Glossary extracted starting with automatic seeds, with PTM for the domain hel and language EN

muscle nerve	A nerve most fibers of which innervate a muscle.
a fiber	A myelinated nerve fiber with conduction velocity in the range from 1 to 120 m/sec; a class of fibers divisible into alpha, beta, gamma and delta subgroups.
phagocyte	white blood cell that ingests bacteria and other foreign molecules
annulospiral ending	The termination of a group Ia afferent fiber in the equatorial region of a muscle spindle, syn
myelinated fiber	A nerve fiber wrapped by a series of Schwann cells, resulting in greater conduction velocity.
stereotaxic coordinates	A Cartesian system in which points in the brain are referenced by coordinates in horizontal, sagittal, and frontal planes.
genetic	relating to heredity; referring to heritable characteristics
chiropractic	From the Greek word “chiropraktikos” meaning “effective treatment by hand.” The purpose is to locate and adjust musculoskeletal areas of the body that are functioning improperly and to restore normal function to muscles, joints, and nerves.
miniature end-plate potential	A tiny, spontaneous postsynaptic potential recorded near the end-plate in muscle fibers, abbr
biological control	The deliberate use by humans of one species of organism to eliminate or control another.
tolerance	When the body becomes accustomed to a pain relieving medication so much so that the dosage needs to be adjusted or a new medication needs to be prescribed
hue	A quality of light correlated with its wavelength
biofeedback	A technique in which an individual learns to consciously control involuntary physical responses, including heart rate, brain waves, and muscle contractions
sjögren's syndrome	A chronic disorder that causes insufficient moisture production in certain glands of the body
scoliosis	A condition causing a lateral (toward the side) curvature in the normally straight vertical line of the spine.
slowly adapting	A slow decline without complete cessation of a response of a sensory neuron to a maintained stimulus.
chemotherapy	In cancer treatment, chemotherapy refers to particular drugs used to kill or slow the reproduction of rapidly multiplying cells
t lymphocyte	white blood cell that destroys abnormal cells or interacts with B-lymphocytes
blood brain barrier	The barrier between brain blood vessels and brain tissues whose effect is to restrict what may pass from the blood into the brain.
magnetic resonance imaging	Diagnostic technology using magnetic fields to produce a computerized image (no x-ray involved)
synaptic delay	The time required for release of a chemical transmitter substance, its diffusion across the synaptic cleft, its interaction with the postsynaptic receptor, and the initiation of a change in postsynaptic membrane potential.
herpes zoster	s MED Herpes m zoster, Gürtelrose f …
bacteria	Tiny one-celled organisms present throughout the environment that require a microscope to be seen
wind-up pain	Pain caused as a result of the release of chemicals from nerve cells in the spinal cord that intensify pain and the signal to the brain
restriction endonuclease	An endonuclease that binds to double-stranded DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence and then, if both strands of the DNA lack appropriate modification at that sequence, cleaves the DNA either at the recognition sequence or at another site in the DNA molecule.
rheumatrex®	A brand name for the chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and certain other rheumatic diseases (especially polymyositis and certain types of vasculitis).
acute pain	Pain that can be extremely intense, but lasts for only a short period of time
dysphoria	Anxiety, depression or unease
heberden's node	bony growth on the joint nearest the fingertip
tetanic contraction	Sustained contraction of a muscle without intervals of relaxation.
feedforward inhibition	A situation in which the output of a neuron (or set of neurons) is used to inhibit neurons subsequent to it in a particular pathway.
scotoma	An area of depressed or absent vision within the visual field, surrounded by an area of normal vision.
statoconium	Calcium carbonate crystal found in the otolith organs of vertebrates, syn
cox-2 inhibitor	Drugs that may relieve pain and inflammation that block COX-2 enzymes and active only at site of inflammation
focus:	small area of diseased plants within a population
reconstitution	The process of adding liquid to a dry powder to make a new solution
echinulate	Covered with small spines.
facultative parasite	organism that is normally saprophytic but is capable of being parasitic
place theory	A theory that says pitch is encoded in terms of the place on the basilar membrane that gives maximum vibration in response to a given frequency of sound.
coryneform	1
hypophysectomy	Surgical removal or other destruction of the pituitary.
myofascial pain	Muscle pain and soreness.
gastrointestinal	Body system including stomach and large and small intestines
nerve block	A procedure where an injection of an anesthetic agent is given near a nerve to block pain.
fumigant:	a gas or volatile substance used to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms or other pests
cyclolophosphamide	A chemotherapy drug that is sometimes used to treat autoimmune disorders.
side effects	The action or effect of a drug (or vaccine) other than that desired
complication	An additional problem that arises following an illness, treatment or procedure
cholinergic synapse	A junction between two cells that employs as its transmitter substance acetylcholine.
rhizotomy	Interruption of a spinal root within the spinal canal.
arthroscopy	A minimally-invasive diagnostic and treatment procedure used for conditions of a joint
adverse events	Unanticipated problem involving risk that may be harmful
capsid	The protein shell that surrounds the virus nucleic acid.
occupational therapist	A professional trained to help people develop skills for tasks and activities related to daily life, such as using facilities and objects around the house and the job
potency	A measure of strength.
referred pain	A pain felt in another part of the body separate from the part generating the pain.
hemianopsia	Loss of vision in either the nasal or temporal half of the visual field.
corticosteroids	Steroids used as an anti-inflammatory agent for pain.
postural fixation	Assumption of unusual body positions as in basal ganglion disease.
prevalence	A measure of the proportion of people in a population affected with a particular disease at a given time.
crude touch	Touch sensations of higher threshold and poor localizability.
axon	The straight, relatively unbranched process of a nerve cell or the efferent process of a nerve cell, syn
reiki	Complementary medicine technique that uses gentle pressure from the hands to encourage “healing energy,” and is often used to treat both acute and chronic pain.
addiction	Strong chronic physiological and psychological dependence on a substance
arachnoiditis	Painful inflammation and thickening of the arachnoid membrane around nerve roots
prednisone	A type of corticosteroid medication (often called "steroids").
sympathetic nervous system	The division of the autonomic nervous system made up of thoracic and lumbar segments.
monoclonal antibody	an antibody produced by means of recombinant DNA technology to recognise one specific substance
orthopedist	Medical doctor specializing in problems of the musculoskeletal system, including the spine
power function or relation	The relationship between two variables such that the equal percentage changes in one result in equal percentage changes in the other; an equation of the form y = xa.
pasteurization	to free a material, usually a liquid, of selected harmful microorganisms using heat
hyper-reflexia	Exaggerated reflexes.
duloxetine	Serotonin inhibitor and norepinephrine reuptake used for pain management
monopolar	Having a single pole; with respect to electrophysiology: stimulating or recording through one active electrode and one indifferent (or reference) electrode, cf
peripheral	Situated away from the center, as opposed to being centrally located
logarithmic function or relation	The relationship between two variables such that equal percentage changes in one result in equal changes in the other; an equation of the form y = a log x + b.
parasympathetic nervous system	The division of the autonomic nervous system made up of ocular, bulbar, and sacral segments.
bone marrow	The soft, fatty tissue that fills the cavities of bones and contains white and red blood cells.
audition	The act of hearing or ability to hear.
central pain	Pain associated within the central nervous system
immunoassay	a detection method based on antibodies specifically selected to react with the substance to be detected (the antigen)
zonate	any symptom appearing in concentric rings
multicellular	composed of many cells (see unicellular)
synovium	A thin membrane inside the joint capsule
neurotransmitters	Body chemicals that carry nerve impulses between nerve fibers.
bacteriostatic	Able to inhibit the growth and reproduction of at least some types of bacteria.
phyllody	A change of floral petals (leaves) to foliage leaves.
ellipsoid	Having every plane section an ellipse or a circle.
spike	The all-or-none, conducted voltage response of a nerve or muscle membrane that is used to communicate information, syn
refractive index	A measure of the amount of bending of light on entering a medium; the speed of light in a vacuum/speed of light in the medium.
ataxia	Awkwardness and lack of fluidity in motor behavior associated with loss of control mechanisms of the cerebellum.
institutional review board	1
neurologist	Medical doctor who diagnoses and treats problems with the nervous system, including chronic pain
cytotoxic t lymphocyte	A lymphocyte that is able to kill foreign cells that have been marked for destruction by the cellular immune system
systemic lupus erythematosus	a connective tissue disease that can affect internal organs, nervous system, skin, and joints
petit mal attacks	epileptic seizures characterized by fixed stare, unconsciousness, unresponsiveness, and lack of activity.
critical firing level	The value of the trans-membrane voltage to which a nerve or muscle cell must be hypopolarized in order for an action potential to be evoked.
terminal	A swelling of an axon near its termination; the presynaptic structure in most synapses, syn
rootstock	portion of the stem (trunk) and the associated root system into which a bud or scion is inserted in grafting
hypopolarization phase	The earliest positive-going portion of the nerve or muscle spike, syn
genotype	genetic constitution of an individual or group; class or group of individuals sharing a specific genetic makeup (see phenotype )
virus	Infectious units comprising either RNA or DNA enclosed in a protective coat.
thrombocytopenia	A low platelet count
corticosteroids	This is a family of drugs used to treat numerous autoimmune and inflammatory conditions
c-reactive protein	A protein that indicates the amount of inflammation present in the body.
fibromyalgia	Condition that causes pain all over the body, including muscle pain and stiffness; fatigue is another common symptom of this chronic pain condition.
antagonism	An ecological association between organisms in which one or more of the participants is harmed or has its activities limited.
arthroplasty	surgical replacement of all or part of a joint
tritanope	A person who lacks response to blue light.
music therapy	The use of music interventions to accomplish any range of goals, including improvement of motor skills, social/interpersonal development, cognitive development, self-awareness and spiritual enhancement.
tissue	A collection of similar cells acting together to perform a particular function
computed tomography	a diagnostic technique in which X-rays are taken in many different directions and the resulting data synthesised by a computer to generate cross-sectional and other images of the body
treatment ind	A program to provide experimental treatments to a class of patients who lack satisfactory alternative treatment
neuralgia	Pain along the length of a nerve.
anesthetic	Drug that causes numbness.
capacitance	The ability of the nerve membrane to separate and store charge.
range-of-motion exercises	Exercises that help maintain normal joint function by increasing and preserving joint mobility and flexibility
genome	The genetic information for an organism, consisting (in the case of viruses) of one or more species of either RNA or DNA, but not both.
chorea	Basal ganglion disease characterized by rapid, complex, jerky movements that are involuntary.
immediate-release medication	Medication that takes effect over a short period of time
trichromatism	Color vision involving three pigments.
aphasia	Impairment of communication by language in any form; expressive aphasia - inability to speak or write; receptive aphasia - inability to understand spoken or written language.
genetic code	The nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule (or, in certain viruses, of an RNA molecule) in which information for the synthesis of proteins is contained.
preganglionic fiber	Nerve fiber originating in the central nervous system and running to an autonomic ganglion.
rotation	growth of different kinds of crops in succession in the same field
stereopsis	Depth perception.
electroencephalogram	Recording from the scalp of the changes in electrical potential in the brain, primarily in the cerebral cortex, abbr
in vitro	("In glass")
neutropenia	An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils (the most common type of white blood cells) in the blood
repolarization phase	The return of the membrane potential from the peak overshoot of the spike back to the resting potential, syn
consensual light reflex	Constriction of the pupil of the eye opposite that into which a light is shown.
nuclease	Any enzyme that can cleave the sugar-phosphate backbone of a nucleic acid.
carpal tunnel syndrome	a condition in which the median nerve is compressed as it passes through the carpal tunnel in the wrist, a narrow confined space
dysdiadochokinesia	Impairment of ability to perform rapid alternating movements, a symptom of cerebellar disease.
stipe	stalk
synergism/synergistic	An interaction between two or more agents (drugs) that produces or enhances an effect that is greater than the sum of the effects produced by the individual agents.
enzyme	A protein that accelerates a specific chemical reaction without altering itself (i.e., a catalyst).
symptom	A visible abnormality in a plant that results from disease.
mrna	See
emmetropia	The normal condition of the eye with respect to refraction.
akinesia	Absence of movement.
migraine	Periodic attacks of vascular headache, commonly associated with irritability, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, and often photophobic.
nuclear chain fiber	an intrafusal muscle fiber with nuclei arranged in a line throughout its relatively uniform-diameter central region.
static response	The response of spindle endings that signals maintained length of a muscle.
athetosis	Basal ganglion disease characterized by slow, sinuous movements.
social worker	Professional who may assist people to obtain tangible services, help communities or groups provide or improve social and health services, provide counseling and psychotherapy with individuals, families, and groups
substrate	the substance on which an organism lives or from which it obtains nutrients; chemical substance acted upon, often by an enzyme
nociceptive pain	Nociceptive pain is a result of injury to body tissues
glycoprotein	A conjugated protein in which the nonprotein group is a carbohydrate (i.e., a sugar molecule); also called glucoprotein.
caloric test	A test of vestibular function involving the induction of nystagmus by putting warm or cold water in the external auditory meatus.
short-term memory	Recall of learned responses or material having a duration of minutes to hours, syn
mesothelioma	a form of carcinoma of the mesothelium lining lungs or abdomen or heart
ablative surgery	Type of surgery performed on parts of the central or peripheral nervous system to help permanently alleviate pain by affecting the pathways of nerves.
polymerase chain reaction	The selective amplification of DNA by repeated cycles of (a) heat denaturation of the DNA, (b) annealing of two oligonucleotide primers that flank the DNA segment to be amplified and (c) the extension of the annealed primers with the heat insensitive Tag DNA polymerase.
cytoplasm	All of the substance of a cell other than the nucleus.
decay	The gradual decomposition of dead organic matter.
alpha rhythms	EEG records characterized by high-voltage waves occurring at 8-14 per sec.
soma	Cell body.
efficacy	(Of a drug or treatment)
thoracic	The section of the spine that includes twelve rib-bearing vertebrae
antineoplastic	Inhibiting or preventing the proliferation of tumor cells.
gene expression	The transcription of mRNA from the DNA sequence of a gene and the subsequent translation of that mRNA to give the protein gene product
tendonitis	An inflammation in a tendon or the tendon covering.
competition	A more or less active demand on the part of two organisms for some commodity (space, food, etc.) that is inadequate to provide for all organisms present.
central nervous system	The brain and the spinal cord.
hyperstimulation analgesia	A reduction or elimination of pain sensation brought about as a result of strong stimulation outside a damaged area.
electrotonic synapse	The junction between two nerve cells at which communication is by direct transfer of charge not by release of a transmitter substance, syn
accommodation	In the eye: adjustment of the eye for near vision by contraction of ciliary muscle; in membranes: elevation of critical firing level with prolonged small hypopolarization.
gamma bias	Refers to the ongoing discharge of fusimotor neurons, syn
allodynia	When something that normally isn't painful causes pain (such as clothing touching the skin).
pharmacotherapy	Medication based therapy
acuity	Clarity of vision measured as the minimum distance between two distinguishable points at a standard distance.
arthrocentesis	A procedure during which fluid is removed from an inflamed joint through a needle
injury	damage caused by transitory interaction with an agent such as an insect, chemical, or unfavorable environmental condition
electrogenic pump	An energy-requiring process in which there is a net transfer of charge across the membrane resulting in a membrane voltage.
triplet codon	a set of three nucleotide bases in DNA or RNA that code for an amino acid
endonuclease	A nuclease which cleaves phosphodiester bonds within a nucleic acid strand.
myosin	The protein of the thick myofilament, localized to the A band of the sarcomere.
intractable pain	Pain that does not respond to treatment
diarrhea	Uncontrolled, loose and frequent bowel movements
injection	A method of administering drugs or nutrients into the body using a needle.
retrovirus	HIV and other viruses that carry their genetic material in the form of RNA and that have the enzyme reverse transcriptase
pain	An unpleasant feeling that may or may not be related to an injury, illness, or other bodily trauma
zygote	A diploid cell resulting from the union of two gametes; a diploid nucleus resulting from the union of two haploid nuclei.
fission	Cell division by cleavage (splitting) of the cell into two parts.
pericarditis	inflamed sac around the heart.
rheumatoid factor	an antibody found in about 80% of people with rheumatoid arthritis; also appears in other diseases and sometimes in healthy people
static fusimotor neuron	Ag motoneuron whose activity increases the static responses of both primary and secondary spindle endings.
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia	1
thin filament	The smaller diameter myofilament of the myofibrils of striated muscle.
epiphytic	living on the surface of plants, but not as a parasite
wernicke's area	Area 22 of the temporal cerebral cortex that plays a fundamental role in reception and comprehension of speech.
focus	The location of a group of cells in the cerebral cortex whose abnormal discharge initiates seizures.
cytoxan®	A chemotherapy drug used to treat the most aggressive and dangerous rheumatic diseases, such as severe systemic lupus erythematosus and some forms of vasculitis.
tender points	Specific areas of the body that are tender to the touch in people with fibromyalgia
immunocompetent	1
seizure	The sudden onset of a jerking and staring spell usually caused by fever
left-right confusion	Confusion of laterality.
maximal stimulus	The stimulus strength that just yields the maximal response.
paresis	Weakness, partial paralysis; adjectival form: paretic.
symbiosis	A mutually beneficial association of two or more different kinds of organisms.
acute pain	Pain that results from something specific, such as a surgery, an injury, or an infection, and is generally temporary.
tinel maneuver	A test for diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome that involves tapping on the palm side of the wrist
neutropenia	A low white blood cell count
single-unit smooth muscle	Smooth muscle containing many tight junctions that contracts as a unit and responds to stretch.
genotype	A pattern of genetic information that is unique to an individual or group
gravid	containing an egg or eggs; capable of depositing eggs
avirulent	Not exhibiting virulence; nonpathogenic.
autogenic inhibition	Depression of the excitability of an motoneuron by the groups Ia and Ib afferent fibers that innervate the same muscle as the motoneuron.
keratoderma blenorrhagica	a skin disorder that may occur in Reiter's syndrome
hepatitis e	is a virus (HEV) transmitted in much the same way as hepatitis A virus
ovary	Part of the female reproductive system
gasteromycetes	The group of
asymmetric arthritis	A type of arthritis with a joint distribution typical of psoriatic arthritis, usually affecting one to three joints — large or small — such as the knee, hip, or one or several fingers
atrophy	A wasting away; a diminution in the size of a cell, tissue, or organ.
trichromatic theory	Theory of color vision that says there are three fundamental color sensations and three different color receptors; color sensation is the result of activity in this ensemble, syn
central nervous system	Body system that includes the brain and spinal cord; your doctor may mention your CNS when talking about how pain occurs or the cause of your chronic pain.
ovary	Female sexual gland in which the ova, or eggs, are formed.
ossification	the process by which bone is formed
arthrography	A radiographic examination of a joint after the injection of a dye-like contrast material and/or air to outline the soft tissue and joint structures on the images
gamma interferon	A T cell-derived stimulating substance that suppresses virus reproduction, stimulates other T cells and activates macrophage cells
stipe	The stalk-like portion of some larger
cloning	An in vitro procedure in which a particular sequence of DNA (e.g., a gene) is reproduced in large amounts by inserting ("splicing") it into a suitable replicon, introducing the resultant recombinant (hybrid) molecule into a cell in which it can replicate, and finally growing the cells in culture.
rigidity	Stiffness of a limb due to increased tone in both flexors and extensors, cf., spasticity.
multiple sclerosis	A disease in which there are multiple patches of demyelination in the white matter of the central nervous system
collateral inhibition	Inhibition produced in a group of neurons by activity in some neurons of the group that excite inhibitory interneurons by way of collaterals of their axons; sometimes inaccurately used as syn
anesthesia	Given during medical procedures to help block pain, control your blood pressure, relax you, or make you unconscious for the procedure.
drug-drug interaction	A modification of the effect of a drug when administered with another drug
nucleoli	Bodies in the nucleus that become enlarged during protein synthesis and contain the DNA template for ribosomal RNA
intramuscular	Injected directly into a muscle.
adhesive capsulitis	A condition resulting in loss of motion in the shoulder; also called frozen shoulder.
fumigant	A gas or volatile substance that is used to disinfest certain areas of various pests.
telamon	In nematodes: Rigid, sclerotized portion of the cloacal wall that apparently guides the
a band	Anisotropic or dark band in striated muscle; contains actin and myosin.
conjugate eye movements	Refers to rotation of the eyes in the same direction at the same time.
depression	Treatable illness that affects the mind, body, mood thoughts and perceptions
bilirubin	1
breakthrough pain	Pain that appears or breaks through in spite of the fact an individual is taking pain medication
immediate recall	Memory of learned material or responses having a duration of minutes to perhaps hours, syn
facet joints	Joints located between two adjacent vertebrae at every spinal level
bone marrow	Soft tissue located within bones that produce all blood cells, including the ones that fight infection.
paradoxical sleep	A stage of deep sleep characterized by desynchronized EEG patterns, REM, and dreaming, syn
vertebrae	The bones of the spine.
peripheral neuropathy	Pain caused by damage to or an abnormality with the peripheral nervous system.
leukotomy	The operation of cutting the white matter in the oval center of the frontal lobe of the brain, syn
transpiration	The loss of water vapor from the surface of leaves and other aboveground parts of plants.
voltage clamp	A device for fixing the transmembrane voltage of a cell at a constant value.
recessive	a phenotypic trait that is expressed in diploid organisms only if both parents contribute the trait to the progeny
gamma tone	Refers to the ongoing discharge of fusimotor neurons, syn
breast cancer	cancer of the breast; one of the most common malignancies in women in the US
receptor potential	The nonpropagated change in membrane potential of a receptor that does not lead to action potentials in the receptor, but does generate them synaptically in another cell, cf., Generator potential.
necrosis	Localized death of cells or tissues.
nervous system	The neurons and associated cells of the body.
depolarization	A change in the transmembrane potential of a cell to the isoelectric point (e.g., zero voltage).
community immunity	A situation in which a sufficient proportion of a population is immune to an infectious disease (through vaccination and/or prior illness) to make its spread from person to person unlikely
olfaction	The sense of smell.
rising phase	The earliest positive-going portion of the nerve or muscle action potential, syn
hybridization	1
nucleic acid	genetic material of all living organisms, including DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
substrate	1
bell-magendie law	The notion that sensory fibers enter the spinal cord through dorsal roots, motor fibers exit the spinal cord through ventral roots.
incidence	The number of new disease cases reported in a population over a certain period of time.
cross-projection	The head of the myosin molecule projecting at right angles past the thin filaments; according to the electrostatic theory, the site of charge separation resulting in an electric field.
nerve	A bundle of fibers that uses chemical and electrical signals to transmit sensory and motor information from one body part to another.
psychologist	A professional who is licensed to provide therapeutic services, research and testing. There are clinical psychologists who provide counseling and psychotherapy.
axoaxonic synapse	The synaptic junction between two axons thought to mediate presynaptic hypopolarization or presynaptic inhibition.
anesthetic	Medication that causes loss of sensation-numbness
basipetal	Successive from apex to base.
osteotomy	an operation in which the bone is cut to change its alignment or shorten or lengthen it
ana	A blood test that is used in the evaluation of possible lupus or other connective tissue disorders
peripheral nervous system	All the nerves of the body except the brain and spinal cord.
vertebra	One of the 33 bony components that make up the spine.
all-or-nothing	Independence of action potential amplitude from stimulus strength; also refers to tendency of spikes to travel over the entire membrane of a cell, syn
staurosporous	Possessing staurospores.
sticker	Added to fungicide or bactericide preparations to improve the adhesion of the spray to the sprayed surface.
somatosomatic reflexes	Reflexes involving somatic stimuli and somatic responses.
uric acid	A substance created by the natural breakdown of the genetic material in cells—RNA (ribonucleic acid) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
cortisone	A potent anti-inflammatory corticosteroid that may be given as an injection (shot) to decrease swelling and relieve pain.
lymphocyte	a type of white blood cell
datri	See Division of AIDS Treatment Research Initiative.
collagenase	an enzyme that breaks down collagen
oviparous	Producing eggs that hatch after expulsion from the body.
nonelectrogenic pump	An ion pump whose operation does not result in a net transfer of charge into or out of the cell.
equilibrium potential	The value of the transmembrane voltage at which the net driving force for an ion or a membrane event (e.g., an EPSP or IPSP) is zero.
acupuncturist	A person who performs acupuncture.
aphagia	Abstention from eating.
inoculum density	a measure of the number of propagules of a pathogenic organism per unit area or volume
ankylosing spondylitis	a disease that affects the spine, causing the bones of the spine to grow together.
prevalence	The number of disease cases (new and existing) within a population over a given time period.
rheumatology	A field of internal medicine devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases, which involve pathologies of the muscles, tendons and joints
mycology	the study of fungi
reflexed	Bent back.
sympathetic nervous system	The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system make up the autonomic nervous system
binary fission	Fission in which two cells, usually of similar size and shape, are formed by the growth and division of one cell.
spine	33 individual vertebrae that interlock to form a column from the skull to the small of the back
anaerobic	Not requiring free, molecular oxygen for respiration.
opioid	Strong pain relieving medication that is not derived from opium
conduction deafness	Hearing loss due to impairment of movement of the
gate theory of pain	A theory that says the perception of pain depends not only upon activity in nociceptors, but also upon the balance between activity in nociceptors and large myelinated cutaneous afferent fibers.
trigger	Set off disease in those who are genetically predisposed to developing a disease, or that causes a certain symptom to occur
dark adaptation	An increase in the sensitivity of visual receptors as a function of time in the dark.
iatrogenic	Unexpected result of a medical treatment caused by the treatment itself
hybrid	An offspring produced from mating plants or animals from different species, varieties or genotypes.
wood	secondary xylem
budding	See Assembly and Budding.
on-response	The discharge of a neuron initiated when a stimulus is turned on.
pitch	The quality of a sound determined by the frequency of its waves.
furcate	Forked.
spherical aberration	Formation of rings around images due to unequal refraction in the center and on the periphery of a lens.
polymyalgia rheumatica	A rheumatic disorder that is associated with moderate to severe muscle pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulder and hip areas
mitosporic fungi	See
lateral inhibition	Refers to the inhibition of the discharge evoked by stimulation within a cell's excitatory receptive field that occurs when an area outside that receptive field is stimulated; alternatively inhibition of an element in a sensory system caused by activity in an adjacent element of the same type.
heartwood	central cylinder of nonfunctional xylem in a woody stem (see sapwood)
axosomatic synapse	A synaptic junction in which an axon's bouton is the presynaptic element and a soma is the postsynaptic element.
slow muscle	Relative term, referring to the speed of twitch contraction and relaxation and to the relatively low rates of stimulation at which tetanic fusion occurs.
bouton terminaux	A swelling of an axon near its termination; the presynaptic structure in most synapses, syn
referred pain	Pain due to damage to an internal organ that is referred to a structure on the surface of the body.
narcotic	Medication that produces pain relief by depressing the central nervous system.
hyperpathia	Term to describe an excessive response to a pain trigger, and pain that continues after the pain trigger is gone.
anxiolytics	Medications that help manage anxiety and are also used to manage pain by encouraging muscles to relax and thereby ease the pain.
osteoarthritis	a condition caused by wear and tear that causes inflammation of the joint, causing swelling, pain, and stiffness.
achilles tendon	The tendon at the back of the ankle.
sham rage	An outburst of behavior in an animal with a lesion somewhere above the tectum, resembling anger, but lacking direction.
energy medicine	Based on the concept that human beings conduct a subtle form of energy and that illness results from disturbances of these subtle energies
hypalgesia	Diminished pain sensation.
autonomic nervous system	The portion of the nervous system concerned with regulation of the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands.
metabasidium	The cell in which meiosis occurs in members of the
polymerase chain reaction	1
transcription	The process of constructing a messenger RNA molecule using a DNA molecule as a template with the resulting transfer of genetic information to the messenger RNA
diphtheritic neuritis	A neuritis occurring in the period after an infection by diphtheria bacteria.
hypersensitive	The state of being abnormally sensitive
gout	A result of a defect in body chemistry (such as uric acid in the joint fluid), this painful condition most often attacks small joints, especially the big toe
analgesic	A substance that causes a decrease in pain.
gamete	A haploid cell or nucleus involved in sexual reproduction, during which two gametes fuse to form a zygote.
empirical	Based on experimental data, not on a theory.
mutant	Of an organism, population, gene, chromosome, etc.: Differing from the corresponding wild type by changes in one or more loci.
toxicity	The extent, quality or degree of being poisonous or harmful to the body.
photophobia	Abnormal or painful visual intolerance of light
psychiatrist	Medical doctor specializing in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of mental, addictive and emotional disorders
spasm	A brief, automatic jerking movement
hives	The eruption of red marks on the skin that are usually accompanied by itching
asthenia	Weakness, lack of strength.
psoriasis	a common skin disease characterised by thickened patches of inflamed red skin, sometimes accompanied by painful joint swelling and stiffness
nicotinic effect	The subset of actions normally produced by acetylcholine that can also be produced by nicotine.
end-stage disease	Final period or phase in the course of a disease leading to a person's death.
dendrite	Process of a neuron specialized to act as a receptor; the afferent process of a neuron.
myopia	A pathological condition of refraction in which the eyeball is too long for the refractive power of the lens and images focus in front of the retina, syn
rehabilitation	Treatment plan, often exercise based, used to help you regain function or relieve pain caused by an illness or injury.
inflammation	response to injury or foreign invasion designed to protect the body; the symptoms are heat, redness, swelling, and pain
ionotropic transmission	Synaptic transmission in which the transmitter substance produces a change in ionic conductance of the postsynaptic membrane directly by interaction with a postsynaptic receptor.
efferent	Pathways leading from; in the case of peripheral nerves, those conducting away from the central nervous system.
tonotopic representation	A distribution of sensitivity in auditory structures such that the range of audible tones is represented in sequence across the structure.
chromatic aberration	Colored rings resulting from different amounts of refraction by a lens of light of different wavelengths.
sporophyte	the diploid stage of a plant (see gametophyte)
complications	New medical problems that arise while treating existing ones.
peripheral nervous system	This system includes the nerves all over the body that relay messages like pain to the CNS.
neuromuscular junction	The synaptic contact between an motoneuron and the muscle fiber it innervates.
adrenergic synapse	A junction between two cells that employs as its substance one of the catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine, and perhaps isoproterenol.
loudness	The "perceived intensity" of a sound related to both the amplitude of the sound wave and its frequency.
renal	Pertaining to the kidneys.
macula lutea	An irregular yellowish depression in the retina surrounding the fovea.
hypoalgesia	Diminished pain in response to normally painful stimulus
chronic illness	An illness that is ongoing and long-term.
scintigraphy	a diagnostic technique based on the detection of radiation emitted by radioactive substances injected into the body; also called radionuclide scanning
phenotype	The observable characteristics of an organism, either in total or with respect to one or more particular named characteristics.
adjuvant medication	Drug not primarily designed for or prescribed to help alleviate pain, but that has been found to help with pain management.
deuteromycetes	See
fixed joint	thin brands of fibrous tissue the connects the plate-like bones of the skull
occlusion	block or plug that stops flow of liquids (as in vessels)
central nervous system	The brain and spinal cord.
adenocarcinoma	malignant tumor originating in glandular epithelium
basidiomycota	See
intervention	Any measure whose purpose is to improve health or to alter the course of a disease
complex cells	Neurons in visual cortex that are sensitive to bars of light moving in particular directions across the retina.
rheumatoid factor	A blood test used to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
trenching	physical separation of soil in a vertical plane to sever grafted roots between trees
chronic pain	Pain that persists over a long period of time.
neuron	A cell specialized for excitability and conductivity, syn
afferent	Pathways leading to; in the case of peripheral nerves, those conducting to the central nervous system.
nucleoprotein	A compound of nucleic acid and protein.
parthenogenic	Pertaining to parthenogenesis.
irradiation	Spread of the flexion reflex to involve additional muscle groups and additional movements with stronger stimulation.
depth of field	The range of distances from an observer over which images are in focus for a given strength of lens.
agar	Mixture of polysaccharides derived from red algae that forms a gel at temperatures below about 40C
norepinephrine	A substance secreted as a transmitter substance by sympathetic postganglionic nerve terminals and as a hormone by the adrenal medulla.
whole medical systems	Therapy that uses a combination of complementary and alternative medicine techniques to treat a condition
endosymbiosis	Symbiosis in which one member (microsymbiote) lives within the other.
sexually compatible	able to be cross-mated or cross-fertile
therapy	Principle of plant disease control marked by the cure of disease, as with heat or systemic chemicals.
heterozygous	having alternate forms (allele) of a gene on homologous chromosomes (see homozygous)
magnetic resonance imaging	A diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of large magnets, radiofrequencies and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body.
serotonin antagonists	Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or serotonin agonists.
metabolite	Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process
biologically based therapy	Therapy that includes natural and biologically based practices, interventions and products such as herbal supplements and special dietary guidelines
catheter	A flexible tube that is inserted into a cavity of the body to withdraw or introduce fluid, such as pain relievers or steroids.
somatic	Relating to the body as opposed to the mind
arthrogram	an x-ray to view bone structures following an injection of a contrast fluid into a joint area
polymyalgia rheumatica	An inflammatory condition, usually occurring after the age of 55, that causes pain or aching, usually felt in the large muscle groups, especially around the shoulders and hips
lung cancer	carcinoma of the lungs
gastroenterology	The field of medicine that focuses on the function and disorders of the GI system, which includes the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, intestines, and liver.
diabetic neuropathy	Numbness of pain and weakness in the hands, arms, feet or legs caused by the effects of diabetes on the nerves
trigeminal neuralgia	Excruciating episodic pain in the dermatome of the trigeminal nerve often precipitated by gentle stimulation of certain trigger points, syn
placebo	An inactive substance that looks exactly like a drug being tested in a clinical trial.
virion	A virus particle existing freely outside a host cell
erythrocyte sedimentation rate	a measurement of how quickly red blood cells fall to the bottom of a test tube
resuscitation	Artificial respiration used to restore breathing
apraxia	Inability to carry out motor acts on command in the absence of paralysis.
joint	Where the ends of two or more bones meet.
vestibular-ocular reflex	Refers to the automatic movement of the eyes in the direction opposite to that in which the head is rotated.
clasp-knife reflex	Sudden release of tension of a spastic muscle that occurs near the maximum length as the muscle is gradually lengthened, syn
crossed-innervation	Refers to the transplanting of one nerve onto a foreign muscle and the transplanting of the nerve from that muscle onto the muscle of the first nerve.
enzyme	Protein that increases chemical reaction in a living organism
flexure	A turn or fold.
anomaloscope	A color-matching device used to detect anomalous trichromacy.
visibility curve	A plot of the threshold for vision against the wavelength of light in the stimulus.
synapse	The site at which neurons make functional contact.
alpha motoneuron	A motoneuron whose axon is an A fiber, syn
relapse	The return (or recurrence) of symptoms of a disease after a period of improvement.
hardiness	ability to withstand stress; often used to refer to cold hardiness
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs	A class of drugs used to treat inflammatory symptoms in the body caused by arthritis, rheumatism and other similar conditions.
keratoconjunctivitis sicca	persistent dryness of the eye that sometimes occurs in rheumatoid arthritis and several other disorders
h band	The lighter region in the center of the anisotropic or A band, from which the thin filaments are absent.
presynaptic element	The component of a synapse that releases the transmitter substance and/or conducts impulses in the afferent direction with respect to the synapse.
facet block	An injection of local anesthetic near the problematic facet joint in the spine to help diagnose the cause and location of back pain and also to provide pain relief.
titration	Determination of a given component in solution by addition of a liquid reagent of known strength until a given endpoint is reached
argyll robertson pupil	Pupil shows miosis of accommodation, but no light reflex.
diopter	A measure of the strength of a lens, the reciprocal of the focal length of the lens expressed in meters.
enzyme	protein that catalyzes a specific biochemical reaction
ribosome	a subcellular protoplasmic particle, made up of one or more RNA molecules and several proteins, involved in protein synthesis
unmyelinated fiber	A nerve fiber without myelin surrounding it.
scleroderma	a very serious disease of the body's connective tissue that causes thickening and hardening of the skin.
contraindication	Treatment that is improper or undesirable
substitution	Recovery of function due to use of alternate movements.
surround inhibition	The inhibition of a cell's discharge that results from stimulation of an annular area around the excitatory receptive field.
culture	1
degenerative scoliosis	A type of scoliosis that may result from traumatic (from an injury or illness) bone collapse, previous major back surgery, or osteoporosis
collagen	Collagen is a fibrous protein that functions as a building block of the skin, the tendons, the bones, as well as other connective tissues.
general anesthesia	The induction of a state of unconsciousness during a medical procedure through the administration of anesthetic drugs.
arthritis mutilans	A severe, deforming and destructive arthritis associated with psoriasis that primarily affects the small joints in the fingers and toes closest to the nail but also is frequently associated with lower back and neck pain.
dendrite	Any of the usual branching protoplasmic processes that conduct impulses toward the body of a nerve cell
biofeedback	Complementary medicine technique that trains you to control your body’s unconscious processes like breathing and heart rate, which can help to alleviate pain.
allelomorph	See
risk	The likelihood that an individual will experience a certain event.
lobotomy	Incision into a lobe, cutting all the fibers in the white matter, syn
recombinant dna	See Biotechnology; Genetic Engineering.
nerve deafness	Hearing loss due to damage to auditory receptors or auditory pathways of the central nervous system.
psoriasis	An inflammatory skin disorder characterized by frequent episodes of redness and itching; thick, dry, silvery scales on the skin; and nail abnormalities.
alcoholic cerebellar degeneration	Degeneration of the cerebellum due to chronic over-consumption of alcohol.
arthroscopy	a minimally-invasive diagnostic and treatment procedure used for conditions of a joint
sodium pump	Mechanism for extrusion of sodium and uptake of potassium by cells against the concentration gradients for these ions, syn
areflexia	Absence of reflexes.
extensor thrust reflex	An automatic increase in the contraction of physiological extensor muscles of the leg when the plantar surface of the foot contacts some non-noxious object.
cogwheel rigidity	The form of rigidity of Parkinsonism, in which the muscle lengthens in a series of little jerks when it is stretched.
melanoma	any of several malignant neoplasms (usually of the skin) consisting of melanocytes
nerve block	A procedure in which an anesthetic agent is injected directly near a nerve to numb the area and help alleviate pain
microbial	pertaining to or relating to microbes, or microorganisms
acute pain	Pain that comes on suddenly
reinnervation	Refers to the reattachment of a nerve fiber to a muscle or another nerve fiber after the original connection has been severed.
electrical equivalent circuit	A collection of electrical components assembled in a particular configuration that behaves like the cell membrane.
translucent	so clear that light may pass through
plasma	That 10 percent of the blood that contains nutrients, electrolytes (dissolved salts), gases, albumin, clotting factors, wastes and hormones.
anomalous rectification	A decrease in the ionic conductance of the cell membrane with hypopolarization of the membrane.
irb	See Institutional Review Board.
status epilepticus	Seizures that occur in series without intervening recovery periods.
biological plausibility	A causal association (or relationship between two factors) is consistent with existing medical knowledge.
computed tomography scan	Diagnostic procedure, using X-ray technology and a computer, that may be used to help diagnose the source of your pain.
patient-controlled analgesia	A method by which the patient controls the amount of analgesia they receive
photophobia	Abnormal visual intolerance of light.
latency	The time between application of a stimulus and appearance of a response.
creatinine	A protein found in muscles and blood, and excreted by the kidneys in the urine
community-based organization	A locally based service organization that provides social services at the community level.
combination vaccine	Two or more vaccines administered in a single dose in order to reduce the number of shots given
vasculitis	inflamed blood vessels.
mycobacterium	Any bacterium of the genus Mycobacterium or a closely related genus.
isometric contraction	A contraction during which the muscle does not change length.
aneuploid	Chromosome constitution differing from the usual diploid constitution by loss or duplication of chromosomes or chromosomal segments.
conductivity	The capacity of living matter to conduct action potentials.
healing touch	A non-invasive technique that utilizes the hands to clear, energize, and balance energy fields
saprotroph	See
lymphocyte	A white blood cell
electrically excitable motor cortex	That area of the cerebral cortex, the stimulation of which leads to movements, syn
commensalism	Symbiosis in which neither organism is injured; one or neither may be benefited.
osteomyelitis	bone infection, caused usually by bacteria but sometimes by fungi
polar	At one end or pole of the cell (e.g., a flagellum, spore inclusion, germ tube, etc.).
tractotomy	Section of a tract.
spinal cord stimulation	Internal electrode near spinal cord to control pain
physical therapy	Branch of rehabilitative health that uses specially designed exercises and equipment to help patients regain or improve their physical abilities
kupffer cells	Specialized macrophages in the liver
peptide	(Also polypeptide)
fibromyalgia	a chronic, widespread pain in muscles and soft tissues surrounding the joints throughout the body.
pome	simple, fleshy, indehiscent fruit derived from several carpels, e.g
broca's area	Areas 44 and 45 of the frontal cerebral cortex that plays a fundamental role in production of speech.
bradykinesia	Slowness of movement.
decibel	A unit used to express the ratio of two sound pressures in hearing, equal to 1/10 the common log of the ratio of pressures.
viremia	The presence of virus in the bloodstream.
color opponent cells	Visual neurons in which one part of the receptive field (e.g., the center) is sensitive to light in one part of the visible spectrum (e.g., red light), while another part of the field (e.g., the surround) is sensitive to another part of the spectrum (e.g., green light).
primary muscle spindle receptor	The termination of a group Ia afferent fiber in the equatorial region of a muscle spindle, syn
lumbar vertebrae	The five vertebrae that make up your lower back
sustained response	A response to therapy that continues over a long time period. For example, a patient treated for chronic hepatitis B or C who remains free of the virus for at least 6 months after stopping treatment is considered to have a sustained response to therapy.
relaxation	State of deep rest in which the metabolism slows, less oxygen is needed, heart and respiration rates drop, blood pressure drops, and brain waves slow
palliative	A treatment that provides symptomatic relief, but not a cure.
methotrexate	A chemotherapy drug that sometimes is used to treat autoimmune disorders.
soil inhabitant	an organism that maintains its population in soil over a period of time
laser acupuncture	Variation of acupuncture where low-energy laser beams replace traditional acupuncture needles used to treat pain.
genome	the complete genetic information of an organism or virus
smooth muscle	Muscle of the linings of internal organs and blood vessels that lacks cross-striations and is caused to contract by autonomic discharges.
gout	a result of a defect in body chemistry (such as uric acid in the joint fluid), this painful condition most often attacks small joints, especially the big toe
paresthesia	An abnormal sensation of burning, prickling or tingling.
focal length	The distance from the center of a lens to the point of focus of light from a distant object.
hepatocyte	A liver cell.
neuropathy	Any and all disease or malfunction of the nerves
peripheral nervous system	Includes nerves throughout the body that relay message such as pain to the CNS (Central Nervous System)
trigger points	Specific areas of the body that are tender to the touch in people with fibromyalgia
nerve blocks	Pain management technique that involves injecting an anesthetic into the nerves to numb the area and help alleviate pain.
epidemic	A change in the amount of disease in a population in time and space
elastin	a stretchable protein found in connective tissue
pancreatic cancer	cancer of the pancreas
scanning speech	Speaking characterized by irregular volumes and speech rhythms; a symptom of cerebellar disease.
joint aspiration	The removal of some fluid from a joint to examine under a microscope, or subject to other testing such as culture, protein determination, etc.
clinical trials	Carefully controlled studies that are conducted in humans who volunteer to test the effectiveness and safety of new drugs, medical products or techniques
nocifensive reflex	Automatic contraction of the flexor muscles of a limb so as to remove the limb from a noxious stimulus, syn
rheumatoid arthritis	An inflammatory disease that involves the lining of the joint (synovium)
ribosome	A cytoplasmic organelle composed of ribonucleic acid and protein that functions in the synthesis of protein
labeled lines	The notion that particular modalities and submodalities have their own special pathways to the brain and activity induced anywhere along one of these pathways is interpreted as a stimulus of the appropriate modality or submodality.
aura	Sensations or feelings preceding an epileptic seizure.
joint	Fibrous connective tissue or cartilage where two bones are attached
synovial joint	the most mobile type of joint; found in the shoulders, wrists, fingers, hips, etc
acetaminophen	A type of pain-relieving medication (for example, Tylenol®)
dyskinesia	Impairment of the ability to move, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements.
epidural injection	An injection of a substance into the epidural space within the spinal canal to produce anesthesia or pain relief.
exonuclease	A nuclease that sequentially removes nucleotides from one end of a strand of nucleic acid.
deuteranope	A person who lacks response to green light, "green color-blind."
toxin	poisonous substance of biological origin
psychomotor epilepsy	Seizures characterized by stereotyped behavior often with emotional outbursts and partial responsiveness, syn
spinal cord	Major column of nerve tissue that is connected to the brain and lies within the vertebral canal and from which the spinal nerves emerge
polar	at one end or pole of the cell
palliative care	Medical care provided by an interdisciplinary team that promotes quality of life and relieves suffering
hyperpolarization	From the resting potential, a change in the transmembrane potential of a cell away from the isoelectric point (i.e., zero voltage).
in vivo	("In life")
astigmatism	Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye as a result of which a beam of light is not sharply focused on the retina.
vision	The act of seeing; sight; sensations induced through photoreceptors.
dale's principle	The concept that a neuron can synthesize only one chemical transmitter substance.
local anesthesia	The injection or application of an anesthetic drug that targets a specific area of the body.
facultative saprophyte	organism that is normally parasitic but is capable of being saprophytic
neuropsychologist	Psychologist who has specialized training and experience in understanding brain-behavior relationships
primary afferent fiber	The first order fibers of a sensory system; those entering the dorsal roots of the spinal cord.
homozygous	having the same form (allele) of a gene on homologous chromosomes (see heterozygous)
hypothesis	A tentative statement or supposition that may then be tested through research.
orthodromic	Conduction in the direction normally taken by action potentials.
x-ray absorptiometry	A test used for measuring bone density
tendon jerk reflex	An automatic contraction of a muscle elicited by stretching it, syn
pannus	proliferation of synovial tissue
pseudogout	Resembles gout and, like gout, is caused by the formation of crystals in the joints, thus the name
visual axis	A line perpendicular to a tangent to the cornea through the centers of the lens and the fovea.
fitness	The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce; the ability of an organism to pass its genes to the next generation.
alexia	Inability to read.
brightness	A quantitative measure of the intensity of light, the amplitude of its waves or the number of photons.
motor unit	An alpha motoneuron and the muscle fibers it innervates.
macroscopic	Visible to the unaided eye.
strengthening exercises	Exercises that target specific muscle groups
saturation	Homogeneity or purity of wavelength of light.
anorexia	Lack or loss of the appetite for food.
tremor at rest	An involuntary trembling which is suppressed or reduced when a movement is attempted.
peripheral sensitization	Reduction in threshold and an increase in responsiveness of the peripheral ends of nociceptors
motor end-plate	The specialized terminal of a motoneuron that forms a synaptic contact with the muscle membrane.
angina pectoris	Pain due to infarction of the coronary blood vessels, referred to the chest and upper arm.
field block injection	Used to relax tender muscles, reduce muscle pain and inflammation
joint	The area where two bones are attached for the result of motion of body parts.
ooze	mass of bacterial cells mixed with host fluids
sieve tube	A series of phloem cells forming a long cellular tube through which food materials are transported.
saltatory conduction	Conduction of the nerve spike where the spike jumps from node to node.
atopognosis	Loss of ability to correctly locate a sensation.
nucleus	1
histology	The field of medicine that studies tissue under the microscope
rheumatoid factors	A variety of antibodies that are present in 70 percent to 90 percent of people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
gamete	sex cell
fibromyalgia	A chronic, widespread pain in muscles and soft tissues surrounding the joints throughout the body.
molecule	The smallest particle of a compound that has all the chemical properties of that compound
internode	the portion of a stem between two successive nodes
far point	The remotest point at which an object is clearly seen when the eye is at rest.
long-term memory	Recall of learned responses or material having a duration of minutes to years.
addiction	The continued use of a mood-altering substance, despite adverse consequences
water sprout	a small, rapidly growing shoot or branch on a large stem, developed from adventitious tissues; often develops as a result of stress or a change in environment such as the opening up of the canopy to greatly increased light levels
retrograde axoplasmic transport	The active movement of substances up the axon of a cell (toward the soma) in the retrograde direction at up to 100 mm/day.
after-hypopolarization	A membrane potential more positive than the resting membrane potential that occurs following termination of the spike, syn
arthr-	a prefix meaning "joint"
modality	One of the basic senses: somesthesia, vision, audition, gustation and olfaction.
reciprocal inhibition	Interconnections of neurons arranged so that pathways that excite one group of motoneurons inhibit the antagonist motoneurons.
systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis	A form of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis that affects joints and sometimes internal organs.
direct light reflex	Constriction of the pupil when light is shown into the same eye.
encephalopathy	Serious brain function abnormalities experienced by some patients with advanced liver disease
spasticity	Resistance of a limb to passive stretch due to increased tone in either flexors or extensors (usually extensors), but not both.
remissions	The lessening of the severity or duration of outbreaks of a disease, or the abatement (diminution in degree or intensity) of symptoms altogether over a period of time.
secondary muscle spindle receptor	The termination of group II afferent fibers on nuclear chain fibers of muscle spindles, syn
measles	A contagious viral disease marked by the eruption of red circular spots on the skin.
ovoid	Egg-shaped.
rinne's test	A hearing test in which a tuning fork is placed on the mastoid process to distinguish conduction deafness from nerve deafness.
institutional ltc	Institutional LTC is care provided in institutional settings such as services provided in residential homes, assisted living facilities, skilled nursing facilities, sub-acute care facilities.
database	An organized compilation of information, usually maintained in a computer system.
physical medicine and rehabilitation	Medical specialty concerned with diagnosing, evaluating and treating patients with physical disabilities
facilitation	The addition of EPSPs in which the resultant is more than the algebraic sum of the individual EPSPs, cf., temporal summation.
hla-b27	A cell surface protein on white blood cells associated with a gene that has been linked to ankylosing spondylitis
cartilage	A firm, rubbery material that covers the ends of bones in normal joints
seed	ripened ovule consisting of an embryo and stored food enclosed by a seed coat
amnesic syndrome	Inability to remember past events; defect in formation of new long-term memories.
cytokines	1
sequence	The order of nucleotides in RNA or DNA or of amino acids in a polypeptide.
physiatrist	A physician whose primary goal is to achieve maximal restoration of physical, psychological, social and vocational function through comprehensive rehabilitation
physiological extensor muscle	Antigravity muscle.
comorbid	Disease or process that occurs simultaneously with another disease or process.
herd immunity	See Community immunity.
control system	A mechanism that regulates the output of a device.
mutualism	See
post-transfusion hepatitis	Liver inflammation, or hepatitis, that occurs when the body reacts unfavorably to a blood transfusion
pain management	A medical approach that aims towards prevention, diagnosis and treatment of pain.
trigger finger and thumb	Painful conditions that cause the fingers or thumb to catch or lock in a bent position
parenchyma	A tissue composed of living, thin-walled cells that can continue to divide even when mature; parenchyma cells usually leave intercellular spaces between them.
thrombosis	Blood clots anywhere in the body.
somesthesia	Consciousness of the body and bodily sensations resulting from activity in enteroceptors and exteroceptors.
cox-2 inhibitors	This is the newest class of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, used to rein in inflammatory processes
all-or-none	Independence of action potential amplitude from stimulus strength; also refers to tendency of spikes to travel over the entire membrane of a cell, syn
on-off response	The discharge of a neuron initiated both when a stimulus is turned on and when it is turned off with silence in between.
anesthetic	A substance that causes lack of feeling (or awareness) and dulls pain.
cross-bridge	The connection of the head of the myosin molecule with the thin filament in the A band of the sarcomere; according to the cross-bridge theory, the force generating apparatus of the muscle.
diploid	having two complete sets of chromosomes (2N)
relative refractory period	The period after a spike when greater than normal stimuli are required to excite a nerve or muscle cell.
intention tremor	An involuntary trembling which is heightened when a movement is attempted.
desynchronization	Reduction in amplitude and increase in frequency of the EEG accompanying alerting, syn
nociceptor	A receptor whose adequate stimulus is strong enough to produce damage.
tropomyosin	A filamentous protein that is part of the thin filament of striated muscle.
gene	unit within an organism controlling heritable characteristics; genes are organized on chromosomes
near point	The nearest point at which the eye can distinctly perceive an object.
arm	A group of participants in a clinical trial, all of whom receive the same treatment or placebo
hyperpolarizing after-potential	A membrane potential more negative than the resting membrane potential that occurs following termination of the spike, syn
progenitor	Parent or ancestor.
photopic	Pertaining to vision in the light.
inhibitory postsynaptic potential	An hyperpolarizing change in the membrane potential of a neuron due to synaptic activity that tends to decrease the probability of discharge in the neuron, abbr
light reflex	Constriction of the pupils when a bright light is shown into an eye.
threshold	Minimal stimulus required for a response or sensation.
monosynaptic reflex	Reflex involving only one synapse within the central nervous system.
steroids	Synthetic drugs that closely resemble cortisol, a hormone that your adrenal glands produce naturally
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug	Medication used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation (i.e
vermiform	worm-shaped
messenger rna	Also referred to as mRNA
rheumatology	the branch of medicine devoted to the study and treatment of connective tissue diseases
rheumatism	pain and stiffness of soft tissues in and around joints
electromyogram	A recording of the electrical activity of muscle during contraction, abbr
tabes dorsalis	A syphilitic infection of the dorsal root ganglion.
pharmacotherapy	Medication-based therapy.
flaccidity	Weakness, laxness, softness.
after-hyperpolarization	A membrane potential more negative than the resting membrane potential that occurs following termination of the spike, syn
upper motoneuron syndrome	A group of symptoms resulting from removal of supraspinal influences on spinal mechanisms.
plaquenil®	See hydroxychloroquine.
spike and dome complex	An EEG phenomenon: consisting of a rapid (15-18 msec) deflection with a return to baseline, followed by a much slower wave; a characteristic pattern, repeated frequently in epileptic cortex.
convergent eye movements	Refers to rotation of the eyes toward each other.
transgenic	possessing a gene from another species; used to describe the organisms that have been the subject of genetic engineering
viscerovisceral reflexes	Reflexes involving visceral stimuli and visceral responses.
serum	The clear, thin and sticky fluid portion of the blood that remains after coagulation
erythrocyte sedimentation rate	a diagnostic test for inflammatory diseases that measures the rate at which red blood cells sediment from a well-mixed specimen of blood
spinal fusion	Surgical fusion of two or more vertebrae for remedial immobilization of the spine
raynaud's syndrome	This is a condition characterized by blood vessel spasms in the fingers, toes, ears or nose, usually brought on by exposure to cold
off-response	The discharge of a neuron initiated when a stimulus is turned off.
best frequency	The frequency of an auditory stimulus that gives the response of highest rate in an auditory neuron.
probenecid	A medicine that lowers uric acid levels
motor cortex	That area of cerebral cortex, the stimulation of which leads to movements, syn
clinical trials	Carefully planned and monitored tests of a new drug or treatment to see how effective it is.
fast axoplasmic transport	The active movement of substances down the axon of a neuron in the orthograde direction at up to 410 mm/day.
diffusion	The process of becoming widely distributed that occurs because of molecular concentration differences only.
dioecious	Having male and female reproductive structures on separate thalli.
time constant	The time over which the transmembrane voltage passively falls to 1/e of its initial value, abbr
headache	Head pain above the eyes or the ears, behind the head, or in the back of the upper neck
endogenous	Arising from within the generating structure.
gamma motoneuron	A motoneuron whose axon is an Ag fiber, syn
conjugation	In general, any of various sexual processes in microorganisms in which gene transfer follows the establishment of direct contact between two (or more) cells which typically show little or no morphological differentiation from vegetative cells
acetylcholine	An acetic acid ester of choline, a transmitter substance at many peripheral nervous system synapses and perhaps some central synapses.
psychological approaches	Ways of helping patient cope with pain and related emotions that can increase pain
remi	Restriction enzyme mediated integration
clone	1
spot	a symptom of disease characterized by a limited necrotic area, as on leaves, flowers, and stems
acupressure	Technique that uses pressure on certain points along the body to help control pain
protanomaly	Color vision involving three pigments, but the red one is abnormal leading to reduced red sensitivity.
deuteranomaly	Color vision involving three pigments but the green one is abnormal, leading to reduced green sensitivity.
occlusion	In neurophysiology, the inability of two action potentials to occupy the same region of membrane at the same time; thus an antidromic impulse blocks a concomitant orthodromic impulse in the same fiber by occlusion.
rubella	(German measles) Viral infection that is milder than normal measles but as damaging to the fetus when it occurs early in pregnancy.
tuberculosis	Infection of the lungs by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium
spore	A discrete sexual or asexual reproductive unit, usually enclosed by a rigid wall, capable of being disseminated.
excitatory postsynaptic potential	A hypopolarizing change in the transmembrane potential of a neuron due to synaptic activity that tends to increase the probability of discharge of the neuron, abbr
excitability	The ability to generate action potentials.
topical analgesics	Analgesics designed for or involving application to or action on the surface of a part of the body
flagellate	Having one or more
ventral	Front, or lower surface.
audiogram	A plot of a patient's hearing ability, either an audibility curve or a hearing loss curve.
retina	Light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye that transmits visual impulses via the optic nerve to the brain.
chemically gated channel	A normally closed ionic channel that is opened by action of a chemical transmitter substance.
hertz	Cycles per sec, abbr
lodge	to fall over
prevalence	Prevalence differs from incidence in that it does not convey information about risk
negative feedback loop	A circuit in which part of the output is used to reduce the input to the circuit.
nerve	A collection of axons or nerve fibers.
assessment	An evaluation or appraisal of a condition, as in pain assessment
form genus	a genus based on morphology and not on evolutionary relationships, such as used for imperfect fungi
breakthrough pain	Pain that occurs suddenly or as a result of a particular activity.
icosahedral:	having 20 faces, as a polyhedral-shaped virus particle (see isometric )
epidemiology	The branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution and control of a disease in a population.
endometrial cancer	cancer of the uterine lining
gastrointestinal	Relating to the stomach and intestines.
tic	A repeated movement that the person who has it cannot control
congenital	present at birth.
imagery	Using mental images from memory or imagination to relieve pain
non-opiod	Medication that does not contain an opiod and may be available over-the-counter
synovial fluid	Fluid found in joints that among other functions, provides lubrication that allows for movement.
computer tomography	An imaging method in which the data is taken from multiple x-ray images to put together pictures of structures within the body.
long-acting/sustained-release medication	Medication that is released over a long period of time and is taken on a regular basis.
arcuate	Curved like a bow.
masking	An increase in the threshold for perception of a given stimulus caused by the presence of another stimulus.
form species	A non-phylogenetic category, equivalent to species, distinguished on the basis of one or more morphological features of an
physical therapist	A rehabilitation clinician trained in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of movement dysfunctions and the enhancement of a person's physical well being.
action potential	The all-or-none, conducted voltage response of a nerve or muscle membrane that is used to communicate information from one cell to another, syn
subliminal fringe	A group of neurons that is excited during a reflex, but which does not reach critical firing level and does not discharge a spike.
medulla	Central part of an organ.
dendrosomatic synapse	The synaptic junction between a dendrite and a cell soma in which the dendrite is presumed to be the presynaptic element.
community-based ltc	Community-based LTC refers to community-based programs such as Meals-on-Wheels, home health services, adult foster care centers, adult day care centers, hospice and other.
disability	A limitation in the performance of roles and tasks that society expects an individual to perform
athermesthesia	Loss of temperature sensation.
shingles	An acute infection caused by the herpes zoster virus, the same virus as causes chickenpox
primary evoked potential	The change in potential recorded in a primary sensory cortical area following stimulation of the receptors associated with that area.
rheumatoid arthritis	an inflammatory disease that involves the lining of the joint (synovium)
basidioma	See basidiocarp
joint	where the ends of two or more bones meet.
strain	A specific version of an organism
macrophage	a type of phagocyte or white blood cell that digests foreign invaders and damaged tissues
antigen	Molecule of carbohydrate or protein which stimulates the production of an antibody, with which it reacts specifically.
myoclonus	Clonus.
hybrid	The offspring of two individuals differing in one or more heritable characteristics.
crepitus	a crackling sound or grating sensation in a joint, caused by swollen synovium or bone surface rubbing together
visual field	The total extent of the visual world seen by one eye at rest.
kyphoplasty	A surgical procedure that expands and stabilizes compression fractures of the spine.
lumbar sympathetic block	An injection (shot) of numbing medication placed in the nerve tissue in the lumbar, or lower, back to provide pain relief.
stomatostylet	See
hypercapnia	Excessive levels of carbon dioxide in the blood
northern blot	An RNA
activation	In EEG: reduction in amplitude and increase in frequency of the EEG accompanying alerting, syn
flexion reflex	Automatic contraction of the flexor muscles of a limb so as to remove the limb from a noxious stimulus, syn
intent to treat	Analysis of clinical trial results that includes all data from patients in the groups to which they were randomized (i.e., assigned through random distribution) even if they never received the treatment
fermentation	Oxidation of certain organic substances in the absence of molecular oxygen.
dynamic fusimotor neuron	A motoneuron whose activity increases predominantly the dynamic response of primary spindle endings to muscle stretch.
behavioral therapy	Psychotherapy that is concerned with the treatment of observable behaviors rather than underlying psychological processes
erythrocyte sedimentation rate	A measurement of how quickly red blood cells fall to the bottom of a test tube
scleroderma	an autoimmune disease in which the skin thickens and hardens; sometimes other parts of the body are affected and joint pain may result
bone graft	A piece of existing bone used to take the place of a missing bone in the patient's own body.
tic douloureux	Excruciating episodic pain in the dermatome of the trigeminal nerve often precipitated by gentle stimulation of certain trigger points, syn
x-ray	A diagnostic test that images bones by shooting a high-energy radiation through the body
mummy	A dried, shrivelled fruit colonized by a fungus.
paresthesia	Any subjective sensation, experienced as numbness, tingling or a "pins-and-needles" feeling.
vesicle	A bladder-like sac or an evanescent bubble within which zoospores mature; any bubble-like cell or bubble-like membranous structure within a cell.
integrate	To combine signals from a number of sources.
visualization	Creating a mental image of a desired outcome, and repeatedly playing that image in the mind for purpose of pain relief
hyalgan®	A medication (hyaluronate) given as a series of 3 to 5 weekly injections into affected joints that can relieve pain in some people with osteoarthritis.
cloning	An in vitro procedure in which a particular sequence of DNA (e.g., a gene) is reproduced in large amounts by inserting ("splicing") it into a suitable
analgesic	Medication designed to prevent or relieve pain
antiemetic	Medication that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting
tuning curve	A plot for auditory neurons of the threshold stimulus strength against the frequency of the auditory stimulus.
intravenous	Through a vein; a route by which medications can be given.
aerobic exercise	Exercise that conditions the heart and lungs to use oxygen to more efficiently—thus supplying the entire body with larger amounts of oxygen-rich blood—and to build stronger muscles
cohort	In epidemiology, a group of individuals with some characteristics in common.
anemia	A condition defined by a low red blood cell count
skeletomotor neuron	A motoneuron whose axon is an A fiber; contacts extrafusal muscle fibers, syn
contralateral	On the opposite side.
micron	one millionth of a meter
cell cycle	The period from one cell division to the next.
myogenic	Of muscle origin.
reiter's syndrome	A form of arthritis that, in addition to joints, also affects the eyes, urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body) and skin
polarized	Imbued with poles; experiencing a separation of charge; refers to difference in potential across a cell membrane.
holotype	The single specimen designated or indicated as "the type" by the original author at the time of publication of the original description.
homonymous muscle	The muscle of origin of the nerve fibers being considered.
plasmodium	A multinucleated, usually naked (i.e., bounded only by a plasma membrane) mass of protoplasm that is usually motile and variable in size and form.
dendroaxonic synapse	The synaptic junction between a dendrite and an axon in which the dendrite is thought to be the presynaptic element.
ozone layer	a protective layer of ozone in the upper atmosphere that reduces ultraviolet radiation
intrathecal	Injected into the fluid surrounding the spinal cord.
sciatica	Pain resulting from irritation of the sciatic nerve
transneuronal degeneration	Refers to the wasting of a nerve cell when the fibers that innervate it are severed.
meditation	Mental calmness and physical relaxation by suspending the stream of thoughts that normally occupy the mind
ultrasound	High frequency sound waves used to obtain images inside the body
somatic pain	Pain that tends to arise from voluntary muscles in the legs or arms and feels localized to one spot as well as achy and throbbing
isotonics	A group of exercises that involve joint mobility
phyllotaxy	arrangement of leaves on a stem in relation to one another
tendon	the tough cords of tissue that connect muscles to bones.
bitemporal hemianopsia	Hemianopsia or loss of vision involving the temporal visual fields of both eyes.
nodal synapse	The junction between any part of a nerve cell and a node of Ranvier of a nerve fiber.
herpes zoster	An acute viral inflammation of nerves caused by reactivation of the herpes virus that causes chicken pox
myofascial pain	Term to describe pain and soreness in the muscles.
hyperpathia	An exaggerated response to something that causes pain, with continued pain after the cause of the pain is no longer present.
scotopic	Pertaining to vision in the dark.
sterilization	The elimination of pathogens and other living organisms from soil, containers, etc
training range	A calculation based on maximum heart rate—220 minus age—and exercise at a level of intensity between 60 percent and 80 percent of your maximum heart rate
protease	An enzyme that hydrolyzes (i.e., breaks down) proteins to their component peptides
occlusion	A blockage, as of a blood vessel.
reverse transcriptase	This enzyme of the HIV virus (and other retroviruses) converts the single-stranded viral RNA into DNA, the form in which the cell carries its genes
pain specialist	Pain medicine physicians are experts at diagnosing the cause of pain and then treating the pain
tophi	Gritty nodules that form just under the skin in people with gout from an accumulation of uric acid crystals.
hepatoma	carcinoma of the liver
psoriatic arthritis	A form of inflammatory arthritis that affects some people who have psoriasis.
arthroscopy	examination of the interior of a join with an endoscope
anesthesia	Loss of feeling or awareness
osteopath	A Doctor of Osteoepathy diagnoses and treats illness through hands on manual medicine and the body's musculoskeletal system
second messenger	A substance, activated by interaction of a synaptic transmitter substance with the postsynaptic receptor, that causes either a change in membrane ionic permeability or activation of an electrogenic pump, leading to a change in postsynaptic membrane potential.
visceral pain	Pain that tends to arise from internal organs and feels like squeezing, cramping, or pressure
escape	failure of inherently susceptible plants to become diseased, even though disease is prevalent
cervical vertebra	One of 7 upper vertebrae in the spinal column.
nuclear bag fiber	An intrafusal muscle fiber with nuclei accumulated in an equatorial swelling.
pleura	The membrane covering of the lungs.
temporal lobe epilepsy	Seizures characterized by stereotyped behavior, often with emotional outbursts and partial responsiveness, syn
arthrocentesis	removing synovial fluid from a joint
postsynaptic element	The component of a synapse that receives the transmitter substance and/or conducts impulses in the efferent direction with respect to the synapse.
joint replacement surgery	A surgical procedure in which natural joints are replaced with synthetic ones to restore function in the affected area.
angiography	A procedure that yields X-ray pictures of the inside of blood vessels
opisthotonos	A form of spasm in which the head and the heels are bent backward and the body bowed forward.
causalgia	A burning pain due to injury of a peripheral nerve.
ballism	Basal ganglion disease characterized by violent, flinging movements of the limbs due to contraction of proximal limb muscles.
transpiration	water loss by evaporation from leaf surfaces and through stomata
carcinogen	Any cancer-producing substance.
sarcomere	The serially repeating unit of muscle that gives it its striated appearance.
percutaneous	Passage or absorption of substances into the body through unbroken skin.
holoblastic	When both outer and inner walls of the
follow-up length servo mechanism	A process by which movements can be initiated indirectly by inputs to motoneurons rather than motoneurons.
acupuncture	Ancient Chinese healing technique uses the insertion of strategically placed fine needles just beneath the skin’s surface that may help to prevent or treat diseases and illnesses
outbreak	Sudden appearance of a disease in a specific geographic area (e.g
amplification	A circumstance in which the output signal is greater than the input signal.
feedback	The return of some of the output of a system as an input so as to exert some control over the process performed by the system.
head	in plants, a type of inflorescence in which numerous small flowers are densely crowded on a disk or around a central stalk
bone density	Bone density is measured by the amount of mineral in bones
far-sightedness	A pathological condition of refraction in which the eyeball is too short for the refractive power of the lens and images come to a focus behind the retina, syn
hepatitis b	A viral disease transmitted by infected blood or blood products, or through unprotected sex with someone who is infected.
anticoagulants	Medications that "thin" blood and impair coagulation.
spasm	Brief, automatic jerking movement that may be caused by stress, medication, excessive exercise, etc.
alpha blocking	Disappearance of alpha rhythms from the EEG, syn
calcium channel blocker	Drug that prevents or slows the influx of calcium ions into smooth muscle cells and can be used to treat pain
hyperuricaemia	an abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood; may lead to the development of gout
lyme disease	A specific bacterial infection transmitted by a tick
analgesia	Not being able to feel pain while still conscious
analgesic	Medication specifically designed to manage or help prevent pain.
polydipsia	Excessive drinking persisting for long periods of time as in diabetes mellitus.
resting membrane potential	The membrane potential of a cell that is not active, i.e., not generating spikes; the average membrane potential.
heterotrophic	Requiring organic substrates for growth and development; being incapable of synthesizing required organic materials from inorganic sources.
clonus	The alternating contraction and relaxation of a rapidly extended muscle in spasticity, syn
multi-unit smooth muscle	Smooth muscle containing few tight junctions, but richly innervated; responds as individual motor units, not as a single unit.
meiospore	A uninucleate, haploid spore arising directly by meiosis.
synvisc®	A type of medication (hylan G-F 20) given as a series of 3 to 5 weekly injections that can relieve pain in some people with osteoarthritis.
carcinoma in situ	a cluster of malignant cells that has not yet invaded the deeper epithelial tissue or spread to other parts of the body
hypopolarizing after-potential	A membrane potential more positive than the resting membrane potential that occurs following termination of the spike, syn
carpal tunnel syndrome	Nerve damage as a result of compression of the median nerve in the wrist
trigeminal nerve	The largest cranial nerves
middle lamella	the layer, consisting largely of pectic substances, between the walls of adjacent plant cells
raynaud’s phenomenon	A condition in which poor blood flow results in discomfort and skin color changes in affected parts of the body
anomalous trichromacy	Color vision involving three pigments but one is abnormal, producing a weakness in response to that primary color.
nidrr	National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, part of the U.S
herpes zoster	Her pes zos ter, n
phyllody	change of floral organs to leaflike structures
effuse	Spreading out loosely or flat.
inclusion/exclusion criteria	The medical or social standards determining whether a person may or may not be allowed to enter a clinical trial
audibility curve	A graph of a person's threshold for detection of various pitches in the range of human hearing, syn
herpes zoster	An acute inflammatory disease of the dorsal root ganglion caused by the virus of chickenpox and characterized by small vesicles occurring on the skin supplied by the affected nerve.
subthreshold stimulus	A stimulus whose strength is too low to initiate a response.
qi gong	A component of traditional Chinese medicine that combines movement, meditation, and regulation of breathing to enhance the flow of qi (an term given to what is believed to be vital energy) in the body, improve blood circulation, and enhance immune function.
lumen	central cavity of a cell or other structure
striated muscle	Any muscle whose fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations.
synovial fluid	a clear, sticky fluid that is released by the synovial membrane and acts as a lubricant for joints and tendons.
hepatitis d	is a defective virus that needs the hepatitis B virus to exist
computed tomography scan	Diagnostic technique using x-ray to provide a computerized cross section image of soft tissue and bone
synaptic vesicles	Small membrane-bound sacs in the presynaptic terminals that contain the transmitter substance.
split-brain patient	A patient who has had her or his corpus callosum sectioned.
artery	A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart and to the rest of the body.
infectious	Capable of spreading disease
delta rhythms	EEG records characterized by high voltage waves occurring at less than 4/sec.
fibromyalgia	Characterized by chronic pain, stiffness, and tenderness of muscles, tendons, and joints all over the body without detectable inflammation
arthritis	Inflammation of a joint that may result in stiffness, swelling, redness and pain
flexor reflex afferent fibers	Nerve fibers stimulation of which evokes a flexion reflex, A and C-fibers and groups II, III and IV of muscle.
crossed-extension reflex	Contraction of contralateral extensor muscles concomitant with initiation of a withdrawal reflex.
phantom limb pain	Pain referred to a limb that has been removed.
false-positive	A test result that mistakenly gives a positive reading.
dna polymerase	An enzyme that synthesizes a daughter strand(s) of DNA (under direction from a DNA template)
rhizome	underground stem that is mostly horizontal, jointed, fleshy, and often elongated
cluster headache	Episodic and chronic headache pattern, characterized by 1-3 short attacks of pain daily
breathing	To inhale or exhale air through the lungs
monoecious	having male and female reproductive organs on a single individual (see dioecious)
antidepressant	A type of drug used to treat depression
spear	See
synovial fluid	A clear, sticky fluid that is released by the synovial membrane and acts as a lubricant for joints and tendons.
supramaximal stimulus	A stimulus whose intensity is greater than that which just gives a maximal response.
simple cells	Neurons in visual cortex that are sensitive to narrow bars of light oriented in a particular direction across the retina, but not sensitive to movement of the bar.
mean	The arithmetic average, or the sum of all the values divided by the number of values.
transdermal	Medication that is put on the skin and is absorbed through the skin into the bloodstream
natural killer cells	(NK cells)
osteoporosis	A condition that develops when bone is no longer replaced as quickly as it is removed.
hyperopia	A pathological condition of refraction in which the eyeball is too short for the refractive power of the lens and images focus behind the retina, syn
rheumatologist	Physician who specializes in medicine concerned with joints, muscles and bones and their roles in health and disease
major histocompatibility complex	A group of genes that control aspects of the immune response
encephalitis	A general term denoting inflammation of the brain.
binasal hemianopsia	Hemianopsia or loss of vision involving the nasal visual fields of both eyes.
ganglion	A mass of nervous tissue, composed principally of nerve-cell bodies, usually lying outside the central nervous system.
sacrum	the larger triangular bone at the base of the spine
dream sleep	A stage of sleep characterized by desychronized EEG patterns, REM, and dreaming, syn
tricyclic antidepressants	Medications used to treat depression as well as some forms of anxiety, fibromyalgia, and chronic pain
z line	The boundary of the sarcomere and point of attachment of thin filaments of adjacent sarcomeres.
slow axoplasmic transport	The movement of substances down the axon of a neuron in the orthograde direction at up to 12 mm/day.
myofibril	A muscle fibril; one of the slender threads in a muscle composed of numerous myofilaments.
antiresorptive drugs	A class of drugs used to prevent thinning of the bones
fovea	The central region of the retina specialized for detail vision, i.e., for acuity.
delayed rectification	During a spike, the change in potassium conductance due to membrane hypopolarization that occurs after the change in sodium conductance.
vertigo	A sensation as if the world were revolving around the person or the person is revolving in space.
exteroceptor	A receptor that senses some aspect of the condition of the environment outside the body.
sympathectomy	The transection, resection or other interruption of transmission in some portion of the peripheral sympathetic pathways.
hypercomplex cells	Neurons in visual cortex that are sensitive to bars of light moving in particular directions across the retina and that require the bar to be less than a certain maximum length.
root cap	a group of cells on a root that protects the growing tip
troponin	A globular protein that is part of the thin filament of striated muscle.
phytotoxic	Toxic to plants.
phalen maneuver	A test used for diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome that involves flexing the wrist to try to reproduce the person's symptoms
opioid	Medication class often prescribed to manage pain; drugs include codeine, morphine, fentanyl, and methadone.
osteoarthritis	A non-inflammatory degenerative joint disease characterized by degeneration of cartilage and increase in bone size
lesion	localized diseased area or wound
domain	A region of a gene or gene product
protein	a nitrogen-containing organic compound composed of units called amino acids
somatovisceral reflexes	Reflexes involving somatic stimuli and visceral responses.
protanope	A person who lacks responses to red light; "red color-blind."
dendrodendritic synapses	The synaptic junction between two dendrites.
hymenophore	Spore-bearing structure; the part of a
rehabilitation	Treatment plan used to help regain function or relieve pain caused by illness or injury
theta rhythms	EEG records characterized by high voltage waves occurring at 4-8 per second.
plasmogamy	the fusion of two sex cells
rheumatoid arthritis	Chronic autoimmune disease characterized by pain, stiffness, inflammation, swelling and often joint destruction
hyperalgesia	Increased sensitivity to pain.
feedback inhibition	A situation in which the output of a neuron (or set of neurons) is used to inhibit (perhaps through an interneuron) further inputs to the neuron (or set of neurons).
placebo controlled study	A method of investigation of drugs in which an inactive substance (the placebo) is given to one group of patients, while the drug being tested is given to another group
somatotopic organization	Pertaining to the orderly mapping of parts of the body onto the cerebral cortex and other parts of the nervous system.
c fiber	Unmyelinated primary afferent neurons.
rem sleep	The stage of sleep in which dreaming is associated with mild muscle jerks and rapid eye movements (REM), also characterized by a desynchronized EEG, thus the syn
enteric	Pertaining to the intestines.
mri	Uses a large circular magnet and radio waves to generate signals from atoms in the body to produce pictures and organs inside the body.
scleroderma	A very serious disease of the body's connective tissue that causes thickening and hardening of the skin.
ankylo-	a prefix meaning crooked or bent; refers to stiffening of the joint
translation	the assembling of amino acids into a protein using messenger RNA, ribosomes and transfer RNA
recombinant dna	Genetic material that has been altered and recombined in the laboratory by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together specific DNA fragments
pain	Unpleasant sensations that can range from mild, localized discomfort to agony that may have physical and emotional consequences
biotechnology	1
otolith organ	A vestibular organ containing otoliths, the utricle, or saccule.
patient-controlled analgesia	A way of giving pain medication that allows the patient to control when and how much medication they get depending on their need
mitosis	A sequence of cellular events that culminates in the division of a eukaryotic nucleus into two genetically similar or identical nuclei whose ploidy is the same as that of the parent nucleus
texture	The arrangement of the components of the different tissues, as compact, loose, etc.
viscerosomatic reflexes	Reflexes involving visceral stimuli and somatic responses.
polyarticular	a form of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis that affects five or more joints.
purines	components of certain foods that metabolize into uric acid in the body.
beta rhythms	EEG records characterized by low-voltage waves occurring at 14 to 50 per sec.
opiods	A medicine that suppresses your perception of pain by reducing the pain signals sent to brain.
prednisolone	A type of corticosteroid medication (often called "steroids").
autoinoculable	Susceptible of being inoculated with microorganisms from one's own body.
resistant:	ability of a plant to prevent or impede disease development (see susceptible)
agammaglobulinemia	A nearly total absence of immunoglobulins
immunity	Protection against a disease
horner's syndrome	Sinking in of the eyeball, ptosis of the upper eyelid, constriction of the pupil, anhidrosis and flushing of the affected side of the face caused by paralysis of the cervical sympathetic nerves.
myofascial pain	Pain or tenderness in a muscle.
personal care	Personal Care refers to assistance with activities of daily living
probe	A specific sequence of DNA or RNA used to detect complementary sequences by hybridization.
nucleoside analog	Nucleosides are related to nucleotides, the subunits of nucleic acids; however, they do not carry the phosphate groups of the nucleotides
flag	isolated, wilted or necrotic branch with dead leaves attached
messenger rna	A chain of specific ribonucleotides that codes for a specific protein; template for the assembly of amino acids into protein; in cells mRNA is transcribed from DNA, but some RNA viruses function directly as mRNA.
alpha adrenergic effects	A constellation of effects produced by circulating norepinephrine or norepinephrine released from postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals
connective tissue	the material that holds various body structures together; cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels are composed entirely of connective tissue
peritrichous	having hairs or flagella distributed over the whole surface
yoga	A philosophy and discipline applied to the development of mind, body and spirit
vasculitis	Inflammation of blood vessels, including veins and/or arteries.
oogonium	A female gametangium that contains one or more discrete gametes
herpes zóster	No debe confundirse con Expresión errónea: operador tan inesperado
dose-response relationship	The relationship between the dose of some agent (such as a drug), or the extent of exposure, and a physiological response
chronic health condition	A health related state that lasts for a long period of time (e.g
x-ray	A diagnostic test which uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones and organs onto film.
oat cell carcinoma	highly malignant carcinoma composed of small round or egg-shaped cells with little cytoplasm
sacrum	The bottom portion of the spine that lies between the lumbar segment and the coccyx (tailbone).
sodium-potassium pump	Mechanism for extrusion of sodium and uptake of potassium by cells against the concentration gradients for these ions, syn
trigger	Something that sets off a disease in people who are genetically predisposed to developing the disease or causes a certain symptom to occur in a person who has a disease.
herpès zoster	* * * ● Herpès Zoster synonyme de zona …
conjugate	To carry out conjugation.
coccyx	The small tail-like bone at the bottom of the spinal column.
arthropathy	general term for joint disorder
dysesthesia	Unpleasant spontaneous or evoked abnormal sensation in people with neuropathic pain; distinct from pain in the classical sense
finger agnosia	Inability to recognize or indicate on command the fingers on one's own hand or the hands of others.
nerve growth factor	A substance isolated from submaxillary glands that has the property of stimulating growth of sympathetic ganglion cells and, under certain circumstances, dorsal root ganglion cells.
adipsia	Absence of drinking or abnormal avoidance of drinking.
immunodeficiency	A deficiency of immune response or a disorder characterized by deficient immune response; classified as antibody (B cell), cellular (T cell), combined deficiency or phagocytic dysfunction disorders.
tendonitis	an inflammation in a tendon or the tendon covering.
congenital	A condition that is present at birth, whether or not it is inherited.
myelin	A substance that sheathes nerve cells, acting as an electric insulator that facilitates the conduction of nerve impulses.
reciprocal innervation	Interconnections of neurons arranged so that pathways that excite one group of motoneurons inhibit the antagonist motoneurons and those that inhibit a group of motoneurons excite the antagonist motoneurons.
otolith	Literally: stone in the ear; a calcium carbonate crystal found in the otolith organs of vertebrates, syn
hyperalgesia	Extreme sensitivity to pain.
dynamic index	The difference in rate of discharge of a spindle receptor during active stretching and maintained stretch.
haploid	Having a
coding	Process by which features of a stimulus or information about an event are expressed in terms of nerve impulses or, in some cases, graded electrotonic potentials.
agraphesthesia	Inability to recognize letters traced on the skin.
receptor	In sensory system: a structure specialized to be sensitive to certain forms of energy; in synaptic transmission: the site of binding of a transmitter substances with postsynaptic membranes.
suture	another name for fixed joints in the skull
tolerance	Decreased responsiveness to a drug, due to a long period of exposure.
aquatherapy	A program of exercises performed in a large pool
life cycle	the cyclical stages in the growth and development of an organism
hodgkin cycle	The regenerative sequence in which hypopolarization leads to increased conductance, leading to sodium ion influx and further hypopolarization.
difference threshold	The smallest change in the magnitude or quality of a stimulus that can be detected by an observer.
dysgraphia	Inability to write properly.
grand mal attacks	Epileptic seizures characterized by myoclonus, progressive myoclonus, loss of erect posture, and unconsciousness.
deletion	Elimination of a gene (i.e., from a chromosome) either in nature or in the laboratory
aphonia	The absence of voice
enzyme	any protein that regulates chemical changes in other substances
flower-spray endings	The termination of group II afferent fibers on the nuclear chain fibers of muscle spindles, syn
suprathreshold stimulus	A stimulus that is of sufficient strength to give a response.
ultrasound	a diagnostic technique which uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of the internal organs.
rheumatic disease	any one of over 100 disorders that cause chronic joint pain
genome	The complete set of genes in the chromosomes of each cell of a particular organism
revolute	Of the margin of the
aquatic therapy	Therapy that is done in a pool, preferably in warm water, to restore movement and strength through the use of heat, buoyancy, and resistance.
hypoventilation	Reduced breathing rhythm that fails to meet the body's gas exchange demands
audiometry	The testing of the sense of hearing.
syndrome	A set of signs and symptoms that tend to appear together
collagen	the main structural protein in connective tissues
pseudo addiction	Behaviors that appear to indicate addiction but actually reflect undertreated pain
protozoa	A group of one-celled animals
collateral blood vessels	Alternate routes of blood flow.
residual seizure disorder	See seizures.
allodynia	Term used to describe pain that occurs from a situation that doesn’t usually cause pain, like something barely touching your skin.
bias	Basically, the vertical offset of a stimulus-response curve.
autonomous zone	The part of the receptive field or dermatome of a nerve or root not shared with other nerves or roots.
platelets	Platelets are tiny blood particles that help the clotting process by sticking to the lining of blood vessels
alpha-gamma coactivation	The tendency for alpha- and gamma-motoneurons to be activated together.
pain management	The process of providing medical care to eliminate or reduce pain.
psychological approaches	Techniques or therapies used instead of or in addition to medication to help you manage your pain; types of therapy include biofeedback, relaxation, stress management, and cognitive-behavioral therapy to manage the emotional triggers of pain.
attenuated	Weakened or decreased
polysynaptic reflex	A reflex involving more than one synapse in the central nervous system.
adjuvant analgesics	Drugs not primarily intended for pain relief but may relieve pain in some circumstances (i.e
mri	A diagnostic test for viewing the body's internal structures, especially soft tissues
frontal eye fields	Premotor areas of the cerebral cortex from which contraversive eye movements are evocable by electrical stimulation.
hyperphagia	Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.
enthesis	the site where a ligament attaches to bone
herpes zoster	herpes zoster, shingles sg …
uveitis	inflammation of the pigmented part of the eye that may seriously affect vision
scoliosis	A condition involving an abnormal sideways curve in the spine.
analgesic ceiling	Dose of analgesic beyond which no additional analgesia is obtained
unfused tetanic contraction	A tetanic contraction in which individual twitch contributions can still be seen.
compound action potential	The response of a peripheral nerve to an electrical stimulus; represents the sum of the action potentials of all active fibers in the nerve.
hearing loss curve	A plot of the threshold of hearing for a patient as deviations from normal for different frequencies of sound.
sciatic nerve	The largest nerve that runs from the back of the hip down the thigh to the calf in each leg
fasciculations	A small, local contraction of muscles visible through the skin; represents spontaneous discharge in one or more muscle fibers innervated by a motoneuron.
falling phase	The return of the membrane potential from the peak overshoot of the spike back to the resting potential, syn
neotype	A specimen selected as the type subsequent to the original description in cases in which the primary types are definitely known to have been destroyed.
allopathic	Traditional medicine
obligate	Restricted to a particular set of environmental conditions, without which an organism cannot survive
soil invader	an organism whose population in soil diminishes in several months to years
evoked potential	An electrical response of a group of neurons produced by a stimulus to a sensory receptor or neural pathway.
erumpent	bursting or erupting through the substrate surface
nerve fiber	The straight, relatively unbranched process of a nerve cell, syn
magnetic resonance imaging	This diagnostic procedure, using magnetic fields, radio waves, and a computer, may be used to determine the source of pain.
deep tissues	Tissues including bone, muscle, tendons, joint capsules and fasciae
hypopolarization	A change in the membrane potential, usually away from the resting potential, toward the isoelectric point (i.e., zero voltage).
warm fibers	Cutaneous thermoreceptors that increase their discharge rate with increasing skin temperature.
precaution	A condition in a recipient which may result in a life-threatening problem if the vaccine is given, or a condition which could compromise the ability of the vaccine to produce immunity.
weber fraction	The ratio of the just-noticeable-difference in stimulus strength to the standard stimulus strength.
muscarinic effect	The subset of actions normally produced by acetylcholine that can also be produced by muscarine.
promoter	A region of DNA, usually upstream of a coding sequence, that binds RNA polymerase and directs the enzyme to the correct transcriptional start site.
linear function or relation	The relationship between two variables such that the equal changes in one result in equal changes in the other; an equation of the form y = ax + b.
photosynthate	product of photosynthesis
weber's test	A hearing test using a tuning fork employed to distinguish conduction deafness from nerve deafness.
counter-force brace	An elastic band that wraps around the forearm just below the injured elbow (tendon) to help relieve pain associated with tennis elbow.
nerve cell	A cell specialized for excitability and conductivity, syn
inactivation	Closure of the voltage-gated ionic channels.
uredium	See
unicellular	one-celled organism
crib or cot death	See Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
broadcast application	Application by spreading or scattering on the soil surface.
feeder root	fine root that absorbs water and dissolved nutrients
fused tetanic contraction	A tetanic muscle contraction in which there is no trace of the individual twitches that have been summed.
hybrid	offspring of two individuals of different genotypes
mhc	See Major Histocompatibility Complex.
placebo	A substance or treatment that has no effect on human beings.
monoclonal antibodies	Antibodies produced by a hybridoma or antibody-producing cell source for a specific antigen
sausage digit	a toe or finger swollen and red along its entire length
carpal tunnel syndrome	A condition in which the median nerve is compressed as it passes through the carpal tunnel in the wrist, a narrow confined space
gp120	Glycoprotein 120, a protein that protrudes from the surface of HIV and binds to CD4+ T cells
absolute refractory period	Time after an action potential during which the membrane cannot initiate another spike no matter how strong the stimulus.
stoma	1
neuropathic pain	Chronic pain due to an injury to the nervous system or a disease such as multiple sclerosis or stroke
oomycete	A member of the Oomycetes.
axial	Belonging to, around, in the direction of, or along an axis.
cystic fibrosis	Hereditary disease characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory and digestive tracts, and elsewhere in the body
parkinsonism	Basal ganglion disease characterized by hypokinesia, tremor at rest, and muscular rigidity.
miosis	Constriction of the pupil of the eye.
twitch contraction	The all-or-none response of a muscle or muscle cell to a single brief stimulus.
wegener's granulomatosis	A rare but potentially deadly disease of uncertain cause
neurosurgeon	Surgeon who specializes in diseases and conditions of the central nervous system, and the nerves that branch out from the spine
communicable	That which can be transmitted from one person or animal to another
transcription	the production of a complementary strand of RNA from a segment of DNA
polymerase	Any of several enzymes that catalyze the formation of DNA or RNA from precursor substances in the presence of preexisting DNA or RNA acting as templates (i.e., patterns)
reflexology	Form of massage where a practitioner applies pressure to certain parts of the feet and hands to help promote relaxation and healing at specified points in the body
postsynaptic inhibition	Decrease in the probability of firing of a neuron because of the IPSPs generated in it.
receptive field	The area of the periphery whose stimulation influence firing of a neuron.
color blindness	In vision, inability to detect or weakness in response to one or more of the three primary colors.
temporal summation	Algebraic addition of generator potentials elicited by two stimuli applied at the same point in rapid succession.
lidocaine	An anesthetic that produces pain relief by blocking the signals at the nerve endings in the skin
megavitamins	Large quantities of vitamins taken on a regular basis.
major histocompatibility complex	the area on chromosome 6 containing genes that determine the structure of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules
myelogram	Involves the injection of a dye or contrast material into the spinal canal; a specific x-ray study that also allows careful evaluation of the spinal canal and nerve roots.
impingement syndrome	A common condition of the shoulder often seen in aging adults
spinal stenosis	A condition in which the spinal canal narrows in one or more areas, and the spinal cord and/or nerves are compressed or choked.
immunological surveillance or immunosurveillance	See Surveillance.
osteophyte	an outgrowth of bone
imuran®	An immunosuppressive drug, also known as azathioprine, originally used to prevent graft rejection in patients receiving kidney transplants
osteoporosis	a condition that develops when bone is no longer replaced as quickly as it is removed.
reflex	A relatively stereotyped movement or response elicited by a stimulus applied to the periphery, transmitted to the central nervous system and then transmitted back out to the periphery.
glucosamine	A nutritional supplement that has been suggested to help rebuild cartilage and relieve pain in some people with osteoarthritis.
synthesis	1
syntype	One of a number of specimens of equal nomenclatural rank that formed all or part of the material the original author had in cases in which the author did not designate or indicate a holotype.
abscission	Of plants: The shedding of leaves or other parts as the result of physical weakness in a specialized layer of cells (abscission layer) that develops at the base.
sympathetic tone	Refers to the ongoing discharge in sympathetic nerve fibers that leads to a resting contraction of vascular smooth muscle.
serology	Branch of science dealing with properties and reactions of sera, particularly the use of antibodies in the sera to examine the properties of antigens.
synovium	The lining of a joint.
necrosis	death of cells or tissue, usually accompanied by black or brown darkening
cartilage	a type of tissue that covers the surface of a bone at a joint
doctor of medicine	An academic degree for medical doctors and is the most common degree held by physicians and surgeons
herpes zoster	herpes zóster herpes zoster m
gamma spasticity	A tonic contraction of one muscle or a group of synergistic muscles at a joint, caused by excitation of the gamma motoneurons innervating the muscles.
proximal	nearest to the point of attachment (see distal)
side effect	Undesirable reaction resulting from immunization.
antibody	a protein produced by the lymphocytes to fight foreign proteins (antigens)
squamule	A small scale or lobe.
ipsilateral	On the same side.
periphysis	Short, hair-like filaments that line the canal of the
photosensitivity	A reaction or sensitivity to sunlight.
predispose	to make prone to infection and disease
analog	In chemistry, a compound with a structure similar to that of another compound, but differing from it in respect to certain components or structural makeup; it may have a similar or opposite action metabolically.
epidural anesthesia	Anesthesia produced by injection of a local anesthetic into the peridural space of the spinal cord
baseline	1
parasexual cycle	A sequence involving
systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis	a form of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis that affects joints and sometimes internal organs.
channel	A passage in the membrane through which ions can flow, syn
disease	Sickness, illness or loss of health.
hyperalgesia	Excessive sensitivity to pain or enhanced intensity of pain sensation
smallpox	An acute, highly infectious, often fatal disease caused by a poxvirus and characterized by high fever and aches with subsequent widespread eruption of pimples that blister, produce pus, and form pockmarks
collagen	The principal protein of the skin, tendons, cartilage, bone, and gives connective tissue its strength and flexibility.
axodendritic synapse	A synaptic junction in which an axon's bouton is the presynaptic element and a dendrite is the postsynaptic element.
nerve blocks	Injections of anesthetic (or numbing) substances into nerves in order to reduce pain.
x-ray	A type of high energy photon that provides a picture of bone to rule out bone damage and/or fracture
recurrent inhibition	Inhibition of an element produced by its own output through excitation of an inhibitory interneuron, cf., Collateral inhibition.
ascending reticular activating system	A group of interconnected nuclei of the brain stem responsible for producing desynchronization of the EEG.
doll's eye maneuver	A test of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in which the opposite direction is observed.
chiropractic	Treatment based on the effect of spinal anatomy on the functioning of the body
mutagen	a substance that causes a mutation
renshaw inhibition	A form of collateral inhibition of motoneurons involving a special inhibitory interneuron, the Renshaw cell.
postganglionic fiber	Nerve fibers originating in and running peripheral to an autonomic ganglion.
viroid	Any of numerous kinds of small particles (250-400 nucleotides) of circular, single-stranded RNA that is unencapsidated and encodes no known proteins.
algogenic	Causing pain
immobilization	The process of holding a joint or bone in place to prevent an injured area from moving while it heals using a splint, cast, or brace.
overuse conditions	injuries due to minor trauma involving soft-tissue injuries - injuries that affect the bone, muscles, ligaments, and/or tendons.
central nervous system	Composed of the brain, spinal cord and its coverings (meninges).
referred pain	Pain felt in one area of the body that does not accurately represent where the problem is, because the pain is referred there from another area, i.e
joint	The area where two bones meet
reactive arthritis	joint problems triggered by bacterial or viral infection elsewhere in the body
submodality	Any division of one of the modalities, example: touch is a submodality of somesthesia.
electrochemical equilibrium	A balance between chemical and electrical driving forces such that there is no net movement of ions across the cell membrane.
aecidiospore	See
disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs	A powerful class of drugs used as a second line of defense to treat persistent inflammatory processes
methylsulfonylmethane	A naturally occurring sulfur-containing chemical that is taken as a dietary supplement
aerobe	An organism that requires free oxygen for respiration.
capsaicin	Found in certain plants, including cayenne and red pepper and may be used topically to relieve pain
complementary medicine	Treatment that falls outside the standard medical approaches
kyphosis	An outward curve in the spine causing a humped back.
anxiolytics	Medications prescribed to help manage anxiety and also helps ease pain by helping muscles relax
quadrantanopsia	Blindness in one quarter of the visual field.
therapy	Treatment of a disease.
transduction	the transfer of genes from one organism to another by viruses, especially in bacteria
algesia	Suffix meaning pain; examples: hypalgesia, reduced pain sensation; hyperalgesia, heightened pain sensitivity; analgesia, no pain sensitivity.
olivocochlear bundle	A bundle of efferent nerve fibers originating in the superior olive and ending on hair cells in the basilar membrane
autotrophic	Capable of growth independent of outside sources of nutrients or growth factors.
central nervous system	Body system comprised of the brain and spinal cord
ozone	a highly reactive form of oxygen (O3) that may injure plants
breast cancer	cancer of the breast
psychological therapy	Therapy used instead of or in addition to medication to manage pain.May include biofeedback, relaxation, stress management, and behavioral therapy
hemoptysis	Coughing up and spitting out blood
trauma	An injury that can be either physical or emotional.
anti-inflammatory	Medicine used to relieve swelling and/or pain due to an injury, infection, or irritation.
heterokaryon	A cell that contains genetically different nuclei or a thallus made up of such cells.
antagonist muscle	A muscle that acts in opposition to another at a joint.
interventional pain management	Blocking of the body's production and/or transmission of pain signals to the brain by use of a neurological procedure, nerve block spinal cord stimulation, implantation of a drug delivery system or injection of an anesthetic.
musculoskeletal system	The complex system involving the body's muscles and skeleton and including the joints, ligaments, tendons and nerves.
acute pain	Pain that comes on quickly, can be severe, but lasts a fairly short time.
pesticide	a chemical used to control pests
macerate	to cause disintegration of tissues by separation of cells; to soften by soaking
dna	Deoxyribonucleic acid.
hyporeflexia	Weakening of the reflexes.
artery	A vessel carrying blood high in oxygen content away from the heart and to the farthest reaches of the body.
generic	Chemical name of a drug as opposed to its brand name
foliar	pertaining to leaves
cognitive	Relating to the process of knowing or being aware
radiofrequency ablation	A procedure in which an electrical current produced by a radiowave is used to heat up a small area of nerve tissue, thereby decreasing pain signals from that specific area.
bias	Flaws in the collection, analysis or interpretation of research data that lead to incorrect conclusions.
monophialide	See
rebound headache	Headache experienced by people who have built up a specific medication tolerance and occurs immediately after medication wears off
electrical synapse	The junction between two nerve cells at which communication is by direct transfer of charge not by release of a transmitter substance, syn
hering-breuer reflex	The nervous mechanism that tends to limit inspiratory excursions, mediated by stretch receptors in the intercostal muscles whose activity leads to inhibition of inspiratory neurons in the brain stem.
fast muscle	Relative term, referring to the speed of twitch contraction and relaxation and to the relatively high rates of stimulation at which tetanic fusion occurs.
family and general practitioner	Family doctors treat a range of health problems including pain
end bulb	A swelling of an axon near its termination; the presynaptic structure in most synapses, syn
polycyclic	having several to many disease cycles in a growing season (see monocyclic)
symptom	Any condition that a person considers to show the presence of a disease or abnormality
ploidy	The number of (complete) sets of chromosomes in a cell.
pathology	1
mycoplasma	1
nematicide	agent, usually a chemical, that kills nematodes
mechanical back pain	The general term that refers to any type of back pain caused by the way you move, or by placing abnormal stress and strain on muscles of the vertebral column.
gene	1
near-sightedness	A pathological condition of refraction in which the eyeball is too long for the refractive power of the lens and images come to a focus in front of the retina, syn
past-pointing	An error in pointing to a target in the direction of a previous rotation, e.g., in a Barany chair.
impedance matching device	A mechanism that compensates for differences in sound transmission through different media; in the ear, through air and perilymph.
half-life	The time required for half the amount of a drug to be eliminated from the body.
neuropathic pain	Pain caused damage to or dysfunction in the peripheral and/or central nervous systems
fusion	A surgical procedure that immobilizes two or more vertebrae by uniting them together.
ligament	tough, elastic tissue that keeps bone in a joint aligned
volunteer	a plant seeded by chance, usually by seed from the previous crop
serum	The fluid fraction of coagulated (clotted) blood.
spatial summation	Algebraic addition of generator potentials elicited by stimuli at two different points.
obligatory synapse	A synaptic junction at which a single presynaptic action potential initiates a postsynaptic action potential.
sarcoidosis	An inflammatory disease characterized by small rounded growths (granulomas) that can develop almost anywhere in the body, usually affecting the skin, lungs, eyes or joints
i band	The isotropic or light band of striated muscle; contains only actin filaments.
eosinophil	A type of white blood cell, called granulocyte, that can digest microorganisms
meniere's disease	Deafness, tinnitus, and vertigo resulting from accumulation of endolymph in the labyrinth.
pallesthesia	The sensation of vibration.
control	A standard against which experimental observations may be evaluated
ankylosing spondylitis	A disease that affects the spine, causing the bones of the spine to grow together.
myelogram	An x-ray using contrast dye to identify nerve compression caused by a herniated disc or fracture of the spine.
dysesthesia	A persistent, painful sensation, produced by gentle stimulation, that often occurs after destruction of CNS pathways.
demyelination	Destruction, removal or loss of the myelin sheath of a nerve or nerves
white muscle	A paler colored muscle consisting of fibers lacking high myoglobin concentrations; fast muscle fibers.
synaptic cleft	Space between pre- and postsynaptic cells at a chemical synapse across which the transmitter substance must diffuse.
hydroxychloroquine	A medication used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and mild lupus-related problems,such as skin and joint disease
antagonist	An agent or substance that counteracts the action of another.
anesthesiologist	Physician who provides pain relief and maintains a stable condition during and following an operation or diagnostic procedure
arthroplasty	A surgical procedure in which diseased portions of a joint are removed.
hypesthesia	Reduced cutaneous sensation.
dominant hemisphere	The cerebral hemisphere that contains the speech centers.
saccade	An abrupt, rapid, small eye movement; usually occur in a series during scanning; also occurs as a part of nystagmus.
neurogenic	Of nerve origin.
karyotype	The chromosomal constitution of a eukaryotic cell in terms of the number, size amd morphology of the chromosomes at metaphase.
visceral afferent fibers	Fibers carrying sensory information from visceral organs to the central nervous system.
backcross	To cross (mate) with one parent.
genetic code	the system of triplet codons composed of nucleotides of DNA or RNA that determine the amino acid sequence of a protein
muscle	Tissue of the body which primarily functions as a source of power.
spinal shock	A condition following functional disconnection of the spinal cord from higher centers, which is characterized by areflexia, anesthesia, and lack of movements.
synaptic knob	A swelling of an axon near its termination; the presynaptic structure in most synapses, syn
allodynia	Pain that occurs from circumstance not normally associated with pain such as something lightly touching your skin causing pain
homonymous hemianopsia	Hemianopsia involving either the left or right halves of the visual fields of both eyes.
tolerance	1
incidence	The incidence of disease is defined as the number of new cases of disease occurring in a population during a defined time interval
hyperalgesia	Term to describe excessive pain sensitivity.
mucosa	See Mucous Membrane.
shingles	An acute viral inflammation caused by reactivation of the herpes virus causing chicken pox
transposon	A discrete piece of DNA that can insert itself into other DNA sequences within the cell
postherpetic neuralgia	This is pain along nerves affected by an outbreak of shingles that lasts longer than a month.
flux	Movement of ions due to concentration forces, syn
spinal canal	The hollow passage through which the spinal cord runs.
presynaptic inhibition	Decrease in the probability of firing of a neuron due to decrease in transmission to it that results from hypopolarization of afferent terminals on it.
postoperative	Relating to, occurring in, or being the period following a surgical operation
threshold of hearing curve	A graph of a person's threshold for detection of various pitches in the range of human hearing, syn
antiphospholipid antibodies	Abnormal proteins that may increase the tendency of the blood to clot.
mutation	A stable, heritable change in the nucleotide sequence of a genetic nucleic acid (DNA, or RNA in viruses, viroids, etc) typically resulting in the generation of a new allele and a new phenotype.
autism	A chronic developmental disorder usually diagnosed between 18 and 30 months of age
russet	brownish, roughened areas resulting from cork formation
epileptogenic	Producing or capable of producing seizures.
antidromic	In the direction opposite that normally taken by action potentials in the nervous system.
presbyopia	Hyperopia due to loss of elasticity of the lens at about age 40.
agnosia	Loss of the power to recognize the import of sensory stimuli.
end-plate potential	The hypopolarizing postsynaptic potential in the striated muscle that leads to the muscle spike.
hepatitis a	A minor viral disease, that usually does not persist in the blood; transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food or water.
beta-blockers	Drugs that can inhibit the sympathetic nervous system involving physical responses and reduce certain symptoms
acupressure	Complementary medicine technique that uses pressure on certain points along the body to help with pain management.
integrative synapse	A synaptic junction at which the critical firing level is reached only by the summation of EPSPs from many sources; a point of integration.
antiepileptic drug	Drug used in treatment of epilepsy and treatment of chronic pain
genitourinary tract	The system of organs comprising the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction
myofilament	Any of the small filaments that comprise a myofibril; either a thick or myosin filament, or a thin or actin filament.
intermediate zone	The part of a dermatome or receptive field outside the autonomous zone.
occupational therapy	Teaches you how to reduce strain on your joints while doing everyday activities
quarantine	The isolation of a person or animal who has a disease (or is suspected of having a disease) in order to prevent further spread of the disease.
hypoxia	Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue.
niams	National Institute of Arthritis and Muscloskeletal and Skin Diseases
limen	The psychological term for threshold.
cortical bone	The dense outer surface of bone that forms a protective layer around the marrow cavity.
thick filament	The larger diameter myofilament of the myofibrils of striated muscle.
synovium	a thin membrane lining joint capsules that produces synovial fluid
incidence	The number of new cases occurring in a given population over a certain period of time.
facet joint	Small joints located between and behind adjacent vertebrae
spine	Column of bone, the vertebral column, that surrounds and protects the spinal cord
convulsion	See Seizure.
transmitter substance	A compound released at a synapse from the presynaptic element that effects a change in potential of the postsynaptic cell.
membrane potential	The electrical potential that exists across the cell membrane as a result of inhomogeneous ion distributions.
presbycusis	Decrease or loss of sensitivity to high frequencies of sound with advancing age.
contraindication	A specific circumstance when the use of certain treatments could be harmful.
dichromatism	Color vision involving only two pigments.
exonuclease	A
autonomic nervous system	The part of the nervous system that controls the working of the heart muscle, the muscles of the digestive tract, the lungs and the glands.
alkaline phosphatase	An enzyme that is normally present in certain cells within the liver, bone, kidney, intestine and placenta
dnaase	An enzyme that attacks bonds in DNA.
lengthening reaction	Sudden release of tension of a spastic muscle that occurs near the maximum length as the muscle is gradually lengthened, syn
nernst equation	A mathematical formula stating the voltage across a cell membrane that results from a difference in ion concentration inside and outside the cell.
postrotatory nystagmus	Nystagmus in the direction opposite to that of and due to a previous rotation, e.g., in a Barany chair.
weber-fechner function	The magnitude of the sensation evoked by a stimulus is proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus strength.
nsaids	Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that help to reduce inflammation and manage pain; available in over-the-counter and prescription strengths.
stretch reflex	An automatic contraction of a muscle elicited by stretching it, syn
anhidrosis	An abnormal deficiency of sweat.
remission	period during which symptoms of a disease diminish or disappear
avoidance	Principle of plant disease control marked by deliberate actions to take advantage of environmental factors and time unfavorable for disease development.
allopurinol	A medicine that lowers uric acid levels
vessel	A xylem element or series of such elements whose function is to conduct water and mineral nutrients.
pauciarticular	a form of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis that affects four or less joints.
space constant	Distance along the membrane at which an imposed transmembrane voltage falls to l/e of its initial value, abbr
viviparous	Bearing living young.
mumps	Acute contagious viral illness marked by swelling, especially of the parotid glands.
apoptosis	Cellular suicide, also known as programmed cell death
cardiac muscle	Striated muscle found in the heart.
prostaglandins	Hormone like substance that sensitizes pain receptors to mechanical and chemical stimulation and cause blood vessels to dilate
efficacy	The ability of an intervention to produce the desired beneficial effect
benzodiazepines	Drugs that work as tranquilizers
electroneuromyography	Testing and recording neuromuscular activity by electrical stimulation of the nerves
gene expression	The transcription of
radiculopathy	Disease caused by compression, inflammation, and/or injury to a spinal nerve root in the low back
plasmolysis	shrinking of a protoplast due to water loss from the vacuole of a plant cell
polymodal nociceptor	A receptor that responds to more than one type of noxious stimulus, e.g., noxious heat and noxious mechanical stimuli.
tinnitus	A sensation of ringing, buzzing, roaring, clicking in the ears, not of external origin, in some cases audible to people other than the patient.
acupuncture	Complementary medicine technique using tiny needles inserted in the skin at certain points along the body to help manage pain.
ultrastructure	submicroscopic structure of a macromolecule, cell, or tissue
radionuclide bone scan	a nuclear imaging technique that uses a very small amount of radioactive material, which is injected into the patient's bloodstream to be detected by a scanner
vicarious function	Recovery of function due to assumption of control by another neurological structure.
template	A gauge, pattern or mold used as a guide to the form of the piece being made
rectification	In synapses: the property of allowing transmission through a pathway in only one direction; in membranes: a change in ionic conductance with a change in membrane potential.
nyctalopia	Congenital night-blindness caused by a lack of rod functioning in the retina.
myelogram	involves the injection of a dye or contrast material into the spinal canal; a specific x-ray study that also allows careful evaluation of the spinal canal and nerve roots.
alpha spasticity	A tonic contraction of one muscle or a group of synergistic muscles at a joint, caused by excitation of alpha motoneurons innervating the muscles.
pv	Pathovar.
peripheral neuropathy	Peripheral nerve damage marked by muscle weakness and atrophy, pain, and numbness
erythrocyte sedimentation rate	A test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle in unclotted blood
dyscalculia	Impairment of ability to solve mathematical problems.
pericardium	The membrane covering of the heart.
temporal association	Two or more events that occur around the same time but are unrelated, chance occurrences.
pathogens	Organisms (e.g
chickenpox	See Varicella.
bone plate	A thin metal implant affixed with screws used to immobilize bone segments by aligning the bone to aid the healing process.
enzymes	Naturally occurring chemical substances in the human body that help a chemical reaction take place.
infectious agents	Organisms capable of spreading disease (e.g
actin	A protein of the thin myofilament, localized to the I band of the sarcomere.
metabotropic transmission	Synaptic transmission in which the transmitter substance causes activation of a second messenger that causes the change in postsynaptic membrane potential.
gout	Characterized by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood and produces lumps in and around joints
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation	(TENS) An electrical stimulation device that is applied to the body for the treatment of pain
hiv-2	See Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2.
diathermy	physical therapy using high-frequency electric current, ultrasound, or microwave to deliver heat to muscles and ligaments
dependence	Physical or psychological substance dependence
codon	A particular sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA coding for an amino acid.
stratification	A layered configuration.
beta adrenergic effect	A constellation of effects produced by circulating epinephrine, or isoproterenol released from postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals (if they exist)
enteropathic	originating from the gastrointestinal tract
discoid lupus erythematosus	a mild form of lupus affecting mainly the skin
astereognosis	Inability to recognize objects by feeling them.
hemolysis	The rupture of red blood cells.
ihs	See Indian Health Service.