Glossary extracted starting with automatic seeds, with PTM for the domain lan and language EN

gender	Semantically significant inflectional categories of nouns; in many languages there is a more or less regular relation between gender and sex.
wh-cleft	The same as a pseudo-cleft sentence.
broca’s area	A region of the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in the production of speech
provirus	Viral DNA that inserts into a host genome.
strict anaerobe	An organism that cannot survive in an atmosphere of oxygen
plasmid	A genetic element that can replicate autonomously but is usually smaller than the chromosome
fatty acid	A long carbon chain carboxylic acid
transcript	The mRNA strand that is produced when a stretch of DNA is “read.”
chloride ion	A chlorine atom that carries a negative charge because it has gained one electron.
reciprocal cross	If a cross is made between A males and B females, then the reciprocal cross is between B males and A females.
genotype	Also called genome
function	local class -
bisexual	1
oncogene	A gene capable of causing malignant transformation
contraception	The prevention of pregnancy.
agar	A gelatinous material prepared from certain red algae that is used to solidify nutrient media for growing microorganisms.
aligned materials	student materials (texts, activities, manipulatives, homework, etc.) that reinforce classroom instruction of specific skills in reading
isotonic	Referring to a solution with a concentration of salt that is the same as that found in interstitial fluid and blood plasma (about 0.9% salt)
proposition of similarity	Asserts that two objects are similar to each other.
complement system	A group of at least 20 blood proteins that cooperate with other defense mechanisms; may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse pathogens; activated by the onset of the immune response or by surface antigens on microorganisms or other foreign cells.
mri	See magnetic resonance imaging.
sentence	A grammatically complete expression in a given language
phrase	a group of words that are used together in a fixed expression
developmental constraints	Limits on what kinds of organism can develop.
semantics	systems programming -
acth	Abbreviation of adrenocorticotropic hormone.
tolerance	A condition in which, with repeated exposure to a drug, an individual becomes less responsive to a constant dose
distal	In anatomy, toward the periphery of an organism or toward the end of a limb
numeral	A word such as one, two
deletion	(1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage
keyword message	A message that takes one or more arguments
no	See nitric oxide.
seasonal affective disorder	A putative depression brought about by the short days of winter.
combat fatigue	See posttraumatic stress disorder.
vowel	(1) A phone which is produced by allowing lung air to pass over the vibrating vocal cords and then freely out of the mouth
abnormal	Contrary to the general rule.
electrostatic pressure	The propensity of charged molecules or ions to move, via diffusion, toward areas with the opposite charge.
perithecium	Flask-shaped, partially closed ascocarp containing asci on its inner surface.
cell migration	The movement of cells from site of origin to final location
digamma	An obsolete character representing a consonant of the Greek alphabet
seizure	An epileptic episode
grapheme	A unit (a letter or letters) of a writing system that represents one phoneme; a single symbol that has one phonemic correspondent within any particular word.
accommodation	The automatic adjustment of an eye to focus on near objects.
name mangling	typedef -
anaphora	Some words in a sentence have little or no meaning of their own but instead refer to other words in the same or other sentences
endemic	having a natural distribution restricted to the geographical region mentioned, c.f
minnesingers	Lyric poets of Germany in the 12th to 14th centuries, all men of noble birth who received royal patronage and who wrote mainly of courtly love
fulvous	dull yellowish brown or yellowish grey.
subjective	"Subjective" means in relation to the subject (i.e the person acting, the "observer"), commonly used in the sense of "in the eye of the beholder", as opposed to "objective"
past participle	A verb form which functions as part of the structures for perfect aspect (when preceded by a form of have) and passive voice (when preceded by a form of be)
lagging strand	A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork.
organic chemistry	The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds).
subcutaneous	Situated beneath the skin.
gastrin	A digestive hormone, secreted by the stomach, that stimulates the secretion of gastric juice.
cap	A methylated guanine residue (
hydrophilic	A molecule or portion of a molecule that readily dissolves in water via the formation of hydrogen bonds.
semantics	Used as a technical term for the meaning of words and sentences (see also pragmatics).
fourth ventricle	The passageway within the pons that receives cerebrospinal fluid from the third ventricle and releases it to surround the brain and spinal cord
independent variable	The factor that is manipulated by an experimenter
conjunction	Not used in this book, except in quotes
exarch	of a procambial strand, esp
density	The number of individuals per unit area or volume.
iamb	A metrical foot of two syllables, one short (or unstressed) and one long (or stressed)
action pattern	See act.
infradian	Referring to a rhythmic biological event whose period is longer than that of a circadian rhythm—that is, longer than a day
microglial cells	Also called microglia
concordance	a list of the words used in a text or group of texts
objective idealism	Those philosophical trends which see nature and history as the expression of ideal forces and therefore, while seeing the material world as knowable, reject the primacy of the material world, of which ideas can only be a reflection
haustorium pl. haustoria	In parasitic fungi, a nutrient-absorbing hyphal tip that penetrates the tissues of the host but remains outside the host cell membranes.
wave of advance	A favorable allele advances behind a moving cline, known as a wave of advance.
interleukin	Interleukin-1, a chemical regulator (cytokin) secreted by macrophages that have ingested a pathogen or foreign molecule and have bound with a helper T cell; stimulates T cells to grow and divide and elevates body temperature
pet	See positron emission tomography.
reciprocal translocation	A translocation mutation in which parts of two different chromosomes are exchanged.
grammatical gender	In linguistics, grammatical gender is a system of noun classification present in approximately one fourth of the world's languages
affective	Used of suffixes in Spanish which express an attitude, such as affection or disparagement.
d	This symbol is used in several ways
homeotic	Describes a class of mutations that transforms one part of an organism into another part
spur shoot	A lateral shoot with short or nonexistent internodes, sometimes bearing reproductive structures or fascicles of leaves.
clause	An expression which contains both a subject and a predicate
hyperpolarization	An electrical state whereby the inside of the cell is made more negative relative to the outside than at the resting membrane potential
junk dna	Sequences that accumulate by mutation and that are neutral or deleterious.
impression fossil	The cast or mold of the surface of an organism in usually fine-grained sedimentary rocks.
akinete	A resistant resting spore of Cyanobacteria, equivalent to an endospore of Eubacteria.
community	All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.
neuron	Also called nerve cell
psychopath	An individual incapable of experiencing remorse.
natural language	Any language naturally used by people, i.e
neologism	An entirely novel word, sometimes produced by a patient with aphasia.
electrophoresis	A technique in which molecules are pulled through a porous medium by an electric field and so are separated according to their charge and mobility.
hydathode	a water pore or water gland, a small glandular structure supplied by tracheids with water-secreting epithem, releasing water, often associated with a stomata which may be somewhat different in size and/or morphology from the other stomata on the plant, c.f
halophyte	a plant adapted to living in more or less highly saline habitats, often accumulating high concentrations of salt in its tissues.
medusa	The floating, flattened, mouth-down version of the cnidarian body plan
hemiplegia	Partial paralysis involving one side of the body.
temporal summation	The summation of postsynaptic potentials that reach the axon hillock at different times
limbic system	A loosely defined, widespread group of brain nuclei that innervate each other to form a network
condition	A MathML content element used to place a mathematical condition on one or more variables.
genome	Total genetic material in a set of haploid chromosomes as in a germ cell
trope	The intentional use of a word or expression figuratively, i.e., used in a different sense from its original significance in order to give vividness or emphasis to an idea
cost of natural selection	See substitution load.
citation form	See base form.
cornea	The transparent outer layer of the eye, whose curvature is fixed
object predicative	Another name for an object complement.
polymorphism	The ability of different objects to respond to the same message in different ways
apoptosis	See cell death.
trill	the pronunciation of a consonant, especially
feedback systems	Control mechanisms whereby an increase or decrease in the level of a particular factor inhibits or stimulates the production, utilization, or release of that factor; important in the regulation of enzyme and hormone levels, ion concentrations, temperature, and many other factors.
molecular weight	The sum of the atomic weights of the constituent atoms in a molecule.
non-finite	Tenseless.
phonetics	phrase A string of words can often act as an exact grammatical substitute for a single word; such a string is called a 'phrase'
β-sheet	Common structural motif of proteins in which linear amino acid sequences (“strands”) located in different regions of the polypeptide chain align adjacent to each other and are stabilized by hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms located in different strands.
antagonist	1
period	The interval of time between two similar points of successive cycles, such as sunset to sunset.
metamorphic rocks	Sedimentary rocks which have undergone alteration, generally by the action of heat, subsequently to their deposition and consolidation.
haploid	Carrying one copy of each chromosome.
osmosis	The passive movement of molecules from one place to another.
exaptation	A structure that evolves and functions in one environmental context but that can perform additional functions when placed in some new environment.
flavor neophobia	The avoidance of new foods.
register	A variety of language used for a particular purpose, e.g
functional phrases	In syntactic theory, a functional phrase is built round a HEAD consisting of a GRAMMATICAL WORD such as the (Determiner Phrase), for example the book, or a grammatical INFLECTION such as present tense ‘-s', as in lives
recessive	An allele is recessive with respect to a certain phenotype if it produces that phenotype only when present in two copies, that is, as a homozygote.
archezoa	Primitive eukaryotic group that includes diplomonads, such as Giardia; some systematists assign kingdom status to archezoans.
exon	A protein-coding region of a protein-coding gene.
va	See additive genetic variance.
envoy	A short final stanza of a poem, especially a ballade or sestina, serving as a concise summary, as in Villon's "Des Dames du Temps Jadis."
f factor	A fertility factor in bacteria, a DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient
durio	a "type" of tile cell in which the radial files of dead, empty, erect cells in vascular rays are about the same height as the procumbent cells of the ray, c.f
mrh	See anti-müllerian hormone.
cataphoric	Applies to reference forward to a later expression
epilepsy	A brain disorder marked by major sudden changes in the electrophysiological state of the brain that are referred to as seizures
roll	See trill.
gene cloning	The production of multiple copies of a gene.
rhyming slang	A slang popular in Great Britain in the early part of the 20th century, in which a word was replaced by a word or phrase that rhymed with it, as loaf of bread for head
george w. bush	George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd President...
tonoplast	A membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the cell sap.
guard cells	the two cells that open and close the stomata to allow gas exchange, see also subsidiary cell.
type	long double -
oceanic zone	The region of water lying over deep areas beyond the continental shelf.
β-amyloid	A protein that accumulates in senile plaques in Alzheimer’s disease.
molecular clock	The constant rate of accumulation of amino acid or DNA sequence differences.
cold aclimation response	The process by which plants increase their tolerance to freezing by exposure to low, nonfreezing temperatures.
goiter	A swelling of the thyroid gland resulting from iodine deficiency.
shotgun sequencing	A method of sequencing genomes and environmental samples in which random fragments of DNA are sequenced and then computational methods are used to “reassemble” genomes from the sample.
inline function	inline function -
asexual reproduction	Formation of offspring that are genetically identical to the parent, by mitotic division.
competence	The uptake of DNA directly from the environment.
antithesis	A figure of speech in which words and phrases with opposite meanings are balanced against each other
indicative	A 'normal' sentence, i.e
cocktail party effect	The selective enhancement of attention in order to filter out distracters, such as while listening to one person talking in the midst of a noisy party.
width	The distance from the left edge of the box to the right edge of the box.
ligand-gated ion channel receptor	A signal receptor protein in a cell membrane that can act as a channel for the passage of a specific ion across the membrane
template instantiation	resolution -
suctorial	Adapted for sucking.
mrna	See messenger RNA.
genotypic value	The average trait value G of individuals with a particular genotype.
dynamic storage	new operator -
diurnal	Active during the light periods of the daily cycle
existential	Pertaining to existence or being: the Spanish verb haber and English there is, there are are existential expressions.
affix	A character or characters joined to a word to alter its grammatical meaning and form
quarto	A book size resulting from 4 pages being printed on one side of a sheet and the sheet then being folded twice.
leading eigenvalue	Close to equilibrium, a system can be described by a set of linear equations
crystallization	The final stage of birdsong formation, in which fully formed adult song is achieved.
chytrid	Fungus with flagellated stage; possible evolutionary link between fungi and protists.
asphodelin	a yellow colored anthraquinone.
taste aversion	The conditioned avoidance of a particular food due to a previous pairing between the taste of that food and physical illness.
transcription	Replication of an RNA strand complementary to a DNA sequence.
sex steroids	Steroid hormones secreted by the gonads: androgens, estrogens, and progestins.
linkage	The tendency for certain alleles to be inherited together because they are located on the same chromosome.
tract	A bundle of axons found within the central nervous system
equilibrium	In chemistry, the point at which all ongoing reactions are canceled or balanced by others, resulting in a stable, offset, or unchanging system.
selection	The process by which the forms of organisms in a population that are better adapted to the environmental conditions increase in frequency relative to less well-adapted forms over a number of generations.
prefix	A part of a word that cannot stand on its own and that is added to the beginning of another word, e.g
domain	A taxonomic category above the kingdom level; the three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
site-directed mutagenesis	A technique in molecular biology that changes the sequence of nucleotides in an existing gene.
reductionism	The scientific strategy of breaking a system down into increasingly smaller parts in order to understand it.
glia	See glial cells.
empiricism	Doctrine that sense experience is the sole source of knowledge
haplodiploid	A system of sex determination in which fertilized eggs develop as diploid females and unfertilized eggs develop as haploid males.
granite	A rock consisting essentially of crystal of felspar and mica in a mass of quarts.
thrombolytics	A class of substances that are used to unblock blood vessels and restore circulation.
sex chromosome	A chromosome that is inherited differently by the two sexes
declaration	nested class -
phonetic symbolism	Sound suggestiveness; the association of particular word-sounds with common areas of meaning so that other words of similar sounds come to be associated with those meanings
convection	The mass movement of warmed air or liquid to or from the surface of a body or object.
expression	In the context of genetics, the process by which a cell makes an mRNA transcript of a particular gene.
temperature	A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
operator	A segment of DNA that interacts with a repressor protein to regulate the transcription of the structural genes of an operon.
liquid	Consonants such as [l] and [r].
amine hormones	Also called monoamine hormones
cell membrane	The lipid bilayer that ensheathes a cell.
nasal	A nasal is a phone made by allowing air to flow out of the nose while possibly stopping it in the mouth
indirect quotation	A summary of what a person said or wrote
bacteriocin	A toxin produced by a bacterium that kills its competitors.
limit cycle	A system may tend toward an unending cycle rather than a stable equilibrium.
anemophilous	pollinated by wind, c.f
antigen	A chemical that triggers an immune response by binding to a specific antibody.
perseverate	To continue to show a behavior repeatedly.
efficacy	Also called intrinsic activity
correlation	The covariation of two measures.
convergent argument structure	Two or more bits of evidence that, in combination with one another, support a claim.
meter	The arrangement of a line of poetry by the number of syllables and the rhythm of accented (or stressed) syllables.
eukaryote	One of the three domains of life
game	See evolutionary game.
cretic	Used in classical poetry, a metrical foot consisting of a short syllable between two long syllables, as in THIR-ty-NINE.
substance abuse	A maladaptive pattern of substance use that has lasted more than a month but does not fully meet the criteria for dependence.
denaturation	For proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive
presentation layout schema	A presentation element that can have other MathML elements as content.
null pointer	null pointer -
voice	English distinguishes active from passive voice, i.e
behavioral teratology	The study of impairments in behavior that are produced by embryonic or fetal exposure to toxic substances.
hysteranthous	of a plant where leaves appear only after flowering, as in some bulbs or corms, c.f
apical cell	the upper (chalazal) cell formed after the first division of the zygote, which further divides to produce the bulk of the embryo proper, c.f
microtubule	A major component of the cytoskeleton, composed of the protein tubulin
subject raising	Certain English verbs can raise the subject of their complement clause to serve as the subject of the main clause, turning the main clause into a verbal nominal--e.g
lexical form	The form of the word used when one needs to look it up in a lexicon (dictionary)
zoosporangium	A sporangium that produces zoospores.
angiography	A brain-imaging technique in which a specialized X-ray image of the head is taken shortly after the cerebral blood vessels have been filled with a radiopaque dye by means of a catheter
void*	void* -
epipetalous	esp
competitive exclusion	Species that use exactly the same resources cannot coexist in a stable equilibrium.
endospore	A thick-coated, resistant cell produced within a bacterial cell exposed to harsh conditions.
public	switch -
specific	Unique; for example, the proteins in a given organism, the enzyme catalyzing a given reaction, or the antibody to a given antigen.
active voice	A verb form that indicates the subject is performing the action.
blank verse	Poetry that is written in unrhymed iambic pentameter
chemical reaction	A process leading to chemical changes in matter; involves the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds.
case	One or more arguments sufficient to support a proposition.
indicative	The unmarked or default mood of an English verb.
epigram	A very short, witty poem: “Sir, I admit your general rule,/That every poet is a fool,/But you yourself may serve to show it,/That every fool is not a poet.” (Samuel Taylor Coleridge)
geotropism	the directional growth response (tropism) of a plant or part of a plant to gravity, seeapogeotropic, c.f
syllogism	The historically first form of deduction
root	A vascularized organ of plants that grows into the substrate.
demand	In economics, demand is a buyer's willingness and ability to pay a price for a specific quantity of a good or service
conglomerate prepositions	Applied to multi-word prepositions.
effective population size	The size of the ideal Wright–Fisher population that would give the same rate of random drift as the actual population in question.
inverted pseudo-cleft	A form of cleft sentence in which the noun-phrase to be stressed becomes the subject and a form of be is the main verb is followed by a WH-clause containing the rest of the original sentence.
sliding-filament model	The theory explaining how muscle contracts, based on change within a sarcomere, the basic unit of muscle organization, stating that thin (actin) filaments slide across thick (myosin) filaments, shortening the sarcomere; the shortening of all sarcomeres in a myofibril shortens the entire myofibril.
locus	A location on the genome
local potential	An electrical potential that is initiated by stimulation at a specific site, which is a graded response that spreads passively across the cell membrane, decreasing in strength with time and distance.
multiple testing	If many significance tests are carried out, then some will reject the null hypothesis just by chance
polymerase chain reaction	A method for amplifying as little as a single copy of a specific nucleic acid molecule, which is recognized because it binds to a pair of primer sequences.
tropism	A growth response that results in the curvature of whole plant organs toward or away from stimuli due to differential rates of cell elongation.
nonsense mutation	A point mutation in a protein-coding region that produces a stop codon, prematurely truncating the protein sequence.
differentiation	See cell differentiation.
life cycle	A representation of all the stages of an organisms life from birth through reproduction.
chaperone	A protein that assists other proteins in achieving a properly folded state.
integrase	An enzyme that catalyzes a site-specific recombination (integration or excision) involving a
pedigree	A family tree describing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring across as many generations as possible.
denotation	The literal dictionary meaning(s) of a word as distinct from an associated idea or connotation.
terminator	A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene; it signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene.
gender	The classification of pronouns as masculine (he, his, him),
xeric	Dry; applied to features of plants or places where they grow.
neurophysiology	The study of the life processes of neurons.
l-dopa	The immediate precursor of the transmitter dopamine.
formality	Chapter 7.
psychosurgery	Surgery in which brain lesions are produced to modify severe psychiatric disorders.
nitrification	The oxidation of ammonia or ammonium to nitrites and nitrates, as by nitrifying bacteria.
epic	A long, serious poem that tells the story of a heroic figure
surface dyslexia	Acquired dyslexia in which the patient seems to attend only to the fine details of reading
sexual reproduction	Formation of offspring though syngamy or meiosis.
hypodermis	a clearly differentiated layer of cells below the epidermis, c.f
envelope	A poetic device in which a line, phrase, or stanza is repeated so as to enclose other material, as in Dryden's:
passive transport	The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane.
content token element	Content element having only PCDATA, sep and presentation expressions as content
spatial resolution	The ability to observe the detailed structure of the brain
argument by example	An argument that supports an association between specific examples and a general rule.
genotype	the total complement of hereditary factors (genes) acquired by an organism from its parents and available for transmission to its offspring, c.f
fruticose	a form of lichen in which the thallus is branched and often cylindric, often resulting in a shrub-like appearance.
transcription factor	A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of specific genes.
polyploid	A cell or chromosome carrying more than two copies of each chromosome (e.g., triploid, tetraploid).
centromere	The region of chromosome that attaches to the spindle at mitosis and meiosis.
postsynaptic	Referring to the region of a synapse that receives and responds to neurotransmitter
astrocyte	A star-shaped glial cell with numerous processes (extensions) that run in all directions
flagellum	For an individual cell, an organelle of propulsion formed from a cylinder of microtubules attached to a basal body.
s phase	The synthesis phase of the cell cycle, constituting the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
constituent	a linguistic expression that functions as a unit in grammatical structure
ellipsis	A technical term for leaving out words in sentences
germ line	In a multicellular organism, the lineage of cells that will generate gametes via meiosis
apoptosis	The genetically programmed death of cells at specific times during embryonic morphogenesis and development, metamorphosis, and during cell turnover in adults including the maturation of T and B cells of the immune system
blob	Also called peg
imperative	Denotes both a verb mood and the sentence type of a sentence with the main verb in that mood
spasticity	Markedly increased rigidity in response to forced movement of the limbs.
object	See copy constructor
disaccharides	carbohydrates made up of two sugar units of the same or different kinds, see sucrose, c.f
genre	A category of artistic, musical or literary composition characterized by a particular form, style or content
stress mark	a mark that shows which part of a word is pronounced with more emphasis
gnih	See gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone.
template instantiation	template declaration -
capsaicin	A compound synthesized by various plants to deter predators by mimicking the experience of burning
spermatogenesis	The continuous and prolific production of mature sperm cells in the testis.
foot	Two or more syllables that together make up the smallest unit of rhythm in a poem
payoff	In an evolutionary context, the increase in fitness due to a contest.
stem cell	A cell that is undifferentiated and therefore can take on the fate of any cell that a donor organism can produce.
secondary consumer	A member of the trophic level of an ecosystem consisting of carnivores that eat herbivores.
villanelle	A poem in a fixed form, consisting of five 3-line stanzas followed by a quatrain and having only two rhymes
individual response stereotypy	The tendency of individuals to show the same response pattern to particular situations throughout their life span.
somatosensory 2	See secondary somato-sensory cortex.
conceit	An elaborate metaphor, artificially strained or far-fetched, in which the subject is compared with a simpler analogue usually chosen from nature or a familiar context
lycopod	Member of a group of plants that includes giant trees in the Carboniferous coal swamp forests and the living club mosses.
cleavage	The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; specifically, the succession of rapid cell divisions without growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote into a ball of cells.
alienation	Alienation is the process whereby people become foreign to the world they are living in.
sex	Production of offspring that are a mixture between two different parental genotypes.
topic	The topic normally occurs within the same sentence
plutonic rocks	Rocks supposed to have been produced by igneous action in the depths of the earth.
refutation	The process of attacking and defending arguments.
amphiphloic	of a vascular bundle that is surrounded by phloem, the xylem being in the middle, as in a dictyostele, c.f
dna	See deoxyribonucleic acid.
complementizer	The pre-subject position in clauses, heading a complementizer phrase (CP) and taking an IP as its complement
parameter	temporary -
stress	The degree of force with which a syllable is uttered
morphospecies	A species defined by its anatomical features.
serpentine verses	Verses ending with the same word with which they begin.
tsh	See thyroid-stimulating hormone.
primary producer	An autotroph, which collectively make up the trophic level of an ecosystem that ultimately supports all other levels; usually a photosynthetic organism.
inbreeding coefficient	The chance that two homologous genes in a diploid individual are identical by descent.
ecological niche	The sum total of an organism's utilization of the biotic and abiotic resources of its environment.
blade	(1) The broad, expanded part of a leaf
sex determination	The process by which the decision is made for a fetus to develop as a male or a female
supersensitivity psychosis	An exaggerated psychosis that may emerge when doses of antipsychotic medication are reduced, probably as a consequence of the up-regulation of receptors that occurred during drug treatment.
mood	Indicates whether the sentence states a fact or asks a question (indicative mood),
exocrine gland	A gland whose secretions exit the body via ducts
branch	Portion of an evolutionary tree diagram connecting two nodes.
abstract class	qualification -
dualism	The notion, promoted by René Descartes, that the mind is subject only to spiritual interactions, while the body is subject only to material interactions.
immune response	A highly specific defensive reaction of the body to invasion by a foreign substance or organism; consists of a primary response in which the invader is recognized as foreign, or "not-self," and eliminated and a secondary response to subsequent attacks by the same invader
binge eating	The paroxysmal intake of large quantities of food, often of poor nutritional value and high calories.
nomenclature	a system of names, or the rules by which a system of names is formed.
ballade	Frequently represented in French poetry, a fixed form consisting of three seven or eight-line stanzas using no more than three recurrent rhymes, with an identical refrain after each stanza and a closing envoi repeating the rhymes of the last four lines of the stanza
chromatid	One of the two replicated strands of DNA and associated proteins forming a chromosome following replication.
lagging strand	During DNA replication, the strand that is synthesized in the 3′ to 5′ direction by ligation of short DNA strands synthesized discontinuously in the 5′ to 3′ direction.
algorithm	A logical process by which a problem can be solved.
epinasty	describing the growth response of a plant part where the upper side grows faster than the lower side with the result that the part curves downwards, c.f
nucleotide diversity	The chance that two randomly chosen copies of a nucleotide site will carry different bases
mitochondrial dna	The genome contained within mitochondria
stroke	Damage to a region of brain tissue that results from blockage or rupture of vessels that supply blood to that region.
bond energy	The quantity of energy that must be absorbed to break a particular kind of chemical bond; equal to the quantity of energy the bond releases when it forms.
intuition	Intuition is the ability to understand truth directly, i.e
testcross	Breeding of an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype
deciduous	Detaching and falling away from the main plant body, as a normal occurrence.
filiform	thread-like.
species	A group of individuals that can readily interbreed to produce fertile offspring
assortative mating	A type of nonrandom mating in which mating partners resemble each other in certain phenotypic characters.
activation energy	The energy that must be possessed by atoms or molecules in order to react.
minisatellite	Multiple copies of short sequences, from 9 base pairs up to several hundred base pairs
osmotic thirst	A desire to ingest fluids that is stimulated by excessive loss of water from the extracellular compartment
initialization	assignment operator -
box	A rectangular plane area considered to contain a character or further sub-boxes, used in discussions of rendering for display
logistic population growth	A model describing population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity.
short-day plant	A plant that flowers, usually in late summer, fall, or winter, only when the light period is shorter than a critical length.
closed	of a leaf sheath, one which forms an uninterrupted cylinder around the stem, c.f
third person	Everyone and everything other than you and me
cytotoxic t cell	A type of lymphocyte that kills infected cells and cancer cells.
type	expression statement -
conditioned response	See classical conditioning.
ligase	An enzyme which is of vital importance in recombinant DNA technology
unaffected meaning	The possible implications and normal general meaning of a particular kind of grammatical construction
amines	amino acids minus their carboxyl groups, c.f
onomatopoeia	The use of a word or words that just by their sound suggest what is happening
act	Also called action pattern
suppletion	A term for the process whereby a word has borrowed ("supplied") an inflected form by borrowing from a different word entirely
meningitis	An acute inflammation of the membranes covering the central nervous system—the meninges—usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
deoxyribose	The sugar component of DNA, having one less hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA.
base-pairing principle	In the formation of nucleic acids, the requirement that adenine must always pair with thymine (or uracil) and guanine with cytosine.
calp	Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency, or CALP
ocd	See obsessive-compulsive disorder.
gall	often very distinctive and even species-specific structures developed when insects, fungi or bacteria stimulate abnormal growth of a plant.
terminal node	A node in a transition network at which parsing can stop.
δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol	The major active ingredient in marijuana.
marked	A term often used to denote the more 'unusual' of a pair of features: the unmarked feature may be thought of as the 'default'
narrative	The narration of an event or story, stressing details of plot, incident, and action
feminine rhyme	A rhyme that occurs in a final unstressed syllable: pleasure/leisure, longing/yearning.
article	In English, a / an and the are called the indefinite and definite articles respectively
bootstrap	A statistical method for measuring consistency in datasets in which new simulated datasets are generated by sampling with replacement
enzyme	A complicated protein whose action increases the probability of a specific chemical reaction.
asymmetric carbon	A carbon atom covalently bonded to four different atoms or groups of atoms.
balancing selection	Selection that maintains polymorphism.
cr	See classical conditioning.
binding problem	The question of how the brain understands which individual attributes blend together into a single object, when these different features are processed by different regions in the brain.
pyrimidine	A nitrogenous base, such as cytosine, thymine, or uracil, with a characteristic single-ring structure; one of the components of nucleic acids.
trimeter	A line of verse consisting of three metrical feet or three dipodies.
innervation	The supply of neural input to an organ or a region of the nervous system.
polysynthetic language	See synthetic language.
receptor subtype	Any type of receptor having functional characteristics that distinguish it from other types of receptors for the same neurotransmitter
try block	try block -
tumor	A mass that forms within otherwise normal tissue, caused by the uncontrolled growth of a transformed cell.
ventral	In anatomy, toward the belly or front of the body, or the bottom of the brain
homology	A similarity due to inheritance from a common ancestor (see also
osculant	Forms or groups apparently intermediate between and connecting other groups are said to be osculant.
ptsd	See posttraumatic stress disorder.
proximate causation	The hypothesis about why natural selection favored a particular animal behavior.
telocentric	A chromosome with the centromere in the middle.
ectopic transmission	Cell-cell communication based on release of neurotransmitter in regions outside traditional synapses.
learning	The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information, behavior patterns, or abilities, characterized by modifications of behavior as a result of practice, study, or experience.
genome	the DNA in a plant organelle, made up of the chloroplast, mitochondrial, nuclear genomes.
type	A template can accept type parameter
conversion	The process that creates a new word, e.g
independent argument structure	Several pieces of evidence, any one of which can provide sufficient support for a claim.
sestina	A fixed form consisting of six 6-line (usually unrhymed) stanzas in which the end words of the first stanza recur as end words of the following five stanzas in a successively rotating order and as the middle and end words of each of the lines of a concluding envoi in the form of a tercet
feminine rhyme	A rhyme occurring on an unaccented final syllable, as in dining and shining or motion and ocean
inattentional blindness	The failure to perceive nonattended stimuli that seem so obvious as to be impossible to miss (e.g., a gorilla strolling across the screen).
dimorphism	Displaying two separate growth forms.
apostrophe	A figure of speech in which an address is made to an absent or deceased person or a personified thing rhetorically, as in William Cowper's "Verses Supposed to be Written by Alexander Selkirk":
sequence alignment	A way of arranging the primary sequence of two or more macromolecules (DNA, RNA, or protein) such that individual residues in each sequence are lined up with residues in the other sequence(s)
crossing-over	Exchange of parts between two paired chromosomes during meiosis, resulting in new combinations of linked genes within the resulting haploid cells.
classical conditioning	A type of associative learning; the association of a normally irrelevant stimulus with a fixed behavioral response.
lampoon	A bitter, abusive satire in prose or verse attacking an individual
spermatogenous tissue	groups of (usually haploid) cells that turn into sperm cells.
hyperbole	A figure of speech in which deliberate exaggeration is used for emphasis
bifacial	of flattened structures, especially leaves, having distinct adaxial and abaxial surfaces, see dorsiventral, isobifacial, c.f
osmotic pressure	The tendency of a solvent to move through a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of a solute.
euphony	Harmony or beauty of sound which provides a pleasing effect to the ear, usually sought-for in poetry for effect
change blindness	A failure to notice changes in comparisons of two alternating static visual scenes.
repetition priming	See priming.
indifferent gonads	The undifferentiated gonads of the early mammalian fetus, which will eventually develop into either testes or ovaries
kindling	A method of experimentally inducing an epileptic seizure by repeatedly stimulating a brain region
lexicon	Often called the "mental dictionary," the lexicon is a representation of all knowledge a person has about individual words.
edda	Either of two collections of mythological, heroic and aphoristic Icelandic poetry from the 12th and 13th centuries.
nucleotide	A nitrogenous base attached to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate molecule
acephaly	The omission of a syllable at the beginning of a line of verse
chromatin	A compact structure of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic nuclei.
substance p	A peptide transmitter implicated in pain transmission.
canaliculate	with a longitudinal groove or channel.
deoxyribonucleic acid	A nucleic acid that is present in the chromosomes of cells and codes hereditary information
thick filament	A filament composed of staggered arrays of myosin molecules; a component of myofibrils in muscle fibers.
caesura	A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line
anticlimax	The intentional use of elevated language to describe the trivial or commonplace, or a sudden transition from a significant thought to a trivial one in order to achieve a humorous or satiric effect, as in Pope's The Rape of the Lock:
cerebellum	A structure located at the back of the brain, dorsal to the pons, that is involved in the central regulation of movement
basal cell	the basal, i.e
argumentation	The uniquely human use of reasoning to communicate.
null hypothesis	A hypothesis that is presumed true and against which alternative hypotheses are tested statistically.
translation unit	multiple inheritance -
transcription factor	A substance that binds to recognition sites on DNA and alters the rate of expression of particular genes.
edema	The swelling of tissue, especially in the brain, in response to injury.
estradiol	Also called 17β-estradiol
triphthong	A group of three vowels in the same syllable
stele	The vascular tissue of a root, leaf, or stem, taken as a unit.
angiotensin ii	A substance that is produced in the blood by the action of renin and that play a role in the control of thirst.
closed-loop control mechanism	A control mechanism that provides a flow of information from whatever is being controlled to the device that controls it
shell shock	See posttraumatic stress disorder.
comparative policy proposition	Compares two or more policies.
saltation	A variation of large effect; also, a major mutation.
complete subject	The complete nominal subject
micropyle	the opening in the integument of the ovule of a seed plant through which the pollen grains or pollen tubes pass.
stretch reflex	The contraction of a muscle in response to stretch of that muscle
tonic receptor	A receptor in which the frequency of action potentials declines slowly or not at all as stimulation is maintained
ditty	A simple little poem meant to be sung.
intromission	Insertion of the erect penis into the vagina during copulation.
potential energy	The energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement.
anterograde amnesia	The inability to form new memories beginning with the onset of a disorder
hypothalamus	Part of the diencephalon, lying ventral to the thalamus
line	See long interspersed nucleotide element.
autogenesis model	According to this model, eukaryotic cells evolved by the specialization of internal membranes originally derived from prokaryotic plasma membranes.
form	See Content and Form
choline acetyltransferase	An important enzyme involved in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
independent assortment	See Mendel's second law.
pollen tube	The structure formed by germinating pollen that absorbs nutrients, and in some groups carries the sperm cells to the eggs.
iconic memory	A very brief type of memory that stores the sensory impression of a scene
syllable	a word or part of a word that has only one vowel sound
ciliate	Member of a phylum of eukaryotes including single-celled species
guanine	Guanine (G, Gua) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA)
systolic pressure	The pressure in an artery during the ventricular contraction phase of the heart cycle.
argument from design	The argument that the order seen in the living world implies that it was created by a divine power.
heterotrophic	Receiving nutrition by the ingestion or absorption of high-energy organic compounds produced by other organisms.
x-bar theory	X-bar theory is a component of linguistic theory which attempts to identify syntactic features presumably common to all those human languages that fit in a presupposed (1965) framework....
pyrimidines	A class of nucleic acid bases including thymine (T), cytosine (C), and uracil (U).
5α-reductase	An enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone.
visibility	semantic analysis -
nucleolus	Subcompartment within the nucleus that is involved primarily in making ribosome components.
english language assessment	Each student with a home language other than English must be assessed in English within 30 days of enrollment.
myosin	A protein that, along with actin, mediates the contraction of muscle fibers
telomere	The protective structure at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome
movement	A brief, unitary activity of a muscle or body part; less complex than an act.
atrial natriuretic peptide	A hormone, secreted by the heart, that normally reduces blood pressure, inhibits drinking, and promotes the excretion of water and salt at the kidneys.
aging	A decrease in survival or reproduction with age
glutamate	An amino acid transmitter, the most common excitatory transmitter
organism	An individual living thing, such as a bacterium, fungus, protist, plant or animal.
head	The head of a lexical phrase is a lexical head around which the phrase is built, i.e
specify	Point to something, i.e
bioavailable	Referring to a substance, usually a drug, that is present in the body in a form that is able to interact with physiological mechanisms.
selective permeability	The property of a membrane that allows some substances to pass through, but not others.
probability density	The probability that a random variable is in a small interval of size δx is equal to the probability density multiplied by δx.
hypotonic	Referring to a solution with a lower concentration of salt than that found in interstitial fluid and blood plasma (less than about 0.9% salt).Compare hypertonic and isotonic.
double helix	The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.
close rhyme	A rhyme of two contiguous or close words, such as in the idiomatic expressions, "true blue" or "fair and square."
allometry	Change in proportions with body size
concrescence	various kinds of fusion between two organs, of which the two main kinds are adnate and connate.
mitochondrion	The intracellular organelle that carries out oxidative respiration.
linguistics	The study of language.
exogenous ligand	Any substance, originating from outside the body, that selectively binds to the type of receptor that is under study
substitution matrix	A table showing the probability of change occurring between different macromolecular residues (nucleotides or amino acids).
diplochory	dispersal of a seed or diaspore in general by two separate agents.
inclusive fitness	The relative number of an individual's alleles that are passed on from generation to generation, either as a result of his or her own reproductive success, or that of related individuals.
elater	1
ottava rima	A type of poetry consisting of 10- or 11-syllable lines arranged in 8-line “octaves” with the rhyme scheme abababcc.
syntax	How sentences are formed in language
variance	The mean squared deviation from the average:
promoter	Initial binding site for RNA polymerase in the process of gene expression
access control	enum -
microelectrode	An especially small electrode used to record electrical potentials from living cells.
endocrine gland	A gland that secretes products into the bloodstream to act on distant targets
agent	The thematic role of the initiator of an action
speciation	The process by which new species are formed.
congenital	the appearance of of fusion of parts from the very beginning of development, i.e
operator overloading	operator overloading -
homonym	One of two or more words which are identical in pronunciation and spelling, but different in meaning, as the noun bear and the verb bear.
phylogenetic anchor	The use of the phylogeny of a gene to infer the organismal source of a small piece of DNA
defining vocabulary	the words that are used to explain the meanings of words in a dictionary
retrovirus	A virus that has an RNA genome and replicates it through a DNA intermediate
smooth muscle	A type of muscle lacking the striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle because of the uniform distribution of myosin filaments in the cell.
synecdoche	A figure of speech in which the name of a part refers to the whole, e.g
haplotype	A particular combination of alleles in a haploid—that is, a haploid genotype.
entity reference	A sequence of ASCII characters of the form &name; representing some other data, typically a non-ASCII character, a sequence of characters, or an external source of data, e.g
anastrophe	A type of hyperbaton involving the inversion of the natural or usual syntactical order of a pair of words for rhetorical or poetic effect, as "hillocks green" for "green hillocks," or "high triumphs hold" for "hold high triumphs" in Milton's "L'Allegro," or from the same poem:
inheritance of acquired characteristics	Transmission of characteristics acquired during an organism’s lifetime to its offspring
primary auxiliary	When be and have are used as auxiliary verbs, they are sometimes referred to as the "primary" auxiliaries
neuropil	The conglomeration of dendrites and the synapses upon them.
reformation	Movement started to reform the Roman Catholic Church.
instrumental case	Case expressing which noun is the 'instrument' through which the action is done.
tragedy of the commons	Where self-interested exploitation of common resources leads to a worse outcome for all
paraventricular nucleus	A nucleus of the hypothalamus
agnosia	The inability to recognize objects, despite being able to describe them in terms of form and color; may occur after localized brain damage.
genetic engineering	The manipulation of organisms by the artificial introduction of DNA sequence in order to change their characteristics.
independent variable	In an experiment, when one factor is manipulated, a second factor responds
fibrous protein	Insoluble structural protein in which the polypeptide chain is coiled along one dimension
function	See also argument
ess	See evolutionarily stable strategy.
sleep-maintenance insomnia	Difficulty in staying asleep
accuracy	reading words in text with no errors (part of fluency)
complementary dna	A DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase
nonpolar covalent bond	A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity.
poetry	A type of literature that is written in meter.
determinism	Determinism is the acceptance of causality as an objective relation
outgroup	An organism or gene from an evolutionary lineage that separated from those lineages being studied prior to the existence of their common ancestor.
diploid	Carrying two copies of each chromosome.
modulation	In poetry, the harmonious use of language relative to the variations of stress and pitch.
geometric mean	An average defined by the nth root of the product of n values:
dirge	A poem of grief or lamentation, especially one intended to accompany funeral or memorial rites.
library	The C++ standard library includes much of the C standard library along with new features such as strings and container class
embryo sac	The female gametophyte of flowering plants.
personalized medicine	Use of information on an individual’s genotype to improve its health.
electron	A particle with a single negative charge; one or more electrons orbit the nucleus of the atom.
nerve impulse	See action potential.
satire	A literary work which exposes and ridicules human vices or folly
alcaic verse	A Greek lyrical meter, said to be invented by Alcaeus, a lyric poet from about 600 BC
epic	An extended narrative poem, usually simple in construction, but grand in scope, exalted in style, and heroic in theme, often giving expression to the ideals of a nation or race.
diphthong	a sound consisting of one or two vowels that is the combination of two sounds said one after the other
assonance	The repetition or a pattern of similar sounds, especially vowel sounds: “Thou still unravished bride of quietness,/Thou foster child of silence and slow time” (“Ode to a Grecian Urn,” John Keats).
kerogen	A class of organic compounds found in some sedimentary rocks and thought to be derived from organic molecules from living organisms.
nuclear syllable	A syllable that carries maximum prominence, usually due to being stressed
flora	The totality of the plants growing naturally in a country, or during a given geological period.
endoplasmic reticulum	interconnected membrane-bounded sacs and canals inside the cell, when rough with embedded ribosomes in the membrane.
positional information	Signals, to which genes regulating development respond, indicating a cell's location relative to other cells in an embryonic structure.
red queen	Continual coevolution between two species (e.g., between host and parasite).
cross-tolerance	A condition in which the development of tolerance for an administered drug causes an individual to develop tolerance for another drug.
fluid mosaic model	The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.
nucleoid region	The region in a prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA.
assignment	initialize -
gross productivity	A measure of the rate at which energy is assimilated by the organisms in a trophic level, a community, or an ecosystem.
shoot	A portion of a plant consisting of a stem and its attached leaves.
annelids	A class of worms in which the surface of the body exhibits a more or less distinct division into rings or segments, generally provided with appendages for locomotion and with gills
parental behavior	Behavior of adult animals with the goal of enhancing the well-being of their own offspring, often at some cost to the parents.
payoff matrix	A matrix showing the payoff that is won by each possible strategy when played against each other strategy.
striated muscle	A type of muscle with a striped appearance, generally under voluntary control
cap site	The initiation site of transcription in a eukaryotic gene
nerve impulse	A rapid, transient, self-propagating change in electric potential across the membrane of an axon.
flagelliform	long and very slender, like a whip-lash.
rrna	See ribosomal RNA.
sex chromosomes	The pair of chromosomes responsible for determining the sex of an individual.
mutualism	An interaction between species from which all involved gain.
autoecious	referring to rust fungi in which the aecial and telial stages are on the one host plant, c.f
intercalating agent	A chemical that resembles DNA bases and can insert into DNA backbones during replication, leading to insertion or deletion mistakes in replication.
chain rhyme	Also called interlocking rhyme, a rhyme scheme in which a rhyme in a line of one stanza is used as a link to a rhyme in the next stanza, as in the aba bcb cdc, etc
didactic poetry	Poetry which is clearly intended for the purpose of instruction -- to impart theoretical, moral, or practical knowledge, or to explain the principles of some art or science, as Virgil's Georgics, or Pope's An Essay on Criticism.
baseline	The baseline is an imaginary alignment line upon which a glyph without a descender rests
sensory bias	An innate preference for particular male traits, which did not evolve as a result of the sexual selection caused by that preference.
linkage group	A pair of homologous chromosomes.
primary sensory ending	Also called annulospiral ending
dental	Consonant made when tongue touches the teeth, e.g
ballad	A poem that tells a story similar to a folk tale or legend and often has a repeated refrain
valid mathml data	MathML data that (1) conforms to the MathML DTD, (2) obeys the additional rules defined in the MathML standard for the legal contents and attribute values of each MathML element, and (3) satisfies the EBNF grammar for content elements.
lobotomy	The detachment of a portion of the frontal lobe from the rest of the brain, once used as a treatment for schizophrenia and many other ailments.
direct object	The main nominal complement of a transitive verb, traditionally thought of as the object of its action.
aids	The name of the late stages of HIV infection; defined by a specified reduction of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections.
base class	virtual table -
chordate	Member of a major phylum (Chordata) within the deuterostomes, which includes the vertebrates and closely allied invertebrates such as tunicates and amphioxus
regression	The way in which a variable y depends on another variable x can be represented by a simple regression model, y = α + βx + ε, where ε is a random deviation
disjuncts	Sentence adverbials which comment on the desirability, probability, or style of the clause to which they are attached.
dynamic storage	static type checking -
asymmetrical	Having the two sides unlike.
frontal lobe	The most anterior portion of the cerebral cortex
unaltered fossils	fossils which retain more or less their original chemical and structural composition; most commonly shells of calcite (mollusks) or silica (diatoms).
triplet code	A set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains.
negation/negative	E.g
adventitious root	A root of a vascular plant that arises anywhere other than from the radicle or the zone of lateral root formation.
euphony	Writing designed to be very smooth and pleasant, often almost musical in effect
lethal	A recessive lethal allele kills its bearer when homozygous, whereas a dominant lethal allele kills when present in a single copy.
basal forebrain	A ventral region in the forebrain that has been implicated in sleep and Alzheimer’s disease
template	global name -
standard of relevance	Determines whether the evidence is relevant to the claim it supports.
public	programming environment -
cah	See congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
wh-movement	Moving a WH-word to the front of the clause, as when forming relative clauses or WH-questions.
extraembryonic membranes	Four membranes (yolk sac, amnion, chorion, allantois) that support the developing embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals.
nonlinear equation	An equation that is not linear.
gill	A localized extension of the body surface of many aquatic animals, specialized for gas exchange.
cytokines	In the vertebrate immune system, protein factors secreted by macrophages and helper T cells as regulators of neighboring cells.
synonym	A word meaning the same as another
enumeration	exception -
southern blot	A method of detecting a particular DNA sequence in the genome of an organism, by separating DNA with gel electrophoresis, blotting the separated DNAs onto nitrocellulose, and then using a nucleotide probe to hybridize with, and highlight, the gene of interest
senescence	See aging.
resting membrane potential	A difference in electrical potential across the membrane of a nerve cell during an inactive period
polyphone	A word which is spelled the same as another word, but which sounds different when pronounced
object	pointer to data member -
epigenetics	The study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genes themselves.
initialization	initializer -
seed	A multicellular structure containing the embryo of a seed plant, ordinarily with stored food, the whole protected by a seed coat.
automaton	A device that reads input, conventionally from left to right, and either recognizes or generates language.
poet laureate	A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most representative of his country or area; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original duties included the composition of odes in honor of the sovereign's birthday and in celebration of State occasions of importance.
harmonics	Multiples of a particular frequency called the fundamental
appetitive behavior	The second stage of mating behavior; helps establish or maintain sexual interaction
batesian mimicry	A palatable mimic evolves to resemble a distasteful model species and thereby suffers less predation.
pvn	See paraventricular nucleus.
cycle	The aggregate of accumulated literature, plays or musical works treating the same theme
batrachotoxin	A toxin, produced by poison arrow frogs, that selectively interferes with Na+ channels.
elaters	elongated structures of various origins either part of and associated with each individual spore, or mixed among them, which by their movements as they dry out cause the spores to be dispersed.
anandamide	An endogenous substance that binds the cannabinoid receptor molecule.
exception handling	A subsequent throw
standard condition	The usual environment for laboratory rodents, with a few animals in a cage and adequate food and water, but no complex stimulation
dominant	An allele is completely dominant with respect to a certain phenotype if it produces that phenotype when present in either one or two copies.
alarm reaction	The initial response to stress.
sustainable development	The long-term prosperity of human societies and the ecosystems that support them.
taxon	A unit of classification (e.g., species, genus).
osmolality	The number of solute particles per unit volume of solvent.
interrogative sentence	A sentence whose form indicates it is intended as a question, whether through simple INVERSION, the use of WH-interrogatives with INVERSION, or the Tag-Question structure
double-blind test	A test of a drug or treatment in which neither the subjects nor the attending researchers know which subjects are receiving the drug (treatment) and which are receiving the placebo (control).
recency effect	The superior performance seen in a memory task for items at the end of a list; attributed to short-term memory
lateral hypothalamus	A hypothalamic region involved in the control of appetite and other functions
dopamine	A monoamine transmitter found in the midbrain—especially the substantia nigra—and basal forebrain
length	Length refers to the time duration of a phone
mathematical markup language	The markup language specified in this document for describing the structure of mathematical expressions, together with a mathematical context.
oolitic	A great series of secondary rocks, so called from the texture of some of its members, which appear to be made up of a mass of small egg-like calcareous bodies.
indirect selection	Selection on a trait that arises from its association with other traits rather than because of its direct causal effect on fitness
connecting vowel	A vowel joined to the end of a word's stem during the process of creating an inflected form
rounded vowels	those pronounced with the lips pursed like the
binary fission	Reproduction of a prokaryote, chloroplast, or mitochondrion by division into two equal parts.
diapause	A resting stage that allows organisms to survive harsh conditions.
heterogametic	The sex that carries distinct sex chromosomes
actin	A protein that, along with myosin, mediates the contraction of muscle fibers
divergence	The phenomenon of neural connections in which one cell sends signals to many other cells
point	Point is often abbreviated "pt"
marked	The English word mom is totally unmarked
amphicribral	vascular bundles with phloem completely surrounding the xylem, c.f
gross neuroanatomy	Anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye.
autocatalytic network	A chemical system that outputs a chemical that is a catalyst for the original reaction or that leads to other reactions that eventually output a catalyst for the original reaction.
lambda expression	A mathematical expression used to define a function in terms of variables and an expression in those variables.
reverse genetics	Term used to describe any of a variety of molecular methods that allow a wild-type allele of a gene to be targeted and replaced by an engineered mutant allele
homeostasis	The tendency for the internal environment to remain constant.
receptor	1
sprung rhythm	A poetic rhythm characterized by feet varying from one to four syllables which are equal in time length but different in the number of syllables
neologism	New word, either borrowed or 'invented'
singular	See number.
distribution	When we classify words into one word category or another by the kinds of functions they can serve in sentences, we are defining those categories by "distribution"--that is, by syntactic clues.
allele	Any particular version of a gene.
meiosis	An understatement; the presentation of a thing with underemphasis in order to achieve a greater effect, such as, "the building of the pyramids took a little bit of effort."
spondee	A metrical foot of two syllables, both of which are long (or stressed).
epidemiology	The statistical study of patterns of disease in a population.
nerve	A collection of axons bundled together outside the central nervous system
s2	See secondary somatosensory cortex.
bell’s palsy	A disorder, usually caused by viral infection, in which the facial nerve on one side stops conducting action potentials, resulting in paralysis on one side of the face
steranes	Chemical derivatives of sterols that have been used as chemical fossils.
alliteration	The repetition of the same or similar sounds at the beginning of words: “What would the world be, once bereft/Of wet and wildness?” (Gerard Manley Hopkins, “Inversnaid”)
pentameter	A line of poetry that has five metrical feet.
pancreas	An endocrine gland, located near the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, that secretes insulin and glucagon
xerophiles	Organisms that prefer to grow in very dry conditions.
bcl-2	A family of proteins that regulate apoptosis.
finite verb	A verb expressing agreement and tense (past or present).
ballade	A type of poem, usually with three stanzas of seven, eight, or ten lines and a shorter final stanza (or envoy) of four or five lines
placebo	A substance, given to a patient, that is known to be ineffective or inert but that sometimes brings relief.
pragmatic	Concerning the situational use of language and knowledge of the real world
norepinephrine	Also called noradrenaline
dictionary	In Smalltalk, an unordered collection whose elements are accessed by an explicitly assigned external key
alveolate	pitted or honeycombed on the surface or throughout the structure, c.f
character state	a division of a character, e.g
enjambment	The continuation of a complete idea (a sentence or clause) from one line or couplet of a poem to the next line or couplet without a pause
dialect	Linguistically it is impossible to distinguish meaningfully between the notions of language and dialect
memory cell	A clone of long-lived lymphocytes, formed during the primary immune response, that remains in a lymph node until activated by exposure to the same antigen that triggered its formation
fixed	When all copies of a gene carry the same allele, that allele is said to be fixed.
run-on lines	Lines in which the thought continues into the next line, as opposed to end-stopped.
syntagmatic	paraphrase
plasmogamy	The fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of syngamy.
appendage	a general term for any structure that is not one of the conventional parts of an angiosperm plant that arises from the surface of another.
void*	garbage collection -
argument matching	overload resolution -
tardive dyskinesia	A disorder characterized by involuntary movements, especially involving the face, mouth, lips, and tongue; related to prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs, such as chlorpromazine
absorption spectrum	The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light.
chemical equilibrium	In a reversible chemical reaction, the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
rhyme scheme	The pattern established by the arrangement of rhymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines, such as the ababbcc of the Rhyme Royal stanza form.
independent clauses	A clause which could stand by itself as a sentence.
troubadour	One of a class of Occitan lyric poets and poet-musicians, often of knightly rank, who flourished from the 11th through the 13th centuries in Southern France and neighboring areas of Italy and Spain, and who wrote of courtly love.
guevedoces	Literally, “eggs at 12” (in Spanish)
reflex	A simple, highly stereotyped, and unlearned response to a particular stimulus (e.g., an eye blink in response to a puff of air)
cutaneous	Of or belonging to the skin.
elided/elision	Word or phrase left out to avoid repetition, e.g
constructor	type safety -
diaschisis	A temporary period of generalized impairment following brain injury.
positivism	Positivism was popular amongst those who drew sceptical
dna probe	A chemically synthesized, radioactively labeled segment of nucleic acid used to find a gene of interest by hydrogen-bonding to a complementary sequence.
paracentric inversion	A mutation that involves a chromosomal inversion that does not span the centromere.
cilium	A hairlike extension
semiproductive	See productive.
recombination	The generation of new combinations of genes.
nutrient	A chemical that is needed for growth, maintenance, and repair of the body but is not used as a source of energy.
polyphyletic	Pertaining to a taxon whose members were derived from two or more ancestral forms not common to all members.
ssp	Sequence-specific primer
nucleic acid probe	In DNA technology, a labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to tag a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample
variable	type checking -
zygote	The diploid cell formed by union of two haploid gametes.
ascocarp	The meiosporangium-producing structure in Ascomycota including the asci and the ascospores.
amnesia	Severe impairment of memory.
secondary growth	The increase in girth of the stems and roots of many plants, especially woody, perennial dicots.
blade	The flattened portion of a leaf or leaf-like structure
yeísmo	Neutralization of the opposition between /j/ and /[zh]/ as /j/.
binary fission	The type of cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce; each dividing daughter cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome.
outgroup	A species or group of species that is closely related to the group of species being studied, but clearly not as closely related as any study-group members are to each other.
fossorial	Having a faculty of digging
confidence interval	The range of parameter values that do not deviate significantly from a null hypothesis.
boulders	Large transported blocks of stone generally imbedded in clays or gravels.
sporangiophore	A stem or stem-like structure bearing a sporangium.
type	floating point -
conjunctive tissue	variously defined, e.g., radial files usually of parenchymatous tissue alternating with and interior to each vascular cylinder produced by successive cambia, which together are produced by a master cambium, or a matrix of parenchyma or fibers in which the scattered vascular bundles of the stems of monocots are embedded.
hyponasty	describing the growth response of a plant part where the lower side grows faster than the upper side with the result that the part curves upwards, c.f
split-brain individual	An individual whose corpus callosum has been severed, halting communication between the right and left hemispheres.
chemiosmotic coupling	The mechanism by which ADP is phosphorylated to ATP in mitochondria and chloroplasts
in situ hybridization	A labeled DNA or RNA probe is hybridized to a tissue section or whole embryo and viewed under the microscope to determine when and where a specific mRNA is expressed
selective sweep	Increase of neutral alleles by hitchhiking with a favorable mutation
gene	A stretch of DNA (or, in some viruses, RNA) sequence that codes for a protein or RNA molecule, together with associated regulatory elements.
cart	See cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript.
dynamic storage	helper class -
dominance	The property possessed by some alleles of determining the phenotype for any particular gene by masking the effects of the other allele (when heterozygous)
struggling reader	any student of any age who has not mastered the skills required to fluently read and comprehend text which is written at a level that one could reasonably expect a student of that age to read.
preprocessor	heap storage -
open-loop control mechanism	A control mechanism in which feedback from the output of the system is not provided to the input control
neutralization	Loss of a contrast (opposition), either diachronically or synchronically
type	It has special uses in C++, for example to declare that a function
radioisotope dating	See radiometric dating.
normal distribution	The bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of the sum of a large number of independent variables.
dopamine hypothesis	The hypothesis that schizophrenia results from either excessive levels of synaptic dopamine or excessive postsynaptic sensitivity to dopamine.
indeterminate growth	A type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives.
method	The executable code that implements the logic of a particular message for a class
synteny	Refers to two genomes in which certain groups of linked (syntenic) genes are conserved in similar regional maps
statement	Copyright (C) 1996 Glen McCluskey
exon	that part of a gene sequence that is transcribed and translated, c.f
neoproterozoic	Division of time from 1000 Mya to the base of the Cambrian at 542 Mya.
subjective idealism	Those forms of Idealism
cliché	A trite expression, worn out from too much use
assignment	extern -
synonym	A word with an almost identical meaning, e.g
density-dependent inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.
locative case	Locative (abbreviated ) is a grammatical case which indicates a location
fear conditioning	A form of learning in which fear comes to be associated with a previously neutral stimulus.
lh	1
episodic memory	Memory of a particular incident or a particular time and place.
exception	See exception handling
grid cell	A neuron that selectively fires when the animal crosses the intersection points of an abstract grid map of the local environment.
transversion	A mutation in which a pyrimidine replaces a purine, or vice versa.
affixes	bound grammatical morphemes that do not have a sense by themselves
coevolution	The joint evolution of two species, with each responding to selection imposed by the other.
apogamy	of agamospermous reproduction, the asexual formation of seed, c.f
coccus	The genus of Insects including the Cochineal
head	The main element in a phrase, on which other elements depend
endogenous	deep-seated in origin, c.f
litotes	A figure of speech in which a positive is stated by negating its opposite
codon	A set of three nucleotides that uniquely encodes one particular amino acid
dna polymerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork by the addition of nucleotides to the existing chain.
perfect rhyme	Also called true rhyme or exact rhyme, a rhyme which meets the following requirements: (1) an exact correspondence in the vowel sound and, in words ending in consonants, the sound of the final consonant, (2) a difference in the consonant sounds preceding the vowel, and (3) a similarity of accent on the rhyming syllable(s).
parvocellular	Of or consisting of relatively small cells
synonymous mutation	A point mutation in a protein-coding region that changes a codon such that it does not alter the resulting amino acid sequence of the protein.
analgesia	Absence of or reduction in pain.
psychrophiles	Organisms that prefer to grow at low temperatures.
pseudogene	A gene that has lost its function and is degenerating under mutation and drift.
translation	Synthesis of protein with amino acid sequence encoded by an RNA sequence.
reinforcing stimulus	See instrumental conditioning.
chlorophyte	Member of a phylum of eukaryotes that are all single-celled green algae and closely related to green plants.
trope	A figure of speech, such as metaphor or metonymy, in which words are not used in their literal (or actual) sense but in a figurative (or imaginative) sense.
brain self-stimulation	The process in which animals will work to provide electrical stimulation to particular brain sites, presumably because the experience is very rewarding.
solute	A solid compound that is dissolved in a liquid
superclass	A class from which another class inherits behaviors and specifications (in other words, methods and variables)
ground	“Ground
modern english	Abbreviated as ModE, the period from 1650 to the present.
cell-cycle control system	A cyclically operating set of proteins that triggers and coordinates events in the eukaryotic cell cycle.
focus	Chapter 7.
all-or-none property	The fact that the amplitude of the action potential is independent of the magnitude of the stimulus
scope	It cleans up the object, freeing resources like dynamic storage
indigens	The aboriginal animal or vegetable inhabitants of a country or region.
initialization	float -
major histocompatibility complex	A large family of genes that identify an individual’s tissues (to aid in immune responses against foreign proteins).
proteasome	A giant protein complex that recognizes and destroys proteins tagged for elimination by the small protein ubiquitin.
syntax	The branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to make phrases and sentences.
isolating mechanisms	Mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange between individuals of different populations or species; they prevent mating or successful reproduction even when mating occurs; may be behavioral, anatomical, or physiological.
ssr	See simple sequence repeats.
criterion-referenced assessment	This is a type of assessment in which a child's score is compared against a predetermined criterion score to determine if the child is performing acceptably or unacceptably
basal body	The structure that attaches a flagellum or cilium to a cell.
anapest	A metrical foot of three syllables, two short (or unstressed) followed by one long (or stressed), as in seventeen and to the moon
location	See theta role.
long-day plant	A plant that flowers, usually in late spring or early summer, only when the light period is longer than a critical length.
benzodiazepine agonists	A class of anti-anxiety drugs that bind to sites on GABAA receptors.
sociobiology	The study of social behavior based on evolutionary theory.
atp	Adenosine triphosphate.
set_new_handler	It is called when the new operator
nervous system	All the nerve cells of an animal; the receptor-conductor-effector system; in humans, the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system.
codon	Three bases that code for a single amino acid.
adstrate	Pertaining to the language of a culture which is equal in status: English loanwords in Spanish may be said to be an instance of adstrate influence.
axillary bud	A meristem, or bud, located on a stem just above the attachment of a leaf; ordinarily found in seed plants.
horatian ode	An ode relating to or resembling the works or style of the Roman poet, Horace, consisting of a series of uniform stanzas, complex in their metrical system and rhyme scheme
molecular formula	A type of molecular notation indicating only the quantity of the constituent atoms.
ribonucleic acid	A nucleic acid that implements information found in DNA
development	The progressive production of the phenotypic characteristics of a multicellular organism, beginning with the fertilization of an egg.
enjambment	The continuation of the sense and therefore the grammatical construction beyond the end of a line of verse or the end of a couplet.
facsimile	An exact copy, produced usually by photography, as in figure 4.1.
allegory	Narrative where the characters, action and generally also the setting work on two levels
class	See function
open couplet	A couplet in which the thought is carried beyond the rhyming lines to end at any point in any line of a subsequent couplet
coronal	Pertaining to the blade of the tongue
zoospore	A ciliated or flagellated spore.
chant royale	An elaborate fixed form of ballade in Old French poetry, consisting of five stanzas of eleven lines with a refrain at the end of each stanza, rhyming ababccddedE and an envoi of five lines rhyming ddedE.
tanka	A Japanese poem of five lines, the first and third composed of five syllables and the rest of seven.
enhancer	A DNA sequence that recognizes certain transcription factors that can stimulate transcription of nearby genes.
scope	The constructor is used to initialize
orf	See open reading frame.
conifer	A gymnosperm whose reproductive structure is the cone
s1	See primary somatosensory cortex.
leptoid	A food-conducting cell of a moss.
chromosome	A complex of condensed strands of DNA and associated protein molecules; found in the nucleus of cells.
ascus	The meiosporangium of the Ascomycota.
transition	A mutation in which a purine replaces another purine or a pyrimidine replaces another pyrimidine.
autocrine	Referring to a signal that is secreted by a cell into its environment and that feeds back to the same cell
tetrameter	A line of poetry that has four metrical feet.
character data	A data type in SGML and XML for raw data that does not include markup or entity references
member function	pointer to member -
metaphor	A figure of speech in which two things are compared, usually by saying one thing is another, or by substituting a more descriptive word for the more common or usual word that would be expected
adrenaline	See epinephrine.
character or expression height	Distance between the baseline and top edge of the character glyph or expression
gene amplification	The selective synthesis of DNA, which results in multiple copies of a single gene, thereby enhancing expression.
dizygotic twins	Twins formed from separate zygotes and therefore related in the same way as siblings.
phobic disorder	An intense, irrational fear that becomes centered on a specific object, activity, or situation that a person feels compelled to avoid.
parameter	argument matching -
electroconvulsive shock therapy	A last-resort treatment for intractable depression in which a strong electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure
translation unit	compiler -
antigen	Any macromolecule that triggers an immune response
gated	Referring to the property by which an ion channel may be opened or closed by factors such as chemicals, voltage changes, or mechanical actions
spectral filtering	Alteration of the amplitude of some, but not all, frequencies in a sound
metaphor	A figure of speech in which someone or something is said to be something else which it clearly is not, in order to emphasise a characteristic that the writer wishes to describe.
class instance variable	Private data that belongs to a class
adrenaline	A hormone, produced by the medulla of the adrenal gland, that increases the concentration of glucose in the blood, raises blood pressure and heartbeat rate, and increases muscular power and resistance to fatigue; also a neurotransmitter across synaptic junctions
phagocyte	An immune system cell that engulfs invading molecules or microbes.
megasporocyte	A cell that undergoes meiosis to form megaspores.
cte	See chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
dimorphic	of two different forms of the one structure on different organisms or of structures on the one organism.
net primary productivity	The gross primary productivity minus the energy used by the producers for cellular respiration; represents the storage of chemical energy in an ecosystem available to consumers.
electron microscope	A microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope
prometaphase	The phase of mitosis in which the nuclear envelope breaks into fragments
cell theory	All living things are composed of cells; cells arise only from other cells
capsid	A protein casing that makes up the outside of a virus particle.
neuromodulator	A chemical agent that is released by a neuron and diffuses through a local region of the central nervous system, acting on neurons within that region; generally has the effect of modulating the response to neurotransmitters.
nomograph	A graph that allows a third variable to be measured when the values of two related variables are known.
atp synthase	A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial cristae (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen-ion concentration gradient to make ATP
caudate nucleus	One of the basal ganglia; it has a long extension or tail
endemic	An organism found only in one particular location.
dynamic storage	new-style cast -
comprehensible input	Input + 1/Zone of Proximal Development- Input/instruction that is just above the students abilities
state	It's what's happening or what's going on in a sentence
rondeau	A fixed form used mostly in light or witty verse, usually consisting of fifteen octo- or decasyllabic lines in three stanzas, with only two rhymes used throughout
stream i/o	stream I/O -
benthic zone	The bottom surfaces of aquatic environments.
m phase	The mitotic phase of the cell cycle, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis.
international debating	Debating that occurs between representatives of different countries, nations, or cultures.
muscle fiber	A collection large, cylindrical cells, making up most of a muscle, that can contract in response to neurotransmitter released from a motoneuron
metagenomics	Large-scale sequencing of DNA isolated directly from environmental samples (e.g., soil, air, and water).
goliardic poetry	Satiric verse which flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries, usually consisting of a stanza of four 13-syllable lines in feminine rhyme, sometimes with a concluding hexameter
articulated	jointed, e.g
aap	American Academy of Pediatrics
parallelism	The repetition of syntactical similarities in passages closely connected for rhetorical effect, as in Pope's An Epistle to Dr
adaptive dynamics	A method for finding which phenotypes will invade a population; related to game theory
down syndrome	A human genetic disease resulting from having an extra chromosome 21, characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects.
idiosyncratic	not predictable
ssop	Sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe
gracile	Graceful, slender, and delicate
cation	A positively charged ion, such as a potassium or sodium ion
ach	See acetylcholine.
idiom	A phrase, construction, or expression that is understood in a given language
epinephrine	Also called adrenaline
alternative splicing	The process by which the initial RNA made from a single gene can be spliced into different mature messenger RNAs, which in turn produce different proteins.
glycogenolysis	The conversion of glycogen back into glucose, triggered when blood concentrations of glucose drop too low.
covert attention	Attention in which the focus can be directed independently of sensory orientation (e.g., you’re attending to one sensory stimulus while looking at another)
cell plate	A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.
sympathetic division	One of two divisions of the autonomic nervous system of vertebrates; generally increases energy expenditure and prepares the body for action.
hz	See hertz.
syntax	The study of sentence structure.
microfilament	A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction.
medieval	Relating to the Middle Ages, a time period from about 1000-1450, characterized in Europe by a dominance of the Catholic church.
diorite	A peculiar form of Greenstone.
integral promotion	protected -
spore	A unicellular dispersible reproductive structure
deposit-feeder	A heterotroph, such as an earthworm, that eats its way through detritus, salvaging bits and pieces of decaying organic matter.
consonantal iota	An obsolete character representing a consonant of the Greek alphabet
plan	A course of action proposed by the affirmative when debating a proposition of policy that proposes to solve the problems identified in the "need."
allozymes	Slightly different versions of the same enzyme, distinguishable via gel electrophoresis.
statement	forward class -
instance of mathml	A single instance of the top level element of MathML, and/or a single instance of embedded MathML in some other data format.
expressivity	In genetics, the degree to which a particular genotype is expressed in the phenotype of individuals with that genotype.
exception handling	When an exception is thrown, each active stack frame
appendicular	of tissues or parts of the plant formed from leaves or structures considered "homologous" with them, c.f
homeodomain	A sequence, approximately 60 amino acids long, that is encoded by a homeobox DNA sequence
countercurrent exchange	The opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss.
dieresis	The pronunciation of two adjacent vowels within a word as separate sounds rather than as a diphthong, as in coordinate; also, the mark indicating the separate pronunciation, as in naïve.
ectomycorrhiza	mutualistic association between fungi and roots in which fungal hyphae invest the roots forming a mantle and weave between between the outer cells forming a Hartig net, but do not penetrate them, see also tuberculate ectomycorrhizae, c.f
run-time type information	Using dynamic_cast one can obtain a pointer to an object
arrangement	The organization of arguments in a speech.
chalazosperm	nutritive tissue in a seed, developed from persistent chalazal cells, c.f
osmoconformer	An animal that does not actively adjust its internal osmolarity because it is isotonic with its environment.
class	a rank in the taxonomic hierarchy with the termination -ales, a group of orders that is hypothesised to be monophyletic, placed in a division/phylum, c.f
recombination	Formation of new combinations of genes as a result of the sexual process.
apodosis	Clause statihg the consequence or result in a conditional sentence.
exon	The coding sequence of a eukaryotic gene (see also
intron	A noncoding sequence that interrupts the coding sequence.
conglomerate	A rock made up of fragments of rock or pebbles, cemented together by some other material.
conduction velocity	The speed at which an action potential is propagated along the length of an axon (or section of peripheral nerve).
threatened species	Species that are likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of their range.
conservative dna transposons	A DNA-based transposable element that moves itself to a new place in the genome but does not leave a copy in the original location.
cyclic	of floral organs = whorled; of chemical compounds, when atoms form rings.
frequency	The number of cycles per second in a sound wave; measured in hertz (Hz)
noun phrase	A phrase headed by a noun
labeled lines	The concept that each nerve input to the brain reports only a particular type of information.
sperm competition	The selective pressure that males of promiscuous species exert on each other to produce gametes that can outcompete the sperm of other males, because sperm from multiple males may be present in the genital tract of a single female.
entropy	A quantitative measure of disorder
glucose transporter	A molecule that spans the external membrane of a cell and transports glucose molecules from outside the cell to inside for use.
clause	A group of words that contains a subject and a predicate
collective noun	A noun which refers to a group (like army, group) of things or people as a collective entity
tonic	Stressed.
coenocytic	Consisting of multinucleate filaments or other structures; ordinarily used for algae
gradeable	Not used in this book
axis	An imaginary line passing through a body or organ around which parts are symmetrically aligned.
anastomosis	fusion to form a network, e.g
apposition	in cell wall formation, growth by deposition of layer after layer of wall material, c.f
global namespace	global variable -
flap	The single rapid contact of two organs of speech, e.g
mesolimbocortical pathway	A set of dopaminergic axons arising in the midbrain and innervating the limbic system and cortex
anisophyllous	having leaves of very different sizes and/or shapes at the same node, c.f
apocope	The loss of final sounds
trace conditioning	A form of conditioning in which a longer delay separates the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
typeface	A typeface is a specific design of a set of letters, numbers and symbols, such as "Times Roman" or "Chicago".
timbre	The characteristic sound quality of a musical instrument, as determined by the relative intensities of its various harmonics.
noun clause	Term sometimes used for clausal nominals like that- clauses and WH- clauses.
amphipathic molecule	A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.
convolute	of aestivation, leaves together at a node, each with one half outside and the other inside, c.f
energy	The capacity to do work by moving matter against an opposing force.
comparative	Forms such as greater that compare one situation or entity with another.
conidium pl. conidia	A naked, asexual spore produced at the ends of hyphae in ascomycetes.
diploid	Having two complete genomes; the chromosome condition resulting from syngamy and necessary for meiosis.
compartmentalization	Subdivision of molecules, cells, or genetic functions into discrete spatial or temporal units
psychosomatic medicine	A field of study that emphasizes the role of psychological factors in disease.
anomia	The inability to name persons or objects readily.
tone	The attitude a writer conveys in his or her writing
anosognosia	Denial of illness.
somatotropin	See growth hormone.
coordination test for phrases	Phrases (and other sentence constituents) can be joined with a like group of words by a coordinating conjunction.
cyclic amp	Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells, for example, in vertebrate endocrine cells
parasympathetic nervous system	A component of the autonomic nervous system that arises from both the cranial nerves and the sacral spinal cord
statement	layout -
personification	A figure of speech in which things or abstract ideas are given human attributes: dead leaves dance in the wind, blind justice.
bond strength	The strength with which a chemical bond holds two atoms together; conventionally measured in terms of the amount of energy, in kilocalories per mole, required to break the bond.
coflorescence	the cluster of flowers that terminates a lateral branch of a synflorescence, c.f
interferon	A chemical messenger of the immune system, produced by virus-infected cells and capable of helping other cells resist the virus.
dimidiate	appearing to be halved, as when half an organ is so much smaller than the other that it seems absent.
mismatch distribution	The distribution of numbers of differences between random pairs of sequences sampled from a population.
ovoviviparous	Of or relating to ovoviviparity, reproduction in which eggs remain inside the mother’s body until they hatch or are about to hatch
base number	the haploid chromosome number of the common ancestor of a group, represented as "x" followed by the actual number.
intrinsic activity	See efficacy.
carpe diem	A Latin expression that means “seize the day.” Carpe diem poems urge the reader (or the person to whom they are addressed) to live for today and enjoy the pleasures of the moment
allegory	A figurative illustration of truths or generalizations about human conduct or experience in a narrative or description by the use of symbolic fictional figures and actions which the reader can interpret as a resemblance to the subject's properties and circumstances.
fourier analysis	The analysis of a complex pattern into the sum of sine waves
saprophyte	A plant or microorganism that obtains its nourishment from dead organic matter, such as most fungi and bacteria and a few non-photosynthetic flowering plants.
excretion	The disposal of nitrogen-containing waste products of metabolism.
type	smart pointer -
historical method of exposition	The Historical Method of Exposition means the explanation of a thing by means of “narrating” the history through which the thing comes to its final form
alliance politics	Alliance politics is the left political terrain characterised by the coming-together of disparate interest groups to pursue a common cause, while retaining their own independence
depth	(of a box) The distance from the baseline of the box to the bottom edge of the box.
hybrid	The offspring of the union of two distinct species.
coupled reactions	In cells, the linking of endergonic (energy-requiring) reactions to exergonic (energy-releasing) reactions that provide enough energy to drive the endergonic reactions forward.
compiler	Used to declare bounds for an array
monohybrid cross	A breeding experiment that uses parental varieties differing in a single character.
aminoacyl—trna synthetases	A family of enzymes, at least one for each amino acid, that catalyze the attachment of an amino acid to its specific tRNA molecule.
penetrance	In genetics, the proportion of individuals with a particular genotype that show the phenotype ascribed to that genotype.
alpha helix	A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure.
sufficient causal argument	An argument that states that the presence of a cause virtually guarantees (is sufficient for) the presence of the effect.
hyperpolarization	An increase in membrane potential (the interior of the neuron becomes even more negative)
noun	A word such as table, freedom, book, love.
helicase	An enzyme that unwinds the double DNA helix near the replication fork before
desmotubule	tubular strand of tightly-constricted endoplasmic reticulum traversing plasmodesmata, the central rod-like part representing merged inner portions of the endoplasmic reticulum bilayer.
proposition of definition	Asserts that a certain definition should be applied to a certain category of things.
proximal	In anatomy, near the trunk or center of an organism
directed molecular evolution	A laboratory version of evolution at the molecular level that can produce "designer molecules." A large starting population of molecules (typically nucleic acids) that varies randomly in base sequence and shape is subjected to replication with variation, followed by selection
deme	A discrete local population.
indirect question	A sentence that paraphrases what a question is or was
coordinator	Same as coordinating conjunction
fundamental type	C -
posterior	Of or pertaining to the rear, or tail, end.
co-morbid	Referring to the tendency of certain diseases or disorders to occur together in individuals.
hasty generalization	A fallacy of reasoning by example that occurs when the examples selected to support the claim are either insufficient in number or in their representativeness
autoimmune disorder	A disorder caused when the immune system mistakenly attacks a person’s own body, thereby interfering with normal functioning.
apolipoprotein e	A protein that may help break down amyloid
eocene	The earliest of the three divisions of the Tertiary epoch of geologists
mutation	A heritable change in the genetic material of an organism that does not involve reciprocal recombination.
purines	A class of nucleic acid bases including adenine (A) and guanine (G).
fast-twitch muscle fiber	A type of striated muscle that contracts rapidly but fatigues readily
noradrenaline	A hormone, produced by the medulla of the adrenal gland, that increases the concentration of glucose in the blood, raises blood pressure and heartbeat rate, and increases muscular power and resistance to fatigue; also one of the principal neurotransmitters; also called norepinephrine.
poulter's measure	A meter consisting of alternate Alexandrines and fourteeners, i.e., twelve-syllable and fourteen-syllable lines, a common measure in Elizabethan times.
replicase	An enzyme that copies any form of genome (i.e., in the origin of life, the genome may not have been DNA or RNA based).
orgasm	The climax of sexual experience, marked by extremely pleasurable sensations.
function	This is the default and is normally not needed
triple rhyme	A rhyme in which three final syllables of words have the same sound, as in glorious and victorious.
stanza	Two or more lines of poetry that together form one of the divisions of a poem
synthetic	A strictly isolating language conceives of all of its morphemes as true and independent words, or free morphemes
formal language	Language used in formal situations such as ceremonies, formal lectures, meeting a government official.
organism	An organised being, whether plant or animal.
qtl	See quantitative trait locus.
noradrenergic	Referring to systems using norepinephrine (noradrenaline) as a transmitter.
delusion	A false belief strongly held in spite of contrary evidence.
mitochondria	The eukaryote organelles responsible for aerobic respiration
complement	Similar to object.
5-ht	See serotonin.
sonnet	A fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse
dormancy	a period during which the seed cannot germinate, either because of physical or physiological reasons, c.f
morgan	The unit of distance on the genetic map
amplitude	The maximum extent of a single oscillation in a periodic event, such as a sound wave, measured as the distance from peak to trough in a single cycle
asexual phase	The portion of an organisms life cycle devoted to asexual reproduction.
soae	See spontaneous otoacoustic emission.
leading strand	During DNA replication, the strand that is synthesized in the 5′ to 3′ direction by continuous polymerization at the growing 3′ tip.
determination	The progressive restriction of developmental potential, causing the possible fate of each cell to become more limited as the embryo develops.
gamete	A sex cell (sperm or ovum) that contains only unpaired chromosomes and therefore has only half of the usual total number of chromosomes.
subordinate clause	A clause which serves as a dependent constituent of another clause.
meistersingers	Members of various German trade guilds formed in the 15th and 16th centuries by merchants and craftsmen for the cultivation of poetry and music, succeeding the Minnesingers.
pitch	A dimension of auditory experience in which sounds vary from low to high.
excitatory postsynaptic potential	A depolarizing potential in the postsynaptic neuron that is caused by excitatory presynaptic impulses
stress	Words can be divided into syllables, usually centred around a vowel
programming environment	built-in type -
angular gyrus	A brain region in which strokes can lead to word blindness.
threshold	The stimulus intensity that is just adequate to trigger an action potential at the axon hillock.
homeobox	A 180-nucleotide sequence within a homeotic gene encoding the part of the protein that binds to the DNA of the genes regulated by the protein.
rime	The part of a syllable (not a word) which consists of its vowel and any consonant sounds that come after it
cadence	The progressive rhythmical pattern in lines of verse; also, the natural tone or modulation of the voice determined by the alternation of accented or unaccented syllables.
advantages	The part of the affirmative case about policies that demonstrates the positive effects of the affirmative's plan.
mineralocorticoid	A corticosteroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates salt and water homeostasis.
objectivism	Philosophical standpoint which refrains from making value judgements, or intervening in the object and fails to recognise the fact that the subject is part of the object
existential there sentences	Called "existential" because the there which begins it functions less as a locative than as an assertion that a condition exists
microarray	An array of short oligonucleotides, bound to a substrate, that can be used to simultaneously measure the concentration of large numbers of different DNA or RNA sequences.
discrete	Discrete is a synonym for discontinuous, denoting breaks in development, "leaps" in Nature, matter in the form of distinct objects or particles, counting-numbers as opposed to indefinitely divisible magnitudes
occam’s razor	The general principal that if all else is equal, the simplest explanation is best
rbd	See REM behavior disorder.
basipetal	produced or differentiated in succession towards the base of an organ, e.g
endoplasmic reticulum	Eukaryotic membrane compartment involved in translation, folding, and transport of proteins.
phonology	See phonetics.
plastid	A general name for chloroplasts, used especially for chloroplasts that are not green.
active	A category of voice
matter	Anything that takes up space and has mass.
maximal response	In pharmacology, the strongest effect that a drug can have on a particular measured response, no matter how much of the drug is given.
peptide hormones	See protein hormones.
lay	A long narrative poem, especially one that was sung by medieval minstrels called trouvères
inbred line	A population produced by continued self-fertilization or mating between close relatives
lau v. nichols	Supreme Court case where the Court ruled that, "There is no equality of treatment merely by providing students the same facilities, textbooks, teachers and curriculum, for students who do not understand English are effectively foreclosed from any meaningful education"
prebiotic synthesis	The naturally occurring synthesis of organic compounds before there was life on Earth.
infinitesimal model	A model that assumes that quantitative trait variation is caused by a very large number of loci, with infinitesimally small additive effects
retrograde amnesia	Difficulty in retrieving memories formed before the onset of amnesia
apoptosis	Programmed cell death brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of "suicide" proteins in the cells destined to die.
digraph	A group of two successive letters whose phonetic value is a single sound
exception handling	exception handler -
positional cloning	Process by which data from genetic crosses are used to identify a DNA fragment that contains a desired gene sequence.
translocation	A rearrangement mutation in which part of one chromosome breaks away and joins another.
base class	A derived class will also add its own members to those of the base class
mutation rate	The rate at which mutations are generated.
subordinating conjunction	Not used in this book, same as complementizer, q.v.
voluntarism	Voluntarism is the trend of philosophy which one-sidedly emphasises the role of Will in truth
adrenal gland	An endocrine gland atop the kidney
muscular dystrophy	A disease that leads to degeneration of and functional changes in muscles.
possessive pronoun	A form of personal pronoun (his, our/ours)
arteriole	A very small artery
hard selection	Selection where numbers produced by a patch are directly proportional to the relative survival of the individuals of that patch, see Web Notes.
transduction	The movement of genes from a donor cell to a recipient cell with a virus as the vector.
natural logarithm	The logarithm (log) to base e where e ≈ 2.718
natural selection	The process by which genotypes with higher fitness increase in frequency in a population.
eutherian mammals	Placental mammals; those whose young complete their embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta.
semantics	The branch of linguistics concerned with the meaning of linguistic expression.
pathogenicity islands	Contiguous sections of a pathogen’s genome that contain a disproportionate (relative to number of base pairs) number of the factors that cause pathogenicity.
run-time type information	union -
gametophyte	A haploid organism arising from meiospores; produces gametes by mitosis.
teleology	Purposeful action
multiple sclerosis	Literally, “many scars”; a disorder characterized by widespread degeneration of myelin.
hyperbole	A bold, deliberate overstatement, e.g., "I'd give my right arm for a piece of pizza." Not intended to be taken literally, it is used as a means of emphasizing the truth of a statement.
receptor isoform	A version of a receptor protein (in this context, a hormone receptor) with slight differences in structure that give it different functional properties
thesis	The unaccented part of a poetic foot; also, the first part of an antithetical figure of speech.
signature	Used in printing to keep track of the printed pages, see chapter 7.
mosaic rhyme	A rhyme in which two or more words produce a multiple rhyme, either with two or more other words, as go for / no more, or with one longer word, as cop a plea / monopoly
object	Access to an object via a reference is like manipulating the object itself
human immundeficiency virus	The virus responsible for AIDS.
apotropous	of the curvature of an ovule with respect to the ovary axis, abaxial, c.f
sporangium	A structure containing spores.
funiculus	The stalk that connects the ovule to the ovary wall.
yes-no questions	A common question form, which assumes that the answer will be either "yes" or "no"--e.g
virulence	The degree of pathogenicity of a parasite.
gland	An organ which secretes or separates some peculiar product from the blood or sap of animals or plants.
transfer rna	An RNA molecule that couples a specific amino acid to a specific sequence of three bases
hormone	A chemical secreted by an endocrine gland that is conveyed by the bloodstream and regulates target organs or tissues
decibel	A measure of sound intensity
amniote	A vertebrate possessing an amnion surrounding the embryo; reptiles, birds, and mammals are amniotes.
prepotent	Having a superiority of power.
usage note	a note at the beginning or end of an entry that gives information on the way words are used by people when they speak or write their language
rna world	The stage before the evolution of the genetic code when RNA was responsible for both heredity and catalysis.
virelay	An ancient French verse form consisting of stanzas of indeterminate length and number, with alternating long and short lines and an interlaced rhyme scheme, as abab bcbc cdcd dada.
basidium pl. basidia	A reproductive appendage that produces sexual spores on the gills of mushrooms
tetrahydrocannabinol	See Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol.
creb	cAMP responsive element–binding protein
pointer to function	polymorphism -
exclamatory sentence	Also called exclamative
cell adhesion molecule	A protein found on the surface of a cell that guides cell migration and/or axonal pathfinding.
leonine verse	Named for a 12th century poet, Leonius, who first composed such verse, it consists of hexameters or of hexameters and pentameters in which the final syllable rhymes with one preceding the caesura, in the middle of the line.
vowel	a sound that you make when you speak without closing your mouth or throat
canzone	An Italian lyric poem of varying stanzaic length, usually written in a mixture of hendecasyllables and heptasyllables with a concluding short stanza or envoi.
linked genes	Genes that are located on the same chromosome.
population density	The number of individuals of a population per unit area or volume of living space.
middle	A category of voice with something of both the active and passive idea, e.g
divergence	The acquisition of differences after evolutionary separation (e.g., of species).
char	deprecate -
interstitial fluid	The internal environment of vertebrates, consisting of the fluid filling the spaces between cells.
tag questions	A question form which turns statements into questions by appending auxiliaries and pronouns--e.g., "isn't it?" or "have you?"
sexual attraction	The first step in the mating behavior of many animals, in which animals emit stimuli that attract members of the opposite sex
anion	A negatively charged ion, such as a protein or chloride ion
pinocytosis	The process by which synaptic neurotransmitter is repackaged into synaptic vesicles
specialisation	The setting apart of a particular organ for the performance of a particular function.
dimer	Two molecules that are bound together
local anesthetic	A drug, such as procaine or lidocaine, that blocks sodium channels to stop neural transmission in pain fibers.
greenhouse effect	The warming of planet Earth due to the atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide, which absorbs infrared radiation and slows its escape from the irradiated Earth.
conidiophore	The hypha that produces conidia.
experimental method	The method of experiment (which begins in its proper sense with Galileo rolling balls down a slope and timing them with an hour-glass) is the investigation of specific features of a phenomenon by actively influencing them, through creating special conditions in keeping with the investigator's purposes
amphigouri	A verse composition which, while apparently coherent, contains no sense or meaning, as in Nephelidia, a poem written by A
entrainment	The process of synchronizing a biological rhythm to an environmental stimulus
affinity	See binding affinity.
t cell	See T lymphocyte.
discicristate	A kingdom of eukaryotes
ipa	The International Phonetic Alphabet or IPA is a set of symbols which can be used to represent the phones and phonemes of natural languages
mixed metaphor	A metaphor whose elements are either incongruent or contradictory by the use of incompatible identifications, such as "the dog pulled in its horns" or "to take arms against a sea of troubles."
time	The verb's indication of when its action occurred -- either past, present or future.
apical	Pertaining to the tip of the tongue
archaea	One of the three domains of life
class hierarchy	A tree structure that defines the relationships between classes
chartaceous	papery in texture, c.f
stipules	Small leafy organs placed at the base of the footstalks of the leaves in many plants.
octameter	A line of verse consisting of eight metrical feet.
trigonotarbid	Member of an order of extinct terrestrial spider-like animals (order Trigonotarbida).
cataplexy	Sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse of the body without loss of consciousness.
opsonization	An immune response in which the binding of antibodies to the surface of a microbe facilitates phagocytosis of the microbe by a macrophage.
carbohydrates	aldehydes or ketones with many hydroxyl groups added, either occuring as single molecules or variously linked, see monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides.
template	See parameter
efficiency	A measure of the speed at which a method performs.
c-style string	struct -
crossover	A recombination event within a chromosome at meiosis.
wh-pronoun	See WH-word.
prion	An infectious form of protein that may increase in number by converting related proteins to more prions.
phloem	The vascular tissue that transports food materials in the plant body.
gas neurotransmitter	A soluble gas, such as nitric oxide or carbon monoxide, that is produced and released by a neuron to alter the functioning of another neuron
particle	A short part of speech used to express a syntactic or semantic relationship
predicate adjectives	An adjective or adjective phrase serving as a subject complement.
protozoan pl. protozoa	A protist that lives primarily by ingesting food, an animal-like mode of nutrition.
gyrus	A ridged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surface
mendel's second law	See law of independent assortment.
continental drift	The gradual movement of the Earth's continents that has occurred over hundreds of millions of years.
mitochondrial matrix	The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle.
invertebrate	An animal without a backbone; invertebrates make up 95% of animal species.
specificity	Where individual molecules take up a stable conformation with specific biological functions.
prefix	A meaningful element that cannot stand on its own but it is added to the beginning of another element.
mitosis	The process of division of somatic cells that involves duplication of DNA.
reciprocally monophyletic	Two groups for which, at every locus, all genes within the group are more closely related to each other than they are to any organisms outside the group
polar body	Minute, nonfunctioning cell produced during those meiotic divisions that lead to egg cells; contains a nucleus but very little cytoplasm.
qualifier	A MathML content element that is used to specify the value of a specific named parameter in the application of selected pre-defined functions.
catechol	a phenolic compound, i.a
broadside ballad	A ballad written in doggerel, printed on a single sheet of paper and sold for a penny or two on English street corners in the late 16th and early 17th centuries
whorls	The circles or spiral lines in which the parts of plants are arranged upon the axis of growth.
pastoral	A poem that depicts rural life in a peaceful, idealized way.
dysphoria	Unpleasant feelings; the opposite of euphoria.
ejaculation	An older term for interjection, now seldom used as such for obvious reasons.
function	stack unwinding -
somatomedins	A group of proteins, released from the liver in response to growth hormone, that aid body growth and maintenance.
gaussian distribution	See normal distribution.
glucurono-arabinoxylans	a.k.a
developmental prosopagnosia	See prosopagnosia.
neurotransmitter	A chemical messenger released from the synaptic terminal of a neuron at a chemical synapse that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to and stimulates the postsynaptic cell.
liquid	A class of continuant consonants which are not fricative and impressionistically have a 'flowing' sound: [l] and [r] are the most obvious members.
strophe	In modern poetry, a stanza or rhythmic system of two or more lines arranged as a unit
type	try -
class	Also more loosely refers to any named declaration
predicate	The part of a sentence that indicates what the subject does (Birds fly),
basidiocarp	The meiosporangium-producing structure of the Basidiomycota.
cell nucleus	The spherical central structure of a cell that contains the chromosomes.
compressed	flattened in one plane, either dorsally (bringing the adaxial and abaxial surfaces closer together) or laterally (bringing the sides closer together).
type	integral conversion -
orthologous genes	Genes that are homologous (share a common ancestry) and have diverged from each other due to the separation of the species in which the genes are found (e.g., α-globin from humans and mice)
typedef	using declaration -
vor	See vestibulo-ocular reflex.
gamma distribution	The sum of a number of independent, exponentially distributed variables (e.g., the time taken for a number of independent events to occur) follows a Gamma distribution.
closed meristem	of a root apical meristem in which one or more tissue regions of the root can be traced to separate initials, c.f
lip	See lateral intraparietal area.
meniscus	The curved top surface of a column of liquid.
group genitive	Arises when the possessive marker ('s is applied not to a noun phrase as a whole and attached after a post-modifying element--e.g
dissected	finely divided into more or less linear ultimate units.
dissociative thinking	A condition, seen in schizophrenia, that is characterized by disturbances of thought and difficulty relating events properly.
coodinating conjunction	Word category used to join two words or phrases of the same kind and equal status
demography	The study of statistics relating to births and deaths in populations.
insertion	A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.
biogeography	The study of the past and present distribution of species.
warrant	Stated or unstated reasoning process that explains the relationship between the evidence and the claim.
clozapine	An atypical neuroleptic.
evolution	The process by which a population of interbreeding individuals changes over time.
inheritance	bit field -
transition	Bilingual program whose goal is to help English learners ultimately adjust to an all English educational program
lsd	Also called acid
dna ligation	Chemical connection of two DNA strands
gce ordinary level	The O-level (Ordinary Level) is a subject-based qualification conferred as part of the General Certificate of Education (GCE)
subjunctive	Expressing a wish, intention or necessity, e.g
α-msh	See α-melanocyte stimulating hormone.
colloquial	Informal register.
nucleomorph	A highly reduced relic of a nucleus
alternative splicing	In alternative splicing, the same pre-mRNA molecule, which consists of introns and exons, is spliced in different ways to produce mature mRNAs of different lengths and different functionality.
countable	a countable noun is a noun that has a plural and can be used after a or an when it is singular
base class	See inheritance
quantitative genetics	The study of the inheritance of genetically complex traits.
ecological species concept	The idea that ecological roles (niches) define species.
primacy effect	The superior performance seen in a memory task for items at the start of a list; usually attributed to long-term memory
syntax	Rules for how words are combined into phrases and sentences.
inheritance	mutable -
gap junction	A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that allows the passage of material or current between cells.
endosymbiosis	A symbiosis in which one organism lives within cells of another.
cocoon	A case usually of silky material, in which insects are frequently enveloped during the second or resting-stage (pupa) of their existence
comma intonation	A break in speech, e.g
triploid	Carrying three genomes.
feminine rhyme	A rhyme that occurs in a final unstressed syllable: pleasure/leisure,
positive selection	See directional selection.
genetics	The study of inheritance, including the genes encoded in DNA.
leading eigenvector	Small deviations {x1, x2, ...} from equilibrium grow exponentially at a rate given by the leading eigenvalue λ and have the form xi = eiexp(λt)
pastiche	An artistic effort that imitates or caricatures the work of another artist.
hemagglutinins	antibodies that agglutinate erythrocytes, commonly found in plant seeds, see lectins.
complete sentence	A word group that includes both a subject and a predicate and can stand alone
centrosome	Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and important during cell division; also called microtubule-organizing center.
class	A class is an object that specify the properties for specific kinds of objects
private	pure virtual function -
haploid	Having one complete genome; the chromosome condition resulting from meiosis and necessary for syngamy.
rhyme royal	A type of poetry consisting of stanzas of seven lines in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme ababbcc
class variable	Data that is shared by the defining class and its subclasses
simile	A figure of speech in which two things are compared using the word “like” or “as.” An example of a simile using like occurs in Langston Hughes's poem “Harlem”: “What happens to a dream deferred?/ Does it dry up/ like a raisin in the sun?”
scepticism	a philosophical conception questioning the possibility of knowledge of objective reality
type system	type system -
homonyms	Words that sound the same although spelt differently (e.g
alliteration	Initial consonant rhyme.
biometry	The application of statistical methods to biology.
archaea	One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being the Bacteria.
epithet	An adjective or adjectival phrase, usually attached to the name of a person or thing, such as "Richard the Lion-Hearted," Milton's "ivy-crowned Bacchus" in "L'Allegro," or Homer's "rosy-fingered dawn."
phrase structure trees	A way of visually presenting the structure of phrases and larger units.
functional group	A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.
masculine	See gender.
workers	See neuters.
refractory phase	1
character or expression width	Horizontal distance taken by the character glyph as indicated in the font metrics, or the total width of an expression.
cytoskeleton	The lattice of specialized proteins that gives a cell its shape
query sequence	A macromolecular sequence (RNA, DNA, or protein) used for searching against a database.
db	See decibel.
ghrelin	A peptide hormone emanating from the gut
condensation reaction	A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water; also called dehydration reaction.
base plate	the inner periclinal wall of an endothecial cell bearing a more or less plate-like and lignified thickening, coming in a variety of forms (see Manning 1996).
amoebozoa	One of the major kingdoms of eukaryotes
cytology	Study of cells.
column	the lower, twisted part of a geniculate awn, or that part of a branched awn below the branching point; in grasses.
mitosis	Division of the cell nucleus of eukaryotes producing daughter cells with the same chromosome number as the original cell.
bacteria	One of the three domains of life
passive	A verb structure in which the subject position is occupied by what would normally be a complement of a transitive verb.
backcross	A cross between a hybrid individual and one of the parental genotypes.
primary structure	The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids.
person	Person indicates whether the subject is speaking (first person–I, we),
scope	using directive -
fragile x syndrome	A condition that is a frequent cause of inherited intellectual disability; produced by a fragile site on the X chromosome that seems prone to breaking because the DNA there is unstable
minimal pair	A pair of words which contrast in only one phonological segment, e.g
catalpol	a route II iridoid.
primer	An already existing short RNA chain bound to template DNA to which DNA nucleotides are added during DNA synthesis.
thermophile	An organism with a growth temperature optimum between 50°C and 80°C.
steroid hormones	A class of hormones, each of which is composed of four interconnected rings of carbon atoms.
reservation	An exception made to a claim
endocrine	Referring to glands that release chemicals to the interior of the body
complete digestive tract	A digestive tube that runs between a mouth and an anus; also called alimentary canal
document type definition	In SGML or XML, a DTD is a formal definition of the elements and the relationship among the data elements (the structure) for a particular type of document.
oligodendrocyte	A type of glial cell that forms myelin in the central nervous system
asexual reproduction	A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.
notochord	A midline structure arising early in the embryonic development of vertebrates
paraphysis	A hair-like structure associated with gametangia or sporangia; present in mosses, rockweeds, and some other groups.
degradation	The wearing down of land by the action of the sea or of meteoric agencies.
mixed metaphor	The use of two metaphors in the same passage, with ludicrous results if the literal meaning is considered.
active	A sentence in which the doer of the action is the subject, as in I saw an elephant.
secondary compound	A chemical compound synthesized through the diversion of products of major metabolic pathways for use in defense by prey species.
chitin	A polysaccharide composed of amino sugar subunits
memberwise copy	cout -
centrifugal	directed, or developing, from the centre or axis outwards, c.f
spandrels	Triangular spaces formed where two arches intersect
eutrophication	A process in which an aquatic environment accumulates high nutrient levels due to factors such as industrial or urban pollution or run-off of fertilizers from nearby agricultural lands
norepinephrine	See noradrenaline.
electron acceptor	Substance that accepts or receives electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction, becoming reduced in the process.
innovation	A change to a preexisting feature.
apostrophe	Words that are spoken to a person who is absent or imaginary, or to an object or abstract idea
open reading frame	A section of a genome that contains the codons used to make a protein
basidium	The meiosporangium of the Basidiomycota.
alliteration	The repetition of initial phoneme either across syllables or across words
binomial distribution	If n genes are sampled from a population in which the P allele has frequency p, then the chance of finding j P alleles is
synaptic vesicle	A small, spherical structure that contains molecules of neurotransmitter
of-genitive	A prepositional phrase with of taking as its complement an NP that would otherwise be a possessive NP.
catecholamines	A class of monoamines that serve as neurotransmitters, including dopamine and norepinephrine
mast cell	A type of noncirculating white blood cell, found in connective tissue, that is the major protagonist in allergic reactions; when an allergen binds to complementary antibodies on the surface of a mast cell, large amounts of histamine are released from the cell.
genetic locus	See locus.
enallage	The deliberate use of a part of speech or a tense, when another would be grammatically correct
ligand	A substance that binds to receptor molecules, such as those at the surface of the cell.
inheritance	destructor -
ribosomal rna	The highly conserved RNA molecules that are found within ribosomes
teleostean fishes	Fishes of the kind familiar to us in the present day, having the skeleton usually completely ossified and the scales horny.
function	local variable -
conditional knockout	A gene that can be selectively deactivated in adulthood in specific tissues.
class	object-oriented -
scala vestibuli	Also called vestibular canal
nerve fiber	A filamentous process extending from the cell body of a neuron and conducting the nerve impulse; an axon.
give	A common irregular English verb
ciphering	See deciphering
cdna	See complementary DNA.
gene diversity	The probability that two randomly chosen genes will carry different alleles
gene conversion	A meiotic process in which nonreciprocal exchange of genetic information occurs as a result of heteroduplex formation between non-sister chromatids
volley theory	A theory of frequency discrimination that emphasizes the relation between sound frequency and the firing pattern of nerve cells
protein kinase	An enzyme that adds phosphate groups (PO4) to protein molecules.
microvillus pl. microvilli	One of many fine, fingerlike projections of the epithelial cells in the lumen of the small intestine that increase its surface area.
hermaphrodite	An individual possessing the reproductive organs of both sexes, either simultaneously or at different points in time.
palatalization	Phonetic process moving the sound forward, e.g
hemispatial neglect	A syndrome in which the patient fails to pay any attention to objects presented to one side of the body and may even deny connection with that side.
glutamate hypothesis	The hypothesis that schizophrenia may be caused, in part, by understimulation of glutamate receptors.
cutin	polymer of fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids, occuring in the cuticle.
anachronism	The placement of an event, person, or thing out of its proper chronological relationship, sometimes unintentional, but often deliberate as an exercise of poetic license.
camp responsive element–bindingprotein	See CREB.
nucleolus	The most prominent of subnuclear structures, which has a well-established role in ribosomal subunit assembly
syllable	open
inheritance	A relationship among classes in which one class shares the structure and behavior of another
plate tectonics	The mechanism by which the plates that make up the surface of the Earth interact with one another, including the formation and subduction of oceanic crust.
cyclic electron flow	A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and produces ATP but not NADPH or oxygen.
deltoid	triangular, with the sides of about equal length, deltate.
signal peptide	A stretch of amino acids on polypeptides that targets proteins to specific destinations in eukaryotic cells.
coal ball	A carbonate rock surrounding carbonized plant (or rarely animal) material, generally found as an inclusion in coal strata.
postfix	preprocessing -
tp	Tense Phrase, an alternative label for Inflection Phrase (IP).
tectorial membrane	A membrane that sitsatop the organ of Corti in the cochlear duct
proposition	A final claim made by a debater and supported by a combination of claims.
mean	Usually refers to the arithmetic mean: for n values, z1, ..., zn, = (Σizi)/n
singular	Only one
syllable shape	An abstract combination of consonants and vowels (V, CV, VC, CCV, or CVC).
cell-cell interactions	The general process during development in which one cell affects the differentiation of other, usually neighboring, cells.
conditioning	A form of learning in which an organism comes to associate two stimuli, or a stimulus and a response
intertidal zone	The shallow zone of the ocean where land meets water.
pinna	The external part of the ear.
serratures	Teeth like those of a saw.
narrative text	Text which conveys a story or which relates events or dialog
companion cell	A type of plant cell that is connected to a sieve-tube member by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve one or more adjacent sieve-tube members.
amphibia	The vertebrate class of amphibians, represented by frogs, salamanders, and caecilians.
discolorous	of different colours, having the two surfaces different in colour, c.f
acupuncture	The insertion of needles at designated points on the skin to alleviate pain or neurological malfunction.
auditory p300	See P3 effect.
template instantiation	int -
observation	Observation means the purposive perception of the objective world which provides the primary data for scientific research, in which the investigator endeavours not to influence the object being observed
resultative adjectives	Because they follow and refer to a direct object, object complement adjectives can be regarded as a kind of postmodifying adjective, albeit one resulting from the action of a verb
rem behavior disorder	A sleep disorder in which a person physically acts out a dream.
dna	Abbreviation of deoxyribonucleic acid.
capillary action	The movement of water or any liquid along a surface; results from the combined effect of cohesion and adhesion.
chromosome	a thread-like structure in the nucleus or chloroplasts of a cell, containing a linear sequence of genes, see centromere, also karyotype.
blotting	Transferring DNA, RNA, or protein fragments to nitrocellulose following separation via gel electrophoresis
withdrawal symptom	An uncomfortable symptom that arises when a person stops taking a drug that he or she has used frequently, especially at high doses.
meiosis	A cellular division process that is involved in sexual reproduction in eukaryotes in which gametes are produced having half the number of copies of each chromosome as the parents.
inner cell mass	A cluster of cells in a mammalian blastocyst that protrudes into one end of the cavity and subsequently develops into the embryo proper and some of the extraembryonic membranes.
prefix	a group of letters that is added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning
heat of vaporization	The amount of heat required to change a given amount of a liquid into a gas; 540 calories are required to change 1 gram of liquid water into vapor.
base	A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
endemic	Peculiar to a given locality.
coordinating conjunction	Not used in this book; same as coordinator, q.v.
god	God is the way in which the dominant conception of knowledge and ethics in a given society are made to seem objective, by means of the conception of some extra-human entity which expresses or imposes this conception on to the world
argument matching	parameter -
protoplast	The contents of a plant cell exclusive of the cell wall.
extremophile	An organism that thrives in environments that are at the extremes of conditions where life is normally found.
probe	Here, a manufactured sequence of DNA that is made to include a label (a colorful or radioactive molecule) that lets us track its location.
pun	The use of a word to suggest two meanings.
territory	An area or space occupied and defended by an individual or a group; trespassers are attacked (and usually defeated); may be the site of breeding, nesting, food gathering, or any combination thereof.
subjunctive	In English, this mood may be used to express that an action is only hypothetical or wished for
subclass	A class that inherits behaviors and specifications (in other words, methods and variables) from another class
surface tension	A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
expression	symbol table -
active site	The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds.
da	See dopamine.
ascus pl. asci	A saclike spore capsule located at the tip of the ascocarp in dikaryotic hyphae; defining feature of the Ascomycota division of fungi.
class method	A method that provides behavior for a class
secondary productivity	he rate at which all the heterotrophs in an ecosystem incorporate organic material into new biomass, which can be equated to chemical energy.
arguments	the participants minimally involved in an action defined by the predicate
induction	Increase in gene expression in response to a regulatory signal.
allorhizy	the basic relationship of shoot and root, evident in the embryo/during germination, in which the embryo is bipolar, the root and stem meeting at the hypocotyl, c.f
female gamete	a.k.a
biotechnology	The industrial use of living organisms or their components to improve human health and food production.
parthenogenesis	The production of living Organisms from unimpregnated eggs or seeds.
argument by principle	An argument that supports a certain action based on the connection between that action and a general principle.
double modals	Standard English treats the modal auxiliaries as mutually exclusive, but some non-standard dialects permit combinations like might could
value case	A case supporting a proposition of value
tracheal system	A gas exchange system of branched, chitin-lined tubes that infiltrate the body and carry oxygen directly to cells in insects.
analogy	Non-homologous similarity of structure resulting from similarity of function.
classical conditioning	Also called Pavlovian conditioning
allergic reaction	An inflammatory response triggered by a weak antigen (an allergen) to which most individuals do not react; involves the release of large amounts of histamine from mast cells.
immediate early genes	A class of genes that show rapid but transient increases in expression in cells that have become activated
carpidiophore	a persistent woody fruit base of a capsule or schizocarp.
adenosine triphosphate	An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed
aspiration	Release of air, e.g
cytoplasmic determinants	In animal development, substances deposited by the mother in the eggs she produces that regulate the expression of genes affecting the early development of the embryo.
capsid	The protein shell that encloses the viral genome; rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more completely shaped.
hybrid	Mixture of two different languages, e.g
oxidizing agent	The electron acceptor in a redox reaction.
message	In Smalltalk, a communication from one object to another that requests the receiving object to execute a method
major histocompatibility complex	A large set of cell surface antigens encoded by a family of genes
pgn	See paragigantocellular nucleus.
prenylation	The addition of isoprenoid groups to proteins
wright–fisher model	A standard model of random genetic drift, in which each gene is drawn at random from 2N genes in the previous generation.
noncompetitive inhibitor	A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.
pcr	See polymerase chain reaction.
α-proteobacteria	A major class of bacteria that includes many photosynthetic species, many pathogens (e.g., Rickettsias), and many mutualistic symbionts, including the ancestors of mitochondria.
medulla	Also called myelencephalon
principal verb	(See "Main Verb.")
template class	template parameter -
dependent variable	The factor that an experimenter measures to monitor a change in response to changes in an independent variable.
tracheid	A cell with strengthened walls that functions to transport fluid within plants.
flagellated	Having flagella.
unconditioned stimulus	See classical conditioning.
obsessive-compulsive disorder	A syndrome in which the affected individual engages in recurring, repetitive acts that are carried out without rhyme, reason, or the ability to stop.
acrostic poem	A poem in which certain letters of the lines, usually the first letters, form a word or message relating to the subject
character	A member of a set of identifiers used for the organization, control or representation of text
pomc/cart neurons	Neurons involved in the hypothalamic appetite control system, so named because they produce both pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript
specific heat	The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature 1°C.
optative mood	A verb mood expressing desirability
multicellular	Of organisms, consisting of more than one cell per organism, and usually exhibiting specialization of different cells for different tasks.
order	A taxonomic grouping of related, similar families; the category below class and above family.
power	See statistical power.
heterogeneous	when there are two (or more) kinds of ray systems within an individual, c.f
nonsynonymous mutation	A point mutation in a protein-coding region that changes a codon such that it alters the resulting amino acid sequence of the protein.
hypophyseal portal system	A duplex system of capillaries spanning between the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus and the secretory tissue of the anterior pituitary.
agnosticism	Usually used to mean denying the possibility of knowing the nature or existence of God, but used by Marxists with the meaning of denying the possibility of knowledge of the objective world
initialization	allocation -
evaporative cooling	The property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state.
fallopian tube	See Oviduct.
dizygotic	Referring to twins derived from separate eggs (fraternal twins)
denudation	The wearing away of the surface of the land by water.
self-incompatibility	The capability of certain flowers to block fertilization by pollen from the same or a closely related plant.
multiple inheritance	double -
parameter	constant -
alexandrine	A line of poetry that has 12 syllables
bariatric	Having to do with obesity.
case	In English, case is only visible on pronouns
dentate gyrus	A strip of gray matter in the hippocampal formation
presumption	A statement concerning what people ordinarily expect to happen in the course of normal events.
activational effect	A temporary change in behavior resulting from the administration of a hormone to an adult animal
universal genetic code	See canonical code.
distich	A strophic unit of two lines; a pair of poetic lines or verses which together comprise a complete sense.
pidgin	A language that is acquired by adults for communication (trade) between speakers of very different languages.
evolutionary psychology	A field devoted to asking how natural selection has shaped behavior in humans.
inkhorn term	A 16th century term to criticize the (over)use of latinate/difficult terms.
pedunculated	Supported upon a stem or stalk
crassulacean acid metabolism	A process by which some species of plants in hot, dry climates take in carbon dioxide during the night, fixing it in organic acids; the carbon dioxide is released during the day and used immediately in the Calvin cycle.
humanistic approach	Communicative approach that focuses on the whole learner, starts with the individual then expands to group and includes music, art and physical activity.
sexual selection	Selection based on variation in secondary sex characteristics, leading to the enhancement of sexual dimorphism.
primary tense	In Greek, this refers to any tense which uses the primary personal pronoun endings to create all the forms of its tense in all its flexions
instrumental	Refers to a tool or other implement with which an agent performs a verbal action
canzone	A medieval Italian lyric poem, with five or six stanzas and a shorter concluding stanza (or envoy)
stele	The central vascular cylinder in roots where xylem and phloem are located.
hemolymph	In invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues.
epicormic	of vegetative buds borne on the old wood of trees, arising after injury, fire, etc., either adventitious or preventitious, c.f
androstenedione	The chief sex hormone secreted by the human adrenal cortex
linkage	The tendency of 'genes' on the same chromosome to segregate together
mood	Indicates whether the sentence states a fact or asks a question (indicative mood), gives a command or direction (imperative mood), or expresses a condition contrary to fact, a wish, or a suggestion (subjunctive mood)
cranial nerve	A nerve that is connected directly to the brain
angustiseptate	a fruit flattened at right angles to the septum so the septum crosses the narrowest part of the ovary, c.f
limerick	A light or humorous verse form of five chiefly anapestic verses of which lines one, two and five are of three feet and lines three and four are of two feet, with a rhyme scheme of aabba
cross-examination	A period during the debate when a member of one team asks questions of a member of the opposing team.
biotroph	a parasite that derives its nutrition from the living cells of its host, c.f
antithesis	A figure of speech in which a thought is balanced with a contrasting thought in parallel arrangements of words and phrases, such as, "he promised wealth and provided poverty," or "it was the best of times, it was the worst of times, " or from Pope's An Epistle to Dr
ternary meter	A meter consisting of three syllables per foot, as in dactylic or anapestic meters
sc	See standard condition.
copy constructor	auto -
recto	Term used in printing to indicate the front side of a page.
markedness	The basic, default forms are said to be unmarked, while all others are marked
try block	exception handling -
basic	anther wall development in which the primary parietal layer gives rise to two secondary parietal layers, the outer producing the endothecium and middle layer, the inner producing cells of the middle layer and tapetum, c.f
theme	The central idea, topic, or didactic quality of a work.
restriction enzyme	An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sites, typically four to six bases long
paradoxical sleep	See rapid-eye-movement sleep.
new operator	Used to allocate dynamic storage
antipsychotics	See neuroleptics.
histones	Highly conserved basic proteins that are involved in the packing of DNA
dorsifixed	attached at or by the back, e.g
oogamous	Having separate flagellated gametes (sperm) and sessile gametes (ova).
light-independent reactions	The carbon-fixing reactions of the second stage of photosynthesis; energy stored in ATP and NADPH by the light-dependent reactions is used to reduce carbon from carbon dioxide to simple sugars; light is not required for these reactions.
sexual dimorphism	The condition in which males and females show pronounced sex differences in appearance.
dithyramb	In classical poetry, a type of melic verse associated with drunken revelry and performed to honor Dionysus (Bacchus), the Greek god of wine
mesoderm	One of three cell layers found in bilaterian embryos (the other two being the ectoderm and endoderm)
syllable	An element of speech that acts as a unit of rhythm.
autoinduction	The induction of a regulatory cascade in quorum sensing
mpoa	See medial preoptic area.
parthenogenesis	Literally, “virgin birth.” The production of offspring without the contribution of a male or sperm.
status quo	The course of action currently pursued (i.e., the present system).
blood-brain barrier	The mechanisms that make the movement of substances from blood vessels into brain cells more difficult than exchanges in other body organs, thus affording the brain greater protection from exposure to some substances found in the blood.
taxonomy	The classification of organisms
acid	See LSD.
diphthong	A gliding monosyllabic speech sound that starts at or near the articulatory position for one vowel and moves to or toward the position of another
isotope	Forms of an element that differ in atomic mass.
type	dynamic storage -
heroic couplet	A stanza composed of two rhymed lines in iambic pentameter.
methylation	A chemical modification of DNA that does not affect the nucleotide sequence of a gene but makes that gene less likely to be expressed.
suffix	A part of a word that cannot stand alone but is added to the end of another word, e.g
filopodia	Very fine, tubular outgrowths from a cell
eutrophic lake	A highly productive lake, having a high rate of biological productivity supported by a high rate of nutrient cycling.
compound subject	Two nominals (usually NPs) joined by a coordinating conjunction and functioning as the subject of a clause.
quadratic selection gradient	See selection gradient, quadratic.
ganglion cells	A class of cells in the retina whose axons form the optic nerve
refractory	Transiently inactivated or exhausted.
imperfective	An aspectual category: the opposite of perfective
blending	Combining parts of a spoken word into a whole representation of the word
neologism	A recently created word or expression.
tense	English inflects verbs for present or past tense only, categories loosely (but only loosely) tied to the time of the action of the verb
anacreontic	A term describing odes written in the style of the Greek poet, Anacreon, convivial in tone or theme, relating to the praise of love and wine, as in Abraham Cowley's Anacreontiques.
heterothallic	Producing male and female or (+) and (-) gametes on different gametophytes, often of dissimilar appearance.
render	Faithfully translate into application-specific form allowing native application operations to be performed.
automaticity	reading without conscious effort or attention to decoding
rflp	See restriction fragment length polymorphism.
dementia	Drastic failure of cognitive ability, including memory failure and loss of orientation.
scheme	A figure of speech in which the normal word order or pattern of a sentence is deliberately changed for emphasis
contributory causal argument	An argument that states that the purported cause is one of several contributors to the effect.
sodium-potassium pump	A special transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that transports sodium out of and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients.
recessive lethal	See lethal.
namespace	using namespace -
senryu	A short Japanese poem that is similar to a haiku in structure but treats human beings rather than nature, often in a humorous or satiric way.
quatrain	A stanza or poem of four lines.
cell membrane	The outer membrane of the cell; the plasma membrane.
untaught residue	Material which has not previously been taught but is used in a primer lesson anyway to make the lesson more effective.
retrieval	A process in memory during which a stored memory is used by an organism
hexitol	a straight-chained sugar alcohol or polyol, i.e
aldosterone	A mineralocorticoid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that induces the kidneys to conserve sodium ions.
stative	Verbs expressing a state or condition and thus not usually found in the progressive aspect
crossing over	The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during synapsis of meiosis I.
blood-brain barrier	A specialized capillary arrangement in the brain that restricts the passage of most substances into the brain, thereby preventing dramatic fluctuations in the brain's environment.
possessive pronoun	A form of personal pronoun (his, our/ours) that shows ownership
template	parser -
compression fossil	The organic remains of an organism which have been pressed flat between rock strata.
endogenous opioids	A family of peptide transmitters that have been called the body’s own narcotics
syntax	The syntax of a language comprises, roughly speaking, the patterns into which its words can be validly arranged to form sentences
function	See access control
endogenous	Arising from internal structures or functional causes.
predation	An interaction between species in which one species, the predator, eats the other, the prey.
amphetamine psychosis	A delusional and psychotic state, closely resembling acute schizophrenia, that is brought on by repeated use of high doses of amphetamine.
working memory	A buffer that holds memories available for ready access during performance of a task
substantive adjectives	See nominal adjectives.
protein hormones	Also called peptide hormones
chance & necessity	Chance, or Accident is a transient, non-essential property of a thing or process, as opposed to what is essential, necessary and substantial
universal grammar	Sometimes Universal Grammar refers simply to the aspects of language that all languages have in common
liquid	A liquid is a kind of approximant
spectrophotometer	An instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution.
apothecium	Cup-shaped, open ascocarp containing asci on its inner exposed surface.
access control	front end -
feature	See semantic feature
anorexia nervosa	A syndrome in which individuals severely deprive themselves of food.
directional selection	Natural selection that favors individuals on one end of the phenotypic range.
adaptation	1
function	long -
golgi stain	A histological stain that fills a small proportion of neurons with a dark, silver-based precipitate
argument	template class -
altruistic	A gene, trait, or behavior that reduces the fitness of its bearer but increases the fitness of other individuals.
proper adjective	An adjective taking a capital letter even when not modifying a proper noun, either because it is itself derived from a proper noun or because it has the same kind of reference as a proper noun.
unmarked	See marked.
appearance	A philosophical term concerned with the relativity of perception and the difference between immediately given sensual knowledge and conceptual knowledge of the lawfulness of things
content elements	MathML elements that explicitly specify the mathematical meaning of a portion of a MathML expression (defined in Chapter 4 Content Markup).
lamarckism	See inheritance of acquired characteristics.
cleistothecium	Spherical, closed ascocarp containing asci in its interior.
harmonic mean	An average defined byIt gives greatest weight to small values
contraction	A word that is shortened, e.g
object	See dynamic storage
pluripotent stem cell	A cell within bone marrow that is a progenitor for any kind of blood cell.
inline function	mangling -
imprinting	A type of learned behavior with a significant innate component, acquired during a limited critical period.
head	The constituent of a phrase which determines its nature and properties
origin of replication	A specific sequence of bases in a nucleic acid molecule to which the enzymes responsible for replicating the nucleic acid bind to initiate the copying process.
grammar	All of the rules for usage of a particular language.
trophic structure	The different feeding relationships in an ecosystem that determine the route of energy flow and the pattern of chemical cycling.
complementary dna	DNA that is complementary to messenger RNA
α-fetoprotein	A protein found in the plasma of fetuses
ion channel	A pore in the cell membrane that permits the passage of certain ions through the membrane when the channels are open
narrowing	Change in meaning from general to more restricted.
plastic	Readily capable of change.
phylotype	The phylogenetic type of an uncultured organism as inferred from analysis of its ribosomal RNA sequence.
primary productivity	The rate at which light energy or inorganic chemical energy is converted to the chemical energy of organic compounds by autotrophs in an ecosystem.
diglossia	A situation where there are two codes (dialects, languages, or registers) where one code is used under very different circumstances than the other, e.g
delete operator	generic programming -
cardiac output	The volume of blood pumped per minute by the left ventricle of the heart.
feral	Having become wild from a state of cultivation or domestication.
plural	More than one
run-time type information	run-time -
non-count noun	A more descriptive term for mass nouns.
doublet	A pair: cualidad and calidad is a doublet development of Lat
sperm	The gamete produced by males for fertilization of eggs (ova).
attention	Also called selective attention
stem	See base form.
masculine rhyme	A rhyme that occurs in a final stressed syllable: cat/hat, desire/fire, observe/deserve.
induction	See Induction & Deduction
argument	A child of a presentation layout schema
contingency loci	Loci made up of microsatellite repeats (e.g., ATATATAT) in which, when the number of copies of the repeat changes, the phenotype of the cell changes drastically
syllabic verse	A type of verse distinguished primarily by the syllable count, i.e., the number of syllables in each line, rather than by the rhythmical arrangement of accents or time quantities.
positional homology	When a multiple sequence alignment is used for phylogenetic analysis, residues that are lined up in different sequences are considered to share a common ancestry (i.e., they are derived from a common ancestral residue).
protostele	The simplest type of stele, consisting of a single column of vascular tissue.
furcula	The forked bone formed by the union of the collarbones in many birds, such as the common Fowl.
quantity	See Quality and Quantity
constraint-induced movement therapy	A therapy for recovery of movement after stroke or injury in which the person’s unaffected limb is constrained while he is required to perform tasks with the affected limb.
marked	A sound or construction that is cross-linguistically unusual.
stream	data abstraction -
trachea	The windpipe or passage for the admission of air to the lungs.
fundamental type	unwinding -
sleep paralysis	A state during the transition to or from sleep, in which the ability to move or talk is temporarily lost.
instar	The stage of an arthropod's life cycle between molts (shedding of the exoskeleton)
metaclass	The specification of a class; the complete description of a class's attributes, behavior and implementation
sry gene	A gene on the Y chromosome that directs the developing gonads to become testes
truth	It is said that a thought has Truth
thesaurus	a book or a list that contains words that have similar meanings
analogy	An agreement or similarity in some particulars between things otherwise different; sleep and death, for example, are analogous in that they both share a lack of animation and a recumbent posture.
verse	A single metrical line of poetry, or poetry in general (as opposed to prose).
consonance	The close repetition of the same end consonants of stressed syllables with differing vowel sounds, such as boat and night, or the words drunk and milk in the final line of Coleridge's "Kubla Khan."
selfish dna	Sequences that replicate faster than the rest of the genome and that reduce the fitness of the individual carrying them.
cacophony	Discordant sounds in the jarring juxtaposition of harsh letters or syllables which are grating to the ear, usually inadvertent, but sometimes deliberately used in poetry for effect.
operon	A set of adjacent genes whose transcription is regulated as a single unit.
dorsally compressed	of axillary structures, flattened ad-/abaxially, so extended in the lateral plane, c.f
translation unit	linker -
mhc	See major histocompatibility complex.
variable	(1) A storage place within an object for a data element
baroreceptor	A pressure receptor in the heart or a major artery that detects a fall in blood pressure.
dynamic storage	friend -
endoderm	One of three cell layers found in bilaterian embryos (the other two being the ectoderm and mesoderm)
phasic receptor	A receptor in which the frequency of action potentials drops rapidly as stimulation is maintained
vagueness	A fallacy of language that occurs when the meaning of some word or words in an argument is indeterminate and when such vagueness prevents listeners from assessing the argument.
alexandrine	The standard line in French poetry, consisting of twelve syllables with a caesura after the sixth syllable
fungi (sing	FUNGUS)
disyllabic rhyme	A rhyme in which two final syllables of words have the same sound, as in fender and bender or beguile and revile.
register	Language of a particular occupation or social situation.
meiotic drive	Preferential movement of a chromosome during meiosis toward the pole of the cell that will go on to produce gametes.
hamaudol	a pyranochromone.
vntr	See variable number tandem repeat.
inverse function	A mathematical function that, when composed with the original function acts like an identity function.
metaphor	a word or phrase that means one thing and is used for referring to another thing in order to emphasize their similar qualities
limerick	A light, humorous poem of five usually anapestic lines with the rhyme scheme of aabba
transposable element	A genetic element that can move from one location in the genome to another.
type system	type conversion -
bilabiate	two-lipped, e.g
primase	Enzyme used to initiate replication of DNA.
cognitive map	A mental representation of a spatial relationship.
northern blot	A method of detecting a particular RNA transcript in a tissue or organ, by separating RNA from that source with gel electrophoresis, blotting the separated RNAs onto nitrocellulose, and then using a nucleotide probe to hybridize with, and highlight, the transcript of interest
simple policy proposition	A proposition that urges adoption of a certain policy.
caffeine	a pseudoalkaloid.
quire	A set of sheets to be bound together with other sets of sheet, see chapter 7.
celsius scale	A temperature scale (°C) equal to 5/9 (°F – 32) that measures the freezing point of water at 0°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C.
asha	American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
pharmacodynamics	Collective name for the factors that affect the relationship between a drug and its target receptors, such as affinity and efficacy.
versification	The art of writing verses, especially with regard to meter and rhythm
differential equation	An equation that gives the rate of change of a system as a function of its present state.
genetic map	An ordered list of genetic loci (genes or other genetic markers) along a chromosome.
storage class	base class -
ground tissue system	A tissue of mostly parenchyma cells that makes up the bulk of a young plant and fills the space between the dermal and vascular tissue systems.
unary message	A message that has no arguments
progestins	A major class of steroid hormones that are produced by the ovary, including progesterone
thigmomorphogenesis	A response in plants to chronic mechanical stimulation, resulting from increased ethylene production; an example is thickening stems in response to strong winds.
ploidy	The number of copies of each chromosome in the organism.
using directive	variable -
wernicke’s area	A region of temporoparietal cortex in the brain that is involved in the perception and production of speech
fetal alcohol syndrome	A disorder, including intellectual disability and characteristic facial anomalies, that affects children exposed to too much alcohol (through maternal ingestion) during fetal development.
cell-mediated immunity	The type of immunity that functions in defense against fungi, protists, bacteria, and viruses inside host cells and against tissue transplants, with highly specialized cells that circulate in the blood and lymphoid tissue.
substrate	Pertaining to the language of a culture which is inferior in status: Basque is said to be a substrate to Latin during the Romanization of the Iberian Peninsula.
semantics	the study of words and their meanings
climax	Rhetorically, a series of words, phrases, or sentences arranged in a continuously ascending order of intensity
denotative	See connotative.
centromere	site on the chromosome where spindle fibers attach during nuclear division, see acrocentric, holocentric, metacentric, and telocentric.
telic	An aspectual category indicating an action which necessarily has a final point (e.g
motor neuron	A nerve cell that transmits signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands.
spindle	An assemblage of microtubules that orchestrates chromosome movement during eukaryotic cell division.
parsing	This is a type of parsing used in C++ compilers
caulome	a collective term for all stems of a plant and their modifications, c.f
balanced polymorphism	A type of polymorphism in which the frequencies of the coexisting forms do not change noticeably over many generations.
free energy	A quantity of energy that interrelates entropy (S) and the system's total energy (H); symbolized by G
hexameter	A line of poetry that has six metrical feet.
analogy	Changing the form of a word to pattern with a grammatically related word, e.g
kingdom	The major taxonomic group in the current classification of living organisms with the exception of informal division of prokaryotic and eukaryotic empires
bigeminate	in two pairs.
wild type	The commonest allele at a locus or the most common genotype.
atomists	Ancient Greek school of philosophical materialism
lyric verse	One of the three main groups of poetry, the others being narrative and dramatic
brain	The master control center in an animal; in vertebrates, the brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system.
cognitively impenetrable	Referring to data-processing operations of the central nervous system that are unconscious.
flaccid	limp, c.f
antibody	Also called immunoglobulin
psychosocial dwarfism	Reduced stature caused by stress early in life that inhibits deep sleep
slow-twitch muscle fiber	A type of striated muscle fiber that contracts slowly but does not fatigue readily
epizeuxis	Repetition in succession of a single word--again, again, and again
fruitlet	strictly speaking, a seed-bearing structure derived from a single free carel.
neurotrophin	A chemical that prevents neurons from dying.
homologous recombination	The process by which two pieces of DNA, identical or nearly identical in sequence (e.g., two copies of a chromosome), align and exchange a portion of DNA.
bacteriophage	A virus that infects bacteria
aphasia	An impairment in language understanding and/or production that is caused by brain injury.
messenger rna	The RNA molecule that is transcribed from the DNA and takes sequence information to the ribosome, where it is translated into protein.
sylvian fissure	Also called lateral sulcus
sucrose	Cane sugar; a common disaccharide found in many plants; a molecule of glucose linked to a molecule of fructose.
attributive adjective	See adjective.
depolarization	A reduction in membrane potential (the interior of the neuron becomes less negative)
control verbs	See raising verbs.
orthogenesis	An inherent tendency for lineages to change in a particular direction.
agency	Agency is the subject of social change, who makes history.
androgens	A class of hormones that includes testosterone and other male hormones
rhizopods	A class of lowly organised animals (protozoa), having a gelatinous body, the surface of which can be protruded in the form of root-like processes or filaments, which serve for locomotion and the prehension of food
method of correlation	A method of reasoning used in cause-and-effect analysis that examines examples that demonstrate that as the amount of the cause increases (or decreases), the effect will also increase (or decrease).
diffusion approximation	A mathematical approximation that describes diffusion using a differential equation
ovule	The female gamete in a flowering plant
height	(of a box) The distance from the baseline of the box to the top edge of the box.
exception	See catch
spongy parenchyma	In plant leaves, a tissue composed of loosely arranged chloroplast-containing parenchyma cells.
swim bladder	An adaptation, derived from a lung, that enables bony fishes to adjust their density and thereby control their buoyancy.
mitochondrion	A cellular organelle that provides metabolic energy for the cell’s processes
sarcode	The gelatinous material of which the bodies of the lowest animals (Protozoa) are composed.
polygenic	Influenced by multiple genes.
isomorphic alternation of generations	gametophyte and sporophyte generations are indistinguishable except by their sexual organs.
congenital insensitivity to pain	The condition of being born without the ability to perceive pain.
nernst equation	An equation predicting the voltage needed to just counterbalance the diffusion force pushing an ion across a semipermeable membrane from the side with a high concentration to the side with a low concentration.
cuticle	the water-repellent covering of the outer walls of the epidermis, consisting of wax and cutin.
class hierarchy	See programming environment
guaiac	compounds based on C6H4(OH)(OCH3), c.f
neutral theory	The theory that genetic variation is neutral and is shaped primarily by mutation and random genetic drift.
union	In set theory, the union (denoted by ∪) of a collection of sets is the set of all distinct elements in the collection
haemochorin	an arylphenalenone.
exception handling	translation limit -
anxiety disorder	Any of a class of psychological disorders that include recurrent panic states, generalized persistent anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorders.
autonomy	Autonomy is the right and capacity of a person, country or people to determine their own actions.
cauduciform	a plant with an enlarged, swollen, usually water-storing basal portion of the stem.
southern blotting	A hybridization technique that enables researchers to determine the presence of certain nucleotide sequences in a sample of DNA.
ingestion	A heterotrophic mode of nutrition in which other organisms or detritus are eaten whole or in pieces.
ribozyme	An RNA with catalytic activity.
galactomannans	a hemicellulose containing galactose and mannose, c.f
aubade	A song or poem with a motif of greeting the dawn, often involving the parting of lovers, or a call for a beloved to arise, as in Shakespeare's "Song," from Cymbeline.
linker	set_new_handler -
chanson de geste	An epic poem of the 11th to the 14th century, written in Old French, which details the exploits of a historical or legendary figure, especially Charlemagne.
cryptic	of insects, etc., with a colouration, etc., that conceals them from potential predators, c.f
in situ hybridization	A method for detecting particular RNA transcripts in tissue sections by providing a nucleotide probe that is complementary to, and will therefore hybridize with, the transcript of interest
semivowel	semi-deponent
abbreviation	a short form of a word or phrase, for example: tbc = to be confirmed; CIA = the Central Intelligence Agency
mixed strategy	Where individuals play two or more strategies at random.
semantics	The study of the development and changes of the meanings of speech forms
semi-auxiliaries	Another term for quasi-modals.
dative	In some languages, a case assigned to recipients or beneficiaries
triolet	A poem or stanza of eight lines in which the first line is repeated as the fourth and seventh lines, and the second line as the eighth, with a rhyme scheme of ABaAabAB, as in Adelaide Crapsey's "Song."
pulse	A measurement of heart rate; distention of an artery that can be felt each time the heart contracts.
hexameter	A line of verse consisting of six metrical feet; the term, however, is usually used for dactylic hexameter, consisting of dactyls and spondees, the meter in which the Greek and Latin epics were written.
radioimmunoassay	A technique that uses antibodies to measure the concentration of a substance, such as a hormone, in blood
tex	A software system developed by Professor Donald Knuth for typesetting documents.
anaphora	Figure of speech involving repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of a set of clauses--think Martin Luther King's I have a dream ...
mpf	A protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis; the active form consists of cyclin and cdc2, a protein kinase.
type	break -
type	typeid -
predicative adjective	See adjective.
catalysis	The facilitation of a chemical reaction by a molecule that is not itself altered by the reaction.
sugar	Any monosaccharide or disaccharide.
code switching	Alternating between two languages or varieties.
transport vesicle	A spheroid intracellular structure that contains molecules of important substances
in vitro	Literally, “in glass” (in Latin)
volition	“Volition” means the Will or intention
crustaceous	brittle.
static	stream -
bark	All tissues external to the vascular cambium in a plant growing in thickness, consisting of phloem, phelloderm, cork cambium, and cork.
pyrenoid	In hornworts and Chlorophyta, a region of the chloroplast involved in starch formation.
international computers limited	International Computers Limited, or ICL, was a large British computer hardware, computer software and computer services company that operated from 1968 until 2002
ion	An atom or molecule that has acquired an electrical charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons.
epiphora	See epistrophe.
executive function	A neural and cognitive system that helps develop plans of action and organizes the activities of other high-level processing systems.
therapeutic index	The margin of safety for a given drug, expressed as the distance between effective doses and toxic doses
rna	See ribonucleic acid.
retrogression	Backward development
analysis and synthesis	Analysis and Synthesis
gradualism	A view of Earth's history that attributes profound change to the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes.
selection differential	The difference in mean trait value between those that reproduce and the original population.
noam chomsky	Pioneered cognitive/gestalt approach to understanding language acquisition
muscle fiber	Muscle cell; a long, cylindrical, multinucleated cell containing numerous myofibrils, which is capable of contraction when stimulated.
mutation	A change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene as a result of unfaithful replication.
negative feedback	A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.
cytoskeleton	The system of protein filaments in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that gives the cell its shape and its capacity for directed movement and that participates in the directed transport of molecules within a cell.
trimerophyte	Member of an early group of vascular plants.
cambrian explosion	A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geological history; recorded in the fossil record about 545 to 525 million years ago.
antistrophe	Sometimes used for epistrophe, though better kept for the repetition of words in reversed order
cholinergic	Referring to cells that use acetylcholine as their synaptic transmitter.
character state reconstruction	A method used to infer ancestral and derived character states and traits.
protein electrophoresis	A method of analyzing a mixture of proteins by separating the molecules based on physical characteristics such as size, shape, or isoelectric point.
standard score	In statistics, the standard score is the (signed) number of standard deviations an observation or datum is above the mean
corticospinal system	See pyramidal system.
guttation	The exudation of water droplets caused by root pressure in certain plants.
myopia	Nearsightedness; the inability to focus the retinal image of objects that are far away.
cytokine	A protein that induces the proliferation of other cells, as in the immune system
temporary variable	A variable whose scope is limited to the Smalltalk method or block in which it is defined
meiosporocyte	The diploid cell that undergoes meiosis to produce meiospores.
enum	enumerator -
priapulid	Member of a phylum of worm-like animals (phylum Priapulida).
selective death	A failure to survive or reproduce; also, a loss of fitness attributable to differences in genotype.
illusory being [or semblance]	Illusory Being is a category of Hegel’s philosophy denoting the sceptical
rvalue	macro -
yellow	Yellow is the color of gold, butter, or ripe lemons
amphistomatic	of leaves in which stomata are borne on both sides, c.f
extracellular matrix	The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded; consists of protein and polysaccharides.
daughter cell	A cell that is the offspring of a cell that has undergone mitosis or meiosis
passive	A syntactic or morphological category of voice
hiatus	Two vowels occurring sequentially but belonging to different syllables are said to be in hiatus, e.g
apoptosis	programmed cell death.
testes	The male gonads, which produce sperm and androgenic steroid hormones
papilla	A small bump that projects from the surface of the tongue
limerick	A light, humorous poem of five usually anapestic lines with the rhyme scheme of aabba.
epicaulescent	of axillary branching, a kind of metatopic growth where the bud and subtending leaf are as it were shifted up the stem, appearing ro be adnate to it, c.f
aborted	An organ is said to be aborted, when its development has been arrested at a very early stage.
suprasegmental	A vocal effect that extends over more than one sound segment in an utterance, such as pitch, stress, or juncture pattern.
cleavage furrow	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.
vd	See dominance variance.
phrase	A string of words can often act as an exact grammatical substitute for a single word; such a string is called a 'phrase'
degradation	The chemical breakdown of a neurotransmitter into inactive metabolites.
hemistich	The approximate half of a line of poetic verse
array	virtual base class -
absolute fitness	See fitness.
function	return value -
alienable possession	see inalienable possession.
class library	lifetime -
subject	See Object and Subject
vertical evolution	See vertical descent.
genetic	Grouping languages together that have a common ancestor (e.g
slip-strand mispairing	A process in which a DNA polymerase adds too many or too few copies of a repetitive sequence during replication.
idiomatic translation	A translation which follows the conventions or rules of the language into which it is being translated
decomposers	Saprotrophic fungi and bacteria that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms, and convert them into inorganic forms.
glabrate	glabrous, but obviously having previously had an indumentum; c.f
subjective case	Another term for nominative case.
epitope	A localized region on the surface of an antigen that is chemically recognized by antibodies; also called antigenic determinant.
gland	a structure, within or on the surface of a plant, with a secretory function.
arpanet	First established in November 1969, APANET was the first computer network where computers communicated with one another via exchanging packets of information, instead of circuit switching, as had first been done in 1965
phrase	A group of related words, centered around a head.
cochlear amplifier	The mechanism by which the cochlea is physically distorted by outer hair cells in order to “tune” the cochlea to be particularly sensitive to some frequencies more than others.
name mangling	member -
synaptic cleft	The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic elements
subject labels	labels that show that a word is used as part of a language of a particular subject and is not used in normal everyday English
parasitism	A symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont (parasite) benefits at the expense of the host by living either within the host (endoparasite) or outside the host (ectoparasite)
half-life	The average time required for the disappearance or decay of one-half of any amount of a given substance.
autotroph	an organism independent of others in respect of organic nutrition, being able to fix carbon dioxide by photosynthesis, to form carbohydrates, c.f
pantoum	A poem in a fixed form, consisting of a varying number of 4-line stanzas with lines rhyming alternately; the second and fourth lines of each stanza are repeated to form the first and third lines of the succeeding stanza; the first and third lines of the first stanza form the second and fourth of the last stanza, but in reverse order, so that the opening and closing lines of the poem are identical.
latent	Something which is present but invisible, or inactive but capable of becoming active or visible, so a child may have latent knowledge of a concept, meaning the child understands the concept, but has not had an opportunity to demonstrate that understanding.
ploce	The general term for a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is repeated in close proximity within a clause or line, usually for emphasis or for extended significance, as "a wife who was a wife indeed" or "there are medicines and medicines."
suffix	a group of letters added to the end of a word to make a different word
quatrain	A poem, unit, or stanza of four lines of verse, usually with a rhyme scheme of abab or its variant, xbyb
human immunodeficiency virus	The infectious agent that causes AIDS; HIV is an RNA retrovirus.
α-helix	Common structural motif of proteins in which a linear sequence of amino acids folds into a right-hand helix stabilized by internal hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms.
narcolepsy	A disorder that involves frequent, intense episodes of sleep, which last from 5 to 30 minutes and can occur anytime during the usual waking hours.
intonation	Intonation refers to changes in the tone or frequency of sounds during speech
population genetics	Study of the processes that change the genetic composition of populations.
georgic	A poem dealing with a rural or agricultural topic, but differing from pastoral poetry in that the primary intention of a georgic is didactic
memberwise copy	bool -
fossiliferous	Containing fossils.
protected	aggregate -
patient	Another term applied to the semantic role of theme.
specifier position	a position defined by X-bar Theory
metaphor	A figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one object or idea is applied to another, thereby suggesting a likeness or analogy between them, as:
object-oriented programming	A programming methodology built around objects and based on sending messages back and forth between those objects
chemoreceptor	A receptor that transmits information about the total solute concentration in a solution or about individual kinds of molecules.
heroin	Diacetylmorphine; an artificially modified, very potent form of morphine.
ova	Eggs.
delete operator	dynamic_cast -
lexicographer	someone whose job is to look at what words mean and how they are used, and to use this information to write entries for a dictionary
parsing	parsing -
lenition	frequentative
bole	the trunk of a tree below the lowest branch, c.f
orbit	The bony cavity for the reception of the eye.
ablaut	a vowel whose quality or length is changed to indicate linguistic distinctions e.g
anapest	A metrical foot of three syllables, two short (or unstressed) followed by one long (or stressed), as in seventeen
mammalia	The vertebrate class of mammals, characterized by body hair and mammary glands that produce milk to nourish the young.
cognates	Words with a common origin, e.g
bard	An ancient composer, singer or declaimer of epic verse, celebrating the deeds of gods and heroes.
elegy	A poem that laments the death of a person, or one that is simply sad and thoughtful
aplanospore	A nonmotile spore.
fluent aphasia	Also called Wernicke’s aphasia
colony	A group of cells, usually the asexual offspring of a single original cell, that do not show division of labor and that do not form a filament.
sleep apnea	A sleep disorder in which respiration slows or stops periodically, waking the patient
analogy	similarity between two structures because they have the same or a similar function, c.f
ambiguity	Applied to words and expressions, the state of being doubtful or indistinct in meaning or capable of being understood in more than one way, in the context in which it is used.
nucleotide site	A particular nucleotide in the DNA or RNA sequence.
extended metaphor	A metaphor which is drawn-out beyond the usual word or phrase to extend throughout a stanza or an entire poem, usually by using multiple comparisons between the unlike objects or ideas.
stasis	A system devised to determine the key issues of clash in a topic
call by value	call by value -
chromoplast	a plastid with abundant yellow or orange carotenoids, c.f
sex	Formation of new organism containing genetic material from more than a single parent
chert	Very fine grained silica (SiO2) that forms layers or nodules in sequences of sedimentary rocks.
name	A declarator appears after a sequence of type
peroxisome	A membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotes involved in detoxification.
adverb	Term used in traditional grammar for a wide range of words, including conjunctive adverbs, degree words, and various kinds of adjuncts
columella	a central cylinder or dome of sterile tissue in the center of a sporangium.
fungus	A heterotrophic, absorptive organism, either of the Kingdom Fungi or of similar ecology.
object	See allocation
unsigned	integral promotion -
food chain	The pathway along which food is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers.
hippocrepiform	horseshoe-shaped, inverted (with respect to the point of reference) U-shaped.
natural killer cell	Bone marrow-derived, mononuclear white blood cells (large granular lymphocytes) that are able to kill invading microorganisms without activation by cells of the immune system
variables	Quantities that describe the state of a system and that evolve through time
diablo	A protein released by mitochondria, in response to high calcium levels, that activates apoptosis.
template class	See argument
const	constant expression -
facts	Observed or observable data.
missense mutation	A nucleotide substitution within a protein-coding region of a gene that leads to the replacement of one amino acid by a different amino acid.
conditioned stimulus	See classical conditioning.
hard problem of consciousness	The problem of how to read people’s subjective experience of consciousness and determine the qualia that accompany perception
statement	embedded system -
open circulatory system	An arrangement of internal transport in which blood bathes the organs directly and there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid.
culturing	The growth of a particular microorganism in the laboratory in isolation from other organisms.
pragmatics	A technical term meaning, roughly, what the person speaking or writing actually meant, rather than what the words themselves mean.
base-pair substitution	A point mutation; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner from the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides.
scan	To mark off lines of poetry into rhythmic units, or feet, to provide a visual representation of their metrical structure, as illustrated with the following lines from "Verses Supposed to be Written by Alexander Selkirk," by William Cowper (written in anapestic trimeter):
hypoxia	A transient lack of oxygen.
plastid	A specialized organelle found in plants, algae, and a variety of single-celled eukaryotes
destructor	const_cast -
proper noun	The name of an individual person or thing.
hygroscopic	absorbing water, sometimes undergoing movements or changes brought about by changes in the water content.
neuroscience	The study of the nervous system.
tundra	A biome at the extreme limits of plant growth; at the northernmost limits, it is called arctic tundra, and at high altitudes, where plant forms are limited to low shrubby or matlike vegetation, it is called alpine tundra.
translation unit	It is expanded by the preprocessor
proofreading	Correction of DNA replication mistakes by the DNA polymerase enzyme.
mold	A rapidly growing, asexually reproducing fungus.
likelihood	Given a hypothesis, the probability of observing certain data.
adaptation	A trait that functions to increase fitness and that evolved for that function.
l.s.	Longitudinal (lengthwise) section.
glyph	The actual shape (bit pattern, outline) of a character
voice	Refers to the kind of subjects and objects taken by a transitive verb
dissociative drug	A type of drug that produces a dreamlike state in which consciousness is partly separated from sensory inputs.
mathml element	An XML element that forms part of the logical structure of a MathML document.
appositive genitive	Apposition may be expressed with a genitive expression--in English, usually an of-genitive--e.g., the merry month of May.
aureol	a phytoalexin.
nonfluent speech	Talking with considerable effort, short sentences, and the absence of the usual melodic character of conversational speech.
nissl stain	A histological stain that outlines all cell bodies because the dyes are attracted to RNA, which encircles the nucleus
alternate	of pits, when they are in diagonal rows and, when crowded, hexagonal in surface view, c.f
levels of analysis	The scope of experimental approaches
stream	cfront -
tricyclic antidepressants	A class of drugs that act by increasing the synaptic accumulation of serotonin and norepinephrine.
real number	In mathematics, a real number is a value that represents a quantity along a continuous line
apogeotropic	of roots which grow upwards, c.f
while	dominance -
load	See genetic load.
exception handler	cerr -
abstraction	A simplified description or view of something that emphasizes characteristics or purposes relevant to the user, while suppressing details that are immaterial or distracting.
access control	PT -
ecdysozoan	Member of a major subdivision within the protostomes that includes the arthropods, nematodes, and several smaller phyla
electron transport chain	A sequence of electron-carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
brain-derived neurotrophic factor	A protein purified from the brains of animals that can keep some classes of neurons alive.
compound	a combination of two or more words that is used as a single word
humanism	Movement at the end of the Middle Ages emphasizing each individual's ability to decide good from bad by means of rational inquiry.
pattern formation	The ordering of cells into specific three-dimensional structures, an essential part of shaping an organism and its individual parts during development.
sedimentary formations	Rocks deposited as sediments from water.
word order	Linear sequencing of words and phrases.
transformation	The introduction of a fragment of DNA into a genome
ectopic recombination	Recombination between repetitive DNA elements found in different regions of the genome (e.g., between transposable elements at different sites)
oral	Pertaining to the mouth.
learning	The process that leads to modification in individual behavior as the result of experience.
onychophoran	Member of a phylum of caterpillar-like animals
graded response	A membrane electrical potential that spreads passively across the cell membrane, decreasing in strength with time and distance.
indirectly contained	A is contained in B, but not directly contained in B.
parental generation	In an experimental genetic cross, the parents of the F1 generation; homozygous for the trait(s) being studied.
chiasmus	An inverted parallelism; the reversal of the order of corresponding words or phrases (with or without exact repetition) in successive clauses which are usually parallel in syntax, as in Pope's "a fop their passion, but their prize a sot," or Goldsmith's "to stop too fearful, and too faint to go."
non-mendelian inheritance	Inheritance that does not follow Mendelian patterns
affixes	Also called inflecting
negative polarity	A negative electrical-potential difference relative to a reference electrode
polyspermy	Fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm.
virtual function	postfix -
jongleur	A public entertainer in the Middle Ages who recited or sang chansons de geste, fabliaux, and other poems, sometimes of their own composition, but more often those written by the trouveres.
papilionaceæ	An order of Plants (see LEGUMINOSÆ)
family	They are sometimes attested (that is, recorded somewhere), but more often they are at least partly reconstructed
immunocytochemistry	A method for detecting a particular protein in tissues in which an antibody recognizes and binds to the protein and then chemical methods are used to leave a visible reaction product around each antibody
tropic hormones	A class of anterior pituitary hormones that affect the secretion of other endocrine glands
species-specific	Characteristic of (and limited to) a particular species.
primary consumer	An herbivore; an organism in the trophic level of an ecosystem that eats plants or algae.
value categories	An arrangement of values into groups so that a group (category) can be used as evidence.
heteroecious	referring to rust fungi in which the aecial and telial stages are on different species of host plants, c.f
c fiber	A small, unmyelinated axon that conducts pain information slowly and adapts slowly
exocarp	the outer layer of a fruit wall or pericarp, i.e
sense	a separate meaning of a word or phrase
need-plan-benefit case	A method used for developing a case about policies that involves the identification of a need, proposal of a plan, and a demonstration of the advantages of the plan.
amylopectin	a more or less coiled and branched element of starch, insoluble in water, made up of alpha glucose units, c.f
specifier	In English, the constituent of a phrase which comes before the head
hypallage	A type of hyperbaton involving an interchange of elements in a phrase or sentence so that a displaced word is in a grammatical relationship with another that it does not logically qualify, as in:
sympathetic nervous system	A component of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord
antheridium	The male gametangium, consisting of a single specialized cell or group of cells in which sperm are produced.
article	A, an, the in English.
enumeration	enumeration -
lipids	Large molecules (commonly called fats) consisting of fatty acids and glycerol that are insoluble in water.
stress	Any circumstance that upsets homeostatic balance
first person	Me
positron emission tomography	A technique for examining brain function by combining tomography with injections of radioactive substances used by the brain
simultaneous hermaphrodites	Species in which individuals have both male and female reproductive organs at the same time
calcium ion	A calcium atom that carries a double positive charge because it has lost two electrons.
protein	A long string of amino acids
ancestral	of a character, a feature of a clade more basal on the tree than that with which it is (implicitly) being contrasted, c.f
romanticism	A late 18th and early 19th century period emphasizing feelings and national consciousness.
line	A unit in the structure of a poem consisting of one or more metrical feet arranged as a rhythmical entity.
operon	A type of genetic unit which consists of one or more transcription units that are transcribed together into a polycistronic mRNA
abecedarian poem	An alphabetic acrostic poem; a poem having verses beginning with the successive letters of the alphabet.
electromagnetic spectrum	The entire spectrum of radiation; ranges in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer.
isolated condition	See impoverished condition.
exogenous	superficial in origin, c.f
prokaryotes	Organisms that do not have nuclei
messenger rna	A type of RNA synthesized from DNA in the genetic material that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.
classicism	The principles and ideals of beauty that are characteristic of Greek and Roman art, architecture, and literature
bulk flow	The movement of water due to a difference in pressure between two locations.
dystrophin	A protein that is needed for normal muscle function
anxiolytics	A class of substances that are used to combat anxiety
nucleus	1
rhythm	An essential of all poetry, the regular or progressive pattern of recurrent accents in the flow of a poem as determined by the arses and theses of the metrical feet, i.e., the rise and fall of stress
orphan receptor	Any receptor for which no endogenous ligand has yet been discovered.
gene flow	The movement of genes from place to place
coenocyte	a cell in which the nuclei divide, but not the cytoplasm, resulting in a cell containing several nuclei, see also plasmodium, syncytium.
ex	A font-relative measure that is the height of an "x" in the font
missense mutation	The most common type of mutation involving a base-pair substitution within a gene that changes a codon, but the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid.
comparative value proposition	Compares two or more objects with respect to some value.
modulatory site	A portion of a receptor that, when bound by a compound, alters the receptor’s response to its transmitter.
accentual verse	Verse in which the metrical system is based on the count or pattern of accented syllables, which establish the rhythm
assignment	See also copy constructor
carbonization	Process of fossilization in which heat and pressure of the rock layers drive off all volatile elements from remains of organisms, leaving only carbon.
c3 photosynthesis	a photosynthetic pathway typically occuring entirely during daylight hours and involving the fixation of CO2 initially as a 3-C compound in the Calvin cycle (C3 photosynthesis), c.f
topic	an element appearing in front of the subject with a special interpretation (something like ‘as far as topic is concerned')
biological psychology	Also called behavioral neuroscience
multiple negation	When two or more negative words (not, nobody) occur in the same clause, e.g
natural killer cell	A nonspecific defensive cell that attacks tumor cells and destroys infected body cells, especially those harboring viruses.
judge	An observer of a debate who has the responsibility of deciding which team has done a better job of debating.
end-stopped	Denoting a line of verse in which a logical or rhetorical pause occurs at the end of the line, usually marked with a period, comma, or semicolon.
king's english	The standard, pure or correct English speech or usage, also called "Queen's English."
germination	Resumption of active metabolism by a spore or seed, rupture of its outer wall, and beginning of renewed growth.
global variable	false -
prion	A protein that can become improperly folded and thereby can induce other proteins to follow suit, leading to long protein chains that impair neural function.
functor	See function word
function	See label
immunoglobulin	A family of proteins involved in the immune system
transitive verb	A verb that must have an object to complete its meaning (Alan hit the ball.)
transduction	The conversion of one form of energy to another.
poetry	A heightened literary expression cast in lines, rather than sentences, in which language is used in a concentrated blend of sound, meaning, and imagery to create an emotional response; essentially rhythmic, it is usually metrical and frequently structured in stanzas.
dimer	A complex of two proteins that have bound together.
recursive	Another term borrowed from mathematics, this refers to structures and operations which can be endlessly repeated
open class of words	A part of speech which is constantly being added to by the creation and borrowing of new members
dioecious	Having the organs of the sexes upon distinct individuals.
black box	The bounding box of the actual size taken up by the viewable portion (ink) of a glyph or expression.
cotransport	The coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient.
totipotency	The ability of embryonic cells to retain the potential to form all parts of the animal.
dominant allele	In a heterozygote, the allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype.
consonant	a speech sound made by stopping all or some of the air going out of your mouth
attentional spotlight	The shifting of our limited selective attention around the environment to highlight stimuli for enhanced processing.
mimicry	An adaptive resemblance between one organism and another
host	(1) An organism on or in which a parasite lives
nitrogen cycle	Worldwide circulation and reutilization of nitrogen atoms, chiefly due to metabolic processes of living organisms; plants take up inorganic nitrogen and convert it into organic compounds (chiefly proteins), which are assimilated into the bodies of one or more animals; bacterial and fungal action on nitrogenous waste products and dead organisms return nitrogen atoms to the inorganic state.
relative	See Absolute and Relative
chromista	In some classification systems, a kingdom consisting of brown algae, golden algae, and diatoms.
token element	Presentation token element or a Content token element
instance method	A method that provides behavior for instances of class
hardy-weinberg theorem	An axiom maintaining that the sexual shuffling of genes alone cannot alter the overall genetic makeup of a population.
antecedent	A previous expression being referred to
pupil	The aperture, formed by the iris, that allows light to enter the eye
interphase	The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing
epenthesis	When a sound is inserted in between two other sounds, e.g
allopatric	of the distribution of two speces, when the areas inhabited are mutually exclusive, c.f
lie detector	See polygraph.
conduction zone	The part of the neuron over which the nerve’s electrical signal may be actively propagated
digestion	The process by which food is broken down to provide energy and nutrients.
exosporic	development of the gametophytic generation after germination of a spore that takes place at least in part outside the spore wall, c.f
brightness	One of three basic dimensions (along with hue and saturation) of light perception
marijuana	A dried preparation of the Cannabis sativa plant, usually smoked to obtain THC.
preprocessing	private -
estrogens	A class of steroid hormones produced by female gonads
iambic pentameter	A type of meter in poetry, in which there are five iambs to a line
aberration	In the refraction of light by a convex lens the rays passing through different parts of the lens are brought to a focus at slightly different distances, this is called spherical aberration; at the same time the coloured rays are separated by the prismatic action of the lens and likewise brought to a focus at different distances, this is chromatic aberration.
horizontal transmission	Transmission of genetic information between different individuals other than from parent to offspring.
stop	plural See number.
isolating language	Same as analytic language.
tetraspore	In the Rhodophyta, the meiospore.
mao	See monoamine oxidase.
div	See defective interfering virus.
onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which words are used to imitate sounds
modify	Describe the quality of something.
presentation elements	MathML tags and entities intended to express the syntactic structure of mathematical notation (defined in Chapter 3 Presentation Markup).
mitral cell	A type of cell in the olfactory bulb that conducts smell information from the glomeruli to the rest of the brain
arena	“Arena” or “arena of struggle” is an alternative conception of institutions and social formations which offers a useful alternative to the view of institutions are being instruments (such as seeing unions as organs of defence for the working class or the state as an instrument of the ruling class) which recognises that no institution is wholly an simply the tool of any individual or social class or group – it is instead an “arena of struggle,” in which different classes, groups and individuals compete for control or conduct struggles for various other ends.
clause	A basic unit of grammatical structure that expresses a single thought.
translation	The process by which amino acids are linked together (directed by an mRNA molecule) to form protein molecules
cursive character	In Greek, this refers to a letter of the alphabet written in its lower case form.
semiconservative	Describes the replication of double-stranded DNA, where the two new molecules each carry one strand from their parent and a complementary strand that has been newly synthesized.
tourette’s syndrome	A heightened sensitivity to tactile, auditory, and visual stimuli that may be accompanied by the buildup of an urge to emit verbal or phonic tics
clade	A group of species or genes that includes all descendants of an ancestral species or gene
synthesis	The process of combining the parts to form a whole
pupa (pl	PUPÆ)
prokaryote	An organism without membrane-bound organelles, and with DNA organized in a single naked circular strand, rather than in chromosomes.
fundamental	Here, the predominant frequency of an auditory tone or a visual scene
gene	Physical and functional unit of heredity that carries information from one generation to the next
action potential	Also called nerve impulse
cross rhyme	The rhyme scheme of abab, also called alternate rhyme, in which the end words of alternating lines rhyme with each other, i.e., the rhymes cross intervening lines.
heterotopy	when a structure normally occuring in a particular place on an organism is found in a different position, c.f
nonce word	From the expression, for the nonce, a word coined or used for a special circumstance or occasion only,
melic verse	An ornate form of Greek poetry of the 7th and 6th centuries BC which was written to be sung, either by a single voice or a chorus, to the accompaniment of musical instruments.
mass number	The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
second law of thermodynamics	The principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
circadian rhythm	A pattern of behavioral, biochemical, or physiological fluctuation that has a 24-hour period.
allopolyploid	A polyploid in which the multiple genomes are derived from different populations or species.
canopy	the branches and foliage of a tree, c.f
sight word	A word in a reading lesson containing parts that have not yet been taught, but that is highly predictable from the context of the story or which the child has memorized.
antheridium	the fertile organ of a male gametophyte or the male organ of a bisexual gametophyte, in which male gametes are formed, c.f
uep	See unique event polymorphism.
materialism	Those philosophical trends which assert the material world (the world outside of consciousness) to be primary to thought, especially in relation to the question of the origin of knowledge
scansion	The analysis of a poem's meter
class	See public
terminal	See grammar.
family	A taxonomic grouping of related, similar genera; the category below order and above genus.
dependent variable	In an experiment, the dependent variable is the factor that responds when another factor is manipulated.
cant	Underworld jargon; the jargon of an occupational or other group.
affective disorder	A disorder of mood, such as depression or bipolar disorder.
conservation biology	A goal-oriented science that seeks to counter the biodiversity crisis, the current rapid decrease in Earth's variety of life.
cyanobacterium	A photosynthetic prokaryote of the Division Cyanophyta.
ribosomal dna	The DNA sequence that codes for the ribosomal RNAs, which form the core of the ribosome.
cockney	The English of the London population; in the 18th century typical of a certain social class.
direct selection	See selection, direct.
abscission	the normal shedding from a plant of an organ that is mature or aged, e.g
autism	A disorder arising during childhood, characterized by social withdrawal and perseverative behavior.
ne	See norepinephrine.
component of fitness	See fitness component.
amphipathic	A molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic components (e.g., the phospholipids that make up membranes).
population	A group of individuals of one species that live in a particular geographic area.
spinal cord	Part of the vertebrate central nervous system; consists of a thick, dorsal, longitudinal bundle of nerve fibers extending posteriorly from the brain.
operant conditioning	A type of associative learning that directly affects behavior in a natural context; also called trial-and-error learning.
global scope	global namespace -
chlorpromazine	An antipsychotic drug, one of the class of phenothiazines.
dynamic	A category of verbs (and adjectives) which can be used with the progressive.
ovules	The seeds in the earliest condition.
type	finalization -
syllable	A word or part of a word representing a sound produced as a unit by a single impulse of the voice, consisting of either a vowel sound alone as in oh or a vowel with attendant consonants, as in throne.
hydrogen bond	A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
forb	a non-woody plant other than a grass, sedge, or rush, c.f
instrumental response	See instrumental conditioning.
light reactions	The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process.
dissociation	An argument that creates new categories by dividing an old category into two new ones.
folk etymology	Modification of a word based on a (mis)interpretation of its history.
conidium	An asexual spore of the Ascomycota produced on a conidiophore
capillary	of hairs etc., very slender.
aromatase	An enzyme that converts many androgens into estrogens.
desynchronized eeg	Also called beta activity
seed	An adaptation for terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a resistant coat.
object	See constructor
paleography	The study of old handwriting.
semicircular canals	A three-part chamber of the inner ear that functions in maintaining equilibrium.
axil	the angle formed by an axis and a leaf borne on it, it, adj
messenger rna processing	The collective term for the modifications to eukaryotic RNA that are necessary before the RNA can be transported to the cytoplasm for translation.
plasmodium	The multinucleate mass of protoplasm that constitutes the vegetative body of Myxomycota.
adaxial	of the side or surface of an organ like a petal or organ system such as a branch, facing towards the axis that bears the organ or organ system, c.f
durative	An aspectual category indicating inherent duration
pleated sheet	One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.
eusocial	Fully social organisms in which only one or a few individuals in a colony reproduce.
antibody	A protein that binds to a specific antigen.
prosody	The perception of emotional tone-of-voice aspects of language.
sympathetic chain	A chain of ganglia that runs along each side of the spinal column; part of the sympathetic nervous system
new handler	short -
stigma	The apical portion of the pistil in flowering plants.
overload	name space -
aufheben	Aufheben is a German word, crucial to Hegelian and Marxist thinking, for which there is no English equivalent.
chromatin	The complex of DNA and associated histone and non-histone proteins that represents the normal state of genes in the nucleus
persona	The speaker or voice of a literary work, i.e., who is doing the talking
facultative	of parasites, an association that is optional, not essential, c.f
parasite	An animal or plant living upon or in, and at the expense of, another organism.
perception	The interpretation of sensations by the brain.
defective interfering virus	A virus that has lost some function and that depends on coinfection with intact virus for transmission.
assimilation	Making similar: sounds in close proximity often assimilate features of one another, and this can be an important factor in sound change
holocentric	a chromosome that lacks a localized centromere, the spindle fibers attaching basically anywhere on the chromosome during nuclear division, c.f
accusative case	The case of the object or prepositional object, only visible on pronouns in English, e.g
impersonal	Construction that doesn't have a nominative as subject, e.g
peptide	A short string of amino acids
fibrous root system	a root system made up of many fine roots of the secondary root system (= "adventitious" roots), c.f
arousal	The global, nonselective level of alertness of an individual.
lesion momentum	The phenomenon in which the brain is impaired more by a lesion that develops quickly than by a lesion that develops slowly.
dactyl	A metrical foot of three syllables, one long (or stressed) followed by two short (or unstressed), as in happily
self-consciousness	Self-consciousness is the awareness of being separate from the objective world and of being related to and a part of that world
function word	Not used in this book, alternative to grammatical category or word.
recipient	See theta role.
document object model	A model in which the document or Web page is treated as an object repository
clonal interference	In an asexual population, different clones, each favored by selection, compete with each other so that only one can succeed.
skeletal muscle	Striated muscle generally responsible for the voluntary movements of the body.
environmental grain	An ecological term for the effect of spatial variation, or patchiness, relative to the size and behavior of an organism.
fovea	The central portion of the retina, packed with the most photoreceptors and therefore the center of our gaze
case	nonterminal See grammar.
vertical descent	The evolution of species by a branching pattern.
environmental variation	Variation between genetically identical individuals.
diallagy	when leaves or phyllodes survive seasonal drought by losing (or masking) their chlorophyll and remaining dormant [Biol
analgesic	Referring to painkilling properties.
glycerol	A three-carbon molecule with three hydroxyl () groups attached; a glycerol molecule can combine with three fatty acid molecules to form a fat or an oil.
accent	The prominence or emphasis given to a syllable or word
closed circulatory system	A type of internal transport in which blood is confined to vessels.
parsing	In this stage the meaning of the program is analyzed
integral conversion	standard library -
trace	An empty place marked with a t in PS-trees, left when a sentence constituent has moved
bile	A yellow secretion of the vertebrate liver, temporarily stored in the gallbladder and composed of organic salts that emulsify fats in the small intestine.
cellulose	A polysaccharide composed of glucose subunits
fossil	A remnant or trace of an organism of past geological ages that has been preserved in the Earths crust.
atomic number	The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol.
coordination	Connecting two phrases or clauses that are equal to each other by means of e.g
autonomic nervous system	The part of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural connections to glands and to smooth muscles of internal organs
uncultured microbes	Microbes that have never successfully been grown in isolation in the laboratory.
segregation	The movement of two homologous chromosomes during meiosis, one to each pole of the cell
const	container class -
evolutionary species concept	The idea that evolutionary lineages and ecological roles can form the basis of species identification.
divaricate	of branching in general, widely spreading, c.f
stream	class -
amine neurotransmitter	A neurotransmitter based on modifications of a single amino acid nucleus
interior monologue	A narrative technique in which action and external events are conveyed indirectly through a fictional character's extended mental soliloquy of thoughts and feelings.
trimorphic	Presenting three distinct forms.
nonsense mutation	A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
speciation	The origin of new species in evolution.
genomic library	A set of thousands of DNA segments from a genome, each carried by a plasmid, phage, or other cloning vector.
mosaic evolution	The evolution of different features of an organism at different rates.
roots	The two distinct branches of a spinal nerve, each of which serves a separate function
sound devices	Resources used by writers of verse to convey and reinforce the meaning or experience of poetry through the skillful use of sound.
elaioplast	a leucoplast that stores oil, c.f
acth	See adrenocorticotropic hormone.
assonance	The relatively close juxtaposition of the same or similar vowel sounds, but with different end consonants in a line or passage, thus a vowel rhyme, as in the words, date and fade.
hepatic portal vessel	A large circulatory channel that conveys nutrient-laden blood from the small intestine to the liver, which regulates the blood's nutrient content.
assonance	The recurrence of a similar sound in several words close together
parthenogenesis	The production of offspring from unfertilized eggs.
top-level element	math (defined in Section 2.2 The Top-Level math Element).
proton pump	An active transport mechanism in cell membranes that consumes ATP to force hydrogen ions out of a cell and, in the process, generates a membrane potential.
attentional blink	The reduced ability of subjects to detect a target stimulus if it follows another target stimulus by about 200–450 ms.
physical map	A map that gives the physical location of a genetic variant on the DNA sequence
associative learning	The acquired ability to associate one stimulus with another; also called classical conditioning.
x.s.	Cross section.
exon shuffling	Recombination events that mix exons from two different genes.
neutral variation	Genetic diversity that confers no apparent selective advantage.
epigram	A pithy, sometimes satiric, couplet or quatrain which was popular in classic Latin literature and in European and English literature of the Renaissance and the neo-Classical era
brainstem	The region of the brain that consists of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.
overload resolution	resumption -
endomembrane system	The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.
header file	header file -
monoecious	Seed plant sporophytes producing both seeds and pollen.
predicate	The part of a sentence that indicates what the subject does (Birds fly), what happens to the subject (Birds are kept as pets), or what is said about the subject (Birds are warmblooded).
multi-competence	the knowledge of more than one language in the same mind
static storage	static member -
appositive np	The second NP in Tegucigalpa, the capital of Honduras.
object file	The object files are then combined by a linker
collocation/collocate	a word that is often used with another word
coccygeal	Referring to the lowest spinal vertebra (also known as the tailbone)
homonym	A word which is spelled and pronounced identically to another word, but which has a different meaning
sight rhyme	Words which are similar in spelling but different in pronunciation, like mow and how or height and weight
parenthetical expression	An aside to readers or a transitional expression such as, for example
pyy3-36	A peptide hormone, secreted by the intestines, that probably acts on hypothalamic appetite control mechanisms to suppress appetite.
differentiation	See cellular differentiation.
b cell	See B lymphocyte.
paracrine	Referring to cellular communication in which a chemical signal diffuses to nearby target cells through the intermediate extracellular space
hydrophobic	A molecule or portion of a molecule that does not readily dissolve in water.
root	The core of a word, before prefixes and suffixes are attached.
absolute phrase	An expression, usually a noun followed by a participle, that modifies an entire clause or sentence and can appear anywhere in the sentence
fences	In typesetting, bracketing tokens like parentheses, braces, and brackets, which usually appear in matched pairs.
opioid peptide	A type of endogenous peptide that mimics the effects of morphine in binding to opioid receptors and producing marked analgesia and reward
minor repair	A strategy the negative uses to defend the present system with minor changes.
rapid-eye-movement sleep	Also called paradoxical sleep
dehydration reaction	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to one another with the removal of a water molecule.
cyanidin	an anthocyanidin.
migration	Movement from place to place
gneiss	A rock approaching granite in composition, but more or less laminated, and really produced by the alteration of a sedimentary deposit after its consolidation.
intron	A non-coding section of DNA within a gene that is not translated to a peptide
object	See rvalue
t cell	A type of lymphocyte responsible for cell-mediated immunity that differentiates under the influence of the thymus.
bsc	See biological species concept.
modern synthesis	A comprehensive theory of evolution emphasizing natural selection, gradualism, and populations as the fundamental units of evolutionary change; also called neo-Darwinism.
genetic marker	A polymorphic locus that is used to observe genetic variation but that is not itself of primary interest.
strict aerobe	An organism that can survive only in an atmosphere of oxygen, which is used in aerobic respiration.
couplet	In a poem, a pair of lines that are the same length and usually rhyme and form a complete thought
dna sequencing	The process by which the order of nucleotides in a gene, or amino acids in a protein, is determined.
parsimony	General approach to evolutionary reconstructions in which the goal is to identify theories (e.g., evolutionary branching patterns) that require the fewest number of evolutionary events (and thus might be considered the simplest).
aphasia	aphasia is in general the impairment of the ability to use language, particularly grammar and vocabulary, usually caused by some form of damage to the brain, sometimes accompanied by other forms of impairment, consisting of types such as Broca's and Wernicke's aphasias
complete graph	In the mathematical field of graph theory, a complete graph is a simple undirected graph in which every pair of distinct vertices is connected...
phylogeny	The evolutionary history of organisms or genes.
molecular recognition	The binding of two molecules though noncovalent bonds in which the shape of the molecules plays a key role in the strength of binding.
superstrate	Pertaining to the language of a culture which is superior in status: Germanic is said to have had a superstrate influence on Latin in the Dark Ages.
hardy–weinberg proportions	The frequencies of diploid genotypes produced after random mating
secondary succession	A type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been severely cleared by some disturbance.
umami	One of the five basic tastes (along with salty, sour, sweet, and bitter), probably mediated by amino acids in foods.
cue-induced drug use	An increased likelihood to use a drug (especially an addictive drug) because of the presence of environmental stimuli that were present during previous use of the same drug.
ks	The rate of synonymous substitutions that do not alter amino acid sequence
follicle	a dry, dehiscent fruit formed from one carpel and dehiscing along the line of fusion of its edges, i.e
bark	a non-technical term for that part of the stem or root outside the vascular cambium, see inner bark, outer bark.
authority	Authority is power
organizational effect	A permanent alteration of the nervous system, and thus permanent change in behavior, resulting from the action of a steroid hormone on an animal early in its development
allostery	A change in the shape of a protein or ribozyme due to binding of a molecule at one site, which then changes activity at a distant site.
gene	A length of DNA that encodes the information for constructing a particular protein.
saturated	Referring to the condition in which a maximal number of receptors of one type have been bound by molecules of a drug; additional doses of drug cannot produce additional binding.
gene flow	The loss or gain of alleles from a population due to the emigration or immigration of fertile individuals, or the transfer of gametes, between populations.
autoinducer	A chemical used in quorum sensing that is secreted by cells and then used to quantify cell density.
organ-identity gene	A plant gene in which a mutation causes a floral organ to develop in the wrong location.
hexose	a six-carbon aldose sugar, e.g
prose	Ordinary language people use in speaking or writing, as distinguished from the heightened language of poetry
exploratory system	Systems that shape initially random variation so as to produce a well-coordinated functional outcome.
hitchhiking	The increase in a neutral allele that happens to be associated with a selectively favorable allele at another locus
egg	See ovum.
frequency	the number of times that a word or expression occurs, for example in a corpus of English
negative feedback	The property by which some of the output of a system feeds back to reduce the effect of input signals
population viability analysis	A method of predicting whether or not a species will persist in a particular environment.
grammar	Grammar is the system of relationships between elements of the sentence that links the ‘sounds' to the ‘meanings'
refrain	A line or group of lines that is repeated throughout a poem, usually after every stanza.
benefactive	a case form pointing to the individual for whose benefit something is done.
muscle spindle	A muscle receptor that lies parallel to a muscle and sends impulses to the central nervous system when the muscle is stretched
passive voice	A verb form that indicates the subject is receiving the action.
actuality	A philosophical concept concerned with the development of processes and conceptions
sister chromatid	The two copies of a chromosome after it has been replicated.
arcuate fasciculus	A tract connecting Wernicke’s speech area to Broca’s speech area
nucleus	The centre of a syllable.
sheath	The flattened base of a leaf that wraps around a stem.
anthropologism	Anthropologism is a point of view in which human nature is exhaustively determined by the culture in which a person lives, leaving no room for human agency.
homeosis	Evolutionary alteration in the placement of different body parts.
structure	Structure means the inner organisation of a system, constituting a unity of stable interrelations between the elements, as well as laws governing the interrelations
do-insertion	A rule that inserts do into the I slot when it is needed to realize the tense, as in INVERSION.
horizontal plane	The plane that divides the body or brain into upper and lower parts
rhetoric	The art of speaking or writing effectively; skill in the eloquent use of language.
archaism	The deliberate use of an older form, e.g
schizophrenia	A severe psychopathology characterized by negative symptoms such as emotional withdrawal and impoverished thought, and by positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.
indel	An insertion or a deletion mutation involving a small number of bases.
monohybrid	A hybrid individual that is heterozygous for one gene or a single character.
transgenic	Referring to an animal in which a new or altered gene has been deliberately introduced into the genome
perfective aspect	A term used in Greek grammar to indicate that the aspect of a verb form expresses a past and completed action -- but a past action with current and ongoing effects, or with a resulting current state of circumstances
b cell	A type of lymphocyte that develops in the bone marrow and later produces antibodies, which mediate humoral immunity.
debate	The process of arguing about claims in situations where an adjudicator must decide the outcome.
carboxylic acid	organic acids which have one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups, see citric and malic acids.
cation exchange	A process in which positively charged minerals are made available to a plant when hydrogen ions in the soil displace mineral ions from the clay particles.
turner’s syndrome	A condition seen in individuals carrying a single X chromosome but no other sex chromosome.
retina	The receptive surface inside the eye that contains photoreceptors and other neurons
jackknifing	A statistical method in which new data sets are generated by resampling an original data set without replacement.
envoy	The shorter final stanza of a poem, as in a ballade.
secondary tense	In Greek, this refers to a tense which uses the secondary personal pronoun endings to produce all its forms in all its flexions
run-time	static_cast -
bounding box	The rectangular box of smallest size, taking into account the constraints on boxes allowed in a particular context, which contains some specific part of a rendered display.
allusion	An implied or indirect reference to something assumed to be known, such as a historical event or personage, a well-known quotation from literature, or a famous work of art, such as Keats' allusion to Titian's painting of Bacchus in "Ode to a Nightingale."
penultimate	Last syllable but one.
ecological pyramid	A graphic representation of the quantitative relationships of numbers of organisms, biomass, or energy flow between the trophic levels of an ecosystem
descriptive grammar	An attempt to account for the ways in which a given language puts together words in sentences whose meaning can be at least partly shared by the speaker and his listeners
ribosome	The protein–RNA complex responsible for translating the genetic code.
magnocellular	Of or consisting of relatively large cells
fourteener	An iambic line of fourteen syllables, or seven feet, widely used in English poetry in the middle of the 16th century.
hierarchy	An ordering of groups in which larger groups encompass sets of smaller groups.
edentata	A peculiar order of Quadrupeds, characterised by the absence of at least the middle incisor (front) teeth in both jaws
kilocalorie	A measure of energy commonly applied to food; formally defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.
hymenoptera	An order of insects possessing biting jaws and usually four membranous wings in which there are a few veins
tactile	Of or relating to touch.
ode	A type of lyric or melic verse, usually irregular rather than uniform, generally of considerable length and sometimes continuous, sometimes divided in accordance with transitions of thought and mood in a complexity of stanzaic forms; it often has varying iambic line lengths with no fixed system of rhyme schemes and is always marked by the rich, intense expression of an elevated thought, often addressed to a praised person or object.
structural gene	A gene that codes for a polypeptide.
parameterized type	public -
heat-shock protein	A protein that helps protect other proteins during heat stress, found in plants, animals, and microorganisms.
spenserian stanza	A stanza devised by Spenser for The Faerie Queene, founded on the Italian ottava rima
nitrogen fixation	The assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by certain prokaryotes into nitrogenous compounds that can be directly used by plants.
assimilation	Particularly in rapid speech there is a tendency for neighbouring phones to become more similar, presumably to make pronunciation easier
potassium ion	A potassium atom that carries a positive charge because it has lost one electron.
movement	S-structure constituents do not always appear in the position where they are base-generated in D-structure, they often move from their base positions to other structural positions
antanaclasis	A figure of speech in which the same word is repeated in a different sense within a clause or line, e.g., "while we live, let us live."
bitwise copy	method -
evolutionary game	An interaction between individuals in which the payoff depends on the strategy played by each of them.
conjunction	Word class including coordinating conjunctions and, in traditional use, subordinators.
sad	See seasonal affective disorder.
graphophonic	See graphophonemic
measure	Poetic rhythm or cadence as determined by the syllables in a line of poetry with respect to quantity and accent; also, meter; also, a metrical foot.
locally stable	An equilibrium is locally stable if any sufficiently small perturbation decreases in magnitude
parenthetical expression	An aside to readers or a transitional expression such as, for example or in contrast
analogy	Similarity of function, although the structures of interest may look different
pyramidal cell	A type of large nerve cell that has a roughly pyramid-shaped cell body
sutures	The lines of junction of the bones of which the skull is composed.
adhd	See attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
myasthenia gravis	A disorder characterized by a profound weakness of skeletal muscles; caused by a loss of acetylcholine receptors.
adonic	A verse consisting of a dactyl followed by a spondee or trochee
free relative	Another name for nominal relative clause.
process outgrowth	The extensive growth of axons and dendrites.
western blot	A method of detecting a particular protein molecule in a tissue or organ, by separating proteins from that source with gel electrophoresis, blotting the separated proteins onto nitrocellulose, and then using an antibody that binds, and highlights, the protein of interest
arshin	Russian unit of measurement:
stm	See short-term memory.
round window	A membrane separating the cochlear duct from the middle-ear cavity
visual poetry	Poetry arranged in such a manner that its visual appearance has an elevated significance of its own, thus achieving an equivalence (or possibly even more) between the sight and sound of the poem.
type	Often considered the same as a byte, though it is possible to have multi-byte characters
cloning vector	An agent used to transfer DNA in genetic engineering, such as a plasmid that moves recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell, or a virus that transfers recombinant DNA by infection.
neurotrophic factor	A target-derived chemical that acts as if it “feeds” certain neurons to help them survive
palilogia	See epizeuxis.
dummy subjects	A subject (often the anticipatory or impersonal it which adds no semantic information to a sentence and exists only because English requires that the subject position be filled.
monozygotic twins	See identical twins.
locule	a chamber in a sporangium or ovary.
t cells	A subgroup of T lymphocytes characterized by having T-cell receptor (
rp english	Received Pronunciation, educated spoken English mainly of the southeast of England.
consonance	The repetition of similar consonant sounds, especially at the ends of words, as in lost
filament	A structure consisting of many cells joined end-to-end, or a single, large multinucleate cell with the same thread-like appearance.
sporopollenin	A secondary product, a polymer synthesized by a side branch of a major metabolic pathway of plants that is resistant to almost all kinds of environmental damage; especially important in the evolutionary move of plants onto land.
polymerase	An enzyme, such as DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase, that catalyzes the synthesis of a polymer from its subunits.
academically engaged	students participating in activities/instruction in a meaningful way and understanding the tasks in which they are involved
epistasis	Interaction between alleles in their effect on a trait
pain	The discomfort normally associated with tissue damage.
ubi sunt	A literary motif dealing with the transitory nature of things, like life, beauty, youth, etc.
poetic license	While most often used to describe the poet's liberty to depart from prosaic diction and standard syntactical structures to achieve a desired effect, poetic license also includes the freedom for creative deviations from historical fact in the subject matter, such as the use of anachronisms.
nocturnal	Active during the dark periods of the daily cycle
dynamic storage	See constructor
stromatolite	Rock made of banded domes of sediment in which are found the most ancient forms of life: prokaryotes dating back as far as 3.5 billion years.
homeostatic	Referring to the process of maintaining a particular physiological parameter relatively constant.
obestatin	A peptide hormone emanating from the gut that acts probably on the appetite controller of the hypothalamus to decrease appetite
zeugma	This comes from the Greek for "yoking"
ria	See radioimmunoassay.
em	A font-relative measure encoded by the font
onomatopoeia	The formation of a word by imitating the natural sound associated with the object or action
manic-depressive illness	See bipolar disorder.
microrna	A family of RNA molecules, approximately 22 nucleotides long, that regulates the expression of some eukaryotic genes.
binary	See opposition.
optic ataxia	A spatial disorientation in which the patient is unable to accurately reach for objects using visual guidance.
encoding	A stage of memory formation in which the information entering sensory channels is passed into short-term memory
argument	parameterized type - see template
peptide neurotransmitter	Also called neuropeptide
function	RTTI -
cloaca	The sex organ in many birds, through which sperm are discharged (in the male) and eggs are laid (in the female)
lyric	A poem, such as a sonnet or an ode, that expresses the thoughts and feelings of the poet
preparation time	The time allotted to each team for preparation during the debate (eight minutes in Karl Popper debate).
unicellular	Consisting of a single cell.
aseptate	Descriptive of a hypha or filament lacking cross-walls between the nuclei; ordinarily used to describe fungi
wernicke's aphasia	Wernicke's aphasia is the name of a type of aphasia involving difficulty with comprehension rather than speaking, associated with injury to Wernicke's area in the back left area of the brain (posterior upper temporal lobe).
sexual phase	The portion of an organism's life cycle devoted to sexual reproduction.
insertion sequence	The simplest kind of a transposon, consisting of inserted repeats of DNA flanking a gene for transposase, the enzyme that catalyzes transposition.
sonnet	A lyric poem that is 14 lines long
frond	A leaf of a fern.
derived class	class layout -
synapsis	The lining up of homologous chromosomes in meiosis.
phenotype	The sum of an individual’s physical characteristics at one particular time
nucleotide	A portion of a DNA or RNA molecule that is composed of a single base and the adjoining sugar-phosphate unit of the strand
polymerase chain reaction	Also called gene amplification
thesis	The indicator in an essay, usually one or two sentences, in which the author reveals the main point of the essay; the line of argument that the author is pursuing in his essay; the statement of author's position on an issue, such as:
b cell	B cells belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, making them a vital part of the immune system—specifically the humoral immunity branch of the adaptive immune system...
concerted evolution	The evolution of repeated sequences, which tend to remain homogeneous because of processes such as unequal crossing over and gene conversion.
colloid	A substance that contains components in different phases (e.g., minute solid particles within a liquid).
comment	A set of characters enclosed in double quotation marks
falsifiability	A measure of whether the results of a method allow one to determine if assumptions used have been violated.
finite	A verb-form which can be the basis of a complete sentence
simultagnosia	A profound restriction of attention, often limited to a single item or feature.
buffer	A substance that consists of acid and base forms in solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.
browser	promotion -
whis-deletion	Relative clauses in which the relative pronoun is followed immediately by a form of be, whether as a main verb or auxiliary, can have both the pronoun and the be deleted
multigene family	A collection of genes with similar or identical sequences, presumably of common origin.
openmath	A general representation language for communicating mathematical objects between application programs.
consciousness	The state of awareness of one’s own existence and experience.
amniocentesis	Removal of amniotic fluid that surrounds the embryo
steroid receptor cofactors	Proteins that affect the cell’s response when a steroid hormone binds its receptor.
life table	A table of data summarizing mortality in a population.
conceit	A fanciful poetic image or metaphor that likens one thing to something else that is seemingly very different
isolated brain	Sometimes referred to by the French term, encéphale isolé
tyrosine kinase	An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to the amino acid tyrosine in a substrate protein.
pasquinade	A lampoon or satirical writing.
simile	A figure of speech in which two things are compared using the word “like” or “as.” An example of a simile using like
necessity	See Chance & Necessity
oogonium	The female gametangium of algae and fungi, consisting of a single specialized cell in which ova are produced.
pun	A humorous play on words, using homonyms or similar-sounding words with very different meanings.
logos	A rhetorical technique that appeals to logic or reason.
collection	A set of elements in which each element is an object.
rhyme	The occurrence of the same or similar sounds at the end of two or more words
collinearity	similar arrangement of genes in two taxa established by an empirical comparison of gene order, c.f
axon terminal	The end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse on a neuron or other target cell.
antinomy	Philosophical term meaning logical contradiction, especially associated with the work of Immanuel Kant.
extended phenotype	The phenotype of all the individuals affected by a gene.
ottava rima	Originally Italian, a stanza of eight lines of heroic verse, rhyming abababcc
ssri	See selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
indefinite article	The words a and an.
recovery of function	The recovery of behavioral capacity following brain damage from stroke or injury.
monozygotic	Referring to twins derived from a single fertilized egg (identical twins)
exponential distribution	A continuous distribution with density λ exp(λx)
cumulative distribution	The probability that a random variable will be less than a given value is called its cumulative distribution.
priming	Also called repetition priming
argument structure	The way evidence and warrants are arranged to support a claim
hypertrophied	Excessively developed.
preformation	The view that an embryo develops through the unfolding of preexisting form
telomerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres; the enzyme includes a molecule of RNA that serves as a template for new telomere segments.
class layout	unsigned -
eugenics	Improvement of the human gene pool through selective breeding.
pathos	A scene or passage in a work evoking pity, sorrow, or compassion in the audience or reader, such as the poignant summation of the old man's grief in Wordsworth's Michael:
epistasis	In population genetics, the nonreciprocal interaction between nonallelic genes affecting the selective values of genes (see
autopolyploid	A polyploid that carries multiple genomes derived from within the same population.
site	See nucleotide site.
old-style cast	catch -
orgasm	Rhythmic, involuntary contractions of certain reproductive structures in both sexes during the human sexual response cycle.
evolutionary synthesis	The synthesis during the 1930s and 1940s of population genetics with other fields of biology (e.g., paleontology, systematics, and botany).
pleistocene period	The latest portion of the Tertiary epoch.
cell center	A region in the cytoplasm near the nucleus from which microtubules originate and radiate.
acrocentric	a chromosome in which the centromere is near one end, the spindle fibers attaching there during nuclear division, c.f
nested class	class template -
mycelium	A mass of hyphae forming the body of a fungus.
peripheral nervous system	The portion of the nervous system that includes all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord
comment	See topic.
tetrapod	A vertebrate possessing two pairs of limbs, such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
ecstasy	See MDMA.
adverbial relative clause	A sentential relative clause.
us	See classical conditioning.
analytic	See periphrastic.
neonatal	Referring to newborns.
c4 photosynthesis	a photosynthetic pathway typically occuring entirely during daylight hours and involving the fixation of CO2 initially as a 4-C compound spatially separated from cells/organelles to which the 4-C compound is moved and then broken down and where the final product of the whole processs is a 3-C compound produced by the Calvin cycle (C3 photosynthesis), c.f
deixis	Reference depending on contextual clues--e.g.,here, now, them
annular	arranged in or forming a ring.
cell fractionation	The disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centrifugation.
phosphorylation	Addition of a phosphate group or groups to a molecule.
pedigree	The family relationships between individuals in a sexual population.
hydric	Wet; applied to features of plants or places where they grow.
endogenous	Produced inside the body
periphrasis	The substitution of an elaborate phrase in place of a simple word or expression, as "fragrant beverage drawn from China's herb" for tea
periphrastic	Use of more than one word to express a grammatical notion, e.g
verb tense	An expression of time; it conveys whether the action, occurrence, or state of being takes place in the past, present, or future.
morphology	An examination of the morphemic structure of words; an appreciation of the fact that words with common roots share common meanings, and that affixes change words in predictable and consistent ways.
autosome	A chromosome that is inherited in the usual Mendelian way, in contrast to sex chromosomes and mtDNA.
hemimetabolous	Developing directly through a series of nymphal stages with a similar morphology to the adult (e.g., as in grasshoppers and bugs)
pun	A word play suggesting, with humorous intent, the different meanings of one word or the use of two or more words similar in sound but different in meaning, as in Mark A
primary immune response	The initial immune response to an antigen, which appears after a lag of several days.
evoked otoacoustic emission	A sound produced by the cochlea in response to acoustic stimulation
entry	one of the short sections into which a dictionary is divided
figure of speech	A mode of expression in which words are used out of their literal meaning or out of their ordinary use in order to add beauty or emotional intensity or to transfer the poet's sense impressions by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning familiar to the reader
promoter	A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA.
farinaceous	containing starch grains, mealy, resembling flour, farina (n).
fas	See fetal alcohol syndrome.
optic disc	The region of the retina devoid of receptor cells because ganglion cell axons and blood vessels exit the eyeball there
data abstraction	old-style cast -
literal	An object that can be created by the compiler
locus	The position on a chromosome occupied by a particular gene (plural: loci)
parsed character data	An SGML/XML data type for raw data occurring in a context where text is parsed and markup (for instance entity references and element start/end tags) is recognized.
substance	“Substance” means objective reality viewed as the unity of all forms of its self-development — including both nature and society and consciousness
epithelium	a compact layer of cells, often secretory, lining a cavity or covering a surface, c.f
proposition of relationship	Assert a certain relationship between objects.
great plate count anomaly	A phenomenon in which the number of cells from natural environments that can be grown in culture is much less than what can be seen through a microscope
axenic	A pure culture of an organism, containing no foreign organisms.
dramatic poem	A composition in verse portraying a story of life or character, usually involving conflict and emotions, in a plot evolving through action and dialogue.
triiodothyronine	See thyroid hormones.
phenogram	A branching diagram that links entities by estimates of overall similarity.
vertical inheritance	The transmission of traits from parent to offspring.
fenestrate	having openings or translucent areas ('windows'), e.g
peptidoglycan	The primary structural polymer of the cell walls of Eubacteria and Cyanobacteria.
ordinal number	Numbers indicating place in some order, as first, second, last
ablative case	The case used in a number of languages, e.g., Latin, to express direction or movement away from the object marked by ablative
genetic algorithm	An algorithm that applies selection, mutation, and recombination to a population of computer programs in order to solve computational problems.
chemical evolution	Chemical reactions that could have generated complex compounds from simple ones prior to the origin of life.
object	class library -
hyperbaton	An inversion of the normal grammatical word order; it may range from a single word moved from its usual place to a pair of words inverted or to even more extremes of syntactic displacement
sensation	An impulse sent to the brain from activated receptors and sensory neurons.
character	any feature of the organism, see character state (the two are sometimes used interchangeably), polarization.
fallacy of division	An erroneous argument where the evidence is drawn from the whole, but the conclusion is made about the part.
tight junction	A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells.
optical imaging	A method for visualizing brain activity in which near-infrared light is passed through the scalp and skull
front end	const -
immediate knowledge	Immediate, as opposed to mediated
cleft sentence	A sentence which has been reordered for emphasis by adding a new subject and some form of be.
analysis of variance	The separation of the variance into a sum of components, a widely used statistical technique that is the basis for quantitative genetics.
wavelength	Here, the length between two peaks in a repeated stimulus such as a wave, light, or sound
diabetes insipidus	Excessive urination, caused by the failure of vasopressin to induce the kidneys to conserve water.
antrorse	bent, and pointing towards the apex, c.f
heptameter	A line of verse consisting of seven metrical feet
schema	Schema (plural: schemata or schemata)
solvent	The liquid (often water) in which a compound is dissolved
poets' corner	A portion of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey which contains the remains of many famous literary figures, including Chaucer and Spenser, and also displays memorials to others who are buried elsewhere.
vocal cords	Two muscular folds in the larynx that vibrate to produce voice.
intensity differences	Perceived differences in loudness between the two ears, which can be used to localize a sound source
aerenchyma	tissue incorporating large, gas-filled spaces interspersed between the cells, often forming characteristic arrangements, c.f
tercet	A unit or group of three lines of verse which are rhymed together or have a rhyme scheme that interlaces with an adjoining tercet.
lineage sorting	The process by which, following separation of two species, the ancestry of every gene converges to the overall phylogeny of the species
senile plaques	Also called amyloid plaques
second person	You
presentation token element	A presentation element that can contain only parsed character data or the malignmark element.
majuscule	See "Upper Case."
circannual	Occurring on a roughly annual basis.
heterozygote	A diploid individual that carries two different alleles at a locus.
heterochrony	The change in the relative timing or duration of events during development achieved by altering the relative onset or ending of particular developmental processes.
polytene chromosome	A chromosome that consists of large numbers of parallel DNA strands, making their structure clearly visible.
plasma cell	A derivative of B cells that secretes antibodies.
isogamous	Producing a single kind of gamete.
form genus	of fossils, where a genus includes only fossils of a particular part of the organism.
tense	A morphological category relating to time reference, e.g
barr body	A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells, representing an inactivated X chromosome.
essential amino acids	The amino acids that an animal cannot synthesize itself and must obtain from food
narrative	Telling a story
fricatives	sounds made by the friction of breath in a narrow opening, producing a turbulent air flow like
attribute	A parameter used to specify some property of an SGML or XML element type
indirect object	Object that can be preceded by to or for, e.g
dti	See diffusion tensor imaging.
bradyspory	the enclosure of seeds in a more or less massive woody covering that provides physical protection against seed-eaters and fire, often associated with serotiny.
macronucleus	The larger of the two nuclei found in ciliate cells
external name	external name -
zero conditional	See conditional sentence.
expository text	Text written to explain and convey information about a specific topic
collenchyma	mechanical tissue, the cells are often elongated, their walls may be heavily thickened at the angles and are made up of pectic and cellulosic material, c.f
syntax	The grammatical rules for constructing phrases and sentences in a language.
stipe	The petiole of a fern frond; the stalk of a basidiocarp.
clones	Asexually produced organisms that are genetically identical.
fistular	hollow throughout its length.
instance variable	Private data that belongs to an instance of a class and is hidden from direct access by all other objects
growth factor	A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells.
norm-referenced assessment	This is a type of assessment that allows an individual child's score to be compared against the scores of other children who have previously taken the same assessment
dynamic storage	delete[] operator -
character or expression depth	Distance between the baseline and bottom edge of the character glyph or expression
centromere	The portion of a chromosome that binds sister chromatids and that attaches to the spindle.
proceleusmatic	A classical poetry, a metrical foot consisting of four short syllables.
feature integration theory	The idea that conjunction searches involve sequential shifts of attention that help coordinate multiple cognitive feature maps—overlapping representations of the search array based on individual stimulus attributes.
hiv	Abbreviation of human immunodeficiency virus, the infectious agent that causes AIDS; HIV is an RNA retrovirus.
noradrenaline	See norepinephrine.
courtship	The period during which two potential sexual partners increase their attractiveness toward each other.
informational genes	Genes involved in core “informational” processes including DNA replication and repair, transcription, and translation
galls	Structures induced in a plant by a parasite (e.g., a bacterium or an insect) that nurture that parasite.
gel electrophoresis	A method of separating molecules of differing size or electrical charge by forcing them to flow through a gel
bottleneck	See population bottleneck.
rudimentary	Very imperfectly developed.
buttress	a vertical flange of tissue protruding from the base of the trunk of a tree or where a leaf joins the stem.
spinal animal	An animal whose spinal cord has been surgically disconnected from the brain to enable the study of behaviors that do not require brain control.
homunculus	A “little man” that was supposedly introduced into a fertilized egg by the sperm and that guided its development
eukaryotic cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles, present in protists, plants, fungi, and animals; also called eukaryote.
linear equation	An equation of the form y = a + bx, where the variable x does not appear as a power or special function.
beneficiary	Alternative term for recipient.
aspect	When the character of the action is emphasized, as in he is reading, rather than when the action took place.
tense	Indicating past or present time.
identity by descent	Genes that are inherited from the same gene in an ancestral population are identical by descent.
allomorph	Cf
trait	See quantitative trait.
levels of language	Range from formal to informal and should be appropriate for audience, subject matter, and purpose.
outcrossing	Mating with unrelated individuals.
sensitive period	The period during development in which an organism can be permanently altered by a particular experience or treatment.
determination	To determine (and thus "a thought determination") refers to something "taking on a value", becoming a "particular" as when the length of an object is "determined" by measuring it
temporal resolution	The ability to track changes in the brain that occur very quickly
breeding value	The sum of the average effect of each gene
messenger rna	A strand of RNA that carries the code of a section of a DNA strand to the cytoplasm
atomic weight	The total atomic mass, which is the mass in grams of one mole of the atom.
gloss	Translation.
inductive phonics	See synthetic phonics
irreducibly complex	A system that cannot function if any one of its components is missing.
dependence	Also called addiction
telomerase	An enzyme complex found in most eukaryotes that maintains the length of telomeres through successive divisions.
encomium	A speech or composition in high praise of a person, object, or event.
atheism	Atheism is the system of views denying the existence of God and usually other religious ideas such as life after death
ballot	A document on which the judge records the decision, the reasons for the decision, and speaker points awarded to each debater.
posterior	Also called caudal
fitness	The number of offspring left by an individual after one generation
grammar code	a label such as ‘I/T' or ‘usually plural' that shows you how a word normally behaves grammatically
ect	See electroconvulsive shock therapy.
transcription factor	A molecule that binds to the promoter and regulates transcription.
lexicographic form	See base form.
synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part of something stands for the whole or the whole for a part, as wheels for automobile or society for high society.
enhancer	A cis-acting (on either side of a gene) enhancer of
correlation	The normal coincidence of one phenomenon, character, &c., with another.
box	A small portion of a gene or protein that appears in many genes or proteins that are related in structure; the box usually has some specific function, sometimes called a "motif", like binding DNA or interacting with specific proteins or other molecules.
middle english	Abbreviated as MidE, the period between 1150 and 1400.
run-on sentence	A punctuation error resulting from the failure to separate sentences correctly
deep dyslexia	Acquired dyslexia in which the patient reads a word as another word that is semantically related
mosaic development	A pattern of development, such as that of a mollusk, in which the early blastomeres each give rise to a specific part of the embryo
mock-epic or mock-heroic	A satiric literary form that treats a trivial or commonplace subject with the elevated language and heroic style of the classical epic.
testosterone	A hormone, produced by male gonads, that controls a variety of bodily changes that become visible at puberty
ssm	See slip-strand mispairing.
reduction principle	If selection is the only process acting, then the recombination rate will tend to decrease.
eukaryote	Any organism whose cells have the genetic material contained within a nuclear envelope.
sleep recovery	The process of sleeping more than normally after a period of sleep deprivation, as though in compensation.
unipolar depression	Depression that alternates with normal emotional states
conjunction	A linking word that connects words or groups of words through coordination (and, but) or subordination (because, although, unless)
pericentric inversion	A mutation involving a chromosomal inversion that spans the centromere.
transcription	The process during which mRNA forms bases complementary to a strand of DNA
discordant	Referring to any trait that is seen in only one individual of a pair of twins
pathetic fallacy	The ascribing of human traits or feelings to inanimate nature for eloquent effect, especially feelings in sympathy with those expressed or experienced by the writer, as a "cruel wind," a "pitiless storm," or the lines from Shelley's Adonais:
idealism	Those philosophical trends which take the spiritual or non-material (ideal) as primary to the material, especially in relation to the question of the nature and origin of knowledge
sexually receptive	Referring to the state in which an individual (in mammals, typically the female) is willing to copulate
syllable	code-switching
muse	A source of inspiration, a guiding genius.
nerve cell	See neuron.
reaction norm	The set of phenotypes expressed by a single genotype across a range of environments.
proton	A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of the atom.
denitrification	The process by which certain bacteria living in poorly aerated soils break down nitrates, using the oxygen for their own respiration and releasing nitrogen back into the atmosphere.
natural selection	See evolution by natural selection.
lipid bilayer	The structure of the neuronal cell membrane, which consists of two layers of lipid molecules, within which float various specialized proteins, such as receptors
cerebral cortex	Often called simply cortex
sleep deprivation	The partial or total prevention of sleep.
parody	A ludicrous imitation, usually intended for comic effect but often for ridicule, of both the style and content of another work
lysergic acid diethylamide	See LSD.
disc floret	an often polysymmetric tubular flower in the center part of a capitulum, esp
ti plasmid	A plasmid of a tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into the host chromosome of a plant; frequently used as a carrier for genetic engineering in plants.
gums	complex water-soluble polysaccharide chains, c.f
gram stain	A staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls.
adrenocorticotropic hormone	A hormone, produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, that stimulates the production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex.
gamete	a cell or nucleus that fuses with another, of opposite sex, in sexual reproduction.
epigynous	of flowers with the floral parts attached above the level of insertion of the ovary, arising from tissue that is fused to the ovary wall, c.f
opposition	A contrast, e.g
non-restrictive	A post-modifying element in an NP which can be eliminated without rendering ambiguous the identity of what is being discussed
onomatopoeia	A word whose sound suggests the object, e.g
positive feedback	A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change.
onset	The beginning of a syllable.
paleoproterozoic	Division of time from 2500 to 1600 Mya.
canon	In a literary sense, the authoritative works of a particular writer; also, an accepted list of works perceived to represent a cultural, ideological, historical, or biblical grouping.
leaf	The main site of photosynthesis in a plant; consists of a flattened blade and a stalk (petiole) that joins the leaf to the stem.
presumption	The assumption that current policies will be maintained until someone makes a case that another policy is a better option.
pacemaker	A specialized region of the right atrium of the mammalian heart that sets the rate of contraction; also called the sinoatrial (SA) node
arsis	The accented part of a poetic foot; the point where an ictus is put.
copula	A verb with a subject predicative, typically to be or to become.
member function	mixed-mode arithmetic -
eld	English Language Development
exon	The coding region of a eukaryotic gene that is expressed
vascular	Containing blood-vessels
chemosynthetic	Applied to autotrophic bacteria that use the energy released by specific inorganic reactions to power their life processes, including the synthesis of organic molecules.
font	A particular collection of glyphs of a typeface of a given size, weight and style, for example "Times Roman Bold 12 point".
satellite dna	Highly repeated DNA sequence, which was originally detected as a “satellite” component with a density distinct from the rest of the genome
hymenium	The layer of asci in an ascocarp.
oxidation	The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
cauda equina	Literally “horse’s tail” (in Latin)
neurosecretory cells	Hypothalamus cells that receive signals from other nerve cells, but instead of signaling to an adjacent nerve cell or muscle, they release hormones into the bloodstream.
depression	A psychiatric condition characterized by such symptoms as an unhappy mood; loss of interests, energy, and appetite; and difficulty concentrating
folio	Book printed by folding a sheet of paper once so that one side contains two pages.
immersion programs	Bilingual program similar to double or two-way program
photoreceptors	Neural cells in the retina that respond to light.
crown	the part of a tree or shrub above the level of the lowest branch, c.f
body plan	An organism’s overall morphology that is created by the reproducible spatial positioning of differentiated cell types.
pastoral poetry	Poetry idealizing the lives of shepherds and country folk, although the term is often used loosely to include any poem featuring a rural aspect.
call by reference	calling conventions -
angle of divergence	in a genetic spiral/parastichy, the smaller angle relative to the stem circumference separating the points of origin of two successively initiated leaves, c.f
counterplan	A plan proposed by the negative team as an alternative to the affirmative plan.
rehilamiento	The articulation of Spanish ll with an element of frication, which in its most extreme form reaches the voiced fricative of English pleasure.
adjective phrases	A phrase headed by an adjective
centriole	The intracellular organelle that represents an inactivated basal body
linkage map	A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes
sporangium	A unicellular or multicellular container in which spores are borne.
compound	Used of a verb-form which consists of more than one word, e.g
neurocrine	Referring to secretory functions of neurons, especially pertaining to synaptic transmission
hypha	A filament of the mycelium or vegetative body of a fungus or similar organism.
conceptacle	a chamber at the tip of a branch of a rockweed in the Phaeophyta that contains the oogonia and antheridia.
invention	A fundamentally new feature of an organism.
class	See access control
allomone	A chemical signal that is released outside the body by one species and affects the behavior of other species
case-control study	A form of association study in which “case” individuals with, for example, a disease are compared with “control” individuals without it.
metonymy	A figure of speech in which one word is substituted for another with which it is closely associated
social promotion	Promoting a child to the next grade in order to keep the child with his or her peers and social group.
voicing	Voicing refers to whether or not the vocal cords are vibrated during the production of a phone
simile	A figure of speech in which someone or something is claimed to be like something else.
expression vector	A vector that allows a DNA sequence cloned into it to be transcribed when the vector is introduced into a cell.
strobilus	A cone; a compact group of meiosporangium-bearing structures.
dose-response curve	A formal plot of a drug’s effects (on the y-axis) versus the dose given (on the x-axis)
natural logarithm	The natural logarithm log(x) is the inverse of the exponential function: log(exp(y)) = y
stack unwinding	user-defined conversion -
fable	A brief narrative in prose or verse that illustrates a moral or teaches a lesson, usually in which animals or inanimate objects are personified with human feelings and motivations.
cervical	Referring to topmost eight segments of the spinal cord, in the neck region
stoma	An opening in the epidermis of a plant controlled by two guard cells.
ocular dominance histogram	A graph that portrays the strength of response of a brain neuron to stimuli presented to either the left eye or the right eye
agonist	1
vermiform	Like a worm.
benthic	Living at the bottom of a body of water.
endophytism	symptomless association of other living organisms, often fungi, that grow within living plants, hence endophyte, c.f
suspension-feeder	An aquatic animal, such as a clam or a baleen whale, that sifts small food particles from the water.
ips	See intraparietal sulcus.
namespace member	member function -
genetic code	The system of nucleotide triplets in DNA and RNA that carries genetic information; referred to as a code because it determines the amino acid sequence in the enzymes and other protein molecules synthesized by the organism.
quenya	Quenya is a fictional language devised by J
host	an organism on which a parasite lives and by which it is nourished, also applied, loosely, to a plant supporting an epiphyte.
fission	The process of splitting in two
cause-and-effect proposition	A proposition that asserts that one object causes a specific outcome.
correlation coefficient	The most commonly used measure of correlation between two variables (x, y)
agrp	Agreement Phrase
terza rima	A type of poetry consisting of 10- or 11-syllable lines arranged in three-line “tercets” with the rhyme scheme aba bcb cdc,
synchronic	Pertaining to one chronological stage of a language, as opposed to diachronic.
immunoglobulin	See antibody.
modification	Chapter 7.
fitness	The genetic contribution of an individual to succeeding generations relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population.
segments	The transverse rings of which the body of an articulate animal or Annelid is composed.
reciprocal pronouns	The phrases each other and one another function like pronouns in replacing compound nominals and are sometimes listed as reciprocal pronouns, though this rather confuses the distinction between word categories and functions.
coitus	See copulation.
ard	Admission, Review, and Dismissal – Committee that meets to discuss a student's educational placement into, out of our continuing in a special education setting.
diffusion equation	An equation that describes how a probability distribution spreads out with time; it applies when random fluctuations are small.
retrograde degeneration	Destruction of the nerve cell body following injury to its axon
chlorophyll	The green, magnesium-containing pigment found in all photosynthetic organisms.
collocation	Collocation enables us to see words in context and to see that some words are often used with other words
acetyl coa	The entry compound for the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.
gender	NL = Natural Language.
high vowel	Vowels made with the tongue in the highest position, e.g
metabolism	The breakdown of complex molecules into smaller molecules.
lycophyte	Member of a diverse group of early land plants including the lycopods and zosterophylls.
adjunction	a type of movement where a new position is formed as a result of the movement creating an adjunction structure, like the (simplified) movement of the PP in the following tree structure representation where the S node is doubled:
consonance	The repetition of similar consonant sounds, especially at the ends of words, as in lost and past or confess and dismiss.
structure	See population structure.
dictionary form	See base form.
cohesion-tension theory	A theory accounting for the upward movement of water in plants
cns	See central nervous system.
semantic analysis	function -
enlightenment	A social and philosophical movement in the 18th century characterized by a firm belief in reason, leading to the American and French Revolutions, as well as to a criticism of religious organizations.
genitive	pragmatics A technical term meaning, roughly, what the person speaking or writing actually meant, rather than what the words themselves mean.
receiver	The object that receives a message
electron donor	Substance that donates or gives up electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction, becoming oxidized in the process.
elision	Omission or abbreviation: used particularly of the loss of sounds in fast speech or in historical development
capital letters	See "Upper Case."
species selection	A theory maintaining that species living the longest and generating the greatest number of species determine the direction of major evolutionary trends.
ovum	An egg cell.
circular reasoning	See tautology.
sporophyte	The diploid phase of the life cycle of plants that gives rise to the production of spores by means of meiosis
aquaporin	A transport protein in the plasma membranes of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane (osmosis).
phenomenon	“Phenomenon” is means something manifested to the senses, and is contrasted with “noumenon” (sometimes called ‘Essence
amusia	A disorder characterized by the inability to discern tunes accurately.
polymerase chain reaction	A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules and nucleotides.
active	The default voice of transitive verbs--in English, any transitive verb not part of a passive construction.
gender	mood A verb may be in one of several moods
article	a segment of a jointed stem, or of a fruit with constrictions between the seeds.
echo verse	A form of poem in which a word or two at the end of a line appears as an echo constituting the entire following line
stem-loop structure	A hairpin structure in an RNA molecule that is maintained by complementary base pairing.
judgment	In Hegel’s system, Judgment is the “middle term” of the Subjective Notion
gene amplification	See polymerase chain reaction.
indusium	The tissue covering the sori of some ferns.
thyrotropin-releasing hormone	A hypothalamic hormone that regulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary
truncation selection	Selection that eliminates those with the largest (or smallest) trait values.
ihc	See inner hair cell.
monosyllable	A word of one syllable.
cell wall storage polysaccharides	polysaccharides in the plant cell wall that serve as storage compounds, see galactans, mannans, and xyloglucans.
pure virtual function	access control -
class	deallocation -
amygdala	A group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe
pharmacokinetics	Collective name for all the factors that affect the movement of a drug into, through, and out of the body.
allocation	debugger -
synthetic	The converse of analytic
eog	See electro-oculography.
input zone	The part of a neuron that receives information, from other neurons or from specialized sensory structures
divided attention task	A task in which the subject is asked to simultaneously focus attention on two or more stimuli.
ipsp	See inhibitory postsynaptic potential.
habituation	A form of nonassociative learning in which an organism becomes less responsive following repeated presentations of a stimulus
synergist	A muscle that acts together with another muscle
egg	A female gamete, which usually contains abundant cytoplasm and yolk; nonmotile and often larger than a male gamete.
hungary	Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe
closed class	Class of words that cannot easily be changed
namespace	recursive descent parser -
darwin	A unit for the rate of change of morphology
delete operator	Used to delete array
trochee	A metrical foot of two syllables, one long (or stressed) and one short (or unstressed)
endocrine system	The internal system of chemical communication involving hormones, the ductless glands that secrete hormones, and the molecular receptors on or in target cells that respond to hormones; functions in concert with the nervous system to effect internal regulation and maintain homeostasis.
meristem	A group of undifferentiated cells that gives rise to mature cells and organs as a plant grows; also called a bud.
irony	Verbal irony is a figure of speech in the form of an expression in which the use of words is the opposite of the thought in the speaker's mind, thus conveying a meaning that contradicts the literal definition, as when a doctor might say to his patient, " the bad news is that the operation was successful." Dramatic or situational irony is a literary or theatrical device of having a character utter words which the reader or audience understands to have a different meaning, but of which the character himself is unaware
high-functioning autism	See Asperger’s syndrome.
sbt	See shifting balance theory.
syllable family	The group of syllables formed by a consonant plus all of the vowels in a language.
pure tone	A tone with a single frequency of vibration
cascading style sheets	A language that allows authors and readers to attach style (e.g
class	pointer to function -
inferred mrow	An mrow element that is "inferred" around the contents of certain layout schemata when they have other than exactly one argument
lateral inhibition	The phenomenon by which interconnected neurons inhibit their neighbors, producing contrast at the edges of regions
metonymy	A figure of speech involving the substitution of one noun for another of which it is an attribute or which is closely associated with it, e.g., "the kettle boils" or "he drank the cup." Metonymy is very similar to synecdoche.
glen mccluskey	All Rights Reserved
ode	A lyric poem that is serious and thoughtful in tone and has a very precise, formal structure
deallocation	ANSI -
exogenous	Arising from outside the body
ground tissue	a term of little use - it often refers to tissues other than the epidermis, periderm, and vascular tissue.
reverse wh-cleft	The same as an inverted Pseudo-Cleft sentence.
trisomy	Possession of three copies of one chromosome (in humans this is abnormal because there are normally only two copies).
electro-oculography	The electrical recording of eye movements, useful in determining sleep stages.
tip link	A fine, threadlike fiber that runs along and connects the tips of stereocilia
haiku	A Japanese poem composed of three unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables
xsl transformation	A language to express the transformation of XML documents into other XML documents.
conjunctive	Connected
gustatory system	The taste system
get-passive	An informal passive construction using a form of the verb get as the auxiliary, in place of be.
reverse transcription	Some viruses produce enzymes that reverse the transcription process by copying RNA back into a complementary DNA sequence
encapsulation	if -
candidate gene	A gene that is thought likely to influence the trait of interest, usually because major mutations at the gene affect the trait.
sensory transduction	The process in which a receptor cell converts the energy in a stimulus into a change in the electrical potential across its membrane.
objective case	A separate case in English only for pronouns, where it is used for all cases in which the pronoun is serving as a complement
ottava rima	A type of poetry consisting of 10- or 11-syllable lines arranged in 8-line “octaves” with the rhyme scheme abababcc
proposition of evaluation	Attaches a value to any object.
principle	In the Universal Grammar theory, principles of language are built-in to the human mind and are thus never broken in human languages
genetic recombination	The general term for the production of offspring that combine traits of the two parents.
metrical pause	A "rest" or "hold" that has a temporal value, usually to compensate for the omission of an unstressed syllable in a foot.
reconsolidation	The return of a memory trace to stable long-term storage after it has been temporarily made volatile during the process of recall.
assignment	scope -
genome	A complete set of chromosomes inherited as a unit from one parent.
gene pool	The total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time.
initialization	inline -
stress	The prominence or emphasis given to particular syllables
coralloid root	A root of plants in some Cycadophyta that is formed at the surface of the soil and that contains symbiotic cyanobacteria that provide nitrogen fixation.
plural	See number.
cs	See classical conditioning.
leaching	The dissolving of minerals and other elements in soil or rocks by the downward movement of water.
insight learning	The ability of an animal to perform a correct or appropriate behavior on the first attempt in a situation with which it has had no prior experience.
dominance	If the heterozygote is precisely intermediate between the two homozygotes, there is no dominance
compiler	An object file consists of machine language plus an external name
klüver-bucy syndrome	A condition, brought about by bilateral amygdala damage, that is characterized by dramatic emotional changes including reduction in fear and anxiety.
synthesis phase	In the cell cycle, the phase in which the DNA of the chromosomes is replicated and DNA-associated proteins, such as histones, are synthesized.
uncial	See "Upper Case."
style	Choice between formal or informal kinds of speech (and writing).
cultural adaptation/culture shock cycle	Model of what happens when a person is introduced into a new culture and then must return to their home culture
tumor suppressor gene	A gene whose protein products inhibit cell division, thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth (cancer).
metaphysics	Metaphysics is a term used to denote a branch of philosophy dating back to the time of Aristotle referring to the study of the nature of things “beyond the senses”
phrase	A group of words that appear next to each other or stay together in the arrangement of a sentence and that form a syntactic unit.
visibility	access declaration -
common measure	A meter consisting chiefly of seven iambic feet arranged in rhymed pairs, thus a line with four accents followed by a line with three accents, usually in a 4-line stanza
social dominance	A hierarchical pattern of social organization involving domination of some members of a group by other members in a relatively orderly and long-lasting pattern.
antisense oligonucleotide	A short synthetic nucleic acid sequence that is complementary to an mRNA sequence
light microscope	An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens.