calcium and carbonate
tracker	A special provision approved by the Commission giving the pipeline company the ability to change its rates at different points in time to recognize changes in specific cost of service items without the usual suspension period of a rate filing
monte carlo simulation	A statistical method whereby a range of results and their probabilities are reached through random sampling of points on a distribution curve or curves.
cave flower	See Gypsum flower.Cave - Depositional Features
vent	the opening of the earth's surface through which volcanic materials are extruded.
calorie	Quantity of energy
space heater	See HEATER, ROOM.
soil fertility	The ability of a soil to provide nutrients for plant growth.
pm	An acronym for producing method; the producing method can be one of the following: pumping, flowing, gas lift, or injection.
fertile material	Material which can be converted into fissile material by the capture of a neutron
self-regulation	The ability of some systems to maintain a steady state equilibrium through positive and negative feedbacks.
cash settlement	The settlement of futures or options by paying a cash difference, rather than taking/making physical delivery.
commercial paper	Short-term promissory notes issued and sold by utilities and other companies usually through dealers in such paper.
end-use metering	The direct measuring of consumption by specific end-use appliances, typically as part of load research studies or to measure the impacts of DSM programs.
division order	A schedule of owners and their decimal share in revenues of the well derived from the sale of oil or gas.
connection	The physical junction (transmission lines, transformers, switch gear, etc) between two electric systems permitting the transfer of electricity
dissociation	Chemical process where a compound or molecule breaks up into simpler constituents.
msek	Million Swedish Kronor
cirrocumulus clouds	Patchy white high altitude cloud composed of ice crystals
rating	Limits placed on operating conditions of a machine, apparatus, or device based on its design characteristics.
nuclear reactor	A device in which a fission chain reaction can be initiated, maintained and controlled
docket number	At the time a document is filed with the Commission it is assigned a number
dispersal	An organism leaving its place or birth or activity for another location.
isobutane	A hydrocarbon of the same chemical formula as butane but different molecular structure, resulting in different physical properties, notably lower boiling point
rnr	Tanker abbreviation for rate not reported.
seed bank	The accumulation of viable plant seeds occurring in soil and available for germination under favorable environmental conditions.
exploitation	Form of competition where the indirect effects of the two or more species or individuals reduce the supply of the limiting resource or resources needed for survival.
dry gas	Natural gas which does not contain liquid hydrocarbons
head	The differential or pressure, usually expressed in terms of the height of a liquid column that the pressure will support
optimization	A technique used by technical analysts to decide on which measures work best in their specific markets
thermal high	Area of high pressure in the atmosphere caused by the area having warmer temperatures relative to the air around it.
balancing	Making receipts and deliveries of gas into or withdrawals from a company equal
trade ally	In DSM, an organization (architect, building contractor, etc.) that influences energy decisions of customers who are potential DSM program participants.
deriming	Adding heat to remove accumulated solid water or carbon dioxide constituents from low-temperature process equipment.
light louisiana sweet	API gravity higher than 33 degrees
street ell	An L-shaped pipe fitting with external threads on one end and internal threads on the other end
operating expenses	The costs of operating a well.
plant community	All of the plant species and individuals occurring in a shared habitat or environment.
condensation	A change of state from gas to liquid.
magnesite	Magnesium carbonate rock
fen	A habitat composed of woodland and swamp.
gom or gm	Gasoil Moteur — French gasoil specification.
leased storage	Natural gas storage facilities owned and controlled by a storage operator, quite often the interstate pipeline's affiliate
ordovician	period of geological time from 495 to 440 million years ago.
summer valley	The depression that occurs in the summer months in the daily load of a gas distribution system of pipeline.
food chain	A series of plants or animals linked together by their food relationships or a specific nutrient and energy pathway
chemical energy	Energy consumed or produced in chemical reactions.
coalbed methane	Methane derived from a coal seam.
black body	Is a body that emits electromagnetic radiation, at any temperature, at the maximum possible rate per unit surface area
wind load rating	A specification used to indicate the resistance of a derrick to the force of wind
solar wind	a flow of charged particles that travels from the Sun out into the Solar System.
neogene	part of the Cenozoic Era, comprising the Miocene and Pliocene epochs from 23.8 to 1.81 million years ago.
locked-in period	Normally settlement rates are developed using actual cost experience of the base period, as adjusted in the test period, allocated to estimated annual sales volumes
lead	A cave passage noticed but as yet unexplored.Speleology term
exploratory well	A hole drilled: a) to find and produce oil or gas in an area previously considered unproductive area; b) to find a new reservoir in a known field, i.e., one previously producing oil and gas from another reservoir, or c) to extend the limit of a known oil or gas reservoir.
payout ratio	The ratio of cash dividends on common stock to earnings available for common stock.
tagging	Affixing a tag bearing a cave number near its entrance, either by glue or by means of rock drill and a small nail or screw.Survey & Mapping term
the frack act	The Fracturing Responsibility and Awareness of Chemicals Act seeks to reverse some of the policies enacted in the 2005 energy policy and compel full disclosure of the chemicals, and specifically the concentrations of the chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing
solar radiation	The total electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun.
crown land	Land and land covered by water owned by the Province.
graphic scale	Way of expressing the scale of a map with a graphic.
induction log	A log recorded in uncased boreholes which involves the use of electromagnetic induction principles for the measurement of formation conductivity or resistivity
arkose	arenaceous rocks
tubing	See PIPING.
air drilling	Drilling using air as the circulation medium
union	A threaded fitting used to couple two runs of pipe together without having to turn or dismantle either run of pipe.
demand meters	A device which indicates or records the instantaneous, maximum or integrated (over a specified period) demand.
achievable potential	In DSM, an estimate of energy savings based on the assumption that all energy-efficient options will be adopted to the extent that they are cost-effective and possible through utility DSM programs
co-firing	The process of burning natural gas in conjunction with another fuel.
city gate price	The unit price charged by a transmission company for natural gas transported via pipeline to a distribution company in a particular city or area.
precession	the apparent shift of the celestial poles caused by a gradual wobble of the Earth's axis.
sonris classic	This access method offers additional query functionality via Java-enabled forms
steam tracing	A graphic recording of steam pressure and temperature done instrumentally.
parallax	the apparent change in position of two objects viewed from different locations.
mesocavern	Includes all cavities in rock that are smaller than 20 cm in diameter and larger than 0.1 cm in diameter
compensated neutron log	A well log made with a mandrel type neutron logging tool having two neutron detectors
viscoelasticity	The tendency of plastics to respond to stress as if they were a combination of viscous liquids and elastic solids.
dirty cargo	A petroleum cargo, such as crude oil or heavy fuel oil, that leaves a significant quantity of residue in the holds of a tanker.
on balance volume	OBV is a momentum indicator relating volume to price change
china main port	Most petrochemical trade in China is carried out basis China Main Port, rather than a specific port.
sendout curve	Sendout plotted as a function of temperature.
plateau	Generally refers to a level land area raised above the surrounding land
stack	A chimney or conduit for smoke.
talweg	Also Thalweg
design day availability	The amount of each type of gas arranged to be available on the design day and the maximum combination of such supplies
cas number	A unique identifier for chemical substances
water withdrawal	The removal of water from some type of source, like groundwater, for some use by humans
service life	The time between the date plant is includible in plant in service, or plant leased to others, and the date of its retirement
hydrolysis	Chemical weathering process that involves the reaction between mineral ions and the ions of water (OH- and H+), and results in the decomposition of the rock surface by forming new compounds, and by increasing the pH of the solution involve through the release of the hydroxide ions.
oil prod	Abbreviation for oil production
hall	A lofty chamber that is longer than it is wide.Cave - Parts of
swell	A relatively smooth ocean wave that travels some distance from the area of its generation.
cave ecology	The study of the interaction between cave organisms and their environment
dispatchability of dsm	The ability of the utility to schedule and control, directly or indirectly, manually or automatically, the timing and volumes of DSM measures.
td	Total Depth (refers to the final depth of a well)
form uic-14	Application for Annular Disposal of Reserve Pit Fluids
multishot survey	directional survey.
heavy metals	Metallic elements with atomic numbers equal to or higher than uranium, used as a collective term to provide interdependence of the exact chemical form.
plan	A cave map at a reduced scale showing the details projected vertically onto a horizontal plane..Survey & Mapping term
consumer	these are people
md-15-r	Amended Permit to Drill for Minerals
gravity adjustment	Oil from each area has a specific gravity or mass
congestion	overcrowding on roads causing traffic jams.
dual induction log	DIL
calcium carbonate	CaCO3
natural gas reserves	Gas deposits that are estimated by scientists to be economically recoverable given current drilling technology and gas prices.
start cart	A heating device which supplies load pressure steam for fuel cell heat up.
mass	a measure of the total amount of material in a body, defined either by the inertial properties of the body or by its gravitational influence on other bodies.
bc	Barrel of Condensate
viscosity	Resistance of a fluid to flow
kilowatt-hour	The basic unit for pricing electric energy, equal to one kilowatt of power supplied continuously for one hour (or the amount of electricity needed to light ten 100-watt lightbulbs for one hour)
recovery rate	The rate at which natural gas can be removed from a reservoir.
name plate rating	The full-load continuous rating of a generator, prime mover, pump, compressor, or other equipment under specified conditions as designated by the manufacturer
api gravity	An arbitrary scale expressing the gravity or density of liquid petroleum products devised jointly by the American Petroleum Institute and the National Bureau of Standards
p/c	Part-cargo.
order 29d	A statewide order establishing a procedure for obtaining approval and authorizing the commingling of gas or liquids and the use of methods other than gauge tanks for allocation of production.
overhang	A simple cave or rock shelter in which no part is in the dark zone.Cave - Kinds of
form ogp	Operator's Monthly Oil and Gas Production Report OGP Data Entry
hardness	The comparative resistance of a mineral to scratching
cretaceous	A period in geological history from about 65 to 141 million years ago.
ron	Research octane number
continental shelf	The continental shelf is the part of the ocean floor next to each of the continents
inflow cave	A cave into which a stream enters or is known to have entered formerly
peak hour	The one-hour period of greatest total gas sendout or use.
ogp	Operator's Monthly Oil and Gas Production ReportOGP Data Entry
cow's tail	A length of rope used as a safety when crossing a rebelay.Climbing and SRT
plutonium	A radioactive element used as a raw material in the manufacture of nuclear weapons; a waste product of processes yielding atomic energy.
long section	A cave map showing a cross section along the length of a cave or of a single passage or chamber.Survey & Mapping term
alternating current distribution	The supply of electricity from one or more major receiving stations to the point of consumption
tape	Strips of woven synthetic fibre used for slings to support ladders or as a handline
offshore block	A square in the geographic grid dividing offshore waters
thread	A natural hole in a rock mass through which a rope, tape or wire can be passed to create an anchor.Climbing and SRT
spot market	A market characterized by short-term, interruptible (or best efforts) contracts for specified volumes of gas
natural gas	A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds and small amounts of various non-hydrocarbons (such as carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen sulfide and nitrogen) existing in the gaseous phase or in solution with crude oil in natural underground reservoirs.
energy audit	A review of a customer's energy usage, often including recommendations to alter the customer's demand or reduce energy usage
wellbore storage effect	Distortions in the reservoir response due to wellbore storage
inorganic	Non-living thing
acetone test	A process control test for PVC pipe which indicates how well the rigid vinyl compound has been fused together in the extruder
sublime	To evaporate directly from the solid to the vapor phase
high fire	An expression used for the design maximum rate of fuel input to a burner.
bat	A mammal of the order Chiroptera, divided into several families
opportunity cost	A method to determine the cost of common equity component of return using the cost of capital of other investments of similar risk.
orbital period	The time interval for a body to complete one orbit around another.
cainozoic	The last of the geological eras, includes the Tertiary and Quaternary Periods
anodic protection	(1) A technique to reduce corrosion of a metal surface under some conditions by passing sufficient anodic current to it to cause the electrode potential of the surface to enter and remain in the passive region
naturally occuring radioactive materials	All radioactive elements found in the environment, including long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium, thorium, and potassium and any of their decay products, such as radium and radon.
phase change	Reorganization of a substance at the atomic or molecular level resulting in a change of the physical state of matter
potential	A measure of the capacity of a well to produce oil or gas
farmer's oil	An expression that refers to the landowner's share of oil from a well drilled on his property
incentive program	A DSM program in which an incentive is offered to encourage participation and adoption of the recommended measure.
tubing	String of pipe set inside the well casing, through which the oil or gas is produced
office of the secretary	The Executive Program in the Office of the Secretary serves as the executive management and policy agency
chalk	A soft white limestone, composed of the calcium carbonate remains of minute organisms (mostly from planktonic algae).
flash back	The burning of gas in the mixing chamber of a burner or in a piping system, usually due to an excess of primary air or too low a velocity of the combustible mixture through the burner part.
qua ibo	A Nigerian crude oil, with an API of about 35.9.
township	A square tract of land six miles on a side, it consists of 36 sections of one square mile each.
delivered at terminal	A sales-contract term meaning that the seller's LNG price includes delivery to and unloading at a named terminal but not the import-clearance costs, such as taxes
stray current	Electrical current (normally DC) from either natural or man-caused source, which could result in corrosion if not drained properly or compensated for by other means.
dna	Deoxyribonucleic acid, a polynucleotide containing the sugar deoxyribose – it contains the information needed by a cell to make proteins.
coast 2050	COAST 2050 is a joint planning initiative among the Louisiana Wetland Conservation and Restoration Authority, the Breaux Act Task Force, and the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources (DNR) Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Authority
structural cross section	Series of electric logs that illustrate subsurface structure by placing the logs relative to sea level.
breakout	The act of unscrewing one section of pipe from another section.
variable costs	Voltage-Ampere-Reactive
foul air	In a cave or mine, air with greater than 1% carbon dioxide (CO2) which adversely affects respiration and metabolism.Speleology term
channel	Like it sounds, a channel in which prices are moving
phylogenetic	Pertaining to an evolutionary development of a species
rimstone dam	A ridge or rib of rimstone, often curved convexly downstream.Cave - Depositional Features
life-of-the-field contract	A contract where the producer commits his reserves for the life of the field.
geomorphology	The field of knowledge that investigates the origin of landforms on the Earth and other planets.
coastal wetland	Wetland habitat found along a coastline and is covered with ocean salt water for all or part of the year
filtering	a process by which social groups move from one residential area to another, leading to changes in the social nature of residential areas
isomer	A compound with the same chemical composition and molecular weight as another compound, but with a different molecular structure
foibe	A blind or dead-end shaft.Cave - Parts of
british thermal unit	A measure of the heating value of a fuel
hydrothermal	of or pertaining to heated water, to its actions or to products related to its actions
underproduction	Production that is less than the allowable assigned to a proration unit.
attenuation	Reduction in magnitude, as in the lowering of peak runoff discharge rates, in the case of dry ponds; or the reduction of contaminant concentrations, as in the action of biodegradation in wetlands or bioretention facilities.
front-end costs	Costs that are paid out of initial investment in a venture, first, before the venture activities actually begin.
interstellar medium	the gas and dust that exists in open space between the stars.
conformable	1
tva	Temporary voluntary abatement
barometer	Instrument used for measuring atmospheric pressure.
expansion valve	A special valve used in refrigerating systems through which the liquid refrigerant (under high pressure) is allowed to escape into a lower pressure and thus expand into a gas.
gas-oil contact	A bounding surface in a reservoir above which predominantly gas occurs and below which predominantly oil occurs
energy-efficiency program	A DSM program aimed at reducing overall consumption, often without regard for the timing of the program-induced savings
velocity pressure	See PRESSURE, VELOCITY.
der	Delivered East of the Rockies
off-peak service	Service made available on special schedules or contracts but only for a specified part of the year during the off-peak season
hypothesis	A tentative assumption that is made for the purpose of empirical scientific testing
fold	A flexure in rocks; that is, a change in the amount of sip of a bed, and also often a change in the direction of dip.
relative strength index	This has become one of the most widely used and popular of technical indicators
association	A stable community of different species living in a specific habitat.Cave - Biota
operating reserve margin	The amount of unused available capability that can be applied to the system within ten minutes at peakload for a utility system, expressed as a percentage of total capability
dnr	Louisiana Department of Natural Resources
discounted cash flow	A method to determine the cost of common equity component of return using a discounted stream of future cash dividends.
coevolution	The coordinated evolution of two or more species that interact and exert selective pressures on each other that can cause each species to undergo associated adaptations
contract storage	Storage facilities, or a portion of storage facilities, which are leased to others for the purposes of storing gas
thermal stress cracking	Crazing and cracking of some thermoplastic resins which results from overexposure to elevated temperatures.
crystalline	Having regular molecular structure; contrasted with amorphous.
new town	a well-planned, self-contained settlement complete with housing, employment and services.
turbulent flow	The high-velocity flow of fluids in which the fluid elements are heterogeneously mixed and confused, and local velocities and pressures fluctuate irregularly.
standby sales service	A service which permits a sales customer the option, on any day, of using up to a set percentage of its daily contract demand for transportation, rather than sales service
paleogene	part of the Cenozoic Era comprising the Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene epochs, from 65.5 to 23.8 million years ago.
itt	In-tank transfer.
old gas subsidy cushion	The difference between the price of gas from regulated, pre-NGPA gas suppliers and the market price of unregulated gas.
choke	An orifice with a small-diameter bore, installed at the wellhead in a line to restrict and control the rate of production.
full-forced outage	The net capability of main generating units that is unavailable for load for emergency reasons.
csg	Abbreviation for Casing
specialist species	Species that have a relatively narrow ecological niche
fish	An object that is left in the wellbore It can be.
priorities of service	A predetermined schedule of service obligations or contracts which specifies where one such service or contract takes precedence over another for deliveries of natural gas.
braun-blanquet rank	1
over-the-counter	This is a customized derivatives contract typically transacted through an intermediary such as bank or trading wing of an energy company rather than on a formal, more centralized stock exchange
stoss	Side of a slope that faces the direction of flow of ice, wind, or water
gour	Syn
balancing agreement	A contractual agreement between two or more legal entities to account for differences between chart measured quantities and the total confirmed nominated quantities at a point
mesotrophic lake	Lake with a moderate nutrient supply
member	A division of a formation, generally of distinct lithologic character and of only local extent.
deflation hollow	A surface depression or hollow commonly found in arid and semiarid regions caused by wind erosion
wholesaling	the sale of goods to retailers; wholesalers are not open to the general public.
cave cricket	An insect of the order Orthoptera
asteroid	a small planetary body in orbit around the Sun, larger than a meteoroid but smaller than a planet
eb	The UN Clean Development Mechanism's Executive Board.
base tariff rate	The effective rate on file with the Commission, excluding adjustments
quartz arenite	"A sandstone containing very little except pure quartz grain and cement
conservation program	A utility-sponsored program that attempts to reduce a customer's energy consumption, over most, or all hours of the day.
relative permeability	The ratio between the effective permeability to a given fluid at a partial saturation and the permeability at 100% saturation
venturi	An increase in the velocity of a fluid or gas due to the constriction of flow.
fossil fuels	Fuel, such as oil, formed in the earth from plant or animal remains.
leg	A survey leg, the measurement between 2 adjacent survey stations in a cave survey.Survey & Mapping term
uic-10	Annual Saltwater Disposal Well ReportSaltwater Disposal Report
cetane	A paraffinic hydrocarbon used as an additive in diesel fuel.
irradiated fuel	Nuclear fuel which has been loaded into a reactor and has undergone a sustained chain reaction.
stygoxene	An habitual stygobiont which spends only part of its life cycle in cave waters and returns periodically to the epigean domain, eg for food.Speleology term
accidental	An animal accidentally living in a cave, and not a normal resident
cementing	Permanently securing the casing to the wellbore or plugging and sealing the wellbore.
hygrometer	An instrument for determining the relative humidity of air or other gases
diagenesis	Post-depositional modification to a sediment that converts it into rock
first law of thermodynamics	See Law of Conservation of Energy.
dry line	A boundary the separates dry and moist air in the warm sector of a mid-latitude cyclone wave
vallis	a sinuous valley.
core	A cylindrical sample of subsurface rock taken during the drilling operation and returned to the surface for analysis in order to obtain properties of downhole rock and fluid systems.
moody's stock quality groups	Preferred and Common Stocks: High Quality - High quality by all standards
ph	Scale used to measure the alkalinity or acidity of a substance through the determination of the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution
pidx	An acronym for Petroleum Industry Data Exchange
stack effect	The tendency of a heated gas to rise in a vertical passage as in a chimney, small enclosure, or stairwell.
long-run marginal costs	All costs associated with the lowest cost incremental unit including variable production costs and capital costs.
cone of depression	Cone shaped depression occurring horizontally across a water table
clear gas	Tar free gas occurring between the carbonization and gasification zones in a coal gasification plant.
tritium	A radioactive isotope of hydrogen containing one proton and two neutrons in the nucleus
junk basket	A device made up on the bottom of the drill stem or on wireline to catch pieces of junk from the bottom of the hole
market-based pricing	The basing of a longer-term contract or rate schedule on published current market prices of competing supplies of natural gas or alternate fuels
wind	Air moving horizontally and/or vertically.
spectroscope	An optical instrument designed to spread out light into the spectrum of its component colors.
assets	Items of value owned by or owed to a business
wellhead	The equipment at the surface of a well used to control the pressure; the point at which the hydrocarbons and water exit the ground
load diversity	The difference between the sum of the peaks of two or more individual loads and the peak of the combined load
coking coal	trade category of coal that is used in the steel industry to de–oxidise iron ore in the blast furnace.
afe	An estimate of the costs of drilling and completing a proposed well, which the operator provides to each working interest owner before the well is commenced.
scheduling	A process by which nominations are first consolidated by receipt point, by contract, and verified with upstream/ downstream parties
stream bed	Bottom of the stream channel.
dealer tankwagon price	The price paid by a branded dealer for petroleum products supplied by a major oil company.
closing stock	The closing inventory at the end of a month after production has been added and disposition subtracted
dedicated acreage	Acreage dedicated to a company by contract
eligibility criteria	Standards that describe the customers who can participate in a utility's DSM program.
global warming	The increase in temperature of the Earth – a possible factor is the increase in greenhouse gases due to human activities.
gravity	Is the process where any body of mass found in the universe attracts other bodies with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the distance that separates them
bring in a well	Act of completing and bringing a well into production
collapse doline	A doline which has formed chiefly by the collapse of rock strata
rimstone pool	A pool held up by a rimstone dam.Cave - Depositional Features
rotary bit	The cutting tool attached to the lower end of the drill pipe of a rotary drilling rig
depreciation allowance	Income tax deduction allowed for the exhaustion of a natural resource.
order to show cause	An order issued by the Commission or a court to bring a question for hearing
discovery	Part of the ratemaking process, after a rate or other filing and after suspension by the Commission which orders a hearing, where parties including the filing company can, through requests for data, obtain more information about the (rate) filing and the particular issues set for hearing.
impermeable	Pertaining to a rock that is incapable of transmitting fluids because of low permeability
cryostatic pressure	Pressure exerted on a substance by ice at rest.
calorimeter	An apparatus for measuring the amount of heat released by the combustion of a compound or mixture.
hda	Hydrodealkylation, a process used for making benzene from toluene.
lost revenues	Revenues not collected by a utility due to the loss of sales as a direct result of DSM programs.
hydrostatic pressure	The pressure due to a column of water.Speleology term
theodolite	Survey instrument that measures both horizontal and vertical angles, as well as horizontal distances using a telescope and a stadia.Survey & Mapping term
thrust fault	a relatively low-angle fracture along which one rock mass has moved upward and over another.
packer	A cylinder of rubber like material used to hold a tubing string central in the well, seperating and sealing the sections of the well above and below the packer.
biomass	The total mass or weight of living matter, usually relates to a given area, habitat or community.Biology - Flora & Fauna
megawatt-hour	One million watt-hours of electricity
convectional lifting	The vertical lifting of parcels of air through convective heating of the atmosphere
influx cave	A cave entrance that has a stream flowing into it
management fee	A cylindrical bar, spindle, or shaft around which other parts are arranged or attached or that fits inside a cylinder or tube.
throughput	The volume of gas flowing through a pipeline, ore processed by a concentrator etc.
combustible limits	See EXPLOSIVE LIMITS.
a/f	Abbreviation for anti-freeze, one of the larger end-uses of monoethylene glycol.
commercial in-service date	The date at which a new unit has completed its testing and is turned over to operating staff for normal system operation.
thorium	An element with atomic number 90
peak day method	An allocation method used to allocate demand costs to customer classes based on peak day.
origin	The arbitrary starting point on a graph or grid coordinate system
cation-exchange capacity	Also called base-exchange capacity
continental ice sheet	See continental glacier.
return	Generally, interest on debt and the profit the company is allowed over and above the recovery of its operating expenses, depreciation and taxes.
fecal coliform fecal coliform	A measure of fecal coliform bacteria in water
brine	saline water naturally occurring in porous sedimentary rock formations; fluid resulting from the dissolution of salt formations with fresh water for the purposes of salt solution mining.
benthic communities	Sea floor communities containing different types and numbers of various organisms, depending on the location within the community
storage mains	Those mains used primarily for injection and withdrawal of gas to and from underground storage.
dow theory	Theory of market movement developed by Charles Dow that prices move in defined trends of successive higher peaks and higher troughs in an uptrend, and lower peaks and lower troughs in a downtrend
chain tongs	a hand tool used to tighten or loosen pipe, consisting of a handle and chain that resembles the chain on a bicycle.
natural gas design stress	The estimated maximum tensile stress in the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.
posted price	Outright, non-market-related price requested by a seller of crude oil or products
adsorption	The extraction from a mixture of gases or liquids of one or more components, by surface adhesion to that material with which the gases or liquids come in contact
farm tap	A small meter station off of a transmission line usually to serve one customer.
waterflooding	The injection of water into an oil reservoir to “push” additional oil out of the reservoir rock and into the wellbores of producing wells.
transition zone	The area between habitats or ecosystems
meridian	an imaginary circle drawn through the North and South poles of the celestial equator.
desiccant	Any absorbent or adsorbent, liquid or solid, that will remove water or water vapor from a material
waterflooding	The injection of water into an oil reservoir to "push" additional oil out of the reservoir rock and into the wellbores of producing wells.
well input	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
catwalk	A raised, narrow walkway extending from the front of a drilling derrick or mast which serves as a staging area or work area from which equipment is raised to the derrick.
azimuth	(1) In well logging
fluorescein	A reddish-yellow organic dye C20H12O5 which gives a green fluorescence to water, used in water tracing
ice sheet	A dome-shaped glacier covering an area greater than 50,000 square kilometers
stability	The capability of a system to tolerate or recover from disturbance or an environmental stress.
farmount agreements	An arrangement (technically, a tax partnership) in which the responsibility for exploration and development for a specific work program is shifted (by assignment) from the working interest owner to another party.
burner-tip	The point at which natural gas is used as a fuel.
directional drilling	A well drilled at an angle from the vertical
absolute zero	the temperature at which the motion of all atoms and molecules stops and no heat is given off
setback	A distance from the edge of a water body within which intensive development is restricted
exinite	one of the three types of macerals that make coal.
net revenue interest	The percentage of revenues from a property an interest holder is due, calculated as 100% minus royalties or other burdens on the property
lls	Light Louisiana Sweet - API gravity higher than 33 degrees.
stegamite	A speleothem projecting upwards from a cave floor in the form of a calcite ridge
gamma ray log	A type of radioactivity well log that records natural radioactivity around the wellbore
supercharging	A method used to increase the pressure, and thereby the amount of charge per cycle, above that of a normally aspirated internal combustion engine; it permits more fuel to be burned and is a practical means to greater engine power.
rebate program	A DSM program in which the utility offers a financial incentive for the installation of energy-efficient equipment
explosion head	A term applied to a protective device that is arranged to blow out a disk, usually if an air-gas mixture explodes in a piping system
isotope	Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
variable cost	Operating costs which, in the aggregate, vary either directly or indirectly in relation to any change in the volume of gas sold and/or transported; i.e., compressor station fuel and expenses
turbine meter	A meter using the rate of rotation of a rotor in the gas stream to measure flow rate.
rock	Any naturally formed coherent and relatively hard mass of mineral matter.Geology
leaching	Process in which water removes and transports soil humus and inorganic nutrients in solution.
tech grd	Technical grade (also known as anti-freeze grade) monoethylene glycol.
gravitational lens	a concentration of matter such as a galaxy or cluster of galaxies that bends light rays from a background object
abandon	To allow an option to expire worthless.
clearing fee	A fee charged by a clearing house for clearing trades
superconductivity	The flow of electric current without resistance in certain metals and alloys at temperatures near absolute zero
high-resolution dipmeter tool	A dipmeter tool which records four high-resolution microresistivity curves and has an additional electrode on one pad which yields another curve at displaced depth
n/d	Abbreviation for Nipple down
depositional environment	The conditions under which sediments were laid down
trogloxene	A terrestrial Cavernicole which spends only part of its life cycle in caves and returns periodically to the epigean domain for food.Speleology term
stratosphere	the cold region of a planetary atmosphere above the convecting regions (the troposphere), usually without vertical motions but sometimes exhibiting strong horizontal jet streams.
gas research institute	An organization sponsored by a number of U.S
impact crater	The hole or depression formed by a meteorite colliding with a surface.
fin	A metal projection (of various design configurations) from the exterior surface of tubes in heat exchange equipment to increase the heat transfer area.
deed	A written legal document by which the title to a property is transferred from one party to another.
bleeding core	A core sample of rock so highly permeable and saturated that oil drips from it.
litterfall	Movement of leaves, twigs and other forms of organic matter from the biosphere to the litter layer found in soil.
barrel	A unit of measurement equal to 42 U.S
take-and-pay	A clause that requires a minimum quantity to be physically taken and paid for, usually gas in association with oil, or wells that will be damaged by failure to produce.
neutral solution	Any water solution that is neutral (pH approximately 7) or has an equal quantity of hydrogen ions (H+) than hydroxide ions (OH-)
exchange agreement	An agreement between two parties which defines the terms and conditions for the exchange of gas and title transfer.
small circle	A circle on the globe's surface that does not bisect the center of the Earth
fall	The recovered meteorites of an event that was seen by eye witnesses.
cso	Combined Sewer Overflow
uncased hole	See open hole.
beaufort wind scale	Descriptive system that determines wind speed by noting the effect of the wind on the environment
great circle	An imaginary circle drawn on the Earth's surface that has its center synchronize to the center of the planet
liquefaction of gases	Any process in which gas is converted from the gaseous to the liquid phase.
bond ratings	Rating systems which provide investors with a simple series of gradations by which the relative investment qualities or risks of bonds are indicated
detached house	a house standing alone (not joined to another) typical of the wealthy suburb zone of a city
rebound effect	The incremental increase in demand that occurs when customers, by undertaking conservation actions, perceive a lower relative cost of energy, and therefore, purchase more in terms of comfort or
range of a good	the maximum distance that people are prepared to travel for a specific service.
firm transportation service	Transportation services for which facilities have been designed, installed, and dedicated to a certified quantity
terminator	the line separating the illuminated and darkened areas of a nonluminous planetary body such as Earth or the Moon
specific humidity	Measurement of atmospheric humidity
carbon dioxide	CO2, a colourless odourless gas, which when dissolved in water, forms Carbonic acid.Mineral, Rock and Chemical terms
free electron	an electron that has broken free of it's atomic bond and is therefore not bound to an atom.
thermocline	Boundary in a body of water where the greatest vertical change in temperature occurs
rollover	The rapid release of vapor when stratified layers of LNG suddenly mix.
extrusion	The process whereby heated or unheated plastic forced through a shaping orifice becomes one continuously formed piece.
isoline	Lines on a map joining points of equal value.
fuel efficiency	When a fuel is burned, the amont of useful output energy, expressed as a percentage of the theoretical energy content of the fuel
cellular	Composed of cells
ultimate customer	The customer who purchases gas for consumption and not for resale purposes
flash point	The lowest temperature at which the vapors arising from a liquid surface can be ignited by an open flame.
geoconservation	The conservation of geodiversity protecting natural values that encompass its ecological and geoheritage values.Conservation
volumetric rates	A classification method which assigns 100% of fixed costs to the commodity rate.
drill pipe	Steel pipe sections of about 9 m in length that are screwed together to form a continuous pipe extending from the drilling rig to the drilling bit at the bottom of the hole
underground gas storage	The use of sub-surface facilities for storing gas that has been transferred from its original location for the primary purpose of load balancing.
capacity margin	The amount of capacity above planned peak system demand available to provide for scheduled maintenance, emergency outages, system operating requirements, and unforeseen demand.
working interest	Interest retained by the company in a given concession after joint venture or other agreements have been executed and includes interests held by both wholly owned and partially ownded subsidiaries
pressure gradient	A scale of pressure differences in which there is a uniform variation of pressure from point to point
fr	Abbreviation for From
grid north	The direction north as measured on the Universal Transverse Mercator grid system.
peak load	See DEMAND, MAXIMUM.
supplemental gas	Any SNG, propane-air mixtures, refinery gas, biomass gas, air injected to reduce heat content, or manufactured gas that is mixed and distributed with natural gas.
accrual	The recording on the books of account, in a given period, of expenses or charges incurred and/or of income earned for the period, to reflect the matching of income and expenses to the fullest extent possible, independent of the dates on which settlements of such items are made.
impact resistance	Energy required to break a specimen by a sudden blow.
interconnection	Facilities that connect two electricity grid systems, gas pipelines or control areas.
storage horizon	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
peak load	The maximum load consumed or produced by a unit or group of units in a stated period of time.
draft	A difference of pressure which causes a flow of air and/or flue gases through the boiler, flue connector, breeching, flue, or chimney.
focus	See earthquake focus.
incineration	The process of reducing refuse material to ash.
resources	That which can be recovered with current technologies but may or may not be profitable to produce (excludes methane/natural gas hydrates that may be recoverable in the future with technical advancements) estimated to exist in naturally occurring accumulations
gas cycling	A petroleum recovery process which takes gas produced with condensate and injects it back into the reservoir to aid in producing more condensate
lease rates	How much a company pays for land or mineral rights
sunspot	Dark patches on the Sun's surface caused by a temporary cooler region than the surrounding areas.
ice field	Large level area of glacial ice found covering a large expanse of land
inclination	Deviation angle
diagona l	Farthest distance between two points on a proration unit.
gvty	Abbreviation for gravity (API @60 degrees)
grandfather clause	The continuation of a former rule, clause, or policy (usually in a contractual agreement) where a change to a new rule or policy would be patently unfair to those covered by the former.
covered karst	Karst where the bedrock is mainly covered by soil or superficial deposits.Karst - Kinds of
ftp	Abbreviation for Flowing tubing pressure
weather map	Map that displays the condition of the physical state of the atmosphere and its circulation at a specific time over a region of the Earth.
methane	Methane is very strong greenhouse gas found in the atmosphere
peak responsibility	The load of a customer, a group of customers, or part of a system at the time of occurrence of the system peak.
population	Individuals of a species that form an interbreeding group, separated by physical barriers from other such populations.Biology - Flora & Fauna
anisotropy	The property of a rock which allows it to show different responses or measurements when measured along different axes
basal sliding	The sliding of a glacier over the surface it rests on
carbohydrates	A group of compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen which, when they are oxidised, provide energy.
water cut	The volume fraction of water in the total volume of liquid produced from a well.
fengcong	Chinese term equating to Cone karst.Karst - Hill Features of
square foot of radiation	The amount of heating surface in the form of radiators, convertors, unit heaters, or other devices which will emit 240 Btu per hour.
joint	A planar or gently curving crack separating two parts of once continuous rock, without relative movement along its plane.Speleology term
base load	As applied to gas, a given consumption of gas remaining fairly constant over a period of time, usually not temperature-sensitive.
oil field	The surface area overlying an oil reservoir or reservoirs
outdoor exposure	Plastic pipe and plastic equipment stored so that it is not protected from the elements of normal weather conditions, i.e, the sun's rays, rain, air and wind.
common plant	Utility plant used by a combination utility company (i.e., one which renders more than one utility service, such as gas and electric) to such extent and in such manner as to render segregation impractical, as would be the case of a garage housing gas utility and electric utility trucks.
contract demand	The amount of the system's capacity to deliver gas which a natural gas pipeline or distributor agrees to reserve for a particular customer and for which the customer agrees to pay a demand charge as specified in the applicable tariff
mops	Mean of Platts Singapore
low pressure distribution system	See SYSTEM TYPE.
galactic nucleus	a tight concentration of stars and gas found at the innermost regions of a galaxy
fire clay	A special kind of clay that will not melt or fuse at high temperatures.
department of energy	The Department of Energy is the twelfth Cabinet Position, and it consists of the Office of the Secretary of Energy and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
cubic feet per second	A measurement of water flow representing one cubic foot of water moving past a given point in one second.
usd	US Dollar
cave pearl	A smooth polished and rounded speleothem found in shallow hollows into which water drips
balancing penalty	A daily or monthly penalty assessed on the difference between volumes tendered and volumes received by the shipper
room and pillar mining	common mining method most suitable for thick, flat lying, laterally homogeneous, ore bodies
british thermal unit	The quantity of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit from 58.5 to 59.5 degrees Fahrenheit under standard pressure of 30 inches of mercury at or near its point of maximum density
marginal well	A well that, for reasons of depletion or natural low productivity, is nearing the limits of viable production and profitability.
belay point	A fixed point used to support the belay, usually and ideally independent of the support point of the ladder or rope used for climbing.Climbing and SRT
capacity factor	The ratio of the actual sales during any specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is capable of delivering during that time.
drilling	The act of boring into the earth.
side wall coring	The taking of geological samples of the formation which constitutes the wall of the well bore
free gas reservoir	A gas reservoir without a related oil zone or oil ring where essentially all of the reservoir fluids are in a gaseous state.
fractionation	Process whereby saturated hydrocarbons from natural gas are separated into distinct parts of propane, butane, ethane, etc.
divergence	Horizontal outflow of wind from an area
flue gas	See GAS, FLUE.
fuse	To join two plastic parts by softening the material with heat.
street tee	A tee with an external thread on one of the run connections and with internal threads on the opposite run connection and on the side outlet.
dripline	A line on the ground at a cave entrance formed by drips from the rock above
suspended well	A well that has been capped off temporarily.
base period	Recently available 12 consecutive months of actual experience
second-growth forest	Stand of forest that is the result of secondary succession.
specific heat	Is the heat capacity of a unit mass of a substance or heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram (g) of a substance 1 degree Celsius.
x-ray	electromagnetic radiation of a very short wavelength and very high-energy
sidereal day	the interval of time between two consecutive transits of the vernal equinox
phloem	Food conducting tissue in vascular plants.
passive solar	Architectural designs in buildings taking advantage of site and building materials to enhance the amount of solar radiation turned into useful interior heat during cold periods and to minimize absorption of solar heat during warm periods
chasm	In caves, a deep, wide and elongated gap in a cave floor.Cave - Parts of
load shape effects	The estimated changes in energy usage at specific times during the year that are caused by a DSM or other measure.
kilometer	abbreviated km
taxon	A classification category for a group of organisms.
corrasion	The wearing away of bedrock or loose sediment by mechanical action of moving agents, especially water, ie Corrosion & Abrasion.Speleology term
rappel rack	A descender consisting of a frame mounting 5 or 6 brake bars.Climbing and SRT
formation water	See interstitial water.
disjunct distribution	The separate occurrences of similar species in separate karst areas
field rules	Spacing and production rules for the common reservoir in an area.
mammal	Group of warm blooded vertebrate animals
driller	The person in charge of the crew and who operates the equipment that controls drilling.
species	Individuals of a given species have a large number of characteristics in common, and are thought to be able to breed together & have come from a common ancestor.Biology - Flora & Fauna
netback pricing basis	The supplier receives a percentage of the price for which the product is sold.
unconformity	A break in the sequence of sedimentary strata
short-period comet	A comet with an orbital period of less than 200 years, the most famous example being Halley's comet, which appears every 76 years
equinox	Two days during the year when the declination of the Sun is at the equator
viscosity	A fluid's resistance to flowing.
water table	A shallow stratum of underground water that supplies potable water to sources and wells.
unconventional fuels	Any fuels that companies produce in ways other than traditional vertical oil wells
interest charged to construction-credit	See ALLOWANCE FOR FUNDS USED DURING CONSTRUCTION.
leaf drip	The rain water that fall to the ground surface from plant leaves after it has been intercepted by these structures.
situation	the location of a settlement in relation to places (physical and human) surrounding it e.g
jumar	An ascender with a simple finger operated safety catch, a handle and several attachment points.Climbing and SRT
spray pond	Arrangement for lowering the temperature of water by evaporative cooling of the water in contact with outside air; the water to be cooled is sprayed by nozzles into the space above a body of previously cooled water and allowed to fall into it.
orbital period	the amount of time it takes a spacecraft or other object to travel once around it's orbit.
fungible	Interchangeable
convergence	Horizontal inflow of wind into an area
total column ozone	A measurement of ozone concentration in the atmosphere.
saturated zone	The zone below the water table, composed of shallow, deep (bathyphreatic) and stagnant phreatic zones
jacket	The steel structure of an offshore platform
tdp	Toluene disproportionation
index contour	Contour line that is accentuated in thickness and is often labeled with the appropriate measure of elevation
mud	A term that is generally synonymous with drilling fluid and that encompasses most fluids used in hydrocarbon drilling operations, especially fluids that contain significant amounts of suspended solids, emulsified water or oil
triple integrated appliance	A Combo Heater that includes a cooling unit operated from a standard air conditioning compressor using the same ductwork.
nitrogen lifting	The injection of nitrogen into the fluid column within the production conduit to initiate fluid flow from the wellbore and production from the reservoir
rime	Deposit of ice crystals that occurs when fog or super cooled water droplets comes in contact with an object with a temperature below freezing (0° Celsius)
temperature	The degree of "hotness" or "coldness" as measured on a definite scale.
base load	The minimum amount of electric power delivered or required over a given period of time at a steady rate
redelivery	The delivery of natural gas by a pipeline to a shipper or for a shipper's account.
sour/sweet crude	Definitions which describe the degree of a given crude's sulfur content
mud cake	Filter cake
micron	1 micron = 1/1000 mm.
heat of combustion	The heat released when a substance is completely burned in oxygen
administrative penalty	Statutory penalty imposed by the RRC for violation of a rule.
agglomerate	a volcanic rock consisting of fragments of pyroclastic rocks more than 2 cm in size.
safety hats	Rigid headgear of varying materials designed to protect the workman's head -- not only from impact, but from flying particles and electric shock or any combination of the three
comparison goods/services	these are high-order (usually expensive) goods such as antiques, jewellery, and some clothing and electrical equipment
pygas	Pyrolysis gasoline: a naphtha-range product with a high aromatic content, used either for gasoline blending or as a feedstock for a BTX extraction unit
retrofit	To install a new BMP or improve and existing BMP in a previously developed area
value at risk	A widely used risk measure of the maximum loss a specific portfolio of financial assets can sustain over some period with a certain probability
fractionation	The process whereby saturated hydrocarbons from natural gas are separated into distinct parts or "fractions" such as propane, butane, ethane, etc.
pfg	Abbreviation of German pfennig, 1/100th of a Mark.
gross income	Total income from an activity, before deduction of (1) items that may be treated as expenses (such as intangible drilling costs), and (2) allowed tax items (such as depletion allowance, depreciation allowance, etc.).
market-responsive pricing	See MARKET-BASED PRICING.
drilling mud	The oil or water based liquid compound used to lubricate and cool working drills
just and reasonable	Section 4(a) of the NGA of 1938 specifies that all rates and charges made, demanded, or received by any natural gas company for or in connection with the transportation or sale of natural gas ..
nitrogen	An odorless, colorless, generally inert gas
rock shelter	A cave, often at a cliff base, with more or less level floor extending only a short distance so that no part is beyond daylight.Cave - Kinds of
phytoplankton	Small photosynthetic organisms, mostly algae and bacteria, found inhabiting aquatic ecosystems
biotic potential	Maximum rate that a population of a given species can increase in size (number of individuals) when there are no limits on growth rate.
natural gas	A mixture of hydrocarbons and varying quantities of non-hydrocarbons that exist either in the gaseous phase or in solution with crude oil in natural underground reservoirs.
lvn	Light virgin naphtha.
disk	the surface of the Sun or other celestial body projected against the sky.
deprivation	The degree to which an individual or an area is deprived of services and amenities
coefficient of determination	Statistic that measures the proportion of the variation in the dependent variable that is associated with the statistical regression of an independent variable
frost	Deposition of ice at the Earth's surface because of atmospheric cooling.
notice of inquiry	Procedure used by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to gather information on a specified industry issue
massachusetts formula	A method used to allocate costs incurred by a parent company on behalf of its affiliates to those affiliates
workover rig	A portable rig used for working over a well.
spot purchase	Short term sale of gas to an end-user, LDC, or pipeline for which the duration varies.
bay	A body of sheltered water found in a crescent shaped coastal configuration of land.
daily drilling report	A record made each day of the operations on a working drilling rig and, traditionally, phoned, faxed, emailed or radioed in to the office of the drilling company and possibly the operator every morning.
rotary drilling	A method for drilling wells using a cutting bit attached to a revolving drill pipe.
geopressured brines	Saltwater found in underground formations in which the pressure is much higher than commonly exists at such depths (primarily in the Gulf Coast states and under the Gulf of Mexico)
persistence	A measure of the effectiveness, over time, of a DSM measure, usually represented by the percentage of energy savings that remains each year
steam turbine	A type of motive equipment powered by steam used to drive mechanical apparatus
gibbs	An ascender with its cam operated by the weight of the climber.Climbing and SRT
open outcry	A trading system in which members trade verbally on a trading floor
gamete	A haploid reproductive cell.
stabilization	Stabilization is the addition of a gas to the gas normally supplied for the purpose of adjusting the heat content to a specified value
windward	Upwind side or side directly influenced to the direction that the wind blows from
thermodynamic equilibrium	This type of equilibrium describes a condition in a system where the distribution of mass and energy moves towards maximum entropy.
energy information administration	The statistical information collection and analysis branch of the Department of Energy.
oxygen	A gas which forms about 21%, by volume, of the atmosphere
scroggin	Food, being high energy food eaten by cavers etc consisting of nuts, dried fruit, lollies, chocolate pieces etc.Miscellaneous terms
clinometer	An instrument for measuring vertical angles, or angles of dip.Survey & Mapping term
nondestructive testing	A method of testing strength or mechanical integrity of a piece of equipment without damaging the item being tested
survivors	The plant surviving at the beginning of an age of interval and exposed to the risk of retirement during that interval.
trophic level	Level of organization in the grazing food chain.
transgression	An advance of the sea across the land, due to subsidence of the land, or a eustatic rise in sea level
trough	An elongated area of low pressure in the atmosphere.
meter class	A designation for a range of meter capacity
crack spread	The simultaneous purchase or sale of crude against the sale or purchase of refined petroleum products
assignment	The legal instrument whereby Oil and Gas Leases are assigned/conveyed.
retail competition	See domestic competition.
fiber stress	The stress acting on a fiber or a strand of fibers in a piece of material that is subjected to an applied load.
back-fill	Earth or other material which has been used to refill a ditch or trench
r/u	Abbreviation for Rigging up
unitization	A term used in connection with Continuing Property Record Unit
pulsed neutron log	A term with broad application
overriding royalty	A revenue interest in oil and gas, created out of a working interest
boom cat	A tractor equipped with a boom used in laying pipe.
b/l	See Bill of Lading.
fair	As in "fair" rate of return
aquifer	any stratum or zone below the surface of the earth capable of producing water from a well.
adhesive	A substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment.
prediction	Forecast or extrapolation of the future state of a system from current or past states.
straddle point	A gas plant constructed near a transmission company pipeline downstream from the fields where the gas is produced, also referred to as "on-line" plants
bacteria	Unicellular microscopic plants
call option	An option that gives the buyer (holder) the right but not the obligation to buy a specified quantity of an underlying futures at a fixed price, on or before a specified date
subsurface	Earth material (as rock) near but not exposed at the surface of the ground.
aquifer system	Group of two or more aquifers which are hydraulically connected, meaning that water can flow from one to the other
turn-off	Discontinuance of utility service.
ipp	Independent power producers – unregulated power generators which, unlike utilities, have no franchised retail service territories
combustible constituents	The components of a fuel that will burn
turbulent flow	Movement of water within a stream that occurs as discrete eddies and vortices
strength	The stress required to break, rupture or cause a failure.
non-silicates	All other minerals that are not silicates are put into the non-silicate group then broken down into subgroups of non-silicates
hydrogen sulphide	Commonly known as sour gas
ocs	Outer Continental Shelf, a term used primarily in the U.S
atlantic-seaboard classification method	A method of classifying costs as demand or commodity costs promulgated by the FPC in Opinion 225, April 25, 1952
heavy louisiana sweet	API gravity 33 degrees or lower.
allocation-measurement	The assignment of a total measured quantity of gas at a point to the various contracts active at that point during a specific period of time.
bobbin	A descender that opens to enclose the rope around two fixed pulleys
block valve	Main transmission line valve designed to close in or shut down gas flow.
stress	The resultant force that resists change in the size or shape of a body acted on by external or internal forces
basalt plateau	Extensive continental deposits of basaltic volcanic rock.
deflation	The removal of loose fine grained material from a surface by wind action
linerider	An employee who inspects a pipeline right-of-way for leaks or potential hazards
customer	An individual, firm, or organization which purchases service at one location under one rate classification, contract, or rate schedule
stygophile	A facultative stygobiont, usually lacking troglomorphies, and considered as the aquatic equivalent of a (terrestrial) troglophile.Speleology term
dewatering	The process of removing water from a coal seam in the vicinity of a producing gas well
hydraulic fracturing water lifecycle	The lifecycle of water in the hydraulic fracturing process, encompassing the acquisition of water, chemical mixing of the fracturing fluid, injection of the fluid into the formation, the production and management of flowback and produced water, and the ultimate treatment and disposal of hydraulic fracturing wastewaters.
dolomite	a common rock forming mineral comprising calcium, carbon, magnesium and oxygen (CaMg(CO3)2.
voltage control	The control of transmission voltage adjustments in generator reactive output and transformer taps, and by switching capacitors and inductors on the transmission and distribution systems
obsolescence	A process that brings about the retirement of plant prior to its physical degeneration by the development of new types of plant which are more economical, efficient, versatile and reliable.
tufa	Spongy or vesicular calcium carbonate deposited from spring, river or lake waters
graupel	A type of precipitation that consists of a snow crystal and a raindrop frozen together
optimum	The level of an abiotic factor or condition in the environment within the tolerance range at which a species or population can function most efficiently or with the greatest positive effect to its physiological or reproductive fitness.
hydropyrolysis	A method of effecting the pyrolysis of a fuel by contacting it with hot hydrogen.
equity capital	Investment capital provided by common and preferred stockholders.
bottom hole pressure	The pressure in a well at the bottom of the hole, usually measured in pounds per square inch (psi).
glaciokarst	Karst landscape which has been glaciated during or since the Ice Ages.Karst - Kinds of
contract price	Periodic (monthly/quarterly/annual) price agreed between sellers and buyers of commodities for term business
infill drilling	Drilling of a well between known producing wells to better exploit the reservoir.
sdm-2	Louisiana State Potential Report
tight spot	A section of a borehole in which excessive wall cake has built up, reducing the hole diameter and making it difficult to run the tools in and out.
vertical wells	Traditional gas and oil well technique (pdf link) that bores straight down into a reserve
drainage wind	A wind common to mountainous regions that involves heavy cold air flowing along the ground from high to low elevations because of gravity
capital expenditure	An expenditure intended to benefit the future activities of a business, usually by adding to the assets of a business, or by improving an existing asset.
strain	The ratio of the elongation to the gauge length of the test specimen, that is, the change per unit of original length
boom	A temporary floating barrier used to contain an oil spill.
polymers	Plastics made from monomers
flap	A section of wall lining in a lava tube that has broken free and sagged or rolled down away from the wall
downhole combination	The term "Downhole Combination" refers to a well producing more than one sand simultaneously
run casing	To lower a string of casing into the hole
immiscible	Not capable of mixing or being permanently mixed (as oil and water).
frack water recycling	The reuse of water or brine that comes up out of the well after the shale has been fractured
set casing	To run and cement casing at a specific depth in a well bore.
cave mineral	A secondary mineral formed in caves from a primary mineral, by a physico-chemical reaction
aquifer storage	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
pioneer community	Community dominated by pioneer species of plants.
demand side resource portfolio	Comprehensive collection of DSM resources, both viable and non-viable, that are available, both currently and in the future to the utility.
dispersed settlement pattern	where buildings in a settlement are not clustered around a particular point but are scattered in a random fashion (see linear and nucleated settlement).
intrastate	With respect to natural gas companies, the transporting and sale of gas for resale within the boundaries of a state.
gleization	A soil formation process that occurs in poorly drained environments
recharge area	The area on the Earth's surface that receives water for storage into a particular aquifer.
cost of service tariff	A special type of tariff which allows a gas pipeline to adjust periodically for any overage or underage in recovery of its cost of service (including per unit adjustments for loss of load)
landfill gas	Gas produced by aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of a landfill generally composed of approximately 55% methane and 45% carbon dioxide, sometimes refined with membrane methods to eliminate the carbon dioxide.
service riser	A vertical pipe, either inside or outside a foundation wall, from the grade of the service pipe to the level of the meter.
hedging	Any method of minimizing the risk of price change
proterozoic	Geologic eon that occurred from 570 to 2500 million years ago
anemolite	A speleothem (eg Helictite, stalagmite) with a preferred orientation caused by air currents
correlative rights	Ownership rights of multiple oil and/or gas producers within a common reservoir.
saturation exponent	The exponent of the saturation term in Archie's saturation equation
service drip	A liquid-collecting trap at the low point in a customer's gas service piping when the piping cannot be sloped back to the distribution main
paleozoic	Geologic era that occurred from 570 to 245 million years ago.
isopod	An animal of the order of Crustaceans having 7 pairs of legs
true north	Direction of the North Pole from an observer on the Earth.
evaporative cooling	The adiabatic exchange of heat between air and a water spray or wetted surface
hsfo	High sulfur fuel oil
receiving terminal	Coastal plant that accepts deliveries of liquefied natural gas and processes it back into gaseous form for injection into the pipeline system
contract assignment	A mutual agreement to release or ascribe a contractual obligation from the original contractor to another party.
landowner royalty	The share of the gross production of the oil and gas on a property without deducting any of the cost of producing the oil or gas
steam generation plant	A thermal electricity generating plant which creates steam to drive a turbine.
prover	See FLOW PROVER.
nife cell	A rechargeable alkaline battery for use with an electric cap lamp.Lighting term
geophone	A device used in surface seismic acquisition, both onshore and on the seabed offshore, that detects ground velocity produced by seismic waves and transforms the motion into electrical impulses
tcf	Trillion Cubic Feet
refractory	a general term for a material that resists chemical or physical change.
radarsat	Satellite program established by the Canadian Space Agency for the purpose of remotely sensing the Earth's resources
hls	Heavy Louisiana Sweet, a US crude oil.
buffer	A vegetated strip immediately adjacent to a water body
production sharing contract	A contract in which one or more companies involved in the development of oil and natural gas acts as a contractor and undertakes operations for exploration and development on behalf of the governments of oil-producing countries or national oil companies
caco3	Calcium carbonate.Mineral, Rock and Chemical terms
log	To conduct a survey inside a borehole to gather information about the subsurface formations; the results of such a survey
tetraethyl lead	A chemical additive used to enhance the anti-knock characteristics of motor gasoline.
hole	Common term for wellbore
volume imbalance	See IMBALANCE.
closed traverse	In surveying, a traverse which forms a loop, thus enabling determination of a loop error.Survey & Mapping term
affiliated marketer	A marketer that is owned either by a distribution or transmission company, or by a corporation that also owns a distribution or transmission company.
dual-fuel capability	Ability of an energy-using facility to alternately use more than one kind of fuel.
weight	The force with which the Earth's (or any celestial body's) gravity pulls down on something.
value of service pricing	A method of apportioning costs among utility customers so that users who place a greater value on the service are charged higher rates than the more price sensitive customers.
intergeneration	In ratemaking intergeneration refers to costs that are incurred by more than one generation of rate payers (e.g., depreciation)
cle family	Family of CLV3-related peptide ligands that bind to receptor kinases that contain leucine-rich repeats, such as CLV1.
intrastate gas	Gas sold and consumed in the state where it is produced and not transported in interstate pipelines.
source region	Area where air masses originate and come to possess their moisture and temperature characteristics.
make-up air	See HEATER, MAKE-UP AIR.
adventive	Introduced accidentally, as most weeds are.Flora
second law of thermodynamics	This law states that heat can never pass spontaneously from a colder to a hotter body
hypergalaxy	a system consisting of a spiral galaxy surrounded by several dwarf white galaxies, often ellipticals
fluvial	Pertaining to flowing water
rate case	A proceeding before a regulatory commission involving the rates to be charged for a public utility service.
genus	A group in the classification of organisms
var	Voltage-Ampere-Reactive
carbide	Calcium Carbide Ca2C
lease condensate	A mixture consisting primarily of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons which is recovered as a liquid from natural gas in lease or field separation facilities
natural bridge	A bridge of rock spanning a ravine or valley and formed by erosive agents.Speleology term
stereoscope	an optical device to facilitate obtaining a stereoscopic image
wattles	Fence or barrier constructed of interwoven twigs and branches used to stabilize soil from erosive forces.
calcination	the process of roasting metallic concentrates to remove sulphur prior to smelting.
solution pan	A dish shaped depression on a flat, horizontal rock surface
asph	Occasional abbreviation for asphaltene.
exposures	See SURVIVORS.
rolled-in pricing	Current practice where rates reflect the accumulation or overall cost of all gas purchases
attenuation	When a form of energy is propagated through a medium, its amplitude is decreased
ocean	An ocean is a vast body of salt water
yield point	The stress at which a material exceeds its elastic limit
bore	The inside diameter of a pipe or a drilled hole; or, as a verb, to penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool
archean	period of geological time that is the older of the two main Precambrian divisions
roughneck	A member of the drilling crew who operates equipment.
isotopic dating	Dating technique used to determine the age of rock and mineral through the decay of radioactive elements.
emigration	Migration of an organism out of an area for the purpose of changing its residence permanently
baseboard radiator	A heat disseminating unit located at the lower perimeter of a room
natural gas liquids	Hydrocarbons that are gaseous in the reservoir, but will separate out in liquid form at the pressures and temperatures at which separators normally operate
dry valley	A valley in karst terrain without a surface flow of water
variation margin	Profits and losses on open positions which are calculated daily by the mark-to-market process, which are then paid or collected daily.
triassic	period of geological time from 250 to 205.1 million years ago
asset depreciation range	See DEPRECIATION.
glacier cave	A cave formed within or beneath a glacier
polybutylene	A plastic or resin prepared by the polymerization of butylene as essentially the sole monomer.
p&c	Private and confidential
eis	See environmental impact study.
cave	A natural cavity in rock, large enough to be entered by people
blind valley	A valley which ends at its lower point in a ridge or wall of limestone
overburden	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
limestone	Produced by sediments that included the shells of ancient marine creatures that were composed of calcite (calcium, carbon, and oxygen)
acoustic travel time	The total time required for a specific acoustic wave to travel from one point to another.
normal test pressures	Those pressures specified for testing purposes at which adjustment of burner ratings and primary adjustments are made.
line pack	Natural gas occupying all pressurized sections of the pipeline network
base volume index	A device which continuously and automatically compensates to correct gas volumes measured at operating temperature and pressure to volume at a specified base temperature and pressure.
data request	See DISCOVERY.
wellbore	A hole drilled for the purpose of extracting oil.
beam pumping unit	A machine designed specifically for sucker rod pumping
zone of accumulation	Area of a glacier where additions of snow exceed losses of ice from melting, evaporation, and sublimation.
orbit	The path of an object revolving around another object due to common gravity, e.g., the Moon around the Earth or planets moving around the Sun.
krab	Short for Karabiner
afforestation	The establishment of trees on an area that has lacked forest cover for a very long time or has never been forested (see also reforestation).
tcf	Trillion Standard Cubic Feet.
status	The standing of a lease, unit or well.
cave length	The total length of all the passages of a cave
period	Period is the time between two successive waves.
terrestrial planet	a name given to a planet composed mainly of rock and iron, similar to that of Earth.
cfd	See Contract for Differences.
holiday detector	An electronic device for locating discontinuities or breaks in the protective coating on a pipe, tubing, or fitting.
net plant	In accounting, Utility Plant less Accumulated Provision for Depreciation (including Depletion) and Amortization.
coal	A black, relatively lightweight rock composed of accumulations of plant matter converted by pressure and heat.
air diffuser	An air delivery device or louver so arranged as to promote mixing of the air introduced by it into a room with the room air, without causing objectionable drafts or noise.
population parameter	A value used to represent a certain quantifiable characteristic of a population
dcp	Data Collection Platform
off-peak	The period during a day, week, month, or year when the load being delivered by a gas system is not at or near the maximum volume delivered by that system for the corresponding period of time.
viscosity	the property of a fluid that resists internal flow; its internal friction.
rig	The physical apparatus used to drill and frack wells
fire brick	Heat resistant refractory ceramic material formed into bricks and used to line fire boxes of boilers, furnaces, or other combustion chambers.
mixed gas	Fuel gas in which natural or LP gas is mixed with manufactured gas.
cash incentive	An incentive in the form of a rebate or cash payment that is used to induce customers to participate in a DSM program.
blister cave	Strictly, a cave formed by gas pressure pushing up a surface crust
mmboe	One million barrels of oil equivalent
replacing or replacement	When not otherwise indicated in the context, means the construction or installation of plant in place of property retired, together with removal or abandonment of the property retired.
lsfo	Low sulfur fuel oil, usually 1% sulfur or less.
amortization	The gradual extinguishment (or accumulated provision or reserve therefor) of an amount in an account by pro-rating such amount over a predetermined period, such as
solar system	The Sun and all the objects bound to it by gravity (planets, satellites, asteroids, comets).
karabiner	A steel or other alloy, oval or D-shaped link with a spring loaded gate on one side to admit a rope, or to clip to a ladder etc
scoria	Refers to the angular pebble-sized frothy fragments that have solidified while flying through the air
motion rates	Rates placed into effect subject to refund at the end of the five month suspension period by the motion of the company
release gas	Gas previously contracted and dedicated between producers/brokers and a pipeline company which, through mutual agreement between the parties, was thereafter "released" from contract and ultimately made available for purchase by third parties.
polar front	Weather front located typically in the mid-latitudes that separates arctic and polar air masses from tropical air masses
short term sale	Any short term purchase covering a period of two years or less
overturned fold	A fold in rock layers where one limb is pushed past the perpendicular
casing	Used to line the walls of a gas well to prevent collapse of the well
organic matter	Any substance or compound containing carbon as an essential component
pressure limiting station	Equipment installed for the purpose of preventing the pressure on a pipeline or distribution system from exceeding some maximum pressure as determined by one or more regulating codes by controlling or restricting the flow of gas when abnormal conditions develop
butane-air plant	A gasification plant where liquid butane is vaporized and mixed with air and delivered into a gas distribution system for the use of consumers.
emergency response plan	ERPs are pre-planned responses to incidents to ensure protection of public health, safety, property and the environment and quick and effective responses.
hydrocarbons	Naturally occurring organic substances composed of hydrogen and carbon
upslope fog	Fog produced by air flowing over topographic barriers
tongs	The large wrenches used for turning when making up or breaking out drill pipe, casing, tubing, or other pipe; variously called casing tongs, rotary tongs, and so forth according to the specific use.
brownout	The partial reduction of electrical voltages caused by customer demand being higher than anticipated or by the failure of the generation, transmission, or distribution system.
longitude	Longitude is a west-east measurement of position on the Earth
simex	The Singapore Monetary Exchange.
dormitory settlement	one where many commuters 'sleep' overnight but travel to work elsewhere during the day.
miocene	period of geological time from 23.8 to 5.32 million years ago.
slope failure	The downslope movement of soil and sediment by processes of mass movement.
hydrometer	An instrument that measures the specific gravity of liquids.
secondary measure adoption	Any conservation or energy efficiency measures that a customer adopts outside of a DSM program as a direct result of that program.
botryoid	A speleothem shaped like a bunch of grapes
inch of mercury	A pressure unit representing the pressure required to support a column of mercury one inch high at a specified temperature; 2.036 inches of mercury (at 32 degrees F and standard gravity of 32.174 ft/sec2) is equal to a gauge pressure of one pound per square inch.
arenaceous	Describing sandy-textured rock or sediment
weathering landform	Is a landform created by the physical or chemical decomposition of rock through weathering
buddy swap	An arrangement whereby, during a period of severe curtailment, one industrial or commercial customer that can use an alternate fuel agrees to do so temporarily and transfers that part of his gas allocation to another customer that cannot use an alternate fuel.
temperature-compensated meters	These meters measure volume at pipeline conditions using a device which will convert volume at flowing temperature to volume at base temperature
ripple	Stream bed deposit found streams
harness	In climbing, an arrangement of tape, either the seat harness or chest harness for the attachment of ascenders or descenders.Climbing and SRT
mud ball	An accumulation of mud solids that sometimes builds up on the drilling bit during circulation prior to logging
neutralism	Interspecific interaction where the species do not directly influence each other fitness.
spud	Abbreviation for Spud date (the actual date that Drilling began)
sand	Sediment composed of particles with a diameter between 1/16 mm and 2 mm.
system operator	A person or entity who operates the electric system .
volt	The unit of measurement of electromotive force
perfs	Abbrevation for Perforated interval
design day temperature	The mean temperature assumed for the Design Day.
hydrograph	A graph describing stream discharge over time.
fracturing	A process of opening up underground channels in hydrocarbon-bearing formations by force rather than by chemical action such as in acidizing
mbo	Thousand Barrels
dispersion	See RETIREMENT DISPERSION.
bcf	Billion Cubic Feet
fish	Group of vertebrate animals that inhabit aquatic habitats.
ngpa	See NATURAL ENERGY ACT of 1978.
md	Abbreviation for Measured depth
double star	a grouping of two stars
cap-and-trade	A market mechanism designed to reduce the cost of cutting pollution
neutron star	a compressed core of an exploded star made up almost entirely of neutrons
dendritic	In caves, a network formed by the merging of small channels which in turn merge to form larger ones
indexation	The tying of the contract price for a commodity, such as LNG, to the published price of another commodity or index
vadose flow	Water flowing in free-surface streams in caves.Speleology term
treatment/refining charges	The fee paid by a miner to the smelter/refiner which upgrades the mine's concentrate output
habitat	The immediate surroundings of a plant or animal, with everything necessary to sustain life.Biology - Flora & Fauna
private placement memorandum	This refers to any type of offering of securities to any number of private accredited investors
wastewater wells	A vertical pipe in the ground into which water, other liquids, or gases are pumped or allowed to flow.
j&r	Just and Reasonable as in J&R rates
lineament	a broad term used to include any visible linear trend
maria	Low areas on the Moon that appear dark and smooth
paleontology	Earth science section dealing to the studies of fauna and flora fossils.
hang rods	To suspend sucker rods in a derrick or mast on rod hangers rather than to place them horizontally on a rack.
tonne	The standard Platts abbreviation is mt
sediment	Material deposited by water ice or wind or precipitated from water.Cave - Erosional & Solutional Features
longwall mining	type of mining that is typically found in underground coal mines
temporary voluntary allowance	A price discount instituted voluntarily by a supplier, usually in recognition of competitive factors.
old growth forest	Climax forests dominated by late successional species of trees that are hundreds to thousands of years old
gas cap	A layer of free gas on top of the oil zone in an underground structure or reservoir.
zone of ablation	Area of a glacier where losses of ice from melting, evaporation, and sublimation exceed additions of snow annually.
reserves	Resources profitable to produce with current technologies; due to the uncertainty in estimates of subsurface resources, companies use the terms possible, probable and proven to describe their confidence in the quantity of reserves that can be produced profitably.
horizontal drilling	The newer and developing technology that makes it possible to drill a well from the surface, vertically down to a certain level, and then to turn at a right angle, and continue drilling horizontally within a specified reservoir, or an interval of a reservoir.
reinforced plastic	A plastic with high strength fillers imbedded in the composition, in some mechanical properties superior to those of the base resin
eur	Euro
automatic adjustment clause	See CLAUSE, ADJUSTMENT.
universe	All of the observable phenomena in the celestial cosmos.
static pressure	The force exerted per unit area by a gas or liquid, measured at right angles to the direction of flow, or the pressure when no liquid is flowing.
exit fee	A fee that is paid by a customer leaving a utility network intended to compensate the utility in whole or part for the loss of fixed cost contribution from the exiting customer.
specific gravity	The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance, both at specified physical conditions
condensate	Liquid hydrocarbon which is usaually in a gas phase at reservoir condition.
network	An interconnected system of electrical transmission lines, transformers, switches and other equipment connected in such a way as to provide reliable transmission of electricity.
hydrostatic design stress	The estimated maximum tensile stress that can act in the wall of the pipe along the circumferential direction due to internal hydrostatic pressure, with a high degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur
cibp	Abbreviation for Cast Iron Bridge Plug
galaxy	An assemblage of millions to hundreds of billions of stars.
carbon-oxygen log	A log which presents a measure of the relative abundance of carbon to oxygen derived from the detection of the gamma rays produced from both elements by the inelastic scattering of 14-Mev neutrons
fines	Fragments or particles of rock or mineral which are too minute to be treated as ordinary coarse material
trog up	To dress in suitable clothing and to gather lighting and other gear before going caving.Speleology term
shawl	A simple triangular shaped curtain.Cave - Depositional Features
service factor	A factor which is used to reduce a strength value to obtain an engineering design stress
interruptible demand	The amount of customer demand that, in accordance with contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the system operator, remote tripping, or by action of the customer at the direct request of the system operator.
collapse dome	A chamber formed by progressive roof collapse until it reaches a stable dome-shaped form
watt hour	An electrical energy unit of measure equal to 1 watt of power supplied to, or taken from, an electric circuit steadily for 1 hour.
radiation	The transmission of energy by means of electromagnetic waves
climatic cycle	Changes in the environment brought about by the changes in the climate.
psychrometer	Instrument used to measure atmospheric humidity
conversion unit	A unit consisting of a burner together with associated thermostat and safety controls, which can be used to convert heating equipment from one fuel to another.
marketing affiliate	A marketing company that has corporate ties to an interstate pipeline, an intrastate pipeline, or a local distribution company.
black hole	the collapsed core of a massive star
field sales	Total sales from any field
valley filling	The building of off-peak loads.
source	In well logging, the source of radiation used in the operation of radioactivity logging or nuclear logging tools.
induction	Inference of a generalized conclusion from particular instances
gems	Gulf Ecological Management Sites
solution	Mixture in which the components lose their identity and are uniformly dispersed
system type - distribution.	Generally mains, services, and equipment which carry or control the supply of gas from the point of local supply to and including the sales meters
blowout	An unexpected violent eruption of oil and gas from a well during the drilling phase of operation
hinshaw amendment	An amendment to the Natural Gas Act which exempts from Federal Energy Regulatory Commission regulation the transportation and sale for resale of natural gas received within the boundaries of a state, provided (1) all such gas is ultimately consumed within the state, and (2) the facilities and rates are regulated by the state
joint venture	A general partnership formed for a specific project.
dye penetrant weld examination	A method for inspecting for surface defects of welds by using a dye and developer applied to the weld.
gangue	the undesirable or unwanted minerals in an ore deposit.
carbon dioxide	A gas which is a product of combustion resulting when carbon unites with sufficient oxygen to produce complete combustion; a component of many natural gases.
rabbit	A small plug that is run through a flow line by pressure to clean the line or test for obstructions
well bore	This is the entire length of hole that the drill makes in the ground; there is a great deal of engineering software for the design and casing of a well bore, as it is integral to the overall structural integrity of the well.
mill	One tenth of a cent.
cave extent	The length, breadth and depth of the smallest cube that will contain the entire cave
holistic	Concerned with a complete system.
straight gas utility	Company which derives the major portion of its total operating revenue from gas operations
thermodynamics	The science and study of the relationships between heat and mechanical work
brackish water	Water that contains relatively low concentrations of any soluble salts
depreciation reserve ratio	The ratio of the accumulated depreciation to the recorded cost of surviving plant at any given date.
submetering	The practice of remetering purchased energy beyond the customer's utility meter, generally for distribution to building tenants through privately owned or rented meters.
duct	A passageway made of sheet metal or other suitable material, not necessarily leak-tight, used for conveying air or other gas at low pressures.
design load	The maximum average rate of gas use by a group of appliances or customers over a specified short time period, usually 15 to 30 minutes.
molecular weight distribution	The ratio of the weight average molecular weight (Mw) to the number average molecular weight (Mn) gives an indication of the distribution.
science	Science is a way of acquiring knowledge
trog	A caver
carabiner	See Karabiner
double-breasted buying	A practice that pipelines are sometimes accused of employing-buying large packages of gas, and deciding later whether its marketing subsidiary bought it for system supply, or whether its marketing subsidiary bought it for resale on the spot market
porosity	Voids in a reservoir rock available for storage of fluids
dielectric constant	The ratio of the capacity of a condenser with given dielectric and the capacity of the same condenser with a vacuum as a dielectric.
orographic precipitation	Is precipitation that forms when air is forced to rise because of the physical presence of elevated land
dome syndrome	The tendency for cavers to go to the known end of a cave, especially when without due regard for the cave itself nor for its contents
deferred credits	Accounts carried on the liability side of the balance sheet in which are recorded items being amortized as credits to income over a period of time (such as Unamortized Premium on Debt) and items held in suspense pending final transfer or disposition (such as Customer Advances for Construction, etc.)
rappel	Syn
composite log	Several well logs of the same or similar types, usually from different logging runs, which have been spliced together to form a single continuous record from the shallowest to the deepest log reading
plankton	Minute organisms floating in the seas, rivers, ponds, lakes as distinct from those which are attached or crawl upon the bottom.
fso	Floating storage and offloading vessel
consumption	The quantity of natural gas used by ultimate consumers.
current	A flow of electrons in an electrical conductor
vernal equinox	One of two days during the year when the declination of the Sun is at the equator
triangle	Chart pattern
fossil	animal or plant relics remaining in geologic beds.
belay rope	The rope used for belaying, separate (usually) from the climbing rope.Climbing and SRT
turnaround	A refinery or petrochemical plant is said to be "in turnaround" when it is taken out of service of maintenance, usually planned.
discharge	The outflow drainage of Aquifer waters.Hydrology terms
dedicated to interstate commerce	Gas reserves under contract to an interstate pipeline company and hence subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission and wellhead price controls under the NGA of 1938
no-notice delivery service	Delivery of natural gas on as-needed basis, without the need to precisely specify the delivery quantity in advance
drip oil	The light oil or hydrocarbon liquids condensed in a piping system when the gas is cooled
burn-pit	A pit, usually earthen and of shallow depth used to burn-off and dispose of petroleum distillates.
tally	To measure andrecord the total length of pipe, casing, or tubing that is to be run in a well.
hot tap	The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.
epiphyte	Type of vegetation that gets its physical support from the branches of other plants
solar day	Time required for the Earth to complete one rotation relative to the Sun.
galactic halo	the name given to the spherical region surrounding the center, or nucleus of a galaxy.
pressure relief station	Equipment installed for the purpose of preventing the pressure on a pipeline or distribution system to which it is connected from exceeding the maximum allowable operating pressure by venting gas to the atmosphere whenever the pressure exceeds this valve.
valley fog	Fog formed by the movement of cooler, more dense air from higher elevations to the warm valley bottom.
lithology	The physical description of the composition of a rock.
westerlies	Dominant winds of the mid-latitudes
bottoms	The liquid or other residual matter that is withdrawn from the bottom of a fractionator or other vessel during processing or while in storage; also, the heaviest product remaining in the liquid phase after distillation.
interior zones	The portions of a building which do not have significant amounts of exterior surfaces
exotic species	A plant or animal species that has been intentionally or accidentally introduced and that does not naturally occur in a region.
troglophile	A terrestrial cavernicole which frequently completes its life cycle in caves but is not confined to this habitat.Speleology term
scout report terminology	Status Codes and Terminology use on the Scout Report
long-period comet	A comet with an orbital period exceeding 200 years
losco	Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinators Office - Our mission is to respond to oil spill events, restore natural resources, protect economic infrastructure, and safeguard public health
el ni隳	Name given to the occasional development of warm ocean surface waters along the coast of Ecuador and Peru
lease	A contract by which the owner of the mineral rights to a property conveys to another party the exclusive right to explore for and develop minerals on the property during a specified period of time.
overproduction	Production in excess of the well's monthly allowable.
puddings	A local term for small tumuli within lava tubes, but also applied to porridge like mounds of pahoehoe that have been squeezed up through an opening in a crusted floor.Lava Cave term
capital funds	Monies invested in a business for use in conducting the operations of the business.
cashout provisions	To the extent a shipper violates balancing provisions, any difference between receipts and deliveries will be "cashed out", with the pipeline purchasing excess receipts at below-market prices and selling receipt shortages at above-market prices.
collar	(1) A coupling device with internal threads used to join two pieces of threaded pipe of the same size.
surface heat flux	Process where heat energy is transferred into land and ocean surfaces on the Earth
pregranted abandonment	FERC authorization to terminate sales or transportation service automatically upon the expiration of the underlying contract.
sexual reproduction	Any process of reproduction that does involve the fusion of gametes.
proven reserve	The quantity of oil or gas that is proven to be technically and economically feasible to recover.
bell hole	A hole dug to allow room for workmen to make a repair or connection in buried pipe, such as caulking bell-and-spigot pipe or welding steel pipe
afudc	See ALLOWANCE FOR FUNDS USED DURING CONSTRUCTION.
blowhole	A hole to the surface in the roof of a sea cave through which waves force air and water.Karst - Miscellaneous features of
mesozoic era	period of geological time from 250 to 65.5 million years ago
red giant	a stage in the evolution of a star when the fuel begins to exhaust and the star expands to about fifty times its normal size
reservoir	That portion of a resource that has been actually discovered and that is presently technically and economically extractable
heating degree day	See DEGREE DAY, HEATING.
orsat analysis	Measurement of the quantitative amounts (by volume) by selective absorption of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and carbon monoxide in a gas using an Orsat apparatus.
ft	Firm transportation.
primary consumer	Organisms that occupy the second trophic level in the grazing food chain
gathering system	The pipelines and other infrastructure that move raw gas from the wellhead to processing and transmission facilities.
comparable earnings	See OPPORTUNITY COST.
fission and fusion	Fission is the splitting of atomic nuclei and fusion is the combination of two atomic nuclei
sonris lite	Popular, quick access method to frequently-requested information
american petroleum institute	A petroleum industry association that sets standards for oil field equipment and operations
stygobite	An aquatic troglobite
probable life	The total expected service life for survivors at any given age; the sum of the age attained and the remaining life.
stellar wind	the ejection of gas from the surface of a star
solar generation	The use of the sun's radiation to generate electricity.
nuclear power plant	A facility in which heat produced in a reactor by the fissioning of nuclear fuel is used to drive a steam turbine
potential energy	Stored energy
fisherman's gear compensation program	The purpose of the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources Fisherman's Gear Compensation Fund is to provide compensation or reimbursement to qualifying Louisiana commercial fishermen for damages to vessels or gear caused by encounters with obstructions located in state waters within the coastal zone.Fisherman's Gear
drill-stem test	A method of gathering data on the potential productivity of a geological formation before installing casing in a well
polypropylene plastics	Plastics based on polymers made with propylene as essentially the sole monomer.
endogean	Pertaining to the biological domain immediately beneath the ground surface
power combustion furnaces	Furnaces that have a combustion blower, which may be located either upstream or downstream from the heat exchangers
obligate	Invariably
extraordinary property losses	An amortizable (Deferred Debit) account, which includes the depreciated value of property abandoned or damaged by circumstances that could not have been reasonably anticipated and which is not covered by insurance.
psc	Public Service Commission
mixing ratio	The ratio between the weight (mass) of water vapor (or some other gas) held in the atmosphere compared to the weight of the dry air in a given volume of air
cross section	The shape of a cave passage across its width.Survey & Mapping term
canyon	A deep valley with steep to vertical walls
mothball	To place a generating facility in an inactive state so that it can neither be brought into operation immediately nor counted towards reserve margin
formal sector	the employment sector comprising 'proper' jobs that are usually permanent, with set hours of work, agreed levels of pay, and sometimes pensions and social security rights.
isobar	Lines on a map joining points of equal atmospheric pressure.
wh	Abbreviation for Wellhead
ltv	Loan-to-Value Ratio is the amount a lender will lend on a project relative either to its total appraised value or to its costs.
radiation shield	A separate panel or panels interposed between heating surfaces and adjacent objects to reduce heat transmission by radiation.
keyhole	A small passage or opening in a cave having a keyhole shaped cross section, round above and narrow below.Cave - Parts of
alkylate	A gasoline blending component composed of isobutane and propylene or butylene.
log	A record of performance
annual volume method	A method to allocate commodity costs by function to customer classes based on the Test Period volume level for that customer
tropical disturbance	An organized group of thunderstorms often found over a tropical ocean that generates a slight cyclonic flow of less than 37 kilometers per hour
commandant's duty officer	Class As: Class Alpha uniform is worn to semiformal occasions
total allowance	See PRE TAX RETURN.
mascon	literally, mass concentration; an area of the lunar crust characterized by an excess of mass
mandatory carriage	The obligation to carry, for a fee, gas offered by another party
plasticizer	A material incorporated in a plastic to increase its workability, flexibility or distensibility.
local group	a small group of about two dozen galaxies of which our own Milky Way galaxy is a member.
quadrature	a point in the orbit of a superior planet where it appears at right angles to the Sun as seem from Earth.
busbar	The point at which power is available for transmission
anaerobic	Describes a microorganism that can survive without free oxygen.
open interest	Open interest is the number of open contracts on a given future or options contract
phenolic resin	A synthetic resin produced by the condensation of a phenol with an aldehyde
morphometry	The measurement of shape
channelization	The creation of a channel or channels resulting in faster water flow, a reduction in hydraulic residence time, and less contact between water and solid surfaces in the water body.
bar	a unit of measure of atmospheric pressure
arthropoda	The phylum Arthropoda includes invertebrate animals such as insects, crustaceans, and spiders
postage stamp rates	Flat rates charged for transportation service without regard to distance, as opposed to zone or mileage-based rates.
tag line	In crane and truck operations, a rope attached to the bottom of a load suspended by the crane or truck, which, when grasped by a crew member, allows the crew member to prevent rotation and to assist in guiding the load.
biome	Largest recognizable assemblage of animals and plants on the Earth
light ends	Group of petroleum products with the lowest boiling temperatures, including gasolines and distillate fuels.
meter book	Book in which successive readings of utility customers' meters are recorded by gas utility meter readers
lateral	A pipe in a gas distribution or transmission system which branches away from the central and primary part of the system.
@risk	A computer program from Pallisade Corporation that adds risk analysis and modeling capabilities to Excel spreadsheets.
aragonite	A less common crystalline form of calcium carbonate CaCO3 than calcite, being denser and orthorhombic
rate design - seaboard	The term "Seaboard rate design" refers to a method of determining demand and commodity rates whereby 50% of fixed costs are classified in the commodity component and 50% in the demand component.
decontrol	The removal of government controls on prices and other factors of market activity.
hob	A European term used to describe the surface below the range burner
action plan	A component of IRP, describing utility actions in the short-term (about two years) to meet the supply and demand objectives of the integrated resource plan.
respiration rate	The number of breaths a person makes per minute.
total chlorophyll	Green pigment in plants that transforms light energy into chemical energy in photosynthesis
confluence	The place where two streams meet.
venturi throat or tube	A tube tapered down to a lesser diameter and then expanding gradually to its original diameter
solution flute	An English term for some forms of Karren, generally equivalent to Rillenkarren
abandoned well	A well that is no longer in use, whether dry, inoperable, or no longer productive.
downstream	When referring to the oil and gas industry, this term indicates the refining and marketing sectors of the industry
flood	To drive oil from a reservoir into a well by injecting water under pressure into the reservoir formation.
meter cock	See METER STOP.
nap	National Allocation Plan: Under the EU ETS, each country must submit a NAP to the European Commission, detailing every installation/plant and its proposed allocation of emissions allowances within the national cap.
t/a	Abbreviation for Turnaround.
prusik sling	A sling fastened by a prusik knot to a ropeClimbing and SRT
detritus	1
blanking	Insertion of a solid metal disc between the companion flanges of a flanged joint.
mudflows	The downhill movement, often rapid, of soft wet earth and debris, made fluid by rain or the rapid melting of snow.
dip	One of the directional properties of a geologic structure such as a fold or a fault
shear stress	Stress caused by forces operating parallel to each other but in opposite directions.
posted field price	Price for oil or gas in a given area, set by principal buyers
berm	See IMPOUNDING AREA.
mass number	Total number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom
rodessa sand & lime	A large part of the expansive Rodessa Oilfield reached far over into NE Texas
maximum allowable operating pressure	See PRESSURE, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE OPERATING.
catalytic cracking	The decomposition or breaking down of oil or hydrocarbons through the action of a catalyst and heat.
easement	An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.
coprophage	A scavenger which feeds on animal dung, including guano.Miscellaneous terms
ad valorem	Taxes imposed at a percent of a value.
kelly	The heavy square or hexagonal steel pipe which goes through the rotary table and turns the drill string (also called grief stem).
chemical resistance	(1) The effect of specific chemicals on the properties of plastic piping with respect to concentration, temperature and time of exposure
free rider	A customer who participates in a utility DSM program, and thereby receives the services or financial incentives provided by the utility, who would have taken the same conservation actions in the absence of a DSM program.
glacial valley	Valley that was influenced by the presence of glaciers
oil ring	Oil in a reservoir underlying a gas-cap
tolerance model of succession	This model of succession suggests that the change in plant species dominance over time is caused by competition for resources
capacity relinquishment	The permanent relinquishment of firm capacity on a pipeline.
stb	A barrel volume of a fluid at standard (stock tank) conditions
cond	An abbreviation for condensate measured in barrels per day, which applies to gas wells.
rhodamine	A red organic dye detectable in very dilute solutions
impoundment	A body of water or sludge confined by a dam, floodgate, or other barrier.
demurrage	The detention or delay of a vessel in loading or unloading beyond the time agreed upon
progressive succession	Succession where the developing plant community becomes complex and contains more species and biomass over time.
microclimate	The climate (temperature, humidity, air movement etc) of a restricted space, eg of a cave, or of a portion of a cave
blowout	The result of a loss of control of downhole reservoir fluid pressures, resulting in uncontrolled release of subsurface fluids to the surface or, in the case of a downhole blowout, uncontrolled flow between downhole reservoirs.
axial inclination	axial inclination is the angle at which a planet's axis of rotation is tilted, with respect to that planet's own orbit
wheeling	The transportation of customer-owned gas by a transmission company for the customer at a pre-determined cost to the customer.
moving average	The mean of prices over a pre-defined period, for instance, the previous five days
lagic	Louisiana Geographic Information Center - LAGIC was established by the Louisiana GIS Council (LGISC) and the Louisiana Office of E-Services to facilitate the distribution of geographic information, provide technical assistance, and support GIS data development among state, federal, and local government
bridging point	a settlement site where a river is narrow or shallow enough to be bridged
gis	The current SONRIS Interactive Maps application was implemented in March 2001 with ESRI ArcIMS, ArcSDE and Oracle Spatial and database applications
forward contract	An over‐the‐counter transaction between two companies involving the future delivery of a commodity at a specific date and location at a fixed price, established on the date at which the contract is originated
core customers	Residential and small commercial customers who must rely on the traditional distributor bundled service of sales and transportation
cryogen	A material that is a gas at ambient conditions but can be liquefied at below-ambient temperatures
acceptance test	An investigation performed on an individual lot of a previously qualified product (e.g., plastic pipe) by, or under the observation of, the purchaser to establish conformity with a purchase agreement stipulating specified requirements.
kelvin	a temperature scale used in sciences such as astronomy to measure extremely cold temperatures
penetration rate	The annual rate at which a DSM measure is implemented, as a percentage of the measure's technical potential.
charge	In refrigeration, the quantity of refrigerant in a system; also, to put in the refrigerant charge.
pyrometallurgical	the treatment of ores by processes involving heating.
f-box receptor	The component of an SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase that acts as a hormone receptor and that recognizes repressor proteins as substrates to be targeted for degradation.
capacity allocation	See ALLOCATION-CAPACITY.
workover	The performance of one or more of a variety of remedial operations on a producing well designed to increase production.
stance	(is this a caving term)Speleology term
abandonment costs	Costs associated with the abandonment of facilities or services, including costs for the removal of facilities and restoration of the land.
tornado watch	A forecast issued to the public that a tornado may occur in a specified region.
abandonment	Regulatory authorization for a utility to cease provision of a particular service and/or to shut down a particular facility.
working interest	Interest in a well which bears the cost of operations.
sidetrack	To drill a secondary wellbore away from an original wellbore
till plain	Extensive flat plain of till that forms when a sheet of ice becomes detached from the main body of the glacier and melts in place depositing the sediments it carried.
ph	A scale from 1 - 14 that measures how acidic or basic (alkaline) a substance is.
well pads	Area that has been cleared for a drilling rig to work on a plot of land designated for natural gas and oil extraction.
well casing	Steel or cement containment that is installed on the inside of the well bore intended to keep gas or oil from seeping out of the wells into the surrounding ground.
drill bit	The cutting part of a drill; usually pointed and threaded and is replaceable in a brace or bitstock.
gathering agreement	Agreement between a producer and a gathering system operator specifying the terms and conditions for entry of the producer's gas into the gathering system.
overburden	Geostatic load
hydrogenation	A process whereby hydrogen atoms are added to an organic molecule to form a new compound; such reactions usually require heat and pressure in the presence of a catalyst.
gentrification	a process by which run-down houses in an inner city or other neglected area are improved by better off (affluent) people who move there in order to have easier access to the jobs and services of the city centre
runoff	Runoff is water (or other liquids) that drains or flows from the land into streams and rivers, and eventually into the seas
unconfined aquifer	Aquifer that is not restricted by impervious layers of rock.
apparent magnitude	the apparent brightness of an object in the sky as it appears to an observer on Earth
cementation	The process of precipitation or growth of a binding material around grains or fragments of rocks
fuel reprocessing	The processing of used nuclear reactor fuel to recover the unused fissionable material.
reflection	Process of returning sound or light waves back to their source.
solar cycle	the approximately 11-year quasi-periodic variation in frequency or number of solar active events.
coiled tubing	A long, small diameter pipe flexible enough to be stored on and deployed from a large, truck-mounted roll
water table	The upper surface of a zone of saturation; the upper surface of the ground water.
retailing	the sale of goods, usually in shops, to the general public.
stream channel	Long trough-like depression that is normally occupied by the water in a stream.
saturated	Water which has dissolved as much limestone or other material as it can under the prevailing conditions.Speleology term
kernmantel	A rope with a plaited sheath around a core of parallel or twisted strands.Climbing and SRT
coalbed methane	A form of natural gas extracted from coal beds
plant acquisition adjustments	Represents the difference between the cost to the utility of plant acquired as operating units or systems by purchase, merger, consolidation, liquidation or otherwise, and the Original Cost (defined herein) of such plant less the amount(s) credited at the time of acquisition to Accumulated Provision for Depreciation and Amortization and Contributions in Aid of Construction.
relative humidity	See HUMIDITY, RELATIVE.
incentive	In DSM, a cash or non-cash award that is offered to encourage participation in a utility-sponsored DSM program.
speleology	The study of caves and their contents
commuting	the process by which people living in one place, travel to another place to work.
direct-fired	A heating unit in which the combustion products are mixed with the air or liquid being heated
tidal current	Regional scale ocean current that is created the tidal rise and fall of the ocean surface.
canyon	Steep-sided valley where depth is considerably greater than width
diverter	A device used to direct fluids flowing from a well away from the drilling rig.
pendulite	A kind of stalactite which has been partly submerged with that part covered with Dog tooth spar, giving the appearance of a drumstick.Cave - Depositional Features
hydrocarbons	Organic compounds of hydrogen and carbon whose densities, boiling points, and freezing points increase as their molecular weights increase
china walls	An expression that refers to the complete separation of operations for affiliated companies within a corporation to prevent undue business advantages
butt-weld	The joining of two pieces of pipe or other material by full penetration welds.
conductor	Large diameter pipe/casing inserted into the initial drilling hole to stabilise the hole, and to which the BOP stack is attached.
secondary energy demand	Energy used by final customers for residential, commercial, industrial and transportation purposes, and hydrocarbons used for such non-energy purposes as petrochemical feedstock.
deregulation	See DECONTROL.
fast reactor	A reactor in which the fission chain reaction is sustained with high-energy or high-speed (ie fast) neutrons.
adit	common mining term for a horizontal to sub–horizontal tunnel driven into a hillside to access an ore body.
swab	To remove fluids from a well with a swabbing tool.
wellhead completion	Final preparations in preparing the well to fulfill its intended function (eg
vom--volt ohmmeter	A device for measuring the voltage or the resistance of an electrical circuit
reforming	A petroleum refining process, employing catalysis, in which heat and pressure are used to cause cracking and isomerization of the hydrocarbon molecules in low-octane petroleum fractions
hydrocarbon	A chemical compound composed solely of carbon and hydrogen
half tube	Exposed on a fractured rock surface
paraffin	A white, tasteless, odorless, waxy substance composed of natural hydrocarbons and obtained from petroleum.
seismology	The study of earthquakes and the evidence they provide about the interior of the Earth.
blow down	The process of reducing gas pressures by means of releasing such pressures to atmosphere.
foaming	In a boiler, the carry-over of slugs of water into the piping due to dirty water or overloading of the boiler
rillenkarren	A type of Karren, runnels about 20mm wide with sharp ridges between them
base load capacity	Electricity-generating equipment that operates to meet the demand that continues throughout the year.
isomerate	Mixed xylenes used as gasoline blendstock
infill well	Any well drilled on a closer than normal well spacing pattern or requirement
qualification test	An investigation, independent of a procurement action, performed on a product to determine whether or not the product conforms to all requirements of the applicable specification
radiographic inspection	Method used to determine flaws in pipe or other metals by use of a machine which emits X-rays or gamma rays which penetrate the metal and are transcribed onto film.
shrinkage	That volume or heating content reduction attributable to extracted liquids from a gas stream.
hydration	A form of chemical weathering that involves the rigid attachment of H+ and OH- ions to the atoms and molecules of a mineral.
mmcfpd	Million Cubic Feet Per Day
reagent	Any material that causes a chemical reaction when added to a second substance.
population crash	Sudden decline in the number of individuals found in a population because of a scarcity of environmental resources that are required for survival, growth, and reproduction.
wetland	Natural land-use type that is covered by salt water or fresh water for some time period
sludge	In discussions of environmental controls, the mud-like residue that results from the cleaning process of scrubbers or certain other devices, designed to prevent solid particulates from entering the environment
compatible	A condition wherein components of a piping system and/or different specific materials can be joined together to form satisfactory joints.
grid	A network of elecric power lines and connections.
lease	A contract by which the owner of the mineral rights to a property conveys to another party, the exclusive right to explore for and develop minerals on the property, during a specified period of time.
supercooled water	Cooling of water below 0° Celsius without freezing
frequency	The frequency of a wave is the number of times that a wave is produced within a time period.
pumped-storage hydroelectric plant	A plant that generates electricity by using water pumped during off-peak periods into an elevated storage reservoir
atmospheric pressure	See PRESSURE, ATMOSPHERIC.
throw	In heating or air conditioning, the distance air will carry, measured along the axis of an air stream, from the supply opening to the position in the stream at which air motion reduces to 50 feet per minute.
plug	An external thread pipe fitting that is inserted into the open end of an internal thread pipe fitting to seal the end of a pipe
circulate	To pass from one point throughout a system and back to the starting point
breccia	One of the 2 main types of rudaceous rocks, consisting of angular fragments implying minimum transport of material.
cytoplasm	All of the protoplasm in a cell except for what is contained in the nucleus.
fwl	Abbreviation for From west line
scheduling penalty	A monthly or daily penalty assessed on the difference between the volume scheduled to be tendered by the shipper to the pipeline and the volume actually tendered for delivery
sediment	Fragment of a rock on the earth’s surface
claustrophobia	An irrational fear of being in a closed space.Miscellaneous terms
shield	A speleothem consisting of 2 parallel plates separated by a medial planal crack
enriched uranium	Uranium where the uranium-235 assay is above that of natural uranium
detritus	Shed tissues, dead body parts, and waste products of organisms
seyfert galaxy	a main-sequence star which rotates rapidly, causing a loss of matter to an ever-expanding shell.
gas conditioning	The removal of objectionable constituents and addition of desirable constituents.
pressure gauge	See GAUGE, PRESSURE.
mmboe	Million Barrels of Oil Equivalent
impact	a forceful collision
abbreviated application	An abbreviated application for a certificate of public convenience and necessity that may be filed under Section 7 of the NGA whenever the proposed action does not require all of the data and information normally filed in a certificate application in order to disclose fully the nature and extent of the proposed undertaking.
fuel fabrication	The production of reactor fuel, usually in the form of ceramic pellets, encased in metal tubes which are then arranged in fuel assemblies.
avogadro's law	See LAWS.
casinghead	A heavy, flanged steel fitting connected to the first string of casing
barrel	A unit of measure for oil and petroleum products that is equivalent to 42 U.S
stable equilibrium	In a stable equilibrium the system displays tendencies to return to the same equilibrium after disturbance.
joules	A measure of energy equal to 1 watt second
shut in	To close the valves at the top of a well bore
ra's	Abbreviation for Right angles
meridian	A circular arc that meets at the poles and connects all places of the same longitude.
free on board	Usually abbreviated to FOB
dimension ratio	The average specified diameter of a pipe divided by the minimum specified wall thickness
distinguished students	E
mast	Portable derrick that can be erected as a unit, instead of assembled part by part.
pot	Potential of a well.
autocatalyst	a cylinder made from ceramic or metal formed into a fine honeycomb and coated with a solution of chemicals and platinum–group metals
available heat	The amount of energy that is converted into
tornado	A vortex of rapidly moving air associated with some severe thunderstorms
boiler	A closed vessel in which a liquid is heated and/or vaporized
swing connection	The combination of fittings that will swing up, down, or sideways slightly for aligning pipe and for absorbing movement or strain.
sand sheet	Deposit of sometimes stratified less well sorted sand that almost resemble dunes
karst window	A closed depression, not a polje, which has a stream flowing across its bottom.Karst - Depression Features of
lapies	A synonym for Karren, used mainly in the special case of Marine Lapies which form on limestone surfaces exposed to the sea, or to sea spray
magnetic field	The space influence by magnetic force
joint venture	Group of companies which jointly holds 100% interest in a given concession.
tight hole	A well whose results are being kept confidential.
therm	A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal units (Btu).
planet	An astronomical body with enough mass for its gravity to make it spherical but not enough to generate nuclear energy
aphelion	the point in its orbit where a planet is farthest from the Sun.
comparison group	A selected group of customers that do not participate in a DSM program, but otherwise have the same characteristics as the participating group
strike price	The price at which an option holder has the right to buy or sell an underlying commodity/derivative.
inverse head and shoulders	A bullish reversal pattern characterized by a low, a lower low, a less low low, and a breakout to the upside.
allocation-capacity	A process by which capacity available in a pipeline is distributed to parties in the event requests for volume (i.e., nominations) are in excess of the available space
dome	A hemispheroidal hollow in the roof of a cave, formed by breakdown or salt weathering
bill frequency analysis	A tabulation of bills by size (consumption) and type of service rendered.
fluorometer	An instrument for measuring the fluorescence of water
reserve	See ACCUMULATED PROVISION FOR DEPRECIATION.
cave age	Most karst cave passages are less than 1 million years old, though Relict Caves could be hundreds of millions of years old
adiabatic	A term indicating that no heat is lost or gained by a material being subjected to a thermodynamic process
lump-sum contract	A contract agreeing upon and approving a fixed total for construction and work
american style option	An option which can be exercised by the buyer (holder) at anytime during its life
mutation	Change in the structure of a gene or chromosome.
lpa	Abbreviation for Plug and abandon work permit approved in Lafayette District Office
book cost	The amount at which property is recorded in plant accounts without deduction of related provisions for accrued depreciation, depletion, amortization, or for other purposes.
cat gasoline	A gasoline blending component made in a cat cracker.
sp - spontaneous potential	There are at least three sources of spontaneous potential
eccentric	A speleothem of abnormal shape or attitude
nitrogen dioxide	A gas produced by bacterial action in the soil and by high temperature combustion
c&c	Abbreviation for Circulating AND Conditioning mud
open season	Generally refers to a period of time when all parties are given equal consideration
slug catcher	A vessel or series of pipes to collect liquids at the inlet of a compressor station.
snow pellets	A form of precipitation also known as graupel
illuminants	The group of unsaturated or heavy hydrocarbons in a manufactured gas, such as ethylene and benzene, which burn with a luminous flame.
mineral right	The ownership of the minerals under a given surface with the right to enter thereon, mine, and remove them
cooling tower	See WATER-COOLING TOWER.
opening stk	Abbreviation for Opening Stock
avoided cost	The cost to produce or procure electric power that an electricity utility does not incur because it purchases this increment of power from a qualifying facility
double top	A bearish reversal pattern characterized by two highs at roughly equal value.
frost wedging	A process of physical weathering in which water freezes in a crack and exerts force on the rock causing further rupture.
soil solution	Aqueous liquid found within a soil
humidistat	A regulating device, actuated by changes in humidity, used for the automatic control of relative humidity.
confiscatory rates	Approved rates which yield a rate of return insufficient to attract new capital.
nitrification	The biochemical oxidation of ammonium to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate
zone rate	See RATE, ZONES.
rate of flow	The volume or units of a material passing a given point in a system per unit of time.
doline karst	Karst dominated by closed depressions, chiefly dolines, perforating a simple surface.Karst - Kinds of
force majeure	A superior force, "act of God" or unexpected and disruptive event, which may serve to relieve a party from a contract or obligation.
lunar eclipse	a phenomenon that occurs when the Moon passes into the shadow of the Earth
integrating device	A mechanism designed to automatically correct a gas-volume-related input to some predetermined base conditions.
dore bar	The final saleable product of a gold mine, usually consisting of gold and silver.
decontrol	The act of ending federal government control over the wellhead price of new natural gas sold in interstate commerce
metamorphic rocks	Any of a class of rocks that are the result of partial or complete recrystallization in the solid state of pre-existing rocks under conditions of temperature and pressure that are significantly different than those encountered at the Earth's surface
mass	How much matter an object contains
chill factor	The temperature (at zero wind velocity) which would produce the same chilling effect as a particular combination of temperature and wind velocity
sorbent	A material which extracts one or more substances present in an atmosphere or mixture of gases or liquids with which it is in contact due to an affinity for such substances.
load	The amount of electricity delivered or required at any specific point or points on a system
resources	As used in this report, resources refers to the total volume of oil or natural gas that is thought to be found in an area, or to that portion of the total resources that is not penetrated by a wellbore to date, or the volume that could be found as a result of appreciation.
line rider	An employee who inspects a pipeline right-of-way for leaks or potential hazards
sales agreement	An agreement between a purchaser/buyer and seller (e.g., producer, marketer, pipeline, LDC) which defines the terms and conditions of a purchase/sale and title transfer of gas quantities.
pooling point	A common market point, generally located at the terminus of a pipeline's production area
efflux	Place of outflow for karst waters from an aquifer
sedge	Grass-like plant that is adapted to grow in moist habitats.
matter	Is the material (atoms and molecules) that constructs things on the Earth and in the Universe.
boiler rating	The rating of a steam boiler expressed as the total heat transferred by the heating surfaces in Btu per hour
native plant	A plant that naturally occurred in an area before disturbance by humans
jug handle	A small loop of rock shaped like a handle, used as an anchor point or hand hold to aid in climbing.Climbing and SRT
primary/secondary	In metals, primary metal refers to metal produced from mined ore, as opposed to secondary metal, which is produced from secondary sources, mainly scrap
diesel index	A measure of the ignition quality of a given diesel fuel, equal to the product of its aniline point (in Fahrenheit degrees) and its API gravity, divided by 100
coralloid	A speleothem which is nodular, globular or coral-like in shape and which forms from thin films of water
recoverable heat	That portion of thermal input to a prime mover that is not converted to mechanical power and can be reclaimed for utilization.
downstream pipeline	The pipeline receiving natural gas at a pipeline inter-connect point.
regression	progressive retreat of the sea on a continental shelf.
magneto- telluric	Magnetotelluric (MT) is a geophysical method using electromagnetic waves to measure the resistivities of subsurface rock formations at depths between surface and several kilometres
anthracite	A hard, black coal with high energy content, often referred to as hard coal
partial participant	A DSM customer who has installed only some of the DSM program measures recommended for the facility.
switching station/switch yard	Facility used to tie together two or more electric circuits through switches
interconnection agreement	An agreement made between two power utilities to govern the operation of interconnections between their systems
coal	Carbon-containing rocks, derived from plant remains altered by increased pressure and temperature and various chemical processes
secondary carnivore	See tertiary consumer.
respiration	The release of energy from organic compounds in living cells.
take-or-pay credits	Credits provided by FERC Order No.500 which allow the pipeline to credit a quantity of gas it transports against its obligation to take a similar quantity of gas under a take-or-pay contract executed before June 23, 1987.
test hole	A well drilled to shallow depths for evaluation purposes
slum	a house unfit for human habitation.
depreciation accounting	A system of accounting intended to distribute the cost of tangible capital assets, less salvage, (if any), over the estimated useful life of the unit in a systematic and rational manner.
casinghead	The top of the first string of casing set in a well
industrial smog	Form of air pollution that develops in urban areas
blow-off valve	Valve used to blow pressure off the pipeline
sink	A place where a surface water course disappears underground
accumulation	A situation in which the market is dominated by buyers, who ‘accumulate' the commodity they are trading.
aeolianite	Also as Eolianite
kepler's first law	a planet orbits the Sun in an ellipse with the Sun at one focus.
regulatory adjustments	Company costs in the Base period that can not be included in the Cost of Service and are deleted.
rate adjustment provisions	A provision in a tariff which provides for changes in rates or total charges because of changes in specified items of cost, such as fuel price, purchased gas, tax, etc.
satellite lng facility	A facility for storing and vaporizing LNG to meet relatively modest demands at remote locations or to meet short-term peak demands
chloroplast	Organelle in a cell that contains chlorophyll and produces organic energy through photosynthesis.
venturi meter	See METER, VENTURI.
homosphere	The lower layer in a two part classification of the atmosphere based on the general homogeneity of chemical composition
aud	Australian dollar.
ngpa	Natural Gas Pricing Act.
tunnel	A nearly horizontal cave open at both ends, fairly straight and uniform in cross-section.Cave - Parts of
recovery factor	The percentage of oil or gas in place in a reservoir that ultimately can be withdrawn by primary and/or secondary techniques.
market town	a town whose main function is that of a shopping and service centre for the surrounding region.
fhlmc/freddie mac	Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation is a publicly chartered agency in 1970 that buys qualifying residential mortgages from lenders, pools them into securities, provides certain guarantees, and then resells the securities on the open market.
gigawatt	One gigawatt equals 1-billion watts, 1-million kilowatts, or 1,000 megawatts
agricultural land reserve	The Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR) is a provincial zone in which agriculture is recognized as the priority use
liquid medium	Contains the Stygofauna or aquatic Cavernicoles.Speleology term
aquitard	A geological formation that may contain ground water but is not capable of transmitting significant quantities of it under normal hydraulic gradients.
dynamic equilibrium	A dynamic equilibrium occurs when a system displays unrepeated average states through time.
farmount agreement	An arrangement (technically, a tax partnership) in which the responsibility for exploration and development for a specific work program is shifted (by assignment) from the working interest owner to another party.
parallel	Two lines running side by side at an equal distance apart
bench	term used to describe the various working levels in a quarry, created and controlled by variations in bed depth as the worked quarry face is developed.
dolostone	A sedimentary rock composed primarily of dolomite, a mineral made up of calcium, magnesium, carbon, and oxygen.
inclinometer	The trade name of an instrument used to determine whether or not the well bore is proceeding in a vertical orientation at any point
coastal dune	Sand dune that forms in coastal areas
lampblack	See CARBON BLACK.
geographic isolation	See spatial isolation.
reversionary interest	An interest in a well or property that becomes effective at a certain time in the future or on the occurrence of a specific future event.
horizontal angle	The difference in direction of two survey lines measured clockwise in a horizontal plane.Survey & Mapping term
dielectric	A material used in a capacitor to store a charge from an applied electrical field
catenary support	A steel cable or cables strung between two supports and sagged to the point of minimum tension for a given evenly distributed load
dew point	The temperature at which a liquid starts to seperate out of a gas when it is cooled.
mcfpd	Thousand Cubic Feet Per Day
superior planets	The planets Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto are superior planets because their orbits are farther from the Sun than Earth's orbit.
aquiclude	An impermeable body of rock that may absorb water slowly, but does not transmit it.
microcavern	All cavities in rock that are smaller than 0.1 cm in diameter down to and including microscopic size
wildcatter	One who drills wells in the hope of finding gas or oil in territory not known to be a gas or oil field.
economic out	Contract provisions enabling a company to get out of gas purchase contracts based on economic changes that are detrimental to the company.
moderator	A component of some nuclear reactor types which slows neutrons, thereby increasing their chances of fissioning fissile material.
favela	a Brazilian term for an informal, shanty-type settlement.
solar wind	Mass of ionized gas emitted to space by the Sun
remaining gas	Remaining gas (ultimate potential minus cumulative production) represents the volume available for future market demands.
swash	A thin sheet of water that moves up the beach face after a wave of water breaks on the shore.
formation pressure	The pore pressure existing within reservoir rock or non-reservoir rock at a specified time
sleeve	A piece of pipe or thimble for covering another pipe or joint or for coupling two lengths of piping.
polar axis	Is a line drawn through the Earth around the planet rotates
circulator	See HEATER, ROOM.
mr	Malaysian ringgit, the Malaysian unit of currency.
throughput	Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas volumes delivered.
bit	A bit is the drilling tool that bores or cuts into the earth
estuary	Somewhat enclosed coastal area at the mouth of a river where nutrient rich fresh water meets with salty ocean water.
equivalent length of pipe	The resistance of pipe valves, controls, and fittings to gas flow expressed as equivalent length of pipe or pipe of other sizes, for convenience in calculating pipe diameters.
long string	Last string of casing set in the oil and gas well, covering the productive zone.
other property and investments	A group of balance sheet accounts which includes Non-Utility Property, Accumulated Provision for Depreciation and Amortization of Non-Utility Property, Investment in Associated Companies, Other Investments, and the Special Funds Accounts.
gasification	The process of converting solid or liquid fuel into a gaseous fuel
semi-diurnal tide	Tides that have two high and two low waters per tidal period.
pipeline patrol	A general inspection of the pipeline right of way by foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and activity along or on the right of way and noting changes in vegetation growth for indication of gas leakage.
transportation agreement	An agreement between a shipper and transportation company which defines the terms and conditions of the transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.
law of capture	States that is a well is drilled on a property, anything that comes up from that well belongs to the owner of that property.
stakeholder	Stakeholders are people who may be affected by a project or who can influence it.
borehole compensated sonic log	The borehole compensated sonic sonde carries two sets of transducers, one with its transmitter above its receiver pair and one with its transmitter below
retirement frequency curve	A graphical presentation of the retirement dispersion.
engine	A machine for converting the heat content of fuel into rotary motion that can be used to power other machines.
section	A square tract of land having an area of one square mile (=640 acres)
impermeable	Preventing the passage of fluid
mottling	Blotchy or patchy colour patterning.Speleology term
dry hole	Any well that does not produce oil or gas in commercial quantities
terrestrial	a term used to describe anything originating on the planet Earth.
experimental crude oil	Crude oil produced from pilot projects designed to investigate new recovery techniques.
phreatomagmatic	Volcanology: phreatomagmatic activity
photosphere	The visible surface of the Sun; the upper surface of a convecting layer of gases in the outer portion of the sun whose temperature causes it to radiate light at visible wavelengths; sunspots and faculae are observed in the photosphere.
beta particle	Electron emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive isotope
bollard	A projection of rock over which rope, tape or wire can be placed to create an anchor.Climbing and SRT
formation	A body of earth material with distinctive and characteristic properties.
drip	A container or segment of piping placed at a low point in a system to collect condensate, dust, and foreign material, enabling their removal
graphite	A crystalline form of the element carbon
verified nomination	A nomination that has been validated against the conditions specified in the service contract and with any upstream/downstream or third parties involved in the transaction.
contractor	A company or person contracted to perform construction work for the company
balancing units	The unit of measure used for the purpose of balancing the amount of gas received by transporter at the transporter receipt point(s) with the amount of gas delivered by transporter for shipper's account at the transporter delivery point(s)
tensile strength	The tensile stress necessary to cause failure in a short-time test
cold expanded pipe	Pipe that is formed and then expanded in the pipe mill while cold so that the circumference is permanently increased by at least 1/2 percent and tensile strength is increased.
maze cave	A complex pattern of connecting passages often on two or more levels in a cave
coal gasification	A controlled process of reacting coal, steam, and oxygen under pressure and elevated temperature
meter manifold	Gas piping between gas service line and meter
tracer	(1) A material introduced into surface or underground water where it disappears or into soil to determine drainage interconnections and travel time
milky way galaxy	Aggregation of about 400 billion stars in a flattened, disk-shaped structure in space
combustion tests	The sampling of combustion products to determine the percentage of constituents and their temperature.
level	A group of cave passages developed in the same horizontal plane, especially in caves that are developed on 2 or more planes.Cave - Parts of
synthesis gas	A mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen frequently used to produce (synthesize) many chemicals depending on the reacting conditions and catalysts used
glacier	A large mass of ice moving slowly down a slope or valley or spreading outward across land.
service territory	See SERVICE AREA.
cost	The amount of money actually paid for property, material or services
gradient	the pressure gradient (pressure at casing seat/metre of overburden) existing during cavern operation and is a function of the mode of operation (brine/hydrocarbon injection/withdrawal), the rate of fluid injection or withdrawal and its relative density and the tubing/casing string sizes.
gap town	a town located at a gap between hills, providing a good defensive site and route centre that led to a trade and market function.
duck	A place where water is at or close to the cave roof for a short distance so that it can be passed only by submersion.Cave - Parts of
conveyance	Legal term for transferring the title of a property from one party to another, typically by deed (or bill of sale, etc.).
domestic/retail competition	The competitive sale of gas to residential or small commercial customers, allowing those customers a choice of supplier other than the local distribution company
proven reserves	See RESERVES, ENERGY.
rimstone	A deposit formed by precipitation from water flowing over the rim of a pool.Cave - Depositional Features
roundtrip	The action of pulling the drill pipe out of the hole and subsequently running the pipe back into the hole to the same depth
show cave	A cave that has been made accessible to the public for guided visits.Cave - Kinds of
exogenic	Refers to a system that is external to the Earth.
pipeline	Underground or surface tubing or piping that is installed across states, countries and continents todeliver fuel
passage	A cavity in a cave that is longer than it is wide or high
spill	Release of water from a reservoir over a spillway rather than putting it through turbines to generate electricity
direct solar radiation	Solar radiation received by the Earth's atmosphere or surface which has not been modified by atmospheric scattering.
lateral organ	An organ that is produced from the shoot apical meristem
immigration	Migration of an organism into an area for the purpose of changing its residence permanently
offset	An offset deal is, normally, one in which a vendor government "offsets" the cost of an arms sale to a purchaser government by undertaking to invest in the purchaser country (or to persuade vendor country companies to do so)
capacity assignment/brokering	The sale or assignment of a specific right to firm transportation (or storage) on an interstate natural gas pipeline to another entity
annulus	The space between two concentric objects, such as between the wellbore and casing or between casing and tubing, where fluid can flow
meteoric water	A term applied to water which penetrates the rocks from above, i.e
oceanography	The scientific study of phenomena found in the world's oceans.
operator	In the case of multiple parties to a contract regarding blocks of oil/gas and associated E&P work, a joint operating agreement is entered into between the parties and it is necessary to achieve agreement on the rights and obligations for all items required when conducting operations
geophone	The recorder used to indicate arrival of seismic disturbances at a particular location
raft	A speleothem consisting of a thin layer of crystalline material which forms and floats on the surface of a cave pool
choke	The flow orifice in the Christmas tree (wellhead) or BOP stack by which volume flow rate and flowing bottomhole pressure is controlled by surface manipulation of the choke size
form a d c	Application for Dual Completion
industrial fuel switching	Switching from natural gas to alternate fuels such as residual or clarified oil by large industrial customers, primarily motivated by the relative fuel prices.
shift converter	A reactor which catalytically converts carbon monoxide and water into hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
superseding tariff sheets	Revised tariff sheets filed with the Commission to update or modify original or previously revised tariff sheets currently on file in a pipeline's FERC Gas Tariff
roof sniffing	Describes progress in a water filled passage with only sufficient air space for the nose to be above the water.Speleology term
organelle	Is a specialized structure found in cells that carry out distinct cellular functions.
boiling water reactor	A nuclear power reactor cooled and moderated by light water and fuelled by enriched uranium
regenerative heating	Process of utilizing heat which must be rejected in one part of the cycle to perform a useful function in another part of the cycle.
retained interest	The portion (or fraction) of an interest in a property the owner of such interest retain when conveying the balance of the interest to another party.
dendritic	Term used to describe the stream channel pattern that is completely random
current gas	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
propagule	Structure that develops into a plant.
assignee	In law generally a transferee; a recipient of an interest in property or a contract.
pooh	Abbreviation for Pulling out of hole
public utility	A business organization performing a service relating to or affecting all of the people within a specified area, usually under provisions of a franchise, charter or "certificate", and subject to special governmental regulations
purchased gas adjustment	A provision approved by the regulatory agency allowing a company to make filings to change its rates, without the usual suspension period, for the purpose of recovering currently the changes in its cost of purchased gas
solstice	the time of the year when the Sun appears furthest north or south of the celestial equator
capital costs	Costs incurred in acquiring capital assets
vault	An enclosed room or pit having an access opening in the top, side wall, or both
lightning	Visible discharge of electricity created by thunderstorms.
urban sprawl	the unplanned uncontrolled growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside.
old	a planetary surface that has been modified little since its formation typically featuring large numbers of impact craters; (compare to young).
contract	A binding agreement between a buyer and a seller in a transaction.
energy conservation measure	A device, material, or appliance used or installed to improve energy efficiency.
physical weathering	Breakdown of rock material by mechanical processes, including freeze-thaw, heat-cold, wetting-drying etc.
coefficient of expansion	The change in length per unit length or the change in volume per unit volume, per degree change in temperature.
best practices	Management practices or techniques recognized to be the most effective and practical means to develop the resource, while minimizing adverse environmental and other effects.
ag	See Arab Gulf
best efforts	An agreement by a contracting party to do its best to complete some specified result
accumulated deferred income taxes	Account(s) shown on a corporation's balance sheet, typically a net liability, that represents a future (deferred) claim by the government against the corporation's assets
pressure loader	Device in which the rate of gas flow controls the operation of a pressure governor or regulator.
moving average crossover	The point where a short moving average crosses a longer-moving average
heat joining	Making a pipe joint by heating the mating surfaces of the parts to be joined so that they fuse and become essentially one piece with or without addition of material
specific gravity	The ratio of the mass of a body to the mass of an identical volume of water at a specific temperature.
grosskrotzenburg	Lies just south of Frankfurt-am-Main
lobe	A tongue-like extension of some material
grassland	Ecosystem whose dominant species are various types of grass
tree ring	Seasonal growth in trees results in concentric rings being formed in the trunk, where each ring represents a summer or a winter season.
run pipe	To lower a string of casing into the hole.
licence	Agreement entered into with a host country granting the company the right to explore and produce oil and gas in a designated area, in return for paying to the government licence fees and royalties on production
med	Market abbreviation for Mediterranean.
alternating current	A periodic current, the average value of which over a period is zero
wheeling	In the gas business, refers to the transfer of gas between pipelines
authorized over-run	See OVER-RUN, AUTHORIZED.
hour angle	the telescope based coordinate specifying the angle, in the equatorial plane, from the meridian to a plane containing the celestial object and the north and south celestial poles.
public offering	An investment offering intended for sale to the general public
sedimentary rocks	Rocks which are an accumulation of fragments of many pre-existing rocks.
cng	Compressed Natural Gas
watt	A measure of real power production or usage equal to one Joule per second
nitric acid	Acid with the chemical formula: HNO3.
wall thickness	Specified wall thickness of pipe without adding an allowance to compensate for the underthickness tolerances permitted in approved specifications.
flare	rapid release of energy from a localized region on the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation, energetic particles, and mass motions.
sidereal day	Time it takes to complete one Earth rotation relative to the position of a fixed star
glacial drift	A generic term applied to all glacial and glaciofluvial deposits.
decommission	To remove (as a ship) from service.
spatial tradition	Academic tradition in modern Geography that investigates geographic phenomena from a strictly spatial perspective.
mandrel	A cylindrical bar, spindle, or shaft around which other parts are arranged or attached or that fits inside a cylinder or tube.
corrosion fatigue	Reduction of fatigue durability by a corrosive environment.
ice shelf	Large flat layer of ice that extends from the edge of the Antarctic ice cap into the Antarctic Ocean
annulus	the space between two casings, between a casing and the tubings or between the casing and the adjacent formations.
non-participant	Any customer who is eligible but does not participate in a utility DSM program in a given year.
porosity	The ratio of the volume of empty space to the volume of solid rock in a formation, indicating how much fluid a rock can hold.
aquifer	A body of rock saturated with water, that is capable of allowing the subterranean water to be stored, transmitted and is capable of absorbing recharge water
gradient wind	Horizontal wind in the upper atmosphere that moves parallel to curved isobars
expansion loop	Either a bend like the letter "U" or a coil in a line of pipe to provide for expansion and contraction.
coal liquefication	The conversion of coal into liquid hydrocarbons and related compounds by hydrogenation.
determinate organ	Plant organ that does not have unlimited growth potential but that differentiates once the final size is reached, for example, a leaf.
crust	The Earth's crust is its outermost, rocky layer.
bull plug	A plug that is inserted into the end of an unfinished pipeline to keep out dirt and moisture; also a plug of a particular shape with a male thread on one end and considerable length to the closed end for convenient use of a wrench.
system type - transmission.	Pipelines (mains) installed for the purpose of transmitting gas from a source or sources of supply to one or more distribution centers, to one or more large volume customers, or a pipeline installed to interconnect sources of supply
reactor types	Nuclear reactors may be divided into two main types, fast and thermal
polypropylene	A polymer prepared by the polymerization of propylene as the sole monomer.
ccs	Technology to separate, capture and store CO2 emitted from major sources
tafoni	Roughly hemispherical hollows weathered in rock at the surface
turbidity currents	A sediment-laden current that moves rapidly down the surface of a submarine slope.
slick	A thin film of oil on the water's surface.
long-term hydrostatic strength	The estimated tensile hoop stress in the wall of the pipe along the circumferential direction that when applied continuously will cause failure of the pipe, at 100,000 hours (11.43 years)
loose-knit settlement	a settlement with many gaps between its buildings and little, if any, pattern
monocline	A fold in layered rock that creates a slight bend.
excess air	Air which passes through a combustion zone in excess of the quantity theoretically required for complete combustion.
making up a joint	Act of screwing a joint into another section of pipe
palsa	A mound of peat that develops as the result of the formation of a number ice lenses beneath the ground surface
cetane number	A numerical index designed to reflect the ignition quality of diesel fuels
geophysical exploration	The study of the physics of the Earth, especially its electrical, gravitational and magnetic fields and propagation of elastic (seismic) waves within it
automatic meter reading	"Real time" monitoring of natural gas quantities and characteristics as it passes through a specific location.
swd	Saltwater Disposal
heavy crude oil	Has an API gravity of less than 28 degrees
cementing	The application of a liquid slurry of cement and water to various points inside or outside the casing.
odorant	Any malodorous substance added to natural gas or LP-gas in small concentrations for the purpose of making the presence of the natural gas/gas detectable.
target area	Predefined area in a gas spacing area where wells can be located without incurring a penalty on production for impacting adjacent spacing areas.
calcareous algae	A group of algae that contain a supportive framework made of calcium carbonate precipitated from sea water.
efficiency	Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the available Btu input to combustion equipment that is converted to useful purposes.
fundamental niche	Describes the total range of environmental conditions that are suitable for a species existence without the effects of interspecific competition and predation from other species.
meridional	Movement of wind or ocean waters in a direction that is roughly perpendicular to the lines of latitude.
flow restrictor	A device which reduces water flow at faucets or showerheads.
budget-type certification	A budget-type application is an abbreviated, single certificate application filed under Section 7 of the NGA covering a number of minor or routine construction projects expected to be completed during the calendar year or fiscal year of the applicant, where the facilities proposed are to be used for miscellaneous rearrangements not resulting in any change in service or exceeding a specified dollar amount
hinge	The point of maximum curvature or bending of a fold.
safety coupling	A friction coupling adjusted to slip at a predetermined torque to protect the rest of the system from overload.
littoral	Shoreline
salvage	The value realized from plant removed or otherwise disposed
lipid	Is an organic compound composed of carbon atoms that have two hydrogen atoms attached
natural gas condensate	See CONDENSATE.
constellation	a grouping of stars that make an imaginary picture in the sky
shut-in well	A well that has been completed but is not producing
stimulation	Any process undertaken to improve production from a subsurface formation
commercial service	See CLASS OF SERVICE.
filler	A relatively inert material added to a plastic to modify its strength, permanence, working properties, or other qualities, or to lower costs.
grid	The layout of a gas distribution system in which pipes are laid in both directions in the streets and frequently connected at intersections
kiloparsec	a distance equal to 1000 parsecs.
receiving water	A water body into which wastewater or treated effluent is discharged.
net capability	The maximum load-carrying ability of a power plant under specified conditions for a given time interval
canyon	A deep elongated cavity cut by running water in the roof or floor of a cave, or forming a cave passage.Cave - Parts of
limestone marl	Limestone that has been infiltrated by layers of silt or sand and which typically have poor reservoir potential.
basic	Substance having a pH greater than 7.
derrick or mast	The derrick or mast is the device used to hoist the drilling machinery
resonance	One of the natural states of oscillation in a physical system, such as the periodic swing of a pendulum or vibration of a spring
fire flooding	An enhanced oil recovery method in which air or oxygen is injected into the reservoir to support controlled combustion, thereby increasing the temperature and lowering the viscosity of heavy oils to facilitate recovery by pumping
dw	Deep Well
structure	A term used to describe the overall relationship of rock masses e.g
office of conservation	The Office of Conservation has primary statutory responsibility for regulation and conservation of oil, gas, lignite, and other natural resources
current	A flow of electricity in a conductor
swash	The landward rush of water from a breaking wave up the slope of the beach.
stock tank barrel	STB
oil saturation	The percentage of the void space within reservoir rock containing hydrocarbon liquid at reservoir conditions (reservoir fluid pressure and reservoir fluid temperature conditions)
transmission	The network of high voltage lines, transformers and switches used to move electricity from generators to the distribution system
combined-cycle	The utilization of waste heat from large gas turbines to generate steam for conventional steam turbines, thus
bid	A proposal to buy a commodity/derivative at a specified price.
inj	Abbreviation for injection grade in plastics.
total output gas	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
species association	A particular grouping of species in an area.
vertical resolution	The capability to resolve thin beds
pressure-decline-curve method	A method of estimating nonassociated gas reserves in reservoirs which do not have a water drive.
spectrograph	an instrument that spreads light or other electromagnetic radiation into it's component wavelengths (spectrum), recording the results photographically or electronically.
volatile matter	Matter which is readily vaporizable at a relatively low temperature.
load curve	A curve of power versus time showing the level of a load for each time period covered
logging	Logging refers to the lowering of different types of measuring instruments into the wellbore and gathering and recording data
tsek	Thousand Swedish Kronor
head and shoulders	A reversal pattern characterized by a high, a higher high, a lower high, and a break below the line joining the lows between the highs, the so-called neck-line.
load dispatching	See DISPATCHING.
active cave	A cave with a stream flowing in it
environmental stress cracking	Cracks that develop when the material is subjected to stress or strain in the presence of specific chemicals.
fca	Free Carrier
fuel switching	Substituting one fuel for another based on price and availability
butadiene	A derivative of crude C4s
laufenburg	An electricity delivery hub in Switzerland, divided between Laufenburg National and Laufenburg International.
bench	A horizontal shelf along the wall of a lava tunnel, generally close to floor level
della proteins	DELLA domain-containing gibberellin signalling repressors, which are named after a conserved stretch of amino acids that are required for their degradation by the 26S proteasome.
blister copper	The product of the Bessemer converter furnace used in copper smelting
hydrogen sulfide	A poisonous, corrosive compound consisting of two atoms of hydrogen and one of sulfur, gaseous in its natural state
silurian	period of geological time from 440 to 417 million years ago.
herbivore	An animal that eats plants.Fauna
liana	Species of plant that uses the support of wood plants to elevate its leaves above the forest canopy.
rangeability	Ratio of maximum operating capacity to minimum operating capacity within a specified tolerance and operating condition.
reservoir rock	The sedimentary rock within which hydrocarbon can be stored as a result of the presence of porosity and from which hydrocarbon can be produced as the result of the presence of permeability
plutino	A subclass of Kuiper Belt objects which, like Pluto, orbit the Sun twice during every three orbits of Neptune
probable reserves	The definition of probable reserves is in accordance with regulations (2007 PRMS) formulated by the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) through support from the World Petroleum Council (WPC), the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) and the Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers (SPEE)
soil structure	General term that describes how mineral and particles organic matter of are organized and clumped together in a soil.
department of environmental protection	This state agency has permitting and primary regulatory authority over the natural gas industry in the state.
bradenhead completion	A head, screwed into the top of the casing, used to confine gas/natural gas in the oil or gas well until release through an outlet into a pipeline.
susp	Suspension grade PVC.
turbidity	A cloudy condition in water due to suspended silt or organic matter.
cme	Chicago Mercantile Exchange
water wet	Describing the preference of a solid to be in contact with a water phase rather than an oil or gas phase
dry gas	One of two types of raw natural gas, dry gas contains low amounts of condensable compounds, also called natural gas liquids or NGLs (such as butane and propane), making it more "pipeline ready." Gas is considered to be "dry" when it is composed of almost entirely methane.
pore	A discrete void within a rock, which can contain air, water, hydrocarbons or other fluids
lp gas	See LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG).
ecosphere	See biosphere.
lee	Side of a slope that is opposite to the direction of flow of ice, wind, or water
e&p exploration and production.	The "upstream" sector of the oil and gas industry.
cmp	See China Main Port.
lithology	A term usually applied to sediments, referring to their general characteristics
options contract	A contract that gives the purchaser the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell the underlying commodity at a certain price on or before an agreed date.
normal lapse rate	Average rate of air temperature change with altitude in the troposphere
main system	See SYSTEM TYPE.
balancing provisions	A requirement that gas entering a pipeline for transportation (receipts) must equal the amount leaving the pipeline (deliveries)
hydrologic soil group	A designation developed by the NRCS which describes the infiltration capacity of soil
depreciation expense	The cost of plant (less net salvage) recovered over the life of the plant through a reduction of income
pl	Pipeline.
diversity	See Species Diversity.
prokaryote	Organisms whose cells have their genetic material in the form of loose strands of DNA found in the cytoplasm
nominal wall thickness	See WALL THICKNESS, NOMINAL.
sidereal month	the average period of revolution of the moon around the earth in reference to a fixed star, equal to 27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes in units of mean solar time.
methane	The first of the paraffin series of hydrocarbons
transpiration	Loss of water by plants, usually by evaporation from leaves
pit	(Looking for a definition)Cave - Parts of
contract for differences	Crude oil swap, tied to published price assessments, which exchanges floating short-term risk for fixed risk.
syngenetic karst	Karst developed in Aeolianite
wave trough	Area in between wave crests.
plutonium	An element with atomic number 94 formed as a by-product of nuclear fission in reactors
secondary air	The air for combustion externally supplied to the flame at the point of combustion.
train	Process equipment composed of vessels, piping, heat exchangers, etc., required to produce SNG or also the utilization system after customer metering.
anode	A rectangular plate of metal cast in a shape suitable for refining by the electrolytic process.
distribution	The act or process of distributing gas from the city gas or plant that portion of utility plant used for the purpose of delivering gas from the city gate or plant to the consumers, or to expenses relating to the operating and maintenance of distribution plant.
formation	A regionally distinctive sequence of sedimentary or metamorphic rocks that is extensive enough to be mapped.
coincidence factor	The ratio of the maximum demand of a group, class, or system as a whole to the sum of the individual maximum demands of the several components of the group, class, or system
workings	the current or past underground or surface openings and tunnels of a mine
volcanic cycle	A general term used to describe a period of increased volcanic activity.
acoustic log	In acoustic logging, a transmitter located in the borehole emits a pulse of mechanical energy which is recorded by one or more receivers located in the borehole some distance away from the transmitter
bolt	A high tensile steel bolt used as an anchor.Climbing and SRT
blind flange	A solid plate used to close off the end of a piping system or a device constructed with flanged ends.
place	A term used in geography that describes the factors that make the location of natural and human-made phenomena unique.
convection zone	a layer in a star in which convection currents are the main mechanism by which energy is transported outward
flaring	The burning of natural gas that cannot be conserved
plane of the ecliptic	Hypothetical two-dimensional surface in which the Earth's orbit around the Sun occurs.
kilowatt	A unit of electricity equal to one thousand watts.
straight run	Material which has come straight from an atmospheric distillation unit and has not been cracked or reformed, and which is usually used as a feedstock or as a utility fuel.
double glazing	Two panes of glass, usually parallel, with an air space between, used to provide increased thermal and/or sound insulation.
frac job	A method of stimulating a well by pumping liquid under high pressure into the reservoir to fracture the reservoir rock with the aim of improving the well flow rate.
subtropical jet stream	Relatively fast uniform winds concentrated within the upper atmosphere in a narrow band
rigging up	Act of getting a rig assembled and ready to start drilling
volatile	Able to vaporize at relatively low temperatures
redevelopment	the rebuilding of parts of a city
load water	Water used to prime a well after acidizing.
bottom hole contract	A contract providing for the payment of money or other consideration upon the drilling of a well to a specified depth.
fungi resistance	The ability of plastic pipe to withstand fungi growth and/or their metabolic products under normal conditions of service or laboratory tests simulating such conditions.
agent	A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.
magnitude	The intensity of an earthquake is described by a number in the Richter scale, called the magnitude
froth flotation	a process by which some mineral particles are induced to become attached to bubbles and thereby to float, while others sink
gas in solution	Gas dissolved in water or crude oil.
gasoline	Volatile motor fuel used in cars
terminal fall velocity	Velocity at which a particle being transported by wind or water falls out of the moving medium
diffraction	The bending of light as it passes through a small slit or opening
high btu gas	A term used to designate fuel gases having heating values of pipeline specification, i.e., greater than about 900 Btus per standard cubic foot.
observed-life table	A table of plant experience relating (1) survivors exposed to retirement at the beginning of each age interval to (2) the actual retirements during each interval
fossil dismantlement	The dismantlement and disposal of all buildings, structures, equipment, tanks and stacks at the site and restoration of the site to a usable condition.
volatilization	The process where a solid or liquid substance is converted into a gas.
astronomical unit	This is the distance from the Sun to the Earth; approximately 93 million miles.
electronic ignition	A spark ignition device designed to electrically initiate the combustion process.
physical delivery	The transfer of ownership of an underlying commodity between a buyer and seller to settle a futures contract following expiry.
log	Well log
carbide lamp	Produces light by burning acetylene gas formed by reacting water and (calcium) carbide.Lighting term
reg unl	Abbreviation for Regular unleaded gasoline.
virgo cluster	a gigantic cluster of over 2000 galaxies that is located mainly within the constellation of Virgo
urban renewal/regeneration	the improvement of old houses and the addition of amenities in an attempt to bring new life to old inner city areas.
sour gas	Natural gas containing hydrogen sulphide.
cor	Abbreviation for Corner
s/d	Occasionally used abbreviation for shutdown.
socio-economic group	classification of people according to their occupation, e.g
exsurgence	A spring fed only by percolation water, and not by sinking streams.Karst - Miscellaneous features of
prem	Abbreviation for Premium.
landsat	NASA earth orbiting satellites that gather imagery for multi-use interpretations.
brine	Water that has a quantity of salt, especially sodium chloride, dissolved in it; salt water.
radiation	energy radiated in the form of waves or particles; photons.
thunder	Sound created when lightning causes the rapid expansion of atmospheric gases along its strike path.
compound	A compound is the atoms of different elements joined together.
owner-occupied	a house lived in by its owner (as opposed to renting - see tenant).
cone karst	Karst of tropical areas, dominated by its projecting residual relief rather than by its closed depressions
brunton compass	A type of compass, with a hinged mirror and including a clinometer
coronal mass ejection	A huge magnetic bubble of plasma that erupts from the Sun and travels through space at a high speed.
wts	West Texas Sour crude oil.
southern oscillation	Reversal of atmospheric circulation in tropical Pacific Ocean that triggers the development of an El Ni隳.
porosity	The percentage of pore volume or void space, or that volume within rock that can contain fluids
proteasome	A large intracellular protein complex that degrades soluble proteins that have been modified by ubiquitylation.
offset well	A well drilled on the next location to the original well
habitat	The environment occupied by individuals of a particular species, population, or community.
dew point	The temperature and pressure at which a liquid begins to condense out of a gas.
magnetic test	The mineral will be drawn to a magnet, therefore showing the presence of magnetic material.
gigajoule	A joule is an international unit of energy defined as the energy produced from one watt flowing for one second
life line	A safety device additional to the main support in climbing
slaking	See wetting and drying.
currencies	The following are standard abbreviations used by Platts.Currency Standard Telex Print US Dollar $ USD Cents cts ý Yen Yen ý Australian dollar A$ AUD Singapore dollar S$ S-DLR Canadian dollar C$ CAN Hong Kong dollar HK$ HKD Euro EUR British Pound GBP ý French franc FFr Swiss Franc SFr Belgian Franc BFr Deutschmark/Mark DM Spanish peseta PTA Dutch guilder NLG Norwegian Krone NOK Danish Krone DKr Swedish Krone SKr Finnish Markka FIM European Currency Unit ECU Italian lire ITL Greek drachma DRA Austrian schilling SCH Portuguese escudo ESC Malaysian ringgit MR Rubles Rb UAE Dirham DHNot abbreviated: Baht Thailand Bolivar Crown Czech Republic, Slovakia Dinars Kuwait, Iraq Dram Armenia Egyptian Pounds Forint Hungary Hryvnya Ukraine Irish Punt Kwacha Zambia Manat Azerbaijan Peso Rand Real Riyals Saudi Arabia, Oman, Iran Rupee India Rupiah Indonesia Shekel Israel Som Several former Soviet Union Muslim republics Tenge Kazakstan Turkish Lira Won S
retrogressive succession	Succession where the plant community becomes simplistic and contains fewer species and less biomass over time.
burner capacity	The maximum Btu per hour that can be released by a burner while burning with a stable flame and satisfactory combustion
offshore drilling	Drilling for oil in an ocean or large lake
natural gas	Hydrocarbon gas
bacteria	Simple single celled prokaryotic organisms
inclination	a measure of the tilt of a planet's orbital plane in relation to that of the Earth.
system type - main.	The network of distribution piping to which customers' service lines are attached
enzyme	Are types of proteins that are used to facilitate and regulate chemical reactions within cells.
reducer	A pipe fitting which enables the connection of two pipes differing in diameter.
ria coast	An extensively carved out coast with conspicuous headlands and deep re-entrants.
rill	A very small steep sided channel carrying water
bp	Abbreviation for Bridge Plug
billion cubic meters	The natural gas industry's metric term — mainly used outside North America — for the amount of gas in a field's reserves or an amount of gas produced and moved to market daily, monthly or annually
cave development	Equates to cave genesis, the processes that work together to produce caves.Speleology term
n2o	Nitrous Oxide
caver	A person who enters a cave for recreation and or scientific purposes
topography	Graphic representation of the surface features of a place or region on a map, indicating their relative positions and elevations.
instability	Atmospheric condition where a parcel of air is warmer that the surrounding air in the immediate environment
stress testing	A test to simulate an extreme market event and examine what happens to prices under the stress of that exercise.
seismic	a word describing the nature or characteristic of a given phenomenon or place as being of, subject to or caused by an earthquake.
accretion	process of particles sticking together to form larger bodies; for example, solar nebular dust accreted to form chondrules, and planetesimals accreted to form planets.
isomerization	Typically, the process of separating mixed xylenes into orthoxylene and paraxylene.
operator	A person, acting for himself or as an agent for others and designated to the Commission as the one who has the primary responsibility for complying with its rules and regulations in any and all acts subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission.
retrofitting	Adding a device or materials to an existing unit for the purpose of enhancing the functional performance of the original unit
magnitude	The degree of brightness of a star or other object in the sky according to a scale on which the brightest star has a magnitude -1.4 and the faintest visible star has magnitude 6
aerosol	A mass of tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in air or another gas (see volcanic gas).
clogger	A type of ascender without a handle, used with a karabiner to keep it securely on the rope.Climbing and SRT
cross subsidization	Practice of charging one customer class with rates that are higher than the cost of service for that class, thus allowing another class to be charged rates that are lower than the respective cost of service for that class.
infill drilling	Drilling of wells according to a planned pattern and spacing to achieve full production from a new field
nameplate capacity	The full-load continuous rating of a generator or other electric power production equipment under specific conditions as designated by the manufacturer
pore ice	A form of periglacial ground ice that is found in the spaces that exist between particles of soil.
regasification terminal	See RECEIVING TERMINAL.
r5t	Natural Gas Transporter's Monthly Report.R5T Data Entry--R5T Natural Gas Transporter Information
tornado alley	Region in North America which receives a extraordinary high number of tornadoes
disabling injury illness incidence	See INJURY/ILLNESS INCIDENCE RATE, DISABLING.
stream long profile	Vertical and horizontal profile of the stream
analyte	A substance or chemical constituent being analyzed.
discount	An amount agreed between buyer and seller to be subtracted from an existing benchmark.
rate zones	Geographic areas of the Company's operations established to facilitate a design of rates to properly reflect the cost of serving customers in different parts of the company's system.
leak limiter	A device to limit the escape of gas from the vent opening of a regulator in the event of a diaphragm failure, to not more than 1 cubic foot per hour of a gas having a specific gravity of 0.6 at 7 inches water column.
pre tax return	Is equal to the debt component of the rate of return plus the equity component adjusted upwards to reflect the impact of Federal Income Taxes.
kaolinite	A type of clay that is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions
neutral atmosphere	Condition in the atmosphere where isolated air parcels do not have a tendency to rise or sink
index	A general term for a measure; also applied to the mechanism, composed of gears, dials, and dial face, that indicates the quantity of gas passing through a meter.
salamander	See HEATER, CONSTRUCTION.
demand side management	Utility activities designed to influence the amount and timing of customer demand, producing changes to the
operating costs	Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a facility that are paid out of current revenue.
cable drilling	A method of well-drilling that employs a reciprocating, rather than a rotary, motion to penetrate rock.
differentiation	Term used to describe the layered nature of a body or planet in space which has zones of differing density
opening stock	The volume of stock on hand at 7:00 a.m
flag	A price chart pattern that looks like a flag-pole with a rectangular 'flag' hanging off it
seepage	Failure that occurs through essentially microscopic breaks in the pipewall, frequently only at or near the test pressure.
guanobia	An animal association feeding on guano
transit amplifying cells	Stem cell daughters that divide for a definite number of times before they leave the meristem to undergo terminal differentiation.
atmospheric pressure	A force over a given area that is caused by the weight of an atmosphere.
pupa	(Plu Pupae) The inactive stage of certain insects when the larva undergoes metamorphis and becomes an adult.Fauna
circulation	The movement of drilling fluids described above.
trough	The trough of a wave is its lowest point.
water year	Measured water flow during a 12-month period starting October 1st and continuing to September 30th of the following year.
ulcc	Ultra large crude carrier; with a capacity of 320,000-600,000 dwt
stormwater	Runoff that flows from the surface of the watershed during a storm.
optimum air supply	Volume of air delivered to a burner that will produce the maximum thermal efficiency under specific operating conditions.
play area	The geographical area that contains a defined geological configuration within a stratigraphic interval
permeability	Measurement of the ability of a fluid (natural gas, oil or water) to flow through a rock or other porous material.
load management	A method of controlling electrical demand by switching off equipment, or moving demand from one time period to another.
ray	narrow light or dark streaks that extend radially outward from some lunar craters
leader	In caving, the person directing the activities of a caving party, and with responsibility for the safety of the group.Speleology term
tropical savanna	See savanna.
ans	Alaska North Slope crude oil.
tree root	Tree roots often penetrate down into caves and can form dense mats of fine rootlets, or thick tap roots which can completely block a passage
elastomer	A material which at room temperature can be stretched repeatedly to at least twice its original length and upon immediate release of the stress, will return to its approximate original length and shape.
carbon black	Almost pure amorphous carbon consisting of extremely fine particles, usually produced from gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons by controlled combustion with a restricted air supply or by thermal decomposition.
curb line	Street or highway map line which shows the curb location.
polymer	A substance consisting of molecules characterized by the repetition (neglecting ends, branch junctions and other minor irregularities) of one or more types of monomeric units
inserts	Plastic, copper, etc., tubing inserted into a run of existing pipe, thereby eliminating the need for a new trench.
casing	metallic or non-metallic pipe placed in the bore hole for the purpose of supporting the sides of the bore and to act as a barrier preventing subsurface migration of fluids out of or into the bore hole e.g
salt cavern	a cavern constructed within a soluble rock formation, commonly rock salt, by circulating fresh water in a controlled manner for the purposes of creating an underground hydrocarbon storage chamber.
cream skimming	Installing only the lowest cost or easy-to- install DSM measures while ignoring other cost-effective opportunities.
field price	The price paid for natural gas at the wellhead or outlet of a central gathering point in a field.
condensate	A low-density, high-API gravity liquid hydrocarbon phase that generally occurs in association with natural gas
mercator projection	Map projection system that presents true compass direction
montreal protocol	Treaty signed in 1987 by 24 nations to cut the emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) into the atmosphere
evaporator	Equipment or device that extracts or drives out vapors from liquid solutions or gases
overshot	A downhole tool used in fishing operations to engage on the outside surface of a tube or tool
spacing	The distance between wells producing from the same reservoir
preflush	one or more separate volumes of fluid that are pumped ahead of the cement as a compatible buffer between the cement and drilling fluid and to clean the drilling mud from the annulus in preparation for cementing.
forward price	The price today for the delivery of a commodity to a specific location on a specified date in the future.
mud density	The density of the drilling mud usually measured in pounds per U.S
water table	Top surface of groundwater.
biota	The total assemblage of living organisms of a district
rih	Abbreviation for Running In hole
emission nebula	a type of nebula that shines by emitting light when electrons recombine with protons to form hydrogen atoms
maritime effect	The effect that large ocean bodies have on the climate of locations or regions
md-15-rc	Amended Permit to Drill for Minerals (Corrected)
slump	the complex movement of materials on a slope; includes rotational slump.
tornado warning	A warning issued to the public that a tornado has been observed by an individual in a specified region
organic	Of biological origin
crystallization	Crystal development and growth.
molecular cloud	an interstellar cloud of molecular hydrogen containing trace amounts of other molecules such as carbon monoxide and ammonia.
compressor	An engine used to increase the pressure of natural gas so that it will flow more easily through a pipeline.
densitometer	An instrument used to determine the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a given substance (as water or hydrogen) taken as a standard, when both densities are obtained by weighing in air.
invasive plant	A plant that becomes established and spreads aggressively into new areas and environments, often with detrimental effects on native plant species.
meteor	a small particle of rock or dust that burns away in the Earth's atmosphere
christmas tree	A surface flow control system that, as a part of the wellhead, contains the master valve, the choke, and other flow control and access valves relative to the production system for that particular well
dry natural gas	Natural gas containing few or no natural gas liquids (ethane, propane or butane) or condensate.
troglodyte	A human cave dweller.Speleology term
sling psychrometer	Psychrometer that uses a rotating handle and a whirling motion to ventilate its wet-bulb thermometer.
physical geography	Field of knowledge that studies natural features and phenomena on the Earth from a spatial perspective
carbohydrate	Is an organic compound composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms
intermediate load	The range from base load to a point between base load and peak
carbon monoxide	A poisonous, combustible gas formed by incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.
scraper trap	A fitting in either end of a pipeline with a shut-off valve and a door to insert or remove a pipeline scraper which is pushed through the pipeline to clean it and increase flow efficiency.
blendstock	A component combined with other materials to produce a finished refined product.
self-help housing schemes	groups of people, especially in LEDCs, are encouraged to build their own homes, using materials provided by the local authority.
crude oil	A naturally occurring mixture of liquid hydrocarbons as it comes out of the ground (before or after any dissolved gas has been separated from it, but prior to any process of distilling or refining)
organic matter	Mass of matter that contains living organisms or non-living material derived from organisms
triassic	The first period of the Mesozoic
wireline log	Well log run on logging cable.
looping	A paralleling of an existing pipeline by another line over the whole length or any part of it to increase capacity.
coal	A carbon-rich sedimentary rock that forms from the remains of plants deposited as peat in swampy environments
calving	The loss of glacier mass when ice breaks off into a large water body like an ocean or a lake.
cers	See Certified Emission Reductions.
orifice plate	A plate of noncorrosive material which can be fastened between flanges or in a special fitting perpendicular to the axis of flow and having a concentric circular hole
wet point site	a settlement location where the main advantage is a water supply in an otherwise dry area e.g
updip	Located up the slope of a dipping plane or surface
operator	The operator is the project owner for hydrocarbon exploration and then exploitation.
resids	Oil market jargon for residual fuel oils.
bubble-point pressure	The pressure at which gas first begins to come out of solution at constant temperature.
hadley cell	Three-dimensional atmospheric circulation cell located at roughly 0 to 30° North and South of the equator
differential	The difference between two prices
west texas intermediate	Refers to a grade of crude oil produced in the Permian and Midland basin areas of west Texas
holocene	period of geological time from 11,500 years ago to the present day
single rope technique	The practice of climbing up and down ropes with the help of ascenders and descenders
generalist species	Species that can survive and tolerate a broad range of environmental conditions.
dwt	Deadweight tonnage
extender	A substance, generally having some adhesive action, added to a plastic composition to reduce the amount of the primary resin required per unit volume.
n&a	Naphthenes and aromatics.
sole source aquifers	Designated by the U.S
prusik knot	A friction knot which can slide along a rope when no weight is applied, but grips when a pull is applied
taiga	See Boreal Forest.
doldrums	Area of low atmospheric pressure and calm westerly winds located at the equator
isotope	Form of an element where the number of neutrons in its atomic nucleus is different than the number of protons.
tide	A tide is a periodic rise and fall of large bodies of water
calcium sulphate	A chemical combination of calcium, sulphur, and oxygen
vapor	The gaseous state of a substance as distinguished from permanent gases
moratorium	Suspension of activity.
unconventional gas	Natural gas resources which require greater than industry-standard levels of technology or investment to harvest
exterior zones	The portions of a building, with significant amounts of exterior walls, windows, roofs, or exposed floors
ellipse	A conic section; the curve of intersection of a circular cone and a plane cutting completely through the cone.
electron	A sub-particle of an atom that contains a negative atomic charge.
domain	A biological region of the earths crust.Cave - Biota
squeeze	An opening in a cave only passable with effort because of its small dimensions
balancing	The requirement imposed by electricity grids or natural gas pipelines that supply and demand be equal over a certain time period
plate tectonics	The theory and study of the formation, movement, and interaction of the rigid plates that make up the earth's crust and upper mantle.
corrosion prevention	The halting or elimination of metal damage through use of protective methods and devices.
hips	High-impact polystyrene.
out-of-town shopping centre	a large group of shops built either on a site on the edge of the urban area or on the site of a former large industrial area
abstract of title	A chronological history of the ownership of a tract of land.
n/u	Abbreviation for Nippling up
workover	The re-entry of a well in order to affect a repair or modification.
depletion	As applied to natural gas producing land and land rights, means the loss in value incurred in connection with the exhaustion of a natural resource.
foliar leaching	Process in which water from precipitation removes plant nutrients from the surface of leaves.
ambient vaporizer	A vaporizer which derives energy for vaporizing and heating LNG from storage conditions to send out conditions from naturally occurring sources such as the atmosphere, sea water, or geothermal waters.
mechanical rig	A drilling rig whose source of power is one or more internal combustion engines.
oil-gas parity pricing	Conversion of costs per gallon oil price to an equivalent gas price in dollars per Mcf by application of appropriate oil/gas heat (Btu) conversion factors.
overspill town	a town that expanded by taking people who were forced to move out of cities as a result of slum clearance and redevelopment schemes.
microgour	Miniature rimstone dam with associated tiny pool of the order 10mm wide and deep
capacity	The amount of capacity available for purchase from other power systems.
payout	The amount of time it takes to recover the capital investment made on a well or drilling program.
surface casing	First set of casing set in well
coincident demand	The sum of the simultaneous demands of a group of consumers.
subsidence	Lowering or sinking of the Earth's surface.
star cluster	a large grouping of stars, from a few dozen to a few hundred thousand, that are bound together by their mutual gravitational attraction.
deed	A written document by which the title to a property is transferred from one party (the grantor) to another (the grantee).
mobility	The ratio of permeability to viscosity
form dm-1r	Oil Well Potential Report Well Test Information
pseudokarst	Terrain with landforms (and caves) which resemble those of karst but are not the product of karst solution processes.Karst - Kinds of
butane	A low-boiling paraffin hydrocarbon generally stored and delivered in liquefied form and used as a fuel in gaseous form, obtained by processing natural gas as produced and also from a process in petroleum refining
mixer	The combination of mixer head, mixer throat, and mixer tube
differentiation	The chemical zonation caused by differences in the densities of minerals; dense materials sink, less dense materials float
shield	A large stable area of exposed very old (more than 600 million years) igneous and metamorphic rock found on continents
washer	A shell with internal baffler or packing, so arranged that gas to be cleaned passes up through the baffles counter-current to the flow of scrubbing liquid down through the washer
lease	A legal document conveying the right to drill for oil and gas, or the tract of land on which a lease has been obtained where the producing wells and production equipment are located.
half blind valley	A blind valley that overflows its threshold when the flow exceeds a certain limit, beyond which the stream sink cannot accept all the waterKarst - Depression Features of
offer	An indication of willingness to sell a specified amount of a commodity at a specific price
deposition nuclei	Six-sided microscopic particle that allows for deposition of water as ice crystals in the atmosphere
probe	A spacecraft, with no humans aboard, designed to study conditions on or near a planet.
full scale program	A DSM program that is available to all eligible customers within a utility's service territory.
crawl	A passage which, because of its low roof height, must be negotiated on hands and knees
ell or elbow	A pipe fitting that makes an angle in a piperun
rig	Machine used to drill a wellbore.
burner head	The portion of the burner beyond the outlet end of the mixer tube which contains the ports.
drainage pattern	Geometric pattern that a stream's channels take in the landscape
pyroclastic	an adjective used to describe rock materials formed by fragmentation as a result of volcanic action.
katabatic wind	Any wind blowing down the slope of a mountain.
repeat formation tester	The repeat formation tester (RFT) is operated by an electrically driven hydraulic system so that it can be set and retracted as often as necessary to pressure test all zones of interest on one trip in the well
humidity	The entrained weight of water per unit weight of moisture-free gas or air.
sun	Luminous star around which the Earth and other planets revolve around
maximum day allocation	See DESIGN DAY AVAILABILITY.
electromagnetic radiation	radiation that travels through vacuous space at the speed of light and propagates by the interplay of oscillating electric and magnetic fields
standard deviation	A statistical measure of the dispersion of observation values in a data set
photomorphogenesis	A light-dependent developmental process, such as seed germination or seedling growth.
form sdm-2	Louisiana State Potential Report
or-1	Organization/Transporter Permit and Annual Registration FormOrganizations (OR-1) Information--Organization Search --Organization Officer/Contact Search
oligotrophic lake	Lake with a low supply of nutrients in its waters
tenement blocks	Large residential blocks built in the inner cities of the MEDCs during the Industrial Revolution to house workers in high density cramped and unhygienic conditions next to the factories.
load research	The systematic gathering, recording, and analyzing of data describing customers' patterns of energy usage.
fracture porosity	Porosity resulting from the presence of openings produced by the breaking or shattering of brittle rocks.
casing	Steel pipe cemented in place in an oil or gas well as the drilling progresses or when the well is completed
meteoroid	Meteoroids are tiny stones or pieces of metal that travel through space.
superseding rate schedule	A contract submitted as a rate schedule to replace an existing rate schedule
market	A context in which goods are bought and sold, not necessarily confined to a particular geographic location.
ecosystem	An ecosystem is a system where populations of species group together into communities and interact with each other and the abiotic environment.
2-psig gas piping system	A gas piping system that utilizes 2-psig pressure downstream of the point of delivery
lifting costs	The cost of producing oil from a well or lease.
retirement frequency	See RETIREMENT DISPERSION.
vug	Solution cavity.
satellite	A body that orbits around a larger body.
regressive evolution	Concept used to describe the adaptive traits or troglomorphies of obligate cavernicoles, particularly those species that only live in the dark zone
electrolytic	the process of extracting metal based on passing an electric current through a solution containing dissolved metals, causing the metals to be deposited on the cathode.
joint plane	The plane in which a joint has formed.Speleology term
vapor barrier	A moisture-impervious layer applied to the warm side for the purpose of preventing moisture travel.
longitudinal seams	The weld which is used to manufacture pipe rolled or formed from plate.
depreciable plant	Usually tangible plant in service which is subject to depreciation, depletion, or amortization.
ream	To enlarge the wellbore by drilling it again with a special bit
cap	A cup-shaped fitting placed on the end of a pipe to seal the pipe, usually threaded on the inside and screwed over the end of the pipe
btx extraction	The process for removing benzene, toluene and xylene from reformate or pyrolysis gasoline.
commission	Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), or local public utility regulatory commission (PUC).
cave breathing	The movement of air in and out of a cave entrance
hydrology	The Science dealing with the properties, distribution and circulation of water.
demand based gic	See GAS INVENTORY CHARGE.
load shape	Variations in the power load over a daily, weekly or annual period.
syncline	A fold in rock layers that forms a trough-like bend.
cellulose	A type of carbohydrate
compound	A substance made by combining two or more parts or elements; water is a chemical compound made from hydrogen and oxygen.
climatology	Scientific study of the Earth's climate over long time spans (greater than several days)
cryptic	Animals that are inconspicuous either because they are small, secretive in their habits, or well camouflaged
torrent	a sporadic and sudden channelized discharge of water and debris.
hydrogen	The lightest, simplest, and most abundant element in the universe
lubricated plug valve	See VALVE, LUBRICATED PLUG.
terrace	An elevated surface above the existing level of a floodplain or shore that is created by stream or ocean wave erosion.
prominence	an explosion of hot gas that erupts from the Sun's surface
seismograph	A seismograph is a device that records and measures seismic waves (vibrations in the Earth), like those from earthquakes.
containment cap	A collection device engineered to create a seal over an open pipe atop the blowout preventer to funnel leaking oil up to a tanker ship floating above.
pooled unit	Unit created by combining separate mineral interests under the pooling clause of lease or agreement.
population density	The number of buildings or dwelling units within a class location unit of a pipeline.
drawdown	The difference between static and flowing bottom-hole pressures.
system	A system is a set of interrelated components working together towards some kind of process.
cd	Abbreviation for CONTRACT DEMAND.
dry hole	Any exploratory or development well that does not find commercial quantities of hydrocarbons.
nfu	No future utilities
property retired	As applied to plant, means property which has been removed, sold, abandoned, destroyed, or which for any cause has been withdrawn from service.
mop	Meeting of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol
sidetrack	To deviate from the original direction of a well.
sauropod	(suborder Sauropoda) Very large herbivorous (plant-eating) dinosaur that lived during the Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods (about 200 to 65 million years ago)
heat of fusion	The heat lost or gained by a substance in passing from
domestic production	Oil and gas produced in the United States as opposed to imported product
riser	A large-diameter pipe that connects the subsea BOP stack to a floating surface rig to take mud returns to the surface
bactericide	Term used to describe a product that stops the spread of bacteria.
oilfield services	Service companies that do work in and for the oilfield
cyclogenesis	Process of cyclone formation, maturation, and death.
porosity	A measure of the number and size of the spaces between each particle in a rock
conditionally effective rates	Rates that have been allowed by FERC subject to refund pending final disposition of the rate hearing.
spot market	A product of deregulation, the spot market is a method of contract purchasing whereby commitments by the buyer and seller are of a short duration at a single volume price.
endokarstic	Subterranean region in karst, below the Epikarstic zone
sulfides	A group of organic compounds containing a sulfur atom that is directly bonded between two carbon atoms
loop flow	The tendency of electricity to flow along the path of least resistance, which may not necessarily be the same as that intended in the contract between the two transmitting entities
casing test	Affidavit of Test of Casing in Well
terraced house	a house within a (usually) long line of joined housing
hydrocarbons	Hydrocarbons are substances composed solely of carbon and hydrogen
casing	Steel pipe placed in an oil or gas well to prevent the wall of the hole from caving in, to prevent movement of fluids from one formation to another and to aid in well control
additions to utility plant	a
check stub	Stub attached to a check disclosing well name, month of production, price received, total volumes produced, and JIB expenses deducted.
native base gas	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
department of energy	A
overfire air	Modification to allow an increase of air entering the furnace above the fire and reduction of air entering near the coal.
economic interest	An interest in oil and gas in the ground
tolerance acreage	Small amounts of acreage assigned to a proration unit after the unit is already established.
radiator	A heating unit which transfers heat by radiation to objects within visible range and by conduction to the surrounding air which, in turn, is circulated by natural convection; a so-called radiator is also a convector, but the term radiator has been established by long usage.
reciprocating pump	A pump consisting of a piston that moves back and forth or up and down in a cylinder.
play	A set of oil or gas accumulations sharing similar geologic and geographic properties, such as source rock, hydrocarbon type, and migration pathways.
tih	Abbreviation for Tripping in hole
tidal forces	the gravitational pull on planetary objects from nearby planets and moons
carbon/hydrogen ratio	The ratio, either on a weight or on a molecular basis, of carbon-to-hydrogen in a hydrocarbon material
impounding area	An area which is defined through the use of berms,
shut-in pressure	the pressure recorded at the wellhead or subsurface when valves are closed to shut-in the flow from or injection into the well.
carbonaceous material	A material which contains carbon.
element	A substance composed of atoms having the same number of protons in each nucleus.
tolerance range	Limits of tolerance a species has to an abiotic factor or condition in the environment.
fee lands	Privately owned, nonpublic lands.
ho	Heating oil
fin-fan cooler	A dry cooler that passes cooling air over finned tubes, through which some hot fluid is being passed, during the cooling process
natural gas	A highly compressible, highly expansible mixture of hydrocarbons having a low specific gravity and occurring naturally in a gaseous form.
exotic stream	A stream that has a course that begins in a humid climate and end in an arid climate
revenue	Total revenue from operations, less sales and excise taxes, plus income from investments and any other pre-tax income.
counter-radiation	Redirection of the Earth's longwave radiation back to the surface because of the greenhouse effect.
morphology	as used here, the external shape and arrangement of landforms.
subtropical high pressure zone	Surface zone of atmospheric high pressure located at about 30° North and South latitude
combustion control	A device which manually or automatically proportions combustion air to fuel over the whole operating range of the burner or burners.
bivalve	A Mollusc
well	A deep rounded hole in a cave floor or on the surface in karst
air shutter	An adjustable device for varying the primary air inlet(s) regulating primary or secondary air.
wh-1	Well history & work resume report (completions/recompletions).
uic-29	Authorization for After-Hours Disposal of E&P Waste
space station	An orbiting space laboratory on which people could live and work for several years or more.
benches	Surface configurations added to stormwater basins that create flat edges, usually installed for safety and to minimize erosion.
therm	A unit of heating value equal to 100,000 Btus, in common use in the UK
ecotone	Boundary zone between two unique community types.
gann theory	An eclectic blend of fact and fantasy, the works of WD Gann caught on in the City in the late 1980s
occluded front	A transition zone in the atmosphere where an advancing cold air mass sandwiches a warm air mass between another cold air mass pushing the warm air into the upper atmosphere.
permeability	A property of a porous medium: a measure of the capacity of the medium to transmit fluids
firm power	Electricity capacity intended to be available at all times during the period covered by a guaranteed commitment to deliver, even under adverse conditions, but subject to force majeure interruptions
function of a settlement	what the settlement does to 'earn its living' e.g
consolidation	All this means is that prices are moving in a broadly sideways range after a sharp move in one direction
argillic horizon	A clay-rich layer of soil
eor	Enhanced Oil Recovery
wti	West Texas Intermediate, a type of crude oil commonly used as a price benchmark.
beach	The terrestrial interface area in between land and a water body where there are accumulations of unconsolidated sediments like sand and gravel
cation	An ion carrying a positive atomic charge.
tariff	A gas company schedule detailing the terms, conditions and rate information applicable to various types of natural gas service
tracer log	A survey that uses a radioactive tracer such as a gas, liquid, or solid having a high gamma ray emission
urban hierarchy	see hierarchy.
suunto clinometer	A small, handheld pendulum clinometer commonly used in cave survey.Survey & Mapping term
pillar	A bedrock column from roof to floor left by removal of surrounding rock.Cave - Parts of
satellite	A satellite is an object that moves around a larger object
convergent lifting	The vertical lifting of parcels of air through the convergence of opposing air masses in the atmosphere
certificate of restoration	A document issued by the BC Oil and Gas Commission certifying that an abandoned wellsite has been restored to meet regulatory requirements.
fpso	FPSO refers to a floating production, storage and offloading system where refined crude oil and condensate are stored in tanks within a vessel
curtain	A speleothem of dripstone, in the form of a wavy or folded sheet hanging from a cave wall or roof, often translucent & resonant.Cave - Depositional Features
coffee and cream	A cave decoration caused by salt exudation finely shattering base rock to the consistency of flour
water-cooling tower	A device for evaporative cooling of water by contact with air.
absolute magnitude	a scale for measuring the actual brightness of a celestial object without accounting for the distance of the object
pipeline	Underground or surface tubing or piping that is installed across states, countries and continents to deliver fuel
anti-oxidant	A compounding ingredient added to a plastic composition to retard possible degradation from contact with oxygen (air), particularly in processing at, or exposures to, high temperatures.
labyrinth	Syn, Maze cave, Network.Cave - Kinds of
gas well	See WELL, GAS.
pipe	A tubular cavity projecting down from the surface into karst rocks
regulator vent	An atmospheric connection to the diaphragm of the regulator.
micronutrient	Nutritional element required by an organism in relatively very small quantities.
commission	The Railroad Commission of Texas.
traverse	The commonest form of cave survey in which direction, distance and vertical angle between successive points are measured.Survey & Mapping term
joint of pipe	A length of drill pipe, tubing, or casing, usually 30 feet in length.
flexible connector	A flexible tubing connecting a rigid pipe gas supply line to gas utilizing equipment.
amorphous	Devoid of crystallinity
kuiper belt	A doughnut-shaped region of comets in orbit beyond Neptune, assumed to be the oldest surviving remnant of the original solar nebula and the source of short-period comets.
molecular weight	The sum of the atomic masses of the elements forming the molecule
visual magnitude	A scale used by astronomers to measure the brightness of a star or other celestial object
conurbation	a large urban settlement which is the result of towns and cities spreading out and merging together.
water to carbon ratio	The ratio by weight of the amount of water to carbon compounds in a gas (vapor) stream.
jisc	The UN's Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee.
névé	Partially melted and compacted snow that has a density of at least 500 kilograms per cubic meter.
saturated air	Air containing all the water vapor it can hold at its temperature and pressure.
operator	The person or company, either proprietor or lessee, actually operating an oil well or lease.
participant	The unit used by a utility to measure participation in its DSM programs; usually customers or households in the case of residential programs.
slickwater	Slick water fracturing is a method or system of hydraulic fracturing that involves adding chemicals to water to reduce friction and increase the fluid flow
angle of deflection	The angle, in degrees, at which a well is deflected from the vertical by means of a whipstock or other deflecting tool
condensate	The liquid resulting when a vapor is subjected to cooling or application of pressure
oil majors	Oil majors are also known as major international oil companies
certified capacity	The total certified capacity of a pipeline is the sum of the increments authorized in various certificates by the FERC
slug flow	A fluid-flow condition in producing wells in which large bubbles of the lighter fluid move upward faster than small ones and aggregate to form larger bubbles or slugs which reach pipe diameter.
rio grande/rio bravo	The river that is the boundary between Texas and Mexico is the Rio Grande, although our friends in Mexico call it the Rio Bravo
specific heat	The heat required to raise a unit mass of a substance through a degree of temperature difference
furnace	When used in a central heating system, this is a self-contained appliance for heating air by transfer of heat of combustion through metal to the air.
hls	Heavy Louisiana Sweet -API gravity 33 degrees or lower.
fastline	The end of the drilling line that is affixed to the drum or reel of the drawworks, so called because it travels with greater velocity than any other portion of the line.
dynamic phreas	A phreatic zone where water moves fast with turbulent flow under hydrostatic pressure.Speleology term
precipitate	Solidification of a previously dissolved substance from a solution.
settlement price	A price established at the close of a trading day used to calculate the settlement of futures contracts.
uic-13	Community Saltwater Disposal Well/System Notification Certification
settlement function	the main activity, usually economic e.g
dielectric strength	The voltage that will rupture or puncture the material when placed between electrodes of a given size.
rig	Drilling platform.
explosive limits	The lowest (lower limit) and highest (upper limit) concentrations of a specific gas or vapor in mixture with air that can be ignited at ordinary temperature and pressure of the mixture
batholith	A large mass of subsurface intrusive igneous rock that has its origins from mantle magma.
squall line	A band of thunderstorm development found ahead of a cold front.
lessee	The person who purchases an oil, gas and mineral lease.
net primary productivity	Total amount of chemical energy fixed by the processes of photosynthesis minus the chemical energy lost through respiration.
tight hole	A well about which information is restricted and passed only to those authorized, for security and competitive reasons.
btx	Benzene, toluene and xylene.
hydrologic cycle	The cycle of water movement from the atmosphere to the earth and back to the atmosphere through various processes
pbtd	Abbreviation for Plugged back total depth
bridge plug	A downhole tool (composed primarily of slips, a plug mandrel, and a rubber sealing element) that is run and set in casing to isolate a lower casing interval while testing an upper section.
field and gathering lines	See SYSTEM TYPE.
asphodilites	no definition (term mentioned in ASF codes)Miscellaneous terms
paleosol	A soil exhibiting features that are the result of some past conditions and processes.
solid	A state of matter where molecules where the mass of the substance does not have the property of flow.
convertible securities	Securities which are convertible into other classes of securities (usually common stock) of the same corporation at the option of the security holder, but only in accordance with prescribed conditions.
short	Traders are said to be short when they have contracted to sell more than they contracted to buy.
invaded zone	The portion of formation surrounding a well bore into which drilling fluid has penetrated
supply tracking	A supply forecasting procedure utilized during a period when supply capability exceeds demand, whereby deliverability is restricted to (or "tracks") that demand, until such time as supply capability falls below the demand level.
open pit	A surface mine, open to daylight, such as a quarry
compressor station	Any permanent combination of facilities which supplies the energy to move gas at increased pressure from fields, in transmission lines, or into storage.
cirrus clouds	High altitude cloud composed of ice crystals
thermometer	Device used to measure temperature.
completion	The process of finishing a well so that it is ready to produce gas.
differential pressure	The pressure difference between two points in a system
fsl	Abbreviation for From south line
pressure regulating station	Equipment installed for the purpose of automatically reducing and regulating the pressure in the downstream pipeline or main to which it is connected
bi-monthly billing	A customer billing procedure in a distribution company where bills are rendered every month, but meters are read every other month
southeast trade winds	See trade winds.
vaporizer	A heat exchange used to return liquid natural gas to a gaseous form and then continue to heat the gas to a temperature at which it can be sent into the distribution system.
loc	Abbreviation for Location
specific conductance	A measurement of water's ability to conduct an electric current (conductivity) that is directly related to the total dissolved salts (ions) in the water
manhole	An opening into a tank, boiler, furnace, vault, or other equipment through which a person can enter to service equipment; can be sealed with a removable plate or door.
threatened species	Species that is still plentiful in its natural range but is likely to become endangered because of declining population numbers.
automatic ignition	See IGNITION, AUTOMATIC.
grid	The layout of an electrical transmission system or a synchronized transmission network
buoy	A buoy is a floating device that is tethered to the sea floor
pipeline fuel	Natural gas consumed in the operation of a natural gas pipeline, primarily in compressors.
foraminifera	A subclass of Sarcodina, unicellular (mostly microscopic & marine) animals that secrete tests of CaCO3
psychrometer	A device for measuring the humidity in the air, employing a wet bulb and a dry bulb thermometer.
parasite	Deriving food from a host, to which it is attached, and harming the host
ice pellets	A type of precipitation
bcpd	Barrels of Condensate Per Day
bottom-cycle plants	An energy system which produces heat first for process use and electricity as a by-product.
building envelope	The walls, doors, windows and roof that separates the inside of a building from the outside.
centralizer	A device which positions the logging tool in the centre or near centre of the well bore
barrel	Petroleum barrel
south georgia method	Method which bridges the gap between the Commission's past flow-through policies of book and tax timing differences to the Commission's current policy of tax normalization as expressed in the Commission's Order No.144
drilling head	Rotation of the drilling bit for penetration.
christmas tree	The valve assembly at the top of tubing strings and casing of a gas well or an oil well to provide primary pressure reduction, production rate control, and shut-in service.
in situ	In place
sediment	Rock debris commonly produced by mechanical or chemical weathering processes.
usg	Tanker and market abbreviation for United States Gulf, more properly known as the Gulf of Mexico.
bs&w	An acronym for Basic Sediment and Water.
clean water act	The federal law that regulates discharges into waterways.
sublimation	The process of a solid returning directly to a gas without changing to a liquid first.
walking	In caving, a passage in which there is enough head room to walk upright
meander	An arcuate curve in a river course due to the stream eroding sideways.Geology
organic soil	Soil order (type) of the Canadian System of Soil Classification
geothermal gradient	The rate of increase of temperature in the earth with depth
section 311 transportation	Refers to transportation pursuant to Section 311 of the NGPA, which authorizes interstate pipelines to transport "on behalf of" local distribution companies or intrastate pipelines without the necessity of obtaining a certificate under Section 7 of the NGA.
nitrate	Form of nitrogen commonly found in the soil and used by plants for building amino acids, DNA and proteins
stabilizer	An ingredient used in the formulation of some plastics, to assist in maintaining the physical and chemical properties of the compounded materials at their initial values throughout the processing and service life of the material.
el	Abbreviation for Electric Log
evergreen vegetation	Vegetation that keeps a majority of their leaves or needles throughout the year
geologist	Scientist whose duties consist of obtaining and interpreting data dealing with the earth’s history and its life, especially as recorded in rocks
blowout preventer	BOP
gbp	British Pound
aurora	a glow in a planet's ionosphere caused by the interaction between the planet's magnetic field and charged particles from the Sun.
completion	After the drilling of a successful well, the "completion" includes all the work required to make the well ready for commercial production.
classification	Process of grouping things into categories.
gouge-pipe	A groove or scooped out cavity damage to pipe caused by a foreign object.
sublimation	Process where ice changes into water vapor without first becoming liquid
black shale	A thinly bedded shale that is rich in carbon, sulphide and organic material, formed by anaerobic (lacking oxygen) decay of organic matter
waterflooding	A secondary recovery method in which water is injected into a reservoir to force additional oil into the wells.
surplus energy	Energy generating capability that is beyond the immediate needs of the producing system
torque	The turning force that is applied to a shaft or other rotary mechanism to cause it to rotate or tend to do so
risk disaggregation	An identification of specific risk components within transactions, assets, and contracts
proportional	Cause and effect relationship between two variables where a positive or negative change in the quantity of one causes a predictable similar quantity change in the other.
floodway	Part of the floodplain, centered on the stream, that will convey most of the flow during overbank flooding events.
gas day	A period of twenty-four (24) consecutive hours commencing at a specified hour on a given calendar day and ending at the same specified hour on the next succeeding calendar day.
dt-1	Gas Well Deliverability TestWell Test Information
price cap	A method of setting a utility distribution company's rates where a maximum allowable price level is established by regulators, flexibility in individual pricing is allowed, and where efficiency gains can be encouraged and captured by the company
technical potential	In DSM, an estimate of energy savings based on the assumption that all existing equipment or measures will be replaced with the most efficient equipment or measure that is technically feasible, without regard to cost or market acceptance
fall	The designation given to a meteorite that was observed as it came through the Earth's atmosphere and that was retrieved soon afterward.
flow formulas	In the gas industry, formulas used to determine gas flow rates or pressure drops in pipelines, regulators, valves, meters, etc.
transition zone	A zone of transitional saturations between water and gas, water and oil, or gas and oil.
jet	A hydraulic device operated by pump pressure for the purpose of cleaning fluid out of the pits and tanks on a rotary drilling location.
reserve capacity	Extra generating capacity available to meet unanticipated demands for power or to generate power in the event of loss of generation
spicules	the range of colors produced when visible light passes through a prism.
moody's	Rating Quality Description:
shipper	Owner of the transportation contract, for whom gas is transported.
kelly bushing	Drilling rig equipment that fits inside the rotary table and is also used as a reference point on logs to calculate depth.
paleozoic era	period of geological time from 545 to 245 million years ago
net revenue interest	An owner's interest in the revenues of a well.
julian date	the interval of time in days and fraction of a day since 1 January 4713 BC, Greenwich noon.
pump jack	A surface unit similar to a pumping unit but having no individual power plant.
maximum actual operating pressure	See PRESSURE, MAXIMUM ACTUAL OPERATING.
eutrophication	Physical, chemical and biological changes in a water body as a result of the input nitrogen and phosphorus.
abandoned well	A well no longer in use, whether dry, inoperable or no longer productive, and the previous operator has intentionally relinquished its interest in the well
weathering	The action of elements in altering the colour, texture, composition, or form of exposed objects on the surface of a planet of Moon.
pressure base	The standard pressure used in determining a gas volume, expressed in terms of pounds of pressure per square inch, usually 14.73 psia.
cathodic protection	an electro-chemical, anti-corrosion technique for protection of metal structures such as well casings, pipelines, tanks, buildings whereby weak electric currents are set up to offset the current associated with metal corrosion.
log	A detailed depth-related record of geological, formation attribute, and hydrocarbon potential data obtained by lowering measurement instruments into a well.
non-associated gas	Natural gas produced from a reservoir that does not contain significant quantities of crude oil.
kilowatt-hour	A unit of energy equal to the work done by one kilowatt acting for one hour
histone acetyltransferase	An enzyme that adds acetyl groups to lysine residues in the DNA-binding histone group of proteins and thereby modulates the transcriptional activity of genes.
sub	A short piece of pipe used to connect parts of the drilling string that could not otherwise be connected due to differences in thread size or design.
mud logging	Hydrocarbon well logging
abney level	A type of clinometer, having a bubble tube.Survey & Mapping term
lagging	Asbestos and magnesia plaster used on process equipment and piping as a thermal insulation.
injected gas	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
tectonic activity	Tectonic activity is the shifting of a planet's surface because of changes deep inside the body
protoplasm	Substances making up a cell including its exterior membrane.
nipple	Tubular pipe fitting, usually threaded at both ends.
corrosion	Syn
district office	The Commission designated office for the geographic area in which the property or act subject to regulation is located or arises.
desulfurization	The process by which sulfur and sulfur compounds are removed from gases or liquid hydrocarbon mixtures.
well bore	This is the entire length of hole that the drill makes in the ground; there is a great deal of engineering software for the design and casing of a well bore.
spread	An option trade in which two or more open positions are established in order to trade the differentials and offset risk
irregular galaxy	a galaxy with no spiral structure and no symmetric shape
port	Opening in the seat of a slide valve in diaphragm gas meters or an opening in any equipment for the flow of gases or vapors.
conversion burner	See BURNER, CONVERSION.
fault	Occurs when a part of the earth's crust fractures due to forces by movement of plates on the earth's crust
custom smelter	A smelter which processes concentrates from independent mines
bit	The cutting or boring element used in drilling oil and gas wells.
order 636	The FERC order which implemented the provisions outlined in the Mega-NOPR.
title	The combination of factors that, together, constitute legal ownership of a property.
net salvage	In accounting, the difference between gross salvage and cost of removal resulting from the removal, abandonment or other disposition of retired plant
tectonic	Relating to large-scale structural features of the earth and their origin.
gamma ray	highly penetrating rays emitted by radioactive substances
absolute zero	The zero point on the absolute temperature scale
delta hedging	The process whereby the grantor of an option decides to buy or sell more or less of an underlying futures contract in order to protect against being declared upon by the options holder
e-4	Russian high sulfur straight-run feedstock
operating agreement	A special type of agreement between the State of Louisiana (acting through the State Mineral Board) and an operator (who has applied for an operating agreement and shown that the special conditions required for an operating agreement to be issued are present) allowing the operator to enter an existing well on unleased state owned land or water bottoms and produce and sell, save or utilize hydrocarbons from same in return for payment to the state of a specified production payment and carrying out other terms set forth in the agreement
cold front	A transition zone in the atmosphere where an advancing cold air mass displaces a warm air mass.
dew point	Dew point is the temperature at which water vapor saturates from an air mass into liquid or solid usually forming rain, snow, frost or dew
lp gas--air mixtures	Liquefied petroleum gases distributed at relatively low pressures and normal atmospheric temperatures which have been diluted with air to produce desired heating value and utilization characteristics.
service stop	The plug-type valve located in the service line between the main and the building; however, it is often used synonymously with the meter stop which is located within the building or immediately before the meter or regulator in outside settings
landfall	The coastline location where a tropical storm or hurricane moves from ocean onto land.
transporter	A legal entity which has the capability of providing the service of transporting gas
manifest	See Form UIC-28
gas-to-liquids	The conversion of natural gas to a liquid form so that it can be transported easily
chromatogram	The recorder chart response to an analysis of a gas air mixture
gravity	A standard adopted by the American Petroleum Institute for measuring the density of a liquid
total porosity	The total pore volume occupied by fluid in a rock
one-tailed statistical test	Is an inferential statistical test where the values for which one can reject the null hypothesis are located entirely in one side of the center of the probability distribution.
transmission line	A line used for bulk transfer of electricity between a generating plant or receiving point and major substations or delivery points.
test period	A period of time extending nine months beyond the end of the Base Period
barrel	The standard measurement in the oil industry
brokerage of gas	The term applies to the activities and compensation in arranging for the sale of gas between producers and buyers.
load duration curve	A graph made by plotting data in order of magnitude against time intervals for a specified period
capacitor	A transmission element designed to inject reactive power into the transmission network
anticline	A fold of rock layers that convex upward
apt	Ammonium paratungstate
synthetic natural gas	A descriptive term used interchangeably with SNG and Substitute Natural Gas
drlg	Abbreviation for Drilling in Progress
common carriage	The obligation to carry, for a fee, gas that belongs to another party
anaerobic	A life or process that occurs in, or is not destroyed by, the absence of oxygen.
perennial	Persisting for more than one year
go-devil	See PIG.
safety clamp	A clamp placed tightly around a drill collar that is suspended in the rotary table by drill collar slips.
greenhouse effect	The greenhouse effect causes the atmosphere to trap more heat energy at the Earth's surface and within the atmosphere by absorbing and re-emitting longwave energy
doghouse	A portable, one-room shelter at a well site for the convenience and protection of the drilling crew and others
aa	A type of lava surface in which the surface was too stiff to flow well, and so broke up into fragments
sand dune	A hill or ridge of aeolian sand deposits with a minimum height of less than one meter and a maximum height of about 50 meters
river-dog	See RIVER-CLAMP.
karst geomorphology	The scientific study of karst landforms (both on the surface and underground) and the processes which contribute to their development.Speleology term
hypogean	Pertaining to the domain below the endogean, including the dark zone of caves
absorption refrigerating system	See REFRIGERATING SYSTEM, ABSORPTION.
obliquity	Tilt of the Earth's polar axis as measured from the perpendicular to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun
mandrel	A cylindrical bar, spindle or shaft around which other parts are arranged or attached or that fits inside a cylinder or tube.
woo	Abbreviation for Waiting on orders
pipeline	See TRANSMISSION COMPANY, GAS.
succession	The temporal changes of plant and animal populations and species in an area that has been disturbed.
spread	The difference between two prices, either across time or between commodities or instruments.
on pump	A phrase used in reference to a well that does not flow from natural reservoir energy but is produced by means of a pump
bacon	A thin, translucent sheet of dripstone hanging from a cave wall or roof, and with streaks of colour suggesting bacon.Cave - Depositional Features
gas condensate	Hydrocarbon liquid dissolved in saturated natural gas that comes out of solution when the pressure drops below the dewpoint.
pkr	Abbreviation for Packer
defensive site	a settlement which usually grew at or around a fort or castle on top of a hill, although river meander bends, bridges, dry-point sites and coastal sites with cliffs were also good for defence.
pool	A natural underground reservoir containing an accumulation of oil or gas or both, separated or appearing to be separated from any other accumulation.
shoulder-bed effect	Adjacent bed effect
tidemark	A horizontal bench or a marking on a wall of a lava tube which indicates a prior lava level.Lava Cave term
sewage gas	A gas produced by the fermentation of sewage sludge low in heating value due to dilution with CO2 and N2; also marsh gas or firedamp.
distrigas method	A formula used to allocate overhead costs of a parent to its affiliates
safety-control circuit	A circuit classified as a safety-control circuit is one involving one or more safety controls in which failure due to grounding, opening, or shorting of any part of the circuit can cause unsafe operation of the valve or the controlled equipment.
hierarchy	a ranking of settlements or shopping centres according to their population size or the number of services they provide.
chamber	The name for the largest space in a cave
linear settlement	a settlement which follows the line of, for example, a road or river.
capacity rights	Refers to the level of firm transportation service to which a customer has a contractual right.
bathyal	Pertaining to the environment of deposition and the organisms of the ocean between depths of 200 m [656 ft], the edge of the continental shelf, and 2000 m [6560 ft].
modified fixed variable	See RATE DESIGN.
caves	Unsatisfactory term
random walk	Theory that market prices move randomly around a main trend, in other words, that the volatility is arbitrary.
water gas	Made by passing steam over hot coke or other carbonaceous material; it consists of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with varying amounts of carbon dioxide and nitrogen
associated reservoir	Oil and gas reservoir with a gas cap
cost based gic	See GAS INVENTORY CHARGE.
inverted siphon	A siphon of U-profile.Cave - Parts of
leak detector	A device for identifying and locating a gas leak.
escape velocity	The speed an object must have in order to escape from another object's gravity.
do	Abbreviation for Drilled OUT
inversion	See temperature inversion.
diastemic bedding contacts	A diastemic contact is a depositional break of minor extent with little erosion
iceberg	A mass of ice found floating in the ocean or a lake
opposition	the position of a planet when it is exactly opposite the Sun as seen from Earth
contract request	A customer request for transportation or sales service.
imd	Injection and Mining Division of the Department of Natural Resources, Office of Conservation
bevel	Beveled pipe ends are for welding purposes
set	Sediment Erosion Table
expiry	The date by which an option holder must decide whether to exercise or abandon an option.
astronomy	The scientific study of the universe, including the solar system, stars and galaxies.
filter strip	A vegetated boundary characterized by uniform mild slopes
rotation	See Earth rotation.
megawatt	A unit of electrical power equal to one million watts or one thousand kilowatts.
planet	a very large body in orbit around a star
bar hole	Small diameter hole made in the ground in the vicinity of gas piping for the purpose of extracting a sample of the ground atmosphere for analysis such as when searching for leaks.
spud or spudding in	Commencement of actual drilling of well
gross secondary productivity	Total amount of chemical energy assimilated by consumer organisms.
nonjurisdictional	Generally used to denote activities or companies not subject to control and regulation by the Commission
guaranteed payments	Payments by a partnership to one or more of its partners for services rendered.
speleologist	A person who studies caves and their contents, especially by actually entering caves.Speleology term
network	A complex pattern of repeatedly connecting passages in a cave
foam generation	Equipment, normally consisting of a generator and related material to produce foam for fire control particularly necessary for LNG spillover.
state of matter	Form of matter
roof crust	A thin speleothem on a cave precipitated from water films exuding from pores or cracks.Cave - Depositional Features
soil horizon	Layer within a soil profile that differs physically, biologically or chemically from layers above and/or below it.
bop system	(Blow Out Prevention) High pressure valve, associated activation and control equipment fitted to the top of the casing to prevent blowouts.
due diligence	In an offering of securities, certain parties who are responsible for the accuracy of the offering document, have an obligation to perform a "due diligence" examination of the issuer; issuer's counsel, underwriter of the security, brokerage firm handling the sale of the security
pbhl	Abbreviation for Proposed bottom hole location
sustainability	Whether or not a resource can be exploited without it running out.
transportation service	The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a delivery point pursuant to a contract between the shipper and the transporter
biospeleology	The study of plant, animal and other organisms living in caves.Cave - Biota
mid-latitude cyclone	Cyclonic storm that forms primarily in the middle latitudes
terrestrial planet	"A planet similar in size and composition to the Earth; especially Mars, Earth, Venus, and Mercury
working gas	Volume of gas that is expected to be cycled from a natural gas storage facility.
wind vane	A mechanical device used to measure the direction of wind flow
exponentially-smoothed moving average	An average calculated using a system where a percentage of today's price is applied to yesterday's moving average value, eg 9% MA =(today's close9%)+(ydy's close91%).
curb box	A vertical tube, capped at ground level, and usually located near the street, that protects access to the underground shut-off valves on service lines to residential and small commercial customers
casing	Pipe cemented in the well to seal off formation fluids or keep the hole from caving in
saltation	Transport of sediment initiated by moving air or water where particles move from a resting surface to the transport medium in quick continuous repeated cycles.
pressure gradient force	Force due to spatial differences in atmospheric pressure
mean	Statistical measure of central tendency in a set of data
rr	Abbreviation for Released rig
inferential statistics	Statistical test that makes generalizations about a population based of the numeric information obtained from a sample based on the laws of probability.
flowback water	After the fracking procedure is complete and pressure is released, the water and excess proppant flow up through the wellbore to the surface
load profile	Pattern of a customer's gas usage, hour to hour, day to day, or month to month.
genus	A group of species thought to have a fairly recent ancestor, but which do not interbreed, or if they do, they form sterile hybrids.Biology - Flora & Fauna
heap leaching	A process whereby valuable metals (usually gold and silver) are leached from a heap (or pad) of crushed ore by leaching solutions percolating down through the heap and are collected from a sloping, impermeable liner below the pad.
wellbore	The hole made by the drilling bit.
conventional natural gas	Natural gas consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds, primarily methane, and small quantities of various non-hydrocarbons.
private placement offering	An investment offering not intended for the general public.
adjacent estuarine zones	This term embraces the area inland from the coastline of Texas and is comprised of the bays, inlets, and estuaries along the gulf coast.
spot market	A short-term contract for the purchase and sale of commodities (such as oil and gas) at a specific price.
derd	Abbreviation for Directorate of Engine Research and Development
middle distillates	A term broadly applied to hydrocarbons in the so-called "middle range" of refinery distillation
booster station	A facility containing equipment which increases pressure on oil or gas in a pipeline.
olefin resin	A resin made by the polymerization of any member of the ethylene series having but one double bond with the general formula CnH2n, e.g., ethylene, propene, etc.
projected section	In mapping, a vertical section along the main trend of a cave
town border station	See GATE STATION.
prismatic compass	A compass with a prism that enables the viewing angle to be read whilst sighting a distant object.Survey & Mapping term
distinguished military graduate	DMS: Distinguished military student.
gas imbalance	a
facility	The physical location where a product is produced, metered, stored, delivered, received or processed.
steephead	A steep-sided valley in karst, generally short, ending abruptly upstream where a stream emerges or formerly did so.Speleology term
coiled tubing	Along, small diameter pipe flexible enough to be stored on and deployed from a large, truck-mounted roll
electric log	See LOG, ELECTRIC.
ukcs	United Kingdom Continetal Shelf
salt cavern	An underground natural gas storage cavern which has been developed in a salt dome by the solution mining process.
eligible market	The subset of the total market that is allowed to participate in a utility's DSM program based on eligibility criteria.
economic potential	In DSM, an estimate of energy savings based on the assumption that all energy-efficient options will be adopted and all existing equipment will be replaced with the most efficient measure possible whenever it is cost-effective to do so, without regard to market acceptance
brine	A highly saline solution
wilting point	The point at which the rate of water leaving a plant's leaves is greater than the water uptake by the roots
escape velocity	the speed required for an object to escape the gravitational pull of a planet or other body.
disposition point	A code for the point at which a purchaser or transporter may assume custody of liquids
prime mover	The engine, turbine, water wheel or similar machine that drives an electric generator; or, for reporting purposes, a device that converts energy to electricity
riffle	Bar deposit found on the bed of streams
threshold	That part of a cave near the entrance where surface climatic conditions rapidly grade into cave climatic conditions
run-of-river plant	A hydroelectric plant which depends chiefly on the flow of a water stream as it occurs for generation
colluvium	a general term to include loose rock and soil material that accumulates at the base of a slope as the result of mass wasting processes
length	A piece of pipe of the length delivered from the mill
retail park	an out-of-town shopping centre with a few large warehouse-type stores, selling electrical goods, carpets, D.I.Y
service tee	A tee is a customer's service piping with one leg closed and used for access to the service pipe in case of plugging with solids
demand side resources	Resources obtained through the implementation of DSM that may be used as an alternative to traditional supply-side resources.
chemical reaction	Reaction between chemicals where there is a change in the chemical composition of the elements or compounds concerned.
acid mine drainage	Runoff caused by water flowing over and through sulfur-rich areas, such as coal or metal mines, is one of the main pollutants (pdf link) of surface water in this region, raising long-term ecological and economic concerns
injection wells	Deep wells used worldwide to dump contaminants, often suspended in water
overpressuring	The technique of increasing the maximum pressure in a natural gas storage reservoir above the discovery pressure.
ppm	See parts per million.
chert	An impure rock, often gray in color, that consists primarily of extremely small quartz crystal precipitated from water solutions.
reproduction cost	See COST, REPRODUCTION.
doe	U.S
flow	A current or stream of fluid or gas
confined space	Any space not intended for continuous employee occupancy, having a limited means of egress.
closed water piping system	See WATER PIPING SYSTEM, CLOSED.
colonization	Movement of individuals or propagules of a species to a new territory.
mogas	Used in some markets as a substitute term for gasoline.
rins	A Renewable Identification Number (or RIN) is a serial number assigned to a batch of biofuel for the purpose of tracking its production, use, and trading as required by the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Renewable Fuel Standard implemented according to the Energy Policy Act of 2005.
louvers	Overlapping and sloping slats arranged to prevent entrance or exit of some substances but allow ventilation air to pass.
extragalactic	a term that means outside of or beyond our own galaxy.
nomination	A request for a physical quantity of gas under a specific purchase, sales or transportation agreement or for all contracts at a specific point
viscosity	Measure of a liquid's resistance to flow
hydrocracking	A catalytic process for converting high boiling hydrocarbon liquids to lighter, high-quality fractions such as gasoline, diesel fuel, etc., in the presence of hydrogen
refractory ore	ore from which it is difficult to extract the valuable constituents
condensation nuclei	Microscopic particle of dust, smoke or salt that allows for condensation of water vapor to water droplets in the atmosphere
gasket	Any material (such as paper, cork, asbestos, stainless steel or other types of metal or rubber) used to seal two essentially stationary surfaces.
debentures	Certificates of indebtedness issued under an indenture agreement (administered by a trustee) representing long-term borrowings of capital funds, secured only by the general credit of the issuing corporation
long	Traders are said to be long when they have contracted to buy more of a commodity or instrument than they have contracted to sell.
light year	Distance that light travels in the vacuum of space in one year
brine	A strong saline solution such as common salt and water cooled by a refrigerant and used for the transmission of heat without a change in its state, having no flash point or a flash point above 150 degrees Fahrenheit.
formation	A designated geological subsurface layer that is composed of substantially the same kind of rock or rock types.
raceway	A channel for holding wires, cables, or bus bars which is designed expressly for and used solely for this purpose
air heater	Combustion air (fed to burners) can be heated to approximately 500 degrees F by transferring heat from the flue gases to the air.
environment	The aggregate of all surrounding conditions, influences, or forces affecting the life, development, and survival of an organism.
tower karst	The ultimate development of Cockpit karst through Cone karst to Tower karst, in which the residual hills have very steep to overhanging lower slopes
time value	The time component in a premium for an option art
nominal pipe size	Designates a method of identifying the size of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data
gas saturation	The percentage of the reservoir rock porosity containing hydrcarbon gas at reservoir conditions
heliopause	the point at which the solar wind meets the interstellar medium or solar wind from other stars.
flow rate	the volume measure of the flow of a fluid per unit of time through an orifice, pump, turbine, conduit or channel.
phreas	Syn
spectrum	Is a graph that describes the quantity of radiation that is emitted from a body at particular wavelengths.
billing cycle	The regular, periodic interval used by a utility for reading the meters of customers for billing purposes
ring-tensile test	Method of determining apparent tensile strength of plastic pipe by applying tensile forces in the hoop direction to a ring-specimen cut from pipe.
caodc	Canadian Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors.
watered-out	Of a well, having gone to water.
gene frequency	Frequency of alleles at an individual or population level.
inner city	the part of the urban area surrounding the CBD; it often contains older housing and industry, in a state of poor repair and dereliction (See urban redevelopment and urban renewal).
bhp	The abbreviation for bottom-hole pressure
neutron	Atomic sub-particle found in the nucleus of an atom
dead cave	A cave without streams or drips of water.Cave - Kinds of
abseil	Controlled descent on a rope using friction obtained by passing the rope through any of various devices, eg rack, descender, karabiners
gas	That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor volume
casing inspection log	Uses a method of relating the effects of eddy currents on a magnetic field to casing wall thickness
slug	A volume of mud that is more dense than the mud in the drillpipe and wellbore annulus
circulated gas-oil ratio	The number of cubic feet of gas introduced into the well for gas-lift operations, per barrel of oil lifted.
disposal well	Well used for disposal of waste fluids into an underground formation.
mesophyte	Plants that have moderate water requirements.
maximum transportation rate	The maximum rate that an open-access transporter may charge for its services
total energy	A concept under which the electricity required by a given facility is produced on-site by natural gas and possible alternate standby fueled engines or turbines with the recovery of the equipment's heat of rejection for space conditioning and/or process uses.
form uic-10	Annual Saltwater Disposal Well Report Saltwater Disposal Report
withdrawn gas	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
flow-through method	An accounting method under which decreases or increases in state or federal income taxes resulting from the use of liberalized depreciation and the Investment Tax Credit for income tax purposes are carried down to net income in the year in which they are realized
stalactite	A speleothem hanging or growing downwards from a roof or wall, usually of cylindrical or conical form, originally with a central hollow tube, and formed by dripping water
cave earth	See Cave fill.Cave - Erosional & Solutional Features
route centre	a settlement located at the meeting point of several roads/railways; the meeting point of two or more river valleys (which provide good road and rail routes through high land), is often the location of a route-centre settlement
ago	Atmospheric gasoil.
marsh	A wetland dominated by herbaceous emergent plants.
drumlin	A hill shaped deposit of till
topping-cycle plants	Energy systems which produce electricity first and heat as a by-product.
peak day	The one day (24 hours) of maximum system deliveries of gas during a year
shopping mall	A modern very large out-of-town shopping centre with a motorway junction location that provides a family day 'experience'
maximum-reading thermometer	A mercury-filled thermometer with a constriction in the capillary tube which registers the maximum temperature attained
sump	A point in a cave passage where the water meets the roof, then continues under water.Speleology term
sanitary sewage	Wastewater (sewage) collected from households and businesses.
ferromagnesian	describes rock–forming silicate minerals which contain essential iron (Fe) and/or magnesium (Mg)
meter density	The number of meters per unit of area or per unit length of distribution main.
pa-35	Form filed for a temporary inactive well, with no stock on hand, to be omitted from the Operators Oil and Gas Monthly Production Report.
composite book depreciation	A method of determining an allowance for depreciation to be included as an element of cost in a cost of service study
true vertical depth	The vertical depth of the well from the ground to the bottom hole.
flame detector	An element of the equipment used for flame supervision.
gas tracer	A radioactive isotope (e.g., I131 in a methyl iodide carrier) used to follow gas flow in a well bore and determine a velocity flow profile.
equal rate treatment	Term used to designate a test of the reasonableness of an allocation of costs
drilling fund	The generic term employed to describe a variety of organizations established to attract venture capital to oil and gas exploration and development
pooling	The bringing together of small tracts sufficient for the granting of a well permit under applicable spacing rules
joint venture	Typically abbreviates to JV.
capacity	The power output rating of a generator, typically in megawatts, measured on an instantaneous basis.
uncovered position	When the grantor of an options position has no cover in the underlying futures market against a price swing in the holder's favor (see delta hedging).
key seat	In drilling a well, a channel, or groove cut in the side of the hole, parallel to the axis of the hole
break of bulk point	the place where goods have to be unloaded e.g
retracement	A temporary move in the opposite direction to that of the main trend
capital asset	An asset acquired as an investment, for the purpose of creating a product or service intended to be used in the activities or operations of a business.
sour	Containing hydrogen sulphide.
horsepower hour	The equivalent of one horsepower expended for one hour
oxygen deficiency	An atmosphere containing oxygen at a concentration of less than 19.5% by volume and is not safe for breathing.
brunisol soil	Soil order (type) of the Canadian System of Soil Classification
radon	A radioactive inert gas (Rn86 half life 3.8 days) formed continuously in the earth's interior by radioactive decay
spectrometer	the instrument connected to a telescope that separates the light signals into different frequencies, producing a spectrum.
bag hole	A hole cut into a main in preparation for a bag-off.
dutchman	A filler-piece used to close a gap between two pieces of pipe or between a pipe or fitting and a piece of equipment where the pipe is too short to effect the closure or where the pipe and equipment may be out of alignment.
donga	In the Nullarbor plain, a closed depression generally hundreds of metres across and often from 2 to 5 metres deep
renewable source	A power source that is continuously or cyclically renewed by nature
clean	Containing no appreciable amount of clay or shale
blowout preventer	A "BOP" is a large, specially designed valve that is mounted on top of the well during the drilling and completion stages of operation
dna	Designated National Authority: a competent national body set up in most Kyoto Protocol signatory countries to provide approval for CDM projects.
take-or-pay	A clause in a gas supply contract which provides that a minimum quantity of gas be paid for, whether or not delivery is accepted by the purchaser
drainage radius	The radius, measured from a wellbore, of a circular area of a reservoir which is drained by a single well.
ceiling price	The maximum lawful price which may be charged for regulated gas.
bench	Some 'benches' form differently by the rolling down of a long flap of wall lining
baffles	Plates, louvers, or screens placed in the path of fluid flow to cause change in the direction of flow; these are used to promote mixing of gases or to eliminate undesirable solid or liquid particles in the fluid stream
axis	also known as the poles, this is an imaginary line through the center of rotation of an object.
motor octane number	The earlier of two numerical systems for measuring gasoline octane
point-and-figure	A charting system which ignores time and displays only the main price changes
attrition	Erosion of earnings on invested capital resulting from the regulatory practice of setting utility rates based on past costs during an inflationary period.
electric logs	Recording that indicates the well's rock formation characteristics by different responses to electric current
choke	An adjustable or removable bored steel fitting designed to reduce pressure and/or control production from a gas well or an oil well.
ethanol	The two-carbon alcohol present in the greatest proportion upon the fermentation of grain and other organic matter, such as potatoes, sugar or timber
rfg	Reformulated gasoline
tariff gas	Gas purchased by gas distributors from gas pipelines
indefinite price clauses	Contract clauses that cause the price of natural gas to increase
down draft	A flow of air down the chimney or flue because of adverse draft conditions.
ds	Abbreviation for Directional Survey
thermocouple	Two pieces of dissimilar metal welded or brazed together at one end
decommissioning	Removal of facilities from depleted oil field.
dm-1r	Oil Well Potential ReportWell Test Information
taxonomic classification	Classification of organisms based on structural and physiological connections between other species.
open-flow test	A test made to determine the volume of gas that will flow from an oil or gas well during a given time span with minimum restrictions.
copper insert	Insertion of a copper liner into a steel service line.
distribution	A state where the market is dominated by sellers, who are holding length and 'distributing' to the players who need to buy.
blackout	The emergency loss of the source of electricity serving an area caused by failure of the generation, transmission, or distribution system
compression ratio	The relationship of absolute outlet pressure at a compressor to absolute inlet pressure.
conulite	A speleothem which is hollow and conical and which forms in silt or other soft material, as a drill hole under a ceiling drip
cbd	Central Business District or city centre; the commercial and business centre ot a town or city where land values are at the highest
wind chill factor	The equivalent temperature resulting from the combined effect of wind and temperature
trophic pyramid	A graphic model describing the distribution of energy, biomass, or some other measurable quantity between the different trophic levels found in an ecosystem.
laycan	The range of dates during which a ship will load.
hole	A common term which usually refers to the well bore
doppler effect	the apparent change in wavelength of sound or light emitted by an object in relation to an observer's position
case-in-chief	The position of the company, of staff, or of intervenors in a rate or other proceeding prepared in the event of a hearing
work permit	Allows a defined type of work to proceed on a well.
pyrolysis	A chemical reaction brought about by the action of heat.
thermal generation	Energy conversion in which fuel is consumed to generate heat, which is then converted to electrical energy
stratus clouds	Low altitude gray colored cloud composed of water droplets
loaning	Allowing a customer to take gas and return it at a future state
rankine scale of temperature	The absolute Fahrenheit scale
cryosol soil	Soil order (type) of the Canadian System of Soil Classification
dip	The angle at which beds are inclined from the horizontal, being the maximum angle of the bedding planes at right angles to the strike.Geology
vug	A cavity in a rock.
cost oil	A share of oil produced used to cover ongoing operations costs and to recover past exploration, appraisal and development expenditures.
free surface stream	A cave stream which does not normally fill its passage to the roof.Speleology term
upland	An area that is not an aquatic, wetland, or riparian habitat
agreement on principles	The Agreement between the United States of America and Canada on the ALASKA NATURAL GAS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (ANGTS)
top storage gas	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
electrical energy/surplus	Energy generated that is beyond the intermediate needs of the system
successor contract	Any contract, other than a rollover contract, entered into on or after the date of enactment of the NGPA of 1978, for the first sale of natural gas that was previously subject to an existing contract, whether or not there is an identity of parties or terms with those of the previously existing contract.
pipe	See PIPING.
stack loss	The flue gas loss; the sensible and latent heat lost up the chimney in the flue gas.
evaporation fog	A type of fog produced from the advection of cold air over warm water or warm or moist land
rectifier	A device for converting alternating current to direct current, used in the gas industry for external corrosion control of pipe and other metals.
return on capital	Net income (or profit) before extraordinary items, interest expense, and income taxes, divided by average capital
roustabout	A member of the drilling crew who helps bring supplies and equipment to the rig.
radial flow	The flow of fluids into a wellbore from the surrounding drainage area
artificial lift	Indicated on the Completion Report, Potential Report and DM-1-R
wildcat well	The first well to be drilled in a geographic region
api	Usually: American Petroleum Institute
gathering	The act of operating extensive low-pressure gas lines which aggregate the production of several separate gas wells into one larger receipt point into an interstate pipeline.
load center	A point at which the load of a given area is assumed to be concentrated.
matte	a product of a smelter that is composed of a metal, or metals, combined with sulphur
trade winds	Surface winds that generally dominate air flow in the tropics
independent	As used in the oil industry, usually refers to a nonintegrated producing company
fluid	Substance, gas or liquid, that has the property of flow.
sweet crude	Crude oil which has a very low sulfur content
helmet	A miners, climbers or other kind of non metallic protective helmet used in caving
nuclear fuel	Fissionable materials that have been enriched to such a composition that, when placed in a nuclear reactor, will support a self-sustaining fission chain reaction, producing heat in a controlled manner for process use
chf	Swiss Franc
standard atmospheric pressure	A pressure of 101.32 kilopascals or 1013.2 millibars.
orifice spud	A removable plug or cap containing an orifice which permits adjustment of the flow of gas either by substitution of a spud with a different sized orifice or by motion of a needle with respect to it.
shareholders' equity	Book value for common and preferred equity.
extraterrestrial	a term used to describe anything that does not originate on Earth.
take-or-pay liabilities	The liabilities incurred by many pipelines under contractual obligation to pay for volumes of gas they were unable to take because of reduced sales and lack of market demand
variance	A statistical measure of the dispersion of observation values in a data set
natural gas distillate	Material removed from natural gas at the "heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to C8.
light-year	The distance that light travels in one year (63,000 astronomical units, or 9.46 trillion kilometers), a convenient unit of measurement for interstellar distances.
glossary	This Glossary (compiled by M Meth Feb 98) is the copyright property of the Australian Speleological Federation inc (ASF).Miscellaneous terms
invertebrate	Animal that does not have a backbone
whaletail	A descender consisting of an aluminium block with slots, knobs and a safety gate.Speleology term
angstrom	abbreviated Å
aquifer	An aquifer is an subsoil geological formation of permeable rock which has a permanent or temporary capability to contain a water table.
salvage value	The amount received for property retired, less any expenses incurred in connection with the sale or in preparing the property for sale; or, if retained, the amount at which the material recoverable is chargeable to Materials and Supplies, or other appropriate account.
special marketing programs	See RATE DESIGN.
intervenor	A person, business entity, or public body that is granted the right to participate in a rate case or hearing.
direct installation program	DSM program in which the utility directly installs DSM measures within customers homes or businesses.
nuclear magnetic resonance	A phenomenon exhibited by atomic nuclei which is based on the existence of nuclear magnetic moments associated with quantized nuclear spins
zonal	Movement of wind or ocean waters in a direction that is roughly parallel to the lines of latitude.
bs&w	Bottom sediment and water, usually expressed as a percentage by weight
form p s	Packer Setting Certificate
carat	term used in gemology to describe the weight of a semi–precious or precious stone (1 carat = 2.4 g)
condenser	A heat exchanger which removes heat from vapor causing it to condense into a liquid.
nuclear waste	Radioactive substances generated at different stages of the nuclear fuel cycle, which are considered to have no further potential use.
nonutility property	Title of Account 121, which includes the book cost of land, structures, equipment or other tangible property owned by the utility but not used in utility service and not property includible in Account 105 Utility Plant Held For Future Use.
united method	A classification method that allocates 25% of fixed costs to the demand component and 75% to the commodity component of the rate.
eyepiece	the lens at the viewing end of a telescope
deliverability	The volume that a particular well, storage field, pipeline or distribution system can supply during a 24-hour period.
seed	Fertilized ovule of a plant that contains an embryo and food products for germination
design pressure	The maximum operating pressure permitted by various codes, as determined by the design procedures applicable to the material and location involved.
producer	An organism that can synthesize the organic nutrients in requires for growth through processes like photosynthesis.
weather	The conditions resulting from a combination of all atmospheric processes operating at one time in any one place.
magnetic reversal	A change in the polarity of the Earth's magnetic field
clay-sized sediment	Sediment in which particles are smaller than 1/256 millimeter
md-19	Authority to Produce or Cancellation of Allowable Letter
necrophage	A scavenger feeding on animal carcasses rather than live prey.Cave - Biota
pit	Hole dug out in the ground surface for temporary storage of fluids during drilling operations.
interruptible service	Low priority service offered to customers under schedules or contracts which anticipate and permit interruption on short notice, generally in peak-load seasons, by reason of the claim of firm service customers and higher priority users
differential pressure	The difference between two fluid pressures
hydrogen sulphide	A gaseous compound, H2S, of sulphur and hydrogen commonly found in petroleum which causes the foul smell of sour petroleum fractions
spectroscopy	the technique of observing the spectra of visible light from an object to determine its composition, temperature, density, and speed.
perigee	The point in the Moon's orbit where it is closest to the Earth.
outflow cave	A cave from which a stream flows or formerly did, and which can not be followed upstream to the surface.Cave - Kinds of
sealed burners	Gas burners that are sealed to prevent spillovers from reaching the burner box.
synoptic scale	Scale of geographic coverage used on daily weather maps to describe large scale atmospheric phenomenon (for example, mid-latitude cyclone, air masses, fronts, and hurricanes).
cmd	Coastal Management Division-The division within the Office of Coastal Restoration and Management(OCRM) which is responsible for the coastal zone regulatory program
semi-detached house	a house joined to one other
farm out	A commercial transaction where a company sells a share in a concession in return for some consideration.
known change adjustments	See ANNUALIZATION.
blind shaft	A vertical extension upwards in a cave that does not reach the surface
half-life	Time required for one half of the nuclei in a radioisotope to emit its radiation
payload	The cargo (scientific instruments, satellites, spacecraft, etc.) carried by a rocket.
artefact	An item of human manufacture, normally applied only to the products of previous culture
mineralization	Decomposition of organic matter into its inorganic elemental components.
operating interest	A working interest owner who is also the well operator.
seepage water	Syn
streambank erosion	Removal of soil particles from a bank slope primarily due to water action
test-well contribution	An agreement to pay the owner of an adjacent tract for a portion of the cost of drilling an exploratory well on his property.
allocation	The process of determining ownership rights to the gas delivered to a meter.
flame	An ordinarily visible condition resulting from the rapid oxidation of a fuel which produces self-evident heat, light, or both.
combined cycle	The combination of one or more gas turbine and steam turbines in an electric generation plant
pressure regulator	See REGULATOR, PRESSURE.
branch connection	The junction of one pipe with another, often a header.
bradenhead	A packer (or fitting) installed on a well at the surface that enables the use of one size pipe inside another, for the subsequent control of products being delivered from either one of the two pipes.
spontaneous settlement	a squatter settlement or shanty town containing self-built houses made of scrap materials such as corrugated iron and plastic; the settlement usually lacks piped water, an electricity supply and sewage disposal facilities
grot hole	A small and insignificant cave with no leads, often tight and difficult to maneuver in.Speleology term
flattener	A passage, often of considerable length which though wide, is so low that one has insufficient room to stand or crawl
low priority users	An interruptible, industrial customer that has the ability to switch to an alternate fuel.
impedance	The opposition in an electrical circuit to the flow of alternating current (AC).
recompletion	After the initial completion of a well, the action and techniques of reentering the well and redoing or repairing the original completion to restore the well's productivity.
cooling degree day	See DEGREE DAY, COOLING.
lease	An agreement between the operator and the landowner which gives the operator the right to go on property for the purpose of exploring and exploiting for mineral resources
shut-in royalties	Amounts paid to lessors as compensation for loss of income from non-production of producible reserves.
cast iron pipe	Pipe made of pouring molten iron into molds.
neutral	Any substance with a pH around 7.
riparian corridor	The strip of land immediately adjacent to and including a stream
pahoehoe	A type of lava in which the surface was relatively fluid and so formed smooth or porridge-like surfaces
meteor shower	an event where a large number of meteors enter the Earth's atmosphere from the same direction in space at nearly the same time
permeability	The property of a rock which indicates the presence of flow channels within the rock
wellhead	The equipment used to maintain surface control of a well.
solifluction	Usually relates to the slow movement or flow of saturated soil or rock fragment masses down slopes and may be applied to subaqueous flowage.Hydrology terms
pool deposit	Any sediment which accumulates in a pool in a cave
lifting	The act of loading petroleum or petroleum products at a terminal or transfer point.
orogenic belt	A major range of mountains on the continents.
cave shield	See Shield.Cave - Depositional Features
fault zone metamorphism	metamorphic changes caused by fault movements
gallon	Generally accepted across the oil industry to refer to a US gallon
well cnt	Abbreviation for well count
common battery	A production storage facility into which combined production from lease wells and/or unit wells is stored, and all lease wells and/or unit wells contain the same division of ownership.
telescoping points	See POOLING POINT.
shutdown	A production hiatus during which the platform ceases to produce while essential maintenance work is undertaken.
conference of parties	Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC
flocculant	Suspended sediment.Hydrology terms
naked karst	Syn
observatory	A collection of hardware and software, which is easiliy moved and installed, to monitor restless volcanoes
pump	A device that increases the pressure on a fluid or raises it to a higher level.
mbopd	Thousand Barrels of Oil Per Day
snapback effect	See REBOUND EFFECT.
cost allocation	The rate design step that allocates the demand and commodity costs of the various functions to the customer classes
chock	A device, being a block of metal, for use as a chockstone.Climbing and SRT
bsw	Abbreviation for Barrels Salt Water
lambda	The measure of the rate at which fuel is consumed relative to electric output, expressed in Btu's per kWh.
dark zone	The part of a cave in perpetual darkness, that lies beyond the Twilight zone
iridium	A rare metallic element
geothermal energy	Heat energy derived from the Earth's interior.
peak load	The maximum electrical load demand in a stated period of time
public water system	A system for providing the public with water for human consumption (through pipes or other constructed conveyances) that has at least 15 service connections or regularly serves at least 25 individuals.
feedstock	Raw material used in a processing plant.
tail block	The last or lowest priced block of energy in a declining block rate structure.
flowstone	A speleothem
shale cuttings	Small pieces of rock that break away during the drilling process
troglobite	An animal (an obligate cavernicole) that lives in a cave and is unable to live outside of it
seaboard method	A classification method that allocates fixed costs equally between the demand and commodity components of the rate.
libor	London Interbank Offered Rate
photic zone	The area of a water body receiving sunlight.
surface pipe	The first string of casing to be set in a well
storage rights	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
blowmolding	A process by which polymers are "blown" into a tubular mold
mantle	The shell of the earth between the crust and the core
bioclastic	Containing grains composed of fragmented and transported organic material, eg
humus	Dark colored semi-soluble organic substance formed from decomposition of soil organic matter.
periapsis	the point in the orbit closest to the planet.
repeat section	A log rerun over a short section of hole, generally 100m, to enable comparison of similarity with the main survey to show instrument stability and repeatability.
texture	The feel of a rock based on the size, shape, and arrangement of the grains and other parts of the rock
shale gas	Natural gas contained in gas bearing shales.
alkaline	a term applied to igneous rocks which are characterised by relatively high concentrations of sodium and potassium.
ampere	The unit of measurement of electrical current produced in a circuit by 1 volt acting through a resistance of 1 ohm
exploratory well	A well drilled in an unproven area or geological formation where no oil or gas production exists nearby.
unitization	The process by which wells are combined in order to function as one reporting entity.
olefins	Class of double-bonded aliphatic hydrocarbons made by cracking naphtha, LPG or gasoil at high temperatures
breakdown	(1) Rock that has fallen from the wall or roof of a cave
weighted cost	A combination of Actual Cost and Fair Value in rate base determination
magnetic field lines	imaginary lines that indicate the strength and direction of a magnetic field
comet	A large mass of ice and dust that has an orbit around a star.
oilless bearing	Sleeve bearings of porous metal which depend solely on the porosity of the metal for oil storage.
observation well	See STORAGE, UNDERGROUND.
nitrogen fixation	Biological or chemical process where gaseous nitrogen is converted into solid forms of nitrogen
distributor	A wholesaler of gasoline and other petroleum products
methane	The principal component of natural gas; the simplest hydrocarbon molecule containing one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms
stipper oil well	A well that is barely profitable, generally capable of producing less than 10 barrels of oil per day.
crystal pool	A cave pool, usually with little or no overflow, containing well formed crystals.Cave - Parts of
accretion	The accumulation of material, under the influence of gravity, to form a galaxy, star, planet, or moon.
plunge pool	A small permanent pool at either the inlet to a BMP or at the outfall from a BMP
out-turn	The quantity of oil unloaded from a vessel at its discharge point
unit-years of service	The same as "dollar-years" except expressed in terms of units rather than plant dollars.
stooping	In caving, describes a passage in which there is not quite enough head room walk, but more than a crawl way
working interest	The interest in a mineral property which entitles the owner to the production from the property, usually subject to a royalty and sometimes to other nonoperating interests
metabolism	Describes all of the enzymatic reactions performed by the cells of an organism.
big bang	the theory that suggests that the universe was formed from a single point in space during a cataclysmic explosion about 18 billion years ago
used and useful	Rate making principle regarding the timing and inclusion of plant in the rate base.
joint	The location at which two pieces of pipe or a pipe and a fitting are connected together
air-gas ratio	The ratio of the air volume to the gas volume
kilometer	A unit of length equal to 1,000 meters, or .62 miles.
split system	Historically, a combination of warm-air heating and radiator heating; the term is also used for other combinations such as hot water-steam, steam-warm air, as well as gas heat-electric cooling.
parent material	The mineral material from which a soil forms.
obliquity	the angle between a body's equatorial plane and orbital plane.
time value of money	The concept that a dollar in hand today is worth more than a dollar that will be received in some future year.
control	A device designed to regulate the gas, air, water, and/or electrical supply to a gas-consuming or any other device.
cogeneration	The use of a single prime fuel source in a reciprocating engine or gas turbine to generate electrical and thermal energy in order to optimize the efficiency of the fuel used
take-or-pay contract	A (long-term) contract between a gas producer and a gas purchaser, such as a pipeline transmission company.
rising	Another term for a spring
rebelay	The placing of an additional belay on a rope so as to avoid a rub point on a pitch
ozone hole	Is a sharp seasonal decrease in stratospheric ozone concentration that occurs over Antarctica in the spring
removal costs	The costs of disposing of plant, whether by demolishing, dismantling, abandoning, sale, or other
purpa	See COGENERATION and PUBLIC UTILITY REGULATORY POLICIES ACT.
pool	An underground reservoir containing a common accumulation of crude petroleum or natural gas or both
wet cave	A cave containing a lake, often a non flowing (or extremely slow flowing) lake at water table
cumulus cloud	Puffy clouds with relatively flat bases
effective permeability	The ability to preferentially flow or transmit a particular fluid when other immiscible fluids are present in the reservoir (e.g., effective permeability of gas in a gas-water reservoir)
deviation survey	An operation made to determine the angle from which a hole drilled by the bit deviated from the vertical during drilling
viscosity	The amount of the resistance to flow in a fluid due to intermolecular friction.
compressor	A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.
leak clamp	A clamp used to press and hold tight a gasket against a leaking section of pipe or pipe joint to seal the leak.
o horizon	Topmost layer of most soils
ofgem	UK regulatory body which oversees electricity and gas trade, pipelines and the power grid
particulate matter	Particles of dust, soot, salt, sulfate compounds, pollen, or other particles suspended in the atmosphere.
clustered settlement pattern	a settlement where buildings are clustered around a particular point.
bistatic radar	a method of studying the electrical properties of the surface by reflected radio waves
longshore current	A water current that moves parallel to the shoreline.
coning	The change in oil-water or gas-oil contact profiles as a result of drawdown pressures during production
pyrite	A common mineral-iron disulfide (FeS2) which has a pale brass-yellow color and metallic luster and is burned in making sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid
substrate	Substances used by organisms for growth in a liquid medium
parking	Providing a customer with temporary gas storage, typically at a market hub.
psig	Pounds per square inch (gauge)
contract carriage	Transportation, by a company, of gas quantities belonging to another party, for which the company charges a fee.
electrical energy/off-peak	Energy supplied during periods of relatively low system demand, as specified by the supplier.
meteor	A body of matter that enters the Earth's atmosphere from space
work-over	To perform one or more of a variety of remedial operations on a producing well with the hope of restoring or increasing production.
ground temperature	See TEMPERATURE, GROUND.
nymph	Some insect young or juveniles are called nymphs
minimum transportation rate	The minimum rate which an open-access transporter may charge for service
federal energy regulatory commission	An
leasehold costs	All costs related to obtaining an oil and gas lease.
nyh	New York Harbor.
asteroid belt	The region of the solar system where most of the asteroids orbit
upstream industry	Those operations within the industry to the point where the produced resource is metered into the transportation system
heterogeneity	State of being dissimilar or diverse.
high pressure	An area of atmospheric pressure within the Earth's atmosphere that is above average
typhoon	Another name for hurricane.
talik	An unfrozen section of ground found above, below, or within a layer of discontinuous permafrost
progradation	The natural extension of a shoreline seaward.
biosphere	Part of the Earth where life is found
joint interest billing	Accounting procedure of billing each working interest owner for his proportional share of drilling and lease operating expenses.
platform-offshore	An above the water reinforced structure with pipe pile legs extending down into the ocean floor to support the above water structures and equipment installed for the measurement of gas, and for the operation of the offshore pipelines.
interplanetary magnetic field	the magnetic field carried along with the solar wind.
wave period	The time elapsed for a wave to travel the distance of one wavelength.
ground water	water which occurs underground, as opposed to surface water.
cathode	Negative electrode in an electrolytic system
diploid	Cell that contains two sets of chromosomes
openhole completion	A method of preparing a well for production in which no production casing or liner is set opposite the producing formation
paraffinic naphtha	Favored quality of naphtha for ethylene plant feedstock.
cavitation	Process of intense erosion due to the surface collapse of air bubbles found in constricted rapid flows of water
drought	Climatic condition where water loss due to evapotranspiration is greater than water inputs through precipitation.
rate design - united	The term "United rate design" refers to a method of determining demand and commodity rates whereby 75% of fixed costs are classified in the commodity component and 25% in the demand component.
polyethylene	A plastic or resin prepared by the polymerization of ethylene as essentially the sole monomer.
andrew's pitchfork	Three parallel trendlines are drawn linking a major low or high with a point either side of this marking an intermediate high or low
oort cloud	a theoretical shell of comets that is believed to exist at the outermost regions of our Solar System
positive displacement pump	Pump that delivers a constant volume of fluid per cycle of operation at whatever pressure is necessary, within the design limits of the mechanism of the pump.
rad	The unit of absorbed dose of energy from ionizing radiation in living systems
non-operator	The working interest owner(s) other than the owner designated as the operator of the property.
abandon well	A well that is no longer in use
pediment	A gradually sloping bedrock surface located at the base of fluvial-eroded mountain range
formation	A geological formation is a body of earth material with distinctive and characteristic properties and a degree of homogeneity in its physical properties.
rate	The unit charge or charges made to the customers for natural gas.
karst hydrology	The scientific study of the movement of water through a karst system, and the storage of water in it.Hydrology terms
absolute viscosity	The measure of a fluid's tendency to resist flow, without regard to its density
lending	In a futures market, selling a nearby contract while at the same time buying an equivalent forward contract
vertebrate	Animal that does have a backbone
gas-oil	A middle-range petroleum distillate
hydrology	Field of physical geography that studies the hydrosphere.
temperature	Temperature is defined as the measure of the average speed of atoms and molecules
form uic-29	Approval for after-hours disposal is granted on a case-by-case basis by contacting the Injection and Mining Division at 225/342-5515.
rundkarren	A type of karren
crude oil	Unrefined petroleum or liquid petroleum.
kinetic energy	Energy possessed by a body due to its own motion.
moderator	A material used in a nuclear reactor core to slow down fast neutrons without unduly absorbing them, in order to increase the probability that the neutrons will cause fission in a uranium-235 or plutonium-239 nucleus.
prey	Organism that is consumed by a predator.
artesian aquifers	An acquifer where the water is under sufficient head (pressure) to cause it to rise above the zone of saturation if the opportunity were afforded for it to do so.
sitp	Abbreviation for Shut-in tubing pressure
black steel pipe	Ordinary steel pipe, not galvanized.
meander niche	A hemispherically roofed part of a cave formed by a stream meandering and cutting down at the same time.Speleology term
cuttings	Fragments of rock which are a result of the cutting action of the drill bit on the formation
solution tube	May equate to blowhole, but solution tubes are often filled with sediment, which falls to a cave floor and forms a mound.Karst - Depression Features of
prt	Britain's Petroleum Revenue Tax.
document access	The SONRIS Electronic Document Access Component consists of a respository of scanned images of documents, accessible via your web browser and a free FileNet Corporation add-on named Panagon IDM Viewer, available via download or on CDROM
form r-2	Monthly Transporter and Storers Report R2 Data Entry-- R2 Oil Transporter/Storer Information
celestial sphere	an imaginary sphere centered on the earth on which all of the stars are imagined to be projected.
hertz	abbreviated Hz
intermittent stream	A stream that flows only for short periods over a year
octane number	A measure of the detonative quality of gasoline, or otherwise expressed its tendency to cause "engine knock." The higher the octane number, the higher the resistance to engine knock
appraisal well	Wells drilled after hydrocarbon presence has been identified with the drilling of the wildcat well, to define the reservoir or delineate the geology (also referred to as delineation wells)
enhanced oil recovery	Injection of water, steam, gases or chemicals into underground reservoirs to cause oil to flow toward producing wells, permitting more recovery than would have been possible from natural pressure or pumping alone.
biodiversity	Diversity of the species, natural environments and genes that make up the living world
base flow	The flow in a stream between storm events
assignment	The legal instrument whereby oil and gas leases are assigned/conveyed.
stimulate or stimulation	the treating of a well bore by any chemical or mechanical method such as acidizing, fracturing, perforating or solvent treatment to increase production, injection or recovery of oil, gas, brine or any other substance.
crude oil	Unrefined liquid petroleum as it comes out of the ground
saltwater intrusion	The invasion of saltwater into freshwater aquifers in coastal and inland areas
semi-submersible	Floating mobile drilling rig with submerged pontoons to stabilise while operating
hook	On a drilling rig, a large, hook-shaped device from which the elevator bails or the swivel is suspended
ionosphere	A region in the atmosphere above 50 kilometers from the surface where relatively large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist
eem	An energy efficient mortgage, often funded by Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, VA or FHA, that recognizes the energy efficiency of a home and allows the lender to stretch the
orbit	the path of an object that is moving around a second object or point.
meristem	A plant stem cell system comprising the niche, the pluripotent stem cells and their highly proliferating daughter cells.
topographic map	Map that displays topography through the use of elevation contour lines
breakout	A sudden breakout of prices from a chart pattern that has been forming for some time
electric space heating	Space heating of a dwelling or business establishment or other structure using permanently installed electric heating as the principal source of space heating for a specific area or areas of the premises.
dated brent	Brent cargoes are known as dated Brent cargoes once they acquire a specific set of loading dates, usually at a point about two weeks from loading
water encroachment	The movement of water into a producing formation as the formation is depleted of oil and gas by production
british thermal unit	A unit of heat energy, used to describe the amount of heat that can be generated by burning oil or gas.
mt	Metric tonne.
trajectory	the path of a moving body through space or the atmosphere.
penumbra	the area of partial illumination surrounding the darkest part of a shadow caused by an eclipse.
magma	Melted rock located deep below the surface of a planet, such as Earth, or a moon.
physics	The study of matter and energy, and the forces and fields by which they interact in space and time.
proton	A sub-particle of an atom that contains a positive charge.
marketer	A non-regulated buyer and seller of natural gas.
transport	One of three distinct processes involved in erosion
neutrino	a fundamental particle supposedly produced in massive numbers by the nuclear reactions in stars; they are very hard to detect because the vast majority of them pass completely through the Earth without interacting.
infiltration	The absorption and downward movement of water into the soil layer.
endothermic	Heat absorbing
fracturing	A method of breaking down a formation by pumping fluid at very high pressures.
easting	First measurement of a grid reference used to specific the location of a point on a rectangular coordinate system
ephemeris	a table of data arranged by date
magnetic susceptibility	a measure of the degree to which a rock is attracted to a magnet
mechanical integrity	An injection well has mechanical integrity if: (1) there is no significant leak in the casing, tubing, or packer (internal mechanical integrity) and (2) there is no significant fluid movement into an underground source of drinking water through vertical channels adjacent to the injection wellbore (external mechanical integrity).
atmosphere	The outdoor air in general
protista	Group, at the kingdom level, in the classification of life
transmission system	See SYSTEM TYPE.
valve box	A housing around an underground valve to allow access to the valve and to protect the valve from mechanical damage or the effects of weather.
naphthenic	High in naphthenes.
mega-nopr	When the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) issued a Notice Of Proposed Rulemaking (NOPR) wherein it served notice of its intention to totally restructure the natural gas industry, the NOPR was referred to as the "Mega" NOPR because of its scope.
burst strength	The internal pressure required to cause a pipe or fitting to fail
lessor	The party who grants an oil, gas and mineral lease.
well log	A record of geological formation penetrated during drilling, including technical details of the operation.
authorization for expenditure	An estimate of the costs of drilling and completing a proposed well, which the operator provides to each working interest owner before the well is commenced.
cracking	The process of breaking down the larger, heavier and more complex hydrocarbon molecules into simpler and lighter molecules, thus increasing the gasoline yield from crude oil
habitat	Location where a plant or animal lives.
blowhole	A vertical hole often circular, on the surface in karst through which air blows in and out, often audibly
polymerization	A chemical reaction in which the molecules of a monomer are linked together to form polymers
radioactive decay	The spontaneous nuclear transformation in which an atom emits particles or radiation following orbital electron capture, or when the nucleus undergoes spontaneous fission
celsius scale	Favored name for centigrade scale, with freezing points and boiling points of water at 0 degrees and 100 degrees, respectively.
oxygenated gasoline	Gasoline containing more oxygen than pre-1990s formulation
hardness/scratch test	This test determines the hardness of the material (or its ability to resist scratching) by taking two materials; one where you know the hardness and the other where you do not
swab	To reduce pressure in a wellbore by moving pipe, wireline tools or rubber-cupped seals up the wellbore
negative feedback	Change in the state of a system that counteracts the measured effect of the initial alteration.
solution doline	A doline formed by solution processes and not modified by collapse.Karst - Depression Features of
subatomic particles	Extremely small particles that make up the internal structure of atoms.
fragmentation	The breakup during passage through the atmosphere of the cosmic body that forms the many pieces that may later be found as individual meteorites of the event.
shoreline	The line that separates a land surface from a water body
underground injection well	A steel- and concrete-encased shaft into which hazardous waste is deposited by force and under pressure.
convergence precipitation	The formation of precipitation due to the convergence of two air masses
terrestrial	Living or growing on land that is not normally flooded or saturated.
live cave	A cave containing flowing water or active speleothems
bid price	The price at which a buyer is prepared to buy.
fissure	An open crack in rock or soil.Speleology term
depleted uranium	Uranium where the uranium-235 assay is below the naturally occurring 0.711%
true south	Direction of the South Pole from an observer on the Earth.
residential well	A pumping well that serves one home or is maintained by a private owner.
superconductor	A material that becomes a perfect conductor of electricity when chilled
uswc	Tanker and market abbreviation for US West Coast.
light crude oil	Has an API gravity higher than 33 degrees
emergent plant	A plant with stems and leaves that grows in periodically or permanently flooded areas
ceiling panel heating	A system using ceiling panels as heating surfaces
piton	A solid or folded metal spike driven into a crack in a rock to form an anchor.Climbing and SRT
quaternary	The youngest geological period, extending from the end of the Tertiary 1.6 million years ago to the present
pressure test	A pressure test run in a well, where flow is initiated followed by a shut-in period where the time rate of pressure increase is recorded after shut-in
traverse	(1) A route along ledges above the floor of a cave, (2) to travel in a cave along such a route.Speleology term
kettle hole	Depression found in glacial deposits
fetch	The distance of open water in one direction across a body of water over which wind can blow.
ground water	The supply of fresh water found beneath the earth's surface, usually in aquifers, which supply wells and springs
acre foot	A unit of measurement applied to petroleum and natural gas reservoirs
atomize	To reduce a liquid to a fine spray or mist.
pulsar	a spinning neutron star (burnt-out star) that emits energy along its gravitational axis
muds	Muds are used in drilling to lubricate the drilling bit in rotary drilling rigs
melting	The physical process of a solid becoming a liquid
fertilizer	Substance that adds inorganic or organic nutrients to soil for the purpose of increasing the growth of crops, trees, or other vegetation.
order 29e	A statewide order establishing rules for spacing of wells drilled in search of oil and gas in areas of Louisiana for which no spacing regulations have been prescribed by Special Orders
dark adaptation	Of eyes, a change in the retina sensitising it to dim light
decomposers	Living things, chiefly bacteria and fungi, that live by extracting energy from tissues of dead animals and plants.Miscellaneous terms
gas used	The total quantity of gas used by the transmission or distribution company in the operation (i.e., fuel), the maintenance and the construction of facilities.
beyond economic reach reserves	Those established reserves that, because of size, geographic location or composition, are not considered economically feasible for connection to a pipeline at the present time.
settlement rates	Rates accepted by the interested parties which are effective retroactively to the end of the five month suspension period on order of the FERC.
entitlement	Working interest owner's share of production
strip	To remove light hydrocarbon fractions from gas for recovery and sale.
balance of trade	The difference between receipts from foreign sources for a nation's goods and services, and payments to foreign sources for imported goods and services.
midstream or middle distillates	Products produced in the middle range of the crude oil refining process which include kerosene, kerosene-based jet fuel, home heating fuel, and diesel fuel.
demand side bidding	Process in which a utility issues a request for proposals to acquire DSM resources from energy service companies and customers, reviews proposals, and negotiates contracts with winning bidders for a specified amount of energy savings.
field	An area consisting of a single reservoir or multiple reservoirs all grouped on, or related to, the same individual geological structural feature or stratigraphic condition
genetic adaptation	Changes in the genetic makeup of organisms of a species due to mutations that allow the species to reproduce and gain a competitive advantage under changed environmental conditions.
winter	Season between fall and spring
biodegradation	The breaking down of substances by microorganisms, such as oil-hungry Alcanivorax, which use the substances for food and generally release harmless byproducts such as carbon dioxide and water.
law of the minimum	This biological law suggests that organisms are normally limited by only one single physical factor that is in shortest supply relative to demand.
butylene plastics	Plastics based on resins made by the polymerization of butene or copolymerization of butene with one or more unsaturated compounds, the butene being in greatest amount by weight.
fungi	Group, at the kingdom level, in the classification of life
thermal expansion	The fractional change in length (sometimes volume, specified) of a material for a unit change in temperature.
hot work	Maintenance or construction work requiring welding, burning, grinding, or drilling.
wildcat	Exploratory well several kilometres from any known pool.
productivity	Rate of energy fixation or storage of biomass by plants
dry gas	Contains low amounts of condensable compounds making it more "pipeline ready." Gas is considered to be "dry" when it is composed of almost entirely methane.
crude oil	Liquid petroleum as it comes out of the ground as distinguished from refined oils manufactured out of it.
exploration well	Well drilled in unproven territory
pacific high	High pressure system that develops over the central Pacific Ocean near the Hawaiian Islands
direct current	An electricity current that flows in one direction with a magnitude that does not vary or that varies only slightly.
experimental scheme	Subject to B.C
comet	seen as a light-giving body having a bright head and a luminous tail moving through space under the gravitational influence of the Sun
impact crater	A circular depression in the ground caused by meteoroids or asteroids hitting the surface of a planet.
dredge spoil	Soil material that is removed (dredged) from the bottom of a lake or stream and then must be disposed of.
capitalize	To treat certain expenditures as capital expenditures for Federal income tax computations.
bopd	Barrels of Oil Per Day
ultraviolet	electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths shorter than the violet end of visible light
christmas tree	Valves, pipes, and fittings assembled at the top of a completed well used to control the flow of oil and gas
market area	the area served by a particular settlement, shop or service
cycles	Cycle theory is based on the premise that prices are affected by an underlying cycle
r4	Operator's Certificate of Compliance and Authorization to Transport Oil From Lease.R4 & Emergency Clearance Information
steam cracker	Ethylene plant
back-fire	See FLASH BACK.
premium	An additional amount agreed between buyer and seller over and above an existing benchmark
tight	Having very low permeability.
boiler pressure	The pressure of the steam of water in a boiler, depending on type, generally expressed in pounds per square inch gauge and corresponding temperature.
kb	Abbreviation for Kelly bushing
amber	A fossil created from tree resin
enriched uranium	Uranium in which the concentration of the fissionable isotope, Uranium-235, has been increased beyond the 0.7% level found in natural uranium.
recessional moraine	Moraine that is created during a pause in the retreat of a glacier
potential energy	Is the energy that a body possesses by virtue of its position and that is potentially transformable into another form of energy.
standpipe	A vertical pipe or reservoir for water used to secure a uniform pressure.
unl	Abbreviation for unleaded.
technically feasible	In DSM, an option which could be implemented for which equipment has been developed and tested and is available in the current marketplace, or will be in the future.
zeebrugge	Belgian port
demand costs	That part of the total cost of service which must be recovered through use of a demand rate; i.e., a rate for each Mcf of gas representing the customer's demand on the Company's system.
casing	Pipe cemented in the well to seal off formation fluids and to keep the hole from caving in.
future prices	Refers to the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) which introduced futures contracts for crude oil in 1985 and natural gas in 1990.
raindrop impact	Force exerted by a falling raindrop on a rock, sediment, or soil surface.
electromagnetic energy	Energy stored in electromagnetic waves or radiation
velocity	A vector that denotes both the speed and direction a body is moving.
drainage	The process of forcing a non-wetting phase into a porous rock
concentric ring model	see Burgess model.
magnetosphere	the area around a planet most affected by its magnetic field
circuit	A conductor or a system of conductors through which electric current flows
furnace	Furnaces which recirculate the products of combustion and extract available heat to a point that causes condensation to occur
organic sulfur	Compounds of carbon, sulfur, and hydrogen that are found in gas, such as thiophene.
lta	Abbreviation for Temporary abandon work permit approved in Lafayette District Office
classification of costs	A two step process to take functionalized costs and (1) determine whether they are fixed or variable and then (2) determine whether the fixed costs will be recovered through the demand rate or the commodity rate.
water heater blanket	Insulated wrap attached to a water heater which supplements the insulation contained in the water heater.
cdm	See Clean Development Mechanism.
tally	To measure and record the total length of pipe, casing, or tubing that is to be run in a well.
spot price	Price at a location and at a specific time.
end-user	An entity which is the ultimate consumer for natural gas
adsorbed gas	Natural gas that is electrostatically bonded to the organic matter within a reservoir and requires the depressurizing of the reservoir to produce.
horn	Pyramidal peak that forms when several cirques erode a mountain from three or more sides.
direct heating equipment	See HEATER, INFRA-RED RADIANT.
independent variable	Variable in a statistical test that is thought to be controlling through cause and effect the value of observations in another dependent variable modeled in the test.
vgo	Vacuum gasoil, also known as catfeed
eddy diffusion	Mixing of the atmosphere by chaotic air currents.
dip	In surveying, the angle above or below horizontal of the current survey leg.Speleology term
turbidity current	A highly turbid, sediment-rich dense current which moves rapidly along the bottom of standing water until it loses its energy.
south magnetic pole	Location in the Southern Hemisphere where the lines of force from Earth's magnetic field are vertical
photosynthetic autotroph	An organism that produces food molecules inorganically by using light and the chemical process of photosynthesis
community	Refers to all the populations of interacting species found in a specific area or region at a certain time.
aaus	Assigned Amount Units: National level greenhouse gas emission allowances established under the Kyoto Protocol
completed well	A well that has had the necessary work done to enable production.
tripping	Making a trip; operation of hoisting pipe out of, and returning it to, the wellbore
fenglin	Chinese term for the isolated limestone hills known as Tower karst.Karst - Hill Features of
gravity	a mutual physical force of nature that causes two bodies to attract each other.
least-cost planning	See INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLANNING.
compressive strength	The degree of resistance of a material to a force acting along one of its axes in a manner tending to collapse it
suspension	Erosional movement of sediment continually held in the transport medium of air, water or ice.
auxiliary devices	Devices used with a meter to provide an adjustment of the meter reading to permit obtaining special information, or to transmit information to a remote location.
troposphere	Layer in the atmosphere found from the surface to a height of between 8 to 16 kilometers of altitude (average height 11 kilometers)
segregated ice	A form of periglacial ground ice that consists of almost pure ice that often exists as an extensive horizontal layer
gas supply coordinator	A representative of a company assigned the task of managing the operations under Transportation, Sales or Purchase Service agreements
ppm	Parts per million
source water	Operators may withdraw water from surface or ground water sources themselves or may purchase it from suppliers.
kinetic energy	The energy due to motion.
rig	Machinery for drilling a well that is used to search for and produce oil and natural gas.
ultimate co2	The maximum theoretical percentage of flue gas CO2 that is possible to produce from the complete combustion of a fuel with the chemically-correct fuel-air ratio.
sandstone cave	A cave formed in sandstone.Cave - Kinds of
indexing	Tying the commodity price in a contract to other published prices, such as spot prices for gas or alternate fuels, or general indexes like the Consumer Price Index or Producer Price Index.
form uic-13	Community Saltwater Disposal Well/System Notification Certification
contiguous karst	The interconnected air filled or water filled solutional or hydrological network of spaces in any area of karstified carbonate rock.Karst - Kinds of
topple	the end-over-end motion of rock down a slope.
fissile material	Any element containing an isotope with nuclei capable of undergoing fission as a result of interaction with slow neutrons in a nuclear reactor
relief valve	See VALVE, RELIEF.
climograph	Two dimensional graph that plots a location's air temperature and precipitation on times scales that range from a 24 hour period to a year.
flange	For pipe, a metal collar drilled with bolt holes and attached to the pipe with its flat surface at right angles to the pipe axis so that it can be securely bolted to a mating flange on a valve, another pipe section, etc.
hoop stress	The tensile stress, usually in pounds per square inch (psi), acting on the pipe along the circumferential direction of the pipe wall when the pipe contains gas or liquid under pressure.
produced water	The water extracted from the subsurface along with produced oil and gas, including water from the reservoir, water that has been injected into the formation, and any chemicals added during the production/treatment process.
chromatin remodelling	Transient changes in chromatin accessibility.
runoff	That part of the precipitation that appears in surface water bodies after traveling across land.
bog	A habitat that consists of waterlogged spongy ground
regolith	the layer of rocky debris and dust made by metoritic impact that forms the uppermost surface of planets, satellites and asteroids.
spr	Strategic Petroleum Reserve in the US.
cave guano	Accumulations of dung in caves, in some places may be partly mineralised
bollinger bands	A system based on the premise that prices revert to their mean
base metal	Any non-precious, non-minor metal (eg copper, lead, zinc, nickel, etc)
salt water disposal well	A well into which oilfield salt water is disposed.
electronic data transfer	The computer-to-computer exchange of data for business transactions.
r horizon	Soil horizon found beneath the C horizon
volatility	Calculate the exponential moving average of the difference between the daily high and low, lets call this 'range'
inorganic	Of non-biological origin.Biology - Flora & Fauna
divide	The topographic ridge that separates drainage basins.
allocation method	A method of allocating volumes to affected parties when an imbalance occurs.
zodiac	an imaginary belt across the sky in which the Sun, Moon, and all of the planets can always be found.
lubricator	Refers to the assembly of wireline pressure-control equipment consisting of blowout preventer, riser, flow tube, and stuffing box (or hydraulic packing head).
escalator clause	A clause in a purchase or sales contract that permits adjustment of price or profit, under specific conditions.
rhizomorph	A calcareous structure formed around roots, and preserving the form of the root.Speleology term
final disposal	The storage of nuclear waste and/or spent fuel in a repository near the surface or in a deep geological formation, without the intention of retrieval.
american petroleum institute	A trade association that represents the interests of and sets standards for the oil and gas industry.
suburbanisation	the process by which people, factories, offices and shops move out from the central areas of cities and into the suburbs.
clay	1
karstic	Pertaining to karst.Speleology term
delay rental	Cash payments to the mineral rights owner (lessor) by the working interest owner (lessee), for the privilege of postponing the commencement of drilling operations on the leased property.
military property warehouse	N
nadir	a term used to describe a point directly underneath an object or body.
trap	A device designed for removing liquids or solids from a gaseous stream; a low spot in a pipeline or main
peak day design	See DESIGN DAY.
survivor curve	A graphical presentation of survivors at the beginning of each of a consecutive series of age intervals
phylum	A group or category used in the taxonomic and/or phylogenic classification of organisms
oil-water contact	A bounding surface in a reservoir above which predominantly oil occurs and below which predominantly water occurs
polar jet stream	Relatively fast uniform winds concentrated within the upper atmosphere in a narrow band
content of fuel	The heat value per unit of fuel expressed in Btu as determined from tests of fuel samples
rur	Russian Rouble
carryover	A feature in some curtailment plans that allows volumes not used in one period to be used in the following period or periods.
compaction	Occurs when the weight of overlying material compresses more deeply buried sediment
act 13	Signed into law by governor Tom Corbett
sdm2	State Oil Potential - test witnessed by a Conservation Enforcement Agent
normal recovery capacity	Amount of water in U.S
opec	Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
tissue	A group of similar cells that are organized into a structure with a specific purpose.
base load plant	A plant normally operated to take all or part of the minimum continuous load of a system, and which consequently produces electricity at an essentially constant rate
hydroacoustic	Refers to a series of specialised microphones placed in water.
hypereutrophic	Having excessively high nutrient content and biological activity
telephone directory - state	Telephone Numbers For State Agencies State Telephone Directory
geodesy	The science that measures the surface features of the Earth.
refrigeration ton	12,000 Btu per hour or 200 Btu per minute of heat removal
double asteroid	two asteroids that revolve around each other and are held together by the gravity between them
earthquake	Is a sudden motion or trembling in the Earth
packer	A piece of downhole equipment that consists of a sealing device, a holding or setting device, and an inside passage for fluids.
production	A functional classification relating to that portion of utility plant used for the purpose of producing gas; or to expenses relating to the operation or maintenance of production plant.
bottomhole	The lowest or deepest part of a well.
blow joint	Perforated joint of line pipe designed to capture "pig" after pigging and cleaning operations.
aurora australis	also known as the southern lights, this is an atmospheric phenomenon that displays a diffuse glow in the sky in the southern hemisphere
frost point	Is the temperature at which water vapor saturates from an air mass into solid usually forming snow or frost
deep gas	Gas found at depths greater than the average for a particular area; for FERC purposes, it is gas found at depths of more than 15,000 feet.
deficiency period	Used in association with the EQUITABLE SHARING MECHANISM
carbon capture & storage	Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a combination of a number of existing technologies, with the potential to play a major role in the management and reduction of global carbon dioxide (CO2) levels
burner port	See PORT.
ground trog	A search on the surface for cave entrances
gene pool	Sum total of all the genes found in the individuals of the population of a particular species.
sediments	Sediments are deposits of different sized particles coming from the erosion of old rocks, waste generated by organic activity (mollusc shells, etc.) or from chemical precipitation (certain carbonates)
stream flow	The flow of water in a river or stream channel.
bopd	The abbreviation for barrels of oil per day.
sample	A sample is a subset group of data selected from a larger population group
molecule	Minute particle that consists of connected atoms of one or many elements.
lenticular galaxy	a disk-shaped galaxy that contains no conspicuous structure within the disk
company storage	Natural gas storage facilities owned and controlled by the LDC.
pipeline condensate	A liquid containing lower boiling aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons which may be found in natural gas production, transmission, and distribution pipelines
assay	A chemical test performed on a sample of ores or minerals to determine the amount of valuable metals contained.
crooked hole	Wellbore that has deviated from the vertical inadvertently
saturation	Atmospheric condition where water is changing its phase to liquid or solid
downtrend	A price pattern characterized by successive falling highs and falling lows.
subterranean	Pertaining to underground environments
modified seaboard method	See UNITED METHOD.
walking beam	The horizontal steel member of a beam pumping unit that has rocking or reciprocating motion.
cuttings	Fragments of rock removed from a well during drilling operations.
srt	See Single rope technique.Climbing and SRT
projected depth	The approximate depth the company will reach
lost opportunity	In DSM, an efficiency measure that is cost-effective but does not get installed, and which is unlikely to be cost-effective at a later time.
white light	visible light that includes all colors and, therefore, all visible wavelengths.
distribution	The system of lines, transformers and switches that connect a transmission network to customer load
surface casing	The first string of casing put into a well
radiolarian chert	A rock made up of the spherical siliceous shells of radiolarian which are single-celled planktonic animals (protozoans).
offering memorandum	A legal document provided to potential investors in a venture describing the terms under which the investment is being offered.
suspended well	A well that was previously completed but is now no longer being produced.
daily drilling report	A record made each day of the operations on a working drilling rig and, traditionally, phoned, faxed, emailed, or radioed in to the office of the drilling company and possibly the operator every morning.
glaciolacustrine	pertaining to lakes dammed by or bordering glaciers.