Glossary extracted starting with automatic seeds, with PTM for the domain his and language EN

roll	A vessel's motion rotating from side to side, about the fore-aft axis
league	A unit of length, normally equal to three nautical miles.
driver	The large sail flown from the mizzen gaff.
skyscraper	A small, triangular sail, above the skysail
bank	A large area of elevated sea floor.
monotheism	The doctrine or belief that there is only one God
berth	A bed on a boat, or a space in a port or harbour where a vessel can be tied up.
raskol’	A Russian term meaning “schism,” and here specifically concerning the split between the official Russian church and church dissenters who broke away in the second half of the 17th century over reforms to the traditional services and texts
alabaster	A variety of hard calcite, translucent and sometimes banded
senate	The Roman government, made up of senators.
sultana	The wife of a Sultan
archaeologist	a person who studies the lives and cultures of ancient peoples
polytheism	The worship of or belief in more than one god
ein - pl: oyoun	A spring of underground water.
scroll	Roman book, written on a long strip of paper rolled around a stick.
fathom	A unit of length equal to 6 feet, roughly measured as the distance between a man's outstretched hands.
convention parliament	A parliament sitting under a new mandate or process, unrelated to previous parliaments
bonded jacky	A type of tobacco or sweet cake.
stylus	Writing stick made out of reed, wood, metal or bone
booms	Masts or yards, lying on board in reserve.
kikuyu	Largest tribe in Kenya, forming 22% of the population
annealing	To subject (glass or metal) to a process of heating and slow cooling in order to toughen and reduce brittleness
toggle pin	An item of jewelry, composed mainly of copper or bronze, used to fasten together garments
basilica	A large building where town business was carried out (like a modern Town Hall).
elite	A select group which controls the majority of resources and authority in a community
scudding	A term applied to a vessel when carried furiously along by a tempest.
congress	The First Continental Congress representing 12 of Britain's 13 colonies in America met in 1774
bar	Large mass of sand or earth, formed by the surge of the sea
sheer	The upward curve of a vessel's longitudinal lines as viewed from the side.
granulation	Small, beadlike protuberances designed on the surface of intricate jewelry
spindle	A rod or pin, tapered at the ends, on which fibers are spun by hand into thread and then wound
headsail	Any sail flown in front of the most forward mast.
harold macmillan	Conservative politician and Prime Minister
forum	An open space in the middle of a town for markets and meeting people (like a market square)
fermentation	A breakdown of a substance by yeasts and bacteria, especially of sugar in making alcohol
draft	The ship's vertical extension below the waterline at various points along the entire length measured in feet and inches
machinery of the universe	nature's plan for the destiny of all creatures.
cavalry	Soldiers who fight on horseback.
core-forming	A method of glass-making where molten glass is wound around a clay core
courses	The mainsail, foresail, and the mizzen.
pension	Money paid to a retired worker or soldier.
advance	The distance gained in the original course when turning.
taxes	Money or items taken by the government from people, to pay for things like the army, wars, emperor's palaces and building roads.
fortification	Something that serves to fortify, especially military works erected to fortify a position or place
topmast	The second section of the mast above the deck; formerly the upper mast, later surmounted by the topgallant mast; carrying the topsails.
strigil	A metal object used in Roman baths to scrape sweat, dirt and excess oil off.
poor law	Safety-net provision for the poor, based on the 1834 Poor Law Act and linking help to the workhouses
sunni	A follower of the larger of the principal branches within Islam
federation	A union or grouping of self-governing bodies or countries that come together voluntarily to be stronger than the parts.
monotheism	the belief in one god
domostroi	Literally, household manual
ard	A scratch plow with a wooden point, clad with either bronze or iron, which could penetrate a soil surface to a depth of a few inches
fathom	Six feet.
stern	Rear of a vessel.
punt	A semimythical land that the Egyptian texts refer to as a source for trade
archaeology	Studying the past by looking at old things, often found underground.
fresco	Painting using water coloring on wet plaster on walls and ceilings.
ottomans	A Turkic-speaking people who by 1400 had managed to extend their influence over much of Anatolia and even into Byzantine territory, as well as Macedonia and Bulgaria
coup d'etat	The sudden, illegal and often violent overthrow of an existing government by a strong military or political group
caucasus	The Caucasus mountains form an almost solid rampart extending northwest to southeast across the isthmus between the Black and Caspian seas.
consort	A husband or wife, especially the spouse of a monarch
lord privy seal	Traditionally responsible for the monarch's personal (privy) seal, the office holder has a seat in the Cabinet, usually as a Minister without Portfolio, with no specific responsibility
by the board	Anything that has gone overboard.
topsail	The second sail (counting from the bottom) up a mast
dyophysitism	The belief that Christ has two natures, divine and human which are inseparably united
turtling	When a sailboat (in particular a dinghy) capsizes to a point where the mast is pointed straight down and the hull is on the surface resembling a turtle shell.
athena	The patron goddess of Athens
kievan rus’	A prosperous principality, founded in the 9th century, centered on the city of Kiev (in Ukrainian, Ky鴳)
toleration	The allowing of religious freedom to groups outside the main state religion, i.e
amphitheatre	A place like a stadium, where Romans went to watch animals and people fighting.
ingot	A mass of metal, such as a bar or block, that is cast in a standard shape for convenient storage or shipment
deadeye	A round wooden blank which serves a similar purpose to a block in the standing rigging of large sailing vessels.
scandalize	To reduce the area of a sail by expedient means (slacking the peak and tricing up the tack) without properly reefing it.
rammings	A technique used in air, sea and land combat, involving hitting a target by running oneself on to it
yaw	A vessel's motion rotating about the vertical axis, so the bow yaws from side to side.
manchu	The name given to a people who lived for many centuries in Manchuria and adjacent areas and who in the 17th century conquered China and ruled that country for more than 250 years.
prize or cruiser rules	These govern the taking of vessels at sea during war, although changes in technology, radio and the submarine have effectively made them redundant
holy synod	The central administrative organ of the Russian Orthodox church from 1721 to 1917.
plantagenet	The name of the house of monarchs who reigned England from 1154-1485
mycenaens	A Bronze Age civilisation of Ancient Greece that flourished between the 17th and 12th centuries BCE
spindrift	Finely-divided water swept from crest of waves by strong winds.
tutor	A teacher who gives lessons to a student at home.
leeward	In the direction that the wind is blowing towards.
aspasia [as-pay-zia]	Was a woman to taught public speaking in Athens
icing	A serious hazard where cold temperatures (below about -10°C) combined with high wind speed (typically force 8 or above on the Beaufort scale) result in spray blown off the sea freezing immediately on contact with the ship
all night in	Having no night watches.
air operations	military activity involving aircraft: most commonly the use of helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft for the tactical support of infantry units in combat or for transportation and logistical support
anchor buoy	A small buoy secured by a light line to anchor to indicate position of anchor on bottom.
battle lights	Dim red lights that furnish sufficient light for personnel during darken ship period.
shiia	A follower of one of the two principal branches of Islam, the other, larger branch being Sunnite
ratlines	Rope ladders permanently rigged from bulwarks and tops to the mast to enable access to top masts and yards
stratigraphy	The scientific process of interpreting the accumulation of layers of debris and soil over time
oprichnik	A member of the corps of bodyguards and political police created by Ivan IV, “the Terrible,” early in 1565
cut of his jib	The "cut" of a sail refers to its shape
king hussein	Ruler of Jordan from 1952 until his death in 1999
staysail	A sail whose luff is attached to a forestay.
ba	the physical vitality present in a living thing
tripartite	Composed of or divided into three parts
rigging	The system of masts and lines on ships and other sailing vessels.
astern	Toward the stern; an object or vessel that is abaft another vessel or object.
bauxite	The raw material in the manufacture of aluminium
splice	To join lines (ropes, cables etc.) by unraveling their ends and intertwining them to form a continuous line
body bag	a non-porous bag designed to contain a human body, used for the storage and transportation of corpses
context	The environment in which something exists or occurs; an object's setting in time and place and it's relationship to other objects
spanker	A fore and aft, gaff-rigged sail on the aft-most mast of a square-rigged vessel.
gypsum	A widespread colorless, white, or yellowish mineral
phonetic	Of or relating to spoken language or speech sounds
windward	In the direction that the wind is coming from.
nco	a non-commissioned officer
bludgeon of correction	Henry's guilt regarding his treatment of the tattered man and the actions he needs to take to alleviate that guilt.
portico	A roof supported by columns at the entrance of a huge building.
avast	Stop! Cease or desist from whatever is being done.
stylus	A metal pen for scratching words into soft wax on wooden tablets.
steward	Cook.
archaeologists	People who study the past by looking at old things, often found underground.
tomb	A place where a burial has been made
bow	Forward end of a vessel
master	The captain of the vessel.
bearing	Used to define the direction of an object or a course from a particular point.
national government	A government formed of all parties, normally put into effect in times of great economic difficulty
absolute monarchy	A form of governance in which the monarch holds all power and shares it with no group or institutions, for instance, the nobility or the church
cut and run	When wanting to make a quick escape, a ship might cut lashings to sails or cables for anchors, causing damage to the rigging, or losing an anchor, but shortening the time needed to make ready by bypassing the proper procedures.
amidships	In the middle portion of ship, along the line of the keel.
brail	To furl or truss a sail by pulling it in towards the mast, or the ropes used to do so.
devil seam	The curved seam in the deck planking closest to the side of the ship, next to the scuppers
killick	A small anchor
dynasty	a powerful group or family that rules an area for a long period of time
sewers	Pipes or tunnels that carry away sewage.
kwame nkrumah	Ghanaian statesman, prime minister and President between 1960-1966
strelets	An elite corps of musketeer/musketeers
martial law	The system of rules that takes effect when the military take control of the normal administration of justice
sway	A vessel's motion from side to side.
colonnade	A line of columns usually supporting part of an entablature.
treadmill	Machine like a big wheel inside which slaves walked round, to turn the machine.
bi-cameral	A parliament or legislature with two chambers
blackout	A darkened ship.
athenian democracy	Political system developed in Athens in the late 6th c
aft	A position to the rear or the rear extremity of a given object.
duma	A body of deliberative advisors; a council.
minority report	A report that reflects the thinking of the members favouring the minority position or action on an issue, therefore opposing the majority
foot	The bottom of a sail.
caucuses	A meeting of supporters or members of a political party or movement
garbled	Garbling was the (illegal) practice of mixing cargo with garbage.
let go and haul	An order indicating that the ship is in line with the wind.
imphal	City in north-eastern India
shah	Title of former Iranian kings.
citizen	Person with special rights such as the right to vote and own property in the Roman Empire
coalition	An alliance of people, factions, parties, or nations
capital gains tax	A tax on capital 'gains'
juvenal	Roman poet who lived during the 1st and 2nd centuries CE
cylinder seal	Cylinder of stone, gem or baked clay engraved with a design which made an impression when rolled over wet clay
cat	1
malleability	The quality of metal which allows it to be molded, hammered, or bent into various shapes
athos	Radio detection antenna
know the ropes	A sailor who 'knows the ropes' is familiar with the miles of cordage and ropes involved in running a ship.
red rage	great anger.
sail-plan	A set of drawings showing various sail combinations recommended for use in various situations.
amphitheater	A Roman style oval building with a stage surrounded by elevated tiers of seats for spectacles.
sagging	When a trough of a wave is amidship.
boy seaman	a young sailor, still in training
stele	An upright stone or slab with an inscribed or sculptured surface, used as a monument or as a commemorative tablet in the face of a building
chidori	Japanese anti-submarine vessel; a type of torpedo boat
tailshaft	a kind of metallic shafting (a rod of metal) to hold the propeller and connected to the power engine
white paper	A Government report or guide, usually issued as a 'Command Paper', that lays out policy or proposed action on a topic of current concern, signifying a clear intention on the part of government to pass a new law
silt	fine particles of soil
bear down	Turn away from the wind, often with reference to a transit.
trick	A period of time spent at the wheel ("my trick's over").
burnish	1
precipitation	Any form of water, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, that falls to the earth's surface
in the offing	In the water visible from on board a ship, now used to mean something imminent.
list	The vessel's angle of lean or tilt to one side, in the direction called roll.
gabal	Mountain in Arabic.
mummy	a body that has been embalmed or preserved in the manner of ancient Egyptians
cataract	a waterfall, especially a large one over a steep overhang
condenser	Device for converting exhaust steam from engines into water for re-use.
eastern orthodoxy	Along with Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, one of the three principal doctrinal and jurisdictional groups of Christianity.
pylon	Greek for "gate", these were huge towers on each side of the entrance to a temple
irrigation	A system of watering lands by means of directing water through channels in the soil
barbarian	A person who lived outside the Roman Empire, seen by Romans as violent and uncivilized.
'liberty' and 'victory' ships	US cargo ships built from pre-fabricated sections welded together
articles of war	Regulations governing the military and naval forces of UK and USA; read to every ship's company on commissioning and at specified intervals during the commission.
monophysitism	The belief that Christ has only once nature with both divine and human incorporated in him
overhead	The "ceiling," or, essentially, the bottom of the deck above you.
draught	See draft.
swash	of the fragrant water the splashing of water.
wreath	A ring or crown made of leaves or flowers.
shaybanid	The Shaybanid Khanate (1500-99) formed a loose family confederacy with appanages in Balkh, Bukhara, Tashkent, and Samarkand
tribe	A group of people who live in one part of a country and are ruled by a chief.
graves registration office	the organization responsible for the identification and processing of deceased military personnel and the disposition of their personal effects
bow caps	small doors on the outside ends of a submarine's torpedo doors.
shadoof	An Egyptian device used to raise waters for irrigation of land, still used to the moment.
mud brick	Square building bricks created from mud mixed with straw and left to dry in the sun
jacobite	Supporter of the claims of the deposed King James II and his descendants to the crowns of England and Scotland
catapult	A machine that threw rocks or burning tar at the enemies
urbanization	The process of forming a culture based in cities
senator	A person elected to the Roman Senate who helped run the government
nam	short for "Vietnam"
villa	A large house in the country
suez canal	Opened in 1869, linking the Mediterranean and Red Sea
tsar	Sovereign ruler, usually interpreted as the contraction of the Roman and hence Byzantine word “Caesar.” In 1547, Ivan IV (r
azimuth	The bearing of an object from the observer measured as an angle clockwise from true north.
order-in-council	Legislation formally made in the name of the Monarch by the Privy Council
select committee	Committee made up of a small number of parliamentarians appointed by the Prime Minister and reporting directly to him
artisan	A skilled manual worker or craftsman
site	A place where human activity occurred and material remains were left, often a place where people built their homes and grew their food
constantinople	In 330 C.E., the ancient city of Byzantium was proclaimed the capital of the Eastern Roman (or Byzantine) Empire, and renamed by Emperor Constantine the Great
metropolitan	A bishop of the Eastern Orthodox Christian church resident in the chief city or “metropolis” of a civil province.
leave	formal permission to be away from one’s unit for a specific period of time (see R & R
duncan sandys	Conservative politician
buntline	One of the lines tied to the bottom of a square sail and used to haul it up to the yard when furling.
step pyramid	the earliest form of pyramid; consists of several distinct steps or levels
watercraft	Water transport vessels
legend	A story made up about people in the past
buoy	A floating object of defined shape and color, which is anchored at a given position and serves as an aid to navigation.
slingshot	Weapon for throwing stones, made from a long strip of leather and whirled around by the thrower.
election	Process where people vote to choose the people they want to be in charge.
aristophanes [aris-tof-a-neez]	Lived in Athens in the 5th century BC
sheet	A rope used to control the setting of a sail in relation to the direction of the wind.
clew-lines	Used to truss up the clews, the lower corners of square sails.
cable	A large rope
chronology	An arrangement of events in the order in which they occurred
london county council	Elected body created in 1889, it lasted till 1965
gymnastes	An ancient athlete's coach
scribe	A public clerk or secretary, especially in ancient times
moor	to attach a boat to a mooring buoy or post
navigation rules	Regulations that provide guidance on how to avoid collision and also used to assign blame when a collision does occur.
slave	Someone who can be sold to another person to work for nothing
ancien r嶲ime	A name given to a traditional society characterized by an absolute monarchy, social inequality, and an illiterate or impoverished peasant majority.
mosaic	A pattern made from coloured pieces of stones and pottery.
grotesque	Characterized by ludicrous or incongruous distortion of appearance
excavation	The systematic digging of a site to search for remains from the past
gymnikoi agones	Literally the naked games (the sporting events in which naked athletes competed against each other)
hypostyle	A hall whose roof is supported by many huge columns.
musket	Long-barrelled gun used by the infantry, fired from the shoulder
buoy	Warning float moored on a dangerous rock, shoal, or edge of a channel.
assembly	The Assembly was the public meeting of the giovernment of the city
displacement	The weight of a boat or ship, as measured by the amount of water displaced when placing the vessel in water.
fluke	The wedge-shaped part of an anchor's arms that digs into the bottom.
by and large	By means into the wind, while large means with the wind
constantinople	Ancient city, capital of Byzantium and the Ottoman Empire
fish	1
patriarch	The highest-ranking official of the Orthodox church
aft	Towards the stern (of the vessel)
acropolis [a-crop-olis]	The Acropolis is a large hill in the centre of Athens
frit	A vitreous substance used in making glazes and enamels
shi'ite	A minority sect of Islam that believes the Prophet's succession of power should have gone to his cousin Ali.
destroyers	Small, fast warships equipped with guns and torpedoes to defend and protect other ships against submarines and aircraft
myth	A made-up story, often about gods and spirits, told to explain things such as why the sun rises and sets every day.
attica [a-tik-a]	The region around Athens.
iconostasis	A screen adorned with icons in a Coptic church separates the altar from the nave.
cistern	A water reservoir.
papyrus	a water-loving plant that is best known for making paper
crown colony	A colony directly ruled by the Crown, with no local autonomy
munich crisis	Caused by Germany's demand for the German-speaking part of Czechoslovakia (called the Sudetenland)
gladiator	A person trained to fight other gladiators or animals in amphitheatres.
caucasus	A geopolitical, mountain-barrier region located between the two continents of Europe and Asia, or Eurasia
degaussing gear	Electrical gear which sets up neutralizing magnetic fields to protect the ship from magnetic action mines or torpedoes
latin	The language spoken and written by the Romans
dounreay	Site of five nuclear reactors in the North of Scotland - three civil and two military - since the Second World War
mizzen	Third mast on a boat or ship, towards the back
wales	A number of strong and thick planks running length-wise along the ship, covering the lower part of the ship's side.
enlightened absolutism	Enlightened absolute monarchs held absolute power as the source of law in their states, yet sought to implement reforms in the legal and administrative structure of the state.
sacred	Something that is believed to be holy and to have a special connection with a god or gods.
ore	A mineral containing a valuable constituent (as metal) for which it is mined and worked.
disposition	An ordered arrangement of two or more formations proceeding together.
billet	housing for military personal. Housing reserved for officers in transit
swad	a large number.
habitat	The area or type of environment in which an organism or ecological community normally lives or occurs
kelson	The timber immediately above the keel of a wooden ship.
cult statue	The likeness of a god or goddess which is venerated in a temple or shrine
sewage	Dirty water and toilet waste which flows into sewers from drains and toilets.
regiments of foot	Infantry regiments of the Army
furl	To roll or wrap a sail around the mast or spar to which it is attached.
anba	Title of Coptic bishops or senior saints.
class	Vessels of the same type built to a common basic design.
lock	An enclosure (as in a canal) with gates at each end used in raising or lowering boats as they pass from level to level.
convoy	A precise assembly of merchant ships organized in columns and escorted by warships.
directional light	A light illuminating a sector or very narrow angle and intended to mark a direction to be followed.
kalokagathia	The classical principle of balance and harmony of body and mind
thatched roofs	Roofs of buildings made from bundles of straw or reeds.
aulos [ow-los]	A wind instrument with a reed similar to a modern oboe.
decembrists	Members of secret revolutionary societies whose activities led to the uprising of December 1825 against Tsar Nicholas I (r
leave	formal permission to be away from one’s unit for a specific period of time (see R & R)
boom	A spar used to extend the foot of a sail.
afterlife	an existence after death
standing advisory committee	Independent committee appointed by a minister to advise on issues relevant to that department
plato	Ancient Greek philosopher who lived between the 5th and 4th centuries BCE
starboard	Towards the right-hand side of a vessel facing forward
abaft	Towards the stern, relative to some object ("abaft the fore hatch")
aqueduct	A system of pipes and channels used to bring water into towns.
corporal	the lowest-ranking noncommissioned officer, just below a sergeant.
jib	A triangular staysail at the front of a ship.
orthogonal	Relating to or composed of right angles
pantheon	All the gods of a people
legume	a
brig	Prison on a ship or shore base.
gaff	The spar that holds the upper edge of a sail