Glossary extracted starting with automatic seeds, with PTM for the domain mat and language EN

happy1	happy2
refractor	A telescope in which the light is focused by a lens at the viewing side of the telescope
combinations	A method of counting that tells how many ways a designated number of objects can be selected from a given set.
group	An algebraic structure where a set of elements is given an associative binary operation, where the set is closed under the operation; an identity element for the operatione exists and an inverse element exists.
nist	National Institute of Standards and Technology Non-regulatory body of the US Department of Commerce for the promotion and development of measurement science, standards and technology
action	1
dms	Defense Messaging Service.
crypto	Cryptography
lbv	Luminous Blue Variables -- A variable-star designation for the high-luminosity early type objects
material implication	The sentence of "if p then q" that is equivalent to "(not p) and q", in that they share the same truth values as sentences.
sine curve	The graph representing a sine function, its translation or the result of stretching/squashing the graph along the coordinate axes.
phase	The position within a cycle for a periodic system
hierarchical cosmology	A cosmology characterized by a system of clusters within clusters within clusters
mathematician	A mathematician is a person who studies mathematics.
border banded matrix	A border banded matrix is a 2 by 2 block matrix comprising a (large) leading block which is a square banded matrix, two dense rectangular side strips, and a (small) trailing block which is a square dense matrix.
bootis stars	A type of young (usually early A), weak-lined, metal-poor stars with low radial velocities
method of differences	Learn about the Method of Differences.
alternating series	A series with terms (an) which strictly alternates between positive and negative values
ip options attack	A method of gaining unauthorized network access by utilizing IP options.
low-velocity star	A star whose U, V, and W velocities are all near zero
blackbody radiation	(a) Radiation whose spectral intensity distribution is that of a blackbody in accordance with Planck's law
conjugate prior distribution	In Bayesian statistics, the distribution of the prior probability when the prior and the posterior distributions belong to the same family.
dividend	The dividend is the number that is divided (in long division)
dns spoofing	An attack technique where a hacker intercepts your system's requests to a DNS server in order to issue false responses as though they came from the real DNS server
cubic function	a polynomial function of degree 3
coudé focus	(a) A focus used primarily for spectroscopy
micrometry	The measurement of the apparent sizes and separations of astronomical objects by use of knife blades or crosshairs in the eyepiece of a telescope
dynamics	The study of motion, its changes and its cause of changes (i.e
life cycle	The length of time a key can be kept in use and still provide an appropriate level of security.
milli-	An SI prefix which means one-thousandth (1/1000).
coordinates	Quantities that provide references for locations in space and time
critical path	A term used in project planning to indicated a segment of the proposed work which if not completed on time will result in one or more other segments being delayed with serious "knock-on" effects for the project
elementary regions	Usually infinite regions are excluded from the diagram, along with any infinite portions of the lines
pie chart	A form of representation of qualitative (or discrete categories of) data
charge	The fundamental property of a particle that causes it to be affected by the electromagnetic force
angle	A measure of the "separation" of 2 lines (planes) by the minimal amount of rotation about the common intersection point (line) in order for one line (plane) to coincide with the other.
second derivative	The derivative of the derivative of a function f(x), denoted f''(x)
rest-mass energy	The energy which a particle has even when it is at rest
interface	A boundary across which two independent systems meet and act on or communicate with each other
key expansion	A process that creates a larger key from the original key.
bohr radius	(a0 = 2 / me2) (a) The radius of the orbit of the hydrogen electron in its ground state (0.528 Å)
double integral	An integral of an integral with respect to two different variables.
b-factory	A b-factory is a facility designed to produce and detect large numbers of b-quarks, at least 100 million a year
appleton layer	(F-layer) The upper of the two main layers in the ionosphere, at a height above about 150 km
matrix	A rectangular array of numbers is often called a Matrix.
cp violation	(a) A reaction between subatomic particles is said to be a "CP violating" reaction if the reaction produces a different result when the electrical charges of the particles are changed to their opposites and the mirror image of the particle trajectories is used
contour integral	An integral along a contour on the complex plane/argand diagram which may be parametrized.
endothermic process	An adjective applied to a reaction in which a net input of energy is required for the reaction to occur
speed of light	(a) c = 299,792 km sec-1 (186,180 miles sec-1)
diagonal matrix	A square matrix whose only non-zero entries are on the main diagonal.
measure	A concept of assigning a set of points (e.g
simple root	A root of multiplicity of 1
bamberga	Asteroid 324 (a = 2.80 AU, e = 0.36, i = 11°.2)
conservation of energy	The law that states that the amount of energy in a closed system remains unchanged
surface	A geometric object which locally resembles (in the limiting case) a plane at almost all points.
hydrostatic equilibrium	A balance between the gravitational force inward and the gas and radiation forces outward in a star
schmidt camera	Telescopic camera incorporating an internal corrective lens or plate that compensates for optical defects and chromatic faults in the main mirror
baade's window	A clearing in the dust clouds of the constellation Sagittarius where astronomers can view stars in the Galactic bulge
positive series	A real series consisting only of positive terms.
series	Most often a sequence of terms to be summed
cofactor	For a square matrix, augmenting the minors with a sign (positive or negative) in a "chequered" fashion forms the cofactors.
runaway stars	(a) Early type stars (O and early B) outside the Galactic plane, which reached large distances (from the Galactic plane) because of their high velocities
elliptical	With the properties of or related to an ellipse.
epicycle	The outer circle in producing the locus in an epicycloid.
frequency	The number of cycles or occurrences within a given interval (number) of a continuous (discrete) quantity..
convergence	The property of a mathematical object, considered as a sequence, is convergent.
bessel's equation	A second order ordinary differential equation(ODE)
eruptive variable	see Cataclysmic Variable
families	(a) Organization of matter particles into three groups, with each group being known as a family
told	see
one cup	16 tablespoons
chance	Characteristic of a regime in which predictions cannot be made exactly, but only in terms of probabilities
ion	(a) A charged particle consisting of an atom, or group of atoms, that has either lost or gained electrons
lunar	Of the Moon
algebra	The branch of mathematics that allows manipulation of symbols and values to determine quantities that are not always fixed
logical equivalence	The relation between 2 sentences whose logical values are always the same.
binning	On-chip binning
rydberg correction	See Quantum Defect
riemannian	The adjective “Riemannian” is used in these notes to distinguish the physics that applies in the universe of Orthogonal from that which applies in our own universe.
sense	One of two opposite directions describable by the motion of a point, line, or surface
light-time	The interval of time required for light to travel from a celestial body to the Earth
l-magnitude	The magnitude derived from observations at an infrared wavelength of 3.5 microns
configuration	A particular arrangement of mathematical objects.
graph	1
neyman-pearson lemma	A theorem which provides the best sized critical region for a 2-point hypothesis test using the ratio of the likelihood of the 2 points (values).
parent functions	A collection of simple functions used to build more complicated functions
smtp	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
supergalactic plane	An apparent plane of symmetry, passing through the Virgo cluster of galaxies, about which many of the brightest galaxies in the sky are concentrated
illusion	An illusion is something that tricks your eyes.
copernicanism	Broadly, the hypothesis that the earth and the other planets orbit the sun
equation	A mathematical statement with an equal sign showing that two values are equal.
simple interest	Interest obtained using the formula I = prt, where I is generated, p is principal, r is the interest rate per period of time, and t is the time period.
radian	A radian is a unit of angular measure that is equal to the angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle
authentication	The action of verifying information such as identity, ownership or authorization.
h	Hubble's constant in units of 100 km s-1 Mpc-1
astration	The processing of matter through stars
algebra	A branch of mathematics which studies the properties and resulting structures from applying operations on mathematical objects
simple curve	A non-self-intersecting curve.
hypergeometric series	A power series
private network address	A private network address is an IP address range that is used only within the confines of a single organization
intransitive relation	A relation which is not transitive.
background radiation	Or background blackbody radiation, is the isotropic residual microwave radiation in space left from the primordial big bang
esa	European Space Agency [LLM96]
f-test	The collective name of a number of statistical tests where the test statistic under H0 in the hypothesis testing is F-distributed.
albedo	(a) The ratio of the amount of light reflected from a surface to the amount of incident light
stokes parameters	(a) A way of characterizing the polarization state of light which is closely related to actual measurements
minor segment	The shorter of 2 segments of a circle defined (and split) by a chord of a circle.
metre	The SI base unit of length.
dodecahedron	Any polyhedron with twelve faces.
lommel-seeliger surface	A surface with large-scale roughness where shadowing effects are important
de morgan's laws	Statements relating the union and intersection of sets with their negations
escape velocity	(a) Speed an object must attain in order to free itself from returning to the parent body under the effects of gravity
member	the first clause is the trivial branch - it says that member
libration	(a) The "turning" of the Moon so that although the same face is presented to Earth at all times, the overall surface of the Moon visible is 59% of the total
total differential	An exact differential.
path	A sequence of vertices where any two consecutive vertices in the sequence are connected by an edge.
leap second	A second (see Second, Système International) added between 60s and 0s at announced times to keep UTC within 0s.90 of UT1
alpha centauri	(a) Bright binary star in which both components contribute to a magnitude of -0.27: it is also the nearest of the bright stars (at a distance of 4.3 light years)
whitelist	Wide Area Network [WAN]
independent variable	A variable considered not to be a function of another variable (or set of variables) within the system being considered.
intersection	Where geometric entities cross, or where sets have common elements, is termed an Intersection.
one rupee	16 Annas
factorable	An mathematical object which can be considered as the result of combining (usually by multiplication) smaller (or simpler) constituent parts
privacy	The state or quality of being secluded from the view and or presence of others.
conjugate complex numbers	Also known as complex conjugates.
sequence	Informally, any series is a Sequence
i	I equals 1 in Roman numerals.
cv serpentis	A sometimes-eclipsing binary composed of a Wolf-Rayet star and a B0 star with a period of 29.6 days
chi-squared test	A test on the goodness of fit of an observation to the theoretical value/assumed distribution through the use of the chi-squared distribution to test its likelihood of deviation due to natural variations.
algebraic curve	A collection of points, of one-dimension, which represents the solutions of a collection of polynomials.
unit price	the price of a single item; the price of one unit of an item
composite hypothesis	As opposed to a simple hypothesis
probe	A type of hacking attempt characterized by repetitious, sequential access attempts
nsa	National Security Agency America's national cryptologic organisation, responsible for US information security
prime factor	A prime number that is a factor of another number is called a prime factor of that number.
stationary wave	A standing wave; the pattern formed when two waves of the same amplitude and frequency move simultaneously through a medium in opposite directions
motherboard	The main printed circuit board in a computer, which contains sockets that accept additional boards (daughterboards).
spearman's rank correlation coefficient	A measure of correlation between 2 variables by applying the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient on the ranks of the values, where equal values receive the mean of all (possible) ranks of the same value.
one-time pad	A secret-key cipher in which the key is a truly random sequence of bits that is as long as the message itself, and encryption is performed by XORing the message with the key
isothermal change	A process that takes place at constant temperature
temperature	A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a system
www	World Wide Web.
n-gon	When a polynomial has so many sides that we cannot easily remember its name, we just take the number of sides (n) and add "gon" to our characterization, as a 16-sided polygon would be called a "16-gon."
autumnal equinox	see Equinoxes [A84]
golden ratio	Given two quantities a and b, the ratio which is the same for both, the sum to the larger quantity and the larger to the smaller quantity.
anthropocentrism	The belief that humans are central to the Universe
ceiling	cos
encryption	The process of protecting information by making it impossible for anyone who is not authorized to read that information in a useable form
string coupling constant	A (positive) number that governs how likely it is for a given string to split apart into two strings or for two strings to join together into one-the basic processes in string theory
log	Logical Partition [LPAR]
unbiased hypothesis test	A hypothesis test where the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis is not less than the significance level if the alternative hypothesis is true and is not greater than the significance level when the null hypothesis is true.
data	The quantities, characters, or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer, which may be stored and transmitted in the form of electrical signals and recorded on magnetic, optical, or mechanical recording media.
euclidean geometry	The geometry system defined by the following axioms and "notions".
surface area	A measure of the number of square units needed to cover the outside of a figure.
square root	A value resulting when a given value is multiplied by itself.
r-process	The creation of elements heavier than zinc through the rapid bombardment of other elements by neutrons
shock wave	A sharp change in the pressure, temperature, and density of a fluid which develops when the velocity of the fluid begins to exceed the velocity of sound
robustness	The measure of the ability of a statistic to remain minimally affected by small deviations from assumptions within the model.
inertial frame of reference	Any "standard of rest" or coordinate frame for which Newton's first law is valid
seven	Seven is the number between six and eight
atomic orbital	Representation of the electron cloud surrounding an atom
correlation length	the correlation length gives a measure of the typical distance over which the fluctuations of one microscopic variable are correlated with the fluctuations of another
bilinear	The condition of an expression of 2 variables that is linear while considering individually each variable (while the other variable is fixed.) It is possible for an expression to be bilinear while not being linear
http	Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol.
diagonal	1
ethernet	A system for linking computers with a single serial cable
congruence	1
mode	While Mode can take on several meanings in mathematics, it generally is used for the value of data with the greatest frequency of occurrence in a list of values.
remainder	1
octahedron	Faceting is the dual operation of stellation
hierarchical clustering model	A model of galaxy clustering in which different patterns appear at different scales of distance and in which the "average" density of matter depends on the size of the volume over which the average is performed
white hat	A person who investigates flaws in network security measures in order to strengthen them and to prevent computer networks from being invaded
consistent	The property possessed by a scientific theory when it contains and extends an earlier well-supported theory; for example, general relativity is consistent with Newtonian gravity
ethernet	A physical and data link layer technology for local area networks (LANs)
inverse hyperbolic functions	The functions which take the values of hyperbolic functions as argument and give the corresponding arguments of the same function as values.
residual	See residuals in statisitcs..
bottom-up structure formation	The idea that small structures, perhaps galaxies or even smaller substructures, form first in the universe, followed later by larger structures
fk	Fill Key
wave	A propagating pattern of disturbance
_2	_3
mis	Metal Insulator Semiconductor
confidence interval	An interval given as the estimate for a parameter, based on the theoretic value of the parameter given known information, while taking into account of the probability we require the actual parameter to be within the given interval.
point of inflection	Also known as inflection, inflection point, inflexion or inflexion point (alternative spelling of inflection).
valence	Also valence band or valence electrons; the electrons in the outermost orbit
sagittarius a*	The very center of the Milky Way, Sagittarius A* is a strong source of radio waves and probably a massive black hole
tend to	A sequence/function tends to a value L if L is the limit of the sequence/function.
jeans mass	(a) The critical mass a volume of space must contain before it will collapse under the force of its own gravity
sigma function	1
color force	The force between two particles carrying color charge
two	Two is the number between one and three
apex	see Solar Apex
ephemeris hour angle	An hour angle referred to the ephemeris meridian
net income	the amount an employee receives after all deductions are subtracted from the employee's gross income
sco	see Antares
oval	Any shape resembling elongated circles.
differentiation	The process of determining the derivative (also known as derived function) of a function.
convergents	See continued fraction.
sunspot	(a) Comparatively dark spot on the Sun's photosphere, commonly one of a (not always obvious) group of two
heat of formation	Energy which would be required to form a molecule from dissociated atoms
tonne	A metric unit of mass of 1000 kilograms
distributive	The property of an operation on another where (for each element) the order of the operations are comutative.
reduction formulae	A set of formulae which relates the integral of some general expression to a simpler integral of the same type
order	1
open string	A type of string with two free ends
time dilation	A physical phenomenon described by the theory of relativity where the times between the same 2 events are measured to be different by two observers, at different velocities or in different frames of reference.
knapsack problem	A problem that involves selecting a number of objects with given weights from a set, such that the sum of the weights is maximal but less than a pre-specified weight.
impersonation	Occurs when an entity pretends to be someone or something it is not.
frequency view	An approach taken by mathematicians and scientists to determine the chances of an event happening by repeating the experiment many times and using the results to calculate the probability.
decryption	Term for extracting original information that has been encrypted back to its original un-encrypted form.
conditional	A mathematical sentence that describes the implication of one from another.
conservation of matter	The principle that matter is neither created nor destroyed
protractor	A protractor is a device that measures angles.
multiplication sign	The signs x and
_thing	_y47
yardstick	A yardstick is three feet long (a yard); it is used for measuring things.
provably secure	A property of a digital signature scheme stating that it is provably secure if its security can be tied closely to that of the cryptosystem involved
lagrange theorem	For any finite group $G$, the order of every subgroup $H$ of $G$ ivies the order of $G$.
maffei 1 and 2	Two galaxies discovered on infrared plates in 1968 and identified in 1970 as members (probably temporary) of the local group
small magellanic cloud	SMC: The second largest, and the second nearest, of the galaxies that orbit the Milky Way
superior planets	Planets farther from the Sun than the Earth is (i.e., Mars to Pluto)
certification authority	A trusted third party that issues certificates that can be used by individuals or organizations to verify their identity or credentials
descriptive statistics	As opposed to inferential statistics, descriptive statistics aim to summarise a set of data in a process where some information (perhaps deemed neglible or irrelevant) is inherently lost, while what is considered important or significant is retained.
metric ton	1000 kg, also known as a tonne.
external force	A force on a system originating from an object outside the system under consideration
euclidean algorithm	An algorithm for finding the HCF of two positive integers.
aperture synthesis	The method of combining the signals received by several smaller telescopes distributed over a very large area or baseline to provide the angular resolution of a much large telescope
blocked port	A security measure in which a specific port is disabled, stopping users outside the firewall from gaining access to the network through that port
meet	Another name for an intersection or the act of intersection (to intersect).
relativistic mass	The measure of mass of an object as observed from another frame of reference.
quintuple	A verb or noun; to multiply by five or the fifth integral multiple, respectively.
botnet	Collection of computers that are infected with small bits of code (bots) that allow a remote computer to control some or all of the functions of the infected machines
gegenschein	(a) Faint oval patch of light visible from Earth only at certain times of the year, opposite the Sun
bode's relationship	Bode's relationship gives an approximate indication of the comparative distances of the planets from the sun
liability	Lightweight Directory Access Protocol [LDAP]
cerenkov radiation	(a) A bluish light that is emitted when charged particles travel through a transparent medium at a speed that exceeds the speed of light in the medium
payoff matrix	A matrix which represents the payoffs in the study of game theory.
slope	Also known as gradient, the ratio of the directed difference in y-coordinates to the directed difference in x-coordinates(calculated in the same order), between any 2 points on a line.
parallel postulate	Given a line and a specific point not on the line, there is only one line through the specific point parallel to the given line.
exp	A shorthand for a (the) exponential function
key splitting	The process of dividing a private key into multiple pieces and sharing those pieces among several users
sphere	A sphere is properly defined as the set of points in the space that are equidistant of one point called center
fulcrum	A structure upon which a lever pivots.
cpt invariant	A theory is "CPT invariant" if for every possible reaction between subatomic particles, a reaction can also occur in which the electrical charges of the particles changed to their opposites, the mirror image of the particle trajectories is used, and the directions of motion are reversed
orthogonal transformation	A transformation represented by an orthogonal matrix.
terminating decimal	A recurring decimal where 0 is the digit which even recurrs (regularly at every digit)
metallic hydrogen	A hypothetical form of hydrogen in which the molecules have been forced by extremely high pressures to assume the lattice structure typical of metals
bitmask	A pattern of bits for an IP address that determines how much of the IP address identifies the host and how much identifies the network
corrector plates	Thin lens-like optical pieces which remove certain optical aberrations
maximum	cccc.
h- ion	An H ion with an extra electron in its shell
million	A million is 1,000,000 or one thousand thousand or 106.
gravitational lens	(a) A galaxy that intervenes between us and a distant astronomical object and that gravitationally deflects the light from that distant object
emission nebula	An HII region whose spectrum consists of emission lines
rayleigh	(a) Unit of flux
nautical mile	A unit of length that is exactly 1852 metres
independent equations	1
molecules	The smallest units of a chemical compound
simple interest	Interest payments calculated only by the initial nominal amount
bar	(a) The absolute cgs unit of pressure equal to 106 dyn cm-2
weak force	One of the four fundamental forces, best known for mediating radioactive decay
theory of everything	A "Theory of Everything" would not only describe how thing s work but also explain why things are the way they are
work	Equivalent to energy, Work is the product of force and distance.
gravitational equilibrium	The condition in a star in which at each point the weight of the overlying layers is balanced by the total pressure
external network	Any network that can connect to yours, with which you have neither a trusted or semi-trusted relationship
key	In cryptography, a key is complex mathematical algorithm applied to clear text, readable information, to produce encrypted unreadable information, or applied to encrypted information to change it back to the original readable format
dss	Digital Signature Standard
interstellar medium	The medium of gas and dust that fills the space between the stars
ipsec	A security protocol that provides authentication and encryption over the Internet
hyperbolic paraboloid	See paraboloid.
ram	Random access memory
coefficient of friction	A dimensionless quantity, the ratio of the friction force to the normal reaction as determined by a number of other factors
encke's comet	The comet with the shortest known period (3.30 years) (a = 2.21 AU, e = 0.847, i = 12°.4)
symmetric cipher	An encryption algorithm that uses the same key is used for encryption as decryption.
conclusion	When mathematical conclusions are valid the laws of math and science have been adhered to, and a logical approach has been taken
anticirculant matrix	An anticirculant matrix is a matrix whose first row of values is repeated in each successive row, shifted one position to the left, with the first value "wrapping around" to the end.
lucky numbers	25 - 9 = 16
luminosity	(a) Brightness of a celestial body, measured in terms of (apparent) magnitude, absolute magnitude, or using the Sun's brightness as 1.0 on a Solar scale
m42	The Orion Nebula, a star-forming region in the constellation Orion
lunisolar precession	That component of general precession that is caused by the gravitational coupling between the Moon and the Earth and between the Sun and the Earth
identity function	A function which maps all elements to itself, written f(x) = x.
quantum fluctuations	(a) The spontaneous fluctuation of energy in a volume of space
pentagonal numbers	51 - 35 = 16
stop	the goal X = stop
intractable	In complexity theory, referring to a problem with no efficient means of deriving a solution.
side	1
location	The property of a mathematical object relative to other objects through the concept of adjacency.
reflexive property	a property of equality that states, "For any a, a = a."
group	A small gathering of galaxies, smaller than a cluster
quintic polynomial	A 5th degree polynomial
cos	or log
snmp	Simple Network Management Protocol
seed	A typically random bit sequence used to generate another, usually longer pseudo-random bit sequence.
proof that 0=1	Is this a proof that 0=1?
fibonacci sequence	A specific sequence defined by the rule that each number is (or "can be", if we're extending a sequence in both directions) calculated by the sum of the two terms before it and that the first two terms of the sequence (the terms indexed by 1 and 2) both take the value of 1
invariant plane	The plane defined by the total angular momentum of the solar system
epoch	(a) A point of time selected as a fixed reference
conjecture	An assertion that is not yet proven
_	_thing
fts	Fourier Transform Spectrometer [LLM96]
ground loop	A condition in which two pieces of apparatus are connected together while each has a separate earth connection and these are not at identical potentials
hysteresis	(a) The ability to follow two different branches of states, as a parameter built in the system varies first in a monotonic fashion and subsequently comes back to its initial value by varying in the opposite direction
solar neutrino unit	1 SNU = 10-36 solar-neutrino captures per second per target atom
atom	atomic
precision	The quality of finer measurement or estimation is termed Precision.
bernoulli's equation	A first-order differential equation whose main application is fluid flow.
box plot	Another name of the box-and-whisker diagram, also known as a box-and-whisker plot.
product	the result of two numbers being multiplied.
weighted average	When several factors comprise a score or calculation and the factors have different amounts of importance to the overall result, a Weighted Average may be calculated by assigning more importance (or "weight") to one factor over another.
relativistic mechanics	1
region	A connected subset of points in a topological space.
law of sines	Also known as the sine rule, an equation relating the three ratios of sides to the sine value of the corresponding (opposite) angles.
gravitational redshift	(a) Generic name for the shift in the frequency or wavelength of a signal that travels up or down in a gravitational field; effect is a redshift if signal travels upward, a blueshift if it travels downward
lhea	Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics
cross product	More formally called the vector product - a way of multiplying 2 vectors and produces another vector perpendicular in direction to the "multiplicand" and the "multiplier"
hemisphere	A hemisphere is half of a sphere.
cube	Opposite of chiral.
catalog equinox	The intersection of the hour circle of zero right ascension of a star catalog with the celestial equator
consistent	The property of admitting possible solutions for a system of equations.
generator	Several relate concepts where a set of mathematical objects considered to be simpler than and completely specifies the mathematical object in question.
accumulation theory	The theory by which planetesimals are assumed to collide with one another and coalesce, eventually sweeping up enough material to form the planets
angular frequency	Also known as angular speed
are complex numbers real?	A discussion of my view on which number system is required for physics.
complex analytic	A particular property of mathematical representations of physical or mathematical systems
public exponent	The public key in the RSA public-key cryptosystem.
barycentric	Of or related to the centre of mass of an object.
subtraction	The inverse operation of addition
hertz	(Hz) A unit of frequency equal to one cycle (or wave) per second
trisect	To trisect is to divide into three equal parts
advection	The transfer of matter such as water vapor or heat through the atmosphere as a result of horizontal movement of an air mass
digital timestamp	A record mathematically linking a document to a time and date.
color temperature	A stellar temperature determined by comparison of the spectral distribution of the star's radiation with that of a blackbody
opposite	1
percent	One part out of a hundred
clouds of magellan	see Magellanic Clouds
simple hypothesis	A hypothesis which specifies the distirbution of a population
sculptor group	The nearest group of galaxies to the Local Group, 4 to 10 million light-years away
cap	An informal name for symbol ∩, used to denote intersection of sets that is easier to say than the polysyllabic "intersection".
meter	(a) The SI unit of length
radian measure	Radian Measure is just as good as degree measure for angles, and sometimes better
quantum theory	(a) A theory which seeks to explain that the action of forces is a result of the exchange of sub-atomic particles
antipodal points	The points that are diametrically opposite on a circle or a sphere
tell	except that it arranges for subsequent write operations to add data to the end of the specified file, rather than overwriting the file with the first subsequent write operation
eddy currents	Induced currents set up in a conductor by a changing magnetic field
biconditional	An equivalence relation indicating two mathematical sentences to be necessary and sufficient conditon of each other.
factor	The factor of a number is a number that divides that number exactly
necessary condition	A sentence which is always true if the specified statement is true, but not necessarily vice versa
meridian	(a) Theoretical north-south line on the Earth's surface, or an extension of that line onto the night sky, connecting the observer's zenith with the celestial pole and the horizon
activity	Symbol: A For a radioactive substance, the average number of atoms disintegrating per unit time
server	A computer that provides shared resources to network users
ordinary differential equation	ODE - A differential equation without any partial derivatives.
microwave background radiation	thermal radiation with a temperature of about 3 K that is apparently uniformly distributed in the Universe; the radiation, discovered by A.A
scale drawing	A drawing for which all lengths are proportional to the corresponding lengths.
mechanics	The study in mathematics of displacement (and its derivatives) and force and energy of models of physical bodies.
quadrangular prism	A prism with a quadrangular (quadrilateral) base.
zeroize	General expression for deleting the cryptographic keys and other variables from an encryption device in case of a compromise or seizure.
multinomial	An algebraic expression consisting of more than one term.
region of convergence	The region of points, as arugments, provide a convergent series.
getter	A chemical absorption method of removing (pumping) gas from a chamber by tying up molecules on a surface
hypatia	Hypatia of Alexandria (AD 370(?)-415) was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, teacher, and head of the Platonist school at Alexandria about AD 400
mime	Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions.
euclidean construction	Geometric construction using only straight edges and compasses
symmetric positive definite	A matrix which is symmetric and positive definite.
chromatic aberration	(a) Introduction of spurious colors by a lens
adiabatic fluctuations	Fluctuations in both the matter and radiation density, as though a volume of the Universe were slightly squeezed but allowing no radiation to escape
subject	perhaps temporarily, has the value databases
rectangular matrix	A rectangular matrix is a matrix which is not "square", that is, a matrix whose row order and column order are different.
redshift-distance relation	The correlation between redshift in the spectra of galaxies and their distances
tell	telling
product	The result of multiplication.
series	the sum of a sequence.
digital signature	The encryption of a message digest with a private key.
missing matter	Alternate term for dark matter
newtonian mechanics	The study of positions (and its time-derivatives) and force through Newton's Law of Motion..
root	a solution of an equation
random number	As opposed to a pseudo-random number, a truly random number is a number produced independently of its generating criteria
frequency distribution	A function showing the number of instances in which a variable takes each of its possible values.
island universe hypothesis	Assertion that the sun belongs to a galaxy and that the spiral nebulae are other galaxies of stars, which in turn are separated from one another by vast voids of space
explicit differentiation	The process of differentiating an explicit function.
frequency	The number of items occurring in a given category.
space	A loosely defined idea of a set of elements with abstract algebraic structures which can be represented in, or identified with the physical concept of space.
recombination	(a) The capture of an electron by a positive ion
galois field	A field with a finite number of elements
compounded quarterly	interest calculated every three months and added to the principal for the next interest period
regression of the nodes	The slow (19°.35 per year, 360° in 18.6 years), westward motion of the nodes of the Moon's orbit due to perturbations of the Earth and Sun
proportional	If y = kx, then y is said to be proportional to x.
sc	Single Channel
galactic equator	The primary circle defined by the central plane of the Galaxy
fh	Frequency Hopping Method for quicky changing the frequency (channel) during a transmission in a seemingly random order
constant of proportionality	The constant ratio between the change in 2 related variables said to be proportional (directly or partially) to each other.
bayes factor	The Bayesian equivalent (in its application) to the classical frequentist concept of hypothesis testing.
maclaurin spheroid	A form which a homogeneous self-gravitating mass can take when in a state of uniform rotation
monotonic decreasing function	See decreasing function.
right prism	A prism where all lines contained in the lateral edges are perpendicular to the base.
probabilistic signature scheme	A provably secure way of creating signatures using the RSA algorithm.
mediator	A type of variable designed to aid in identifying the relationship between a dependent and an independent vairable.
fixed-point iteration	See iteration.
chandrasekhar-schönberg limit	(a) Mass above which the helium core of a star begins to contract (eventually to collapse altogether)
dot	A dot is a tiny speck or point.
generalized linear models	A generalisation unifying various types of regressions.
block cipher based mac	MAC that is performed by using a block cipher as a keyed compression function.
analysis	A branch of mathematics that studies functions, sequences and related concepts
spontaneous emission	(a) Radiation emitted by an isolated body
aspect	The apparent position of any of the planets or the Moon relative to the Sun, as seen from Earth
syn flood attack	A method of denying service to legitimate users of a network resource (such as a Web server) by intentionally overloading a network with illegitimate TCP connection requests
cube root	A number that you can multiply by itself three times to get a given number
fov	Field of View
nonlinear	The property of an algebraic expression where the highest order term is of order more than 1.
proportional to	proportional to
pressure	The measure of force exerted over a standardised area
equiangular	Having equal angles
torus	A torus is a doughnut-shaped solid object.
concatenate	To place two (or more) things together one directly after the other
arithmetic progression	A sequence where consecutive terms differ by the same amount, that is, the directed difference between each term and the next is always the same.
canis minoris	see Procyon
nonlinear key space	A key space comprised of strong and weak keys.
salpeter function	A simple functional interpolation for the distribution by mass of newly formed stars
gamma ray	(a) Electromagnetic radiation similar to X-radiation, although of shorter wavelength, emitted spontaneously by some radioactive substances from atomic nuclei during radioactive decay
inscribe	to draw inside
space coordinates	Coordinates specifically used to identify the position of an (idealised) object in 3-dimensional space.
polygon	A closed curve on a plane formed by more than one line segment
pgp	Pretty Good Privacy
ae aurigae	An O9.5 V runaway star
strong prime	A prime number with certain properties chosen to defend against specific factoring techniques.
minimal surface	A surface whose mean curvature is zero.
square root	The number whose square gives a specified number.
adsorption	A process in which a layer of atoms or molecules of one substance forms on the surface of a solid or liquid
projection	A matrix A is a projection matrix if it is idempotent and hermitian (or symmetric in the real case).
local bubble	The region of the Galaxy near the Sun which has little neutral hydrogen gas
isostasy	The plasticity of the surface layer of a planet - e.g., the ability of the surface layer to adjust its level according to the load (such as ice caps) that it has to carry
v	V equals 5 in Roman numerals.
six	Six is the number between five and seven
zero one matrix	A zero one matrix is a matrix whose entries are equal to 0 or 1.
x-axis	The x-axis is usually the horizontal axis.
.point	A point is an exact location, a spot with no width or thickness.
centaurus cluster	A cluster of galaxies about 200 Mpc distant
non-convex	Flat or concave.
c.d.f.	Cumulative distribution function of a probability distribution.
ftp	File Transfer Protocol
spheroid	An ellipsoid formed by stretching/compressing a sphere in one direction only.
confidence level	The probability with which a parameter should fall within the given confidence interval (Since we can never be certain due to natural variations in our observations.)
interior	Interior means within or "in-between."
hydrogen burning	The fusion of hydrogen into helium and the process by which all main-sequence stars generate energy
iras	Infrared Astronomy Satellite
base	A value multiplied repeatedly in an exponential expression.
probability distribution	A function of a discrete variable whose integral over any interval is the probability that the random variable specified by it will lie within that interval
oblique pyramid	A pyramid where the apex (the vertex not on the base) is not directly above the centreof the base.
mac	See message authentication code.
callisto	(a) Fifth (known) moon out from jupiter, and its second largest
member	then "(", then the first argument, Item
export encryption	Encryption, in any form, which leaves its country of origin
d.o.f.	An abbreviation for degrees of freedom, like d.f..
seeing	Describes the blurring of a stellar (point-like) image due to turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere, both at high altitudes and within the telescope dome
hecto-	An SI prefix that means 100.
archimedes	Archimedes (287 B.C
explosive galaxy formation	A theory of galaxy formation wherein the explosion of a large number of stars creates a giant shock wave that travels outward and compresses the surrounding gas
relative velocity	The velocity of an object in the frame of reference of another object
line graph	A diagram showing a system of connections or interrelations between two or more things by using lines.
transformation	1
mean elements	Elements of an adopted reference orbit (see Elements, Orbital ) that approximates the actual, perturbed orbit
variance	Learn how to calculate the variance of a random distribution.
lagrange's theorem	Also known as Lagrange's Four Squares Theorem or Bachet's Conjecture, it is a theorem that states that any natural numbers can be exprressed as the sum of 4 squares of integers (or 4 squares of natural numbers including zero).
private exponent	The private key in the RSA public-key cryptosystem.
pki	Public-key Infrastructure
nonnegative	We have occasions to refer to all positive values as well as to zero
sphere	The outer surface of a ball
history	then the cut goal is executed, and then studies
inverse	Inverse carries a lot of meanings within the language of mathematics.
gambler's ruin	A number of related concepts and results in probability that is not in the gamblers' favour
componendo et dividendo	A way to simplify various calculations involving fractions
encryption	The transformation of plaintext into an apparently less readable form (called ciphertext) through a mathematical process
abundance	(a) The relative amount of a given element among others; for example, the abundance of oxygen in the Earth's crust is approximately 50% by weight
red spot	An elliptical spot about 40,000 × 15,000 km on the southern hemisphere of Jupiter
positive angle	A plane angle taken to be anti-clockwise from some reference axis.
null matrix	A matrix whose entries are all 0
rise	The difference in the coordinates of the independent variable between 2 points.
mode	the number that occurs most frequently in a set of data.
convex polygon	A polygon where any line segments connecting any 2 points within the polygon is also entirely within the polygon
-process	A hypothetical process of nucleosynthesis (now considered obsolete terminology), which consisted of redistributing -particles in the region from 20Ne to 56Fe (and perhaps slightly higher)
degree	A degree is a measure of temperature or angle
symmetric	x ~ y implies y ~ x for all x, y in X.
cross product	A product of vectors that generates another vector is often a Cross Product.
causality	pertaining to the time development of a system and the requirement of special relativity whereby energy cannot be propagated at a speed faster than that of light
subkey	A value generated during the key scheduling of the key used during a round in a block cipher.
dichotomous data	Data where all entries fall into exactly one of two categories.
nonagon	A nonagon is a nine-sided polygon.
arithmetic mean	An average value of a set of numbers calculated by dividing the sum of the set of numbers by the number of numbers in the set.
heliocentric	Having the Sun at the center
non-persistent cookies	Non-persistent cookies do not permanently record data and they are not stored on your computer's hard drive
biconcave	Describing a lens with two concave faces
nonperiodic tiling	A pattern of non-overlapping geometric shapes which fills a plane with no gaps between shapes, where patterns are generally repeated through the plane.
null set	same as empty set. A set with no elements.
newton-raphson method	Also known as Newton's method.
polyhedron	A 3 dimensional object bounded by 2-dimensional surfaces which are polygons
carbon burning	The stage when a star fuses carbon into heavier elements, making neon and magnesium
minimal surface	A mathematical term referring to surfaces that satisfy a minimization procedure
hour	A unit of time originally defined to be one twenty-fourth (1/24) of a day
color charge	Color charge and strong charge are the same thing
irreflexive relation	A relation that is not reflexive.
kinetic energy	Energy possessed by an object due to its motion.
si units	International System of Units, a metric system of units of measurement.
massive black hole	Utilized in a theoretical model for quasars and active galactic nuclei, according to which the energy source is due to infall (and resultant heating) of gas and stars onto a supermassive central black hole
master equation	an equation describing the evolution of the probability of a state at a given time as the balance between transitions leading to this state, and transitions removing the system from this state
parallel	Describing lines (or other geomtric objects) that are non-intersecting, "going" in the same direction and keep equal distance everywhere
galilean satellites	The four largest satellites of Jupiter - Io (J I), Europa (J II), Ganymede (J III), and Callisto (J IV) - discovered by Galileo in 1610
galactic cluster	See open cluster
brackets	Brackets act just like parentheses, coming in pairs to group data or terms.
cartesian product	The Cartesian product of two sets is the set of all ordered pairs such that the first element of the ordered pair is an element of the first set in the product and similarly, the second element of the ordered pair is an element of the second set in the product.
m	M equals 1000 in Roman numerals.
serial register	The final (horizontal) row of a CCD in which the controlling electrodes are arranged at right angles to those on the rest of the CCD
hmac	see MAC.
colloid	A substance containing very small particles (sizes in the range 10-9-10-5 m)
inversely proportional	y is inversely proportional to x if y = k/x.
factor formulae	Also known as sum-to-product formulae
neighbourhood	A set of points which include all the points within a sphere of radius of any positive value of a specified point.
brachistochrone	The trajectory of fastest travel between 2 points if a bead is considered to be guided by a smooth wire, under gravity only, between the 2 points starting from rest
shear	A stress applied to a body in the plane of one of its faces
altitude	(a) Angular distance above the horizon
minor arc	The shorter of the 2 parts of circumference (arcs) defined (and split) by 2 points on the circumference of a circle.
matrix	a table of numbers arranged in rows and columns.
hub	A device that serves as a common connection point for multiple devices on a network
regolith	The layer of fragmentary debris produced by meteoritic impact on the surface of the Moon or a planet
connected graph	A graph is connected if there is at least one path between any two vertices of the graph.
factorial	The factorial function is the function represented by an exclaimation mark
header	A series of bytes at the beginning of a communication packet that provides information about the packet such as its computer of origin, the intended recipient, packet size, and destination port number
material equivalence	A material bicondition, two sentences which share the same truth values.
milky way	(a) Our own galaxy, the second largest in the local group
session key	A key for symmetric-key cryptosystems which is used for the duration of one message or communication session
member	the list that is the argument to member
concordance	A measure of agreement of pairwise bijective set of orderings on a finite number of objects.
mortality tables	Another name for life tables.
digital cash	See electronic money
imperial units	The system of units used in the British Empire before the adoption of the metric system.
rotation	Movement in a circulation or circular fashion, often around a point or an axis, is termed Rotation.
equation of motion	Any equations related to the motion of objects.
key generation	The act of creating a key.
hectogon	A hectogon is a hundred-sided figure.
aplanatic system	A system of three lenses which, taken together, correct for spherical aberration, chromatic aberration, and coma
ambiguous case	Commonly refering to the situation in trigonometry where insufficient information are given in specifying a triangle (up to congruence), while appearing otherwise
stratosphere	The region of Earth's atmosphere immediately above the troposphere
high-velocity object	Generally a celestial object in the galactic halo whose orbital velocity around the galactic center is less than that of the Sun, and that thus, relative to the Sun, has a high space motion
l'hôpital's rule	A method for finding the limit of a ratio with an indeterminate value through the use of derivatives.
trojan horse	A malicious program disguised as a useful or fun program
iram	Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimetrique
digest	Commonly used to refer to the output of a hash function, e.g
variable	A variable is a symbol, often a letter, which is used to represent a value which may change within the context of the given problem.
stream cipher based mac	MAC that uses linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) to reduce the size of the data it processes.
multiplex	Combining many signals into one or a small number of signals
s.e.	A shorthand for standard error.
hard problem	A computationally-intensive problem; a problem that is computationally difficult to solve.
deca-	An SI prefix that means ten or ten-fold.
bias	1
schwarzschild filling factor	Ratio of the actual density to the limiting value for a system
limit comparison test	A method of determining the convergence or divergence of a sequence by comparing the ratio of the terms of a sequence under consideration, with the corresponding terms of a sequence of known status (of convergence/divergence).
self-shrinking generator	A stream cipher where the output of an LFSR is allowed to feed back into itself.
apocenter	The point in the orbit of one component of a binary system which is farthest from the center of mass of the system
set	Secure Electronic Transaction
c.g.s. units	A system of units based on centimetres, grams and seconds
mixed decimal	A form of representation of a number with an integer part and a part whose quantity is between 0 and 1
number base representation	We use a positional numeral system with base 10 to represent our numbers.
laplacian determinism	Clockwork conception of the Universe in which complete knowledge of the state of the Universe at one moment completely determines its state at all future and past moments
logarithm	1
delta	change / difference
high quartile	Also known as an upper quartile or third quartile.
construction	The study of geometric figures which can be constructed using an idealised version of real world compasses and rulers (straight edge).
beta distribution	A important univariate continuous probability distribution over the open interval (0, 1).
maclaurin series	A special case of a Taylor's series (see Taylors theorem) where the specific point on which the series is based has argument zero (is on the y-axis).
isomer shift	Displacement of an absorption line due to the fact that the absorbing nuclei have a different s-electron density from that of the emitting nuclei
burst	Suddenly enhanced nonthermal radio emission from the high solar corona immediately following a solar flare, probably due to energetic electrons trapped in the coronal magnetic field
divergence	A differential operator on a vector function such that, for a vector F = Ui + Vj + Wk in the Cartesian coordinate system,
fractal	A self-similar geometric shape consisting of parts which is the same as an enlargement of some of its parts.
cation	A positively charged ion, formed by removal of electrons from atoms or molecules
stress	The amount of force per unit area within a cross section (perpendicular to the direction of force) of a body on which a force acts.
wave	disturbance that propagates through space and time, usually with transference of energy
receiver	General term for a radio detection system
relation	a set of ordered pairs.
root	1
lyman alpha clouds	Gas lying between us and quasars that absorbs some of the radiation from those quasars
graphical solution	A process of finding approximations of solutions through the use of graphs.
terminator	The boundary between the illuminated and dark areas of the apparent disk of the Moon, a planet or a planetary satellite
hyperbolic geometry	See non-Euclidean geometry.
heliocentric cosmology	School of models in which the sun was portrayed as standing at the center of the universe
supra-thermal	High-energy
fried parameter	A measure of the scale of the turbulence in the atmosphere
ethernet address	A unique ID number obtained automatically when an Ethernet adapter is added to a computer
data encryption standard	See DES.
system noise	The noise in a radio telescope; composed of the receiver noise and the sky noise
conjunct	A logical operator that returns the value true if and only if both its operands are true
analytic methods	Methods for solving problems which involves breaking down and studying the consequences of the "internal" properties and/or components of objects involved in the problem, as opposed to solution primarily through its "external" relations to other objects.
conditional probability	The probability of an event given the (non-)occurrence of other events.
ounce	An ounce is a unit of measure
bastion host	A computer placed outside a firewall to provide public services (such as World Wide Web access and FTP) to other Internet sites, hardened to withstand whatever attacks the Internet can throw at it.
worm	A self-replicating program that seeks access into other computers by exploiting security flaws
term	An expression (usually within a larger expression) which is considered as one, connected by most elementary operations and functions other than addition and subtraction.
googol	A name for the value 10100.
gff	Giga French Francs
active galactic nucleus	AGN -- An unusually bright galactic nucleus whose light is not due to starlight
partial correlation coefficient	The coefficient of correlation between 2 random variables with all other random variables fixed.
continuity correction	The adjustment of the argument of a discrete distribution to form a closer approximation to a continuous argument
packet	A unit of information formatted according to specific protocols that allow precise transmittal of data from one node in a network to another
astronomy	The science that studies the natural world beyond the earth
superset	A set which completely contains the specified set
acceptance sampling	A method of make a decision of acceptance or rejection of a batch of items by randomly sampling a portion of it
kirkwood gaps	Regions in the asteroid zone which have been swept clear of asteroids by the perturbing effects of Jupiter
predictor variable	Another name for an independent variable, explanatory variable or a predicated variable.
one pound	16 ounces (weight) (Units of measure)
oblique coordinate system	Any coordinate systems where the coordinate axes are not perpendicular to each other.
contour plot	A type of plane graphical representation of a function with 2 arguments where sets of points of selected values form non-intersecting closed curves, known as contours.
bit	A binary digit, either 1 or 0.
method of moments	A method of estimating parameters in the population by moments of the sample.
projectile	An object purturbed from stationary by a force before being subjected to air resistance and gravity only - where the effects of air resistance is generally understood to not reduce the speed of the object.
centripetal force	A force perpendicular to the velocity of an object which causes the object to travel on a curved (not straight) path.
oaep	Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding; a provably secure way of encrypting a message.
percent	a fraction in which the denominator is assumed to be 100.
inequality	An inequality is a statement that relates two expressions that are not, or may not be, equal.
coefficient of concordance	A measure of concordance
np	Nondeterministic polynomial running time
evolution	Also known as extraction, the process of finding a root of a number
commutation relations	in quantum mechanics, if one has two operators A and B, then it is often the case that the action of the product operator AB is not the same as that of BA
spheres	Concept probably older than the ancient Greeks, in which the Sun, Moon, planets and the stars were thought to orbit the Earth travelling on their own crystalline but - except for that of the stars - transparent spheres
head-tail galaxies	A class of relatively weak radio sources associated with clusters of galaxies and characterized by a high-brightness "head" close to the optical galaxy and a long low-brightness "tail"
perpendicular	The state of geometric objects being at right angle to each other.
percent	Literally, per hundred.
sensitive information	Information that requires special precautions to protect it from unauthorised access, modification, use or deletion
armillary sphere	Ancient Greek, Arabic and medieval alt-azimuth device, comprising a calibrated ring fixed in the meridian plane, within which a second concentric ring, also calibrated, was mobile around a vertical axis
sextic	Of degree six or sixth order.
parabolic	Of or related to the shape of the parabola.
coriolis effect	The acceleration which a body in motion experiences when observed in a rotating frame
magnetopause	The region in earth's ionosphere where the magnetosphere meets the Solar Wind
eccentric	An orbit that has a high eccentricity that is, highly elliptical
additive inverse for matrices	Mr
rest	Sum
regression	A family of techniques designed to uncover the relationship between a dependent variable with one or more independent variables.
enneadecagon	An enneadecagon is a nineteen-sided polygon.
chondrite	A stony meteorite usually characterized by the presence of chondrules (q.v.)
centigrade degree	Same as celsius.
pkcs	Public-key cryptography Standards
conclusion	the part in the then clause of a conditional statement
rotation	Of a single body in space: spinning on an axis
decimal	A number expressed in a particular positional numbering system of base 10
avoidance	The fact that galaxies appear to "avoid" the Milky Way, and are most numerous in other parts of the sky
covert channel	A hidden communication medium.
convergent sequence	Informally, a sequence is convergent if the terms gets arbitrarily close to a point (called the limit) so that given a proximity (that the sequence should get to), a sequence eventually gets to within such proximity without leaving it.
coulomb barrier	(a) Electromagnetic zone of resistance surrounding protons (or other electrically charged particles) that tends to repel other protons (or other particles of like charge)
sample space	The set of all possible outcomes from an experiment.
royal society	English organization founded in the seventeenth century and dedicated to the advancement of science
complement	The complement of a set is the set of elements not in the specified set
half-life	When some entity experiences exponential decay (reduction or diminution) the times it takes to lose half of its size (or strength) is its Half-Life.
choosing correct variables	A good choice of variables can simplify the amount of computations that you have to do.
modus ponens	We have "If A, then B." Modus Ponens is a piece of logic that goes like this: if we know A to be true, then we know that B must be true, too.
z	Notation for redshift
revolution	The rotation of a geometric figure by 360o.
explosive variables	see Cataclysmic Variables
threshold cryptography	Splitting a secret (for example a private key) into many pieces such that only certain subsets of the n pieces may be combined to form the secret.
convex function	A function whose graph is such that, given any 2 pointst on the curve, the value of any point with argument between the 2 points lie below the straight line joining the 2 points
sexagesimal	Of or related to the number 60
meteoroid	A small particle orbiting the Sun in the vicinity of Earth
main beam	The lobe of maximum sensitivity in a radio telescope
meissner effect	the phenomenon in which a metal cooled through its superconducting transition temperature in the presence of a magnetic field completely expels the field
factor	1
trapdoor one-way function	A one-way function that has an easy-to-compute inverse if you know certain secret information
wavelength	Usually represented by the symbol λ
see	then input will subsequently come from the file input.dat
deformation	The effect of a transformation where shapes before and after the transformation are not mathematically similar.
x1	while in the second (recursive) invocation, we refer to the new X
recursive	A Recursive formula or series has successive terms defined by operations or permutations on the term.
quadruple	(To make to be) four-fold
grouped data	A representation of data by mapping each data point to exactly one of the non-intersecting categories (groups), such that only the number of occurrence (frequency) in each group is presented, ignoring difference between data points which fall under the same group.
message digest	A mathematical function used in encryption to distill the information contained in a file into a single large number, typically between 128 and 256 bits in length
nonagon	A 9-sided polygon
deduction	A method of inference which attempts to "justify" conclusions by applying rules of inference on the premises of the argument and other such conclusions.
money	Money is used as a basis for trade
veal	vealer
proxy server	A server that sits between a client application (such as a browser) and a "real" server
dimension	Several related concepts informally revolving around the idea of the number of indices needed to describe all elements of a mathematical object where "adjacent" elements receive "adjacent" numberings.
equate	To assert the sameness of two quantities.
simple harmonic motion	Periodic Motion with constant length of cycle time (a fixed period) is termed Simple Harmonic Motion.
hendecagon	A hendecagon is an eleven-sided figure (undecagon is another word for this figure)
power series	Any infinite series which takes the form
micron	An alternative name for a micrometre.
entailment	A relation between sentences in meta-logic.
compound interest	The calculation of interest payments taking into account of previous interest payments as part of the principal.
azimuth	(a) Directional bearing around the horizon, measured in degrees from north (0°)
abscissa	(plural abscissae) A somewhat obsolete term for the x-coordinate
m87	A giant elliptical galaxy in the Virgo cluster
hyperbolic spiral	See spiral.
low-temperature physics	usually defined as the physics of matter below about 20 degrees absolute (-253 degrees Celsius)
subjective probability	An interpretation to probability that the given (known) information in corresponds to belief of the observer.
closed curve	A curve with no endpoints, generally used to refer to non-self-intersecting curves.
second	A second is a measure of angle that is equal to 1/60th of a minute (a minute is 1/60th of a degree).
signature	A digital code created with a private key
i	Common symbol used to represent the "positive" square root of -1.
coulomb's law	The force between two charged particles varies directly as the size of the charges and inversely as the square of the distance between them
filler	Key fill device
fermat numbers	A number of the form
becquerel	An SI derived unit of radioacitivity denoted by the symbol Bq.
measurement	The result from comparison to an established standard, Measurement may be exact only to an agreed-to precision.
see	seeing
decimal point	A decimal point is a dot that separates the a number into the whole number part (on the left of the decimal point) and the fraction (to the right of the decimal point)
intrinsic equation	A way of defining a curve using intrinsic properties of curves such as arc lengths and curvatures.
gcd	Also known as HCF
30-60-90	A special right triangle 30-60-90 has the hypotenuse equal to twice the length of the side opposite to the 30 degree angle, and the length of the side opposite to the 60 degree angle; equal to the product of the square root of three and the length of the side opposite to the 30 degree angle.
combinations	If a set has $n$ distinct elements then there are $\binom{n}{k}=\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}$ ways to choose $k$ elements.
euclidean group	The Euclidean group E(n) is the group of all symmetries of n-dimensional Euclidean space, including translations, rotations and reflections
m51	The Whirlpool Galaxy, a stunning spiral in the constellation canes venatici
pigeonhole principle	When stuffing $N+1$ pigeons into $N$ pigeonholes, at least 1 hole must have 2 or more pigeons
galactic centers	Are now thought to comprise black holes - which would explain why the centre of our Galaxy appears strangely obscure, and emits only infrared radiation
authentication	The process by which individuals and organizations verify each other's identity during the exchange of sensitive and confidential information: on secure websites, customers are usually authenticated using IDs and passwords
load	An external force (usually weight) on a system from an object which is in equilibrium given the equilibruim of the system.
coherent	(a)Two sources of waves are said to be coherent if there is a constant relationship between the phases of the waves emitted by them
factor	The verb Factor is the act of dividing some entity into components or pieces that, when multiplied together, produce the given entity
bivariate distribution	A distribution of two random variables considered together.
ensemble	A hypothetical group of many universes of varying properties
self-similarity	A property of a geometric figure where the figure (or part of it) resembles itself (or another part of it) under elementary transformations, such as rotation, reflection, translation, enlargement etc.
wavelength	(a) The distance between adjacent peaks in a wave-train is the wavelength
parameter	A variable (and by extension, a constant value that the variable takes) which determines (sometimes uniquely) the behaviour of a mathematical system such as an equation or an expression.
map	A map (also called a cartograph) shows the features of an area
read	get
extrapolation	Constructing new values by use of existing values whose arguments (the independent variable) are all greater or all less than (but not both) the new construction
hst	Hubble Space Telescope
kernel function	A mathematical transform operated upon one or multiple input variables; inner product or convolution is a popular form of kernel function.
quantum cosmology	(a) The study of the Planck era
one rupee	16 Annas (India coinage: 1835-1957)
geocentric cosmology	(a) School of ancient theories that depicted the earth as standing, immobile, at the center of the universe
reflex angle	An angle greater than half a revolution (180°) but less than one revolution (360°).
critical temperature	the temperature at which a continuous phase transition occurs
inductive reasoning	a type of reasoning by which generalizations are drawn from patterns in observed data
end point	1
secular	In astronomy, gradual, taking aeons to accomplish
isotropic	(a) Having equal and uniform properties at all points and in all directions
stronger induction	Suppose we have a problem we would like to approach by Induction, but are not given the Induction hypothesis
binary operation	An operation, such as addition or multiplication, performed on two elements of a set to derive a third element
multimodal distribution	A distribution with more than one mode
mesosphere	The part of Earth's atmosphere immediately above the stratosphere, where the temperature drops from about 270 K to 180 K
decimal point	A dot used to separate the integral part of a number from the fractional part in the decimal number system
amorphous	Denoting a solid that has no crystalline structure; i.e
metric	A function of 2 arguments, of elements of a set, generalising the notion of distance.
thermal background	The radiation emitted by the telescope and the atmosphere at infrared wavelengths due to the heat (temperature) of the source
consequent	In the conventional way of expressing hypothetical propositions, "If A then B", the consequent is the second part of the sentence
savings account	a bank account that earns interest on the balance of the account
normal section	A cross section of a geometric figure with a plane which contains the normal of a point to the face of the geometric figure.
coherent scattering	A scattering process that leaves atoms in the same energy state after the scattered photon departs in a direction different from that of the incident photon
finite sequence	A sequence with finitely many terms.
due date	the date a payment is to be made by
smooth space	A spatial region in which the fabric of space is flat or gently curved, with no pinches, ruptures, or creases of any kind
locus	A set of points which all satisfy a set of conditions
cosine	cosh x = ½ (ex + e-x)
milli-	A prefix meaning 10-3
internal force	A force on a part of the system originating from another part of the system under consideration
sup	A shorthand for supremum.
dim	A shorthand or an operator for counting the dimensions of a space.
multivariate data	Data of multiple variables.
adjacency matrix	An adjacency matrix of an (undirected) graph is a matrix whose order is the number of nodes, and whose entries record which nodes are connected to each other by a link or edge of the graph.
induction	System of reasoning in which the conclusion, though implied by the premises and consistent with them, does not necessarily follow from them
harmonic analysis	The study of functions and curves which can be represented as the sum (superposition) of waves and related ideas
specific gravity	The relative density of a material to a specified reference material presented as a ratio..
horizon	(a) The maximum distance that an observer can see
fingerprint	A unique identifier for a key that is obtained by hashing specific portions of the key data
solid	A three-dimensional geometric figure or body that includes the interior region.
semiminor axis	1
scalable architecture	Software and/or hardware constructed so that it can grow efficiently.
financial transaction tax	FIPS [FIPS]
sequence	Defined as an ordered list of numbers.
particle	In mechanics, the concept of an ideal object with position and mass (thus momentum and other concepts that follow) but no (or negligible) size and spin.
g8	General Packet Radio Service [GPRS]
exclusion	Exclusion means to leave out or to not include some value, either from a set or for consideration into a set of values.
limb correction	Correction that must be made to the distance between the center of mass of the Moon and its limb
nappe	One of two surfaces of a double cone partitioned by the vertex of the cone.
anti-matter	(a) For every variety of particle there exists an antiparticle with opposite properties such as sign of electrical charge
compact radio source	A radio source which has a small angular extent and is strongest at shorter wavelengths (cf
homogeneous expansion	To a good approximation, our universe appears to be undergoing homogeneous expansion, which means that successive snapshots of a given region would each look like a photographic blowup of the first snapshot
multiple regression	Regression on a dependent variable and more than one independent variable.
plus/minus sign	The sign ± combining the two operations in two cases
supplementary angle	A supplementary angle is an angle that, when added to another angle, equals 180 degrees.
prism	A solid figure whose cross section (perpendicular to an axis) is the same along the whole axis.
minimise	To find the parameters such that the quantity in consideration attains its least possible value.
law	A theory of such wide and invariable application that its violation is thought to be impossible
edi	Electronic (business) Data Interchange.
lower bound	A value which is less than all elements of a given set.
prime numbers	3 + 13 = 16
twisted curve	An elliptic curve formed from another elliptic curve by adding (amending) coefficients to certain terms.
equilateral polygon	A polygon which has sides of equal length, but not necessarily all the same angles
simultaneous inequalities	A set of inequaties where the solution set contains the same value for the same vairables.
libraries	In computer terms, a library is a collection of subroutines provided by the operating system or development environment that can be used to perform certain common tasks; e.g
ionization	(a) Loss or gain by an atom of one or more electrons, by which process the atom becomes an ion and instead of being neutral, has a charge: positive if it has lost an electron, negative if it has gained one
inputdata	which contains on its first line the term likes(mary, pizza).
octal number	a number in base 8.
transmittance	The ratio of the transmitted energy that a substance allows through to the energy incident upon it
brightness	(a) Refers to the amount of light coming from an object
mathematics	Mathematics is the study of numbers, shapes, patterns, and logical reasoning.
scale	It is the ratio of any length of the corresponding side of one figure to the length of the corresponding side of another similar figure
malmquist bias	The systematic distortion in a standard candle's effective range due to failure in detecting the fainter examples of the standard candle at large distances
spin-flip collisions	Collisions between particles in which the direction of the spin angular momentum changes
satellite	Body orbiting a planet
holtsmark approximation	An approximation in which the lines emitted and absorbed by atoms are subject to the fluctuating electrostatic fields to which the atom is subject in an ionized atmosphere
functional series	A series where the individual terms are functions.
compound lens	Two or more lenses used together as a unit
ergosphere	The region surrounding the event horizon (but inside the stationary limit) of a rotating Kerr black hole (see Ergoregion)
square matrix	A Square Matrix has the same number of rows as columns.
apogee	The point at which a body in orbit around the Earth reaches its farthest distance from the Earth
complex function	A function involving complex numbers
centre of buoyancy	The centre of gravity of the body of water that an object displaces.
deci-	An SI prefix that means one tenth.
compress	To compact a file or group of files so that they occupy less disk space
contour integral	A powerful mathematical tool used in complex geometry whereby the value of an integral is determined by drawing a contour or boundary and evaluating singularities, poles, and residues inside
primary lines	So all the faces are primary regions
lemniscate	A curve with the shape of a "figure of eight", the etymology of the term originates from describing the shape as ribbons.
vectorizable	The property of a computer program, or program segment, that allows for the simultaneous execution of operations on different data values; thus making it possible to allocate the work to a set of operators and accomplish the work in parallel
euler line	A line which passes through the orthocentre, centroid, and circumcentre and orthocentre of a non-equilateraltriangle.
alpha	The first letter of the Greek alphabet.
million	The name for one thousand thousand, 106 = 1 000 000
orthorhombic crystal	A crystal in which the atoms are arranged in a rectangular solid, for which each of the three principal lengths are different
clustering	In cosmology, the observed tendency of galaxies to bunch together, rather than to distribute themselves uniformly and independently of each other
key pair	Public key cryptography uses a pair of key codes related to each other in this way: if you lock-up data using one key code, you can only unlock it using the other key code
bend point	Also known as an (extremal) turning point.
chaotic dynamics	time-dependent aperiodic regime in which individual histories corresponding to initially close states tend subsequently to diverge exponentially
plus	A symbol for addition, or the operation itself.
pascal	An SI derived unit of pressure - the pressure of 1 Newton of force acting uniformly over 1 m2 of area.
amplitude	(a) The maximum value of a varying quantity from its mean or base value
image	See RANGE.
client	A computer process that requests a service from another computer and accepts the server's responses.
solid	a three dimensional object that completely encloses a volume of space.
bisect	Dividing into 2 equal halves.
two-person game	A game consisting of 2 players (decision makers) in game theory.
spam	Unsolicited commercial e-mail sent to many recipients, much like an electronic version of junk mail.
encryption	The process of converting data into a cipher or code in order to prevent unauthorised use
band	A series of closely spaced, often unresolved, emission or absorption lines found in the spectra of molecules
stars and bars	Learn about the combinatorial counting technique known as stars and bars.
parity	The state of a positive integers being odd or even
summand	1
cohomology	A branch of mathematics concerned with the patching together of spaces
cube	It will be less than 180 degrees for convex edges, or greater than 180 degrees for concave edges
ellipsoid	A stretched or squashed sphere.
mean absolute deviation	A measure of dispersion, it is the mean of the unsigned differences between observations and some measure of central tendency (such as mean or median
celestial meridian	The great circle on the celestial sphere which passes through the celestial poles and the zenith of the observer
umbra	The portion of a shadow cone in which none of the light from an extended light source (ignoring refraction) can be observed
d.f.	A shorthand for degrees of freedom.
inf	A shorthand for infimum.
least common denominator	When two or more fractions are being summed we want the LCD to facilitate the operation of addition.
molecular clouds	A cloud of interstellar gas and dust that consists mostly of molecular hydrogen
chequing account	a bank account that allows you to access funds within the account by writing cheques
impulse	1
relative density	The ratio of the density of a system/object/material to the density of a reference system/object/material
located vector	A vector with a specific origin (thus also destination).
bijection	A one-to-one correspondence of 2 sets
firewall	A combination of industrial strength computer hardware and software designed to securely separate the Internet from internal web servers, computer systems, networks and databases
pizza	in likes(john, pizza).
core-halo galaxies	A class of radio sources characterized by an emission "halo" surrounding a more intense "core"
error	The difference or maximum possible difference between an observation/estimation/representation and the actual value.
kao	Kuiper Airborne Observatory
countably infinite	The property of a set being infinite and countable
gamma function	A function related to the factorial function defined by the integral
scip	Secure Communications Interoperability Protocol Universal communication protocol which doesn't depend on the bandwidth of the underlying channel
energy distribution	The amount of energy radiated at each range of wavelengths
message authentication code	A MAC is a function that takes a variable length input and a key to produce a fixed-length output
cosmic background radiation	(a) The blackbody radiation, now mostly in the microwave band, which consists of relic photons left over from the very hot, early phase of the big bang
accuracy	The quality of approaching an exact value
logarithmic differentiation	A method of differentiation by first applying a logarithmic function to the operand
least common multiple	The least common multiple (LCM) is the smallest number that is a multiple of two or more numbers
linear function	A linear function is a function from one vector space to another (perhaps the same one), such that it makes no difference whether you apply the function before or after adding vectors or multiplying them by numbers
bisect	To bisect is to divide into two equal (congruent) parts
alias	A shortcut that enables a user to identify a group of hosts, networks, or users under one name
minor axis	1
horizontal branch	That part of the H-R diagram of a typical globular cluster that extends shortward from the asymptotic branch at an approximately constant absolute bolometric magnitude of about 0.3
ghost	A faint image near the image required, caused by radiation that has taken a different path
radius	the distance from the center to a point on a circle. The line segment from the center to a point on a circle.
harman-seaton sequence	An evolutionary sequence of hot subdwarfs and nuclei of planetary nebulae
eclipse	(a) Occultation of one celestial body by another which passes between it and the observer
constituents	Any objects that are bound together to make larger objects
actinium	A soft silvery-white radioactive metallic element that is the first member of the actinoid series
isolated point	Also known as a hermit point or acnode, a solution to a system of equations where the solution (amongst uncountably many) have no other solutions within its neighbourhood
moment	Moment takes on many meanings in statistics and physics.
angular velocity	Is the rate of change of the angular position of a rotating body; mainly expressed in radians per second or per minute.
pair set	The formation of a new set that consists of two elements of a set (or two sets) only, with no other members.
observer	(a) Anything in receipt of electromagnetic radiation
inverse variation	Also known as inverse proportions.
spiral galaxy	A galaxy with a prominent nuclear bulge and luminous spiral arms of gas, dust, and young stars that wind out from the nucleus
axis	Theoretical straight line through a celestial body, around which it rotates
circular functions	Another name for the trigonometric functions
stratified sample	A sample where the proportions belonging to the various strata (cetegories) partitioning the population is manipulated so that the proportions are the same (or as close as possible) to that of the population..
duplication of the cube	Ancient, classical mathematical problem belonging to the same category as trisecting an angle and squaring a circle - all of these are supposed to be solved by straight edge and compasses, and all of these have since been proven to be impossible.
taylor series remainder	A truncated Taylor series, where a finite number of terms is deleted from the beginning (so that if a term is deleted, all the terms prior to it are also deleted)
indirect proof	a process of arguing in which you assume the conclusion you wish to demonstrate is false
boundary conditions	Additional information (constraints) to differential equations regarding the extremes of the domains which help refine a family of solutions.
minkowski space-time	space and time considered together, with special importance attached to the progress of a light flash, and to the light-cone and the `interval'
model	A system of interlinked mathematical concept meant to represent (accurately or as an approximation) of another system.
mass	(a) The quantitative property of an object due to the matter it contains
gravity	See gravitation.
solar mass	The amount of mass in the Sun, and the unit in which stellar and galactic masses are expressed
hole	A missing element (typically a point) from an otherwise continuous function is called a Hole.
chandrasekhar limit	(a) A limiting mass for white dwarfs
perimeter	The length of a closed curve, commonly the edges and boundaries of a plane figure
mos	Metal Oxide Semiconductor -- A construction used to fabricate microelectronic components
cold dark matter	(a) Hypothetical subatomic particles that move slowly compared with the speed of light
bolometric absolute magnitude	A measure of the total amount of energy radiated by a star at all wavelengths
vidicon	General name for the class of vacuum tube imaging devices which employ a scanning electron beam to read out the image
positional system	A system representing numbers where symbols can take on different (but usually related) meanings depending on its (relative) position within the collection of symbols.
relativity	The idea that physical laws should be isotropic, homogeneous and time-independent (in all directions, at all points, at all times)
standards	Conditions and protocols set forth to allow uniformity within communications and virtually all computer activity.
cve-compatible	Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) is a list of standardized names for vulnerabilities and other information security exposures, whose aim is to standardize the names for all publicly known vulnerabilities and security exposures
obtuse angle	An obtuse angle is an angle greater than ninety degrees.
born approximation	An approach to collision problems by using perturbation methods
carbon monoxide	A molecule consisting of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom (CO)
inverse trigonometric functions	The functions which take the values of trigonometric functions as argument and give the corresponding arguments of the same function as values
rest mass	The mass of an object when it is considered to be stationary from a frame of reference.
coded mask	Coded masks are used for imaging high-enery x-ray and gamma radiation that cannot otherwise be focused by lenses or mirrors
arp table	A table of IP addresses stored on a local computer, used to match IP addresses to their corresponding MAC addresses
graceful exit problems	A problem of the original formulation of the inflationary theory, in which the formation of bubbles at the end of inflation destroys the homogeneity of the universe
maze	Getting through the passages of a maze is tricky.
cepheid	(a) A yellow supergiant that pulsates, alternately brightening and dimming
oblique triangle	A non right-angled triangle.
key agreement	A process used by two or more parties to agree upon a secret symmetric key.
directrices of a hyperbola	Two parallel lines, one of which, together with one of the foci, defines the hyperbola through a ratio of the distances to each, known as the eccentricity.
mt. wilson	The location, in California, of the 100-inch diameter telescope used by Edwin Hubble and others
factor	Originally a positive integer that divides another given positive integer a whole number of times
avalanche	A process such as that in which a single ionization leads to a large number of ions
cometary nebula	A reflection nebula with a fan shape that bears a superficial resemblance to a comet
associative	Describes the property of any binary operation (in this case, °) where the order, in which the multitude of identical operation to be performed, does not matter
interest	A fee paid for use of an asset (often money) without taking ownership (the asset must be returned "as is" at the time of borrowing/lending).
perspective	The point that is the intersection of all lines which run through corresponding vertices of 2 plane figures
cauchy convergence condition	1
security holes/bugs	Faults, defects or programming errors exploited by unauthorised intruders to enter computer networks or web servers from the Internet
cent	Cent is another word for penny.
weight	Symbol: Often represented by the symbol W
event	in probability, a set of outcomes.
kerberos	An authentication service developed by the Project Athena team at MIT.
conjunction	The phenomenon in which two bodies have the same apparent celestial longitude (see Longitude, Celestial) or right ascension as viewed from a third body
ruled surface	A surface where there is at least one (straight) line through any given point on the surface.
meteor	(a) Fragment or particle that enters the Earth's atmosphere and is then destroyed through friction, becoming visible as this occurs as a momentary streak of light
binary number	A number expressed in base 2, so that each digit represents a power of 2.
qso	Quasi-Stellar Object (Quasar)
specratio	A measure of how fast a given system might be.
float	floor
meteor shower	(a) A profusion of meteors that fall within a period of a few hours and that appear to radiate from a common point in the sky
setof	you get sorted order and no repetitions
supplementary angles	Two positive angles whose measures add to 180 degrees.
computer	You are using a computer right now.
mid-point	A point which is equidistant between 2 points or the 2 endpoint of a line segment.
mariner spaceprobes	A series of US spaceprobes launched to explore the planets of the Solar System, particularly Mercury, Venus and Mars
member	you could achieve this by copying the code for member
additive inverse	The number with the same numerical part but the opposite sign (plus or minus) of a given number
focal plane scale	The relationship between angles on the sky, in seconds of arc, and millimeters of size at the focus of the telescope; i.e
logistic map	A non-linear difference equation, specifically, a second order (degree 2) recurrence relation which is used to demonstrate how simple non-linear systems can demonstrate complex behaviours.
outcome	A specific event is often termed an Outcome.
mensuration	The act of measuring of length (and higher dimension equivalents: area and volume) of components geometric figures.
ao cassiopeiae	A binary in which the larger, less massive, hot primary is highly distorted, and in which rapid mass exchange is occurring
divisor	Also known as a factor, it is a number which can divide another number such that the quotient is an integer.
ln	The symbol for the natural logarithmic function, i.e
circular	Of or related to a circle.
antecedent	In the conventional way of expressing hypothetical propositions, "If A then B", the consequent is the first part of the sentence
superconductor	A piece of superconducting metal below the transition temperature at which superconductivity sets in
laws of indices	A number of rules for the manipulation of indices in an exponentiation of algebraic expressions.
cryptology	The branch of mathematics concerned with cryptography and cryptanalysis.
frequency table	An array of quantites representing frequency information (absolute or relative).
substitution cipher	a simple cipher that replaces each instance of a particular cleartext letter with a matching ciphertext letter - all cleartext 'A's would become ciphertext 'F's.
proof by contradiction	A method of proof based on the fact that a logical sentence and its contrapositive always hold the same truth value
mascons	Abbreviated form of mass concentrations: apparent regions on the lunar surface where gravity is somehow stronger
recursion	Given some starting information and a rule for how to use it to get new information, the rule is then repeated using the new information.
atto-	A prefix meaning 10-18
vacuum	(a) A space containing gas below atmospheric pressure
adiabatic demagnetization	A method of producing temperatures close to absolute zero
newton	The SI derived unit for the magnitude of a force.
effective rate of interest	the simple interest rate that produces the same amount of interest as the compound interest rate
salt	A string of random (or pseudo-random) bits concatenated with a key or password to foil precomputation attacks.
constant	A quantity whose value stays constant
uniform vibration	The overall motion of a string in which it moves without changes in shape
irregular galaxy	A galaxy with amorphous structure and with relatively low mass (108-1010 M)
strain	The proportion/scale of deformation/transformation of an object in the direction of a force.
block cipher	A procedure that translates plain text into coded text, operating on blocks of plain text of a fixed size (usually 64 bits)
fill	Key-fill
longitude	Longitude is the angular distance east or west from the north-south line that passes through Greenwich, England, to a particular location
core	A hardware execution pipeline and associated structures that actually perform the execution of a process or thread
harkins's rule	The rule that atoms of even atomic number are more abundant than those of odd atomic number
micrometer	Device used in conjunction with a telescope in order to measure extremely small angular distances
diophantine analysis	An area of mathematics concerned with Diophantine equations.
atomic hydrogen	Individual hydrogen atoms that do not belong to molecules
dependent variable	If y = f(x), then y is a function of x and y is the Dependent Variable
address space probe	An intrusion technique in which a hacker sequentially scans IP addresses, generally as the information-gathering prelude to an attack
gravitation	The interaction of objects where each experience a force towards the other object proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the 2 objects.
supplemental chords	The chords which connect the endpoints of a diameter of a circle to a third point on the circumference.
volume	The extent to which an object fills units of three-dimensional space is its Volume.
lamina	A ideal mathematical object with no thickness and zero curvature - a bounded plane with area and (possibly) mass but not volume.
jump	A step within a function is sometimes termed a Jump.
categorical variable	A random variable with values which are categories
celestial poles	The two points at which the Earth's axis of rotation, if extended, would intersect the celestial sphere
interference pattern	Wave pattern that emerges from the overlap and the intermingling of waves emitted from different locations
electronic purse	Elliptic Curve Cryptography [ECC]
rayleigh scattering	Selective scattering (i.e., preferential scattering of shorter wavelengths) of light by very small particles suspended in the Earth's atmosphere, or by molecules of the air itself
ipcs	Image Photon Counting System
sphere	the set of all points in space that are a fixed distance from a given point.
law of cosines	Also known as the cosine rule, an equation relating the lengths of all three sides and any one of the angles of any triangle.
irs	Infrared source
complex number	The set of numbers which is algebraically complete with respect to finitely many additions, multiplications, exponentiation and their inverse operations
born-oppenheimer approximation	An approximation that treats the motion of an electron under the attraction of two free nuclei by regarding the nuclei (because of their greater mass and consequent smaller velocities) as fixed
andromeda	A constellation near Perseus and Pegasus.
2 + 4	not to 6
siderite	An iron (or iron and nickel) meteorite
magnetosphere	(a) The extent of a planet's magnetic field
chirality	An expression of the basic handedness of nature
component analysis	The study of a set of data by an isometric transformation and subsequently dividing them into orthogonal components.
conjugate	The conjugate of a binomial is obtained by multiplying the second term by $ -1 $
standard normal curve	It is defined as a normal distribution that is centered in the y-axis and for which standard deviation is 1.
operator	The symbol denoting the application of an operation on operands by being placed beside them
signal band	The wavelength interval within which a feature (e.g., the 21-cm line) is measured (cf
synchrotron radiation	(a) The radiation emitted by charged relativistic particles spiraling in magnetic fields
dictionary attack	An attempt to guess a password by systematically trying every word in a dictionary as the password
rossby waves	Cyclonic convection waves in a rotating fluid
determinant	A scalar quantity associated with a square matrix, or the transformation represented by the square matrix is a certain coordinate system
band matrix	A band matrix is a matrix whose entries are all zero except for the diagonal and a few of the immediately adjacent diagonals.
gem	See Pollux
correlation	When two variables have a strong linear relationship, either increasing proportionally or one variable decreasing as the other increases, we say there is (strong) Correlation between the variables.
concentric circles	Concentric circles are circles that have the same center point.
area	The extent or measurement of a surface or piece of land or the extent of a 2-dimensional surface enclosed within a boundary; "the area of a rectangle";
carrier boson	A particle that carries one of the fundamental forces between other interacting particles
isolated singularity	A singular point with no other singular points in its neighbourhood.
null angle	The angle formed by two coincident lines sharing the same endpoints, i.e
implication	A relation between 2 sentences based on truth values such that it cannot be true that "the antecedent is true and the consequent is false"
significant figures	1
essential discontinuity	A discontinuity where the left-hand limit or the right-hand limit doesn't exist (or neither exists)
sum-over-histories	Probabilistic interpretation of a system's past, in which quantum indeterminacy is taken into account and the history is reconstructed in terms of each possible path and its relative likelihood.
cryptanalysis	Codebreaking The study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information that is normally required to do so
lcd	LCD stands for Least Common Denominator
odds	The probability of an event expressed as a ratio of the probability of an event to the probability of the complement event (i.e
kdc	Key Distribution Center
involutory	Of being an involution.
mass fraction	The fractional amount (by mass) of a given element or nuclide in a given composition
boundary layer	A thin layer of fluid, such as the one next to a solid surface past which the fluid is moving
absorption lines	Dark lines in a spectrum, produced when light or other electromagnetic radiation coming from a distant source passes through a gas cloud or similar object closer to the observer
milne cosmological model	A Friedmann model of the Universe in which matter does not exist
fresnel integrals	The collective name of two transcendental functions defined by the integral of trigonometric functions, used in the study of optics.
mcmc	Markov Chain Monte Carlo -- Iterative simulations such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo make it possible to fit complex and more realistic Bayesian models to large and/or incomplete datasets.
sidereal day	The length of time (23h56m4s.091) between two successive meridian transits of the vernal equinox (cf
geometric figure	A set of points considered as a single mathematical object with tangible attributes (such that length, distance, shape etc.).
workload	The workload is the definition of the units of work that are to be performed during a benchmark run.
projection	Along a line, a mapping that identifies all points on the line to be the same point and applying the same to all lines parallel to the original line.
helium shell flash	It has been shown that helium shell burning outside a degenerate core is unstable; the helium-burning shell does not generate energy at a constant rate but instead produces energy primarily during short flashes
skipjack	The block cipher contained in the Clipper chip designed by the NSA.
order of magnitude	A factor of ten
gross income	the amount of money earned through employment before deductions
binary operation	A process requiring two values to produce a third value.
internal tangent	The relation between two circles which intersect at exactly one point where the centres of at least one of the circles is within the other circle (it is also possible that both is true)
conditional statement	an if…then statement
and	A logical connective that captures the meaning of our understanding of the everyday word "and"
intermediate value theorem	The IVT basically says that between two different values is an intermediate value somewhere between the extremes.
linear	1
b galaxy	In Morgan's Classification, a barred spiral.
dissection	The division of a set into collectively exhaustive but mutually exclusive sets, also known as a partition.
selection rule	A rule whereby changes in quantum numbers can take only certain allowed values: e.g., l = ± 1 or 0 for dipole transitions
octal system	A number system with base 8
million	A thousand thousand (106)
absorption of radiation	No medium transmits radiation without some energy loss
driver	A software program that manipulates a device (such as a printer, keyboard, mouse, or hard drive)
rolling friction	The kinetic (or dynamic) friction on an object rolling (relatively) on a surface.
barred spiral galaxy	(in Hubble's classification, SB: in Morgan's classification, B) A spiral galaxy whose nucleus is in the shape of a bar, at the ends of which the spiral arms start
kinetics	The study of forces and motion (of which force is a cause).
virtual drive	Virtual drive is a virtual device created and managed by the Able Disk driver
algorithm	A procedure, formula or list of instructions that can be used to accomplish a task or to solve a problem
hydromagnetics	See magnetohydrodynamics
unit	Unit means one.
eats	Person
non-trivial solutions	Solutions to a system of equations which is not trivial, i.e
spörer's law of zones	The equatorward drift of average sunspot latitudes
magnetic monopole problem	A problem, discovered by John Preskill in 1979, concerning the compatibility of grand unified theories with standard cosmology
modular arithmetic	Modular arithmetic is arithmetic done with a limited set of numbers
internet	The connection of computer networks from all over the world forming a worldwide network.
radar	Radio Detection and Ranging
ear	Export Administration Regulations.
x	then in the first invocation, we refer to X
signed number	Also known as a directed number.
browser	A software application that interfaces with the Internet and provides a way to locate, display and interact with web pages
cookies	A small file containing a unique identification number that a website sends to your computer's web browser
ca	See certifying authority
fwhm	Full Width at Half Maximum The full width of a profile (e.g
enumerable	Also known as denumerable and countable.
hash code	A unique, mathematical summary of a document that serves to identify the document and its contents
convection	(a) Process in the Sun (and possibly other stars) perhaps caused by Solar rotation, which produces the immensely powerful electrical and magnetic fields associated with sunspots
partial fractions	A method of expressing an algebraic fraction as a sum of several simpler (i.e
end-to-end security	Occurs when information flows from the web server (where the website is physically hosted) to the web browser without passing through any other servers
tangent-secant theorem	One of the circle theorems, it can be seen as a limiting case of the intersecting secant theorem (outside the circle)
distribution function	See distribution.
hypothesis	A scientific proposition that purports to explain a given set of phenomena; less comprehensive and less well established than a theory
property tax	money collected by the municipality to pay for services, such as water, road construction and maintenance, and garbage disposal
cpu	Central Processing Unit The part of a digital computer responsible for interpreting and executing instructions
hectare	An metric unit of area of 10 000 m2.
plug and play	An ease-of-use ideal in the personal computer market that assures the user that a hardware device (for example, a mouse, a modem, or a scanner) can be installed without resorting to manual hardware configuration of either the device or the PC into which the device is being installed.
certificate	In cryptography, an electronic document binding some pieces of information together, such as a user's identity and public-key
substitution	A method of replacing a value with its equivalent.
density	The measure of mass per volume and related concepts where either constituent measures may be substituted
hypocycloid	The locus of a point on the circumference of a circle rolling inside of another circle
segment	A section of a network
dollar	A dollar is worth 100 cents.
kelvin	The SI unit of temperature usually denoted by K
inertial mass	The mass of an object as measured by the property of inertia
initialize	To prepare (a disk) for information storage.
angular measure	The angle between the line from the observer to object 1 and the line from the observer to object 2
centre of a circle	the fixed point from which all points on the circle are equidistant
googolplex	A name for the value 10googol.
continuous distribution	A distribution where the domain of the cumulative distribution function is continuous.
two-tail test	Also known as a two-tailed test
magnetic moment	(a) The intrinsic spins of the electrons in an atom or ion, together with the motion of the electrons round the nucleus, give rise to a magnetic field around the atom
distributed key	A key that is split up into many parts and shared (distributed) among different participants
throughput	A measure of the efficiency of an optical system
isas	Institute of Space and Astronautical Science.
inflection	On the graph of a function, a point of Inflection is where the curve begins to "bend the other way."
bp	Bletchley Park An estate in the town of Bletchley (UK) that was the UK's main code breaking site during WWII
interstellar dust	(a) Dust particles in the space between the stars
saturn	(a) Sixth major planet out from the Sun
derivative	The derivative is the function representing the rate of change of the value of an original function with respect to the a variable, also known as a derived function
inverse property of multiplication	The inverse property of multiplication states that for every non-zero number a, a times (1/a) = 1.
ephemeris longitude	Longitude (see Longitude, Terrestrial) measured eastward from the ephemeris meridian
journeyman solution writer	Better present your solutions
sign	A symbol indicating whether a value is positive (+) or negative (−).
division	Division is an operation that divides a number into portions
protocol	A series of steps that two or more parties agree upon to complete a task.
sub-pulse	The weaker component of the pulse of a pulsar
_y47	First_name
inessential map	In topology, the morphism for a homotopy which maps the fundamental class to zero.
avogadro's law	Equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules
numerator	The top number in a fraction.
octahedron	A polyhedron which has eight faces
illumination	Symbol: E A measure of the visible-radiation energy reaching a surface in unit time
cycloid	The curve traced out by a fixed point on a circle (considered as a wheel) rolling along a line (considered as the ground) without slipping.
reverse engineer	To ascertain the functional basis of something by taking it apart and studying how it works.
speckle interferometry	The technique of recovering the diffraction-limited angular resolution of a telescope by analysis of images obtained using a very high speed camera system to "freeze" the blurring due to atmospheric turbulence
luminous mass	The mass contributed by luminous matter in galaxies (see Missing Mass)
route	1
fail-shut mode	A condition in which a firewall blocks all incoming and outgoing network traffic in the event of a firewall failure
turning point	Also known as a stationary point
axiom	A statement that is neither proven, nor is it intended to be proven
laws of motion	Usually referring to Newton's 3 laws of motion.
dime	A dime is a coin worth ten cents.
coefficient of kurtosis	A measure of how much the data concentrates around the mean
rotation	A rotation is a linear transformation which preserves (Euclidean) distances.
hpsc	High-Performance Steering Committee.
coincident	The property of 2 geometric figures to have all points in common.
turing machine	A theoretical model of a computing device, devised by Alan Turing.
bilateral symmetry	Reflective symmetry
dependent equations	1
z particle	(a) A particle that is identical to the photon in all respects except mass
swan nebula	see Omega Nebula
vv cep stars	A subgroup of composite spectrum stars
alternative hypothesis	The model considered to be the case if the null hypothesis in considered to be rejected (not hold)
image	The set of elements in the codomain that corresponds to a specified set of elements in the domain
line wings	Broad "wings" that appear on either side of a spectral line when the number of atoms producing the line is very great
star	A celestial object that generates energy by means of nuclear fusion at its core
coordinated universal time	Universal Time coordinated with ephemeris time; i.e., the rate is defined relative to atomic clock rate, but the epoch is defined relative to Universal Time
net	The net of a polyhedron is an unfolded polyhedron, a series of connected polygons
ip address	An understanding of IP addresses is foundational for managing a network, so we go into some depth with this definition.
interferometer	(a) A device for observing the interference of waves of light or similar emanations caused by a shift in the phase or wavelength of some of the waves
experiment	A controlled process for making observations and gathering data.
hieroglyphics	The ancient Egyptians wrote using hieroglyphics.
hash function	A function that takes a variable sized input and has a fixed size output.
collimate	To make parallel, neither diverging nor converging
right ascension	Angular distance on the celestial sphere measured eastward along the celestial equator from the equinox to the hour circle passing through the celestial object
cryptography based on mechanisms	or machines
femto-	SI prefix that means one one-quadrillionth (1/1 000 000 000 000 000).
damped harmonic motion	The harmonic motion with additional factors which rduces the amplitude of the oscillations
decagon	A polygon of ten sides.
standardized random variable	A random variable transformed in the same way as a normally distributed random variable to a standard normal variable, for the purpose of comparison.
gross	A value before deductions allowed.
length	1
nondenumerable	An uncountable set, i.e
ceiling function	A function on real numbers whose value is always rounded up, if the argument is not already an integer
conjunction	A logical operator that returns the value true if and only if both its operands are true
mips-year	One year's worth of time on a MIPS machine.
solve	Find the answer or the number that a variable stands for.
ionization potential	(a) The energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule to form a positive ion
spyware	Software programs that are installed on a user's computer without their knowledge to secretly gather information about the user
harmonic law	See Kepler's third law
sub-sequence	A sequence that is the subset of another specified sequence such that each term in the sub-sequence is identified by a unique term in the specified sequence (unique in the sense that no two terms in the subsequence are identified by the same term in the specified sequence), and an earlier/later term (relatively) within the subsequence is identified by an earlier/later term (relatively) within the specified sequence.
adjacent	A concept of objects being located "next to each other" or "without anything else in between"
specific heat	Ratio of the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by a unit amount to that required to raise the temperature of an equal mass of water by the same amount
uncountable	In human terms, Uncountable means too many to practically count or enumerate
integrity	A piece of information has integrity when you can show that it has not been altered (either by accident or as a result of hacking) without you being aware of the fact.
quantum	A discrete quantity of energy hv associated with a wave of frequency v
grating	See diffraction grating
stochastic matrix	A stochastic matrix has only nonnegative entries, with the entries in each row summing to 1.
reflexive	x ~ x for all x in X.
addend	A number that is added to another number
circuit	A closed path on a graph.
fibre channel	A highly-reliable, gigabit interconnect technology that allows concurrent communications among workstations, mainframes, servers, data storage systems, and other peripherals using SCSI and IP protocols
aerolite	A stony meteorite, composed primarily of silicates
rhomboid	A rhomboid is a parallelogram with oblique angles and adjacent sides have different lengths.
interstellar square law	Decreasing as one over distance squared (1/r2), where r is the distance from the source
abundant numbers	36 - 20 = 16
einsteinium	A radioactive transuranic element of the actinoid series, not found naturally on Earth
reaction rate	The rate at which a chemical or nuclear reaction proceeds
factorisation	The process of representing a mathematical object as the product of two or more simpler objects of the same type.
produce	Extending a line.
change of variable	A method for integrating a function with respect to a variable other than the one original given in the integral.
summation	The process of finding the sum of a sequence of quantities.
thz	TeraHertz
calendar	A system of reckoning time in which days are enumerated according to their position in cyclic patterns
element	1
probability density function	See fThe function that describes the probability density (the quantity whose product with the length of the interval is probbility) for continuous probability distributions.
proper subset	A proper subset is one completely contained within another
linear space	An algebraic structure generalising the idea of an affine space where there is a set of subsets (called lines) of elements (called points) where the intersection of 2 lines is exactly one point.
anomalous expansion	An increase in volume resulting from a decreased temperature
device	A generic term for computer equipment such as a hub, switch, router, or printer.
connect-the-dots	When you do a connect-the-dots puzzle, you draw a line from number to number to make a picture.
chord	A line segment joining one point of the circumference of a circle to another
compound interest	When the Time Value of Money generates interest and that interest is added to the principal to increase the amount of money to which subsequent interest is added, this is Compound Interest.
double cusp	See cusp.
coefficient of determination	A measure of how much of the variation in the data can be accounted for by the statistical model, for the purpose of inferring the likely level of determination of outcomes.
45-45-90	A special right triangle 45-45-90 has congruent legs and the hypotenuse length equal to the product of square root of two and the length of the leg.
api	Application Programming Interface.
date	the arity is 3, and the arguments are 2004
parentheses	Pairs of symbols ( ) used to indicate the priority in calculations that may break away from conventions (e.g
convex set	A set of points where, given any 2 points in the set, the line segment joining the 2 points consists of points entirely from the set itself.
computational complexity	Refers to the amount of space (memory) and time required to solve a problem
key space	The collection of all possible keys for a given cryptosystem
orb	An orb is a ball-shaped object.
gain	The amplification factor
data in motion	Data in motion (also known as data in transit) is literally information that is moving through a telecommunications network. For example, if you're sending an e-mail, that e-mail is classified as data in motion between the time it leaves the computers’ Local Area network (LAN) and the time the recipient receives it at a remote location in the Wide Area Network (WAN).
orthogonal	Most generally Orthogonal means perpendicular to a plane.
developable	The property of a surface where the surface can be transformed into a plane figure such that angles and distances remain the same.
conservative field	A field of force such that the work done on or by a body that is displaced in the field is independent of the path
cubic	An adjective that describes an expression in which the highest power is three.
finite	The common meaning of Finite and its meaning to mathematicians are not quite the same
hess diagram	(a) A diagram showing the frequencies with which stars occur at various positions in an H-R diagram
list of primes	This is a list of primes
existential quantifier	Represented by the symbol ∃, and read as "there is/exists", it qualifies the the mathematical sentence by asserting that the statement is not false for all elements of the domain
epicyclic	Of or related to an epicycloid.
indicator diagram	A type of diagrams used in engineering to measure the work done through the area in the diagram.
rutherfordium	A radioactive metal not found naturally on earth
voip	Voice over Internet Protocol
equal by definition	equal by definition
integration	The inverse process of differentiation, as related by the fundamental theorem of calculus
classical physics	Physics prior to the introduction of the quantum principle
bisector	A line or plane which divides a geometrical object (e.g
transversal	A line that crosses two or more parallel lines is often termed a Transversal.
expression	A finite combination of symbols that are well-formed according to the rules applicable in the context at hand
imaginary unit	The imaginary unit is represented by the symbol $ i $, such that $ i^2 = -1 $.
negative reciprocals	Two numbers, one positive and one negative, whose product is –1.
trajectory	the path that a body makes as it moves through space.
solar prominence	Mass of hot, hydrogen rising from the Sun's chromosphere, best observed indirectly during a total eclipse
l	L equals 50 in Roman numerals.
round	Round things are curved
correlation	The amount of interdependence in statistical relationship amongst two or more quantities.
newton's laws of motion	3 laws about forces and motion of an object that are the basis of Newtonian mechanics:
laminar flow	Steady flow in which the fluid moves past a surface in parallel layers of different velocities
reflection	A transformation where a line/plane of invariant points (the line/plane of reflection) is symmetric to any point and their image..
second	1
emission measure	The product of the square of the electron density times the linear size of the emitting region (in parsecs)
fips	Federal Information Processing Standards
intersection	1
duality	A number of related concepts revolving around the idea that the structure of statements remain true for certain commutation (juxtaposition) of the representation of mathematical objects within such statements.
joint variation	Joint Variation is identical to direct variation; as one variable increases so, too, does the other variable increase proportionally.
click fraud	An online crime that involves automating the act of clicking on a web link to perpetrate a fraud
superunified theory	Hypothetical theory that presumably would show how all four fundamental forces of nature functioned as a single force in the extremely early Universe
translucent	Able to pass radiation, but with much deviation and/or absorption
advance of the perihelion	The slow rotation of the major axis of a planet's orbit in the same direction as the revolution of the planet itself, due to gravitational interactions with other planets and/or other effects (such as those due to general relativity)
orthogonal	The property of a set of mathematical objects which are (pair-wise) perpendicular to each other..
apsidal motion	Rotation of the line of apsides in the plane of the orbit; (in a binary) precession of the line of apsides due to mutual tidal distortion
scientific notation	Exponential notation in base 10, used to represent very large or very small values, or simply to provide a standard for easy comparison with very large and/or very small values.
key pair	The full key information in a public-key cryptosystem, consisting of the public key and private key.
echelon form	A matrix derived from applying row (or column) operations such that the number of leading zero entries in each rwo (or column) must be either greater than the row (or column) before, or the same number as before in the case where both the row (or column) itself and the one before contain all zero entries..
intensity	A measure of the rate of energy transfer by radiation
factor theorem	If P(x) is a polynomial, then if P(r) = 0, then (x - r) is a factor of P(x).
concave	Curving inward, away from the viewpoint
sibling	not sister
radiation	The energy carried by waves or particles
stat-coulomb	The unit of charge in the cgs electrostatic system
agent	A computer program that reports information to another computer or allows another computer access to the local system
epicycloid	The locus of the point fixed on the circumference of a circle which rolls around (wthout slipping) the outside of another, fixed circle.
digit	A digit is a single numeral within a number
average	Most commonly, average means the arithmetic mean; we sum the values and divide that sum by the number of numbers
cauchy's integral theorem	A theorem that states that, a complex function f(z) which is holomorphic and is integrated along two paths with the same endpoints are the same
mixed strategy	A system for a game where all available actions at all stages are assigned probabilities for which they will be picked.
element	Different elements are distinguished by the number of protons in their nuclei
cosmic microwave background	(a) A constant flux of electromagnetic radiation which has been redshifted into the microwave region of the spectrum
english	the second goal is tried and two solutions found (alice
measures of dispersion	A statistic which has certain (possibly loosely defined) properties and obeys certain (also possibly loosely defined) rules which is generally considered to be essential such that the value of from a given data set is representative of the variability (dispersion) of the data set.
tcp/ip	A networking protocol developed for the creation of a robust "internet" being a connection across a variety of local networking mechanisms
scsi	Small Computer System Interface
infinity	That without bound; limitless.
trace of a matrix	The trace of a (square) matrix is the sum of the diagonal elements.
maclaurin series	a power series expansion of f(x) of the form f(x) = f(0) + f'(0) x + [f"(0)/2!] x2 +
radiosonde	A sounding balloon used to transmit information on Earth's upper atmosphere
fib_memo	so that it will be checked before trying the rule
insolation	Amount of radiation received from the Sun per unit area on the Earth's surface per unit time
secular change	A continuous, nonperiodic change in one of the attributes of the states of a system
curve	A generally loosely defined term that describes a collection of points which form a 1-dimensional object
mode	A statistic of a given data set which represents the central tendency of the data set
foot	An imperial, pre SI unit of length, roughly 0.3 metres.
statement	a sentence that is either true or false
distribution	1
venn diagram	A diagram using spatial relationships (points"within" shape corresponds to an element "is a member of" a set and derived relationships such as, shape "contained in" another shape corresponds to a set "is a subset of" another set) to represent and visually represent all the combinations that an object can have regarding membership of sets featured in the diagram
pint	An British Imperial unit of volume equal to an eighth of a (British Imperial) gallon or 20 (Bitish Imperial) fluid ounces.
contractible	The property of being capable of being shrunk to a point continuously.
line segment	A straight line of finite length; a straight line with 2 endpoints
fast ethernet	An Ethernet networking system that transmits data at 100 million bits per second (Mbps), ten times the speed of an earlier Ethernet standard
ir	Infrared
session key	The secret (symmetric) key used to encrypt each set of data on a transaction basis
coordinate	One within a set of such numbers, called coordinates, which specifies the position of a point
monte carlo method	A trial-and-error technique used on computers to solve complex problems
palindrome	Words, numbers and phrases that can be read the same backwards as forwards
guillotine factor	A factor that measures the sharp reduction in the opacity of a gas when the temperature is high enough to have ionized the atoms down to their K shells
star system	A few stars that orbit each other
family	A set of related mathematical objects
terminal speed	The speed at which an object free-falling under gravity achieves (or tends towards) as a result of the equilibrium between gravity (which is constant) and air-resistance (which is proportional to the square of speed).
avogadro constant	(a) Symbol: NA number of particles in one mole of a substance
millennium prize problems	A set of seven mathematical problems issued by the Clay Mathematical Institute each with a prize of $1,000,000 for a solution.
europa	One of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter 3600 km in diameter
chandler period	The period of the variation of the celestial poles (about 416-433 days, with a peak at 428 days)
relativistic beaming	Theory devised by Francis Smith regarding the generation of polarized radiation in neutron stars (pulsars)
quadric	A (hyper-)surface described by a single algebraic equation of order 2
default	A predefined setting built into a program, used when an alternative setting is not specified.
compression	A name for a transformation where a figure becomes proportionaly smaller.
paired observations	Two observations considered to be related to each other.
mixing-length theory	A semiempirical theory used to describe convection phenomena in stars
empirical	Of or related to information obtained by observations.
schmidt plates	Photographic plates obtained with a Schmidt telescope, which is a type of telescope with a particularly large field of view
exclusive-or	See XOR.
passphrase	An easy-to-remember phrase which offers better security than a single-word password, because it is longer and thus harder to guess or calculate.
object code	Object code is commonly the product of running source code through a compiler
self-extracting file	A compressed file that automatically decompresses when double-clicked.
binomial coefficients	Numbers used in the calculation of the coefficients of binomial expansions
science	(a) Systematic study of Nature, based upon the presumption that the Universe is based upon rationally intelligible principles and that its behavior can therefore be predicted by subjecting observational data to logical analysis
characteristic function	Another name for the indicator function
encryption	Encryption Algorithm
encounter	see Gravitational Encounter
electronic money	Electronic mathematical representation of money.
hamiltonian theory	A theory for calculating the trajectory of a particle under an applied force
archiving	Making a permanent record which can be accessed later at any time
polygon of forces	A generalisation of the triangle of forces where there are 2 or more forces being combined together by vector addition and the result is represented as a polygon.
sample correlation coefficient	Correlation coefficient on a sample as an estimator of the population correlation coefficient.
greek	Anyone interested in learning mathematics should embrace the Greek alphabet with 24 letters from alpha to omega.
breit-wigner equation	An equation relating the cross section in a nuclear reaction to the energy of the incident particle
rr lyr	(a) Periodic variables with periods less than one day, and of spectral types A to early F
strömgren spheres	Zones of ionized hydrogen gas surrounding hot stars embedded in interstellar gas clouds; they are called additionally H II zones
frame transfer	A CCD construction in which one half of the imaging area of the device is purposely covered with a mask opaque to light to provide a temporary charge storage section
larmor frequency	The frequency of precession of a charged particle orbiting in a uniform magnetic field
null set	The null set is the empty set, a set with no members.
shared key	The secret key two (or more) users share in a symmetric-key cryptosystem.
round	sign
game theory	In The mathematical study of mathematical objects called games which consists of a set of players, a set of actions available to players during specified stages of the game and specified method for determining the payoffs for the players.
cardinal number	A number used to represent the size of a set
least action	see Action [P88]
min	1
centre of a group	The set of elements which are commutative with every elements of the group
fahrenheit	Fahrenheit is a measure of temperature that is abbreviated F
principal diagonal	Also known as the main diagonal
salient angle	An interior angle os a geometric figure that is locally convex
skew curve	A space curve which is not entirely contained with a plane.
key management	The various processes that deal with the creation, distribution, authentication, and storage of keys.
law of universal attraction	Isaac Newton's formulation of the law of gravity
isosceles triangle	An isosceles triangle has two sides that are the same length and two angles that are the same.
dirichlet's test	A condition for the convergence of a series where, the combination of corresponding terms from a monotonicall`y decreasing real sequence an and a complex sequence bn whose sequence of partial sums is bounded, produces a convergent series
dyne	A non-SI unit of force.
relative acceleration	The acceleration of an object in the frame of reference of another object.
secure socket layer	This protocol was developed by Netscape Communications Corporation to provide a high level of security for Internet communications
face	The plane figure between (at least 3) adjacent edges of a polyhedron where all the edges lie on the extended plane (from the plane figure) and all other edges lie on only one side of the plane.
product moment	One way of calculating a coefficient of correlation known as the Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient.
kendall's coefficient of concordance	See coefficient of concordance.
stationary nonequilibrium state	time-independent state of a system subjected to fixed constraints
plus sign	A symbol used to denote addition.
probability	Probability is the chance that a certain event will occur
light cylinder	The cylinder whose radius is that at which the rotational velocity of a neutron star would equal the speed of light
pound	Imperial unit of mass equivalent to roughly 5/11 of a kilogram..
commutative	When a mathematical operation yields the same result regardless of the order the objects are operated on
rank	Have a specified 'rank' or place/position within a grading system.
celestial sphere	An imaginary sphere of arbitrary radius upon which celestial bodies may be considered to be located
congruent	1
confocal conics	Conic sections which share the same focus (or foci).
difference equation	A discrete analogue of differential equations which states the general relationship amongst differences between terms of relative positions in a sequence.
effective radius	The distance from the center of a galaxy within which half of the total luminosity is included (cf
scholastics	Adherents to the philosophy and cosmology of Aristotle
one-way hash function	A one-way function that takes a variable sized input and creates a fixed size output.
cyclic tridiagonal matrix	A cyclic tridiagonal matrix is a generalization of a tridiagonal matrix which includes an extra last entry in the first row, and an extra first entry in the last row.
repeater	A network device that regenerates signals so that they can travel farther along a cable without losing or distorting data
variable	A letter representing an unknown number or what you’re solving for in an algebra problem.
cosecant	Cosecant (abbreviated csc) is a trigonometric ratio, corresponding to the length of the hypotenuse divided by the length of the opposite side of the right triangle
amplitude	A measure of maximum displacement for an oscillatory system
subtend	To geometrically characterise (through indicating the limits etc.) by a geometric object.
sigmoid curve	A type of curves whose shape captures some or all of a few properties such as strictly monotone, real differentiable, defined over the real line, asymptotic end behaviours (at both end) and having a first derivative in the shape of a single bump.
secant	1
iras samples	Astronomical objects detected in infrared radiation by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite launched in 1983
negative series	A series consisting of only negative terms.
subset sum problem	A problem where one is given a set of numbers and needs to find a subset that sums to a particular value.
solution set	The set of solutions a syste of equations or inequaties.
kepler's conjecture	The optimal way to pack balls of radius one into a three-dimensional space is to centre the balls at the points on a cubic lattice.
node	A computer or CPU on a network.
magnetic pressure	The pressure exerted by a magnetic field on the material that contains the field
crescent	A crescent is the shape of the moon shortly before and after the time of the new moon.
locus	A single point on a function or on its graph is a Locus.
collision	The interaction of 2 objects with each other through contact transitioned from a state of non-contact prior.
moment of mass	Another word for the moment of inertia, it is the unwilingness of a object to rotate - dictated by the mass and the perpendicular distance between the mass and the point from which it is measured.
geocentric	(a) Having the Earth at the centre
ton	1
eigenvalue	The ratio of the magnitudes of an eigenvector after the transformation to before.
statistical significance	The probability that an observation/result occurs by chance.
pre-image	A subset of the domain that corresponds to a given subset of the codomain.
cofactor matrix	The cofactor matrix of a square matrix A is generally used to define the adjoint matrix, or to represent the determinant.
union	the union of two sets, A and B, is the set of all elements that are either in A, or in B, or in both A and B.
relation	A relation between two or more specified sets/classes (which may be the same, in the case of a relation on a set/class) is a set/class of ordered sets of elements of those specified sets/classes, always in the same order.
scalar quantity	A quantity with only magnitude and not direction.
message	Message Authentication Code [MAC]
solution set	Set of all values that make an algebraic statement true.
parallelogram	A quadrilateral formed by two pairs of parallel edges of equal length.
whirlpool galaxy	A spiral galaxy (M51, NGC 5194) of type Sc in Canes Venatici
gss-api	generic security service application program interface.
divisible	1
spectroheliograph	Device with which spectra of the various regions of the Sun are obtained and photographed
mach's principle	(a) The precept that the inertia of objects results not from their relationship to Newtonian absolute space, but to the rest of the mass and energy distributed throughout the Universe
second	The second item comes after the first item and before the third item
asteroid	(a) A small rocky body that orbits a star
tangent	1
spoofing	Altering data packets to falsely identify the originating computer
aperture	(a) The effective diameter of the primary mirror or lens of a telescope
decreasing	Decreasing means to lessen in extent or scope, to be reduced
bode's law	(a) A prescription for calculating planetary distances: the distance to the nth planet is 0.4 + (0.3)n Astronomical Units
fluid mechanics	The study of fluids in applied mathematics: in motion, at rest and under forces.
sheath	The boundary layer of charged particles between a plasma and its surrounding material
mean	A measure of central tendency of data - a location attached to a number of objects considered as one.
san	Stands for ‘Storage Area Network’
concyclic	Having the property of being on the circumference of a circle.
worm	A malicious program that replicates itself over a computer network
cantilever	A beam or such similar structures which is anchored at only one end such that it resists rotation under load.
adaptive optics	Compensating for atmospheric distortions in a wavefront by high-speed changes in the shape of a small, thin mirror
color	(a) An attribute which distinguishes otherwise identical quarks of the same flavor
decibel	A logarithmic unit for the ratio of two quantities, or a quantity against a reference quantity
optional network	A network architecture used by an organization that wants to host its own Internet services without allowing unauthorized access to its private network
taxable income	income remaining after all approved deductions are made
tower	A countable category of objects, indexed by the natural numbers, such that morphisms go (and only go) from higher-indexed objects to lower-indexed objects.
del	A unary partial differential operator which is shorthand for
centre of mass	The point (not necessarily within the object) which is the weighted average of the point masses of a body (or the set of infinitely many point masses through integration), which can be used to calculate linear motion of a rigid body as if all of the object's mass are at that point (the centre of mass) only
metric space	A data space where the distance between each data point is specifically defined.
log-series distribution	logarithmic series distribution, also known as a logarithmic distribution
key-fill	Loading of a crypto-device with key material
exp	float
significance level	The probability below which an observation as extreme (or more) would have to be, by first assuming the null hypothesis, before the assumed null hypothesis is rejected, within the context of hypothesis testing.
vector	a quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
light year	An unit of distance travelled by light in a vacuum over a year.
stability	A measure of how hard it is to displace an object or system from equilibrium
ip spoofing	The act of inserting a false (but ordinary-seeming) sender IP address into the "From" field of an Internet transmission's header in order to hide the actual origin of the transmission
constant of precession	see Precession of the Equinoxes
dominoes	Dominoes is a game played with tiles that have dots on them.
thing	and the Thing
coma	The spherical region of diffuse gas, about 150,000 km in diameter, which surrounds the nucleus (q.v.) of a comet
selenocentric	With reference to, or pertaining to, the center of the Moon
cookie	A text file passed from the Web server to the Web client (a user's browser) that is used to identify a user and could record personal information such as ID and password, mailing address, credit card number, and more
secular acceleration	Apparent acceleration of the Moon and Sun across the sky, caused by extremely gradual reduction in speed of the Earth's rotation (one 50-millionth of a second per day)
dedicated server	A single computer in a network, reserved for serving the needs of the network.
radio lobes	Extended regions of diffuse radio emission, often dumbbell shaped, that surround a radio galaxy
doubling time	The time for a quantity to double where the quantity is in exponential growth
pendulum	A mechanical construction where a weight suspends from a string or a rod whose other end is fixed to a point.
tdrss	Transmission Data and Relay Satellite System
electron shells	Zones in which the electrons in atoms reside
poisson distribution	AThe discrete probability distribution of the number of independently singly events over a fixed "length" (of space or time or similar continua) given a constant rate.
mars	(a) Fourth major planet out from the Sun
interstellar cloud	A collection of gas and dust that lies between the stars
interpulse	The weaker component of a pulsar pulse when its period is roughly half that of the main pulse
achromat	An achromatic lens
trigonometric functions	Also known as circular functions
nephroid	An epicycloid where the radius of the outer (moving) circle is half of that of the inner (fixed) circle.
circle	All of the points on a circle are the same distance from the center of the circle (that distance is called the radius of the circle).
feasible region	The set of all points satisfying the system of linear inequalities in a linear programming problem.
speed of light	SyThe speed that light travels at, in a vacuum, represented by the symbol c.
itu-t	International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunications standardization sector.
degrees of freedom	A number of related concepts in physics, mechanics, engineering and statistics regarding the independence/interdependence of parameters
alfvén number	A dimensionless number characterizing steady fluid flow past an obstacle in a uniform magnetic field parallel to the direction of flow
chandra	NASA's premier x-ray observatory was named the Chandra X-ray Observatory in honor of the late Indian-American Nobel laureate, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.
binary number system	The binary number system is a way of expressing numbers in base two
dichotomy	The partitioning of a set into two subsets where every elements belongs to exactly one of the two subsets, in other words, the two subsets are collectively exhaustive and mutually exclusive.
lawrencium	A radioactive transuranic element of the actinoid series, not found naturally on Earth
skew lines	Lines which are not coplanar
discrete logarithm problem	The problem of finding r such that gr = d, where d and g are elements in a given group
nondeterministic computer	Currently only a theoretical computer capable of performing many computations simultaneously.
bragg's law	If a beam of x-rays of wavelength is directed at a crystal with parallel crystal planes that are distance d apart, then the reflected x-rays from each plane undergo interference
microwave background anisotropy experiment	An experiment designed to measure the intensity of the cosmic microwave background radiation in different directions
axion	A hypothetical spin-0 particle with a very small mass of 10-5-10-3 eV
radiative transfer	The process by which radiation travels through a medium
inscribed	A shape which is the largest (given the specified parameters, usually shape) inside another.
inconsistent	Inconsistent equations have no simultaneous solution.
compression function	A function that takes a fixed length input and returns a shorter, fixed length output
nominal data	A type of categorical data with no obvious ordering that is relevant to the mathematical aspects concerned.
nested sets	Sets where any two sets where neither is a subset of the other must be mutually exclusive.
class frequency	The number of occurrence in a class.
cell type	Edges of the graph connect nodes from one layer to nodes of the next layer if the two cell types share a common face, so the cell type at the bottom of the edge supports the cell type at the top of the edge.
centi	Centi is a prefix that means one-hundredth
efficiency	A measure in statistics of the sample size needed to achieve a specified level of accuracy.
hypothesis	An unproven (but also not disproven) assertion considered/assumed/proposed to be true
n + 1	which is impossible
symmetric form	See line.
third	The third person or item comes after the first and second
multiplicative function	1
altitude-azimuth	(a) Comprising a means of measuring or precisely locating in coordinates the position of objects at any altitude or azimuth
optical illusion	A drawing or object that appears to have an effect that it does not really have, such as when a flat painting seems to have three-dimensional dept
partial derivative	The result when a function is differentiated with respect to one of its multiple arguments, while the other arguments are held fixed (considered as constants).
arm population	Young stars typical of those found in spiral arms (Population I stars)
subscript	Numbers and symbols written either smaller but with the bottom aligned or where both the top and bottom of the symbols below those of the baseline, in order to index object, indicate binomial coefficients etc.
carina	(a) A constellation in the southern sky and home of the bright star Canopus
student's t-distribution	Also known simply as the t-distribution.
local supercluster	(a) The supercluster to which the Local Group belongs
arrow of time	The direction, apparently inviolable, of the "flow" of time that distinguishes the past from the future.The direction, apparently inviolable, of the "flow" of time that distinguishes the past from the future
gamma	Unit of magnetic field intensity equal to 10-5 gauss
microwave	(a) An electromagnetic wave (in the radio region just beyond the infrared) with a wavelength of from about 1 mm to 30 cm (about 109-1011 Hz)
limaçon of pascal	Also known simply as a limaçon, an epitrochoid where the radii of the two circles are the same (in the case where neither centre is inside the other circle), or the moving circle is twice the radius of the fixed circle (in the case of the centre of the smaller/fixed circle being inside of the larger/moving circle - which also means that the centre of the larger/moving circle is on the circumference of the smaller/fixed circle).
jump discontinuity	A discontinuity where the two one-sided limits of the function at the point of discontinuity exist and differ.
hawking radiation	the radiation produced by a black hole when quantum effects are taken into account
microwave radiation	(a) Radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum between infrared and radio waves
signal-to-noise ratio	The ratio of the amount of intelligible meaning in a signal to the amount of background noise
motion	A sustained (for a period) change in position.
equivalence principle	Several related concepts that equates systems of different frames of reference.
messier catalogue	(a) List of the locations in the sky of more than 100 galaxies and nebulae, compiled by Charles Messier between 1760 and 1784
ascending node	In the orbit of a Solar-System body, the point where the body crosses the ecliptic from south to north: for a star, out of the plane of the sky toward the observer
four-wave mixing	this is the combination of three optical waves to generate a fourth
mary	with the first argument on the right, Who
filtering process	Deciding whether a packet should be allowed or denied, depending on what is contained in its header or its contents, based on user-defined policies.
hour hand	An hour hand on a clock tells you what hour it is.
rotation of axes	A change from one coordinate system to another where the axes remain at the same angle to each other, in the same orientation.
ephemeris	(a) A list or tabulation of astronomical phenomena that change with time
kilo-	A prefix that denotes "a thousand".
hadamard matrix	A square matrix whose entries are either 1 or -1, where the rows (and columns), considered as vectors, are mutually orthogonal..
cesium clock	An apparatus used to produce the steady frequency used in defining the second
halting problem	A important decision problem regarding the determination and determinability of whether a program continues running indefinitely or eventually halts, given an input.
vertex	A vertex of an angle is the point at which the two sides of the angle meet
simplest form	Simplest form of a rational expression implies that the polynomial in the numerator and the polynomial in the denominator don't have any common divisors.
authorization	To convey official access or legal power to a person or entity.
partial quotient	A method of division also known as the chunking method.
gateway	A system that provides access between two or more networks
deceleration	A reduction in speed, or equivalently negative acceleration in cases where absolute velocity is considered.
point-slope form	A particular way of representing the equation of a straight line such that a point on the line and the slope of the line can be easily extracted from the equation with no calculations.
non-repudiation	A property of a cryptosystem
injective function	An injective function is one where every element in the range is matched up to only one element in the domain
correlation coefficient	See coefficient of correlation.
homogeneity	(a) In cosmology, the property that any large volume of the universe looks the same as any other large volume
confinement	The property of quarks which implies that they cannot exist as free particles, but are forever bound into protons, neutrons, etc
wz sagittae	A recurrent DAe old nova (1913 and 1946) with the shortest known orbital period (about 80 minutes)
probability function	Often known as the probability mass function
equals sign	The symbol = placed between two mathematical sentences to assert their sameness.
midline	Another name for a median.
s-factor	A nuclear cross-section factor measured in keV-barns
coefficient of variation	A measure of dispersion (standard deviation) normalised by the mean
ring galaxy	A galaxy with a ring-like appearance
telling	told
polyhedra	See them here.
vertex	A point in a geometric object where two or more lines meet
decimal notation	The graphical representational aspect of the decimal number system.
blackbody curve	Plot of energy level against wavelength for heat or other radiation emitted by an object capable of absorbing all the energy that strikes it
true vacuum	This phrase has the same meaning as vacuum, with the word "true" being used only to emphasize the distinction with the false vacuum
primality testing	A test that determines, with varying degree of probability, whether or not a particular number is prime.
coefficient of correlation	A name for several related methods which measure the relationship between two sets of data.
zenith	(a) The point in the sky directly overhead
deltoid	1
tan	A shorthand for the trigonometric function tangent.
potential	For electrical potential, work per unit charge
topologically distinct	Two shapes that cannot be deformed into one another without tearing their structure in some manner
geodetic coordinates	The latitude and longitude of a point on the Earth's surface determined from the geodetic vertical (normal to the specified spheroid)
hard made easy	Simplifying a problem
discrete variable	A variable that takes values from a finite or countable set, such as the number of legs of an animal
dependent variable	Also known as a response variable, an explained variable, an outcome variable
origin	The central reference point of a coordinate system.
handshake	A protocol two computers use to initiate a communication session.
factor tree	A factor tree is a graphical representation in tree form that shows the factors of a specific number.
stochastic	Having the property of being random/non-deterministic.
availability date	The date upon which that part of the system becomes generally available, that is available to anyone willing to pay the appropriate price and take immediate delivery.
expanded number	Writing a number as the sum of multiples of powers of the base.
dilation	A transformation where a figure is stretched.
compounding period	length of time over which interest on an investment is calculated
extremum	A non-descript maximum or minimum
mutual variation	A measure of variation of a set of paired values
contrapositive	Given a statement of the form "If A then B", the contrapositive of such a statement is the one which states "If not B then not A"
newton's method	A method for improving the estimate of a root of a continuous function which replacing the current estimate with the x-intercept of the tangent at the current estimate.
numerical integration	The process of approximating the definite integral of a function in an interval by values of the function with arguments in the interval
fermium	A radioactive transuranic element of the actinoid series, not found naturally on Earth
set	The collection of objects considered as a whole
back focal length	The distance between the last surface of a compound optical system and the focal plane of the system
pure imaginary	A complex number containing no real part
d' alembert's theorem	1
precomputation attack	An attack where the adversary precomputes a look-up table of values used to crack encryption or passwords
unknown	An unknown is a number whose value is not known
kev	one thousand electron volts
rms	root mean square
binary galaxies	Two galaxies orbiting each other owing to their mutual gravitational attraction
bus	The general term for hardware for dealing with the input-output pathway and backplane of a computer
magnetic monopole	(a) A hypothetical particle that carries an isolated north or south magnetic pole
simple graph	An undirected, unweighted graph with no loops and at most one edge between any 2 vertices, in the context of graph theory.
function	juxtaposition of inputs and outputs of a given function
compound statement	two statements linked together with a connective, such as and, or, or not
outlier	A data point judged to be not under consideration or not fitting of a general pattern within a data set.
soho	An abbreviation for businesses categorized as Small Office/Home Office
terminating fraction	A continued fraction which is finite.
binomial coefficients	Binomial coefficients arise in expanding powers of binomial expressions and have many applications in combinators and probability.
lagrangian points	Five points in the orbital plane of two massive particles in circular orbits around a common center of gravity, where a third particle of negligible mass can remain in equilibrium
empty set	The set with no elements
iteration	A procedure that repeats, typically by adding some value to a variable in the process with each new calculation is called an iterative process, and each cycle of the calculation is an Iteration
history	but there are no students of history
materialism	Belief that material objects and their interactions constitute the complete reality of all phenomena, including such seemingly insubstantial phenomena as thoughts and dreams
hexaflexagon	A hexaflexagon is a folded geometric figure that can be "flexed" to expose its many sides.
member	given above, changing the name from member
categorical data	Data that is used (or can only be used) as labels rather than quantities, as such no arithmetic structure exist and certain concepts (such as mean or median) are undefined.
function	A function is cccc.
web browser	Software used to view the World Wide Web, a graphically rich presentation of information on the Internet
electromagnetic radiation	(a) "Waves" of electrical and magnetic "disturbance", radiated as visible light, radio waves, or any other manifestation of the electromagnetic spectrum
transit telescope	A stationary support structure for a telescope
proof	a convincing argument
sum	The result of addition.
white dwarf	(a) Compact star with mass less than about 1.4 solar masses, typical radius of 1000 km; supported against gravity by quantum-mechanical degeneracy pressure of electrons
mass-luminosity-radius relation	All nondegenerate stars with the same mass and the same chemical composition will have the same radius and the same luminosity
one pound	16 ounces
rhombohedron	A parallelepiped whose edges have the same length
multiple point	A point on a curve where the curve itersects itself
divide	To calculate division.
sequence	A set of terms (which may be numbers, algebraic expressions or any mathematical objects, usually of the same type) with an order attached to the members
cube	A 3-dimensional geometric figure of 6 congruent faces (all squares) where the edges (all 12 of them) have the same length
t-distribution	Also known as student's t-distribution
head	See coma
mill rate	a rate at which property tax is calculated
s/mime	Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions.
redshift survey	The methodical tabulation of the redshifts of a large number of galaxies in a particular region of the sky
andromeda galaxy	(a) Major spiral galaxy, 2.2 million light-years from Earth
blue giant	A giant star with spectral type O or B
solution set	Strictly, any Solution is a Solution Set, the value(s) that make a mathematical statement true.
external tangent	The relation between two circles which intersect at exactly one point where the centres of neither circle is within the other circle
increment	a small change, usually indicated by the greek letter delta.
m matrix	An M matrix is a (real) (square) invertible matrix whose offdiagonal elements are nonpositive, and whose inverse is a nonnegative matrix.
space-filling curve	The limit of a 1-dimensional curve which go through every point in a 2-dimensional geometric figure (usually a square).
polygons	The polygons, or faces, are typically planar and finite, and meet with exactly two at each edge
logistic spiral	Another name for an equiangular spiral or logarithmic spiral.
file server	A dedicated network computer that stores data files so that other computers can share access to them
inverse compton effect	The collision between a photon and an energetic (cosmic-ray) electron, in which some of the energy of the electron is transferred to the photon
arg	A unary operation on a complex number whose value (output) is the argument of the complex number (input)
subtraction formulae	The trigonometric formulae relating the values of trigonometric functions with argument that is the difference of 2 angles, to the individual values of trigonometric functions of the 2 angles.
congruent figures	Congruent figures are the same up to transformation, and using congruency between figures often gives more insight into the figures.
granulation	The mottled appearance of the solar photosphere, caused by gases rising from the interior of the Sun (see granules)
bias	(a) A potential applied to an electrode in an electronic device to produce the desired characteristic
logarithmic series	The taylor series expansion of a logarithmic function.
atb	Acronym for After The Bang; usually used in reference to time elapsed since the big bang
smart card	A plastic card about the size of a credit card with an embedded microchip where information and applications are stored
reconcile	to verify the transactions in a personal transaction record book with a bank statement
2004	mar
semi-interquartile range	The value of half of the inter-quartile range.
mills cross	An antenna array consisting of two antennas oriented at right angles to each other
prime numbers	29 - 13 = 16
geology	Scientific study of the dynamics and history of the earth, as evidenced in its rocks, chemicals, and fossils
asymptotic	1
circumference	The length of the closed curve of a circle.
denomination	A particular unit within a set of units of the same type
linear cryptanalysis	A known plaintext attack that uses linear approximations to describe the behavior of the block cipher
write	nl
sobieski	Former name of the southern constellation Scutum
cd-rom	Compact Disk - Read Only Memory A computer data storage technology
matched pairs	In experimental design, pairing units so that each member of a pair is as close as possible to the other in characteristics that might influence the outcome of a treatment.
critical speed	In fluid flow, the speed at which the behavior of the fluid switches from that of laminar flow to that of turbulent flow or vice versa
floor	log
centrality	Central tendency.
supergiant	An extremely luminous star of large diameter and low density
arithmetic mean	The arithmetic mean of a set of numbers (also called the average) is equal to the sum of the numbers divided by the number of numbers
helix nebula	A planetary nebula about 140 pc distant in Aquarius with the largest known angular diameter of any planetary
expression	A mathematical statement of almost any kind is considered an Expression.
orthogonal	perpendicular.
proof by contraposition	A method of proof where we proof a statement by its (necessarily logically equivalent) contrapositive.
mass number	see Atomic Mass Number
mandelbrot set	Discovered much later than Julia sets, it is generated by taking the set of all functions f(Z)=Z^2+C, looking at all of the possible C points and their Julia sets, and assigning colors to the points based on whether the Julia set is connected or dust
identity element	For a binary operation, the identity element is the element which, being one of operands involved, leaves the other operand unchanged.
commutative	The property of a binary operation such that its operands can always be swapped around without affect its value.
exterior angle	The angle formed by one side, and the extension of an adjacent side of a polygon.
eb-ccd	Electron-Bombarded CCD An imaging device containing a thin target material which emits electrons by the photoelectric effect when illuminated and then magnetically focuses these electrons to impact onto a silicon CCD where they generate a large charge
fourier matrix	The Fourier matrix represents the linear operator that transforms a vector of data into a vector of Fourier coefficients.
lyot division	In Saturn's rings, the gap between rings B and C
reflexive	Literally "in relation to itself." When we say A = A, we employ a Reflexive property.
signing	Unlike a handwritten signature, which is written onto, and thus becomes part of the document to which it relates, signing electronic information is rather different
reducible radical	A quantity expressed as the radical of an integer, which can be written as the multiple of a radical of a smaller integer.
conjugate lines	Given a line on an argand diagram, the line formed by replace each point with its complex conjugate in known as the conjugate line
counting number	The counting numbers are the positive whole numbers, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5..
descartes	René Descartes ( March 31, 1596 - February 11, 1650) was a French mathematician and philosopher
grade	A system of measuring angles where one degree is to 1/100 of a right angle.
per annum	A phrase meaning "per year" in Latin
energy level	(a) Any of the several discrete states of energy in which an atom or ion can exist
host	A network-connected computer.
solve	To determine the solutions to a problem.
galilean telescope	A type of refracting telescope having a converging objective and a diverging eyepiece
confidence region	Same as confidence interval.
triangle	A polygon of 3 sides.
deductive reasoning	a process of demonstrating that, if certain statements are true, then other statements follow logically from them
interaction	The relation between variables in statistics where the influence on a variable from a set of variables is such that the total effect is not simply a sum of the effects from the individual variables.
cal	Calorie - a metric unit of energy
sublimation	A direct change of state from solid to vapor without melting
contingency table	An array of frequencies (or relative frequencies and by extension, probabilities) recorded to study the relationship between 2 or more discrete variables.
downshift matrix	The downshift matrix A circularly shifts all vector entries or matrix rows down 1 position.
monotonic	The property of an ordered set of values where changes are all in the same direction, and may allow for no change depending on the definition used.
aliasing	In a discrete Fourier transform, the overlapping of replicas of the basic transform, usually due to undersampling
complete induction	Also known as strong induction
gradient	1
dual	If V is a real vector space, then a dual vector on V is a linear function f from V to the real numbers R.
category 3 cabling	A cabling specification for 10BaseT networks, which are capable of handling up to 10 mega bits of data per second
tcp	Transmission Control Protocol. A set of rules (protocol) used along with the Internet Protocol (IP) to send data in the form of message units between computers over the Internet
braces	Symbols { and } commonly used to represent the order of operations along with parentheses and brackets
single sign-on	A log-in routine in which one logon provides access to all resources on the network.
root	A value that, multiplied by itself a number of times, results in the value or number wanted.
mortality rate	Another name for death rate.
equator	The equator is an imaginary circle around the Earth or any orb, halfway between the North and South Poles.
magnitude	A numerical quantity or value.
metal	(a) To an astronomer, a metal is any element heavier than hydrogen and helium; thus, not only are iron and copper metals, but so are elements like oxygen and neon
centre of gravity	A point through gavity can be considered to be acting, instead of individually on the point masses or acting on the body as a whole
day	The name for a number of related units of time all based around the period of the Earth's rotation about its own axis.
line	A line is a set of points that form an infinitely long straight path that extends in both directions
elastic constants	Parameters for the properties or behaviour of components of a system relative to other components (due to its material, construction etc.) under influence of forces.
sec	A shorthand for the trigonometric function of secant.
ring nebula	A famous planetary nebula (M57, NGC 6720) in the constellation Lyra
equinox	(a) One of two points in the sky that represent where the Sun appears to cross the plane of the Earth's equator
astrometry	The branch of astronomy that deals with measuring the positions of celestial objects, especially stars
mach number	A measure of speed of an object is a particular medium as a multiple of the speed of sound in that same medium.
galaxy	(a) Vast system of celestial objects, typically consisting of between 106 and 1012 stars, plus interstellar gas and dust
capstone	The U.S
key fingerprint	A uniquely identifying string of numbers and characters used to authenticate public keys.
superconductivity	(a) A phenomenon occurring in some metals at very low temperatures, in which the resistance drops to zero and the metal shows many other anomalous properties
fractional expression	An algebraic expression of a polynomial divided by another - also known as a rational expression.
epicycle theory	A means of accounting for the apparent motions of the planets in terms of circular motions in a geocentric cosmology
spark chamber	A means of detecting high energy particles by the trail of ionizations left as they pass through a chamber containing many charge plates
instanton	Also known as a pseudo-particle.
subclass	The class whose elements are also elements of a specified class.
null hypothesis	The hypothesis assumed, for which calculations of probabilities in hypothesis testing are based on
slac	The acronym for the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center at Stanford University in California, USA
tractable	A property of a problem, stating that it can be solved in a reasonable amount of time using a reasonable amount of space.
auxiliary circle	1
secondary mirror	The second reflecting surface encountered by the light in a telescope
truth table	Tables representing the truth values of propositions in propositional logic.
extrema	The maximum or minimum value of a function.
librations	Variations in the orientation of the Moon's surface with respect to an observer on the Earth
asymmetric relation	A binary relation that is not symmetric.
probability mass function	The function the computes the probability for an event for a discrete probability distribution.
accretion disk	A disk of gas that accumulates around a center of gravitational attraction, such as a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole
oval	An oval is an egg-shaped figure.
hubble flow	The movement of the galaxies away from us caused by the expansion of the Universe
information	a measure of the delocalization of the state of the system in the space of all possible events
radio astronomy	the astronomy associated with radio observations of celestial objects
variable	A mathematical quantity whose value can vary
kite	A kite is a four-sided figure (a quadrilateral) in which exactly two pairs of adjacent sides have the same length.
size	1
interest	Given the time-value-of-money, Interest is generated on a sum of capital as time passes.
glitch	A term used in rocketry to describe a malfunction (or "slide") of the stylus on a chart recorder; also, a sudden change in frequency, as in a pulsar
vigesimal numbers	Numbers expressed in the base 20 number system.
parametrisations	The act of expressing equations in parametric forms.
au	Astronomical Unit
response variable	Another name for a dependent variable.
equilateral	Having edges of equal lengths
bridge	A piece of hardware used to connect two local area networks, or segments of a LAN, so that devices on the network can communicate without requiring a router
bose-einstein condensation	A phenomenon in which several thousand atoms of certain elements are able to combine to form a single entity (a superatom) at very low temperatures
ssl	Secure Socket Layer
differential coefficient	Another name for a derived function or a derivative.
bounded set	A set is bounded if its closure does not consist of any infinite values.
100baset	An Ethernet specification that can handle up to 10 mega bits of data per second
short radius	The radius of the largest circle inscribed in a polygon.
hopf bifurcation	Also known as a Poincare-Andronov-Hopf bifurcation, it is a type of local bifurcation in a dynamical system.
iau	International Astronomical Union
molecular hydrogen	(a) A molecule consisting of two hydrogen atoms (H2) and the most common molecule in space
three dimensions	Space which must be labelled by 3 separate numbers (coordinates) so that closer points have closer coordinates and closer coordinates implies closer points.
dimensional analysis	A procedure for verifying a formula by the fact that physical laws remain the same regardless of the units used for the physical quantities involved
critical density	The density that just stops the expansion of space, after infinite cosmic time has elapsed
algebra glossary	The Algebra glossary brought to you by the Brilliant Community.
fractal	Fractals are patterns within patterns within patterns.
alpha particles	Particles first discovered in radioactive decay, and later identified as helium nuclei (two protons and two neutrons bound together)
synchronous rotation	Rotation whose period is equal to the orbital period
life tables	A table listing the probabilities of an individual of a certain age (possibly with additional assumptions such as geography) surviving until the next "age" for actuarial purposes.
skew	Lines neither intersecting nor parallel (non-coplanar lines) are termed Skew lines.
ciphertext	Encrypted data.
shear	A linear transformation where points are translated parallel to the line of invariant points, by an amount proportional to the distance between the point and the line, where additionally, points on the same sides of the line are translated in the same direction and points on opposite sides of the line are translated in opposite directions.
non-collinear	Not linear, not aligned, not part of the same line
assert	asserta
initial conditions	A type of boundary condition specifically giving information of the system at the beginning of the time interval in consideration.
star cluster	A gravitationally bound aggregation of stars, smaller and less massive than galaxies
decipher	see decrypt.
result	The value of the primary metric being reported for the benchmark.
gauss jordan elimination	Gauss Jordan elimination is a method for solving a system of linear equations A * x = b for x, or for computing the inverse matrix of A.
local behaviour	1
absolutely convergent series	A convergent series which remains convergent even if the modulus function is applied to each individual term before summation.
configuration	(a) The arrangement of electrons in shells around the nucleus of an atom
permutation	A counting method that determines the number of ordered arrangements there are when a certain number of objects are selected from a given set.
friction	A motion resisting force due to contact of objects in relative motion.
representative sample	A sample for which it is assumed that there is no reason the expectations of estimations from the sample differ from the parameters of the population.
electron conduction	A process in astrophysics occurring in highly ionized stellar interiors where the density is high, whereby the bulk of the energy is transported by "hot" electrons moving in one direction and cooler electrons in the other
hash-based mac	MAC that uses a hash function to reduce the size of the data it processes.
integration by parts	A method of integrating a product, by designating one half of the product to be eventually integrated while the other half differentiated, following the rule
earthlight	Light reflected from the Earth's atmosphere onto the dark part of the Moon
expand	To go through the process of expansion.
range	1
sense	1
exoergic process	A process in which energy is liberated
hanning method	A method of smoothing out the noise in radio data
segment	the union of a point, A, and a point, B, and all the points between them.
iso	Infrared Space Observatory
degree	1
littrow	The configuration of a diffraction grating spectrograph in which the diffracted ray returns along the same direction as the incident ray
goppa code	A class of error correcting codes, used in the McEliece public-key cryptosystem.
geometric probability	Geometric probability
holmium	A soft malleable silvery element of the lanthanoid series of metals
coaxial cable	A type of electrical wiring
all	In mathematics, the word all means ...
sumofrest	and these are distinguished by subscripts - so First1
constellation	(a) A grouping of stars, usually with pictorial or mythical associations, that serves to identify an area of the celestial sphere
canonical change	A periodic change in one of the components of an orbit (cf
bev	One billion (109) electron volts
solar flare	Sudden and dramatic release of a huge burst of solar energy through a break in the Sun's chromosphere in the region of a sunspot
continuous compounding	When an entity experiences Continuous Compounding it grows unceasingly and constantly, that is, the addition of some portion of its size to its size happens all of the time
cislunar	An adjective referring to the region of space between the Earth and the Moon
copernican revolution	The revolution in thought resulting from the acceptance of the heliocentric model of the Solar System
intersection of sets	The intersection of two or more sets is the set of elements that all the sets have in common; in other words, all the elements contained in every one of the sets
block cipher	A symmetric cipher which encrypts a message by breaking it down into blocks and encrypting each block.
labelled tree	A tree in graph theory in which all vertices are assigned labels.
similarity	The property of 2 geometric figures being similar.
law of sines	a/sin A = b/sin B = c/sin C
segment of a circle	The area bounded by an arc and its chord.
resultant	1
parity	Parity indicates whether a term is even (divisible by 2) or odd (not divisible by 2).
coax cable	A type of cable, used in Ethernet networking, with a solid central conductor surrounded by an insulator, in turn surrounded by a cylindrical shield woven from fine wires
transformation	juxtaposition of the argument (geometric figure input, i.e
rounding	A numerical value means replacing it by another value that is approximately equal but has a shorter, simpler, or more explicit representation
difference	The value resulting from a subtraction.
inelastic collision	A reaction involving a change in the kinetic energy of the system, as in ionization, excitation, or capture; or a process which changes the energy level of the system
meinel bands	Molecular bands of the N2+ radical near 8000 Å
open source software	A term applied when the source code of a computer program is made available free of charge to the general public
denominate number	The numerical part of a physical quantity
holomorphic	Same as complex analytic
asymmetrical	Something that is asymmetrical is not symmetrical - it does not have symmetry
lever	A object with a pivot used to manipulate the force applied to an object (relative to the force input into the system), or the distance for which a force is applied (relative to the distance over which the force input into the system).
class	A collection of objects, not necessary a set
chain rule	A rule that finds the derivative of a composite function, given that the derivatives of the two components of the composite function can be found.
symmetric algorithm	An encryption method where the same key is used both to encrypt and decrypt messages
contrapositive	a conditional statement formed by negating both the if and then clauses of a converse
electron-phonon scattering	Electron scattering by ions oscillating about equilibrium positions which form a perfect lattice
decompress	To expand a compressed file or group of files back to their normal size so that the file or files can be opened
gross annual income	total income earned in a year
antennae	A famous pair of interacting galaxies in the constellation Corvus
buried channel	A construction in a silicon CCD which results in a collection zone for photo-generated electrons which is buried well below the surface of the silicon
token	Also called a security token or an authentication token
sextant	Instrument employed to measure the elevation of astronomical objects above the horizon
biometrics	The science of using biological properties to identify individuals; for example, finger prints, a retina scan, and voice recognition.
gold card	Gross Domestic Product [GDP]
polar axis	Also known as the initial axis
html	Hyper-Text Mark-up language.
stochastic process	A non-determnistic process, also known as a random process.
watt	One watt is defined to be the rate of one joules in one second
mental math	Mental math is math that is done in your head, without writing or using a calculator or other device.
minimize	A process to establish the least extent, value, or size possible.
tls	Transport Layer Security
two-way classification	The classification of a data set by 2 criteria, i.e
pattern	Characteristic(s) observed in one item that may be repeated in similar or identical manners in other items.
empirical distribution function	A distribution function as suggested by the sample.
spectral energy distribution	SED: The distribution of a star's light among various wavelengths
edge effects	Absorption in the spectra of galaxies at the edges of some passbands by lines broadened by velocity dispersion
color field	Any particle carrying color charge (or strong charge) has an associated color field (or strong field) around it
sculptor	1
biconditional statement	a statement formed by combining a conditional and its converse, using if and only if
hydrostatics	A sub-branch of fluid mechanics, the mathematical study of liquid in equilibrium.
krylov matrix	Given a square matrix A and some initial vector b, the first k elements of the sequence of Krylov vectors are: b, Ab, A2b, A3b, ..
thermal diffusion	A method of separating gas molecules of different masses by maintaining one part of the gas at a lower temperature than the other (i.e
gf-values	Weighted oscillator strengths
actinic radiation	Radiation that can cause a chemical reaction; for example, ultraviolet radiation is actinic
least upper bound	As the name implies, a function often has a highest value or a limit beyond which it may not realize.
compass	Also known as a pair of compasses, to avoid confusion with the instrument for telling directions
astronomical unit	(a) Mean distance between the Earth and the Sun: 149,598,500km
involution	1
infinite product	A multiplication equivalent for infinite series, denoted by the capital letter for π
golay cell	A gas bulb used to detect infrared radiation
normal	1
lhe	The symbol for Liquid Helium
c	C equals 100 in Roman numerals.
spallation	The process in which an incoming beam of particles or energy collides with a substance, reacts with it, and knocks off pieces of it
matt enlow	Contributor Matt Enlow
radiative braking	The slowing down of rotation of a star due to radiation
converse	a conditional statement formed by interchanging the if and then clauses of another conditional statement
principal square root	A positive number that when multiplied by itself produces a given positive number.
binary variable	A random variable with only 2 possible outcomes.
complex conjugate	The Complex Conjugate of (a + bi) is (a - bi)
octadecagon	An octadecagon is an eighteen-sided figure.
cavalieri's principle	Two geometrical figures whose cross sections are the same as each other, at the same distance away from some reference line/lines (plane/planes) have the same area (volume)
penny	A penny is a coin worth one cent.
anisotropy	(a) A medium is anisotropic if a certain physical quantity differs in value in
pair-wise disjoint	The property of a collection of mathematical objects, any two of which have a null (empty) intersection.
division	The inverse operation of multiplication
one-way function	A function that is easy to compute in one direction but quite difficult to reverse compute (compute in the opposite direction.)
iris	An arrangement able to vary the amount of light that enters an optical instrument
dialog box	A box that appears when you choose a command from a menu
bidiagonal matrix	A bidiagonal matrix has only two nonzero diagonals
copernican principle	The principle that Earth is not the center of the Universe
coherent receivers	These devices respond to the electric field strength of the signal, and can preserve phase information about incoming photons
boundary	The exterior of a set
discrete set	Informally, a set is discrete if all members have space between it and any other member of the set (where there "could have" members which belongs to the set but doesn't).
capture	The absorption of one particle by another
fbi	Federal Bureau of Investigation, a U.S
elasticity	Property of a system whose configuration is dependent on the presence of an external force (or influence/factor).
winning positions	Introduction to combinatorial games
large magellanic cloud	The nearest and largest of the many galaxies that orbit the Milky Way
action	A quantity related to the momentum and position of a body or system of particles
compression function	A function that accepts input and returns a shorter output
standard candle	An object - usually a star or a galaxy of known intrinsic brightness
denary	Adjective describing the property of base 10, also decimal.
censored observations	In statistics, observations which are made incomplete systematically due to the nature of the procedure (possible) for observation or the objects under study.
gambling odds	A method of representing payoffs of an event where x:y means a bet of y would return a profit (not winnings) of x.
var	Symbol denoting the variance of the specified random variable.
cia	Central Intelligence Agency (Wikipedia) (Website) (Other)
inversely proportional	When the product of two variables is a constant the variables are said to be Inversely Proportional to one another.
zigzag	A zigzag is a line that sharply turns back and forth.
flat field	Or flat-fielding
ecc	Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem; A public-key cryptosystem based on the properties of elliptic curves.
bit	a single unit of data storage in a computer
helium burning	The stage when a star fuses helium into carbon and oxygen
celestial longitude	Angular distance along the ecliptic from the vernal equinox eastward
composition	The act of combining 2 mathematical objects in some way
percentile	Certain types of data lend themselves to description by what percent of the values exceed (or fall below) a specific data value
interval estimate	The estimate of a (unknown) value by giving an interval of values
vector space	A vector is a quantity having magnitude and direction, represented by a directed arrow indicating its orientation in space
truncation	1
pyramid	A pyramid is a shape that has a flat polygonal base and triangular sides that meet at a point on the top
cosmic ray astronomy	the astronomy associated with the detection, propagation and origin of cosmic rays from their sources to the Earth
binary system	A base 2 positional system representing numbers with only the digits 0 and 1.
energy density	The amount of energy in the form of radiation per unit volume, expressed in ergs cm-3
white light	Visible radiation that gives a sensation of whiteness
denumerable	Can be enumerated, countable.
lyman forest	The appearance of many differentially redshifted Lyman- absorption lines in a quasar's spectrum, caused by intervening hydrogen clouds along our line of sight to the quasar
moment	1
sum	The result from the operation of addition.
explorer	A US series of satellites, many of which remain in orbit round the Earth fulfilling scientific functions
adiabatic index	The ratio of the fractional change in pressure to the fractional change in density as an element of fluid expands (or contracts) without exchange of heat with its surroundings
plane	A plane is a flat (2-dimensional) surface that extends to infinity in all directions
gamma decay	A type of radioactive observer decay in which gamma rays are emitted by the specimen
decision theory	A branch of mathematics which deals with making decisions by identifying the relevant parameters, which parameters are known, what the known values are for these parameters and how to use such parameters to achieve an optimal decision by certain standards as well as how such standards are defined, assessed, affect the decision making process and any other aspects concerned.
plane of symmetry	The plane that is the collection of invariant points under a reflection such that the overall shape (or any collection of points) also stays invariant.
normal component	The component of acceration which is perpendicular to the velocity.
coupling	An interaction between the components of a system
angular size	The angle subtended by an object on the sky
hagedorn equation of state	An equation of state for extremely degenerate matter (density greater than about 1015 g cm-3)
variate	The value of a random variable.
interstellar reddening	The reddening of starlight passing through interstellar dust, caused by the fact that dust scatters blue light more than red
rods	The more sensitive cells of the retina of the eye
interstellar space	Space between the stars of a galaxy
matrix	A rectangular array of elements
statistic	A function dependent only on the sample.
scalar	1
compound interest	interest calculated at regular intervals and added to the principal for the next interest period
elevation	The angle in degrees above the horizon toward the zenith or overhead point
mechanical advantage	The ratio of the output and input force into a mechanical system.
parallelizable	The property of a computer program, or program segment, that allows for the parallel execution of parts of the same program
compiler	A program that translates (presumably) human-readable source code into a form that is native for a particular machine.
sphere	The locus of points in 3-dimensions which is of a particular specified distance from a specified point.
invisible astronomy	The study of celestial objects by observing their radiation at wavelengths other than those of visible light
standstill	An interval in the cycle of a variable star during which the brightness temporarily stops changing
loci	The points that comprise a function (or graph thereof) are its Loci.
password	A secret sequence of characters or a word that a user submits to a system for purposes of authentication, validation, or verification
normalize	We might Normalize data by culling errors
rough	A surface modelled to produce a resistance to the relative motion between the surface and another rought object.
astrophysics	(a) The science that studies the physics and chemistry of extraterrestrial objects
loopback interface	A special type of interface that allows you to make network connections to yourself, using IP
place value	Place value is a positional system of notation in which the position of a number with respect to a point determines its value
circle	The locus of all points which is equidistant from a fixed point on a plane.
adept solution writer	Connect with your readers
bottom-up scenario	A galaxy-formation scenario in which small galaxies form first
strict inequality	A Strict Inequality does not include an "or equal to..."
ecdl	See elliptic curve discrete logarithm.
alfvén speed	The speed at which hydromagnetic waves are propagated along a magnetic field: (VA) = B / (4 )1/2
co2	see Carbon Dioxide
logarithmic function	A function of one variable
temperature	Temperature is a measure of heat
coin	A coin is a piece of metal money.
padding	Extra bits concatenated with a key, password, or plaintext.
infinite group	A group with infinitely many elements.
ml	millilitre, sometimes written as mL, being one thousandth (1/1000) of a litre (L)..
symmetric cipher	a cipher that uses the same key for encryption and decryption.
bar chart	A graphical representation of data using rectangular "bars" where the height (or length) of the vertical (or horizontal) bars are proportional to the frequency.
function of a function	1
era	A system of chronological notation reckoned from a given date
chemical elements	Ninety-two different stable or long-lived nuclei can be formed from neutrons and protons bound together
anti-coincidence counter	A particle counter in which the circuit has been designed so as not to register the passage of an ionizing particle through more than one counting tube
sister	_
hotelling's t-squared distribution	The multi-variate analogue of student's t-distribution.
age of the universe	The time elapsed since the singularity predicted by the Big Bang theory, estimated to be around 13 billion years
conversion period	1
internet address class	Historically, to efficiently administer the whole range of possible 32-bit IP addresses, the addresses were separated into three classes that describe networks of varying sizes:
carbonaceous chondrites	Chondrites (stony meteorites) characterized by the presence of carbon compounds
radio	Electromagnetic radiation with the lowest energy and longest wavelength
sech	The hyperbolic function of hyperbolic secant.
silicon burning	The end of the line for a high-mass star, silicon burning creates iron and other elements of similar mass and presages a supernova
non-invertible matrix	A matrix which can not be inverted, i.e
proportional	Describes the relationship between 2 quantities are such that they both change by the same factor (considered as multiplication).
percentage error	A measure of error, taking in account the actual value, calculated by
emersion	The reappearance of a celestial body after eclipse or occultation
balmer formula	A formula which represents the wavelengths of the various spectral series of hydrogen: - = R(m-2 - n-2)
de moivre's formula	$ ( \cos x + i \sin x )^n = \cos ( nx) + i \sin (nx) $
foot	A foot is a unit of measurement that is equal to twelve inches or one third of a yard.
regge trajectory	Derived from S-matrix theory, the Regge Trajectories were theoretical plots that attempted to account for the position of elementary particle resonances
p-value	The probability that a test statistic take the value of, or more deviated than, the actual value observed
similar matrices	Matrices which represent the same transformation in coordinate systems of different bases
strict implication	The antecedent cannot be true with the consequent false at the same time.
exponential distribution	A probability distribution of the amount of time between 2 consecutive independent singly events where the events are known (or at least assumed) to occur continuously with a constant rate.
extraneous solution	Sometimes we perform mathematical manipulations and obtain solutions that do not make sense but nevertheless are obtained by following the rules of, say, algebra
stationary point	Also known as a turning point or a critical point.
u	the symmetry group associated with electromagnetic gauge invariance
proactive security	A property of a cryptographic protocol or structure which minimizes potential security compromises by refreshing a shared key or secret.
hayashi track	A nearly vertical track of stellar evolution toward the main sequence during phases when the star is largely or completely in convective equilibrium
vector	A coordinate-based data structure in which the information is represented by a magnitude and a direction.
invertible matrix	An invertible matrix A is a (square) matrix for which there exists an inverse matrix B, called the inverse of A.
web page	A single HTML-formatted file posted where it can be accessed via the World Wide Web.
open region	A set of points on Rn where none of the points are on the perimeter of the set.
encryption	The process of disguising data to hide its content
difference	The result of subtraction.
topology	A wiring configuration used for a network
secure channel	A communication medium safe from the threat of eavesdroppers.
back warming	Heating of deeper layers in a star due to overlying opacity
persistent cookies	Persistent cookies are stored on your computer's hard drive where they remain resident until they are either deleted or they reach a predetermined expiration date
decision problem	A problem whose construction only accepts a "yes or no" answer which is dependent entirely on only the parameters of the problem
charf	A permanent blemish on an image-tube phosphor
subtangent	1
birthday attack	A brute-force attack used to find collisions
south atlantic anomaly	A disturbance in the geomagnetic field (a region of intense charged-particle fluxes) over the south part of the Atlantic Ocean
laplacian	Also known as the Laplace operator, it is a second-order differential operator finding the divergence of the gradient of a scalar function.
1	and Rest
invariance and monovariance principle	Exploring what does not change, or what changes in only one direction, helps us to characterize what can happen.
central force	A force whose direction is always toawards the centre, and whose magnitude is a function of the distance between the point of application and the centre.
closed system	A set of one or more objects that may interact with each other, but do not interact with the world outside the system
secular instability	Instability caused by the dissipation of energy
scatter diagram	The representation of a data set of 2 variables by points (one for each data point) where the x, y coordinates represent the values in the 2 variables for the data point.
decimal place	The positions towards the right of the decimal point (indicating quantites less than whole) within the decimal number system.
proof	An ingredient in pudding.
acceleration	The term describes two related concepts:
event	Certain subsets of the set of all outcomes (i.e
first	Rest
tessellation	A pattern where polytopes are placed in a space so that the geometric figures do not overlap and no space is not covered for an arbitrarily large space.
veda	vedalia
right circular cone	A cone with a circular base and an apex directly above the center of the base.
piecewise continuous	A function which is continous at all points except for a finite number of points, which are the "boundaries" of the pieces.
sun	(a) The star that Earth orbits
transputer	A compact computer chip with a special design for linking to other transputers to make the program run faster
dispersion	The variability of a quantity
homogeneous differential equation	1
least upper bound	Also known as a supremum
scaling	(a) The phenomenon observed in deep inelastic scattering, and predicted by James Bjorken, whereby the structure functions which describe the shape of the nucleon depend not on the energy or momentum involved in the reaction, but on some dimensionless ratio of the two
trillion	The name variously given to a thousand billion and a million billion in the past
asteroid belt	A region of space lying between Mars (1.5 AU) and Jupiter (5.2 AU), where the great majority of the asteroids are found
trust	Confidence in the honesty, integrity, or reliability of a person, company, or other entity
e	1
minute	1
tcp handshake	A three-step process computers go through when negotiating a connection with one another
horizontal	Horizontal comes from orientation like the horizon; parallel to the "flat" surface of the earth; perpendicular to vertical.
monomial	An expression with only one term.
row	A set of entries all sharing the same first index in a matrix
bohrium	A synthetic radioactive element first detected by bombarding a bismuth target with chromium nuclei
mass centre	More commonly known as the centre of mass.
absolute error	The difference between two values, always taken to be positive
symmetry	A figure exhibits symmetry when part of the figure is the mirror image of another part of the figure
cmos	Complementary metal oxide semiconductor
second law of thermodynamics	(a) A physical law formulated in the nineteenth century and stating that any isolated system becomes more disordered in time
statistics	The study of the various aspects of collection, organisation and analysis of data, as well as interpretation and presentation of results.
cell	Categories of data divided into rectangular arrays through more than one variable
transversal	A line intersecting two or more other lines in the same plane.
active idle	The state in which the SUT must be capable of completing all workload transactions
cryptography	The art and science of using mathematics to secure information and create a high degree of trust in the electronic realm
dijkstra's algorithm	An algorithm for finding shortest paths where edges of the graph are all (non-negatively) weighted.
massive halos	Spherical distributions of dark matter surrounding galaxies
octagon	An octagon is an eight-sided figure
mersenne numbers	1 + 15 = 16
isoplanatic patch	The angular region on the sky over which the wavefront correction applied by an adaptive optics system remains valid
chaotic inflation	(a) A model in which many distinct universes form from different regions of a "mother" universe, with some inflating and others perhaps not
micro-	An SI prefix which means one-millionth (1/1 000 000).
great wall	A sheet of galaxies which stretches more than 500 million light-years across the sky
alpha	Alpha is the first letter in the Greek alphabet
nested	A condition where two or more grouping symbols are inside one another.
blind signature scheme	Allows one party to have a second party sign a message without revealing any (or very little) information about the message to the second party.
composite function	The result of composing two functions together, so that the value (output) of the first becomes the argument (input) of the second
composite particle theory	A class of elementary particle theories, according to which there are increasing numbers of elementary particle states of higher and higher mass
steady state theory	(a) Theory that the expanding Universe was never in a state of appreciably higher density - i.e., that there was no "big bang" - and that matter is constantly being created out of empty space in order to maintain the cosmic matter density
period doubling	The increase of the period of a mathematical system to two-fold of the period prior to the change.
nanometer	A nanometer is unit of measure equal to 10 angstroms, which is one billionth (1 x 10-9) of a meter.
totient function	The function whose value is the number of totitives of the argument, which is another positive integer.
anomalistic month	The interval (27.555 days) between two successive perigee passages of the Moon.[H76]
perimeter	The distance around the outside of a planar object or a plane figure is its perimeter.
perpendicular lines	Two lines that intersect at $90^\circ$ are said to be perpendicular
subnormal	1
continuous random variable	A random variable whose image is continuous.
arm	A half-line extending from a vertex or the centre (of a circle, sphere, ellipse etc.) or origin.
directed line	A line together with a sense of direction which must be one of the two parallel to the line.
radius vector	In astronomy, an imaginary line connecting the center of an orbiting body with the centre of the body (or point) that it is orbiting
ascii	American Standard Code for Information Interchange Character encoding scheme, based on the ordering of the English alphabet, using 7-bits to describe each letter
digital fingerprint	See digital signature.
minute	A minute is a measure of time that is 1/60th of an hour
led	Light-Emitting Diode -- A semiconductor diode, made from certain materials (e.g
trusted network	The private network which you intend your firewall to primarily protect
member	we write something like member(Item, [a, b, c])
conditional inequality	An inequality that is only true under certain conditions.
intersecting chords theorem	See circle.
brightness temperature	(a) The temperature that a blackbody would have to have to emit radiation of the observed intensity at a given wavelength
q.e.d.	Q.E.D
indefinitely	An unspecified amount, having no exact limit.
mass models	Models that attempt to infer the distribution of mass in an astronomical system by comparing the observed properties of the system (such as the distribution of light) with those properties predicted by various theoretical distributions of mass
equation of state	(a) A relation between the pressure, temperature, and density of a fluid
anharmonic oscillator	A system whose vibration, while still periodic, cannot be described in terms of simple harmonic motions (i.e
aes	The Advanced Encryption Standard that will replace DES (The Data Encryption Standard) around the turn of the century.
pss	See probabilistic signature scheme.
third quartile	For certain types of data, it is the 75th percentile
scalene	A triangle is considered Scalene if no two sides have the same length.
lan	Stands for ‘Local Area Network’, a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line or wireless link.
transitive property	the property that states that if a = b, and b = c, then a = c.
cusp	A sudden turn in direction in a curve.
equilibrant	A label, rather than a technical definition, of a force which sustains the equilibrium of a system..
after-image	An image seen after the eye's retina has been exposed for a time to an intense or stationary light source
mean distance	The semi-major axis of an elliptic orbit
excentre	The centre of an excircle
gravity waves	Traveling waves of energy that transmit a gravitational force whose strength is changing in time
mips	Millions of Instructions Per Second, a measurement of computing speed.
kerberos	A trusted third-party authentication protocol developed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and used widely in the United States
halo	(a) Nebulous quality round a celestial body (particularly round a red giant); the galactic halo, however, describes the spherical collection of stars forming a surrounding "shell" for our otherwise compact, discoid Galaxy
middleperson attack	A person who intercepts keys and impersonates the intended recipients.
cluster variable	see RR Lyrae star
quarter	A quarter is a coin that is worth 25 cents
inversion	A transformation where a point is mapped to another point such that the centre of a reference circle form a straight line with the two points (a point and its image), without the centre in between and such that the geometric mean of the distances of the centre from the two points is the radius of the circle..
trapezium	A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides
pseudo-random number	A number that results from applying randomizing algorithms to input derived from the computing environment, such as mouse coordinates or the time of day
combination	The way of ways that a collection of k objects can be picked from a number of n objects
minute hand	A minute hand on a clock tells you how many minutes past the hour it is.
disc	The set of points on a plane which are within a specified distance from a specified point on the plane.
read	end_of_file
polar coordinate system	A 2-dimensional coordinate system where the location of a point is specified by its distance from the pole (radius) as well as the polar angle
hubble time	(a) The Hubble time is one divided by the Hubble constant, which gives a number from 10 to 20 billion years
quartic function	a polynomial function of degree 4
laser	The word laser stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
quota sample	A method of non-random sampling where the population is divided into groups and each group is given a quota - a proportion with which sample units from this group should form the sample
dual game	A game where the optimal strategy for each player is to cooperate, as opposed to a zero-sum game.
catastrophism	Nineteenth-century hypothesis that depicted the many changes evinced by the geological record as having resulted from cataclysms occurring during a relatively brief period of history
nondeterministic	Not determined or decided by previous information.
octahedron	An octahedron is an eight-sided geometric solid (a 3-D object).
lunation	(a) The period of time between two successive new Moons (cf
circle	An ellipse possessing but one focus
uniform	Constant and unchanging; fixed.
achilles	Asteroid No
hydrodynamics	Originally, the branch of mathematics now named fluid dynamics
slope cases	Horizontal, vertical, tilted to the right, tilted to the left.
periodic function	A function which repeats in such a way that, two arguments separated by a multiple of the period of the function are always the same
matter-to-antimatter ratio	The ratio of mass in particles to mass in antiparticles
heisenberg model	A model of magnetic systems in which each magnetic atom has a spin which is free to point in any direction in space
atmospheric extinction	Decrease in the intensity of light from a celestial body due to absorption and scattering by the Earth's atmosphere
inequality	Any mathematical sentences that states the relationship between 2 values or expressions by asserting that:
geometry	A branch of mathematics concerning distances between points, sets of points or angles formed by them and ideas derived from these concepts such as adjacency, areas and shapes etc.
backward difference	A backward difference considers the absolute or directed difference between the value of a function (thus including the terms of a sequence) with a particular argument and the correponding value at a fixed interval prior to the nominated argument
auto-catalysis	the ability of certain chemicals to enhance by their presence the rate of their own production in a sequence of chemical reactions
huyghenian region	The brightest portion of the Orion Nebula
circular data	The class of cyclic directional data in statistics.
multiplication rule	The special case result derived from the definition of conditional probability for cases where the two events are independent.
xor	A binary bitwise operator yielding the result one if the two values are different and zero otherwise
singleton	A set with exactly one member.
mean free time	For gas atoms or molecules in a container, or electrons and impurity atoms in a semiconductor, the average time between particle collisions
network	Network Address Translation [NAT]
catenary	A plane curve which, if any sections of it are used to represent a string of uniform mass, has the lowest gravitational potential energy for the given length and fixed points
toy theory	A theory which is known to be too simple to describe reality, but which is nonetheless useful for theorists to study because it incorporates some important features of reality
loop	A bounded curve with no endpoints such that the removal of almost all points result in a curve
digit	Symbols which are the components in a positional number system.
carboxyl group	Also called the COOH group; functional group consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to another oxygen with a hydrogen on the other side
hamiltonian path problem	Determine whether a given graph contains a Hamiltonian graph
oscillation	A periodic behavious.
exponential curve	A curve or a translation of the base curve with equation y = ax.
matrices	Pural of matrix.
algorithm	A set of constructive instructions designed to solve a specific problem
tiling	Tessellation in 2 dimensions.
canonical	Describes a representation of an object (e.g
cid	Charge Injection Device
swift	Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications.
differential geometry	The study of geometric objects with techniques of calculus.
item	that item
limits of integration	The endpoints (a and b) of an interval over which a defnite integral (the following example) is performed.
_	and ~
tek	Traffic Encryption Key Cryptographic key used the encryption of messages (traffic).
qcd	Quantum Chromodynamics
function	A function is an operation or set of operations performed on a set (called the domain), resulting in another set (called the range)
accuracy	A measure of how little an approximation deviates from the true value.
helium variable stars	Bp stars in which the strength of the helium lines varies periodically
pythagorean identities	The trigonometric identity that states that the sum of the square of the sine and cosine must always be exactly one regardless of the argument for the 2 trigonometric functions (although the argument must be the same for the 2 functions).
proof	A sequence of finite number of statements, each of which is either an axiom or the result from rules of inference on statements that appeared before.
straight line	Simply known in mathematics as a line
skew	Also known as skewness, it is a measure of the asymmetry of a distribution.
cluster of galaxies	An aggregate of galaxies
platonic solids	A convex regular polyhedron - regular in the sense that a linear transformation of any vertex to any other vertex of the polyhedra, such that an edge adjacent to the originating vertex coincides with an edge adjacent to the destinating edge will ensures that all other vertices and edges also coincide with another vertex/edge respectively.
n-dimensional	The property of having dimension n.
metric system	A system of units of measurements based on the number 10.
autoko	Automatisiertes Kommunikationssystem 90 Wide area communications system used by the German Army (Bundeswehr)
rest	thus replacing member(Item, [Item \| Rest]).
foil	1
asymmetry	The property of not having any symmetry
height	Elevation above ground or distance upwards from a given level (especially sea level) to a fixed point
collider	A collider is made by accelerating beams of particles and causing them to collide
celestial	Of the heavens; in the sky; in space
relative frequency	Relative frequency is the number of items of a certain type divided by the number of all the numbers being considered.
galactic halo	(a) A spherical aggregation of stars, globular star clusters, and thin gas clouds, centered on the nucleus of the galaxy and extending beyond the known extremities of the galactic disk
geometric mean	Given a set of numbers, the value which, if raised to power of the number of numbers within the set, would be the same as the product of the set of numbers
pgp/mime	An IETF standard (detailed in RFCs 2015 and 3156) that provides privacy and authentication using the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) security content types described in RFC 1847, currently deployed in PGP 5.0 and later versions.
proxy service	A combination of stateful packet filtering with content inspection
subnet mask	This is a difficult concept to express succinctly
high school math	Solve hard problems using elementary techniques.
error mean square	A way of measuring the difference between a value implied by an estimator and the actual value.
cotangent	Cotangent (abbreviated cot) is a trigonometric ratio, corresponding to the length of the adjacent side divided by the length of the opposite side of the right triangle
intranet	A self-contained network with a limited number of participants who extend limited trust to one another in order to accomplish an agreed-upon goal
bose-einstein statistics	The statistical rules for studying systems of identical bosons
history	so the second goals fails, backtracking occurs, Course
vertical angles	When two lines cross (intersect) they form two pairs of Vertical Angles; the Angles within each pair of Vertical Angles are congruent.
differentiable	The property of having a derivative
z matrix	A Z matrix is a real (square) matrix with nonpositive off-diagonal entries.
hypothesis	In a biconditional statement the hypothesis is followed by a conclusion
product	The product is the answer in a multiplication problem.
intergalactic gas	Matter that is present in the region between the galaxies
b	but not a
hacker	A person who tries and/or succeeds at defeating computer security measures.
airglow	Light in the nighttime sky caused by the collision of atoms and molecules (primarily oxygen, OH, and Ne) in Earth's geocorona with charged particles and X-rays from the Sun or outer space
conic section	Also known more simply as conics.
triple	As a verb, Triple means to multiply by three
frequency	How often (or frequently) does something occur? That is its Frequency
firewall	Software or hardware components that restrict access between a protected network and the Internet, or between other sets of networks, to block unwanted use or abuse.
rotation curve	A quantitative description of how fast each part of a galaxy is rotating about the center
enceladus	Third satellite of Saturn, about 500 km in diameter
equatorial mount	The classic type of telescope mount with one axis parallel to the Earth's polar axis (i.e
cygni	see Deneb
non-negative	Zero or positive.
mean squared error	A way of measuring the variation between the actual value and the value implied by an estimator..
grazing-incidence telescope	A telescope used in X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy
confounding	A certain property of an extraneous variable - the property of the so-called lurking variable.
negative number	A negative number is a a number less than zero, like -1, -2, -3/4, etc.
divisors of an integer	What numbers can be used to evenly divide another integer?
discontinuity	A point in the domain of a function at which the function is discontinuous
ordered pair	An ordered pair is a set of $2 $ elements in which the order of the elements is significant
mersex	MERCS
function	A mathematical relationship between two values called the input and the output, such that for each input there is precisely one output
unification	Scientists have sought for centuries to unify the descript ions of apparently different phenomena by showing that they were due to the same underlying natural laws and that complex levels of matter were made of simpler levels
much greater than	much greater than
fermat's last theorem	A theorem in number theory only recently (1995) proven despite being proposed over 350 years ago (1637) and have subsequently received a lot of attention
second	A second is a measure of time that is equal to 1/60th of a minute.
stream cipher	A secret-key encryption algorithm that operates on a bit at a time.
parentheses	calculate expression inside first
cd galaxy	In Morgan's classification, a supergiant elliptical galaxy with a large, faint halo; an outstandingly large, luminous D galaxy
prismatoid	The generalisation of a prism - a solid figure formed by vertices which lie in either one of 2 parallel planes.
force charge	A property of a particle that determines how it responds to a particular force
consumer credit	the ability to purchase an item with an agreement to pay for it at a later date
digit	Numerals from zero through nine, so called because they were originally counted on the fingers.
altitude	1
baudot	Method for sending text-based messages over wire or radio links, using a 5-bit digital code
session hijacking	An intrusion technique whereby a hacker sends a command to an already existing connection between two machines, in order to wrest control of the connection away from the machine that initiated it
brute force attack	This attack requires trying all (or a large fraction of all) possible values till the right value is found; also called an exhaustive search.
mastercard	Media Access Control Address [MAC Address]
aldebaran	( Tau) -- (a) The brightest star in the constellation Taurus, Aldebaran is an orange K-type giant that lies 60 light-years away
multiplicative inverse	The number with which the specifed number multiply to give the multiplicative identity
kelvin	The kelvin is the fundamental unit of temperature in the SI system
socks	A protocol for handling TCP traffic through a proxy server
blue halo stars	Hot stars that are in the horizontal-branch, post-horizontal-branch, and post-asymptotic branch phases of evolution
conditionally convergent series	A series that ceases to be convergent if the modulus function is applied to all of its terms before the summation.
database	Database Administrator [DBA]
centre of curvature	Given a curve, the centre of curvature of a point on this curve is the centre of a circle which "locally" (for a neighbourhood of that point) describes the curvature of the curve.
fluorescence	(a) The absorption of energy by atoms, molecules, etc., followed by immediate emission of electromagnetic radiation as the particles make transitions to lower energy states
glide	To translate, also to slide
cosmic year	Time the Sun takes to "orbit" in galactic rotation: about 225 million years
h and k lines	The two closely spaced lines of singly ionized calcium at 3968 and 3934 Å, respectively
ops	Operations Per Second.
probability	The measure of how likely it is for an event to occur
sidereal time	(ST) The measure of time defined by the apparent diurnal motion of the catalog equinox; hence a measure of the rotation of the Earth with respect to the stars rather than the Sun
conical pendulum	A weight attached through a string to a fixed point so that the trajectory of the weight is a (horizontal) circle with the string being taut (and having constant length) at all times
m32	An elliptical galaxy that orbits the Andromeda galaxy
potential energy	Energy stored in an object (or a system) due to the position of the object (or the physical configuration of the system).
max	1
df	Direction Finding When a radio transmitter is on the air for a sufficiently long period of time, it is possible to trace its position
transverse component	The component of velocity or acceleration perpendicular to the radius.
thermometer	A thermometer is used for measuring temperature.
orthonormal	The property of a mathematical object which is in some sense orthogonal and normalized
simple quadrilateral	A quadrilateral whose edges do not intersect.
cube root	Given a number, the cube root of this number is another number such that the former is the cube number of the latter.
massively parallel	A large number of simultaneous processes; in biology, a living cell has multiple, concurrently active processes that are reflected in the proteome and its underlying transcriptome.
cube number	216
stimulated emission	(a) Radiation emitted by a body, such as an atom, when it is bombarded by radiation
dummy variable	1
ikp	Internet Keyed Payments Protocol.
zero	The only real value that is neither negative nor positive
h	Chemical symbol for hydrogen
coronene	The first ultraviolet phosphor to be tried on the surface of a CCD
timestamping	Recording the time when an event happens (typically in a log) or when a piece of information is created or modified.
monoceros loop	A filamentary loop nebula about 1 kpc distant, the remnant of a supernova that occurred about 300,000 years ago
indices	Plural of the word index
chu-wee lim	Contributor Chu Wee Lim.
bar code	Bar codes store a series of encoded numbers - they can be read by laser scanners
centroid	The geometric centre of a plane figure.
si	International System of Units.
calculus	Calculus is a branch of mathematics that was developed separately by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Isaac Newton in the 1600s
clock	A clock tells you what time it is.
inflaton	The name given to whatever fields are responsible for driving inflation
closed region	A set of points containing all limit points and is connected.
pascal's triangle	Pascal's triangle is a triangular pattern of numbers devised in 1653 by the French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher Blaise Pascal (June 19, 1623 - Aug
gcf	The Greatest Common Factor (GCF) [also called the Greatest Common Divisor or GCD] is the largest positive integer that is a factor of two or more numbers
ecliptic	(a) Apparent linear path through the 12 constellations of the zodiac that the Sun seems to take during one Earth year, also representing therefore the "edge" of the plane of Earth's orbit
composite numbers	6 + 10 = 16
position vector	A vector used to represent the position of a point via the relative position of this point to a known reference universal within the coordinate system, such as the origin 0
maximum	The greatest in value relative to all others in consideration
differential equations	A continuous analogue of difference equations
section	The plane figure that is the intersection of a plane and a solid
parallelepiped	A shoebox is a Parallelepiped
system of linear equations	Two or more linear equations for which goal is to find a common solution
alfvén waves	Waves moving perpendicularly through a magnetic field
absolute temperature	(a) Temperature measured on the Kelvin scale: 0 Kelvin = -273.15° Celsius
pulsatance	Angular frequency - known as pulsatance in specific contexts.
rotation matrix	A matrix representing the linear transformation of a rotation where the origin is an invariant point
synchronous	A property of a stream cipher, stating that the keystream is generated independently of the plaintext and ciphertext.
hyperlink	An object on a Web page such as a graphic or underlined text that represents a link to another location, either on the same Web site or on a different Web site
solar system	The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it
confidential	The classification of data for which unauthorised disclosure/use could cause serious damage to an organisation or individual.
triangular inequality	The statement that a + b ≥ c for all a, b, c within a set of mathematical objects.
home page	The first page of a multi-page Web site, used as an entrance into the site.
smart card	A card, not much bigger than a credit card, that contains a computer chip and is used to store or process information.
half-life	(a) The time it takes for half of a given quantity of radioactive material to decay
hermitian conjugate	Also known as the Hermitian transpose, the conjugate transpose or the adjoint
gram	A unt of mass within the SI system of units
solid angle	(a) A measure of the angular size of an extended object, equal to the area it subtends on the surface of a sphere of unit radius
des	Data Encryption Standard, a block cipher developed by IBM and the U.S
rod	An idealized material object with only length, having no width or height, and zero curvature.
mottle	An alternative word for spicule
semi-convection	The partial convective mixing that takes place in a convectively unstable region where stability can be attained by the results of the mixing before the region is completely mixed
spherical polygon	A 2-dimensional (but not planar) geometric figure formed by 2 or more arcs of great circles forming a non-self-intersecting closed curve.
trial	An experiment within a series of experiments.
basis	(plural bases) A basis of a vector space is a minimal spanning set of vectors
packet filtering	Controlling access to a network by analyzing the headers of incoming and outgoing packets, and letting them pass or halting them based on rules created by a network administrator
sofia	Stratospheric Observatory for Far-Infrared Astronomy
normal	Usually meaning orthogonal (as to a plane), Normal sometimes means also merely perpendicular.
carbon reaction	An important nuclear fusion process that occurs in stars
connective	An operator that conbines 2 sentences into a new sentence such that the truth value of the new sentence is a function of the truth values of the 2 sentences.
circular measure	Also known as angular measure.
parabola	The shape formed by the intersection of the conical surface of an infinite cone and a plane that is "parallel" to a generatrix of the cone
secret sharing	Splitting a secret (e.g
prime symbol	Also known as the accent or simply "dash"
first order polynomial	This type of equation has no variables raised to integer powers greater than one.
baryon number conservation	The principle that the number of baryons must remain the same in any nuclear reaction
sample statistic	Another name for a statistic.
m31	The Andromeda galaxy, the largest member of the local group
infrared photometry	The measurement of light intensities using infrared light instead of optical (visible to the human eye) light
radical equation	an equation with a variable within a radicand
message digest	The result of applying a hash function to a message.
paraboloid	a surface that is formed by rotating a parabola about its axis.
periodic decimal	Also known as repeating or recurring decimal.
mile	A Imperial unit of length which is roughly 1.61 kilometres.
one-to-many correspondence	A mapping where one argument corresponds to many values
combinatorics	The branch of math that provides calculations for the selection of a number of elements from a set is called Combinatorics.
import encryption	Encryption, in any form, coming into a country.
numerator	The number or expression above the horizontal line (on top) in a fraction
rectangle	a quadrilateral with four 90 degree angles.
empiricism	An emphasis on sense data as a source of knowledge, in opposition to the rationalist belief that reasoning is superior to experience
partition of an interval	The act of dividing an interval into a set of non-overlapping intervals that together complete cover the original.
biasing	A hypothesized feature of the condensation of galaxies out of a background medium of gas
plane	A set of points which can be defined by (but not uniquely) the location of a point (on the plane), and two directions (parallel to the plane but not parallel to each other).
rsa algorithm	A public-key cryptosystem based on the factoring problem
sum	and SumOfRest
area formulae	Established formulae for calculation of simple shapes.
kilogram	The SI unit for mass, usually denoted kg
magus solution writer	Engage with and guide your audience.
s-http	Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol, a secure way of transferring information over the World Wide Web.
isotope	(a) An atomic nucleus having the same number of protons as a more commonly found atomic nucleus but a different number of neutrons
upshift matrix	The upshift matrix A circularly shifts all vector entries or matrix rows up 1 position.
relative complement	Also known as set theoretic difference
bernoulli trial	A trial with only two possible outcomes, conventionally labelled success or failure unless one needs to be specific within the context, without loss of generality.
galactic longitude	A measure of a star's position with respect to the Sun and Galactic center
one	One is the number between zero and two
compactification	(a) The process in which a space of many dimensions effectively reduces its dimensions
rational number	A quantity, positive or negative, that can be written as a fraction; its decimal equivalent terminates or repeats.
subtend	To subtend is to be opposite to and to delimit
starlight	Energy (seen as light) produced by a star through nuclear fusion
orbit	The closed curve trajectory followed by a object under the influence of a central force.
probability	A quantitative measure of the likelihood of an event's occurrence, taking a value between 0 and 1 (inclusive).
chromosphere	(a) The part of the Sun's atmosphere immediately above the surface (the photosphere) and beneath the corona
frequency polygon	A graphical representation of frequency information of observations through the use of a continuous piecewise-linear curve.
subcubical neighbourhood	A smaller cubical area of a larger hypercubical space.
prisoner's dilemma	A family of related symmetric decision making problems with 2 players in game theory where the Nash equilibrium is not the optimal state for either player.
height	Altitude
positive	Real values are Positive when they are greater than zero.
stellar wind	a steady or unsteady outflow of material from the surface of a star
star counts	Determination of the number of stars in a region of the sky as a function of apparent magnitude and sometimes color
valence electron	In an atom, an electron in an incompletely filled (usually outer) shell, available for chemical bonding to form a molecule
reflection	mirror image.
feistel cipher	A special class of iterated block ciphers where the ciphertext is calculated from the plaintext by repeated application of the same transformation called a round function.
disk	See disc.
speed	A scalar quantity that is the instantaneous rate of change of distance of an object (from a point on the tangent of the trajectory) with respect to time.
solar	Of the Sun
synodic time	Pertaining to successive conjunctions; successive returns of a planet to the same aspect as determined by Earth
cosmological constant problem	The puzzle of why the cosmological constant has a value which is either zero, or in any case roughly 120 orders of magnitude or more smaller than the value that particle theorists would expect
stream cypher	A class of symmetric key encryption that encrypts each byte of data as it is received, instead of gathering the data into large blocks before encrypting
system of equations	Also known as simultaneous equations.
angular acceleration	The time derivative of angular velocity, that is, the rate (with respect of time) of increase of angular velocity.
trap of self-fulfilling prophesy	With thousands of measurements and the concurrent presence of multiple sub-phenotypes, intuitively logical but functionally incorrect associations may be implied between a signal's (gene or protein) perceived or known function in a biological system or phenotype of interest.
l component	The part of the Solar corona whose spectrum consists of emission lines
four-colour problem	A classic mathematical problem that was inspired by the number of colours needed so that adjacent countries always have different colours, no matter how the land is divided
bit	The simplest unit of information consisting of one binary digit, conventionally labelled 0 and 1.
outcome space	The outcome space is the set of all possible outcomes of a given experiment.
fibonacci numbers	3 + 13 = 16
demography	The study of human populations using statistical concepts and techniques.
open system	a system communicating with the environment by the exchange of energy and matter.[D89]
joule	The SI unit of work or energy, equal to the work done by a force of one newton when its point of application moves one metre in the direction of action of the force, equivalent to one 3600th of a watt-hour.
paradox	The situation where valid inferences made on valid premises seemed to imply a contradiction
calendar	A calendar divides the year into periods and lets you know what day it is.
consecutive	Consecutive means in order
chaos	originally used by the Greeks to describe the limitless void, it is now used to describe unpredictable and apparently random structures
divergent integral	An improper integral (infinite integral) with no definite/obvious limit.
inflection	A point ot the generall process of changing from one type of curavture to the other (i.e
stem-and-leaf display	Also known as a stem-and-leaf diagram
classical mechanics	A loosely defined term generally considered to be the study of motion of objects before the drastically different quantum mechanics
solid	A 3-dimensional geometric object.
filters	Small, fast programs in a firewall that examine packets as they arrive at the firewall, and route or reject the packets based on user-definable rules.
file extension	Under Windows, a period and up to three characters at the end of a file name
channel	1
aggregation	The process of representing the sum of mathematical terms as a single (mathematical) term.
incommensurable	A relation between 2 numbers where their ratio is irrational.
symmetry	self-similarity under transformation (of a part or the whole)
ordered pair	A set of 2 elements where the order of the elements matter
minor	An element of a matrix calculated by deleting the row and column of the corresponding position in the givenmatrix, and finding the determinant of the remaining matrix (of order one less than originally).
principal	The amount of money on which interest payments calculations are based on.
natural deduction	A particular family of formal systems of inference.
three	Three is the number between two and four
base	1
sector	The part of a circle between the circumference and two radii
smooth	1
equivalence	Two objects having the same properties (such as truth value) regardless of the properties of other objects.
synodic period	(a) Time between one opposition and the next, of any superior planet or asteroid
long	When something is long, it is not short.
proper subset	A set that is a subset of a given set and not identical to the given set is a Proper Subset of the given set.
masking	Master Derivation Key [MDK]
transversal	A transversal is a line that intersects at least two other lines.
optical fibres	Glass and transparent plastics can be made into very thin wires or fibers
bus topology	A type of network design used by all Ethernet systems, in which all the devices are connected to a central cable.
atmosphere	The gaseous outer layers of the Sun, including, from the deeper layers outward, the photosphere, the chromosphere, and the corona
remote user	Someone you allow to access your office network, who is geographically removed from the office.
trustees	A common term for escrow agents.
non-seed router	A router that waits to receive information (the routing maintenance table) from other routers on the network before it begins routing packets.
forbidden	Processes can be naively imagined that might occur, but should not occur according to the predictions of the Standard Model
relativistic zone	For a pulsar, the region in which M[grams] / R[cm] is not negligible compared with unity
inverse square law	A force law that applies to the gravitational and electromagnetic forces in which the magnitude of the force decreases in proportion to the inverse of the square of the distance
chopping	The method of removing very large background signals at infrared wavelengths by alternating quickly from the object to nearby sky and back using a rocking motion of the telescope's secondary mirror
census	A survey of the entire population.
month	The period of one complete synodic or sidereal revolution of the Moon around the Earth; also a calendrical unit that approximates the period of revolution
axisymmetric collapse	Collapse of mass in such a way that the mass maintains the symmetry of a cylinder
image tube	An electronic camera in which electrons, emitted from a photocathode surface exposed to light, are focused electronically onto a phosphor or photographic plate
newton's law of restitution	A law which states that the ratio of the speed two particles approaching each other to that of separating from each other is determined the a quantity called the soefiicient of restitution, CR (sometimes represented as e).
flat key space	See linear key space.
mapping	The generalised form of a function - with arguments (inputs) and values (outputs) where an argument may have more than one value.
butterfly diagram	Plot of heliographic latitude of sunspots versus time, developed by Maunder in 1904 to illustrate the solar cycle
superscript	In mathematics, superscripts are numbers or letters written above and to the right of other numbers or letters or symbols indicating how many times the latter is to be used as a factor
mutually exclusive events	The property of 2 events whose intersection is the empty set.
deleted neighborhood	The neighbourhood of a point P - the set of all points within a certain fixed radius of the point P - without the point P itself.
revocation	This term is most often used in the context of digital certificates
triangulation	Triangulation is a trigonometric method used to ccccc.
conjugate arcs	Given an arc of a circle, the remaining section (also an arc) of the circle is the conjugate arc.
transpose	A matrix where the rows and columns are swapped from another matrix
megaparsec	A unit of distance equal to a million parsecs, or 3.2616 million light-years
solve graphically	Finding the solution of a mathematical problem through graphical manipulation.
ray tracing	Computer simulation of light ray paths through an optical system
interstellar matter	Interstellar gas (99%) and dust (1%)
client/server	A network computing system in which individual computers (clients) use a central computer (server) for services such as file storage, printing, and communications
euler's constant	Usually represented by the symbol γ, also known as the Euler-Mascheroni constant
argument	(Of a function) The argument of a function is the input variable.
ansi	American National Standards Institute.
period	The length of a minimal interval of argument of a periodic function that contains one full cycle.
radiant	(a) The point in the sky from which a meteor shower appears to emanate
mail server	Refers to both the application and the physical machine tasked with routing incoming and outgoing electronic mail.
work	Symbol: W
cm	An abbreviation for the centre of mass of an object.
cassegrain telescope	Telescope devised by Cassegrain in which an auxiliary convex mirror reflects the magnified image, upside down, through a hole in the center of the main objective mirror - i.e., through the end of the telescope itself
antiparallel vectors	A pair of vectors pointing in the exact opposite directions to each other.
sinusoidal	Of or relating to the sine curve.
lucky numbers	1 + 15 = 16
asic	Application Specific Integrated Circuit
galaxy cluster	A conglomeration of hundreds or thousands of galaxies
element	Element has a lot of meanings
member	in Prolog, means check the whole list for the presence of the first argument, whereas this predicate only ever looks at the first element of the list
remainder	A value that is left over when one number is divided by another.
estimation	Calculation of a parameter via estimators, based on observations.
recursive formula	An equation for the purpose of evaluating a term of a sequence using the previous term(s) of the sequence.
nonperiodic decimal	A decimal number whose digits do not repeat, which makes the number an irrational number.
divisible	A number that can be divided by another number with no remainder.
current density	Amount of charge passing through a unit area per unit time
probabilistic inclusion-exclusion	Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion is a great tool to approach problems involving events that are not mutually exclusive.
galactic astronomy	The study of the Milky Way
ordinal number	A number denoting position (ordinal - nth), as opposed to magnitude (cardinal - size n), in a sequence.
s-wave	Secondary Wave: A seismic shear wave that moves transversely through Earth
five-number summary	Also known as a five-point summary
leo i	The most distant galaxy that orbits the Milky Way
operand	The arguments (inputs) of an operator.
mile	The mile employed in this book is the statute mile, equal to 5,280 feet
addition	A binary mathematical operation that represents the abstract concept of the formation of a larger collection (sum) from two smaller collections (the addends/operands)
tamper-evident	Tamper-Evident Security Module [TESM]
cosmic time	A time coordinate that can be defined for all frames in a homogeneous metric, representing the proper time of observers at rest with respect to the Hubble flow
noise	Aspects of an observation directly attributed to random error and/or negligible factors, factors not under consideration.
tcp	Transmission Control Protocol
piercing point	The point where a curve/surface intersects with the coordinate axes.
radiation damping	A decrease in the amplitude of an oscillation due to the emission of energy by radiation
apparition	The period during which a celestial body is visible
anthropomorphism	The projection of human attributes onto nonhuman entities such as animals, the planets, or the Universe as a whole
square	1
linear interpolation	A method of interpolation where the new data point is assumed to lie on the (straight) line between the points on either side.
hour angle	Angular distance on the celestial sphere measured westward along the celestial equator from the meridian to the hour circle that passes through a celestial object
one cup	16 tablespoons (volume)
get	get_byte
perigon	A angle, a full 360° turn.
series	The summation of all the terms in a sequence a1, a2, a3, a4, ....
limb	(a) Apparent edge of the disk of a Solar System body as projected on the sky
set	a well defined group of objects.
sub-exponential running time	The running time is less than exponential
nine	Nine is the number between eight and ten
centi-	An SI prefix for one one hundredth.
quantum computer	A theoretical computer based on ideas from quantum theory; theoretically it is capable of operating nondeterministically.
cauchy ratio test	Also known simply as the ratio test
travelling salesman problem	The problem of finding the Hamiltonian cycle of the least weight in an undirected, complete, weighted graph in Graph Theory.
calculator	A calculator is a machine that solves math problems.
basic deductions	deductions set by the federal government that include Canada Pension Plan (CPP), Employment Insurance (EI), and income tax
gps	Global Positioning System
subdiagonal	The set of elements directly below the leading diagonal of a matrix, i.e
gui	Graphical user interface
trajectory	The curve traced by the an object in motion.
almagest	Arabic title for Ptolemy of Alexandria's Syntaxis, the writings in which he combined his own astronomical researches with those of others
epicycle	(a) Circular orbit of a body round a point that is itself in a circular orbit round a parent body
additive identity	The additive identity is the number zero because zero plus any number is equal to the original number
boyle's law	(a) At a constant temperature, the pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume: i.e
e-commerce	commerce done over the internet.
tertiary	The third mirror to be encountered by the light in a telescope system
bag	then backtracking and collecting john
chinese postman problem	The problem of finding the least weighted circuit in a connected graph
theorem	A statement which has been proven true by sentences already established to be true: i.e
address learning	A method by which switches and routers determine the unique address number for each device on a network, enabling accurate transmission to and from each node.
constant term	The term in a polynomial which does not include any variables
minute of arc	See minute in the sense of 1.
hz	Hertz A unit of frequency equal to one cycle (or wave) per second
dsa	Digital Signature Algorithm
trigonometric ratios	The values of the trigonometric functions
invariant	Constant
square matrix	A matrix where the number of rows and the number of columns are the same.
globe	A globe is a small, spherical model of the Earth.
tamper resistant	In cryptographic terms, this usually refers to a hardware device that is either impossible or extremely difficult to reverse engineer or extract information from.
time zone	The Earth is divided into 24 time zones so that everyone in the world can be on roughly similar schedules (like having noon occur when the sun is highest in the sky).
limit	Some functions have a Limit, a bound beyond which they may not realize.
sigma	In astronomy, a quantitative measure of the random speeds of stars in a collection of stars
sidereal	In astronomy, relating to the period of time based on the apparent rotation of the stars, and therefore equivalent to the rotation of the body from which the observation is made
probability paper	A type of graph paper where the scales on the axes are manipulated such that a certain distribution represents a straight line on the paper such that it makes for easier fitting of data to the specified distribution.
minimum	The least in value relative to all others in consideration
goodness of fit	A measure of how well a set of observations agree with a proposed statistical model.
progression	1
repeated decimal	Also known as a recurring decimal, a number whose decimal representation consist of regularly repeating digits beyond a certain decimal place
apprentice solution writer	Get started writing solutions
modus tollens	Begin with "If A, then B." That's a given
orthogonal vectors	A set of vectors which are all (pairwise) perpendicular to each other..
maximise	To find the parameters such that the quantity in consideration attains its greatest possible value.
isophotes	Lines connecting points of equal light intensity
luminosity distance	(a) Any distance to a celestial object which has been calculated using a standard candle
significance test	Another name for hypothesis testing.
celestial equator	Projection of the Earth's equator as a line across the sky (so that to an observer actually on the equator, such a line would pass through the zenith)
main sequence	(a) Band that runs from top left to bottom right on the hertzsprung-russell diagram representing the majority of stars
v1016 cygni	A peculiar emission object (in optical, radio, and infrared), possibly a symbiotic star
how medicines are made	Learn about pharmacokinetics through the lens of the anti-malaria drug chloroquine.
infinite limit	A limit that is unbounded.
trend line	A line used to represent values while ignoring small fluctuations.
emissivity	A measure of the efficiency of a source to radiate like a perfect black body; 0% is perfectly black and 0% is perfectly reflecting
ptolemy	Claudius Ptolemaeus or Ptolemy (about 87-150) was a Greek astronomer and mathematician who wrote about his belief that all celestial bodies revolved around the Earth
prismatoid formula	The formula for calculating the volume of a prismatoid derived from the Simpson's rule.
inverse	An object of the same type as one given that involves a juxtaposition of how it relates to other objects (of any types), e.g.
mean squared deviation	Also known as mean squared error
lupus loop	A radio source, a large broken shell 4°.5 in diameter, identified as a prehistoric supernova remnant
timestamp	See digital timestamp
barycentre	The centre of mass of an object
harmonic range	Also known as a harmonic ratio
statistics	ccc.
inertia	Property of a moving body to continue moving at the same speed in the same direction - or of a static body to remain static - unless and until acted upon by some force for change
coriolis force	A `fictitious' force used to describe the motion of an object in a rotating system
mhs	Message Handling System.
coalsack	A prominent dark nebula in Crux, near the Southern Cross, readily visible to the naked eye, about 170 pc distant, located on the galactic plane
transitive	x ~ y and y ~ z implies x ~ z for all x, y, z in X..
mass	See inertial mass.
central difference	The absolute or directed difference between values whose argument are a fixed equal interval away from the nominated argument.
chain complex	A sequence of (integer)-indexed Abelian groups together with a set of homomorphisms between adjacent groups satisfying certain conditions.
recombination radiation	See radiative capture
integral	1
person	Thing
isochrones	Time-constant loci
tell	then output will subsequently go to the file output.dat
ve	Veadar
semimajor axis	1
io	Jupiter I The innermost Galilean satellite of Jupiter, similar in size and density to the Moon (R 1850 km from Pioneer 10, period 1.77 days; e = 0.01, i = 0.03)
nomogram	A type of calculation tool for estimates of values of specific functions.
gamma distribution	A probability distribution for a continuous random variable with semi-infinite support with the probability density function defined by
double-angle formulae	A number of trigonometric identites that relates, for a particular trigonometric function , the value of an argument with the value of the same function with double the argument.
quintal system	A base 5 number system.
giant molecular cloud	A huge complex of interstellar gas and dust, consisting mostly of molecular hydrogen, that typically stretches over 150 light-years and contains 200,000 solar masses
sign	sin
denial of the antecedent	A logical fallacy that (falsely) claims a statement and its converse to be (generally) logically equivalent.
binomial	A polynomial with two terms.
first-order convergence	The convergence of a sequence where the ratio of error between consecutive terms tends to a number between 0 and 1.
first	The first person or thing comes before the others
negatively associated data	A data set of two variables with a negative correlation.
absorption	(a) A process in which a gas is taken up by a liquid or solid, or in which a liquid is taken up by a solid
coefficient of skewness	A measure of the asymetry of a distribution.
smooth curve	1
co-moving sphere	A hypothetical and arbitrary spherical surface (about any point) that is expanding along with the rest of the Universe
pi	The constant ratio of circumference to diameter is represented by the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet; it is approximately 3.14159.
carbon-nitrogen cycle	Use of carbon and nitrogen as intermediates in the nuclear fusion process of the Sun
cs or sc stars	Stars exhibiting combined characteristics of C- and S-type stars - i.e
superfluidity	A phenomenon occurring in liquid helium-4 below about 2.17 degrees, in which the liquid flows through thin capillaries without apparent friction and displays many other anomalous properties
ratio	A relationship between 2 numbers, expressed either as 2 numbers (usually integers) or a single number:
km	The abbreviation km is short for kilometer or kilometers.
solar energy	Is produced by nuclear fusion and comprises almost entirely electromagnetic radiation (particularly in the form of light and heat); particles are also radiated forming the solar wind
stationary point	(Of a planet): The position at which the rate of change of the apparent right ascension (see Apparent Place) of a planet is momentarily zero
disjunctive syllogism	Argument of the form, "if A or B, then not A implies B" where the 'or' is an exclusive or.
electronic mail	Messages sent electronically from one person to another via the Internet.
transcendental curve	The curve of a transcendental functions.
gravity	(a) One of the four fundamental forces of nature, and the one most different from the other three
mie theory	A theory of the diffraction of light by small spherical particles
deviation	The difference between an observation and a reference value.
stirling's formula	Also known as Stirling's approximation, it is an approach to approximate the value of the factorial of an integer where
baily's beads	Small "beads" of sunlight (the "diamond ring" effect) which shine through the valleys on the limb of the Moon in the instant before (or after) totality in a solar eclipse
expansion of universe	Constant increase, with time, in the distance separating distant galaxies from one another
gamma-ray bursts	See cosmic gamma-ray bursts
base	In a number system, a base is the number upon which the system is based
central tendency	A common measure in summary statistics bsed around the loose idea that we can assign one location to represent the locations of a number of objects considered as one
radical	The symbol representing an nth root,.
mare	An area on the moon that appears darker and smoother than its surroundings
running time	A measurement of the time required for a particular algorithm to run as a function of the input size
divisibility rules	Tell immediately if a number is divisible by 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11.
inertial mass	The measure of the (un)willingness of a physical object to acclerate.
formula	A rule or method that is accepted as true and used over and over in common applications.
linear momentum	A quantity that is the product of the mass and (linear) velocity
supercluster	A cluster of clusters of galaxies
bib	Blocked Impurity Band
imaginary number	a number of the form ni, where n is a real number, and i2 = -1.
bright points	Bright regions (in X-ray and XUV) observed on the Sun during Skylab missions
method of least squares	Also known as the least squares method.
trail	A walk where no edges are repeated.
leading term	The term of the highest-order within a polynomial - it is the leading term in the conventional order of arranging terms of one variable (from highest to lowet degree).
spherical aberration	see Aberration
seen	append/1
control panel	The set of Microsoft Windows programs used to change system hardware, software, and settings.
refracting telescope	Telescope that uses lenses to magnify and focus an image onto an eyepiece
linear transformation	A linear mapping between 2 vector spaces.
square root	The square roots of a number n are the numbers s such that s2=n
euler's theorem	Euler's Theorem is an important concept in number theory and may be used to reduce large powers modulo $n$.
solve	To find the solution, to find the answer, to get to know the value for which a variable stands for.
pericycloid	A type of epicycloid where one circle completely circumscribe the other circle at all times, as the outer circle roll around the inner circle.
gravitational encounter	The encounter between two massive bodies which results in the deviation from their original directions of motion
simplify	To combine all that can be combined in an expression or equation, and put it in its most easily understandable form.
odd function	A function where the additive inverse of the value of the function with any argument is the value of the function with the additive inverse of the original as argument
equiangular spiral	A spiral where the tangent always maintain the same angle from the line between the point and a reference point
postulate	a fundamental statement that is assumed to be true without proof.
co	see Carbon Monoxide
minute	the unit of measure of an angle that is 1/60 of a degree.
exact	When a value is an Exact value it is either precise or equal to a given value or standard value.
strain	The fractional change in dimension produced by a stress applied to a body
parametric equations	A way of describing relationships between variables through other variables known as parameters
family-wise error rate	The probability of making any error in a given family of inferences, rather than a per-comparison error rate or a per-experiment error rate.
payment card	Payment Card Industry [PCI]
ietf	Internet Engineering Task Force.
machine	1
y-axis	The y-axis is usually the vertical axis.
row echelon	A matrix which can be derived from applying row elementary operations such that the number of leading zero entries in each row must be either greater than the row before, or the same number as the row before in the case where both the row itself and the one before contain all zero entries.
geometric solid	A three-dimensional geometric figure.
x	X equals 10 in Roman numerals.
product	The result of multiplication or any operations on mathematical objects deemed close enough in resemblence to multiplication
lan	Local Area Network -- A means of interlinking computers
intrinsic brightness	The amount of light an object actually emits, as opposed to how bright the object looks from Earth
bolometer	(a) An instrument for measuring small amounts of radiant heat or microwaves
explosive nucleosynthesis	(a) The nucleosynthetic processes which are thought to occur in supernovae
tangram	A tangram is a traditional Chinese puzzle that can be made into many shapes.
common denominator	The same value on the bottom of more than one fraction.
permutations	Count the number of arrangements of a set: if there are $n$ distinct elements in a set $S$ then there are $n!$ arrangements of $S$.
discrete function	When the inputs from the domain of the function are not smooth and continuous but rather incremental, the function is considered to be a Discrete Function.
rotational invariance	The property of being unchanged by a rotation
subscript	ccc.
eclipse year	The interval of time (346.62 days) between two successive passages of the Sun through the same node of the Moon's orbit
greenwich	Site now in London of the first Royal Greenwich Observatory, designed and built by Christopher Wren in 1675
confidence limits	The endpoints of a confidence interval.
differential cryptanalysis	A chosen plaintext attack relying on the analysis of the evolution of the differences between two plaintexts.
astronomical twilight	The period from sunset to the time that the Sun is 18° below the horizon; or the corresponding period before sunrise
ill-conditioned	The property of a problem where a small change in argument results in a great change to the solution
generating functions	Encode information in a polynomial to simplify your counting
certifying authority	A person or organization that creates certificates.
checksum	Used in error detection, a checksum is a computation done on the message and transmitted with the message; similar to using parity bits.
satisfiability problem	Given a Boolean expression determine if there is an assignment of 1's and 0's such that the expression evaluates to 1
liquid crystal	substances intermediate in their properties between liquids and crystals
median test	Also known as Mood's median test, it is a test for the hypothesis that two data sets have the same median
birectangular	A plane figure with 2 right angles.
first_name	Z2
binding energy	(a) The energy required to break up a system
volt	The SI unit for electrical potential differences
greenhouse effect	Retention and escalation of temperature beneath a mantle of clouds or denser atmosphere
radicand	A number taken to a root is a Radicand; the number under a root sign.
sink	In general, a region where energy is given up, in contrast to a source, where energy is released
disk method	A way of finding the volume of revolution of a solid by considering the volume as the limit of the sums of progressively thinner discs.
backdoor	A design fault, planned or accidental, that allows the apparent strength of the design to be easily avoided by those who know the trick.
gaussian curvature	A measure of the curvature of a surface which is independent of the coordinate system in use.
linear key space	A key space where each key is equally strong.
binary stars	in binary stars, the two stars form a physically bound pair under their mutual gravitational attraction
principle of moments	The assertion that the clockwise and anti-clockwise moments about the same point (which may or may not be the pivot) are the same for objects in equilibrium.
helicity	(a) The projection of a particle's spin along its direction of motion
electronic commerce	Business transactions conducted over the Internet.
science	Scientists study science to learn about the physical world.
zone of avoidance	An irregular zone near the plane of the Milky Way where the absorption due to interstellar dust is so great that no external galaxies can be seen through it
coefficient of restitution	A dimensionless quantity, the ratio of the speed of separation to the speed of approach of 2 objects as determined by other factors
stress	When a system of opposing forces acts on a body the material is subject to some form of stress
measures of location	A statistic which has certain (possibly loosely defined) properties and obeys certain (also possibly loosely defined) rules which is generally considered to be essential such that the value of from a given data set is representative of the location of the data set considered as a whole.
meridional flow	Flow between the poles, or between the equator and the poles
monotonic	Either continuously increasing or decreasing
minimal	The property of an element in a partial order which is not less than any other elements
triple- process	see 3 process
explicit function	A function specified in such a way that the value (output) can be directly calculated from other variables (arguments or inputs).
simultaneous equations	a group of equations that are all true at the same time.
curve of growth	The relation between the equivalent width of an absorption line and the number of atoms that produce it
sum	The sum is the answer to an addition problem.
matter waves	Characteristic by virtue of which matter, like energy, displays the qualities of waves as well as of particles
direction angles	The direction of a vector (line) as represented by the angle it makes with the positive direction of the coordinate axes in a cartesina coordinate system.
beta decay	(a) The process in which a neutron disintegrates into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino
homomorphism	A transformation of one set into another that preserves in the second set the relations between elements of the first.
slope formula	m = (y2 - y1)/(x2 - x1)
marching subpulse	The weaker component of a pulsar pulse when its period is more than half that of the main pulse, so that the subpulse occurs at progressively later intervals between successive main pulses
infimum	A greatest lower bound (of a set).
java applet	A small program written in the Java programming language that can be included on an HTML page, much in the same way an image is included
telnet	A remote control program typically found on Unix systems in TCP/IP networks
inflation	(a) The idea that, when it was a fraction of a second old, the universe expanded dramatically
see	seen
angular momentum	A measure of the state of a physical system that is related to its spin or abiliy to spin
capital pi	product - product of all values in range of series
private key	This is one of the two keys used in 'public key cryptography', also referred to as asymmetric cryptography
reconnection	The rejoining of magnetic lines of force severed by the annihilation of the field across the neutral region
antiderivative	Given a function, the function (or family of functions) whose derivative is the given function
envelope	A curve which is tangent to (parallel at the point of intersection) all members of a set (usually family) of curves..
susceptibility	Symbol: X The ratio, for a given substance, of the magnetization of a sample to the magnetic field strength applied
ballistics	The mathematical study of projectiles.
coarse-graining	an operation implementing some form of spatial averaging which smoothes out relatively small length-scale configurational structure while preserving the larger length-scale structure
impossibility	Despite what some "possibility thinkers" espouse, some things are mathematically impossible
r monocerotis	An A-F pec variable star that illuminates the variable cometary nebula NGC 2261
ubvri	Designations for parts of the optical waveband, isolated by means of special glass filters which eliminate the unwanted regions, and used for standard astronomical intensity measurements
electromagnetic unit	EMU A system of electrical units based on the electromagnetic properties of an electric current
minimum resolvable angle	In radians, 1.22 divided by the aperture of the telescope
switch	A device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments
triangular number	Also known as a triangle number
reversing layer	Lower chromosphere of the Sun, a comparatively cool region in which radiation at certain wavelengths is absorbed from the continuous spectrum emitted from the Sun's photosphere
red giant tip	The upper tip of the red-giant branch in the H-R diagram
paradox	A statement that appears to contradict itself, for example, suggesting a solution which is actually impossible.
mechanics	The study, in physics, of the influence of forces
ablation	Erosion of an object (generally a meteorite) by the friction generated when it passes through the Earth's atmosphere
spiral	Sometimes Spiral is used to describe a helix
hypothesis	the part in the if clause of a conditional statement
deci	Deci is a prefix that means one-tenth
magnetic susceptibility	when a magnetic field is applied to a material, magnetisation is induced
chemical enrichment	The process in which a star manufactures chemical elements, such as carbon and oxygen, in the nuclear reactions in its interior and then ejects these elements into space
metric space	An algebraic structure with a set defined by a metric.
argument	1
isometry	a transformation of a figure that does not change the distances of any two points in the figure.
y + 2	that contains an arithmetic operator, like +
s/wan	Secure Wide Area Network.
henry	The SI derived unit of inductance - the ability of an inductor to store energy.
expansion	Rewriting a mathematical expression in an equivalent form that is considered to be longer or more complicated
aspheric	An optical surface with departures in shape from a perfect sphere in order to cancel optical imperfections or aberrations
coefficient	The quantity with which we multiply the variable in question.
crl	Certificate Revocation List.
discovery of irrational numbers	Learn about Hippassus of Metapontum and the Discovery of Irrational Numbers.
peer-to-peer	Sometimes abbreviated as P2P, this is a method of distributing files over a network where all computers are treated as equals (in contrast to a client/server architecture)
license agreement	An agreement that each licensee accepts prior to use of a product
plug-in	A software module that adds a specific functionality to a web browser
_g310	_G313
nano	Nano is a prefix meaning one billionth (1 x 10-9)
convergent iteration	An iterative process for which the sequence of each state (in order) is a convergent sequence
aphelion	The point in a planetary orbit that is at the greatest distance from the Sun
geodesy	Measurement and study of the Earth's size and shape
theoretical probability	The chances of events happening as determined by calculating results that would occur under ideal circumstances
inverse of a conditional	The sentence formed by replacing both the antecedent and the consequent with their respective negation from a given sentence involving logical implication.
broadcast	A network transmission sent to all nodes on a network.
aeon	In astronomical terms, 1,000 million years
pi	Pi is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to the diameter of a circle
epitrochoid	The locus of the point fixed anywhere on the a circle which rolls around (wthout slipping) the outside of another, fixed circle.
why f=ma?	Discussion of why we have F=ma and nothing else
complex analysis	The study of complex variabled functions.
association	A sparsely populated grouping (mass range 102-103 M) of very young, massive stars lying along a spiral arm of the Milky Way, whose spectral types or motions in the sky indicate a common origin
authentication	A security measure designed to verify the identity of a transmission, user, user device, entity or data.
spark spectra	The spectra of ions often produced by a spark discharge (cf
outcome	The result of performing experiments.
decade	The equivalent power of 10 in the ratio of 2 numbers.
column density	The number of particles per square centimeter along a specified path with a length equal to the distance to the probing source
additive function	A function whose value on the sum of two arguments is the same as the sum on the values of the arguments, regardless of the choice of the arguments.
mean value theorem	Essentially, between any two extremes is an average value.
big bang	(a) According to standard cosmology, the explosion that started the universe expanding 10 to 15 billion years ago
space	All existent points in the universe.
measurement	The ratio of the observation of an aspect of an object to that of standard reference objects sharing in property of that same aspect.
plane trigonometry	The study of triangles (trigonometry) within a plane.
icosagon	A polygon of 20 sides.
astrology	(a) The belief that human affairs and people's personalities and characters are influenced by (or encoded in) the positions of the planets
bijective function	A bijective function is a function which is both injective and surjective
bromine	A deep red, moderately reactive element belonging to the halogens
compass	A compass is a device that always points north
chain	A set of elements and a total order.
authenticity	A piece of information has authenticity when it can be shown to come from the expected person or place, and when the content of the information appears, as far as is obvious, to be correct for the circumstances involved.
rigid body	A system of particles, considered as a whole (body)
dod	Department of Defense.
bar	A unit of pressure roughly based on atmospheric pressure at sea level.
certificate revocation list	A list of certificates that have been revoked before their expiration date.
student's t-test	Also known simply as the t-test.
inch	An imperial unit of length.
subset	A set which is completely contained within the specified set
strong induction	Apply the second principle of finite induction.
nuisance parameter	An parameter not of interest, but which must be included in the model in order to analyse those parameters which are of interests.
area sampling	An example of clustered sampling where geographic information is used to form "natural" clusters.
secondary network	A network on the same physical wire as a Firebox interface having a different IP network address
average rate of change	The change in value divided by elapsed time.
bound	A value or a mathematical object which is related to another mathematical object in a strict (partial) order.
interactive proof	A protocol between two parties in which one party, called the prover, tries to prove a certain fact to the other party, called the verifier
equilibrium	The state of a system where the influences collectively negate the effects of each other.
drama	and a final Student
drop-in mode	A network configuration in which the Firebox is physically located between the router and the LAN without any of the computers on the Trusted interface being reconfigured
pentadecagon	A fifteen-sided polygon is called a pentadecagon.
tree diagram	A directed tree where no two edges point towards the same vertex, often used in representing events in probability calculations
milli	Milli is a prefix that means one-thousandth
net	1
selectron	The supersymmetric partner of the electron.
dhcp server	A device that automatically assigns IP addresses to networked computers from a defined pool of numbers, returning unused IP addresses to the pool
monomial	A polynomial with only one term.
blue haze	A condition in the Martian atmosphere which sometimes makes it opaque to radiation in the blue-violet end of the visible spectrum
googolplex	Ten raised to the power of a googol is a Googolplex; it is a huge number.
linear combination	Any mathematical object that is the sum of scalar multiples of the same type of objects
less	The opposite of less is more.
hexagon	A hexagon is a six-sided figure
[1 \| rest]	where Rest
totitive	Mostly spelled totative in modern times, a positive integer which is coprime to and less than a specified number
equivalent	The property of two objects with equivalence.
subcritical	Describing an arrangement of fissile material that does not permit a sustained chain reaction because too many neutrons are absorbed without causing fission or otherwise lost
cavitation	The formation of small cavities in a liquid, caused by a reduction in fluid pressure
entropy	In cryptography, a mathematical measurement of the amount of uncertainty or randomness.
mil	An Imperial unit of length that is one-thousandth (1/1000) of an inch.
halation	The formation of a halo around bright star images by light reflected from the back of the photographic plate or emulsion
accumulation point	Also known as a limitpoint.
skip counting	Skip counting is counting while skipping some numbers, like 2, 4, 6, 8, ....
multiple-angle formulae	Trigonometric identities which expresses the relationship of a trigonometric function of an argument with the same trigonometric function of a multiple of the argument
application	Approved Scanning Vendor [ASV]
eros	A small asteroid, No
forward bias	A term applied to an electronic device known as a diode - usually formed by a junction of p-type and n-type semiconductor material - in which current flows easily if the externally applied voltage has the correct polarity or direction
coma cluster	(a) An open cluster of about 100 stars in our Galaxy (about 80 pc distant)
simple discontinuity	Another name for a jump discontinuity.
ip options	Extensions to the Internet Protocol used mainly for debugging and for special applications on local networks
subtrahend	The subtrahend is the number that is subtracted from another number in a subtraction problem.
dial-up connection	A connection between a remote computer and a server, established using software, a modem, and a telephone line.
strict equivalence	Biconditional, implies and is implied by.
isolate	1
lemma	A proven mathematical sentence, it differs from a theorem in the sense that a lemma is itself not the goal for the motivation of its proof
force	An inflience which causes the change in velocity of an object.
bob	The name traditionally used for the second user of cryptography in a system; Alice's friend.
shapley-ames catalogue	A catalogue of galaxies brighter than thirteenth magnitude, completed in 1932
tally marks	Tally marks are a quick way of keeping track of numbers in groups of five
line segment	A line segment is a portion of a line between two given points.
hosting provider	Hypertext Transfer Protocol [HTTP]
chosen ciphertext attack	An attack where the cryptanalyst may choose the ciphertext to be decrypted.
relatively prime	The condition of two numbers that have no factors in common other than the number one.
circumcircle	A circle whose circumference contains all points of the polygon.
ero	Extremely Red Object
entity	EPROM [EPROM]
aberrations	Effects associated with the performance of optical components which give rise to imperfect optical images
collision search	The search for a collision of a one-way function.
wythoff symbol	A symbol used to represent a uniform polyhedron, based on symmetric repeats of a point through some symmetry group, and where that point was positioned initially with respect to the Schwartz triangles
differential operator	A symbolic representation of an operation involving differentiation (either ordinary or partial) of (all of or parts of) the operand, which is a function.
log	round
block	A sequence of bits of fixed length; longer sequences of bits can be broken down into blocks.
portable	In computer terms, portable means that the code in question can be easily taken to a different system and made to work there
bernoulli probability	See binomial probability
negative binomial distribution	The probability distribution of the number of number of trials before a specified number of successes occur in a series of independent Bernoulli trials with constant probability.
numeral	a symbol that stands for a number.
number theory	The study of number properties in mathematics.
failover	A configuration that allows a secondary machine to take over in the event of a stoppage in the first machine, thus allowing normal use to return or continue
soft clustering	Any clustering method that allows a data point to be a member of more than one cluster.
kendall's rank correlation coefficient	See correlation coefficient.
roulette	The locus of a point fixed on (relative to) a curve, as it rolls along another curve without slipping
tangential	1
transverse axis	The axis of symmetry of a hyperbola which intersects the hyperbola.
radiometer	A device that detects radio waves from space and measures their direction
translation	A transformation where all points in space is moved along the same (non-zero) vector (same direction and magnitude)
column vector	A matrix representation of vectors using a matrix with one column
maximal	The property of not being less than another element in a partial order
drag	A force resisting relative velocity of an object within a fluid.
subject = databases	i.e
lucky numbers	3 + 13 = 16
gallon	A number of related pre-SI units of volume (or capcity).
domain	The set of values as arguments for a function for which the values are defined.
elliptic curve cryptosystem	See ECC.
class intervals	The intervals in which data fall into a particular class.
median	1
atom	(a) The smallest component of matter that retains its chemical properties
achromatic color	A color that has no hue; i.e
proper divisor	A non-trivial factor (i.e
centripetal component	A component of an object's acceleration cooresponding to a centripetal force.
primitive curve	A simple curve with which (upon which) a more complicated curve can be comapred (defined).
circle	a set of points equidistant from a given point
plot	A plot is a graph done in a coordinate system
strange attractor	(a) A path in phase space that is not closed
quadrant	An instrument, based on a quarter of a circle, employed to measure the altitude above the horizon of astronomical bodies
instantaneous	Related to only one point in time
solar constant	(a) Mean radiation received from the Sun at the top level of Earth's atmosphere: 1.95 cal cm-2 min-1
dividend	A number to be divided by another number.
mega-	An SI prefix which means 1 000 000.
oppositely congruent	Two geometric figurescongruent with the opposite orientation - i.e
mie scattering	Scattering of light (without regard to wavelength) by larger particles, such as those of dust or fog in Earth's atmosphere (see also Rayleigh Scattering)
johnson solids	The non-uniform convex polyhedra with regular faces
sum rule	see f-sum Rule
key escrow	The process of having a third party hold onto encryption keys.
measure	A noun or verb, Measure implies comparison to an established standard.
gaussian year	The period associated with Kepler's third law with a = 1
shooting star	The streak of light in the sky produced by the firey entry of a meteoroid into the Earth's atmosphere; also the glowing meteoroid itself
uv	Ultraviolet: wavelengths shorter than about 350 nm
concurrent	The property of sharing a common point.
infinite discontinuity	A discontinuity of a function where at least one of the (left-hand and right-hand) limits is infinite.
radiative equilibrium	In a star, represents an even process by which energy (heat) is transferred from the core to the outer surface without affecting the overall stability of the star
tcsec	Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria.
y-z plane	In three dimensions, the plane orthogonal to the x-axis.
web site	A collection of affiliated Web pages.
apparent solar time	The measure of time based on the diurnal motion of the true Sun
r-branch	A set of lines in the spectra of molecules corresponding to unit decreases in rotational energy
one pint	16 ounces (volume)
year	A year consists of 12 months, roughly 52 weeks, or about 365 days.
location	e.g
internet	A global spider-web-like network of computers and computer systems with no central hub or single point of control
likes	john
specific gravity	Ratio of the mass of a given volume of a substance to that of an equal volume of water
polyhedral angle	The geometrical construction of the neighbourhood of a vertex bounded by the vertex itself, 3 or more edges from the vertex, as well as the same number of faces (as edges) between the edges.
conjecture	A conjecture is an educated guess.
capi	Cryptographic Application Programming Interface.
antidiagonal	For conventionally written matrices, the diagonal that runs from the top right to thr bottom left
spectrograph	(a) A device, usually based on a finely etched grate that performs the function of a prism, for breaking up light into its constituent parts and making a photographic or electronic record of the resulting spectrum
lfsr	linear feedback shift register
eccentric	The deviation from being perfectly circular.
self-similarity	Two or more objects having the same characteristics
hour	There are 24 hours in a day.
sampling error	The difference between an estimator (sample statistic) and the corresponding population parameter.
eight	Eight is the number between seven and nine
event	Any network incident that prompts some kind of log entry or other notification.
null hypothesis	The hypothesis that there is no difference between the two groups for a variable that is being compared.
opposites	Opposites are things that are very, very different from each other
ansae	(a) The "handles", or extremities, of Saturn's rings as viewed from Earth (b) The extremities of a lenticular galaxy
carry	When you carry in addition, the sum of the numbers is ten or more, and the ten's place is "carried" to the next place.
hierarchical trust	A method of organizing "trust" within an organization by allowing one Certificate Authority to delegate a portion of its responsibility to a subordinate Certificate Authority
gravitational constant	(a) Fundamental constant with units of cm3 g-1 s-2 that determines the gravitational force between two bodies at a given separation
blocked site	An IP address outside the firewall, explicitly blocked so it cannot connect with hosts behind the firewall
megaflops	Millions of floating-point operations per second
monotonic increasing function	See increasing function.
obtuse angle	An angle greater than a right angle (90°) and less than 2 right angles (180°).
pyramidal	Of or related to the shape of a pyramid.
cyclinder	A right circularprism.
irradiance	Symbol: E The rate of energy reaching unit area of a surface; i.e
radical	A root symbol or the root itself is sometimes termed a Radical.
astatine	A radioactive element belonging to the halogen group
similar figures	Similar figures are geometric objects that have the same shape, but not necessarily the same size.
datagram	A packet of data that contains information, plus origin and destination addresses
star	A star is a shape that has many points.
charm	(a) The fourth flavor (i.e
infinitesimal calculus	A term for the branch of mathematics usually known simply as calculus
web beacon	Web beacons are very small transparent images (usually 1 x 1 pixel) and are sometimes called clear gifs or actions tags
absolute number	1
estimator	A statistic which is intended to estimate a quantity.
tetrahedron	A pyramid with a triangular base
maxima	The plural of maximum
point estimate	The estimate of a (unknown) value by giving a value
small circle	As opposed to a great circle
longitude	One of the coordinates in the coordinate system used for Earth's surface
cathode-ray tube	Basis of the TV tube and the oscilloscope
scintillator	A detector for high-energy photons such as gamma-rays
linux	An open source version of the UNIX operating system.
value	A numeric equivalent or worth of an expression or variable.
converse	Given a statement of the form "If A then B", the converse of this statement is the one which states "If B then A"
det	A shorthand for the determinant operator.
polynomial function	a function of the form
association	A binary relation held by two dependent variables in statistics
power	A value of an exponent indicating the number of times the base is multiplied by itself.
lift	The component of a force on an object from a fluid, perpendicular to the flow of the fluid (relative to the object), in a direction relative to the object that is usually (or designed to be) the opposite direction to gravity.
gauss' theorem	An archaic name for the Divergence Theorem in vector calculus.
infrared	(a) That part of the electromagnetic spectrum that lies beyond the red, having wavelengths from about 7500 Å to a few millimeters (about 1011-1014 Hz)
ten	Ten is the number between nine and eleven
standard form	1
aurora	(a) Spectacular array of light in the night sky, caused by charged particles from the Sun hitting the Earth's upper atmosphere
summable matrix	A (square) matrix A is said to be summable if the limit as k goes to infinity exists for the following: (1/k) * ( I + A + A2 + ..
sparse matrix	A matrix consisting mostly of entries of zero.
floating point	A class of arithmetic, typically used in scientific applications
foreign exchange	the value of one country's currency in terms of another country's currency
cycle	A series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order.
wilson's theorem	A theorem that states "if a number n divides (n - 1)! + 1 then it is a prime number" as well as its converse, that "if a number n is a prime number, then it divides (n - 1)! +1".
little bangs	Hypothetical explosions of supermassive stars shortly after the big bang, with the release of processed elements into the interstellar medium, postulated by Wagoner to account for the anomalously high abundance of Helium in the Universe, and for the fact that even the oldest stars have some metals
graviton	(a) A massless spin-2 particle which is the hypothetical quantum of the gravitational field
compromise	The unintended disclosure or discovery of a cryptographic key or secret.
brown dwarf	(a) A star with too little mass to ignite its hydrogen-1 fuel
odd	In common language: strange or unusual
optical soliton	a soliton is a wave pulse which propagates without changing shape or dispersion
multiple	A number evenly divisible by a specific factor.
adversary	Commonly used to refer to the opponent, the enemy, or any other mischievous person that desires to compromise one's security.
adaptive-chosen-plaintext	A special case of the chosen-plaintext attack in which the cryptanalyst is able to choose plaintexts dynamically, and alter his or her choices based on the results of previous encryptions.
inverse square law	Any laws (often related to the physical world) where one quantity is inversely proportional to the square of the other
tree	A connected, acyclic graph, i.e
proof	A proof is a logical mathematical argument that demonstrates that a statement is true.
beta function	A symmetric function, denoted by B(x, y), defined by the integral
submatrix	A submatrix of a matrix A is any rectangular "chunk" of the matrix.
cracker	Another term for someone who attempts to defeat network security measures, with hostile intent
brillouin scattering	Slight changes in the frequency of radiation, caused by reflection or scattering from the high-frequency sound waves that arise from thermal vibrations of atoms in the medium
celestial mechanics	The study of motions of celestial bodies such as stars, planets and comets etc.
average	A number of different but related concepts which corresponds to the mathematical/statistical idea of central tendency
null sequence	A sequence whose limit is zero.
atomic mass number	The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus
malware	A blend of the words "malicious" and "software," malware includes computer viruses, worms, Trojan Horses, spyware and a multitude of other damaging and unwanted software
set theory	The mathematical study of collection of objects (called members or elements) called sets.
toeplitz matrix	A Toeplitz matrix is a matrix which is constant along each of its diagonals.
partial differentiation	Differentiation of a multivariate function with respect to only one of its several variable arguments.
compound distribution	The compound probability distribution is the result of a probability distribution whose parameters are distributed along other probability distributions.
toe	Theory of Everything A quantum-mechanical theory that encompasses all forces and all matter
exhaustive search	Checking every possibility individually till the right value is found
iraf	Image Reduction and Analysis Facility
geometric distribution	The discrete probability distribution of 2 closely related situations:
super-high frequency	SFH A radio frequency in the range between 30 GHz and 3 GHz (wavelength 1-10 cm)
line	A straight line of infinite length, i.e
cloud chamber	A glass-walled enclosure containing a vapor in which particles can be detected by photographing the tracks of water droplets they leave behind when they pass through the chamber
translation of axes	A transformation of axes where the new direction of each of the axes is parallel to the (corresponding) old direction.
signed minor	Also known as cofactors
annular eclipse	An eclipse of the Sun in which the Moon is too far from Earth to block out the Sun completely, so that a ring of sunlight appears around the Moon
vealer	Veblen
prime pair	Consecutive prime numbers - ones which differ by exactly 2, also known as twin primes.
script	A file that contains a sequence of instructions for an interpreter, the "script" for that interpreter to follow.
gaseous fragmentation	The systematic breakup of a gas cloud into smaller and smaller subunits as the gas cools and continues to collapse
verification	The act of recognizing that a person or entity is who or what it claims to be.
square	a quadrilateral with four equal sides and four 90 degree angles.
apogalacticon	The point in a star's orbit farthest from the Galactic center
retract	retractall
period	Measured in time, or angle, or even sometimes distance, the Period of a repetitive function is the time (or angle or distance) it takes to complete a cycle.
multiplication	the operation of repeated addition.
asymmetric cipher	a cipher that requires one key to encrypt and another to decrypt.
litre	A metric (but not SI) unit of capacity that is defined to be one-thousandth (1/1000) of a cubic metre
solution of equations	The values of variables which satify the equations, i.e
accretion	(a) Collection of material together, generally to form a single body
chebyshev	Russian mathematician known for his work in probability and statistics
string	(a) Fundamental one-dimensional object that is the essential ingredient in string theory
kak	Key-auto-key Cryptographic logic using a previous key to produce a key
geocentric coordinates	The latitude and longitude of a point on the Earth's surface relative to the center of the Earth; also celestial coordinates given with respect to the center of the Earth
enthalphy	The heat content of a body
elementary matrix operation	One 2 sets (row or column) of three types of operations on matrices which corresponds to left-multiplying (right-multiplying) the matrices, which leave the solution set unchanged.
cu	The chemical symbol for copper
background noise	All the interference effects in a system which is producing, measuring, or recording a signal
spectroscopic binaries	Stars whose binary nature can be detected from the periodic Doppler shifts of their spectra, owing to their varying velocities in the line of sight
d'alembert's test	Also known simply as the ratio test
kilogram	A kilogram (kg) is a unit of mass defined as the mass of one liter of water
energy	(1) The capacity to do work
segment	A section of a line, defined by two end points and all the points between them.
ionosphere	(a) The region of Earth's atmosphere (80-500 km), immediately above the stratosphere
combinatorics	The mathematical study of counting and countable structures.
map	Also known as a mapping.
biweekly	every two weeks
explicit	Ideas or notions directly expressed or understandable are considered Explicit.
fifo	First-In-First-Out buffer
baud	The baud is a unit of telegraph signalling speed; one baud is equal to one pulse per second
hypergalaxy	A system consisting of a dominant spiral galaxy surrounded by a cloud of dwarf satellite galaxies, often ellipticals
principal parts	The part of the increment of the value of a function (curve) as approximated by the derivative (gradient) and the increment in the argument.
random variable	A quantity having a numerical value for each member of a group, esp
radius	1
great attractor	A hypothesized large mass, some hundred million light years from earth, that seems to be affecting the motions of many nearby galaxies by virtue of its gravity
patent	The sole right, granted by the government, to sell, use, and manufacture an invention or creation.
bayesian inference	A iterative process of statistical inference where observations are used in inferring parameters of a probability distribution.
validation	The act of examining information provided by a person (or a system) to ascertain what rights, privileges, or permissions they may (or may not) have to perform some action
quantiles	The boundary values when dividing a set of ordered data into parts of equal frequency
point of tangency	the point where a tangent touches a curve
consecutive sides	A set of sides (edges) where every memeber can be considered to be "next" to another side within the set
many-body problem	The difficulty of calculating the interactions - e.g., the newtonian gravitational interactions - of three or more objects
horizontal	Originally the direction perpendicular to the direction of Earth's gravitation
dummy activity	An edge of zero weight added to a digraph to simplify the algorithms in critical path analysis.
recession	Motion (increasing distance) away
origin	In one dimension: (0)
squaring the circle	The problem of creating a square, using compasses and straight edge, whose area is the same as that of a circle (also created using compasses and straight edge).
oblate	A type of ellipsoid formed by squashing a sphere along one direction, or alternatively, stretching the sphere along two perpendicular directions.
acceleration of free fall	The acceleration due to gravity, which varies depending on the distance to the centre of the Earth
kelvin scale	the `natural' or `absolute' scale of temperature, on which the value of temperature corresponds roughly to the typical thermal energy
certificate chain	The links between a certificate and the original source of its authenticity
mesh of a partition	Given an interval which is divided into a number of non-overlapping sub-intervals by finitely many points on the interval, the mesh of the partition is the length of the sub-interval of greatest length.
number system	A set of numbers.
octet	A byte
one pint	16 ounces
semi-major axis	Half the length of the major axis of an ellipse; a standard element used to describe an elliptical orbit
subnet	A subdivision of a network that uses a sequential range of IP addresses (i.e
modal class	The class with the ighest frequency - individual values within a class is not distinguished (even if it's possible), so that it is possible that the mode is not a value within the modal class.
centre of rotation	The invariant point in a rotation.
resonance line	The longest-wavelength line arising from the ground state
radiotelescopes	Sensitive radio antennae employed to detect the radio energy emitted by nebulae, galaxies, pulsars, etc
compatible matrices	Two matrices in a particular order so that they can be multiplied
word problem	A word problem is a mathematical question phrased in terms of words, not equations.
conformable matrices	See compatible matrices.
four	Four is the number after three (3) and before five (5)
number sieve	A method for finding prime factors of a number by eliminating all multiples (less than the specified number) of the lowest number not yet eliminated
first order transition	A phase transition is called first order if it occurs in a manner similar to the way water boils
hektor	Asteroid 624, the largest (about 100 km long) of the Trojans
ionized	(a) Having lost one or more electrons from an atom
remote atm	Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service [RADIUS]
astronomical coordinates	The longitude and latitude of a point on the Earth relative to the geoid
arc	An arc is a segment along the circumference of a circle, or the part of any curve between two points.
relativistic	Approaching the velocity of light
megan blewett	Contributor Megan Blewett
elementary matrix	Invertible matrices which represent elementary row (or column) operations when left-multiplied (right-multiplied).
elastic collision	A collision of 2 bodies where kinetic energy is not lost.
celsuis	Represented by the symbol °C
kepler's laws	Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion, three laws pulished by John Kepler early in the seventeenth century.
even number	A number that can be divided by 2.
port	1
standing wave	A pattern of oscillations in space in which the regions of maximum displacement and of zero displacement (the nodes) remain fixed in position
hirayama families	Groups of minor planets with similar orbital elements
modem	A shortened version of "modulator/demodulator," this is the word for a communications device that sends computer transmissions over a standard telephone line.
moment of a force	Also known as torque.
linear mapping	A mapping which is linear.
concentric	The property of having the same centre
deterministic model	A mathematical model where the states of a model is determined completely by parameters of the model as well as prior states of the model only.
factor	The noun Factor is a value that is multiplied with another Factor (or factors) to result in a product
bethe-weizsäcker cycle	(a) See proton-proton cycle
libration orbits	see Lagrangian Points [H76]
backbone	A term often used to describe the main network connections composing the Internet.
infinite	In common language, not countable in any practical manner
cascade	A command that arranges windows so that they are overlapped, with the active window in front.
direction ratios	The ratio of the direction angles, representing the direction of a vector with 2 numbers as opposed to 3 in the cases of the direction angles or the direction cosines.
twin primes	A pair of consecutively odd prime numbers.
critical equatorial velocity	In rotating early-type stars, that velocity at which the ratio of centrifugal force to gravity at the equator is unity
color-color plot	Traditionally, a plot of B - V versus U - B
hadron barrier	The interval (t 10-43 [10-23] s after the big bang, when = 1093 [1052] g cm-3) during which quantum and general-relativistic effects are expected to modify each other in an unknown way
ieee	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, a body that creates some cryptography standards.
lagrange multipliers	A method of finding the extrema of a multivariate function subjects to constraints (such as along a curve) by introducing extra variables and tranforming the graph representing a function with constraints to a higher dimensional graph with no constraints, so that a simpler method of simply finding the critical points can be used, since the critical points all satify the constraints.
plane geometry	The study of geometry within a plane.
degree of an expression	The highest power occurring in an expression.
source	Anything which is emitting electromagnetic radiation
rpm	Revolutions per minute - a measure of the speed of rotation, and indrectly as a measure of the frequency of rotation.
atomic weight	The mean atomic mass of a particular element in atomic mass units