Glossary extracted starting with automatic seeds, with PTM for the domain mat and language EN

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refractorA telescope in which the light is focused by a lens at the viewing side of the telescope
combinationsA method of counting that tells how many ways a designated number of objects can be selected from a given set.
groupAn algebraic structure where a set of elements is given an associative binary operation, where the set is closed under the operation; an identity element for the operatione exists and an inverse element exists.
nistNational Institute of Standards and Technology Non-regulatory body of the US Department of Commerce for the promotion and development of measurement science, standards and technology
action1
dmsDefense Messaging Service.
cryptoCryptography
lbvLuminous Blue Variables -- A variable-star designation for the high-luminosity early type objects
material implicationThe sentence of "if p then q" that is equivalent to "(not p) and q", in that they share the same truth values as sentences.
sine curveThe graph representing a sine function, its translation or the result of stretching/squashing the graph along the coordinate axes.
phaseThe position within a cycle for a periodic system
hierarchical cosmologyA cosmology characterized by a system of clusters within clusters within clusters
mathematicianA mathematician is a person who studies mathematics.
border banded matrixA border banded matrix is a 2 by 2 block matrix comprising a (large) leading block which is a square banded matrix, two dense rectangular side strips, and a (small) trailing block which is a square dense matrix.
bootis starsA type of young (usually early A), weak-lined, metal-poor stars with low radial velocities
method of differencesLearn about the Method of Differences.
alternating seriesA series with terms (an) which strictly alternates between positive and negative values
ip options attackA method of gaining unauthorized network access by utilizing IP options.
low-velocity starA star whose U, V, and W velocities are all near zero
blackbody radiation(a) Radiation whose spectral intensity distribution is that of a blackbody in accordance with Planck's law
conjugate prior distributionIn Bayesian statistics, the distribution of the prior probability when the prior and the posterior distributions belong to the same family.
dividendThe dividend is the number that is divided (in long division)
dns spoofingAn attack technique where a hacker intercepts your system's requests to a DNS server in order to issue false responses as though they came from the real DNS server
cubic functiona polynomial function of degree 3
coudé focus(a) A focus used primarily for spectroscopy
micrometryThe measurement of the apparent sizes and separations of astronomical objects by use of knife blades or crosshairs in the eyepiece of a telescope
dynamicsThe study of motion, its changes and its cause of changes (i.e
life cycleThe length of time a key can be kept in use and still provide an appropriate level of security.
milli-An SI prefix which means one-thousandth (1/1000).
coordinatesQuantities that provide references for locations in space and time
critical pathA term used in project planning to indicated a segment of the proposed work which if not completed on time will result in one or more other segments being delayed with serious "knock-on" effects for the project
elementary regionsUsually infinite regions are excluded from the diagram, along with any infinite portions of the lines
pie chartA form of representation of qualitative (or discrete categories of) data
chargeThe fundamental property of a particle that causes it to be affected by the electromagnetic force
angleA measure of the "separation" of 2 lines (planes) by the minimal amount of rotation about the common intersection point (line) in order for one line (plane) to coincide with the other.
second derivativeThe derivative of the derivative of a function f(x), denoted f''(x)
rest-mass energyThe energy which a particle has even when it is at rest
interfaceA boundary across which two independent systems meet and act on or communicate with each other
key expansionA process that creates a larger key from the original key.
bohr radius(a0 = 2 / me2) (a) The radius of the orbit of the hydrogen electron in its ground state (0.528 Å)
double integralAn integral of an integral with respect to two different variables.
b-factoryA b-factory is a facility designed to produce and detect large numbers of b-quarks, at least 100 million a year
appleton layer(F-layer) The upper of the two main layers in the ionosphere, at a height above about 150 km
matrixA rectangular array of numbers is often called a Matrix.
cp violation(a) A reaction between subatomic particles is said to be a "CP violating" reaction if the reaction produces a different result when the electrical charges of the particles are changed to their opposites and the mirror image of the particle trajectories is used
contour integralAn integral along a contour on the complex plane/argand diagram which may be parametrized.
endothermic processAn adjective applied to a reaction in which a net input of energy is required for the reaction to occur
speed of light(a) c = 299,792 km sec-1 (186,180 miles sec-1)
diagonal matrixA square matrix whose only non-zero entries are on the main diagonal.
measureA concept of assigning a set of points (e.g
simple rootA root of multiplicity of 1
bambergaAsteroid 324 (a = 2.80 AU, e = 0.36, i = 11°.2)
conservation of energyThe law that states that the amount of energy in a closed system remains unchanged
surfaceA geometric object which locally resembles (in the limiting case) a plane at almost all points.
hydrostatic equilibriumA balance between the gravitational force inward and the gas and radiation forces outward in a star
schmidt cameraTelescopic camera incorporating an internal corrective lens or plate that compensates for optical defects and chromatic faults in the main mirror
baade's windowA clearing in the dust clouds of the constellation Sagittarius where astronomers can view stars in the Galactic bulge
positive seriesA real series consisting only of positive terms.
seriesMost often a sequence of terms to be summed
cofactorFor a square matrix, augmenting the minors with a sign (positive or negative) in a "chequered" fashion forms the cofactors.
runaway stars(a) Early type stars (O and early B) outside the Galactic plane, which reached large distances (from the Galactic plane) because of their high velocities
ellipticalWith the properties of or related to an ellipse.
epicycleThe outer circle in producing the locus in an epicycloid.
frequencyThe number of cycles or occurrences within a given interval (number) of a continuous (discrete) quantity..
convergenceThe property of a mathematical object, considered as a sequence, is convergent.
bessel's equationA second order ordinary differential equation(ODE)
eruptive variablesee Cataclysmic Variable
families(a) Organization of matter particles into three groups, with each group being known as a family
toldsee
one cup16 tablespoons
chanceCharacteristic of a regime in which predictions cannot be made exactly, but only in terms of probabilities
ion(a) A charged particle consisting of an atom, or group of atoms, that has either lost or gained electrons
lunarOf the Moon
algebraThe branch of mathematics that allows manipulation of symbols and values to determine quantities that are not always fixed
logical equivalenceThe relation between 2 sentences whose logical values are always the same.
binningOn-chip binning
rydberg correctionSee Quantum Defect
riemannianThe adjective “Riemannian” is used in these notes to distinguish the physics that applies in the universe of Orthogonal from that which applies in our own universe.
senseOne of two opposite directions describable by the motion of a point, line, or surface
light-timeThe interval of time required for light to travel from a celestial body to the Earth
l-magnitudeThe magnitude derived from observations at an infrared wavelength of 3.5 microns
configurationA particular arrangement of mathematical objects.
graph1
neyman-pearson lemmaA theorem which provides the best sized critical region for a 2-point hypothesis test using the ratio of the likelihood of the 2 points (values).
parent functionsA collection of simple functions used to build more complicated functions
smtpSimple Mail Transfer Protocol.
supergalactic planeAn apparent plane of symmetry, passing through the Virgo cluster of galaxies, about which many of the brightest galaxies in the sky are concentrated
illusionAn illusion is something that tricks your eyes.
copernicanismBroadly, the hypothesis that the earth and the other planets orbit the sun
equationA mathematical statement with an equal sign showing that two values are equal.
simple interestInterest obtained using the formula I = prt, where I is generated, p is principal, r is the interest rate per period of time, and t is the time period.
radianA radian is a unit of angular measure that is equal to the angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle
authenticationThe action of verifying information such as identity, ownership or authorization.
hHubble's constant in units of 100 km s-1 Mpc-1
astrationThe processing of matter through stars
algebraA branch of mathematics which studies the properties and resulting structures from applying operations on mathematical objects
simple curveA non-self-intersecting curve.
hypergeometric seriesA power series
private network addressA private network address is an IP address range that is used only within the confines of a single organization
intransitive relationA relation which is not transitive.
background radiationOr background blackbody radiation, is the isotropic residual microwave radiation in space left from the primordial big bang
esaEuropean Space Agency [LLM96]
f-testThe collective name of a number of statistical tests where the test statistic under H0 in the hypothesis testing is F-distributed.
albedo(a) The ratio of the amount of light reflected from a surface to the amount of incident light
stokes parameters(a) A way of characterizing the polarization state of light which is closely related to actual measurements
minor segmentThe shorter of 2 segments of a circle defined (and split) by a chord of a circle.
metreThe SI base unit of length.
dodecahedronAny polyhedron with twelve faces.
lommel-seeliger surfaceA surface with large-scale roughness where shadowing effects are important
de morgan's lawsStatements relating the union and intersection of sets with their negations
escape velocity(a) Speed an object must attain in order to free itself from returning to the parent body under the effects of gravity
memberthe first clause is the trivial branch - it says that member
libration(a) The "turning" of the Moon so that although the same face is presented to Earth at all times, the overall surface of the Moon visible is 59% of the total
total differentialAn exact differential.
pathA sequence of vertices where any two consecutive vertices in the sequence are connected by an edge.
leap secondA second (see Second, Système International) added between 60s and 0s at announced times to keep UTC within 0s.90 of UT1
alpha centauri(a) Bright binary star in which both components contribute to a magnitude of -0.27: it is also the nearest of the bright stars (at a distance of 4.3 light years)
whitelistWide Area Network [WAN]
independent variableA variable considered not to be a function of another variable (or set of variables) within the system being considered.
intersectionWhere geometric entities cross, or where sets have common elements, is termed an Intersection.
one rupee16 Annas
factorableAn mathematical object which can be considered as the result of combining (usually by multiplication) smaller (or simpler) constituent parts
privacyThe state or quality of being secluded from the view and or presence of others.
conjugate complex numbersAlso known as complex conjugates.
sequenceInformally, any series is a Sequence
iI equals 1 in Roman numerals.
cv serpentisA sometimes-eclipsing binary composed of a Wolf-Rayet star and a B0 star with a period of 29.6 days
chi-squared testA test on the goodness of fit of an observation to the theoretical value/assumed distribution through the use of the chi-squared distribution to test its likelihood of deviation due to natural variations.
algebraic curveA collection of points, of one-dimension, which represents the solutions of a collection of polynomials.
unit pricethe price of a single item; the price of one unit of an item
composite hypothesisAs opposed to a simple hypothesis
probeA type of hacking attempt characterized by repetitious, sequential access attempts
nsaNational Security Agency America's national cryptologic organisation, responsible for US information security
prime factorA prime number that is a factor of another number is called a prime factor of that number.
stationary waveA standing wave; the pattern formed when two waves of the same amplitude and frequency move simultaneously through a medium in opposite directions
motherboardThe main printed circuit board in a computer, which contains sockets that accept additional boards (daughterboards).
spearman's rank correlation coefficientA measure of correlation between 2 variables by applying the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient on the ranks of the values, where equal values receive the mean of all (possible) ranks of the same value.
one-time padA secret-key cipher in which the key is a truly random sequence of bits that is as long as the message itself, and encryption is performed by XORing the message with the key
isothermal changeA process that takes place at constant temperature
temperatureA measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a system
wwwWorld Wide Web.
n-gonWhen a polynomial has so many sides that we cannot easily remember its name, we just take the number of sides (n) and add "gon" to our characterization, as a 16-sided polygon would be called a "16-gon."
autumnal equinoxsee Equinoxes [A84]
golden ratioGiven two quantities a and b, the ratio which is the same for both, the sum to the larger quantity and the larger to the smaller quantity.
anthropocentrismThe belief that humans are central to the Universe
ceilingcos
encryptionThe process of protecting information by making it impossible for anyone who is not authorized to read that information in a useable form
string coupling constantA (positive) number that governs how likely it is for a given string to split apart into two strings or for two strings to join together into one-the basic processes in string theory
logLogical Partition [LPAR]
unbiased hypothesis testA hypothesis test where the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis is not less than the significance level if the alternative hypothesis is true and is not greater than the significance level when the null hypothesis is true.
dataThe quantities, characters, or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer, which may be stored and transmitted in the form of electrical signals and recorded on magnetic, optical, or mechanical recording media.
euclidean geometryThe geometry system defined by the following axioms and "notions".
surface areaA measure of the number of square units needed to cover the outside of a figure.
square rootA value resulting when a given value is multiplied by itself.
r-processThe creation of elements heavier than zinc through the rapid bombardment of other elements by neutrons
shock waveA sharp change in the pressure, temperature, and density of a fluid which develops when the velocity of the fluid begins to exceed the velocity of sound
robustnessThe measure of the ability of a statistic to remain minimally affected by small deviations from assumptions within the model.
inertial frame of referenceAny "standard of rest" or coordinate frame for which Newton's first law is valid
sevenSeven is the number between six and eight
atomic orbitalRepresentation of the electron cloud surrounding an atom
correlation lengththe correlation length gives a measure of the typical distance over which the fluctuations of one microscopic variable are correlated with the fluctuations of another
bilinearThe condition of an expression of 2 variables that is linear while considering individually each variable (while the other variable is fixed.) It is possible for an expression to be bilinear while not being linear
httpHyper-Text Transfer Protocol.
diagonal1
ethernetA system for linking computers with a single serial cable
congruence1
modeWhile Mode can take on several meanings in mathematics, it generally is used for the value of data with the greatest frequency of occurrence in a list of values.
remainder1
octahedronFaceting is the dual operation of stellation
hierarchical clustering modelA model of galaxy clustering in which different patterns appear at different scales of distance and in which the "average" density of matter depends on the size of the volume over which the average is performed
white hatA person who investigates flaws in network security measures in order to strengthen them and to prevent computer networks from being invaded
consistentThe property possessed by a scientific theory when it contains and extends an earlier well-supported theory; for example, general relativity is consistent with Newtonian gravity
ethernetA physical and data link layer technology for local area networks (LANs)
inverse hyperbolic functionsThe functions which take the values of hyperbolic functions as argument and give the corresponding arguments of the same function as values.
residualSee residuals in statisitcs..
bottom-up structure formationThe idea that small structures, perhaps galaxies or even smaller substructures, form first in the universe, followed later by larger structures
fkFill Key
waveA propagating pattern of disturbance
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misMetal Insulator Semiconductor
confidence intervalAn interval given as the estimate for a parameter, based on the theoretic value of the parameter given known information, while taking into account of the probability we require the actual parameter to be within the given interval.
point of inflectionAlso known as inflection, inflection point, inflexion or inflexion point (alternative spelling of inflection).
valenceAlso valence band or valence electrons; the electrons in the outermost orbit
sagittarius a*The very center of the Milky Way, Sagittarius A* is a strong source of radio waves and probably a massive black hole
tend toA sequence/function tends to a value L if L is the limit of the sequence/function.
jeans mass(a) The critical mass a volume of space must contain before it will collapse under the force of its own gravity
sigma function1
color forceThe force between two particles carrying color charge
twoTwo is the number between one and three
apexsee Solar Apex
ephemeris hour angleAn hour angle referred to the ephemeris meridian
net incomethe amount an employee receives after all deductions are subtracted from the employee's gross income
scosee Antares
ovalAny shape resembling elongated circles.
differentiationThe process of determining the derivative (also known as derived function) of a function.
convergentsSee continued fraction.
sunspot(a) Comparatively dark spot on the Sun's photosphere, commonly one of a (not always obvious) group of two
heat of formationEnergy which would be required to form a molecule from dissociated atoms
tonneA metric unit of mass of 1000 kilograms
distributiveThe property of an operation on another where (for each element) the order of the operations are comutative.
reduction formulaeA set of formulae which relates the integral of some general expression to a simpler integral of the same type
order1
open stringA type of string with two free ends
time dilationA physical phenomenon described by the theory of relativity where the times between the same 2 events are measured to be different by two observers, at different velocities or in different frames of reference.
knapsack problemA problem that involves selecting a number of objects with given weights from a set, such that the sum of the weights is maximal but less than a pre-specified weight.
impersonationOccurs when an entity pretends to be someone or something it is not.
frequency viewAn approach taken by mathematicians and scientists to determine the chances of an event happening by repeating the experiment many times and using the results to calculate the probability.
decryptionTerm for extracting original information that has been encrypted back to its original un-encrypted form.
conditionalA mathematical sentence that describes the implication of one from another.
conservation of matterThe principle that matter is neither created nor destroyed
protractorA protractor is a device that measures angles.
multiplication signThe signs x and
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yardstickA yardstick is three feet long (a yard); it is used for measuring things.
provably secureA property of a digital signature scheme stating that it is provably secure if its security can be tied closely to that of the cryptosystem involved
lagrange theoremFor any finite group \(G\), the order of every subgroup \(H\) of \(G\) ivies the order of \(G\).
maffei 1 and 2Two galaxies discovered on infrared plates in 1968 and identified in 1970 as members (probably temporary) of the local group
small magellanic cloudSMC: The second largest, and the second nearest, of the galaxies that orbit the Milky Way
superior planetsPlanets farther from the Sun than the Earth is (i.e., Mars to Pluto)
certification authorityA trusted third party that issues certificates that can be used by individuals or organizations to verify their identity or credentials
descriptive statisticsAs opposed to inferential statistics, descriptive statistics aim to summarise a set of data in a process where some information (perhaps deemed neglible or irrelevant) is inherently lost, while what is considered important or significant is retained.
metric ton1000 kg, also known as a tonne.
external forceA force on a system originating from an object outside the system under consideration
euclidean algorithmAn algorithm for finding the HCF of two positive integers.
aperture synthesisThe method of combining the signals received by several smaller telescopes distributed over a very large area or baseline to provide the angular resolution of a much large telescope
blocked portA security measure in which a specific port is disabled, stopping users outside the firewall from gaining access to the network through that port
meetAnother name for an intersection or the act of intersection (to intersect).
relativistic massThe measure of mass of an object as observed from another frame of reference.
quintupleA verb or noun; to multiply by five or the fifth integral multiple, respectively.
botnetCollection of computers that are infected with small bits of code (bots) that allow a remote computer to control some or all of the functions of the infected machines
gegenschein(a) Faint oval patch of light visible from Earth only at certain times of the year, opposite the Sun
bode's relationshipBode's relationship gives an approximate indication of the comparative distances of the planets from the sun
liabilityLightweight Directory Access Protocol [LDAP]
cerenkov radiation(a) A bluish light that is emitted when charged particles travel through a transparent medium at a speed that exceeds the speed of light in the medium
payoff matrixA matrix which represents the payoffs in the study of game theory.
slopeAlso known as gradient, the ratio of the directed difference in y-coordinates to the directed difference in x-coordinates(calculated in the same order), between any 2 points on a line.
parallel postulateGiven a line and a specific point not on the line, there is only one line through the specific point parallel to the given line.
expA shorthand for a (the) exponential function
key splittingThe process of dividing a private key into multiple pieces and sharing those pieces among several users
sphereA sphere is properly defined as the set of points in the space that are equidistant of one point called center
fulcrumA structure upon which a lever pivots.
cpt invariantA theory is "CPT invariant" if for every possible reaction between subatomic particles, a reaction can also occur in which the electrical charges of the particles changed to their opposites, the mirror image of the particle trajectories is used, and the directions of motion are reversed
orthogonal transformationA transformation represented by an orthogonal matrix.
terminating decimalA recurring decimal where 0 is the digit which even recurrs (regularly at every digit)
metallic hydrogenA hypothetical form of hydrogen in which the molecules have been forced by extremely high pressures to assume the lattice structure typical of metals
bitmaskA pattern of bits for an IP address that determines how much of the IP address identifies the host and how much identifies the network
corrector platesThin lens-like optical pieces which remove certain optical aberrations
maximumcccc.
h- ionAn H ion with an extra electron in its shell
millionA million is 1,000,000 or one thousand thousand or 106.
gravitational lens(a) A galaxy that intervenes between us and a distant astronomical object and that gravitationally deflects the light from that distant object
emission nebulaAn HII region whose spectrum consists of emission lines
rayleigh(a) Unit of flux
nautical mileA unit of length that is exactly 1852 metres
independent equations1
moleculesThe smallest units of a chemical compound
simple interestInterest payments calculated only by the initial nominal amount
bar(a) The absolute cgs unit of pressure equal to 106 dyn cm-2
weak forceOne of the four fundamental forces, best known for mediating radioactive decay
theory of everythingA "Theory of Everything" would not only describe how thing s work but also explain why things are the way they are
workEquivalent to energy, Work is the product of force and distance.
gravitational equilibriumThe condition in a star in which at each point the weight of the overlying layers is balanced by the total pressure
external networkAny network that can connect to yours, with which you have neither a trusted or semi-trusted relationship
keyIn cryptography, a key is complex mathematical algorithm applied to clear text, readable information, to produce encrypted unreadable information, or applied to encrypted information to change it back to the original readable format
dssDigital Signature Standard
interstellar mediumThe medium of gas and dust that fills the space between the stars
ipsecA security protocol that provides authentication and encryption over the Internet
hyperbolic paraboloidSee paraboloid.
ramRandom access memory
coefficient of frictionA dimensionless quantity, the ratio of the friction force to the normal reaction as determined by a number of other factors
encke's cometThe comet with the shortest known period (3.30 years) (a = 2.21 AU, e = 0.847, i = 12°.4)
symmetric cipherAn encryption algorithm that uses the same key is used for encryption as decryption.
conclusionWhen mathematical conclusions are valid the laws of math and science have been adhered to, and a logical approach has been taken
anticirculant matrixAn anticirculant matrix is a matrix whose first row of values is repeated in each successive row, shifted one position to the left, with the first value "wrapping around" to the end.
lucky numbers25 - 9 = 16
luminosity(a) Brightness of a celestial body, measured in terms of (apparent) magnitude, absolute magnitude, or using the Sun's brightness as 1.0 on a Solar scale
m42The Orion Nebula, a star-forming region in the constellation Orion
lunisolar precessionThat component of general precession that is caused by the gravitational coupling between the Moon and the Earth and between the Sun and the Earth
identity functionA function which maps all elements to itself, written f(x) = x.
quantum fluctuations(a) The spontaneous fluctuation of energy in a volume of space
pentagonal numbers51 - 35 = 16
stopthe goal X = stop
intractableIn complexity theory, referring to a problem with no efficient means of deriving a solution.
side1
locationThe property of a mathematical object relative to other objects through the concept of adjacency.
reflexive propertya property of equality that states, "For any a, a = a."
groupA small gathering of galaxies, smaller than a cluster
quintic polynomialA 5th degree polynomial
cosor log
snmpSimple Network Management Protocol
seedA typically random bit sequence used to generate another, usually longer pseudo-random bit sequence.
proof that 0=1Is this a proof that 0=1?
fibonacci sequenceA specific sequence defined by the rule that each number is (or "can be", if we're extending a sequence in both directions) calculated by the sum of the two terms before it and that the first two terms of the sequence (the terms indexed by 1 and 2) both take the value of 1
invariant planeThe plane defined by the total angular momentum of the solar system
epoch(a) A point of time selected as a fixed reference
conjectureAn assertion that is not yet proven
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ftsFourier Transform Spectrometer [LLM96]
ground loopA condition in which two pieces of apparatus are connected together while each has a separate earth connection and these are not at identical potentials
hysteresis(a) The ability to follow two different branches of states, as a parameter built in the system varies first in a monotonic fashion and subsequently comes back to its initial value by varying in the opposite direction
solar neutrino unit1 SNU = 10-36 solar-neutrino captures per second per target atom
atomatomic
precisionThe quality of finer measurement or estimation is termed Precision.
bernoulli's equationA first-order differential equation whose main application is fluid flow.
box plotAnother name of the box-and-whisker diagram, also known as a box-and-whisker plot.
product  the result of two numbers being multiplied.
weighted averageWhen several factors comprise a score or calculation and the factors have different amounts of importance to the overall result, a Weighted Average may be calculated by assigning more importance (or "weight") to one factor over another.
relativistic mechanics1
regionA connected subset of points in a topological space.
law of sinesAlso known as the sine rule, an equation relating the three ratios of sides to the sine value of the corresponding (opposite) angles.
gravitational redshift(a) Generic name for the shift in the frequency or wavelength of a signal that travels up or down in a gravitational field; effect is a redshift if signal travels upward, a blueshift if it travels downward
lheaLaboratory for High Energy Astrophysics
cross productMore formally called the vector product - a way of multiplying 2 vectors and produces another vector perpendicular in direction to the "multiplicand" and the "multiplier"
hemisphereA hemisphere is half of a sphere.
cubeOpposite of chiral.
catalog equinoxThe intersection of the hour circle of zero right ascension of a star catalog with the celestial equator
consistentThe property of admitting possible solutions for a system of equations.
generatorSeveral relate concepts where a set of mathematical objects considered to be simpler than and completely specifies the mathematical object in question.
accumulation theoryThe theory by which planetesimals are assumed to collide with one another and coalesce, eventually sweeping up enough material to form the planets
angular frequencyAlso known as angular speed
are complex numbers real?A discussion of my view on which number system is required for physics.
complex analyticA particular property of mathematical representations of physical or mathematical systems
public exponentThe public key in the RSA public-key cryptosystem.
barycentricOf or related to the centre of mass of an object.
subtractionThe inverse operation of addition
hertz(Hz) A unit of frequency equal to one cycle (or wave) per second
trisectTo trisect is to divide into three equal parts
advectionThe transfer of matter such as water vapor or heat through the atmosphere as a result of horizontal movement of an air mass
digital timestampA record mathematically linking a document to a time and date.
color temperatureA stellar temperature determined by comparison of the spectral distribution of the star's radiation with that of a blackbody
opposite1
percentOne part out of a hundred
clouds of magellansee Magellanic Clouds
simple hypothesisA hypothesis which specifies the distirbution of a population
sculptor groupThe nearest group of galaxies to the Local Group, 4 to 10 million light-years away
capAn informal name for symbol ∩, used to denote intersection of sets that is easier to say than the polysyllabic "intersection".
meter(a) The SI unit of length
radian measureRadian Measure is just as good as degree measure for angles, and sometimes better
quantum theory(a) A theory which seeks to explain that the action of forces is a result of the exchange of sub-atomic particles
antipodal pointsThe points that are diametrically opposite on a circle or a sphere
tellexcept that it arranges for subsequent write operations to add data to the end of the specified file, rather than overwriting the file with the first subsequent write operation
eddy currentsInduced currents set up in a conductor by a changing magnetic field
biconditionalAn equivalence relation indicating two mathematical sentences to be necessary and sufficient conditon of each other.
factorThe factor of a number is a number that divides that number exactly
necessary conditionA sentence which is always true if the specified statement is true, but not necessarily vice versa
meridian(a) Theoretical north-south line on the Earth's surface, or an extension of that line onto the night sky, connecting the observer's zenith with the celestial pole and the horizon
activitySymbol: A For a radioactive substance, the average number of atoms disintegrating per unit time
serverA computer that provides shared resources to network users
ordinary differential equationODE - A differential equation without any partial derivatives.
microwave background radiationthermal radiation with a temperature of about 3 K that is apparently uniformly distributed in the Universe; the radiation, discovered by A.A
scale drawingA drawing for which all lengths are proportional to the corresponding lengths.
mechanicsThe study in mathematics of displacement (and its derivatives) and force and energy of models of physical bodies.
quadrangular prismA prism with a quadrangular (quadrilateral) base.
zeroizeGeneral expression for deleting the cryptographic keys and other variables from an encryption device in case of a compromise or seizure.
multinomialAn algebraic expression consisting of more than one term.
region of convergenceThe region of points, as arugments, provide a convergent series.
getterA chemical absorption method of removing (pumping) gas from a chamber by tying up molecules on a surface
hypatiaHypatia of Alexandria (AD 370(?)-415) was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, teacher, and head of the Platonist school at Alexandria about AD 400
mimeMultipurpose Internet Mail Extensions.
euclidean constructionGeometric construction using only straight edges and compasses
symmetric positive definiteA matrix which is symmetric and positive definite.
chromatic aberration(a) Introduction of spurious colors by a lens
adiabatic fluctuationsFluctuations in both the matter and radiation density, as though a volume of the Universe were slightly squeezed but allowing no radiation to escape
subjectperhaps temporarily, has the value databases
rectangular matrixA rectangular matrix is a matrix which is not "square", that is, a matrix whose row order and column order are different.
redshift-distance relationThe correlation between redshift in the spectra of galaxies and their distances
telltelling
productThe result of multiplication.
seriesthe sum of a sequence.
digital signatureThe encryption of a message digest with a private key.
missing matterAlternate term for dark matter
newtonian mechanicsThe study of positions (and its time-derivatives) and force through Newton's Law of Motion..
roota solution of an equation
random numberAs opposed to a pseudo-random number, a truly random number is a number produced independently of its generating criteria
frequency distributionA function showing the number of instances in which a variable takes each of its possible values.
island universe hypothesisAssertion that the sun belongs to a galaxy and that the spiral nebulae are other galaxies of stars, which in turn are separated from one another by vast voids of space
explicit differentiationThe process of differentiating an explicit function.
frequencyThe number of items occurring in a given category.
spaceA loosely defined idea of a set of elements with abstract algebraic structures which can be represented in, or identified with the physical concept of space.
recombination(a) The capture of an electron by a positive ion
galois fieldA field with a finite number of elements
compounded quarterlyinterest calculated every three months and added to the principal for the next interest period
regression of the nodesThe slow (19°.35 per year, 360° in 18.6 years), westward motion of the nodes of the Moon's orbit due to perturbations of the Earth and Sun
proportional  If y = kx, then y is said to be proportional to x.
scSingle Channel
galactic equatorThe primary circle defined by the central plane of the Galaxy
fhFrequency Hopping Method for quicky changing the frequency (channel) during a transmission in a seemingly random order
constant of proportionalityThe constant ratio between the change in 2 related variables said to be proportional (directly or partially) to each other.
bayes factorThe Bayesian equivalent (in its application) to the classical frequentist concept of hypothesis testing.
maclaurin spheroidA form which a homogeneous self-gravitating mass can take when in a state of uniform rotation
monotonic decreasing functionSee decreasing function.
right prismA prism where all lines contained in the lateral edges are perpendicular to the base.
probabilistic signature schemeA provably secure way of creating signatures using the RSA algorithm.
mediatorA type of variable designed to aid in identifying the relationship between a dependent and an independent vairable.
fixed-point iterationSee iteration.
chandrasekhar-schönberg limit(a) Mass above which the helium core of a star begins to contract (eventually to collapse altogether)
dotA dot is a tiny speck or point.
generalized linear modelsA generalisation unifying various types of regressions.
block cipher based macMAC that is performed by using a block cipher as a keyed compression function.
analysisA branch of mathematics that studies functions, sequences and related concepts
spontaneous emission(a) Radiation emitted by an isolated body
aspectThe apparent position of any of the planets or the Moon relative to the Sun, as seen from Earth
syn flood attackA method of denying service to legitimate users of a network resource (such as a Web server) by intentionally overloading a network with illegitimate TCP connection requests
cube rootA number that you can multiply by itself three times to get a given number
fovField of View
nonlinearThe property of an algebraic expression where the highest order term is of order more than 1.
proportional toproportional to
pressureThe measure of force exerted over a standardised area
equiangularHaving equal angles
torusA torus is a doughnut-shaped solid object.
concatenateTo place two (or more) things together one directly after the other
arithmetic progressionA sequence where consecutive terms differ by the same amount, that is, the directed difference between each term and the next is always the same.
canis minorissee Procyon
nonlinear key spaceA key space comprised of strong and weak keys.
salpeter functionA simple functional interpolation for the distribution by mass of newly formed stars
gamma ray(a) Electromagnetic radiation similar to X-radiation, although of shorter wavelength, emitted spontaneously by some radioactive substances from atomic nuclei during radioactive decay
inscribeto draw inside
space coordinatesCoordinates specifically used to identify the position of an (idealised) object in 3-dimensional space.
polygonA closed curve on a plane formed by more than one line segment
pgpPretty Good Privacy
ae aurigaeAn O9.5 V runaway star
strong primeA prime number with certain properties chosen to defend against specific factoring techniques.
minimal surfaceA surface whose mean curvature is zero.
square rootThe number whose square gives a specified number.
adsorptionA process in which a layer of atoms or molecules of one substance forms on the surface of a solid or liquid
projectionA matrix A is a projection matrix if it is idempotent and hermitian (or symmetric in the real case).
local bubbleThe region of the Galaxy near the Sun which has little neutral hydrogen gas
isostasyThe plasticity of the surface layer of a planet - e.g., the ability of the surface layer to adjust its level according to the load (such as ice caps) that it has to carry
vV equals 5 in Roman numerals.
sixSix is the number between five and seven
zero one matrixA zero one matrix is a matrix whose entries are equal to 0 or 1.
x-axisThe x-axis is usually the horizontal axis.
.pointA point is an exact location, a spot with no width or thickness.
centaurus clusterA cluster of galaxies about 200 Mpc distant
non-convexFlat or concave.
c.d.f.Cumulative distribution function of a probability distribution.
ftpFile Transfer Protocol
spheroidAn ellipsoid formed by stretching/compressing a sphere in one direction only.
confidence levelThe probability with which a parameter should fall within the given confidence interval (Since we can never be certain due to natural variations in our observations.)
interiorInterior means within or "in-between."
hydrogen burningThe fusion of hydrogen into helium and the process by which all main-sequence stars generate energy
irasInfrared Astronomy Satellite
baseA value multiplied repeatedly in an exponential expression.
probability distributionA function of a discrete variable whose integral over any interval is the probability that the random variable specified by it will lie within that interval
oblique pyramidA pyramid where the apex (the vertex not on the base) is not directly above the centreof the base.
macSee message authentication code.
callisto(a) Fifth (known) moon out from jupiter, and its second largest
memberthen "(", then the first argument, Item
export encryptionEncryption, in any form, which leaves its country of origin
d.o.f.An abbreviation for degrees of freedom, like d.f..
seeingDescribes the blurring of a stellar (point-like) image due to turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere, both at high altitudes and within the telescope dome
hecto-An SI prefix that means 100.
archimedesArchimedes (287 B.C
explosive galaxy formationA theory of galaxy formation wherein the explosion of a large number of stars creates a giant shock wave that travels outward and compresses the surrounding gas
relative velocityThe velocity of an object in the frame of reference of another object
line graphA diagram showing a system of connections or interrelations between two or more things by using lines.
transformation1
mean elementsElements of an adopted reference orbit (see Elements, Orbital ) that approximates the actual, perturbed orbit
varianceLearn how to calculate the variance of a random distribution.
lagrange's theoremAlso known as Lagrange's Four Squares Theorem or Bachet's Conjecture, it is a theorem that states that any natural numbers can be exprressed as the sum of 4 squares of integers (or 4 squares of natural numbers including zero).
private exponentThe private key in the RSA public-key cryptosystem.
pkiPublic-key Infrastructure
nonnegativeWe have occasions to refer to all positive values as well as to zero
sphereThe outer surface of a ball
historythen the cut goal is executed, and then studies
inverseInverse carries a lot of meanings within the language of mathematics.
gambler's ruinA number of related concepts and results in probability that is not in the gamblers' favour
componendo et dividendoA way to simplify various calculations involving fractions
encryptionThe transformation of plaintext into an apparently less readable form (called ciphertext) through a mathematical process
abundance(a) The relative amount of a given element among others; for example, the abundance of oxygen in the Earth's crust is approximately 50% by weight
red spotAn elliptical spot about 40,000 × 15,000 km on the southern hemisphere of Jupiter
positive angleA plane angle taken to be anti-clockwise from some reference axis.
null matrixA matrix whose entries are all 0
riseThe difference in the coordinates of the independent variable between 2 points.
modethe number that occurs most frequently in a set of data.
convex polygonA polygon where any line segments connecting any 2 points within the polygon is also entirely within the polygon
-processA hypothetical process of nucleosynthesis (now considered obsolete terminology), which consisted of redistributing -particles in the region from 20Ne to 56Fe (and perhaps slightly higher)
degreeA degree is a measure of temperature or angle
symmetricx ~ y implies y ~ x for all x, y in X.
cross productA product of vectors that generates another vector is often a Cross Product.
causalitypertaining to the time development of a system and the requirement of special relativity whereby energy cannot be propagated at a speed faster than that of light
subkeyA value generated during the key scheduling of the key used during a round in a block cipher.
dichotomous dataData where all entries fall into exactly one of two categories.
nonagonA nonagon is a nine-sided polygon.
arithmetic meanAn average value of a set of numbers calculated by dividing the sum of the set of numbers by the number of numbers in the set.
heliocentricHaving the Sun at the center
non-persistent cookiesNon-persistent cookies do not permanently record data and they are not stored on your computer's hard drive
biconcaveDescribing a lens with two concave faces
nonperiodic tilingA pattern of non-overlapping geometric shapes which fills a plane with no gaps between shapes, where patterns are generally repeated through the plane.
null setsame as empty set.  A set with no elements.
newton-raphson methodAlso known as Newton's method.
polyhedronA 3 dimensional object bounded by 2-dimensional surfaces which are polygons
carbon burningThe stage when a star fuses carbon into heavier elements, making neon and magnesium
minimal surfaceA mathematical term referring to surfaces that satisfy a minimization procedure
hourA unit of time originally defined to be one twenty-fourth (1/24) of a day
color chargeColor charge and strong charge are the same thing
irreflexive relationA relation that is not reflexive.
kinetic energyEnergy possessed by an object due to its motion.
si unitsInternational System of Units, a metric system of units of measurement.
massive black holeUtilized in a theoretical model for quasars and active galactic nuclei, according to which the energy source is due to infall (and resultant heating) of gas and stars onto a supermassive central black hole
master equationan equation describing the evolution of the probability of a state at a given time as the balance between transitions leading to this state, and transitions removing the system from this state
parallelDescribing lines (or other geomtric objects) that are non-intersecting, "going" in the same direction and keep equal distance everywhere
galilean satellitesThe four largest satellites of Jupiter - Io (J I), Europa (J II), Ganymede (J III), and Callisto (J IV) - discovered by Galileo in 1610
galactic clusterSee open cluster
bracketsBrackets act just like parentheses, coming in pairs to group data or terms.
cartesian productThe Cartesian product of two sets is the set of all ordered pairs such that the first element of the ordered pair is an element of the first set in the product and similarly, the second element of the ordered pair is an element of the second set in the product.
mM equals 1000 in Roman numerals.
serial registerThe final (horizontal) row of a CCD in which the controlling electrodes are arranged at right angles to those on the rest of the CCD
hmacsee MAC.
colloidA substance containing very small particles (sizes in the range 10-9-10-5 m)
inversely proportional  y is inversely proportional to x if y = k/x.
factor formulaeAlso known as sum-to-product formulae
neighbourhoodA set of points which include all the points within a sphere of radius of any positive value of a specified point.
brachistochroneThe trajectory of fastest travel between 2 points if a bead is considered to be guided by a smooth wire, under gravity only, between the 2 points starting from rest
shearA stress applied to a body in the plane of one of its faces
altitude(a) Angular distance above the horizon
minor arcThe shorter of the 2 parts of circumference (arcs) defined (and split) by 2 points on the circumference of a circle.
matrixa table of numbers arranged in rows and columns.
hubA device that serves as a common connection point for multiple devices on a network
regolithThe layer of fragmentary debris produced by meteoritic impact on the surface of the Moon or a planet
connected graphA graph is connected if there is at least one path between any two vertices of the graph.
factorialThe factorial function is the function represented by an exclaimation mark
headerA series of bytes at the beginning of a communication packet that provides information about the packet such as its computer of origin, the intended recipient, packet size, and destination port number
material equivalenceA material bicondition, two sentences which share the same truth values.
milky way(a) Our own galaxy, the second largest in the local group
session keyA key for symmetric-key cryptosystems which is used for the duration of one message or communication session
memberthe list that is the argument to member
concordanceA measure of agreement of pairwise bijective set of orderings on a finite number of objects.
mortality tablesAnother name for life tables.
digital cashSee electronic money
imperial unitsThe system of units used in the British Empire before the adoption of the metric system.
rotationMovement in a circulation or circular fashion, often around a point or an axis, is termed Rotation.
equation of motionAny equations related to the motion of objects.
key generationThe act of creating a key.
hectogonA hectogon is a hundred-sided figure.
aplanatic systemA system of three lenses which, taken together, correct for spherical aberration, chromatic aberration, and coma
ambiguous caseCommonly refering to the situation in trigonometry where insufficient information are given in specifying a triangle (up to congruence), while appearing otherwise
stratosphereThe region of Earth's atmosphere immediately above the troposphere
high-velocity objectGenerally a celestial object in the galactic halo whose orbital velocity around the galactic center is less than that of the Sun, and that thus, relative to the Sun, has a high space motion
l'hôpital's ruleA method for finding the limit of a ratio with an indeterminate value through the use of derivatives.
trojan horseA malicious program disguised as a useful or fun program
iramInstitut de RadioAstronomie Millimetrique
digestCommonly used to refer to the output of a hash function, e.g
variableA variable is a symbol, often a letter, which is used to represent a value which may change within the context of the given problem.
stream cipher based macMAC that uses linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) to reduce the size of the data it processes.
multiplexCombining many signals into one or a small number of signals
s.e.A shorthand for standard error.
hard problemA computationally-intensive problem; a problem that is computationally difficult to solve.
deca-An SI prefix that means ten or ten-fold.
bias1
schwarzschild filling factorRatio of the actual density to the limiting value for a system
limit comparison testA method of determining the convergence or divergence of a sequence by comparing the ratio of the terms of a sequence under consideration, with the corresponding terms of a sequence of known status (of convergence/divergence).
self-shrinking generatorA stream cipher where the output of an LFSR is allowed to feed back into itself.
apocenterThe point in the orbit of one component of a binary system which is farthest from the center of mass of the system
setSecure Electronic Transaction
c.g.s. unitsA system of units based on centimetres, grams and seconds
mixed decimalA form of representation of a number with an integer part and a part whose quantity is between 0 and 1
number base representationWe use a positional numeral system with base 10 to represent our numbers.
laplacian determinismClockwork conception of the Universe in which complete knowledge of the state of the Universe at one moment completely determines its state at all future and past moments
logarithm1
deltachange / difference
high quartileAlso known as an upper quartile or third quartile.
constructionThe study of geometric figures which can be constructed using an idealised version of real world compasses and rulers (straight edge).
beta distributionA important univariate continuous probability distribution over the open interval (0, 1).
maclaurin seriesA special case of a Taylor's series (see Taylors theorem) where the specific point on which the series is based has argument zero (is on the y-axis).
isomer shiftDisplacement of an absorption line due to the fact that the absorbing nuclei have a different s-electron density from that of the emitting nuclei
burstSuddenly enhanced nonthermal radio emission from the high solar corona immediately following a solar flare, probably due to energetic electrons trapped in the coronal magnetic field
divergenceA differential operator on a vector function such that, for a vector F = Ui + Vj + Wk in the Cartesian coordinate system,
fractalA self-similar geometric shape consisting of parts which is the same as an enlargement of some of its parts.
cationA positively charged ion, formed by removal of electrons from atoms or molecules
stressThe amount of force per unit area within a cross section (perpendicular to the direction of force) of a body on which a force acts.
wavedisturbance that propagates through space and time, usually with transference of energy
receiverGeneral term for a radio detection system
relation  a set of ordered pairs.
root1
lyman alpha cloudsGas lying between us and quasars that absorbs some of the radiation from those quasars
graphical solutionA process of finding approximations of solutions through the use of graphs.
terminatorThe boundary between the illuminated and dark areas of the apparent disk of the Moon, a planet or a planetary satellite
hyperbolic geometrySee non-Euclidean geometry.
heliocentric cosmologySchool of models in which the sun was portrayed as standing at the center of the universe
supra-thermalHigh-energy
fried parameterA measure of the scale of the turbulence in the atmosphere
ethernet addressA unique ID number obtained automatically when an Ethernet adapter is added to a computer
data encryption standardSee DES.
system noiseThe noise in a radio telescope; composed of the receiver noise and the sky noise
conjunctA logical operator that returns the value true if and only if both its operands are true
analytic methodsMethods for solving problems which involves breaking down and studying the consequences of the "internal" properties and/or components of objects involved in the problem, as opposed to solution primarily through its "external" relations to other objects.
conditional probabilityThe probability of an event given the (non-)occurrence of other events.
ounceAn ounce is a unit of measure
bastion hostA computer placed outside a firewall to provide public services (such as World Wide Web access and FTP) to other Internet sites, hardened to withstand whatever attacks the Internet can throw at it.
wormA self-replicating program that seeks access into other computers by exploiting security flaws
termAn expression (usually within a larger expression) which is considered as one, connected by most elementary operations and functions other than addition and subtraction.
googolA name for the value 10100.
gffGiga French Francs
active galactic nucleusAGN -- An unusually bright galactic nucleus whose light is not due to starlight
partial correlation coefficientThe coefficient of correlation between 2 random variables with all other random variables fixed.
continuity correctionThe adjustment of the argument of a discrete distribution to form a closer approximation to a continuous argument
packetA unit of information formatted according to specific protocols that allow precise transmittal of data from one node in a network to another
astronomyThe science that studies the natural world beyond the earth
supersetA set which completely contains the specified set
acceptance samplingA method of make a decision of acceptance or rejection of a batch of items by randomly sampling a portion of it
kirkwood gapsRegions in the asteroid zone which have been swept clear of asteroids by the perturbing effects of Jupiter
predictor variableAnother name for an independent variable, explanatory variable or a predicated variable.
one pound16 ounces (weight) (Units of measure)
oblique coordinate systemAny coordinate systems where the coordinate axes are not perpendicular to each other.
contour plotA type of plane graphical representation of a function with 2 arguments where sets of points of selected values form non-intersecting closed curves, known as contours.
bitA binary digit, either 1 or 0.
method of momentsA method of estimating parameters in the population by moments of the sample.
projectileAn object purturbed from stationary by a force before being subjected to air resistance and gravity only - where the effects of air resistance is generally understood to not reduce the speed of the object.
centripetal forceA force perpendicular to the velocity of an object which causes the object to travel on a curved (not straight) path.
oaepOptimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding; a provably secure way of encrypting a message.
percent  a fraction in which the denominator is assumed to be 100.
inequalityAn inequality is a statement that relates two expressions that are not, or may not be, equal.
coefficient of concordanceA measure of concordance
npNondeterministic polynomial running time
evolutionAlso known as extraction, the process of finding a root of a number
commutation relationsin quantum mechanics, if one has two operators A and B, then it is often the case that the action of the product operator AB is not the same as that of BA
spheresConcept probably older than the ancient Greeks, in which the Sun, Moon, planets and the stars were thought to orbit the Earth travelling on their own crystalline but - except for that of the stars - transparent spheres
head-tail galaxiesA class of relatively weak radio sources associated with clusters of galaxies and characterized by a high-brightness "head" close to the optical galaxy and a long low-brightness "tail"
perpendicularThe state of geometric objects being at right angle to each other.
percentLiterally, per hundred.
sensitive informationInformation that requires special precautions to protect it from unauthorised access, modification, use or deletion
armillary sphereAncient Greek, Arabic and medieval alt-azimuth device, comprising a calibrated ring fixed in the meridian plane, within which a second concentric ring, also calibrated, was mobile around a vertical axis
sexticOf degree six or sixth order.
parabolicOf or related to the shape of the parabola.
coriolis effectThe acceleration which a body in motion experiences when observed in a rotating frame
magnetopauseThe region in earth's ionosphere where the magnetosphere meets the Solar Wind
eccentricAn orbit that has a high eccentricity that is, highly elliptical
additive inverse for matricesMr
restSum
regressionA family of techniques designed to uncover the relationship between a dependent variable with one or more independent variables.
enneadecagonAn enneadecagon is a nineteen-sided polygon.
chondriteA stony meteorite usually characterized by the presence of chondrules (q.v.)
centigrade degreeSame as celsius.
pkcsPublic-key cryptography Standards
conclusionthe part in the then clause of a conditional statement
rotationOf a single body in space: spinning on an axis
decimalA number expressed in a particular positional numbering system of base 10
avoidanceThe fact that galaxies appear to "avoid" the Milky Way, and are most numerous in other parts of the sky
covert channelA hidden communication medium.
convergent sequenceInformally, a sequence is convergent if the terms gets arbitrarily close to a point (called the limit) so that given a proximity (that the sequence should get to), a sequence eventually gets to within such proximity without leaving it.
coulomb barrier(a) Electromagnetic zone of resistance surrounding protons (or other electrically charged particles) that tends to repel other protons (or other particles of like charge)
sample spaceThe set of all possible outcomes from an experiment.
royal societyEnglish organization founded in the seventeenth century and dedicated to the advancement of science
complementThe complement of a set is the set of elements not in the specified set
half-lifeWhen some entity experiences exponential decay (reduction or diminution) the times it takes to lose half of its size (or strength) is its Half-Life.
choosing correct variablesA good choice of variables can simplify the amount of computations that you have to do.
modus ponensWe have "If A, then B." Modus Ponens is a piece of logic that goes like this: if we know A to be true, then we know that B must be true, too.
zNotation for redshift
revolutionThe rotation of a geometric figure by 360o.
explosive variablessee Cataclysmic Variables
threshold cryptographySplitting a secret (for example a private key) into many pieces such that only certain subsets of the n pieces may be combined to form the secret.
convex functionA function whose graph is such that, given any 2 pointst on the curve, the value of any point with argument between the 2 points lie below the straight line joining the 2 points
sexagesimalOf or related to the number 60
meteoroidA small particle orbiting the Sun in the vicinity of Earth
main beamThe lobe of maximum sensitivity in a radio telescope
meissner effectthe phenomenon in which a metal cooled through its superconducting transition temperature in the presence of a magnetic field completely expels the field
factor1
trapdoor one-way functionA one-way function that has an easy-to-compute inverse if you know certain secret information
wavelengthUsually represented by the symbol λ
seethen input will subsequently come from the file input.dat
deformationThe effect of a transformation where shapes before and after the transformation are not mathematically similar.
x1while in the second (recursive) invocation, we refer to the new X
recursiveA Recursive formula or series has successive terms defined by operations or permutations on the term.
quadruple(To make to be) four-fold
grouped dataA representation of data by mapping each data point to exactly one of the non-intersecting categories (groups), such that only the number of occurrence (frequency) in each group is presented, ignoring difference between data points which fall under the same group.
message digestA mathematical function used in encryption to distill the information contained in a file into a single large number, typically between 128 and 256 bits in length
nonagonA 9-sided polygon
deductionA method of inference which attempts to "justify" conclusions by applying rules of inference on the premises of the argument and other such conclusions.
moneyMoney is used as a basis for trade
vealvealer
proxy serverA server that sits between a client application (such as a browser) and a "real" server
dimensionSeveral related concepts informally revolving around the idea of the number of indices needed to describe all elements of a mathematical object where "adjacent" elements receive "adjacent" numberings.
equateTo assert the sameness of two quantities.
simple harmonic motionPeriodic Motion with constant length of cycle time (a fixed period) is termed Simple Harmonic Motion.
hendecagonA hendecagon is an eleven-sided figure (undecagon is another word for this figure)
power seriesAny infinite series which takes the form
micronAn alternative name for a micrometre.
entailmentA relation between sentences in meta-logic.
compound interestThe calculation of interest payments taking into account of previous interest payments as part of the principal.
azimuth(a) Directional bearing around the horizon, measured in degrees from north (0°)
abscissa(plural abscissae) A somewhat obsolete term for the x-coordinate
m87A giant elliptical galaxy in the Virgo cluster
hyperbolic spiralSee spiral.
low-temperature physicsusually defined as the physics of matter below about 20 degrees absolute (-253 degrees Celsius)
subjective probabilityAn interpretation to probability that the given (known) information in corresponds to belief of the observer.
closed curveA curve with no endpoints, generally used to refer to non-self-intersecting curves.
secondA second is a measure of angle that is equal to 1/60th of a minute (a minute is 1/60th of a degree).
signatureA digital code created with a private key
iCommon symbol used to represent the "positive" square root of -1.
coulomb's lawThe force between two charged particles varies directly as the size of the charges and inversely as the square of the distance between them
fillerKey fill device
fermat numbersA number of the form
becquerelAn SI derived unit of radioacitivity denoted by the symbol Bq.
measurementThe result from comparison to an established standard, Measurement may be exact only to an agreed-to precision.
seeseeing
decimal pointA decimal point is a dot that separates the a number into the whole number part (on the left of the decimal point) and the fraction (to the right of the decimal point)
intrinsic equationA way of defining a curve using intrinsic properties of curves such as arc lengths and curvatures.
gcdAlso known as HCF
30-60-90A special right triangle 30-60-90 has the hypotenuse equal to twice the length of the side opposite to the 30 degree angle, and the length of the side opposite to the 60 degree angle; equal to the product of the square root of three and the length of the side opposite to the 30 degree angle.
combinationsIf a set has \(n\) distinct elements then there are \(\binom{n}{k}=\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}\) ways to choose \(k\) elements.
euclidean groupThe Euclidean group E(n) is the group of all symmetries of n-dimensional Euclidean space, including translations, rotations and reflections
m51The Whirlpool Galaxy, a stunning spiral in the constellation canes venatici
pigeonhole principleWhen stuffing \(N+1\) pigeons into \(N\) pigeonholes, at least 1 hole must have 2 or more pigeons
galactic centersAre now thought to comprise black holes - which would explain why the centre of our Galaxy appears strangely obscure, and emits only infrared radiation
authenticationThe process by which individuals and organizations verify each other's identity during the exchange of sensitive and confidential information: on secure websites, customers are usually authenticated using IDs and passwords
loadAn external force (usually weight) on a system from an object which is in equilibrium given the equilibruim of the system.
coherent(a)Two sources of waves are said to be coherent if there is a constant relationship between the phases of the waves emitted by them
factorThe verb Factor is the act of dividing some entity into components or pieces that, when multiplied together, produce the given entity
bivariate distributionA distribution of two random variables considered together.
ensembleA hypothetical group of many universes of varying properties
self-similarityA property of a geometric figure where the figure (or part of it) resembles itself (or another part of it) under elementary transformations, such as rotation, reflection, translation, enlargement etc.
wavelength(a) The distance between adjacent peaks in a wave-train is the wavelength
parameterA variable (and by extension, a constant value that the variable takes) which determines (sometimes uniquely) the behaviour of a mathematical system such as an equation or an expression.
mapA map (also called a cartograph) shows the features of an area
readget
extrapolationConstructing new values by use of existing values whose arguments (the independent variable) are all greater or all less than (but not both) the new construction
hstHubble Space Telescope
kernel functionA mathematical transform operated upon one or multiple input variables; inner product or convolution is a popular form of kernel function.
quantum cosmology(a) The study of the Planck era
one rupee16 Annas (India coinage: 1835-1957)
geocentric cosmology(a) School of ancient theories that depicted the earth as standing, immobile, at the center of the universe
reflex angleAn angle greater than half a revolution (180°) but less than one revolution (360°).
critical temperaturethe temperature at which a continuous phase transition occurs
inductive reasoninga type of reasoning by which generalizations are drawn from patterns in observed data
end point1
secularIn astronomy, gradual, taking aeons to accomplish
isotropic(a) Having equal and uniform properties at all points and in all directions
stronger inductionSuppose we have a problem we would like to approach by Induction, but are not given the Induction hypothesis
binary operationAn operation, such as addition or multiplication, performed on two elements of a set to derive a third element
multimodal distributionA distribution with more than one mode
mesosphereThe part of Earth's atmosphere immediately above the stratosphere, where the temperature drops from about 270 K to 180 K
decimal pointA dot used to separate the integral part of a number from the fractional part in the decimal number system
amorphousDenoting a solid that has no crystalline structure; i.e
metricA function of 2 arguments, of elements of a set, generalising the notion of distance.
thermal backgroundThe radiation emitted by the telescope and the atmosphere at infrared wavelengths due to the heat (temperature) of the source
consequentIn the conventional way of expressing hypothetical propositions, "If A then B", the consequent is the second part of the sentence
savings accounta bank account that earns interest on the balance of the account
normal sectionA cross section of a geometric figure with a plane which contains the normal of a point to the face of the geometric figure.
coherent scatteringA scattering process that leaves atoms in the same energy state after the scattered photon departs in a direction different from that of the incident photon
finite sequenceA sequence with finitely many terms.
due datethe date a payment is to be made by
smooth spaceA spatial region in which the fabric of space is flat or gently curved, with no pinches, ruptures, or creases of any kind
locusA set of points which all satisfy a set of conditions
cosinecosh x = ½ (ex + e-x)
milli-A prefix meaning 10-3
internal forceA force on a part of the system originating from another part of the system under consideration
supA shorthand for supremum.
dimA shorthand or an operator for counting the dimensions of a space.
multivariate dataData of multiple variables.
adjacency matrixAn adjacency matrix of an (undirected) graph is a matrix whose order is the number of nodes, and whose entries record which nodes are connected to each other by a link or edge of the graph.
inductionSystem of reasoning in which the conclusion, though implied by the premises and consistent with them, does not necessarily follow from them
harmonic analysisThe study of functions and curves which can be represented as the sum (superposition) of waves and related ideas
specific gravityThe relative density of a material to a specified reference material presented as a ratio..
horizon(a) The maximum distance that an observer can see
fingerprintA unique identifier for a key that is obtained by hashing specific portions of the key data
solidA three-dimensional geometric figure or body that includes the interior region.
semiminor axis1
scalable architectureSoftware and/or hardware constructed so that it can grow efficiently.
financial transaction taxFIPS [FIPS]
sequenceDefined as an ordered list of numbers.
particleIn mechanics, the concept of an ideal object with position and mass (thus momentum and other concepts that follow) but no (or negligible) size and spin.
g8General Packet Radio Service [GPRS]
exclusionExclusion means to leave out or to not include some value, either from a set or for consideration into a set of values.
limb correctionCorrection that must be made to the distance between the center of mass of the Moon and its limb
nappeOne of two surfaces of a double cone partitioned by the vertex of the cone.
anti-matter(a) For every variety of particle there exists an antiparticle with opposite properties such as sign of electrical charge
compact radio sourceA radio source which has a small angular extent and is strongest at shorter wavelengths (cf
homogeneous expansionTo a good approximation, our universe appears to be undergoing homogeneous expansion, which means that successive snapshots of a given region would each look like a photographic blowup of the first snapshot
multiple regressionRegression on a dependent variable and more than one independent variable.
plus/minus signThe sign ± combining the two operations in two cases
supplementary angleA supplementary angle is an angle that, when added to another angle, equals 180 degrees.
prismA solid figure whose cross section (perpendicular to an axis) is the same along the whole axis.
minimiseTo find the parameters such that the quantity in consideration attains its least possible value.
lawA theory of such wide and invariable application that its violation is thought to be impossible
ediElectronic (business) Data Interchange.
lower boundA value which is less than all elements of a given set.
prime numbers3 + 13 = 16
twisted curveAn elliptic curve formed from another elliptic curve by adding (amending) coefficients to certain terms.
equilateral polygonA polygon which has sides of equal length, but not necessarily all the same angles
simultaneous inequalitiesA set of inequaties where the solution set contains the same value for the same vairables.
librariesIn computer terms, a library is a collection of subroutines provided by the operating system or development environment that can be used to perform certain common tasks; e.g
ionization(a) Loss or gain by an atom of one or more electrons, by which process the atom becomes an ion and instead of being neutral, has a charge: positive if it has lost an electron, negative if it has gained one
inputdatawhich contains on its first line the term likes(mary, pizza).
octal number  a number in base 8.
transmittanceThe ratio of the transmitted energy that a substance allows through to the energy incident upon it
brightness(a) Refers to the amount of light coming from an object
mathematicsMathematics is the study of numbers, shapes, patterns, and logical reasoning.
scaleIt is the ratio of any length of the corresponding side of one figure to the length of the corresponding side of another similar figure
malmquist biasThe systematic distortion in a standard candle's effective range due to failure in detecting the fainter examples of the standard candle at large distances
spin-flip collisionsCollisions between particles in which the direction of the spin angular momentum changes
satelliteBody orbiting a planet
holtsmark approximationAn approximation in which the lines emitted and absorbed by atoms are subject to the fluctuating electrostatic fields to which the atom is subject in an ionized atmosphere
functional seriesA series where the individual terms are functions.
compound lensTwo or more lenses used together as a unit
ergosphereThe region surrounding the event horizon (but inside the stationary limit) of a rotating Kerr black hole (see Ergoregion)
square matrixA Square Matrix has the same number of rows as columns.
apogeeThe point at which a body in orbit around the Earth reaches its farthest distance from the Earth
complex functionA function involving complex numbers
centre of buoyancyThe centre of gravity of the body of water that an object displaces.
deci-An SI prefix that means one tenth.
compressTo compact a file or group of files so that they occupy less disk space
contour integralA powerful mathematical tool used in complex geometry whereby the value of an integral is determined by drawing a contour or boundary and evaluating singularities, poles, and residues inside
primary linesSo all the faces are primary regions
lemniscateA curve with the shape of a "figure of eight", the etymology of the term originates from describing the shape as ribbons.
vectorizableThe property of a computer program, or program segment, that allows for the simultaneous execution of operations on different data values; thus making it possible to allocate the work to a set of operators and accomplish the work in parallel
euler lineA line which passes through the orthocentre, centroid, and circumcentre and orthocentre of a non-equilateraltriangle.
alphaThe first letter of the Greek alphabet.
millionThe name for one thousand thousand, 106 = 1 000 000
orthorhombic crystalA crystal in which the atoms are arranged in a rectangular solid, for which each of the three principal lengths are different
clusteringIn cosmology, the observed tendency of galaxies to bunch together, rather than to distribute themselves uniformly and independently of each other
key pairPublic key cryptography uses a pair of key codes related to each other in this way: if you lock-up data using one key code, you can only unlock it using the other key code
bend pointAlso known as an (extremal) turning point.
chaotic dynamicstime-dependent aperiodic regime in which individual histories corresponding to initially close states tend subsequently to diverge exponentially
plusA symbol for addition, or the operation itself.
pascalAn SI derived unit of pressure - the pressure of 1 Newton of force acting uniformly over 1 m2 of area.
amplitude(a) The maximum value of a varying quantity from its mean or base value
imageSee RANGE.
clientA computer process that requests a service from another computer and accepts the server's responses.
solid  a three dimensional object that completely encloses a volume of space.
bisectDividing into 2 equal halves.
two-person gameA game consisting of 2 players (decision makers) in game theory.
spamUnsolicited commercial e-mail sent to many recipients, much like an electronic version of junk mail.
encryptionThe process of converting data into a cipher or code in order to prevent unauthorised use
bandA series of closely spaced, often unresolved, emission or absorption lines found in the spectra of molecules
stars and barsLearn about the combinatorial counting technique known as stars and bars.
parityThe state of a positive integers being odd or even
summand1
cohomologyA branch of mathematics concerned with the patching together of spaces
cubeIt will be less than 180 degrees for convex edges, or greater than 180 degrees for concave edges
ellipsoidA stretched or squashed sphere.
mean absolute deviationA measure of dispersion, it is the mean of the unsigned differences between observations and some measure of central tendency (such as mean or median
celestial meridianThe great circle on the celestial sphere which passes through the celestial poles and the zenith of the observer
umbraThe portion of a shadow cone in which none of the light from an extended light source (ignoring refraction) can be observed
d.f.A shorthand for degrees of freedom.
infA shorthand for infimum.
least common denominatorWhen two or more fractions are being summed we want the LCD to facilitate the operation of addition.
molecular cloudsA cloud of interstellar gas and dust that consists mostly of molecular hydrogen
chequing accounta bank account that allows you to access funds within the account by writing cheques
impulse1
relative densityThe ratio of the density of a system/object/material to the density of a reference system/object/material
located vectorA vector with a specific origin (thus also destination).
bijectionA one-to-one correspondence of 2 sets
firewallA combination of industrial strength computer hardware and software designed to securely separate the Internet from internal web servers, computer systems, networks and databases
pizzain likes(john, pizza).
core-halo galaxiesA class of radio sources characterized by an emission "halo" surrounding a more intense "core"
errorThe difference or maximum possible difference between an observation/estimation/representation and the actual value.
kaoKuiper Airborne Observatory
countably infiniteThe property of a set being infinite and countable
gamma functionA function related to the factorial function defined by the integral
scipSecure Communications Interoperability Protocol Universal communication protocol which doesn't depend on the bandwidth of the underlying channel
energy distributionThe amount of energy radiated at each range of wavelengths
message authentication codeA MAC is a function that takes a variable length input and a key to produce a fixed-length output
cosmic background radiation(a) The blackbody radiation, now mostly in the microwave band, which consists of relic photons left over from the very hot, early phase of the big bang
accuracyThe quality of approaching an exact value
logarithmic differentiationA method of differentiation by first applying a logarithmic function to the operand
least common multipleThe least common multiple (LCM) is the smallest number that is a multiple of two or more numbers
linear functionA linear function is a function from one vector space to another (perhaps the same one), such that it makes no difference whether you apply the function before or after adding vectors or multiplying them by numbers
bisectTo bisect is to divide into two equal (congruent) parts
aliasA shortcut that enables a user to identify a group of hosts, networks, or users under one name
minor axis1
horizontal branchThat part of the H-R diagram of a typical globular cluster that extends shortward from the asymptotic branch at an approximately constant absolute bolometric magnitude of about 0.3
ghostA faint image near the image required, caused by radiation that has taken a different path
radius  the distance from the center to a point on a circle.   The line segment from the center to a point on a circle.
harman-seaton sequenceAn evolutionary sequence of hot subdwarfs and nuclei of planetary nebulae
eclipse(a) Occultation of one celestial body by another which passes between it and the observer
constituentsAny objects that are bound together to make larger objects
actiniumA soft silvery-white radioactive metallic element that is the first member of the actinoid series
isolated pointAlso known as a hermit point or acnode, a solution to a system of equations where the solution (amongst uncountably many) have no other solutions within its neighbourhood
momentMoment takes on many meanings in statistics and physics.
angular velocityIs the rate of change of the angular position of a rotating body; mainly expressed in radians per second or per minute.
pair setThe formation of a new set that consists of two elements of a set (or two sets) only, with no other members.
observer(a) Anything in receipt of electromagnetic radiation
inverse variationAlso known as inverse proportions.
spiral galaxyA galaxy with a prominent nuclear bulge and luminous spiral arms of gas, dust, and young stars that wind out from the nucleus
axisTheoretical straight line through a celestial body, around which it rotates
circular functionsAnother name for the trigonometric functions
stratified sampleA sample where the proportions belonging to the various strata (cetegories) partitioning the population is manipulated so that the proportions are the same (or as close as possible) to that of the population..
duplication of the cubeAncient, classical mathematical problem belonging to the same category as trisecting an angle and squaring a circle - all of these are supposed to be solved by straight edge and compasses, and all of these have since been proven to be impossible.
taylor series remainderA truncated Taylor series, where a finite number of terms is deleted from the beginning (so that if a term is deleted, all the terms prior to it are also deleted)
indirect proofa process of arguing in which you assume the conclusion you wish to demonstrate is false
boundary conditionsAdditional information (constraints) to differential equations regarding the extremes of the domains which help refine a family of solutions.
minkowski space-timespace and time considered together, with special importance attached to the progress of a light flash, and to the light-cone and the `interval'
modelA system of interlinked mathematical concept meant to represent (accurately or as an approximation) of another system.
mass(a) The quantitative property of an object due to the matter it contains
gravitySee gravitation.
solar massThe amount of mass in the Sun, and the unit in which stellar and galactic masses are expressed
holeA missing element (typically a point) from an otherwise continuous function is called a Hole.
chandrasekhar limit(a) A limiting mass for white dwarfs
perimeterThe length of a closed curve, commonly the edges and boundaries of a plane figure
mosMetal Oxide Semiconductor -- A construction used to fabricate microelectronic components
cold dark matter(a) Hypothetical subatomic particles that move slowly compared with the speed of light
bolometric absolute magnitudeA measure of the total amount of energy radiated by a star at all wavelengths
vidiconGeneral name for the class of vacuum tube imaging devices which employ a scanning electron beam to read out the image
positional systemA system representing numbers where symbols can take on different (but usually related) meanings depending on its (relative) position within the collection of symbols.
relativityThe idea that physical laws should be isotropic, homogeneous and time-independent (in all directions, at all points, at all times)
standardsConditions and protocols set forth to allow uniformity within communications and virtually all computer activity.
cve-compatibleCommon Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) is a list of standardized names for vulnerabilities and other information security exposures, whose aim is to standardize the names for all publicly known vulnerabilities and security exposures
obtuse angleAn obtuse angle is an angle greater than ninety degrees.
born approximationAn approach to collision problems by using perturbation methods
carbon monoxideA molecule consisting of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom (CO)
inverse trigonometric functionsThe functions which take the values of trigonometric functions as argument and give the corresponding arguments of the same function as values
rest massThe mass of an object when it is considered to be stationary from a frame of reference.
coded maskCoded masks are used for imaging high-enery x-ray and gamma radiation that cannot otherwise be focused by lenses or mirrors
arp tableA table of IP addresses stored on a local computer, used to match IP addresses to their corresponding MAC addresses
graceful exit problemsA problem of the original formulation of the inflationary theory, in which the formation of bubbles at the end of inflation destroys the homogeneity of the universe
mazeGetting through the passages of a maze is tricky.
cepheid(a) A yellow supergiant that pulsates, alternately brightening and dimming
oblique triangleA non right-angled triangle.
key agreementA process used by two or more parties to agree upon a secret symmetric key.
directrices of a hyperbolaTwo parallel lines, one of which, together with one of the foci, defines the hyperbola through a ratio of the distances to each, known as the eccentricity.
mt. wilsonThe location, in California, of the 100-inch diameter telescope used by Edwin Hubble and others
factorOriginally a positive integer that divides another given positive integer a whole number of times
avalancheA process such as that in which a single ionization leads to a large number of ions
cometary nebulaA reflection nebula with a fan shape that bears a superficial resemblance to a comet
associativeDescribes the property of any binary operation (in this case, °) where the order, in which the multitude of identical operation to be performed, does not matter
interestA fee paid for use of an asset (often money) without taking ownership (the asset must be returned "as is" at the time of borrowing/lending).
perspectiveThe point that is the intersection of all lines which run through corresponding vertices of 2 plane figures
cauchy convergence condition1
security holes/bugsFaults, defects or programming errors exploited by unauthorised intruders to enter computer networks or web servers from the Internet
centCent is another word for penny.
weightSymbol: Often represented by the symbol W
eventin probability, a set of outcomes.
kerberosAn authentication service developed by the Project Athena team at MIT.
conjunctionThe phenomenon in which two bodies have the same apparent celestial longitude (see Longitude, Celestial) or right ascension as viewed from a third body
ruled surfaceA surface where there is at least one (straight) line through any given point on the surface.
meteor(a) Fragment or particle that enters the Earth's atmosphere and is then destroyed through friction, becoming visible as this occurs as a momentary streak of light
binary numberA number expressed in base 2, so that each digit represents a power of 2.
qsoQuasi-Stellar Object (Quasar)
specratioA measure of how fast a given system might be.
floatfloor
meteor shower(a) A profusion of meteors that fall within a period of a few hours and that appear to radiate from a common point in the sky
setofyou get sorted order and no repetitions
supplementary anglesTwo positive angles whose measures add to 180 degrees.
computerYou are using a computer right now.
mid-pointA point which is equidistant between 2 points or the 2 endpoint of a line segment.
mariner spaceprobesA series of US spaceprobes launched to explore the planets of the Solar System, particularly Mercury, Venus and Mars
memberyou could achieve this by copying the code for member
additive inverseThe number with the same numerical part but the opposite sign (plus or minus) of a given number
focal plane scaleThe relationship between angles on the sky, in seconds of arc, and millimeters of size at the focus of the telescope; i.e
logistic mapA non-linear difference equation, specifically, a second order (degree 2) recurrence relation which is used to demonstrate how simple non-linear systems can demonstrate complex behaviours.
outcomeA specific event is often termed an Outcome.
mensurationThe act of measuring of length (and higher dimension equivalents: area and volume) of components geometric figures.
ao cassiopeiaeA binary in which the larger, less massive, hot primary is highly distorted, and in which rapid mass exchange is occurring
divisorAlso known as a factor, it is a number which can divide another number such that the quotient is an integer.
lnThe symbol for the natural logarithmic function, i.e
circularOf or related to a circle.
antecedentIn the conventional way of expressing hypothetical propositions, "If A then B", the consequent is the first part of the sentence
superconductorA piece of superconducting metal below the transition temperature at which superconductivity sets in
laws of indicesA number of rules for the manipulation of indices in an exponentiation of algebraic expressions.
cryptologyThe branch of mathematics concerned with cryptography and cryptanalysis.
frequency tableAn array of quantites representing frequency information (absolute or relative).
substitution ciphera simple cipher that replaces each instance of a particular cleartext letter with a matching ciphertext letter - all cleartext 'A's would become ciphertext 'F's.
proof by contradictionA method of proof based on the fact that a logical sentence and its contrapositive always hold the same truth value
masconsAbbreviated form of mass concentrations: apparent regions on the lunar surface where gravity is somehow stronger
recursionGiven some starting information and a rule for how to use it to get new information, the rule is then repeated using the new information.
atto-A prefix meaning 10-18
vacuum(a) A space containing gas below atmospheric pressure
adiabatic demagnetizationA method of producing temperatures close to absolute zero
newtonThe SI derived unit for the magnitude of a force.
effective rate of interestthe simple interest rate that produces the same amount of interest as the compound interest rate
saltA string of random (or pseudo-random) bits concatenated with a key or password to foil precomputation attacks.
constantA quantity whose value stays constant
uniform vibrationThe overall motion of a string in which it moves without changes in shape
irregular galaxyA galaxy with amorphous structure and with relatively low mass (108-1010 M)
strainThe proportion/scale of deformation/transformation of an object in the direction of a force.
block cipherA procedure that translates plain text into coded text, operating on blocks of plain text of a fixed size (usually 64 bits)
fillKey-fill
longitudeLongitude is the angular distance east or west from the north-south line that passes through Greenwich, England, to a particular location
coreA hardware execution pipeline and associated structures that actually perform the execution of a process or thread
harkins's ruleThe rule that atoms of even atomic number are more abundant than those of odd atomic number
micrometerDevice used in conjunction with a telescope in order to measure extremely small angular distances
diophantine analysisAn area of mathematics concerned with Diophantine equations.
atomic hydrogenIndividual hydrogen atoms that do not belong to molecules
dependent variableIf y = f(x), then y is a function of x and y is the Dependent Variable
address space probeAn intrusion technique in which a hacker sequentially scans IP addresses, generally as the information-gathering prelude to an attack
gravitationThe interaction of objects where each experience a force towards the other object proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the 2 objects.
supplemental chordsThe chords which connect the endpoints of a diameter of a circle to a third point on the circumference.
volumeThe extent to which an object fills units of three-dimensional space is its Volume.
laminaA ideal mathematical object with no thickness and zero curvature - a bounded plane with area and (possibly) mass but not volume.
jumpA step within a function is sometimes termed a Jump.
categorical variableA random variable with values which are categories
celestial polesThe two points at which the Earth's axis of rotation, if extended, would intersect the celestial sphere
interference patternWave pattern that emerges from the overlap and the intermingling of waves emitted from different locations
electronic purseElliptic Curve Cryptography [ECC]
rayleigh scatteringSelective scattering (i.e., preferential scattering of shorter wavelengths) of light by very small particles suspended in the Earth's atmosphere, or by molecules of the air itself
ipcsImage Photon Counting System
sphere  the set of all points in space that are a fixed distance from a given point.
law of cosinesAlso known as the cosine rule, an equation relating the lengths of all three sides and any one of the angles of any triangle.
irsInfrared source
complex numberThe set of numbers which is algebraically complete with respect to finitely many additions, multiplications, exponentiation and their inverse operations
born-oppenheimer approximationAn approximation that treats the motion of an electron under the attraction of two free nuclei by regarding the nuclei (because of their greater mass and consequent smaller velocities) as fixed
andromedaA constellation near Perseus and Pegasus.
2 + 4not to 6
sideriteAn iron (or iron and nickel) meteorite
magnetosphere(a) The extent of a planet's magnetic field
chiralityAn expression of the basic handedness of nature
component analysisThe study of a set of data by an isometric transformation and subsequently dividing them into orthogonal components.
conjugateThe conjugate of a binomial is obtained by multiplying the second term by \( -1 \)
standard normal curveIt is defined as a normal distribution that is centered in the y-axis and for which standard deviation is 1.
operatorThe symbol denoting the application of an operation on operands by being placed beside them
signal bandThe wavelength interval within which a feature (e.g., the 21-cm line) is measured (cf
synchrotron radiation(a) The radiation emitted by charged relativistic particles spiraling in magnetic fields
dictionary attackAn attempt to guess a password by systematically trying every word in a dictionary as the password
rossby wavesCyclonic convection waves in a rotating fluid
determinantA scalar quantity associated with a square matrix, or the transformation represented by the square matrix is a certain coordinate system
band matrixA band matrix is a matrix whose entries are all zero except for the diagonal and a few of the immediately adjacent diagonals.
gemSee Pollux
correlationWhen two variables have a strong linear relationship, either increasing proportionally or one variable decreasing as the other increases, we say there is (strong) Correlation between the variables.
concentric circlesConcentric circles are circles that have the same center point.
areaThe extent or measurement of a surface or piece of land or the extent of a 2-dimensional surface enclosed within a boundary; "the area of a rectangle";
carrier bosonA particle that carries one of the fundamental forces between other interacting particles
isolated singularityA singular point with no other singular points in its neighbourhood.
null angleThe angle formed by two coincident lines sharing the same endpoints, i.e
implicationA relation between 2 sentences based on truth values such that it cannot be true that "the antecedent is true and the consequent is false"
significant figures1
essential discontinuityA discontinuity where the left-hand limit or the right-hand limit doesn't exist (or neither exists)
sum-over-historiesProbabilistic interpretation of a system's past, in which quantum indeterminacy is taken into account and the history is reconstructed in terms of each possible path and its relative likelihood.
cryptanalysisCodebreaking The study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information that is normally required to do so
lcdLCD stands for Least Common Denominator
oddsThe probability of an event expressed as a ratio of the probability of an event to the probability of the complement event (i.e
kdcKey Distribution Center
involutoryOf being an involution.
mass fractionThe fractional amount (by mass) of a given element or nuclide in a given composition
boundary layerA thin layer of fluid, such as the one next to a solid surface past which the fluid is moving
absorption linesDark lines in a spectrum, produced when light or other electromagnetic radiation coming from a distant source passes through a gas cloud or similar object closer to the observer
milne cosmological modelA Friedmann model of the Universe in which matter does not exist
fresnel integralsThe collective name of two transcendental functions defined by the integral of trigonometric functions, used in the study of optics.
mcmcMarkov Chain Monte Carlo -- Iterative simulations such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo make it possible to fit complex and more realistic Bayesian models to large and/or incomplete datasets.
sidereal dayThe length of time (23h56m4s.091) between two successive meridian transits of the vernal equinox (cf
geometric figureA set of points considered as a single mathematical object with tangible attributes (such that length, distance, shape etc.).
workloadThe workload is the definition of the units of work that are to be performed during a benchmark run.
projectionAlong a line, a mapping that identifies all points on the line to be the same point and applying the same to all lines parallel to the original line.
helium shell flashIt has been shown that helium shell burning outside a degenerate core is unstable; the helium-burning shell does not generate energy at a constant rate but instead produces energy primarily during short flashes
skipjackThe block cipher contained in the Clipper chip designed by the NSA.
order of magnitudeA factor of ten
gross incomethe amount of money earned through employment before deductions
binary operationA process requiring two values to produce a third value.
internal tangentThe relation between two circles which intersect at exactly one point where the centres of at least one of the circles is within the other circle (it is also possible that both is true)
conditional statementan if…then statement
andA logical connective that captures the meaning of our understanding of the everyday word "and"
intermediate value theoremThe IVT basically says that between two different values is an intermediate value somewhere between the extremes.
linear1
b galaxyIn Morgan's Classification, a barred spiral.
dissectionThe division of a set into collectively exhaustive but mutually exclusive sets, also known as a partition.
selection ruleA rule whereby changes in quantum numbers can take only certain allowed values: e.g., l = ± 1 or 0 for dipole transitions
octal systemA number system with base 8
millionA thousand thousand (106)
absorption of radiationNo medium transmits radiation without some energy loss
driverA software program that manipulates a device (such as a printer, keyboard, mouse, or hard drive)
rolling frictionThe kinetic (or dynamic) friction on an object rolling (relatively) on a surface.
barred spiral galaxy(in Hubble's classification, SB: in Morgan's classification, B) A spiral galaxy whose nucleus is in the shape of a bar, at the ends of which the spiral arms start
kineticsThe study of forces and motion (of which force is a cause).
virtual driveVirtual drive is a virtual device created and managed by the Able Disk driver
algorithmA procedure, formula or list of instructions that can be used to accomplish a task or to solve a problem
hydromagneticsSee magnetohydrodynamics
unitUnit means one.
eatsPerson
non-trivial solutionsSolutions to a system of equations which is not trivial, i.e
spörer's law of zonesThe equatorward drift of average sunspot latitudes
magnetic monopole problemA problem, discovered by John Preskill in 1979, concerning the compatibility of grand unified theories with standard cosmology
modular arithmeticModular arithmetic is arithmetic done with a limited set of numbers
internetThe connection of computer networks from all over the world forming a worldwide network.
radarRadio Detection and Ranging
earExport Administration Regulations.
xthen in the first invocation, we refer to X
signed numberAlso known as a directed number.
browserA software application that interfaces with the Internet and provides a way to locate, display and interact with web pages
cookiesA small file containing a unique identification number that a website sends to your computer's web browser
caSee certifying authority
fwhmFull Width at Half Maximum The full width of a profile (e.g
enumerableAlso known as denumerable and countable.
hash codeA unique, mathematical summary of a document that serves to identify the document and its contents
convection(a) Process in the Sun (and possibly other stars) perhaps caused by Solar rotation, which produces the immensely powerful electrical and magnetic fields associated with sunspots
partial fractionsA method of expressing an algebraic fraction as a sum of several simpler (i.e
end-to-end securityOccurs when information flows from the web server (where the website is physically hosted) to the web browser without passing through any other servers
tangent-secant theoremOne of the circle theorems, it can be seen as a limiting case of the intersecting secant theorem (outside the circle)
distribution functionSee distribution.
hypothesisA scientific proposition that purports to explain a given set of phenomena; less comprehensive and less well established than a theory
property taxmoney collected by the municipality to pay for services, such as water, road construction and maintenance, and garbage disposal
cpuCentral Processing Unit The part of a digital computer responsible for interpreting and executing instructions
hectareAn metric unit of area of 10 000 m2.
plug and playAn ease-of-use ideal in the personal computer market that assures the user that a hardware device (for example, a mouse, a modem, or a scanner) can be installed without resorting to manual hardware configuration of either the device or the PC into which the device is being installed.
certificateIn cryptography, an electronic document binding some pieces of information together, such as a user's identity and public-key
substitutionA method of replacing a value with its equivalent.
densityThe measure of mass per volume and related concepts where either constituent measures may be substituted
hypocycloidThe locus of a point on the circumference of a circle rolling inside of another circle
segmentA section of a network
dollarA dollar is worth 100 cents.
kelvinThe SI unit of temperature usually denoted by K
inertial massThe mass of an object as measured by the property of inertia
initializeTo prepare (a disk) for information storage.
angular measureThe angle between the line from the observer to object 1 and the line from the observer to object 2
centre of a circlethe fixed point from which all points on the circle are equidistant
googolplexA name for the value 10googol.
continuous distributionA distribution where the domain of the cumulative distribution function is continuous.
two-tail testAlso known as a two-tailed test
magnetic moment(a) The intrinsic spins of the electrons in an atom or ion, together with the motion of the electrons round the nucleus, give rise to a magnetic field around the atom
distributed keyA key that is split up into many parts and shared (distributed) among different participants
throughputA measure of the efficiency of an optical system
isasInstitute of Space and Astronautical Science.
inflectionOn the graph of a function, a point of Inflection is where the curve begins to "bend the other way."
bpBletchley Park An estate in the town of Bletchley (UK) that was the UK's main code breaking site during WWII
interstellar dust(a) Dust particles in the space between the stars
saturn(a) Sixth major planet out from the Sun
derivativeThe derivative is the function representing the rate of change of the value of an original function with respect to the a variable, also known as a derived function
inverse property of multiplicationThe inverse property of multiplication states that for every non-zero number a, a times (1/a) = 1.
ephemeris longitudeLongitude (see Longitude, Terrestrial) measured eastward from the ephemeris meridian
journeyman solution writerBetter present your solutions
signA symbol indicating whether a value is positive (+) or negative (−).
divisionDivision is an operation that divides a number into portions
protocolA series of steps that two or more parties agree upon to complete a task.
sub-pulseThe weaker component of the pulse of a pulsar
_y47First_name
inessential mapIn topology, the morphism for a homotopy which maps the fundamental class to zero.
avogadro's lawEqual volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules
numeratorThe top number in a fraction.
octahedronA polyhedron which has eight faces
illuminationSymbol: E A measure of the visible-radiation energy reaching a surface in unit time
cycloidThe curve traced out by a fixed point on a circle (considered as a wheel) rolling along a line (considered as the ground) without slipping.
reverse engineerTo ascertain the functional basis of something by taking it apart and studying how it works.
speckle interferometryThe technique of recovering the diffraction-limited angular resolution of a telescope by analysis of images obtained using a very high speed camera system to "freeze" the blurring due to atmospheric turbulence
luminous massThe mass contributed by luminous matter in galaxies (see Missing Mass)
route1
fail-shut modeA condition in which a firewall blocks all incoming and outgoing network traffic in the event of a firewall failure
turning pointAlso known as a stationary point
axiomA statement that is neither proven, nor is it intended to be proven
laws of motionUsually referring to Newton's 3 laws of motion.
dimeA dime is a coin worth ten cents.
coefficient of kurtosisA measure of how much the data concentrates around the mean
rotationA rotation is a linear transformation which preserves (Euclidean) distances.
hpscHigh-Performance Steering Committee.
coincidentThe property of 2 geometric figures to have all points in common.
turing machineA theoretical model of a computing device, devised by Alan Turing.
bilateral symmetryReflective symmetry
dependent equations1
z particle(a) A particle that is identical to the photon in all respects except mass
swan nebulasee Omega Nebula
vv cep starsA subgroup of composite spectrum stars
alternative hypothesisThe model considered to be the case if the null hypothesis in considered to be rejected (not hold)
imageThe set of elements in the codomain that corresponds to a specified set of elements in the domain
line wingsBroad "wings" that appear on either side of a spectral line when the number of atoms producing the line is very great
starA celestial object that generates energy by means of nuclear fusion at its core
coordinated universal timeUniversal Time coordinated with ephemeris time; i.e., the rate is defined relative to atomic clock rate, but the epoch is defined relative to Universal Time
netThe net of a polyhedron is an unfolded polyhedron, a series of connected polygons
ip addressAn understanding of IP addresses is foundational for managing a network, so we go into some depth with this definition.
interferometer(a) A device for observing the interference of waves of light or similar emanations caused by a shift in the phase or wavelength of some of the waves
experimentA controlled process for making observations and gathering data.
hieroglyphicsThe ancient Egyptians wrote using hieroglyphics.
hash functionA function that takes a variable sized input and has a fixed size output.
collimateTo make parallel, neither diverging nor converging
right ascensionAngular distance on the celestial sphere measured eastward along the celestial equator from the equinox to the hour circle passing through the celestial object
cryptography based on mechanismsor machines
femto-SI prefix that means one one-quadrillionth (1/1 000 000 000 000 000).
damped harmonic motionThe harmonic motion with additional factors which rduces the amplitude of the oscillations
decagonA polygon of ten sides.
standardized random variableA random variable transformed in the same way as a normally distributed random variable to a standard normal variable, for the purpose of comparison.
grossA value before deductions allowed.
length1
nondenumerableAn uncountable set, i.e
ceiling functionA function on real numbers whose value is always rounded up, if the argument is not already an integer
conjunctionA logical operator that returns the value true if and only if both its operands are true
mips-yearOne year's worth of time on a MIPS machine.
solveFind the answer or the number that a variable stands for.
ionization potential(a) The energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule to form a positive ion
spywareSoftware programs that are installed on a user's computer without their knowledge to secretly gather information about the user
harmonic lawSee Kepler's third law
sub-sequenceA sequence that is the subset of another specified sequence such that each term in the sub-sequence is identified by a unique term in the specified sequence (unique in the sense that no two terms in the subsequence are identified by the same term in the specified sequence), and an earlier/later term (relatively) within the subsequence is identified by an earlier/later term (relatively) within the specified sequence.
adjacentA concept of objects being located "next to each other" or "without anything else in between"
specific heatRatio of the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by a unit amount to that required to raise the temperature of an equal mass of water by the same amount
uncountableIn human terms, Uncountable means too many to practically count or enumerate
integrityA piece of information has integrity when you can show that it has not been altered (either by accident or as a result of hacking) without you being aware of the fact.
quantumA discrete quantity of energy hv associated with a wave of frequency v
gratingSee diffraction grating
stochastic matrixA stochastic matrix has only nonnegative entries, with the entries in each row summing to 1.
reflexivex ~ x for all x in X.
addendA number that is added to another number
circuitA closed path on a graph.
fibre channelA highly-reliable, gigabit interconnect technology that allows concurrent communications among workstations, mainframes, servers, data storage systems, and other peripherals using SCSI and IP protocols
aeroliteA stony meteorite, composed primarily of silicates
rhomboidA rhomboid is a parallelogram with oblique angles and adjacent sides have different lengths.
interstellar square lawDecreasing as one over distance squared (1/r2), where r is the distance from the source
abundant numbers36 - 20 = 16
einsteiniumA radioactive transuranic element of the actinoid series, not found naturally on Earth
reaction rateThe rate at which a chemical or nuclear reaction proceeds
factorisationThe process of representing a mathematical object as the product of two or more simpler objects of the same type.
produceExtending a line.
change of variableA method for integrating a function with respect to a variable other than the one original given in the integral.
summationThe process of finding the sum of a sequence of quantities.
thzTeraHertz
calendarA system of reckoning time in which days are enumerated according to their position in cyclic patterns
element1
probability density functionSee fThe function that describes the probability density (the quantity whose product with the length of the interval is probbility) for continuous probability distributions.
proper subsetA proper subset is one completely contained within another
linear spaceAn algebraic structure generalising the idea of an affine space where there is a set of subsets (called lines) of elements (called points) where the intersection of 2 lines is exactly one point.
anomalous expansionAn increase in volume resulting from a decreased temperature
deviceA generic term for computer equipment such as a hub, switch, router, or printer.
connect-the-dotsWhen you do a connect-the-dots puzzle, you draw a line from number to number to make a picture.
chordA line segment joining one point of the circumference of a circle to another
compound interestWhen the Time Value of Money generates interest and that interest is added to the principal to increase the amount of money to which subsequent interest is added, this is Compound Interest.
double cuspSee cusp.
coefficient of determinationA measure of how much of the variation in the data can be accounted for by the statistical model, for the purpose of inferring the likely level of determination of outcomes.
45-45-90A special right triangle 45-45-90 has congruent legs and the hypotenuse length equal to the product of square root of two and the length of the leg.
apiApplication Programming Interface.
datethe arity is 3, and the arguments are 2004
parenthesesPairs of symbols ( ) used to indicate the priority in calculations that may break away from conventions (e.g
convex setA set of points where, given any 2 points in the set, the line segment joining the 2 points consists of points entirely from the set itself.
computational complexityRefers to the amount of space (memory) and time required to solve a problem
key spaceThe collection of all possible keys for a given cryptosystem
orbAn orb is a ball-shaped object.
gainThe amplification factor
data in motionData in motion (also known as data in transit) is literally information that is moving through a telecommunications network.  For example, if you're sending an e-mail, that e-mail is classified as data in motion between the time it leaves the computers’ Local Area network (LAN) and the time the recipient receives it at a remote location in the Wide Area Network (WAN).
orthogonalMost generally Orthogonal means perpendicular to a plane.
developableThe property of a surface where the surface can be transformed into a plane figure such that angles and distances remain the same.
conservative fieldA field of force such that the work done on or by a body that is displaced in the field is independent of the path
cubicAn adjective that describes an expression in which the highest power is three.
finiteThe common meaning of Finite and its meaning to mathematicians are not quite the same
hess diagram(a) A diagram showing the frequencies with which stars occur at various positions in an H-R diagram
list of primesThis is a list of primes
existential quantifierRepresented by the symbol ∃, and read as "there is/exists", it qualifies the the mathematical sentence by asserting that the statement is not false for all elements of the domain
epicyclicOf or related to an epicycloid.
indicator diagramA type of diagrams used in engineering to measure the work done through the area in the diagram.
rutherfordiumA radioactive metal not found naturally on earth
voipVoice over Internet Protocol
equal by definitionequal by definition
integrationThe inverse process of differentiation, as related by the fundamental theorem of calculus
classical physicsPhysics prior to the introduction of the quantum principle
bisectorA line or plane which divides a geometrical object (e.g
transversalA line that crosses two or more parallel lines is often termed a Transversal.
expressionA finite combination of symbols that are well-formed according to the rules applicable in the context at hand
imaginary unitThe imaginary unit is represented by the symbol \( i \), such that \( i^2 = -1 \).
negative reciprocalsTwo numbers, one positive and one negative, whose product is –1.
trajectory  the path that a body makes as it moves through space.
solar prominenceMass of hot, hydrogen rising from the Sun's chromosphere, best observed indirectly during a total eclipse
lL equals 50 in Roman numerals.
roundRound things are curved
correlationThe amount of interdependence in statistical relationship amongst two or more quantities.
newton's laws of motion3 laws about forces and motion of an object that are the basis of Newtonian mechanics:
laminar flowSteady flow in which the fluid moves past a surface in parallel layers of different velocities
reflectionA transformation where a line/plane of invariant points (the line/plane of reflection) is symmetric to any point and their image..
second1
emission measureThe product of the square of the electron density times the linear size of the emitting region (in parsecs)
fipsFederal Information Processing Standards
intersection1
dualityA number of related concepts revolving around the idea that the structure of statements remain true for certain commutation (juxtaposition) of the representation of mathematical objects within such statements.
joint variationJoint Variation is identical to direct variation; as one variable increases so, too, does the other variable increase proportionally.
click fraudAn online crime that involves automating the act of clicking on a web link to perpetrate a fraud
superunified theoryHypothetical theory that presumably would show how all four fundamental forces of nature functioned as a single force in the extremely early Universe
translucentAble to pass radiation, but with much deviation and/or absorption
advance of the perihelionThe slow rotation of the major axis of a planet's orbit in the same direction as the revolution of the planet itself, due to gravitational interactions with other planets and/or other effects (such as those due to general relativity)
orthogonalThe property of a set of mathematical objects which are (pair-wise) perpendicular to each other..
apsidal motionRotation of the line of apsides in the plane of the orbit; (in a binary) precession of the line of apsides due to mutual tidal distortion
scientific notationExponential notation in base 10, used to represent very large or very small values, or simply to provide a standard for easy comparison with very large and/or very small values.
key pairThe full key information in a public-key cryptosystem, consisting of the public key and private key.
echelon formA matrix derived from applying row (or column) operations such that the number of leading zero entries in each rwo (or column) must be either greater than the row (or column) before, or the same number as before in the case where both the row (or column) itself and the one before contain all zero entries..
intensityA measure of the rate of energy transfer by radiation
factor theoremIf P(x) is a polynomial, then if P(r) = 0, then (x - r) is a factor of P(x).
concaveCurving inward, away from the viewpoint
siblingnot sister
radiationThe energy carried by waves or particles
stat-coulombThe unit of charge in the cgs electrostatic system
agentA computer program that reports information to another computer or allows another computer access to the local system
epicycloidThe locus of the point fixed on the circumference of a circle which rolls around (wthout slipping) the outside of another, fixed circle.
digitA digit is a single numeral within a number
averageMost commonly, average means the arithmetic mean; we sum the values and divide that sum by the number of numbers
cauchy's integral theoremA theorem that states that, a complex function f(z) which is holomorphic and is integrated along two paths with the same endpoints are the same
mixed strategyA system for a game where all available actions at all stages are assigned probabilities for which they will be picked.
elementDifferent elements are distinguished by the number of protons in their nuclei
cosmic microwave background(a) A constant flux of electromagnetic radiation which has been redshifted into the microwave region of the spectrum
englishthe second goal is tried and two solutions found (alice
measures of dispersionA statistic which has certain (possibly loosely defined) properties and obeys certain (also possibly loosely defined) rules which is generally considered to be essential such that the value of from a given data set is representative of the variability (dispersion) of the data set.
tcp/ipA networking protocol developed for the creation of a robust "internet" being a connection across a variety of local networking mechanisms
scsiSmall Computer System Interface
infinityThat without bound; limitless.
trace of a matrixThe trace of a (square) matrix is the sum of the diagonal elements.
maclaurin seriesa power series expansion of f(x) of the form f(x) = f(0) + f'(0) x + [f"(0)/2!] x2 +
radiosondeA sounding balloon used to transmit information on Earth's upper atmosphere
fib_memoso that it will be checked before trying the rule
insolationAmount of radiation received from the Sun per unit area on the Earth's surface per unit time
secular changeA continuous, nonperiodic change in one of the attributes of the states of a system
curveA generally loosely defined term that describes a collection of points which form a 1-dimensional object
modeA statistic of a given data set which represents the central tendency of the data set
footAn imperial, pre SI unit of length, roughly 0.3 metres.
statementa sentence that is either true or false
distribution1
venn diagramA diagram using spatial relationships (points"within" shape corresponds to an element "is a member of" a set and derived relationships such as, shape "contained in" another shape corresponds to a set "is a subset of" another set) to represent and visually represent all the combinations that an object can have regarding membership of sets featured in the diagram
pintAn British Imperial unit of volume equal to an eighth of a (British Imperial) gallon or 20 (Bitish Imperial) fluid ounces.
contractibleThe property of being capable of being shrunk to a point continuously.
line segmentA straight line of finite length; a straight line with 2 endpoints
fast ethernetAn Ethernet networking system that transmits data at 100 million bits per second (Mbps), ten times the speed of an earlier Ethernet standard
irInfrared
session keyThe secret (symmetric) key used to encrypt each set of data on a transaction basis
coordinateOne within a set of such numbers, called coordinates, which specifies the position of a point
monte carlo methodA trial-and-error technique used on computers to solve complex problems
palindromeWords, numbers and phrases that can be read the same backwards as forwards
guillotine factorA factor that measures the sharp reduction in the opacity of a gas when the temperature is high enough to have ionized the atoms down to their K shells
star systemA few stars that orbit each other
familyA set of related mathematical objects
terminal speedThe speed at which an object free-falling under gravity achieves (or tends towards) as a result of the equilibrium between gravity (which is constant) and air-resistance (which is proportional to the square of speed).
avogadro constant(a) Symbol: NA number of particles in one mole of a substance
millennium prize problemsA set of seven mathematical problems issued by the Clay Mathematical Institute each with a prize of $1,000,000 for a solution.
europaOne of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter 3600 km in diameter
chandler periodThe period of the variation of the celestial poles (about 416-433 days, with a peak at 428 days)
relativistic beamingTheory devised by Francis Smith regarding the generation of polarized radiation in neutron stars (pulsars)
quadricA (hyper-)surface described by a single algebraic equation of order 2
defaultA predefined setting built into a program, used when an alternative setting is not specified.
compressionA name for a transformation where a figure becomes proportionaly smaller.
paired observationsTwo observations considered to be related to each other.
mixing-length theoryA semiempirical theory used to describe convection phenomena in stars
empiricalOf or related to information obtained by observations.
schmidt platesPhotographic plates obtained with a Schmidt telescope, which is a type of telescope with a particularly large field of view
exclusive-orSee XOR.
passphraseAn easy-to-remember phrase which offers better security than a single-word password, because it is longer and thus harder to guess or calculate.
object codeObject code is commonly the product of running source code through a compiler
self-extracting fileA compressed file that automatically decompresses when double-clicked.
binomial coefficientsNumbers used in the calculation of the coefficients of binomial expansions
science(a) Systematic study of Nature, based upon the presumption that the Universe is based upon rationally intelligible principles and that its behavior can therefore be predicted by subjecting observational data to logical analysis
characteristic functionAnother name for the indicator function
encryptionEncryption Algorithm
encountersee Gravitational Encounter
electronic moneyElectronic mathematical representation of money.
hamiltonian theoryA theory for calculating the trajectory of a particle under an applied force
archivingMaking a permanent record which can be accessed later at any time
polygon of forcesA generalisation of the triangle of forces where there are 2 or more forces being combined together by vector addition and the result is represented as a polygon.
sample correlation coefficientCorrelation coefficient on a sample as an estimator of the population correlation coefficient.
greekAnyone interested in learning mathematics should embrace the Greek alphabet with 24 letters from alpha to omega.
breit-wigner equationAn equation relating the cross section in a nuclear reaction to the energy of the incident particle
rr lyr(a) Periodic variables with periods less than one day, and of spectral types A to early F
strömgren spheresZones of ionized hydrogen gas surrounding hot stars embedded in interstellar gas clouds; they are called additionally H II zones
frame transferA CCD construction in which one half of the imaging area of the device is purposely covered with a mask opaque to light to provide a temporary charge storage section
larmor frequencyThe frequency of precession of a charged particle orbiting in a uniform magnetic field
null setThe null set is the empty set, a set with no members.
shared keyThe secret key two (or more) users share in a symmetric-key cryptosystem.
roundsign
game theoryIn The mathematical study of mathematical objects called games which consists of a set of players, a set of actions available to players during specified stages of the game and specified method for determining the payoffs for the players.
cardinal numberA number used to represent the size of a set
least actionsee Action [P88]
min1
centre of a groupThe set of elements which are commutative with every elements of the group
fahrenheitFahrenheit is a measure of temperature that is abbreviated F
principal diagonalAlso known as the main diagonal
salient angleAn interior angle os a geometric figure that is locally convex
skew curveA space curve which is not entirely contained with a plane.
key managementThe various processes that deal with the creation, distribution, authentication, and storage of keys.
law of universal attractionIsaac Newton's formulation of the law of gravity
isosceles triangleAn isosceles triangle has two sides that are the same length and two angles that are the same.
dirichlet's testA condition for the convergence of a series where, the combination of corresponding terms from a monotonicall`y decreasing real sequence an and a complex sequence bn whose sequence of partial sums is bounded, produces a convergent series
dyneA non-SI unit of force.
relative accelerationThe acceleration of an object in the frame of reference of another object.
secure socket layerThis protocol was developed by Netscape Communications Corporation to provide a high level of security for Internet communications
faceThe plane figure between (at least 3) adjacent edges of a polyhedron where all the edges lie on the extended plane (from the plane figure) and all other edges lie on only one side of the plane.
product momentOne way of calculating a coefficient of correlation known as the Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient.
kendall's coefficient of concordanceSee coefficient of concordance.
stationary nonequilibrium statetime-independent state of a system subjected to fixed constraints
plus signA symbol used to denote addition.
probabilityProbability is the chance that a certain event will occur
light cylinderThe cylinder whose radius is that at which the rotational velocity of a neutron star would equal the speed of light
poundImperial unit of mass equivalent to roughly 5/11 of a kilogram..
commutativeWhen a mathematical operation yields the same result regardless of the order the objects are operated on
rankHave a specified 'rank' or place/position within a grading system.
celestial sphereAn imaginary sphere of arbitrary radius upon which celestial bodies may be considered to be located
congruent1
confocal conicsConic sections which share the same focus (or foci).
difference equationA discrete analogue of differential equations which states the general relationship amongst differences between terms of relative positions in a sequence.
effective radiusThe distance from the center of a galaxy within which half of the total luminosity is included (cf
scholasticsAdherents to the philosophy and cosmology of Aristotle
one-way hash functionA one-way function that takes a variable sized input and creates a fixed size output.
cyclic tridiagonal matrixA cyclic tridiagonal matrix is a generalization of a tridiagonal matrix which includes an extra last entry in the first row, and an extra first entry in the last row.
repeaterA network device that regenerates signals so that they can travel farther along a cable without losing or distorting data
variableA letter representing an unknown number or what you’re solving for in an algebra problem.
cosecantCosecant (abbreviated csc) is a trigonometric ratio, corresponding to the length of the hypotenuse divided by the length of the opposite side of the right triangle
amplitudeA measure of maximum displacement for an oscillatory system
subtendTo geometrically characterise (through indicating the limits etc.) by a geometric object.
sigmoid curveA type of curves whose shape captures some or all of a few properties such as strictly monotone, real differentiable, defined over the real line, asymptotic end behaviours (at both end) and having a first derivative in the shape of a single bump.
secant1
iras samplesAstronomical objects detected in infrared radiation by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite launched in 1983
negative seriesA series consisting of only negative terms.
subset sum problemA problem where one is given a set of numbers and needs to find a subset that sums to a particular value.
solution setThe set of solutions a syste of equations or inequaties.
kepler's conjectureThe optimal way to pack balls of radius one into a three-dimensional space is to centre the balls at the points on a cubic lattice.
nodeA computer or CPU on a network.
magnetic pressureThe pressure exerted by a magnetic field on the material that contains the field
crescentA crescent is the shape of the moon shortly before and after the time of the new moon.
locusA single point on a function or on its graph is a Locus.
collisionThe interaction of 2 objects with each other through contact transitioned from a state of non-contact prior.
moment of massAnother word for the moment of inertia, it is the unwilingness of a object to rotate - dictated by the mass and the perpendicular distance between the mass and the point from which it is measured.
geocentric(a) Having the Earth at the centre
ton1
eigenvalueThe ratio of the magnitudes of an eigenvector after the transformation to before.
statistical significanceThe probability that an observation/result occurs by chance.
pre-imageA subset of the domain that corresponds to a given subset of the codomain.
cofactor matrixThe cofactor matrix of a square matrix A is generally used to define the adjoint matrix, or to represent the determinant.
unionthe union of two sets, A and B, is the set of all elements that are either in A, or in B, or in both A and B.
relationA relation between two or more specified sets/classes (which may be the same, in the case of a relation on a set/class) is a set/class of ordered sets of elements of those specified sets/classes, always in the same order.
scalar quantityA quantity with only magnitude and not direction.
messageMessage Authentication Code [MAC]
solution setSet of all values that make an algebraic statement true.
parallelogramA quadrilateral formed by two pairs of parallel edges of equal length.
whirlpool galaxyA spiral galaxy (M51, NGC 5194) of type Sc in Canes Venatici
gss-apigeneric security service application program interface.
divisible1
spectroheliographDevice with which spectra of the various regions of the Sun are obtained and photographed
mach's principle(a) The precept that the inertia of objects results not from their relationship to Newtonian absolute space, but to the rest of the mass and energy distributed throughout the Universe
secondThe second item comes after the first item and before the third item
asteroid(a) A small rocky body that orbits a star
tangent1
spoofingAltering data packets to falsely identify the originating computer
aperture(a) The effective diameter of the primary mirror or lens of a telescope
decreasingDecreasing means to lessen in extent or scope, to be reduced
bode's law(a) A prescription for calculating planetary distances: the distance to the nth planet is 0.4 + (0.3)n Astronomical Units
fluid mechanicsThe study of fluids in applied mathematics: in motion, at rest and under forces.
sheathThe boundary layer of charged particles between a plasma and its surrounding material
meanA measure of central tendency of data - a location attached to a number of objects considered as one.
sanStands for ‘Storage Area Network’
concyclicHaving the property of being on the circumference of a circle.
wormA malicious program that replicates itself over a computer network
cantileverA beam or such similar structures which is anchored at only one end such that it resists rotation under load.
adaptive opticsCompensating for atmospheric distortions in a wavefront by high-speed changes in the shape of a small, thin mirror
color(a) An attribute which distinguishes otherwise identical quarks of the same flavor
decibelA logarithmic unit for the ratio of two quantities, or a quantity against a reference quantity
optional networkA network architecture used by an organization that wants to host its own Internet services without allowing unauthorized access to its private network
taxable incomeincome remaining after all approved deductions are made
towerA countable category of objects, indexed by the natural numbers, such that morphisms go (and only go) from higher-indexed objects to lower-indexed objects.
delA unary partial differential operator which is shorthand for
centre of massThe point (not necessarily within the object) which is the weighted average of the point masses of a body (or the set of infinitely many point masses through integration), which can be used to calculate linear motion of a rigid body as if all of the object's mass are at that point (the centre of mass) only
metric spaceA data space where the distance between each data point is specifically defined.
log-series distributionlogarithmic series distribution, also known as a logarithmic distribution
key-fillLoading of a crypto-device with key material
expfloat
significance levelThe probability below which an observation as extreme (or more) would have to be, by first assuming the null hypothesis, before the assumed null hypothesis is rejected, within the context of hypothesis testing.
vectora quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
light yearAn unit of distance travelled by light in a vacuum over a year.
stabilityA measure of how hard it is to displace an object or system from equilibrium
ip spoofingThe act of inserting a false (but ordinary-seeming) sender IP address into the "From" field of an Internet transmission's header in order to hide the actual origin of the transmission
constant of precessionsee Precession of the Equinoxes
dominoesDominoes is a game played with tiles that have dots on them.
thingand the Thing
comaThe spherical region of diffuse gas, about 150,000 km in diameter, which surrounds the nucleus (q.v.) of a comet
selenocentricWith reference to, or pertaining to, the center of the Moon
cookieA text file passed from the Web server to the Web client (a user's browser) that is used to identify a user and could record personal information such as ID and password, mailing address, credit card number, and more
secular accelerationApparent acceleration of the Moon and Sun across the sky, caused by extremely gradual reduction in speed of the Earth's rotation (one 50-millionth of a second per day)
dedicated serverA single computer in a network, reserved for serving the needs of the network.
radio lobesExtended regions of diffuse radio emission, often dumbbell shaped, that surround a radio galaxy
doubling timeThe time for a quantity to double where the quantity is in exponential growth
pendulumA mechanical construction where a weight suspends from a string or a rod whose other end is fixed to a point.
tdrssTransmission Data and Relay Satellite System
electron shellsZones in which the electrons in atoms reside
poisson distributionAThe discrete probability distribution of the number of independently singly events over a fixed "length" (of space or time or similar continua) given a constant rate.
mars(a) Fourth major planet out from the Sun
interstellar cloudA collection of gas and dust that lies between the stars
interpulseThe weaker component of a pulsar pulse when its period is roughly half that of the main pulse
achromatAn achromatic lens
trigonometric functionsAlso known as circular functions
nephroidAn epicycloid where the radius of the outer (moving) circle is half of that of the inner (fixed) circle.
circleAll of the points on a circle are the same distance from the center of the circle (that distance is called the radius of the circle).
feasible regionThe set of all points satisfying the system of linear inequalities in a linear programming problem.
speed of lightSyThe speed that light travels at, in a vacuum, represented by the symbol c.
itu-tInternational Telecommunications Union - Telecommunications standardization sector.
degrees of freedomA number of related concepts in physics, mechanics, engineering and statistics regarding the independence/interdependence of parameters
alfvén numberA dimensionless number characterizing steady fluid flow past an obstacle in a uniform magnetic field parallel to the direction of flow
chandraNASA's premier x-ray observatory was named the Chandra X-ray Observatory in honor of the late Indian-American Nobel laureate, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.
binary number systemThe binary number system is a way of expressing numbers in base two
dichotomyThe partitioning of a set into two subsets where every elements belongs to exactly one of the two subsets, in other words, the two subsets are collectively exhaustive and mutually exclusive.
lawrenciumA radioactive transuranic element of the actinoid series, not found naturally on Earth
skew linesLines which are not coplanar
discrete logarithm problemThe problem of finding r such that gr = d, where d and g are elements in a given group
nondeterministic computerCurrently only a theoretical computer capable of performing many computations simultaneously.
bragg's lawIf a beam of x-rays of wavelength is directed at a crystal with parallel crystal planes that are distance d apart, then the reflected x-rays from each plane undergo interference
microwave background anisotropy experimentAn experiment designed to measure the intensity of the cosmic microwave background radiation in different directions
axionA hypothetical spin-0 particle with a very small mass of 10-5-10-3 eV
radiative transferThe process by which radiation travels through a medium
inscribedA shape which is the largest (given the specified parameters, usually shape) inside another.
inconsistentInconsistent equations have no simultaneous solution.
compression functionA function that takes a fixed length input and returns a shorter, fixed length output
nominal dataA type of categorical data with no obvious ordering that is relevant to the mathematical aspects concerned.
nested setsSets where any two sets where neither is a subset of the other must be mutually exclusive.
class frequencyThe number of occurrence in a class.
cell typeEdges of the graph connect nodes from one layer to nodes of the next layer if the two cell types share a common face, so the cell type at the bottom of the edge supports the cell type at the top of the edge.
centiCenti is a prefix that means one-hundredth
efficiencyA measure in statistics of the sample size needed to achieve a specified level of accuracy.
hypothesisAn unproven (but also not disproven) assertion considered/assumed/proposed to be true
n + 1which is impossible
symmetric formSee line.
thirdThe third person or item comes after the first and second
multiplicative function1
altitude-azimuth(a) Comprising a means of measuring or precisely locating in coordinates the position of objects at any altitude or azimuth
optical illusionA drawing or object that appears to have an effect that it does not really have, such as when a flat painting seems to have three-dimensional dept
partial derivativeThe result when a function is differentiated with respect to one of its multiple arguments, while the other arguments are held fixed (considered as constants).
arm populationYoung stars typical of those found in spiral arms (Population I stars)
subscriptNumbers and symbols written either smaller but with the bottom aligned or where both the top and bottom of the symbols below those of the baseline, in order to index object, indicate binomial coefficients etc.
carina(a) A constellation in the southern sky and home of the bright star Canopus
student's t-distributionAlso known simply as the t-distribution.
local supercluster(a) The supercluster to which the Local Group belongs
arrow of timeThe direction, apparently inviolable, of the "flow" of time that distinguishes the past from the future.The direction, apparently inviolable, of the "flow" of time that distinguishes the past from the future
gammaUnit of magnetic field intensity equal to 10-5 gauss
microwave(a) An electromagnetic wave (in the radio region just beyond the infrared) with a wavelength of from about 1 mm to 30 cm (about 109-1011 Hz)
limaçon of pascalAlso known simply as a limaçon, an epitrochoid where the radii of the two circles are the same (in the case where neither centre is inside the other circle), or the moving circle is twice the radius of the fixed circle (in the case of the centre of the smaller/fixed circle being inside of the larger/moving circle - which also means that the centre of the larger/moving circle is on the circumference of the smaller/fixed circle).
jump discontinuityA discontinuity where the two one-sided limits of the function at the point of discontinuity exist and differ.
hawking radiationthe radiation produced by a black hole when quantum effects are taken into account
microwave radiation(a) Radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum between infrared and radio waves
signal-to-noise ratioThe ratio of the amount of intelligible meaning in a signal to the amount of background noise
motionA sustained (for a period) change in position.
equivalence principleSeveral related concepts that equates systems of different frames of reference.
messier catalogue(a) List of the locations in the sky of more than 100 galaxies and nebulae, compiled by Charles Messier between 1760 and 1784
ascending nodeIn the orbit of a Solar-System body, the point where the body crosses the ecliptic from south to north: for a star, out of the plane of the sky toward the observer
four-wave mixingthis is the combination of three optical waves to generate a fourth
marywith the first argument on the right, Who
filtering processDeciding whether a packet should be allowed or denied, depending on what is contained in its header or its contents, based on user-defined policies.
hour handAn hour hand on a clock tells you what hour it is.
rotation of axesA change from one coordinate system to another where the axes remain at the same angle to each other, in the same orientation.
ephemeris(a) A list or tabulation of astronomical phenomena that change with time
kilo-A prefix that denotes "a thousand".
hadamard matrixA square matrix whose entries are either 1 or -1, where the rows (and columns), considered as vectors, are mutually orthogonal..
cesium clockAn apparatus used to produce the steady frequency used in defining the second
halting problemA important decision problem regarding the determination and determinability of whether a program continues running indefinitely or eventually halts, given an input.
vertexA vertex of an angle is the point at which the two sides of the angle meet
simplest formSimplest form of a rational expression implies that the polynomial in the numerator and the polynomial in the denominator don't have any common divisors.
authorizationTo convey official access or legal power to a person or entity.
partial quotientA method of division also known as the chunking method.
gatewayA system that provides access between two or more networks
decelerationA reduction in speed, or equivalently negative acceleration in cases where absolute velocity is considered.
point-slope formA particular way of representing the equation of a straight line such that a point on the line and the slope of the line can be easily extracted from the equation with no calculations.
non-repudiationA property of a cryptosystem
injective functionAn injective function is one where every element in the range is matched up to only one element in the domain
correlation coefficientSee coefficient of correlation.
homogeneity(a) In cosmology, the property that any large volume of the universe looks the same as any other large volume
confinementThe property of quarks which implies that they cannot exist as free particles, but are forever bound into protons, neutrons, etc
wz sagittaeA recurrent DAe old nova (1913 and 1946) with the shortest known orbital period (about 80 minutes)
probability functionOften known as the probability mass function
equals signThe symbol = placed between two mathematical sentences to assert their sameness.
midlineAnother name for a median.
s-factorA nuclear cross-section factor measured in keV-barns
coefficient of variationA measure of dispersion (standard deviation) normalised by the mean
ring galaxyA galaxy with a ring-like appearance
tellingtold
polyhedraSee them here.
vertexA point in a geometric object where two or more lines meet
decimal notationThe graphical representational aspect of the decimal number system.
blackbody curvePlot of energy level against wavelength for heat or other radiation emitted by an object capable of absorbing all the energy that strikes it
true vacuumThis phrase has the same meaning as vacuum, with the word "true" being used only to emphasize the distinction with the false vacuum
primality testingA test that determines, with varying degree of probability, whether or not a particular number is prime.
coefficient of correlationA name for several related methods which measure the relationship between two sets of data.
zenith(a) The point in the sky directly overhead
deltoid1
tanA shorthand for the trigonometric function tangent.
potentialFor electrical potential, work per unit charge
topologically distinctTwo shapes that cannot be deformed into one another without tearing their structure in some manner
geodetic coordinatesThe latitude and longitude of a point on the Earth's surface determined from the geodetic vertical (normal to the specified spheroid)
hard made easySimplifying a problem
discrete variableA variable that takes values from a finite or countable set, such as the number of legs of an animal
dependent variableAlso known as a response variable, an explained variable, an outcome variable
originThe central reference point of a coordinate system.
handshakeA protocol two computers use to initiate a communication session.
factor treeA factor tree is a graphical representation in tree form that shows the factors of a specific number.
stochasticHaving the property of being random/non-deterministic.
availability dateThe date upon which that part of the system becomes generally available, that is available to anyone willing to pay the appropriate price and take immediate delivery.
expanded numberWriting a number as the sum of multiples of powers of the base.
dilationA transformation where a figure is stretched.
compounding periodlength of time over which interest on an investment is calculated
extremumA non-descript maximum or minimum
mutual variationA measure of variation of a set of paired values
contrapositiveGiven a statement of the form "If A then B", the contrapositive of such a statement is the one which states "If not B then not A"
newton's methodA method for improving the estimate of a root of a continuous function which replacing the current estimate with the x-intercept of the tangent at the current estimate.
numerical integrationThe process of approximating the definite integral of a function in an interval by values of the function with arguments in the interval
fermiumA radioactive transuranic element of the actinoid series, not found naturally on Earth
setThe collection of objects considered as a whole
back focal lengthThe distance between the last surface of a compound optical system and the focal plane of the system
pure imaginaryA complex number containing no real part
d' alembert's theorem1
precomputation attackAn attack where the adversary precomputes a look-up table of values used to crack encryption or passwords
unknownAn unknown is a number whose value is not known
kevone thousand electron volts
rmsroot mean square
binary galaxiesTwo galaxies orbiting each other owing to their mutual gravitational attraction
busThe general term for hardware for dealing with the input-output pathway and backplane of a computer
magnetic monopole(a) A hypothetical particle that carries an isolated north or south magnetic pole
simple graphAn undirected, unweighted graph with no loops and at most one edge between any 2 vertices, in the context of graph theory.
functionjuxtaposition of inputs and outputs of a given function
compound statementtwo statements linked together with a connective, such as and, or, or not
outlierA data point judged to be not under consideration or not fitting of a general pattern within a data set.
sohoAn abbreviation for businesses categorized as Small Office/Home Office
terminating fractionA continued fraction which is finite.
binomial coefficientsBinomial coefficients arise in expanding powers of binomial expressions and have many applications in combinators and probability.
lagrangian pointsFive points in the orbital plane of two massive particles in circular orbits around a common center of gravity, where a third particle of negligible mass can remain in equilibrium
empty setThe set with no elements
iterationA procedure that repeats, typically by adding some value to a variable in the process with each new calculation is called an iterative process, and each cycle of the calculation is an Iteration
historybut there are no students of history
materialismBelief that material objects and their interactions constitute the complete reality of all phenomena, including such seemingly insubstantial phenomena as thoughts and dreams
hexaflexagonA hexaflexagon is a folded geometric figure that can be "flexed" to expose its many sides.
membergiven above, changing the name from member
categorical dataData that is used (or can only be used) as labels rather than quantities, as such no arithmetic structure exist and certain concepts (such as mean or median) are undefined.
functionA function is cccc.
web browserSoftware used to view the World Wide Web, a graphically rich presentation of information on the Internet
electromagnetic radiation(a) "Waves" of electrical and magnetic "disturbance", radiated as visible light, radio waves, or any other manifestation of the electromagnetic spectrum
transit telescopeA stationary support structure for a telescope
proofa convincing argument
sumThe result of addition.
white dwarf(a) Compact star with mass less than about 1.4 solar masses, typical radius of 1000 km; supported against gravity by quantum-mechanical degeneracy pressure of electrons
mass-luminosity-radius relationAll nondegenerate stars with the same mass and the same chemical composition will have the same radius and the same luminosity
one pound16 ounces
rhombohedronA parallelepiped whose edges have the same length
multiple pointA point on a curve where the curve itersects itself
divideTo calculate division.
sequenceA set of terms (which may be numbers, algebraic expressions or any mathematical objects, usually of the same type) with an order attached to the members
cubeA 3-dimensional geometric figure of 6 congruent faces (all squares) where the edges (all 12 of them) have the same length
t-distributionAlso known as student's t-distribution
headSee coma
mill ratea rate at which property tax is calculated
s/mimeSecure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions.
redshift surveyThe methodical tabulation of the redshifts of a large number of galaxies in a particular region of the sky
andromeda galaxy(a) Major spiral galaxy, 2.2 million light-years from Earth
blue giantA giant star with spectral type O or B
solution setStrictly, any Solution is a Solution Set, the value(s) that make a mathematical statement true.
external tangentThe relation between two circles which intersect at exactly one point where the centres of neither circle is within the other circle
incrementa small change, usually indicated by the greek letter delta.
m matrixAn M matrix is a (real) (square) invertible matrix whose offdiagonal elements are nonpositive, and whose inverse is a nonnegative matrix.
space-filling curveThe limit of a 1-dimensional curve which go through every point in a 2-dimensional geometric figure (usually a square).
polygonsThe polygons, or faces, are typically planar and finite, and meet with exactly two at each edge
logistic spiralAnother name for an equiangular spiral or logarithmic spiral.
file serverA dedicated network computer that stores data files so that other computers can share access to them
inverse compton effectThe collision between a photon and an energetic (cosmic-ray) electron, in which some of the energy of the electron is transferred to the photon
argA unary operation on a complex number whose value (output) is the argument of the complex number (input)
subtraction formulaeThe trigonometric formulae relating the values of trigonometric functions with argument that is the difference of 2 angles, to the individual values of trigonometric functions of the 2 angles.
congruent figuresCongruent figures are the same up to transformation, and using congruency between figures often gives more insight into the figures.
granulationThe mottled appearance of the solar photosphere, caused by gases rising from the interior of the Sun (see granules)
bias(a) A potential applied to an electrode in an electronic device to produce the desired characteristic
logarithmic seriesThe taylor series expansion of a logarithmic function.
atbAcronym for After The Bang; usually used in reference to time elapsed since the big bang
smart cardA plastic card about the size of a credit card with an embedded microchip where information and applications are stored
reconcileto verify the transactions in a personal transaction record book with a bank statement
2004mar
semi-interquartile rangeThe value of half of the inter-quartile range.
mills crossAn antenna array consisting of two antennas oriented at right angles to each other
prime numbers29 - 13 = 16
geologyScientific study of the dynamics and history of the earth, as evidenced in its rocks, chemicals, and fossils
asymptotic1
circumferenceThe length of the closed curve of a circle.
denominationA particular unit within a set of units of the same type
linear cryptanalysisA known plaintext attack that uses linear approximations to describe the behavior of the block cipher
writenl
sobieskiFormer name of the southern constellation Scutum
cd-romCompact Disk - Read Only Memory A computer data storage technology
matched pairsIn experimental design, pairing units so that each member of a pair is as close as possible to the other in characteristics that might influence the outcome of a treatment.
critical speedIn fluid flow, the speed at which the behavior of the fluid switches from that of laminar flow to that of turbulent flow or vice versa
floorlog
centralityCentral tendency.
supergiantAn extremely luminous star of large diameter and low density
arithmetic meanThe arithmetic mean of a set of numbers (also called the average) is equal to the sum of the numbers divided by the number of numbers
helix nebulaA planetary nebula about 140 pc distant in Aquarius with the largest known angular diameter of any planetary
expressionA mathematical statement of almost any kind is considered an Expression.
orthogonal   perpendicular.
proof by contrapositionA method of proof where we proof a statement by its (necessarily logically equivalent) contrapositive.
mass numbersee Atomic Mass Number
mandelbrot setDiscovered much later than Julia sets, it is generated by taking the set of all functions f(Z)=Z^2+C, looking at all of the possible C points and their Julia sets, and assigning colors to the points based on whether the Julia set is connected or dust
identity elementFor a binary operation, the identity element is the element which, being one of operands involved, leaves the other operand unchanged.
commutativeThe property of a binary operation such that its operands can always be swapped around without affect its value.
exterior angleThe angle formed by one side, and the extension of an adjacent side of a polygon.
eb-ccdElectron-Bombarded CCD An imaging device containing a thin target material which emits electrons by the photoelectric effect when illuminated and then magnetically focuses these electrons to impact onto a silicon CCD where they generate a large charge
fourier matrixThe Fourier matrix represents the linear operator that transforms a vector of data into a vector of Fourier coefficients.
lyot divisionIn Saturn's rings, the gap between rings B and C
reflexiveLiterally "in relation to itself." When we say A = A, we employ a Reflexive property.
signingUnlike a handwritten signature, which is written onto, and thus becomes part of the document to which it relates, signing electronic information is rather different
reducible radicalA quantity expressed as the radical of an integer, which can be written as the multiple of a radical of a smaller integer.
conjugate linesGiven a line on an argand diagram, the line formed by replace each point with its complex conjugate in known as the conjugate line
counting numberThe counting numbers are the positive whole numbers, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5..
descartesRené Descartes ( March 31, 1596 - February 11, 1650) was a French mathematician and philosopher
gradeA system of measuring angles where one degree is to 1/100 of a right angle.
per annumA phrase meaning "per year" in Latin
energy level(a) Any of the several discrete states of energy in which an atom or ion can exist
hostA network-connected computer.
solveTo determine the solutions to a problem.
galilean telescopeA type of refracting telescope having a converging objective and a diverging eyepiece
confidence regionSame as confidence interval.
triangleA polygon of 3 sides.
deductive reasoninga process of demonstrating that, if certain statements are true, then other statements follow logically from them
interactionThe relation between variables in statistics where the influence on a variable from a set of variables is such that the total effect is not simply a sum of the effects from the individual variables.
calCalorie - a metric unit of energy
sublimationA direct change of state from solid to vapor without melting
contingency tableAn array of frequencies (or relative frequencies and by extension, probabilities) recorded to study the relationship between 2 or more discrete variables.
downshift matrixThe downshift matrix A circularly shifts all vector entries or matrix rows down 1 position.
monotonicThe property of an ordered set of values where changes are all in the same direction, and may allow for no change depending on the definition used.
aliasingIn a discrete Fourier transform, the overlapping of replicas of the basic transform, usually due to undersampling
complete inductionAlso known as strong induction
gradient1
dualIf V is a real vector space, then a dual vector on V is a linear function f from V to the real numbers R.
category 3 cablingA cabling specification for 10BaseT networks, which are capable of handling up to 10 mega bits of data per second
tcpTransmission Control Protocol.  A set of rules (protocol) used along with the Internet Protocol (IP) to send data in the form of message units between computers over the Internet
bracesSymbols { and } commonly used to represent the order of operations along with parentheses and brackets
single sign-onA log-in routine in which one logon provides access to all resources on the network.
rootA value that, multiplied by itself a number of times, results in the value or number wanted.
mortality rateAnother name for death rate.
equatorThe equator is an imaginary circle around the Earth or any orb, halfway between the North and South Poles.
magnitudeA numerical quantity or value.
metal(a) To an astronomer, a metal is any element heavier than hydrogen and helium; thus, not only are iron and copper metals, but so are elements like oxygen and neon
centre of gravityA point through gavity can be considered to be acting, instead of individually on the point masses or acting on the body as a whole
dayThe name for a number of related units of time all based around the period of the Earth's rotation about its own axis.
lineA line is a set of points that form an infinitely long straight path that extends in both directions
elastic constantsParameters for the properties or behaviour of components of a system relative to other components (due to its material, construction etc.) under influence of forces.
secA shorthand for the trigonometric function of secant.
ring nebulaA famous planetary nebula (M57, NGC 6720) in the constellation Lyra
equinox(a) One of two points in the sky that represent where the Sun appears to cross the plane of the Earth's equator
astrometryThe branch of astronomy that deals with measuring the positions of celestial objects, especially stars
mach numberA measure of speed of an object is a particular medium as a multiple of the speed of sound in that same medium.
galaxy(a) Vast system of celestial objects, typically consisting of between 106 and 1012 stars, plus interstellar gas and dust
capstoneThe U.S
key fingerprintA uniquely identifying string of numbers and characters used to authenticate public keys.
superconductivity(a) A phenomenon occurring in some metals at very low temperatures, in which the resistance drops to zero and the metal shows many other anomalous properties
fractional expressionAn algebraic expression of a polynomial divided by another - also known as a rational expression.
epicycle theoryA means of accounting for the apparent motions of the planets in terms of circular motions in a geocentric cosmology
spark chamberA means of detecting high energy particles by the trail of ionizations left as they pass through a chamber containing many charge plates
instantonAlso known as a pseudo-particle.
subclassThe class whose elements are also elements of a specified class.
null hypothesisThe hypothesis assumed, for which calculations of probabilities in hypothesis testing are based on
slacThe acronym for the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center at Stanford University in California, USA
tractableA property of a problem, stating that it can be solved in a reasonable amount of time using a reasonable amount of space.
auxiliary circle1
secondary mirrorThe second reflecting surface encountered by the light in a telescope
truth tableTables representing the truth values of propositions in propositional logic.
extremaThe maximum or minimum value of a function.
librationsVariations in the orientation of the Moon's surface with respect to an observer on the Earth
asymmetric relationA binary relation that is not symmetric.
probability mass functionThe function the computes the probability for an event for a discrete probability distribution.
accretion diskA disk of gas that accumulates around a center of gravitational attraction, such as a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole
ovalAn oval is an egg-shaped figure.
hubble flowThe movement of the galaxies away from us caused by the expansion of the Universe
informationa measure of the delocalization of the state of the system in the space of all possible events
radio astronomythe astronomy associated with radio observations of celestial objects
variableA mathematical quantity whose value can vary
kiteA kite is a four-sided figure (a quadrilateral) in which exactly two pairs of adjacent sides have the same length.
size1
interestGiven the time-value-of-money, Interest is generated on a sum of capital as time passes.
glitchA term used in rocketry to describe a malfunction (or "slide") of the stylus on a chart recorder; also, a sudden change in frequency, as in a pulsar
vigesimal numbersNumbers expressed in the base 20 number system.
parametrisationsThe act of expressing equations in parametric forms.
auAstronomical Unit
response variableAnother name for a dependent variable.
equilateralHaving edges of equal lengths
bridgeA piece of hardware used to connect two local area networks, or segments of a LAN, so that devices on the network can communicate without requiring a router
bose-einstein condensationA phenomenon in which several thousand atoms of certain elements are able to combine to form a single entity (a superatom) at very low temperatures
sslSecure Socket Layer
differential coefficientAnother name for a derived function or a derivative.
bounded setA set is bounded if its closure does not consist of any infinite values.
100basetAn Ethernet specification that can handle up to 10 mega bits of data per second
short radiusThe radius of the largest circle inscribed in a polygon.
hopf bifurcationAlso known as a Poincare-Andronov-Hopf bifurcation, it is a type of local bifurcation in a dynamical system.
iauInternational Astronomical Union
molecular hydrogen(a) A molecule consisting of two hydrogen atoms (H2) and the most common molecule in space
three dimensionsSpace which must be labelled by 3 separate numbers (coordinates) so that closer points have closer coordinates and closer coordinates implies closer points.
dimensional analysisA procedure for verifying a formula by the fact that physical laws remain the same regardless of the units used for the physical quantities involved
critical densityThe density that just stops the expansion of space, after infinite cosmic time has elapsed
algebra glossaryThe Algebra glossary brought to you by the Brilliant Community.
fractalFractals are patterns within patterns within patterns.
alpha particlesParticles first discovered in radioactive decay, and later identified as helium nuclei (two protons and two neutrons bound together)
synchronous rotationRotation whose period is equal to the orbital period
life tablesA table listing the probabilities of an individual of a certain age (possibly with additional assumptions such as geography) surviving until the next "age" for actuarial purposes.
skewLines neither intersecting nor parallel (non-coplanar lines) are termed Skew lines.
ciphertextEncrypted data.
shearA linear transformation where points are translated parallel to the line of invariant points, by an amount proportional to the distance between the point and the line, where additionally, points on the same sides of the line are translated in the same direction and points on opposite sides of the line are translated in opposite directions.
non-collinearNot linear, not aligned, not part of the same line
assertasserta
initial conditionsA type of boundary condition specifically giving information of the system at the beginning of the time interval in consideration.
star clusterA gravitationally bound aggregation of stars, smaller and less massive than galaxies
deciphersee decrypt.
resultThe value of the primary metric being reported for the benchmark.
gauss jordan eliminationGauss Jordan elimination is a method for solving a system of linear equations A * x = b for x, or for computing the inverse matrix of A.
local behaviour1
absolutely convergent seriesA convergent series which remains convergent even if the modulus function is applied to each individual term before summation.
configuration(a) The arrangement of electrons in shells around the nucleus of an atom
permutationA counting method that determines the number of ordered arrangements there are when a certain number of objects are selected from a given set.
frictionA motion resisting force due to contact of objects in relative motion.
representative sampleA sample for which it is assumed that there is no reason the expectations of estimations from the sample differ from the parameters of the population.
electron conductionA process in astrophysics occurring in highly ionized stellar interiors where the density is high, whereby the bulk of the energy is transported by "hot" electrons moving in one direction and cooler electrons in the other
hash-based macMAC that uses a hash function to reduce the size of the data it processes.
integration by partsA method of integrating a product, by designating one half of the product to be eventually integrated while the other half differentiated, following the rule
earthlightLight reflected from the Earth's atmosphere onto the dark part of the Moon
expandTo go through the process of expansion.
range1
sense1
exoergic processA process in which energy is liberated
hanning methodA method of smoothing out the noise in radio data
segmentthe union of a point, A, and a point, B, and all the points between them.
isoInfrared Space Observatory
degree1
littrowThe configuration of a diffraction grating spectrograph in which the diffracted ray returns along the same direction as the incident ray
goppa codeA class of error correcting codes, used in the McEliece public-key cryptosystem.
geometric probabilityGeometric probability
holmiumA soft malleable silvery element of the lanthanoid series of metals
coaxial cableA type of electrical wiring
allIn mathematics, the word all means ...
sumofrestand these are distinguished by subscripts - so First1
constellation(a) A grouping of stars, usually with pictorial or mythical associations, that serves to identify an area of the celestial sphere
canonical changeA periodic change in one of the components of an orbit (cf
bevOne billion (109) electron volts
solar flareSudden and dramatic release of a huge burst of solar energy through a break in the Sun's chromosphere in the region of a sunspot
continuous compoundingWhen an entity experiences Continuous Compounding it grows unceasingly and constantly, that is, the addition of some portion of its size to its size happens all of the time
cislunarAn adjective referring to the region of space between the Earth and the Moon
copernican revolutionThe revolution in thought resulting from the acceptance of the heliocentric model of the Solar System
intersection of setsThe intersection of two or more sets is the set of elements that all the sets have in common; in other words, all the elements contained in every one of the sets
block cipherA symmetric cipher which encrypts a message by breaking it down into blocks and encrypting each block.
labelled treeA tree in graph theory in which all vertices are assigned labels.
similarityThe property of 2 geometric figures being similar.
law of sines  a/sin A = b/sin B = c/sin C
segment of a circleThe area bounded by an arc and its chord.
resultant1
parityParity indicates whether a term is even (divisible by 2) or odd (not divisible by 2).
coax cableA type of cable, used in Ethernet networking, with a solid central conductor surrounded by an insulator, in turn surrounded by a cylindrical shield woven from fine wires
transformationjuxtaposition of the argument (geometric figure input, i.e
roundingA numerical value means replacing it by another value that is approximately equal but has a shorter, simpler, or more explicit representation
differenceThe value resulting from a subtraction.
inelastic collisionA reaction involving a change in the kinetic energy of the system, as in ionization, excitation, or capture; or a process which changes the energy level of the system
meinel bandsMolecular bands of the N2+ radical near 8000 Å
open source softwareA term applied when the source code of a computer program is made available free of charge to the general public
denominate numberThe numerical part of a physical quantity
holomorphicSame as complex analytic
asymmetricalSomething that is asymmetrical is not symmetrical - it does not have symmetry
leverA object with a pivot used to manipulate the force applied to an object (relative to the force input into the system), or the distance for which a force is applied (relative to the distance over which the force input into the system).
classA collection of objects, not necessary a set
chain ruleA rule that finds the derivative of a composite function, given that the derivatives of the two components of the composite function can be found.
symmetric algorithmAn encryption method where the same key is used both to encrypt and decrypt messages
contrapositivea conditional statement formed by negating both the if and then clauses of a converse
electron-phonon scatteringElectron scattering by ions oscillating about equilibrium positions which form a perfect lattice
decompressTo expand a compressed file or group of files back to their normal size so that the file or files can be opened
gross annual incometotal income earned in a year
antennaeA famous pair of interacting galaxies in the constellation Corvus
buried channelA construction in a silicon CCD which results in a collection zone for photo-generated electrons which is buried well below the surface of the silicon
tokenAlso called a security token or an authentication token
sextantInstrument employed to measure the elevation of astronomical objects above the horizon
biometricsThe science of using biological properties to identify individuals; for example, finger prints, a retina scan, and voice recognition.
gold cardGross Domestic Product [GDP]
polar axisAlso known as the initial axis
htmlHyper-Text Mark-up language.
stochastic processA non-determnistic process, also known as a random process.
wattOne watt is defined to be the rate of one joules in one second
mental mathMental math is math that is done in your head, without writing or using a calculator or other device.
minimizeA process to establish the least extent, value, or size possible.
tlsTransport Layer Security
two-way classificationThe classification of a data set by 2 criteria, i.e
patternCharacteristic(s) observed in one item that may be repeated in similar or identical manners in other items.
empirical distribution functionA distribution function as suggested by the sample.
spectral energy distributionSED: The distribution of a star's light among various wavelengths
edge effectsAbsorption in the spectra of galaxies at the edges of some passbands by lines broadened by velocity dispersion
color fieldAny particle carrying color charge (or strong charge) has an associated color field (or strong field) around it
sculptor1
biconditional statementa statement formed by combining a conditional and its converse, using if and only if
hydrostaticsA sub-branch of fluid mechanics, the mathematical study of liquid in equilibrium.
krylov matrixGiven a square matrix A and some initial vector b, the first k elements of the sequence of Krylov vectors are: b, Ab, A2b, A3b, ..
thermal diffusionA method of separating gas molecules of different masses by maintaining one part of the gas at a lower temperature than the other (i.e
gf-valuesWeighted oscillator strengths
actinic radiationRadiation that can cause a chemical reaction; for example, ultraviolet radiation is actinic
least upper boundAs the name implies, a function often has a highest value or a limit beyond which it may not realize.
compassAlso known as a pair of compasses, to avoid confusion with the instrument for telling directions
astronomical unit(a) Mean distance between the Earth and the Sun: 149,598,500km
involution1
infinite productA multiplication equivalent for infinite series, denoted by the capital letter for π
golay cellA gas bulb used to detect infrared radiation
normal1
lheThe symbol for Liquid Helium
cC equals 100 in Roman numerals.
spallationThe process in which an incoming beam of particles or energy collides with a substance, reacts with it, and knocks off pieces of it
matt enlowContributor Matt Enlow
radiative brakingThe slowing down of rotation of a star due to radiation
conversea conditional statement formed by interchanging the if and then clauses of another conditional statement
principal square rootA positive number that when multiplied by itself produces a given positive number.
binary variableA random variable with only 2 possible outcomes.
complex conjugateThe Complex Conjugate of (a + bi) is (a - bi)
octadecagonAn octadecagon is an eighteen-sided figure.
cavalieri's principleTwo geometrical figures whose cross sections are the same as each other, at the same distance away from some reference line/lines (plane/planes) have the same area (volume)
pennyA penny is a coin worth one cent.
anisotropy(a) A medium is anisotropic if a certain physical quantity differs in value in
pair-wise disjointThe property of a collection of mathematical objects, any two of which have a null (empty) intersection.
divisionThe inverse operation of multiplication
one-way functionA function that is easy to compute in one direction but quite difficult to reverse compute (compute in the opposite direction.)
irisAn arrangement able to vary the amount of light that enters an optical instrument
dialog boxA box that appears when you choose a command from a menu
bidiagonal matrixA bidiagonal matrix has only two nonzero diagonals
copernican principleThe principle that Earth is not the center of the Universe
coherent receiversThese devices respond to the electric field strength of the signal, and can preserve phase information about incoming photons
boundaryThe exterior of a set
discrete setInformally, a set is discrete if all members have space between it and any other member of the set (where there "could have" members which belongs to the set but doesn't).
captureThe absorption of one particle by another
fbiFederal Bureau of Investigation, a U.S
elasticityProperty of a system whose configuration is dependent on the presence of an external force (or influence/factor).
winning positionsIntroduction to combinatorial games
large magellanic cloudThe nearest and largest of the many galaxies that orbit the Milky Way
actionA quantity related to the momentum and position of a body or system of particles
compression functionA function that accepts input and returns a shorter output
standard candleAn object - usually a star or a galaxy of known intrinsic brightness
denaryAdjective describing the property of base 10, also decimal.
censored observationsIn statistics, observations which are made incomplete systematically due to the nature of the procedure (possible) for observation or the objects under study.
gambling oddsA method of representing payoffs of an event where x:y means a bet of y would return a profit (not winnings) of x.
varSymbol denoting the variance of the specified random variable.
ciaCentral Intelligence Agency (Wikipedia) (Website) (Other)
inversely proportionalWhen the product of two variables is a constant the variables are said to be Inversely Proportional to one another.
zigzagA zigzag is a line that sharply turns back and forth.
flat fieldOr flat-fielding
eccElliptic Curve Cryptosystem; A public-key cryptosystem based on the properties of elliptic curves.
bita single unit of data storage in a computer
helium burningThe stage when a star fuses helium into carbon and oxygen
celestial longitudeAngular distance along the ecliptic from the vernal equinox eastward
compositionThe act of combining 2 mathematical objects in some way
percentileCertain types of data lend themselves to description by what percent of the values exceed (or fall below) a specific data value
interval estimateThe estimate of a (unknown) value by giving an interval of values
vector spaceA vector is a quantity having magnitude and direction, represented by a directed arrow indicating its orientation in space
truncation1
pyramidA pyramid is a shape that has a flat polygonal base and triangular sides that meet at a point on the top
cosmic ray astronomythe astronomy associated with the detection, propagation and origin of cosmic rays from their sources to the Earth
binary systemA base 2 positional system representing numbers with only the digits 0 and 1.
energy densityThe amount of energy in the form of radiation per unit volume, expressed in ergs cm-3
white lightVisible radiation that gives a sensation of whiteness
denumerableCan be enumerated, countable.
lyman forestThe appearance of many differentially redshifted Lyman- absorption lines in a quasar's spectrum, caused by intervening hydrogen clouds along our line of sight to the quasar
moment1
sumThe result from the operation of addition.
explorerA US series of satellites, many of which remain in orbit round the Earth fulfilling scientific functions
adiabatic indexThe ratio of the fractional change in pressure to the fractional change in density as an element of fluid expands (or contracts) without exchange of heat with its surroundings
planeA plane is a flat (2-dimensional) surface that extends to infinity in all directions
gamma decayA type of radioactive observer decay in which gamma rays are emitted by the specimen
decision theoryA branch of mathematics which deals with making decisions by identifying the relevant parameters, which parameters are known, what the known values are for these parameters and how to use such parameters to achieve an optimal decision by certain standards as well as how such standards are defined, assessed, affect the decision making process and any other aspects concerned.
plane of symmetryThe plane that is the collection of invariant points under a reflection such that the overall shape (or any collection of points) also stays invariant.
normal componentThe component of acceration which is perpendicular to the velocity.
couplingAn interaction between the components of a system
angular sizeThe angle subtended by an object on the sky
hagedorn equation of stateAn equation of state for extremely degenerate matter (density greater than about 1015 g cm-3)
variateThe value of a random variable.
interstellar reddeningThe reddening of starlight passing through interstellar dust, caused by the fact that dust scatters blue light more than red
rodsThe more sensitive cells of the retina of the eye
interstellar spaceSpace between the stars of a galaxy
matrixA rectangular array of elements
statisticA function dependent only on the sample.
scalar1
compound interestinterest calculated at regular intervals and added to the principal for the next interest period
elevationThe angle in degrees above the horizon toward the zenith or overhead point
mechanical advantageThe ratio of the output and input force into a mechanical system.
parallelizableThe property of a computer program, or program segment, that allows for the parallel execution of parts of the same program
compilerA program that translates (presumably) human-readable source code into a form that is native for a particular machine.
sphereThe locus of points in 3-dimensions which is of a particular specified distance from a specified point.
invisible astronomyThe study of celestial objects by observing their radiation at wavelengths other than those of visible light
standstillAn interval in the cycle of a variable star during which the brightness temporarily stops changing
lociThe points that comprise a function (or graph thereof) are its Loci.
passwordA secret sequence of characters or a word that a user submits to a system for purposes of authentication, validation, or verification
normalizeWe might Normalize data by culling errors
roughA surface modelled to produce a resistance to the relative motion between the surface and another rought object.
astrophysics(a) The science that studies the physics and chemistry of extraterrestrial objects
loopback interfaceA special type of interface that allows you to make network connections to yourself, using IP
place valuePlace value is a positional system of notation in which the position of a number with respect to a point determines its value
circleThe locus of all points which is equidistant from a fixed point on a plane.
adept solution writerConnect with your readers
bottom-up scenarioA galaxy-formation scenario in which small galaxies form first
strict inequalityA Strict Inequality does not include an "or equal to..."
ecdlSee elliptic curve discrete logarithm.
alfvén speedThe speed at which hydromagnetic waves are propagated along a magnetic field: (VA) = B / (4 )1/2
co2see Carbon Dioxide
logarithmic functionA function of one variable
temperatureTemperature is a measure of heat
coinA coin is a piece of metal money.
paddingExtra bits concatenated with a key, password, or plaintext.
infinite groupA group with infinitely many elements.
mlmillilitre, sometimes written as mL, being one thousandth (1/1000) of a litre (L)..
symmetric ciphera cipher that uses the same key for encryption and decryption.
bar chartA graphical representation of data using rectangular "bars" where the height (or length) of the vertical (or horizontal) bars are proportional to the frequency.
function of a function1
eraA system of chronological notation reckoned from a given date
chemical elementsNinety-two different stable or long-lived nuclei can be formed from neutrons and protons bound together
anti-coincidence counterA particle counter in which the circuit has been designed so as not to register the passage of an ionizing particle through more than one counting tube
sister_
hotelling's t-squared distributionThe multi-variate analogue of student's t-distribution.
age of the universeThe time elapsed since the singularity predicted by the Big Bang theory, estimated to be around 13 billion years
conversion period1
internet address classHistorically, to efficiently administer the whole range of possible 32-bit IP addresses, the addresses were separated into three classes that describe networks of varying sizes:
carbonaceous chondritesChondrites (stony meteorites) characterized by the presence of carbon compounds
radioElectromagnetic radiation with the lowest energy and longest wavelength
sechThe hyperbolic function of hyperbolic secant.
silicon burningThe end of the line for a high-mass star, silicon burning creates iron and other elements of similar mass and presages a supernova
non-invertible matrixA matrix which can not be inverted, i.e
proportionalDescribes the relationship between 2 quantities are such that they both change by the same factor (considered as multiplication).
percentage errorA measure of error, taking in account the actual value, calculated by
emersionThe reappearance of a celestial body after eclipse or occultation
balmer formulaA formula which represents the wavelengths of the various spectral series of hydrogen: - = R(m-2 - n-2)
de moivre's formula\( ( \cos x + i \sin x )^n = \cos ( nx) + i \sin (nx) \)
footA foot is a unit of measurement that is equal to twelve inches or one third of a yard.
regge trajectoryDerived from S-matrix theory, the Regge Trajectories were theoretical plots that attempted to account for the position of elementary particle resonances
p-valueThe probability that a test statistic take the value of, or more deviated than, the actual value observed
similar matricesMatrices which represent the same transformation in coordinate systems of different bases
strict implicationThe antecedent cannot be true with the consequent false at the same time.
exponential distributionA probability distribution of the amount of time between 2 consecutive independent singly events where the events are known (or at least assumed) to occur continuously with a constant rate.
extraneous solutionSometimes we perform mathematical manipulations and obtain solutions that do not make sense but nevertheless are obtained by following the rules of, say, algebra
stationary pointAlso known as a turning point or a critical point.
uthe symmetry group associated with electromagnetic gauge invariance
proactive securityA property of a cryptographic protocol or structure which minimizes potential security compromises by refreshing a shared key or secret.
hayashi trackA nearly vertical track of stellar evolution toward the main sequence during phases when the star is largely or completely in convective equilibrium
vectorA coordinate-based data structure in which the information is represented by a magnitude and a direction.
invertible matrixAn invertible matrix A is a (square) matrix for which there exists an inverse matrix B, called the inverse of A.
web pageA single HTML-formatted file posted where it can be accessed via the World Wide Web.
open regionA set of points on Rn where none of the points are on the perimeter of the set.
encryptionThe process of disguising data to hide its content
differenceThe result of subtraction.
topologyA wiring configuration used for a network
secure channelA communication medium safe from the threat of eavesdroppers.
back warmingHeating of deeper layers in a star due to overlying opacity
persistent cookiesPersistent cookies are stored on your computer's hard drive where they remain resident until they are either deleted or they reach a predetermined expiration date
decision problemA problem whose construction only accepts a "yes or no" answer which is dependent entirely on only the parameters of the problem
charfA permanent blemish on an image-tube phosphor
subtangent1
birthday attackA brute-force attack used to find collisions
south atlantic anomalyA disturbance in the geomagnetic field (a region of intense charged-particle fluxes) over the south part of the Atlantic Ocean
laplacianAlso known as the Laplace operator, it is a second-order differential operator finding the divergence of the gradient of a scalar function.
1and Rest
invariance and monovariance principleExploring what does not change, or what changes in only one direction, helps us to characterize what can happen.
central forceA force whose direction is always toawards the centre, and whose magnitude is a function of the distance between the point of application and the centre.
closed systemA set of one or more objects that may interact with each other, but do not interact with the world outside the system
secular instabilityInstability caused by the dissipation of energy
scatter diagramThe representation of a data set of 2 variables by points (one for each data point) where the x, y coordinates represent the values in the 2 variables for the data point.
decimal placeThe positions towards the right of the decimal point (indicating quantites less than whole) within the decimal number system.
proofAn ingredient in pudding.
accelerationThe term describes two related concepts:
eventCertain subsets of the set of all outcomes (i.e
firstRest
tessellationA pattern where polytopes are placed in a space so that the geometric figures do not overlap and no space is not covered for an arbitrarily large space.
vedavedalia
right circular coneA cone with a circular base and an apex directly above the center of the base.
piecewise continuousA function which is continous at all points except for a finite number of points, which are the "boundaries" of the pieces.
sun(a) The star that Earth orbits
transputerA compact computer chip with a special design for linking to other transputers to make the program run faster
dispersionThe variability of a quantity
homogeneous differential equation1
least upper boundAlso known as a supremum
scaling(a) The phenomenon observed in deep inelastic scattering, and predicted by James Bjorken, whereby the structure functions which describe the shape of the nucleon depend not on the energy or momentum involved in the reaction, but on some dimensionless ratio of the two
trillionThe name variously given to a thousand billion and a million billion in the past
asteroid beltA region of space lying between Mars (1.5 AU) and Jupiter (5.2 AU), where the great majority of the asteroids are found
trustConfidence in the honesty, integrity, or reliability of a person, company, or other entity
e1
minute1
tcp handshakeA three-step process computers go through when negotiating a connection with one another
horizontalHorizontal comes from orientation like the horizon; parallel to the "flat" surface of the earth; perpendicular to vertical.
monomialAn expression with only one term.
rowA set of entries all sharing the same first index in a matrix
bohriumA synthetic radioactive element first detected by bombarding a bismuth target with chromium nuclei
mass centreMore commonly known as the centre of mass.
absolute errorThe difference between two values, always taken to be positive
symmetryA figure exhibits symmetry when part of the figure is the mirror image of another part of the figure
cmosComplementary metal oxide semiconductor
second law of thermodynamics(a) A physical law formulated in the nineteenth century and stating that any isolated system becomes more disordered in time
statisticsThe study of the various aspects of collection, organisation and analysis of data, as well as interpretation and presentation of results.
cellCategories of data divided into rectangular arrays through more than one variable
transversalA line intersecting two or more other lines in the same plane.
active idleThe state in which the SUT must be capable of completing all workload transactions
cryptographyThe art and science of using mathematics to secure information and create a high degree of trust in the electronic realm
dijkstra's algorithmAn algorithm for finding shortest paths where edges of the graph are all (non-negatively) weighted.
massive halosSpherical distributions of dark matter surrounding galaxies
octagonAn octagon is an eight-sided figure
mersenne numbers1 + 15 = 16
isoplanatic patchThe angular region on the sky over which the wavefront correction applied by an adaptive optics system remains valid
chaotic inflation(a) A model in which many distinct universes form from different regions of a "mother" universe, with some inflating and others perhaps not
micro-An SI prefix which means one-millionth (1/1 000 000).
great wallA sheet of galaxies which stretches more than 500 million light-years across the sky
alphaAlpha is the first letter in the Greek alphabet
nestedA condition where two or more grouping symbols are inside one another.
blind signature schemeAllows one party to have a second party sign a message without revealing any (or very little) information about the message to the second party.
composite functionThe result of composing two functions together, so that the value (output) of the first becomes the argument (input) of the second
composite particle theoryA class of elementary particle theories, according to which there are increasing numbers of elementary particle states of higher and higher mass
steady state theory(a) Theory that the expanding Universe was never in a state of appreciably higher density - i.e., that there was no "big bang" - and that matter is constantly being created out of empty space in order to maintain the cosmic matter density
period doublingThe increase of the period of a mathematical system to two-fold of the period prior to the change.
nanometerA nanometer is unit of measure equal to 10 angstroms, which is one billionth (1 x 10-9) of a meter.
totient functionThe function whose value is the number of totitives of the argument, which is another positive integer.
anomalistic monthThe interval (27.555 days) between two successive perigee passages of the Moon.[H76]
perimeterThe distance around the outside of a planar object or a plane figure is its perimeter.
perpendicular linesTwo lines that intersect at \(90^\circ\) are said to be perpendicular
subnormal1
continuous random variableA random variable whose image is continuous.
armA half-line extending from a vertex or the centre (of a circle, sphere, ellipse etc.) or origin.
directed lineA line together with a sense of direction which must be one of the two parallel to the line.
radius vectorIn astronomy, an imaginary line connecting the center of an orbiting body with the centre of the body (or point) that it is orbiting
asciiAmerican Standard Code for Information Interchange Character encoding scheme, based on the ordering of the English alphabet, using 7-bits to describe each letter
digital fingerprintSee digital signature.
minuteA minute is a measure of time that is 1/60th of an hour
ledLight-Emitting Diode -- A semiconductor diode, made from certain materials (e.g
trusted networkThe private network which you intend your firewall to primarily protect
memberwe write something like member(Item, [a, b, c])
conditional inequalityAn inequality that is only true under certain conditions.
intersecting chords theoremSee circle.
brightness temperature(a) The temperature that a blackbody would have to have to emit radiation of the observed intensity at a given wavelength
q.e.d.Q.E.D
indefinitelyAn unspecified amount, having no exact limit.
mass modelsModels that attempt to infer the distribution of mass in an astronomical system by comparing the observed properties of the system (such as the distribution of light) with those properties predicted by various theoretical distributions of mass
equation of state(a) A relation between the pressure, temperature, and density of a fluid
anharmonic oscillatorA system whose vibration, while still periodic, cannot be described in terms of simple harmonic motions (i.e
aesThe Advanced Encryption Standard that will replace DES (The Data Encryption Standard) around the turn of the century.
pssSee probabilistic signature scheme.
third quartileFor certain types of data, it is the 75th percentile
scaleneA triangle is considered Scalene if no two sides have the same length.
lanStands for ‘Local Area Network’, a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line or wireless link.
transitive property  the property that states that if a = b, and b = c, then a = c.
cuspA sudden turn in direction in a curve.
equilibrantA label, rather than a technical definition, of a force which sustains the equilibrium of a system..
after-imageAn image seen after the eye's retina has been exposed for a time to an intense or stationary light source
mean distanceThe semi-major axis of an elliptic orbit
excentreThe centre of an excircle
gravity wavesTraveling waves of energy that transmit a gravitational force whose strength is changing in time
mipsMillions of Instructions Per Second, a measurement of computing speed.
kerberosA trusted third-party authentication protocol developed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and used widely in the United States
halo(a) Nebulous quality round a celestial body (particularly round a red giant); the galactic halo, however, describes the spherical collection of stars forming a surrounding "shell" for our otherwise compact, discoid Galaxy
middleperson attackA person who intercepts keys and impersonates the intended recipients.
cluster variablesee RR Lyrae star
quarterA quarter is a coin that is worth 25 cents
inversionA transformation where a point is mapped to another point such that the centre of a reference circle form a straight line with the two points (a point and its image), without the centre in between and such that the geometric mean of the distances of the centre from the two points is the radius of the circle..
trapeziumA quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides
pseudo-random numberA number that results from applying randomizing algorithms to input derived from the computing environment, such as mouse coordinates or the time of day
combinationThe way of ways that a collection of k objects can be picked from a number of n objects
minute handA minute hand on a clock tells you how many minutes past the hour it is.
discThe set of points on a plane which are within a specified distance from a specified point on the plane.
readend_of_file
polar coordinate systemA 2-dimensional coordinate system where the location of a point is specified by its distance from the pole (radius) as well as the polar angle
hubble time(a) The Hubble time is one divided by the Hubble constant, which gives a number from 10 to 20 billion years
quartic functiona polynomial function of degree 4
laserThe word laser stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
quota sampleA method of non-random sampling where the population is divided into groups and each group is given a quota - a proportion with which sample units from this group should form the sample
dual gameA game where the optimal strategy for each player is to cooperate, as opposed to a zero-sum game.
catastrophismNineteenth-century hypothesis that depicted the many changes evinced by the geological record as having resulted from cataclysms occurring during a relatively brief period of history
nondeterministicNot determined or decided by previous information.
octahedronAn octahedron is an eight-sided geometric solid (a 3-D object).
lunation(a) The period of time between two successive new Moons (cf
circleAn ellipse possessing but one focus
uniformConstant and unchanging; fixed.
achillesAsteroid No
hydrodynamicsOriginally, the branch of mathematics now named fluid dynamics
slope casesHorizontal, vertical, tilted to the right, tilted to the left.
periodic functionA function which repeats in such a way that, two arguments separated by a multiple of the period of the function are always the same
matter-to-antimatter ratioThe ratio of mass in particles to mass in antiparticles
heisenberg modelA model of magnetic systems in which each magnetic atom has a spin which is free to point in any direction in space
atmospheric extinctionDecrease in the intensity of light from a celestial body due to absorption and scattering by the Earth's atmosphere
inequalityAny mathematical sentences that states the relationship between 2 values or expressions by asserting that:
geometryA branch of mathematics concerning distances between points, sets of points or angles formed by them and ideas derived from these concepts such as adjacency, areas and shapes etc.
backward differenceA backward difference considers the absolute or directed difference between the value of a function (thus including the terms of a sequence) with a particular argument and the correponding value at a fixed interval prior to the nominated argument
auto-catalysisthe ability of certain chemicals to enhance by their presence the rate of their own production in a sequence of chemical reactions
huyghenian regionThe brightest portion of the Orion Nebula
circular dataThe class of cyclic directional data in statistics.
multiplication ruleThe special case result derived from the definition of conditional probability for cases where the two events are independent.
xorA binary bitwise operator yielding the result one if the two values are different and zero otherwise
singletonA set with exactly one member.
mean free timeFor gas atoms or molecules in a container, or electrons and impurity atoms in a semiconductor, the average time between particle collisions
networkNetwork Address Translation [NAT]
catenaryA plane curve which, if any sections of it are used to represent a string of uniform mass, has the lowest gravitational potential energy for the given length and fixed points
toy theoryA theory which is known to be too simple to describe reality, but which is nonetheless useful for theorists to study because it incorporates some important features of reality
loopA bounded curve with no endpoints such that the removal of almost all points result in a curve
digitSymbols which are the components in a positional number system.
carboxyl groupAlso called the COOH group; functional group consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to another oxygen with a hydrogen on the other side
hamiltonian path problemDetermine whether a given graph contains a Hamiltonian graph
oscillationA periodic behavious.
exponential curveA curve or a translation of the base curve with equation y = ax.
matricesPural of matrix.
algorithmA set of constructive instructions designed to solve a specific problem
tilingTessellation in 2 dimensions.
canonicalDescribes a representation of an object (e.g
cidCharge Injection Device
swiftSociety for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications.
differential geometryThe study of geometric objects with techniques of calculus.
itemthat item
limits of integrationThe endpoints (a and b) of an interval over which a defnite integral (the following example) is performed.
_and ~
tekTraffic Encryption Key Cryptographic key used the encryption of messages (traffic).
qcdQuantum Chromodynamics
functionA function is an operation or set of operations performed on a set (called the domain), resulting in another set (called the range)
accuracyA measure of how little an approximation deviates from the true value.
helium variable starsBp stars in which the strength of the helium lines varies periodically
pythagorean identitiesThe trigonometric identity that states that the sum of the square of the sine and cosine must always be exactly one regardless of the argument for the 2 trigonometric functions (although the argument must be the same for the 2 functions).
proofA sequence of finite number of statements, each of which is either an axiom or the result from rules of inference on statements that appeared before.
straight lineSimply known in mathematics as a line
skewAlso known as skewness, it is a measure of the asymmetry of a distribution.
cluster of galaxiesAn aggregate of galaxies
platonic solidsA convex regular polyhedron - regular in the sense that a linear transformation of any vertex to any other vertex of the polyhedra, such that an edge adjacent to the originating vertex coincides with an edge adjacent to the destinating edge will ensures that all other vertices and edges also coincide with another vertex/edge respectively.
n-dimensionalThe property of having dimension n.
metric systemA system of units of measurements based on the number 10.
autokoAutomatisiertes Kommunikationssystem 90 Wide area communications system used by the German Army (Bundeswehr)
restthus replacing member(Item, [Item | Rest]).
foil1
asymmetryThe property of not having any symmetry
heightElevation above ground or distance upwards from a given level (especially sea level) to a fixed point
colliderA collider is made by accelerating beams of particles and causing them to collide
celestialOf the heavens; in the sky; in space
relative frequencyRelative frequency is the number of items of a certain type divided by the number of all the numbers being considered.
galactic halo(a) A spherical aggregation of stars, globular star clusters, and thin gas clouds, centered on the nucleus of the galaxy and extending beyond the known extremities of the galactic disk
geometric meanGiven a set of numbers, the value which, if raised to power of the number of numbers within the set, would be the same as the product of the set of numbers
pgp/mimeAn IETF standard (detailed in RFCs 2015 and 3156) that provides privacy and authentication using the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) security content types described in RFC 1847, currently deployed in PGP 5.0 and later versions.
proxy serviceA combination of stateful packet filtering with content inspection
subnet maskThis is a difficult concept to express succinctly
high school mathSolve hard problems using elementary techniques.
error mean squareA way of measuring the difference between a value implied by an estimator and the actual value.
cotangentCotangent (abbreviated cot) is a trigonometric ratio, corresponding to the length of the adjacent side divided by the length of the opposite side of the right triangle
intranetA self-contained network with a limited number of participants who extend limited trust to one another in order to accomplish an agreed-upon goal
bose-einstein statisticsThe statistical rules for studying systems of identical bosons
historyso the second goals fails, backtracking occurs, Course
vertical anglesWhen two lines cross (intersect) they form two pairs of Vertical Angles; the Angles within each pair of Vertical Angles are congruent.
differentiableThe property of having a derivative
z matrixA Z matrix is a real (square) matrix with nonpositive off-diagonal entries.
hypothesisIn a biconditional statement the hypothesis is followed by a conclusion
productThe product is the answer in a multiplication problem.
intergalactic gasMatter that is present in the region between the galaxies
bbut not a
hackerA person who tries and/or succeeds at defeating computer security measures.
airglowLight in the nighttime sky caused by the collision of atoms and molecules (primarily oxygen, OH, and Ne) in Earth's geocorona with charged particles and X-rays from the Sun or outer space
conic sectionAlso known more simply as conics.
tripleAs a verb, Triple means to multiply by three
frequencyHow often (or frequently) does something occur? That is its Frequency
firewallSoftware or hardware components that restrict access between a protected network and the Internet, or between other sets of networks, to block unwanted use or abuse.
rotation curveA quantitative description of how fast each part of a galaxy is rotating about the center
enceladusThird satellite of Saturn, about 500 km in diameter
equatorial mountThe classic type of telescope mount with one axis parallel to the Earth's polar axis (i.e
cygnisee Deneb
non-negativeZero or positive.
mean squared errorA way of measuring the variation between the actual value and the value implied by an estimator..
grazing-incidence telescopeA telescope used in X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy
confoundingA certain property of an extraneous variable - the property of the so-called lurking variable.
negative numberA negative number is a a number less than zero, like -1, -2, -3/4, etc.
divisors of an integerWhat numbers can be used to evenly divide another integer?
discontinuityA point in the domain of a function at which the function is discontinuous
ordered pairAn ordered pair is a set of \(2 \) elements in which the order of the elements is significant
mersexMERCS
functionA mathematical relationship between two values called the input and the output, such that for each input there is precisely one output
unificationScientists have sought for centuries to unify the descript ions of apparently different phenomena by showing that they were due to the same underlying natural laws and that complex levels of matter were made of simpler levels
much greater thanmuch greater than
fermat's last theoremA theorem in number theory only recently (1995) proven despite being proposed over 350 years ago (1637) and have subsequently received a lot of attention
secondA second is a measure of time that is equal to 1/60th of a minute.
stream cipherA secret-key encryption algorithm that operates on a bit at a time.
parenthesescalculate expression inside first
cd galaxyIn Morgan's classification, a supergiant elliptical galaxy with a large, faint halo; an outstandingly large, luminous D galaxy
prismatoidThe generalisation of a prism - a solid figure formed by vertices which lie in either one of 2 parallel planes.
force chargeA property of a particle that determines how it responds to a particular force
consumer creditthe ability to purchase an item with an agreement to pay for it at a later date
digitNumerals from zero through nine, so called because they were originally counted on the fingers.
altitude1
baudotMethod for sending text-based messages over wire or radio links, using a 5-bit digital code
session hijackingAn intrusion technique whereby a hacker sends a command to an already existing connection between two machines, in order to wrest control of the connection away from the machine that initiated it
brute force attackThis attack requires trying all (or a large fraction of all) possible values till the right value is found; also called an exhaustive search.
mastercardMedia Access Control Address [MAC Address]
aldebaran( Tau) -- (a) The brightest star in the constellation Taurus, Aldebaran is an orange K-type giant that lies 60 light-years away
multiplicative inverseThe number with which the specifed number multiply to give the multiplicative identity
kelvinThe kelvin is the fundamental unit of temperature in the SI system
socksA protocol for handling TCP traffic through a proxy server
blue halo starsHot stars that are in the horizontal-branch, post-horizontal-branch, and post-asymptotic branch phases of evolution
conditionally convergent seriesA series that ceases to be convergent if the modulus function is applied to all of its terms before the summation.
databaseDatabase Administrator [DBA]
centre of curvatureGiven a curve, the centre of curvature of a point on this curve is the centre of a circle which "locally" (for a neighbourhood of that point) describes the curvature of the curve.
fluorescence(a) The absorption of energy by atoms, molecules, etc., followed by immediate emission of electromagnetic radiation as the particles make transitions to lower energy states
glideTo translate, also to slide
cosmic yearTime the Sun takes to "orbit" in galactic rotation: about 225 million years
h and k linesThe two closely spaced lines of singly ionized calcium at 3968 and 3934 Å, respectively
opsOperations Per Second.
probabilityThe measure of how likely it is for an event to occur
sidereal time(ST) The measure of time defined by the apparent diurnal motion of the catalog equinox; hence a measure of the rotation of the Earth with respect to the stars rather than the Sun
conical pendulumA weight attached through a string to a fixed point so that the trajectory of the weight is a (horizontal) circle with the string being taut (and having constant length) at all times
m32An elliptical galaxy that orbits the Andromeda galaxy
potential energyEnergy stored in an object (or a system) due to the position of the object (or the physical configuration of the system).
max1
dfDirection Finding When a radio transmitter is on the air for a sufficiently long period of time, it is possible to trace its position
transverse componentThe component of velocity or acceleration perpendicular to the radius.
thermometerA thermometer is used for measuring temperature.
orthonormalThe property of a mathematical object which is in some sense orthogonal and normalized
simple quadrilateralA quadrilateral whose edges do not intersect.
cube rootGiven a number, the cube root of this number is another number such that the former is the cube number of the latter.
massively parallelA large number of simultaneous processes; in biology, a living cell has multiple, concurrently active processes that are reflected in the proteome and its underlying transcriptome.
cube number216
stimulated emission(a) Radiation emitted by a body, such as an atom, when it is bombarded by radiation
dummy variable1
ikpInternet Keyed Payments Protocol.
zeroThe only real value that is neither negative nor positive
hChemical symbol for hydrogen
coroneneThe first ultraviolet phosphor to be tried on the surface of a CCD
timestampingRecording the time when an event happens (typically in a log) or when a piece of information is created or modified.
monoceros loopA filamentary loop nebula about 1 kpc distant, the remnant of a supernova that occurred about 300,000 years ago
indicesPlural of the word index
chu-wee limContributor Chu Wee Lim.
bar codeBar codes store a series of encoded numbers - they can be read by laser scanners
centroidThe geometric centre of a plane figure.
siInternational System of Units.
calculusCalculus is a branch of mathematics that was developed separately by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Isaac Newton in the 1600s
clockA clock tells you what time it is.
inflatonThe name given to whatever fields are responsible for driving inflation
closed regionA set of points containing all limit points and is connected.
pascal's trianglePascal's triangle is a triangular pattern of numbers devised in 1653 by the French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher Blaise Pascal (June 19, 1623 - Aug
gcfThe Greatest Common Factor (GCF) [also called the Greatest Common Divisor or GCD] is the largest positive integer that is a factor of two or more numbers
ecliptic(a) Apparent linear path through the 12 constellations of the zodiac that the Sun seems to take during one Earth year, also representing therefore the "edge" of the plane of Earth's orbit
composite numbers6 + 10 = 16
position vectorA vector used to represent the position of a point via the relative position of this point to a known reference universal within the coordinate system, such as the origin 0
maximumThe greatest in value relative to all others in consideration
differential equationsA continuous analogue of difference equations
sectionThe plane figure that is the intersection of a plane and a solid
parallelepipedA shoebox is a Parallelepiped
system of linear equationsTwo or more linear equations for which goal is to find a common solution
alfvén wavesWaves moving perpendicularly through a magnetic field
absolute temperature(a) Temperature measured on the Kelvin scale: 0 Kelvin = -273.15° Celsius
pulsatanceAngular frequency - known as pulsatance in specific contexts.
rotation matrixA matrix representing the linear transformation of a rotation where the origin is an invariant point
synchronousA property of a stream cipher, stating that the keystream is generated independently of the plaintext and ciphertext.
hyperlinkAn object on a Web page such as a graphic or underlined text that represents a link to another location, either on the same Web site or on a different Web site
solar systemThe Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it
confidentialThe classification of data for which unauthorised disclosure/use could cause serious damage to an organisation or individual.
triangular inequalityThe statement that a + b ≥ c for all a, b, c within a set of mathematical objects.
home pageThe first page of a multi-page Web site, used as an entrance into the site.
smart cardA card, not much bigger than a credit card, that contains a computer chip and is used to store or process information.
half-life(a) The time it takes for half of a given quantity of radioactive material to decay
hermitian conjugateAlso known as the Hermitian transpose, the conjugate transpose or the adjoint
gramA unt of mass within the SI system of units
solid angle(a) A measure of the angular size of an extended object, equal to the area it subtends on the surface of a sphere of unit radius
desData Encryption Standard, a block cipher developed by IBM and the U.S
rodAn idealized material object with only length, having no width or height, and zero curvature.
mottleAn alternative word for spicule
semi-convectionThe partial convective mixing that takes place in a convectively unstable region where stability can be attained by the results of the mixing before the region is completely mixed
spherical polygonA 2-dimensional (but not planar) geometric figure formed by 2 or more arcs of great circles forming a non-self-intersecting closed curve.
trialAn experiment within a series of experiments.
basis(plural bases) A basis of a vector space is a minimal spanning set of vectors
packet filteringControlling access to a network by analyzing the headers of incoming and outgoing packets, and letting them pass or halting them based on rules created by a network administrator
sofiaStratospheric Observatory for Far-Infrared Astronomy
normalUsually meaning orthogonal (as to a plane), Normal sometimes means also merely perpendicular.
carbon reactionAn important nuclear fusion process that occurs in stars
connectiveAn operator that conbines 2 sentences into a new sentence such that the truth value of the new sentence is a function of the truth values of the 2 sentences.
circular measureAlso known as angular measure.
parabolaThe shape formed by the intersection of the conical surface of an infinite cone and a plane that is "parallel" to a generatrix of the cone
secret sharingSplitting a secret (e.g
prime symbolAlso known as the accent or simply "dash"
first order polynomialThis type of equation has no variables raised to integer powers greater than one.
baryon number conservationThe principle that the number of baryons must remain the same in any nuclear reaction
sample statisticAnother name for a statistic.
m31The Andromeda galaxy, the largest member of the local group
infrared photometryThe measurement of light intensities using infrared light instead of optical (visible to the human eye) light
radical equationan equation with a variable within a radicand
message digestThe result of applying a hash function to a message.
paraboloida surface that is formed by rotating a parabola about its axis.
periodic decimalAlso known as repeating or recurring decimal.
mileA Imperial unit of length which is roughly 1.61 kilometres.
one-to-many correspondenceA mapping where one argument corresponds to many values
combinatoricsThe branch of math that provides calculations for the selection of a number of elements from a set is called Combinatorics.
import encryptionEncryption, in any form, coming into a country.
numeratorThe number or expression above the horizontal line (on top) in a fraction
rectangle  a quadrilateral with four 90 degree angles.
empiricismAn emphasis on sense data as a source of knowledge, in opposition to the rationalist belief that reasoning is superior to experience
partition of an intervalThe act of dividing an interval into a set of non-overlapping intervals that together complete cover the original.
biasingA hypothesized feature of the condensation of galaxies out of a background medium of gas
planeA set of points which can be defined by (but not uniquely) the location of a point (on the plane), and two directions (parallel to the plane but not parallel to each other).
rsa algorithmA public-key cryptosystem based on the factoring problem
sumand SumOfRest
area formulaeEstablished formulae for calculation of simple shapes.
kilogramThe SI unit for mass, usually denoted kg
magus solution writerEngage with and guide your audience.
s-httpSecure HyperText Transfer Protocol, a secure way of transferring information over the World Wide Web.
isotope(a) An atomic nucleus having the same number of protons as a more commonly found atomic nucleus but a different number of neutrons
upshift matrixThe upshift matrix A circularly shifts all vector entries or matrix rows up 1 position.
relative complementAlso known as set theoretic difference
bernoulli trialA trial with only two possible outcomes, conventionally labelled success or failure unless one needs to be specific within the context, without loss of generality.
galactic longitudeA measure of a star's position with respect to the Sun and Galactic center
oneOne is the number between zero and two
compactification(a) The process in which a space of many dimensions effectively reduces its dimensions
rational numberA quantity, positive or negative, that can be written as a fraction; its decimal equivalent terminates or repeats.
subtendTo subtend is to be opposite to and to delimit
starlightEnergy (seen as light) produced by a star through nuclear fusion
orbitThe closed curve trajectory followed by a object under the influence of a central force.
probabilityA quantitative measure of the likelihood of an event's occurrence, taking a value between 0 and 1 (inclusive).
chromosphere(a) The part of the Sun's atmosphere immediately above the surface (the photosphere) and beneath the corona
frequency polygonA graphical representation of frequency information of observations through the use of a continuous piecewise-linear curve.
subcubical neighbourhoodA smaller cubical area of a larger hypercubical space.
prisoner's dilemmaA family of related symmetric decision making problems with 2 players in game theory where the Nash equilibrium is not the optimal state for either player.
heightAltitude
positiveReal values are Positive when they are greater than zero.
stellar winda steady or unsteady outflow of material from the surface of a star
star countsDetermination of the number of stars in a region of the sky as a function of apparent magnitude and sometimes color
valence electronIn an atom, an electron in an incompletely filled (usually outer) shell, available for chemical bonding to form a molecule
reflection  mirror image.
feistel cipherA special class of iterated block ciphers where the ciphertext is calculated from the plaintext by repeated application of the same transformation called a round function.
diskSee disc.
speedA scalar quantity that is the instantaneous rate of change of distance of an object (from a point on the tangent of the trajectory) with respect to time.
solarOf the Sun
synodic timePertaining to successive conjunctions; successive returns of a planet to the same aspect as determined by Earth
cosmological constant problemThe puzzle of why the cosmological constant has a value which is either zero, or in any case roughly 120 orders of magnitude or more smaller than the value that particle theorists would expect
stream cypherA class of symmetric key encryption that encrypts each byte of data as it is received, instead of gathering the data into large blocks before encrypting
system of equationsAlso known as simultaneous equations.
angular accelerationThe time derivative of angular velocity, that is, the rate (with respect of time) of increase of angular velocity.
trap of self-fulfilling prophesyWith thousands of measurements and the concurrent presence of multiple sub-phenotypes, intuitively logical but functionally incorrect associations may be implied between a signal's (gene or protein) perceived or known function in a biological system or phenotype of interest.
l componentThe part of the Solar corona whose spectrum consists of emission lines
four-colour problemA classic mathematical problem that was inspired by the number of colours needed so that adjacent countries always have different colours, no matter how the land is divided
bitThe simplest unit of information consisting of one binary digit, conventionally labelled 0 and 1.
outcome spaceThe outcome space is the set of all possible outcomes of a given experiment.
fibonacci numbers3 + 13 = 16
demographyThe study of human populations using statistical concepts and techniques.
open systema system communicating with the environment by the exchange of energy and matter.[D89]
jouleThe SI unit of work or energy, equal to the work done by a force of one newton when its point of application moves one metre in the direction of action of the force, equivalent to one 3600th of a watt-hour.
paradoxThe situation where valid inferences made on valid premises seemed to imply a contradiction
calendarA calendar divides the year into periods and lets you know what day it is.
consecutiveConsecutive means in order
chaosoriginally used by the Greeks to describe the limitless void, it is now used to describe unpredictable and apparently random structures
divergent integralAn improper integral (infinite integral) with no definite/obvious limit.
inflectionA point ot the generall process of changing from one type of curavture to the other (i.e
stem-and-leaf displayAlso known as a stem-and-leaf diagram
classical mechanicsA loosely defined term generally considered to be the study of motion of objects before the drastically different quantum mechanics
solidA 3-dimensional geometric object.
filtersSmall, fast programs in a firewall that examine packets as they arrive at the firewall, and route or reject the packets based on user-definable rules.
file extensionUnder Windows, a period and up to three characters at the end of a file name
channel1
aggregationThe process of representing the sum of mathematical terms as a single (mathematical) term.
incommensurableA relation between 2 numbers where their ratio is irrational.
symmetryself-similarity under transformation (of a part or the whole)
ordered pairA set of 2 elements where the order of the elements matter
minorAn element of a matrix calculated by deleting the row and column of the corresponding position in the givenmatrix, and finding the determinant of the remaining matrix (of order one less than originally).
principalThe amount of money on which interest payments calculations are based on.
natural deductionA particular family of formal systems of inference.
threeThree is the number between two and four
base1
sectorThe part of a circle between the circumference and two radii
smooth1
equivalenceTwo objects having the same properties (such as truth value) regardless of the properties of other objects.
synodic period(a) Time between one opposition and the next, of any superior planet or asteroid
longWhen something is long, it is not short.
proper subsetA set that is a subset of a given set and not identical to the given set is a Proper Subset of the given set.
maskingMaster Derivation Key [MDK]
transversalA transversal is a line that intersects at least two other lines.
optical fibresGlass and transparent plastics can be made into very thin wires or fibers
bus topologyA type of network design used by all Ethernet systems, in which all the devices are connected to a central cable.
atmosphereThe gaseous outer layers of the Sun, including, from the deeper layers outward, the photosphere, the chromosphere, and the corona
remote userSomeone you allow to access your office network, who is geographically removed from the office.
trusteesA common term for escrow agents.
non-seed routerA router that waits to receive information (the routing maintenance table) from other routers on the network before it begins routing packets.
forbiddenProcesses can be naively imagined that might occur, but should not occur according to the predictions of the Standard Model
relativistic zoneFor a pulsar, the region in which M[grams] / R[cm] is not negligible compared with unity
inverse square lawA force law that applies to the gravitational and electromagnetic forces in which the magnitude of the force decreases in proportion to the inverse of the square of the distance
choppingThe method of removing very large background signals at infrared wavelengths by alternating quickly from the object to nearby sky and back using a rocking motion of the telescope's secondary mirror
censusA survey of the entire population.
monthThe period of one complete synodic or sidereal revolution of the Moon around the Earth; also a calendrical unit that approximates the period of revolution
axisymmetric collapseCollapse of mass in such a way that the mass maintains the symmetry of a cylinder
image tubeAn electronic camera in which electrons, emitted from a photocathode surface exposed to light, are focused electronically onto a phosphor or photographic plate
newton's law of restitutionA law which states that the ratio of the speed two particles approaching each other to that of separating from each other is determined the a quantity called the soefiicient of restitution, CR (sometimes represented as e).
flat key spaceSee linear key space.
mappingThe generalised form of a function - with arguments (inputs) and values (outputs) where an argument may have more than one value.
butterfly diagramPlot of heliographic latitude of sunspots versus time, developed by Maunder in 1904 to illustrate the solar cycle
superscriptIn mathematics, superscripts are numbers or letters written above and to the right of other numbers or letters or symbols indicating how many times the latter is to be used as a factor
mutually exclusive eventsThe property of 2 events whose intersection is the empty set.
deleted neighborhoodThe neighbourhood of a point P - the set of all points within a certain fixed radius of the point P - without the point P itself.
revocationThis term is most often used in the context of digital certificates
triangulationTriangulation is a trigonometric method used to ccccc.
conjugate arcsGiven an arc of a circle, the remaining section (also an arc) of the circle is the conjugate arc.
transposeA matrix where the rows and columns are swapped from another matrix
megaparsecA unit of distance equal to a million parsecs, or 3.2616 million light-years
solve graphicallyFinding the solution of a mathematical problem through graphical manipulation.
ray tracingComputer simulation of light ray paths through an optical system
interstellar matterInterstellar gas (99%) and dust (1%)
client/serverA network computing system in which individual computers (clients) use a central computer (server) for services such as file storage, printing, and communications
euler's constantUsually represented by the symbol γ, also known as the Euler-Mascheroni constant
argument(Of a function) The argument of a function is the input variable.
ansiAmerican National Standards Institute.
periodThe length of a minimal interval of argument of a periodic function that contains one full cycle.
radiant(a) The point in the sky from which a meteor shower appears to emanate
mail serverRefers to both the application and the physical machine tasked with routing incoming and outgoing electronic mail.
workSymbol: W
cmAn abbreviation for the centre of mass of an object.
cassegrain telescopeTelescope devised by Cassegrain in which an auxiliary convex mirror reflects the magnified image, upside down, through a hole in the center of the main objective mirror - i.e., through the end of the telescope itself
antiparallel vectorsA pair of vectors pointing in the exact opposite directions to each other.
sinusoidalOf or relating to the sine curve.
lucky numbers1 + 15 = 16
asicApplication Specific Integrated Circuit
galaxy clusterA conglomeration of hundreds or thousands of galaxies
elementElement has a lot of meanings
memberin Prolog, means check the whole list for the presence of the first argument, whereas this predicate only ever looks at the first element of the list
remainderA value that is left over when one number is divided by another.
estimationCalculation of a parameter via estimators, based on observations.
recursive formulaAn equation for the purpose of evaluating a term of a sequence using the previous term(s) of the sequence.
nonperiodic decimalA decimal number whose digits do not repeat, which makes the number an irrational number.
divisibleA number that can be divided by another number with no remainder.
current densityAmount of charge passing through a unit area per unit time
probabilistic inclusion-exclusionPrinciple of Inclusion and Exclusion is a great tool to approach problems involving events that are not mutually exclusive.
galactic astronomyThe study of the Milky Way
ordinal numberA number denoting position (ordinal - nth), as opposed to magnitude (cardinal - size n), in a sequence.
s-waveSecondary Wave: A seismic shear wave that moves transversely through Earth
five-number summaryAlso known as a five-point summary
leo iThe most distant galaxy that orbits the Milky Way
operandThe arguments (inputs) of an operator.
mileThe mile employed in this book is the statute mile, equal to 5,280 feet
additionA binary mathematical operation that represents the abstract concept of the formation of a larger collection (sum) from two smaller collections (the addends/operands)
tamper-evidentTamper-Evident Security Module [TESM]
cosmic timeA time coordinate that can be defined for all frames in a homogeneous metric, representing the proper time of observers at rest with respect to the Hubble flow
noiseAspects of an observation directly attributed to random error and/or negligible factors, factors not under consideration.
tcpTransmission Control Protocol
piercing pointThe point where a curve/surface intersects with the coordinate axes.
radiation dampingA decrease in the amplitude of an oscillation due to the emission of energy by radiation
apparitionThe period during which a celestial body is visible
anthropomorphismThe projection of human attributes onto nonhuman entities such as animals, the planets, or the Universe as a whole
square1
linear interpolationA method of interpolation where the new data point is assumed to lie on the (straight) line between the points on either side.
hour angleAngular distance on the celestial sphere measured westward along the celestial equator from the meridian to the hour circle that passes through a celestial object
one cup16 tablespoons (volume)
getget_byte
perigonA angle, a full 360° turn.
seriesThe summation of all the terms in a sequence a1, a2, a3, a4, ....
limb(a) Apparent edge of the disk of a Solar System body as projected on the sky
set  a well defined group of objects.
sub-exponential running timeThe running time is less than exponential
nineNine is the number between eight and ten
centi-An SI prefix for one one hundredth.
quantum computerA theoretical computer based on ideas from quantum theory; theoretically it is capable of operating nondeterministically.
cauchy ratio testAlso known simply as the ratio test
travelling salesman problemThe problem of finding the Hamiltonian cycle of the least weight in an undirected, complete, weighted graph in Graph Theory.
calculatorA calculator is a machine that solves math problems.
basic deductionsdeductions set by the federal government that include Canada Pension Plan (CPP), Employment Insurance (EI), and income tax
gpsGlobal Positioning System
subdiagonalThe set of elements directly below the leading diagonal of a matrix, i.e
guiGraphical user interface
trajectoryThe curve traced by the an object in motion.
almagestArabic title for Ptolemy of Alexandria's Syntaxis, the writings in which he combined his own astronomical researches with those of others
epicycle(a) Circular orbit of a body round a point that is itself in a circular orbit round a parent body
additive identityThe additive identity is the number zero because zero plus any number is equal to the original number
boyle's law(a) At a constant temperature, the pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume: i.e
e-commercecommerce done over the internet.
tertiaryThe third mirror to be encountered by the light in a telescope system
bagthen backtracking and collecting john
chinese postman problemThe problem of finding the least weighted circuit in a connected graph
theoremA statement which has been proven true by sentences already established to be true: i.e
address learningA method by which switches and routers determine the unique address number for each device on a network, enabling accurate transmission to and from each node.
constant termThe term in a polynomial which does not include any variables
minute of arcSee minute in the sense of 1.
hzHertz A unit of frequency equal to one cycle (or wave) per second
dsaDigital Signature Algorithm
trigonometric ratiosThe values of the trigonometric functions
invariantConstant
square matrixA matrix where the number of rows and the number of columns are the same.
globeA globe is a small, spherical model of the Earth.
tamper resistantIn cryptographic terms, this usually refers to a hardware device that is either impossible or extremely difficult to reverse engineer or extract information from.
time zoneThe Earth is divided into 24 time zones so that everyone in the world can be on roughly similar schedules (like having noon occur when the sun is highest in the sky).
limitSome functions have a Limit, a bound beyond which they may not realize.
sigmaIn astronomy, a quantitative measure of the random speeds of stars in a collection of stars
siderealIn astronomy, relating to the period of time based on the apparent rotation of the stars, and therefore equivalent to the rotation of the body from which the observation is made
probability paperA type of graph paper where the scales on the axes are manipulated such that a certain distribution represents a straight line on the paper such that it makes for easier fitting of data to the specified distribution.
minimumThe least in value relative to all others in consideration
goodness of fitA measure of how well a set of observations agree with a proposed statistical model.
progression1
repeated decimalAlso known as a recurring decimal, a number whose decimal representation consist of regularly repeating digits beyond a certain decimal place
apprentice solution writerGet started writing solutions
modus tollensBegin with "If A, then B." That's a given
orthogonal vectorsA set of vectors which are all (pairwise) perpendicular to each other..
maximiseTo find the parameters such that the quantity in consideration attains its greatest possible value.
isophotesLines connecting points of equal light intensity
luminosity distance(a) Any distance to a celestial object which has been calculated using a standard candle
significance testAnother name for hypothesis testing.
celestial equatorProjection of the Earth's equator as a line across the sky (so that to an observer actually on the equator, such a line would pass through the zenith)
main sequence(a) Band that runs from top left to bottom right on the hertzsprung-russell diagram representing the majority of stars
v1016 cygniA peculiar emission object (in optical, radio, and infrared), possibly a symbiotic star
how medicines are madeLearn about pharmacokinetics through the lens of the anti-malaria drug chloroquine.
infinite limitA limit that is unbounded.
trend lineA line used to represent values while ignoring small fluctuations.
emissivityA measure of the efficiency of a source to radiate like a perfect black body; 0% is perfectly black and 0% is perfectly reflecting
ptolemyClaudius Ptolemaeus or Ptolemy (about 87-150) was a Greek astronomer and mathematician who wrote about his belief that all celestial bodies revolved around the Earth
prismatoid formulaThe formula for calculating the volume of a prismatoid derived from the Simpson's rule.
inverseAn object of the same type as one given that involves a juxtaposition of how it relates to other objects (of any types), e.g.
mean squared deviationAlso known as mean squared error
lupus loopA radio source, a large broken shell 4°.5 in diameter, identified as a prehistoric supernova remnant
timestampSee digital timestamp
barycentreThe centre of mass of an object
harmonic rangeAlso known as a harmonic ratio
statisticsccc.
inertiaProperty of a moving body to continue moving at the same speed in the same direction - or of a static body to remain static - unless and until acted upon by some force for change
coriolis forceA `fictitious' force used to describe the motion of an object in a rotating system
mhsMessage Handling System.
coalsackA prominent dark nebula in Crux, near the Southern Cross, readily visible to the naked eye, about 170 pc distant, located on the galactic plane
transitivex ~ y and y ~ z implies x ~ z for all x, y, z in X..
massSee inertial mass.
central differenceThe absolute or directed difference between values whose argument are a fixed equal interval away from the nominated argument.
chain complexA sequence of (integer)-indexed Abelian groups together with a set of homomorphisms between adjacent groups satisfying certain conditions.
recombination radiationSee radiative capture
integral1
personThing
isochronesTime-constant loci
tellthen output will subsequently go to the file output.dat
veVeadar
semimajor axis1
ioJupiter I The innermost Galilean satellite of Jupiter, similar in size and density to the Moon (R 1850 km from Pioneer 10, period 1.77 days; e = 0.01, i = 0.03)
nomogramA type of calculation tool for estimates of values of specific functions.
gamma distributionA probability distribution for a continuous random variable with semi-infinite support with the probability density function defined by
double-angle formulaeA number of trigonometric identites that relates, for a particular trigonometric function , the value of an argument with the value of the same function with double the argument.
quintal systemA base 5 number system.
giant molecular cloudA huge complex of interstellar gas and dust, consisting mostly of molecular hydrogen, that typically stretches over 150 light-years and contains 200,000 solar masses
signsin
denial of the antecedentA logical fallacy that (falsely) claims a statement and its converse to be (generally) logically equivalent.
binomialA polynomial with two terms.
first-order convergenceThe convergence of a sequence where the ratio of error between consecutive terms tends to a number between 0 and 1.
firstThe first person or thing comes before the others
negatively associated dataA data set of two variables with a negative correlation.
absorption(a) A process in which a gas is taken up by a liquid or solid, or in which a liquid is taken up by a solid
coefficient of skewnessA measure of the asymetry of a distribution.
smooth curve1
co-moving sphereA hypothetical and arbitrary spherical surface (about any point) that is expanding along with the rest of the Universe
piThe constant ratio of circumference to diameter is represented by the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet; it is approximately 3.14159.
carbon-nitrogen cycleUse of carbon and nitrogen as intermediates in the nuclear fusion process of the Sun
cs or sc starsStars exhibiting combined characteristics of C- and S-type stars - i.e
superfluidityA phenomenon occurring in liquid helium-4 below about 2.17 degrees, in which the liquid flows through thin capillaries without apparent friction and displays many other anomalous properties
ratioA relationship between 2 numbers, expressed either as 2 numbers (usually integers) or a single number:
kmThe abbreviation km is short for kilometer or kilometers.
solar energyIs produced by nuclear fusion and comprises almost entirely electromagnetic radiation (particularly in the form of light and heat); particles are also radiated forming the solar wind
stationary point(Of a planet): The position at which the rate of change of the apparent right ascension (see Apparent Place) of a planet is momentarily zero
disjunctive syllogismArgument of the form, "if A or B, then not A implies B" where the 'or' is an exclusive or.
electronic mailMessages sent electronically from one person to another via the Internet.
transcendental curveThe curve of a transcendental functions.
gravity(a) One of the four fundamental forces of nature, and the one most different from the other three
mie theoryA theory of the diffraction of light by small spherical particles
deviationThe difference between an observation and a reference value.
stirling's formulaAlso known as Stirling's approximation, it is an approach to approximate the value of the factorial of an integer where
baily's beadsSmall "beads" of sunlight (the "diamond ring" effect) which shine through the valleys on the limb of the Moon in the instant before (or after) totality in a solar eclipse
expansion of universeConstant increase, with time, in the distance separating distant galaxies from one another
gamma-ray burstsSee cosmic gamma-ray bursts
baseIn a number system, a base is the number upon which the system is based
central tendencyA common measure in summary statistics bsed around the loose idea that we can assign one location to represent the locations of a number of objects considered as one
radicalThe symbol representing an nth root,.
mareAn area on the moon that appears darker and smoother than its surroundings
running timeA measurement of the time required for a particular algorithm to run as a function of the input size
divisibility rulesTell immediately if a number is divisible by 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11.
inertial massThe measure of the (un)willingness of a physical object to acclerate.
formulaA rule or method that is accepted as true and used over and over in common applications.
linear momentumA quantity that is the product of the mass and (linear) velocity
superclusterA cluster of clusters of galaxies
bibBlocked Impurity Band
imaginary number  a number of the form ni, where n is a real number, and i2 = -1.
bright pointsBright regions (in X-ray and XUV) observed on the Sun during Skylab missions
method of least squaresAlso known as the least squares method.
trailA walk where no edges are repeated.
leading termThe term of the highest-order within a polynomial - it is the leading term in the conventional order of arranging terms of one variable (from highest to lowet degree).
spherical aberrationsee Aberration
seenappend/1
control panelThe set of Microsoft Windows programs used to change system hardware, software, and settings.
refracting telescopeTelescope that uses lenses to magnify and focus an image onto an eyepiece
linear transformationA linear mapping between 2 vector spaces.
square rootThe square roots of a number n are the numbers s such that s2=n
euler's theoremEuler's Theorem is an important concept in number theory and may be used to reduce large powers modulo \(n\).
solveTo find the solution, to find the answer, to get to know the value for which a variable stands for.
pericycloidA type of epicycloid where one circle completely circumscribe the other circle at all times, as the outer circle roll around the inner circle.
gravitational encounterThe encounter between two massive bodies which results in the deviation from their original directions of motion
simplifyTo combine all that can be combined in an expression or equation, and put it in its most easily understandable form.
odd functionA function where the additive inverse of the value of the function with any argument is the value of the function with the additive inverse of the original as argument
equiangular spiralA spiral where the tangent always maintain the same angle from the line between the point and a reference point
postulate  a fundamental statement that is assumed to be true without proof.
cosee Carbon Monoxide
minutethe unit of measure of an angle that is 1/60 of a degree.
exactWhen a value is an Exact value it is either precise or equal to a given value or standard value.
strainThe fractional change in dimension produced by a stress applied to a body
parametric equationsA way of describing relationships between variables through other variables known as parameters
family-wise error rateThe probability of making any error in a given family of inferences, rather than a per-comparison error rate or a per-experiment error rate.
payment cardPayment Card Industry [PCI]
ietfInternet Engineering Task Force.
machine1
y-axisThe y-axis is usually the vertical axis.
row echelonA matrix which can be derived from applying row elementary operations such that the number of leading zero entries in each row must be either greater than the row before, or the same number as the row before in the case where both the row itself and the one before contain all zero entries.
geometric solidA three-dimensional geometric figure.
xX equals 10 in Roman numerals.
productThe result of multiplication or any operations on mathematical objects deemed close enough in resemblence to multiplication
lanLocal Area Network -- A means of interlinking computers
intrinsic brightnessThe amount of light an object actually emits, as opposed to how bright the object looks from Earth
bolometer(a) An instrument for measuring small amounts of radiant heat or microwaves
explosive nucleosynthesis(a) The nucleosynthetic processes which are thought to occur in supernovae
tangramA tangram is a traditional Chinese puzzle that can be made into many shapes.
common denominatorThe same value on the bottom of more than one fraction.
permutationsCount the number of arrangements of a set: if there are \(n\) distinct elements in a set \(S\) then there are \(n!\) arrangements of \(S\).
discrete functionWhen the inputs from the domain of the function are not smooth and continuous but rather incremental, the function is considered to be a Discrete Function.
rotational invarianceThe property of being unchanged by a rotation
subscriptccc.
eclipse yearThe interval of time (346.62 days) between two successive passages of the Sun through the same node of the Moon's orbit
greenwichSite now in London of the first Royal Greenwich Observatory, designed and built by Christopher Wren in 1675
confidence limitsThe endpoints of a confidence interval.
differential cryptanalysisA chosen plaintext attack relying on the analysis of the evolution of the differences between two plaintexts.
astronomical twilightThe period from sunset to the time that the Sun is 18° below the horizon; or the corresponding period before sunrise
ill-conditionedThe property of a problem where a small change in argument results in a great change to the solution
generating functionsEncode information in a polynomial to simplify your counting
certifying authorityA person or organization that creates certificates.
checksumUsed in error detection, a checksum is a computation done on the message and transmitted with the message; similar to using parity bits.
satisfiability problemGiven a Boolean expression determine if there is an assignment of 1's and 0's such that the expression evaluates to 1
liquid crystalsubstances intermediate in their properties between liquids and crystals
median testAlso known as Mood's median test, it is a test for the hypothesis that two data sets have the same median
birectangularA plane figure with 2 right angles.
first_nameZ2
binding energy(a) The energy required to break up a system
voltThe SI unit for electrical potential differences
greenhouse effectRetention and escalation of temperature beneath a mantle of clouds or denser atmosphere
radicandA number taken to a root is a Radicand; the number under a root sign.
sinkIn general, a region where energy is given up, in contrast to a source, where energy is released
disk methodA way of finding the volume of revolution of a solid by considering the volume as the limit of the sums of progressively thinner discs.
backdoorA design fault, planned or accidental, that allows the apparent strength of the design to be easily avoided by those who know the trick.
gaussian curvatureA measure of the curvature of a surface which is independent of the coordinate system in use.
linear key spaceA key space where each key is equally strong.
binary starsin binary stars, the two stars form a physically bound pair under their mutual gravitational attraction
principle of momentsThe assertion that the clockwise and anti-clockwise moments about the same point (which may or may not be the pivot) are the same for objects in equilibrium.
helicity(a) The projection of a particle's spin along its direction of motion
electronic commerceBusiness transactions conducted over the Internet.
scienceScientists study science to learn about the physical world.
zone of avoidanceAn irregular zone near the plane of the Milky Way where the absorption due to interstellar dust is so great that no external galaxies can be seen through it
coefficient of restitutionA dimensionless quantity, the ratio of the speed of separation to the speed of approach of 2 objects as determined by other factors
stressWhen a system of opposing forces acts on a body the material is subject to some form of stress
measures of locationA statistic which has certain (possibly loosely defined) properties and obeys certain (also possibly loosely defined) rules which is generally considered to be essential such that the value of from a given data set is representative of the location of the data set considered as a whole.
meridional flowFlow between the poles, or between the equator and the poles
monotonicEither continuously increasing or decreasing
minimalThe property of an element in a partial order which is not less than any other elements
triple- processsee 3 process
explicit functionA function specified in such a way that the value (output) can be directly calculated from other variables (arguments or inputs).
simultaneous equationsa group of equations that are all true at the same time.
curve of growthThe relation between the equivalent width of an absorption line and the number of atoms that produce it
sumThe sum is the answer to an addition problem.
matter wavesCharacteristic by virtue of which matter, like energy, displays the qualities of waves as well as of particles
direction anglesThe direction of a vector (line) as represented by the angle it makes with the positive direction of the coordinate axes in a cartesina coordinate system.
beta decay(a) The process in which a neutron disintegrates into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino
homomorphismA transformation of one set into another that preserves in the second set the relations between elements of the first.
slope formulam = (y2 - y1)/(x2 - x1)
marching subpulseThe weaker component of a pulsar pulse when its period is more than half that of the main pulse, so that the subpulse occurs at progressively later intervals between successive main pulses
infimumA greatest lower bound (of a set).
java appletA small program written in the Java programming language that can be included on an HTML page, much in the same way an image is included
telnetA remote control program typically found on Unix systems in TCP/IP networks
inflation(a) The idea that, when it was a fraction of a second old, the universe expanded dramatically
seeseen
angular momentumA measure of the state of a physical system that is related to its spin or abiliy to spin
capital piproduct - product of all values in range of series
private keyThis is one of the two keys used in 'public key cryptography', also referred to as asymmetric cryptography
reconnectionThe rejoining of magnetic lines of force severed by the annihilation of the field across the neutral region
antiderivativeGiven a function, the function (or family of functions) whose derivative is the given function
envelopeA curve which is tangent to (parallel at the point of intersection) all members of a set (usually family) of curves..
susceptibilitySymbol: X The ratio, for a given substance, of the magnetization of a sample to the magnetic field strength applied
ballisticsThe mathematical study of projectiles.
coarse-grainingan operation implementing some form of spatial averaging which smoothes out relatively small length-scale configurational structure while preserving the larger length-scale structure
impossibilityDespite what some "possibility thinkers" espouse, some things are mathematically impossible
r monocerotisAn A-F pec variable star that illuminates the variable cometary nebula NGC 2261
ubvriDesignations for parts of the optical waveband, isolated by means of special glass filters which eliminate the unwanted regions, and used for standard astronomical intensity measurements
electromagnetic unitEMU A system of electrical units based on the electromagnetic properties of an electric current
minimum resolvable angleIn radians, 1.22 divided by the aperture of the telescope
switchA device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments
triangular numberAlso known as a triangle number
reversing layerLower chromosphere of the Sun, a comparatively cool region in which radiation at certain wavelengths is absorbed from the continuous spectrum emitted from the Sun's photosphere
red giant tipThe upper tip of the red-giant branch in the H-R diagram
paradoxA statement that appears to contradict itself, for example, suggesting a solution which is actually impossible.
mechanicsThe study, in physics, of the influence of forces
ablationErosion of an object (generally a meteorite) by the friction generated when it passes through the Earth's atmosphere
spiralSometimes Spiral is used to describe a helix
hypothesisthe part in the if clause of a conditional statement
deciDeci is a prefix that means one-tenth
magnetic susceptibilitywhen a magnetic field is applied to a material, magnetisation is induced
chemical enrichmentThe process in which a star manufactures chemical elements, such as carbon and oxygen, in the nuclear reactions in its interior and then ejects these elements into space
metric spaceAn algebraic structure with a set defined by a metric.
argument1
isometrya transformation of a figure that does not change the distances of any two points in the figure.
y + 2that contains an arithmetic operator, like +
s/wanSecure Wide Area Network.
henryThe SI derived unit of inductance - the ability of an inductor to store energy.
expansionRewriting a mathematical expression in an equivalent form that is considered to be longer or more complicated
asphericAn optical surface with departures in shape from a perfect sphere in order to cancel optical imperfections or aberrations
coefficientThe quantity with which we multiply the variable in question.
crlCertificate Revocation List.
discovery of irrational numbersLearn about Hippassus of Metapontum and the Discovery of Irrational Numbers.
peer-to-peerSometimes abbreviated as P2P, this is a method of distributing files over a network where all computers are treated as equals (in contrast to a client/server architecture)
license agreementAn agreement that each licensee accepts prior to use of a product
plug-inA software module that adds a specific functionality to a web browser
_g310_G313
nanoNano is a prefix meaning one billionth (1 x 10-9)
convergent iterationAn iterative process for which the sequence of each state (in order) is a convergent sequence
aphelionThe point in a planetary orbit that is at the greatest distance from the Sun
geodesyMeasurement and study of the Earth's size and shape
theoretical probabilityThe chances of events happening as determined by calculating results that would occur under ideal circumstances
inverse of a conditionalThe sentence formed by replacing both the antecedent and the consequent with their respective negation from a given sentence involving logical implication.
broadcastA network transmission sent to all nodes on a network.
aeonIn astronomical terms, 1,000 million years
piPi is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to the diameter of a circle
epitrochoidThe locus of the point fixed anywhere on the a circle which rolls around (wthout slipping) the outside of another, fixed circle.
why f=ma?Discussion of why we have F=ma and nothing else
complex analysisThe study of complex variabled functions.
associationA sparsely populated grouping (mass range 102-103 M) of very young, massive stars lying along a spiral arm of the Milky Way, whose spectral types or motions in the sky indicate a common origin
authenticationA security measure designed to verify the identity of a transmission, user, user device, entity or data.
spark spectraThe spectra of ions often produced by a spark discharge (cf
outcomeThe result of performing experiments.
decadeThe equivalent power of 10 in the ratio of 2 numbers.
column densityThe number of particles per square centimeter along a specified path with a length equal to the distance to the probing source
additive functionA function whose value on the sum of two arguments is the same as the sum on the values of the arguments, regardless of the choice of the arguments.
mean value theoremEssentially, between any two extremes is an average value.
big bang(a) According to standard cosmology, the explosion that started the universe expanding 10 to 15 billion years ago
spaceAll existent points in the universe.
measurementThe ratio of the observation of an aspect of an object to that of standard reference objects sharing in property of that same aspect.
plane trigonometryThe study of triangles (trigonometry) within a plane.
icosagonA polygon of 20 sides.
astrology(a) The belief that human affairs and people's personalities and characters are influenced by (or encoded in) the positions of the planets
bijective functionA bijective function is a function which is both injective and surjective
bromineA deep red, moderately reactive element belonging to the halogens
compassA compass is a device that always points north
chainA set of elements and a total order.
authenticityA piece of information has authenticity when it can be shown to come from the expected person or place, and when the content of the information appears, as far as is obvious, to be correct for the circumstances involved.
rigid bodyA system of particles, considered as a whole (body)
dodDepartment of Defense.
barA unit of pressure roughly based on atmospheric pressure at sea level.
certificate revocation listA list of certificates that have been revoked before their expiration date.
student's t-testAlso known simply as the t-test.
inchAn imperial unit of length.
subsetA set which is completely contained within the specified set
strong inductionApply the second principle of finite induction.
nuisance parameterAn parameter not of interest, but which must be included in the model in order to analyse those parameters which are of interests.
area samplingAn example of clustered sampling where geographic information is used to form "natural" clusters.
secondary networkA network on the same physical wire as a Firebox interface having a different IP network address
average rate of changeThe change in value divided by elapsed time.
boundA value or a mathematical object which is related to another mathematical object in a strict (partial) order.
interactive proofA protocol between two parties in which one party, called the prover, tries to prove a certain fact to the other party, called the verifier
equilibriumThe state of a system where the influences collectively negate the effects of each other.
dramaand a final Student
drop-in modeA network configuration in which the Firebox is physically located between the router and the LAN without any of the computers on the Trusted interface being reconfigured
pentadecagonA fifteen-sided polygon is called a pentadecagon.
tree diagramA directed tree where no two edges point towards the same vertex, often used in representing events in probability calculations
milliMilli is a prefix that means one-thousandth
net1
selectronThe supersymmetric partner of the electron.
dhcp serverA device that automatically assigns IP addresses to networked computers from a defined pool of numbers, returning unused IP addresses to the pool
monomialA polynomial with only one term.
blue hazeA condition in the Martian atmosphere which sometimes makes it opaque to radiation in the blue-violet end of the visible spectrum
googolplexTen raised to the power of a googol is a Googolplex; it is a huge number.
linear combinationAny mathematical object that is the sum of scalar multiples of the same type of objects
lessThe opposite of less is more.
hexagonA hexagon is a six-sided figure
[1 | rest]where Rest
totitiveMostly spelled totative in modern times, a positive integer which is coprime to and less than a specified number
equivalentThe property of two objects with equivalence.
subcriticalDescribing an arrangement of fissile material that does not permit a sustained chain reaction because too many neutrons are absorbed without causing fission or otherwise lost
cavitationThe formation of small cavities in a liquid, caused by a reduction in fluid pressure
entropyIn cryptography, a mathematical measurement of the amount of uncertainty or randomness.
milAn Imperial unit of length that is one-thousandth (1/1000) of an inch.
halationThe formation of a halo around bright star images by light reflected from the back of the photographic plate or emulsion
accumulation pointAlso known as a limitpoint.
skip countingSkip counting is counting while skipping some numbers, like 2, 4, 6, 8, ....
multiple-angle formulaeTrigonometric identities which expresses the relationship of a trigonometric function of an argument with the same trigonometric function of a multiple of the argument
applicationApproved Scanning Vendor [ASV]
erosA small asteroid, No
forward biasA term applied to an electronic device known as a diode - usually formed by a junction of p-type and n-type semiconductor material - in which current flows easily if the externally applied voltage has the correct polarity or direction
coma cluster(a) An open cluster of about 100 stars in our Galaxy (about 80 pc distant)
simple discontinuityAnother name for a jump discontinuity.
ip optionsExtensions to the Internet Protocol used mainly for debugging and for special applications on local networks
subtrahendThe subtrahend is the number that is subtracted from another number in a subtraction problem.
dial-up connectionA connection between a remote computer and a server, established using software, a modem, and a telephone line.
strict equivalenceBiconditional, implies and is implied by.
isolate1
lemmaA proven mathematical sentence, it differs from a theorem in the sense that a lemma is itself not the goal for the motivation of its proof
forceAn inflience which causes the change in velocity of an object.
bobThe name traditionally used for the second user of cryptography in a system; Alice's friend.
shapley-ames catalogueA catalogue of galaxies brighter than thirteenth magnitude, completed in 1932
tally marksTally marks are a quick way of keeping track of numbers in groups of five
line segmentA line segment is a portion of a line between two given points.
hosting providerHypertext Transfer Protocol [HTTP]
chosen ciphertext attackAn attack where the cryptanalyst may choose the ciphertext to be decrypted.
relatively primeThe condition of two numbers that have no factors in common other than the number one.
circumcircleA circle whose circumference contains all points of the polygon.
eroExtremely Red Object
entityEPROM [EPROM]
aberrationsEffects associated with the performance of optical components which give rise to imperfect optical images
collision searchThe search for a collision of a one-way function.
wythoff symbolA symbol used to represent a uniform polyhedron, based on symmetric repeats of a point through some symmetry group, and where that point was positioned initially with respect to the Schwartz triangles
differential operatorA symbolic representation of an operation involving differentiation (either ordinary or partial) of (all of or parts of) the operand, which is a function.
loground
blockA sequence of bits of fixed length; longer sequences of bits can be broken down into blocks.
portableIn computer terms, portable means that the code in question can be easily taken to a different system and made to work there
bernoulli probabilitySee binomial probability
negative binomial distributionThe probability distribution of the number of number of trials before a specified number of successes occur in a series of independent Bernoulli trials with constant probability.
numeral  a symbol that stands for a number.
number theoryThe study of number properties in mathematics.
failoverA configuration that allows a secondary machine to take over in the event of a stoppage in the first machine, thus allowing normal use to return or continue
soft clusteringAny clustering method that allows a data point to be a member of more than one cluster.
kendall's rank correlation coefficientSee correlation coefficient.
rouletteThe locus of a point fixed on (relative to) a curve, as it rolls along another curve without slipping
tangential1
transverse axisThe axis of symmetry of a hyperbola which intersects the hyperbola.
radiometerA device that detects radio waves from space and measures their direction
translationA transformation where all points in space is moved along the same (non-zero) vector (same direction and magnitude)
column vectorA matrix representation of vectors using a matrix with one column
maximalThe property of not being less than another element in a partial order
dragA force resisting relative velocity of an object within a fluid.
subject = databasesi.e
lucky numbers3 + 13 = 16
gallonA number of related pre-SI units of volume (or capcity).
domainThe set of values as arguments for a function for which the values are defined.
elliptic curve cryptosystemSee ECC.
class intervalsThe intervals in which data fall into a particular class.
median1
atom(a) The smallest component of matter that retains its chemical properties
achromatic colorA color that has no hue; i.e
proper divisorA non-trivial factor (i.e
centripetal componentA component of an object's acceleration cooresponding to a centripetal force.
primitive curveA simple curve with which (upon which) a more complicated curve can be comapred (defined).
circlea set of points equidistant from a given point
plotA plot is a graph done in a coordinate system
strange attractor(a) A path in phase space that is not closed
quadrantAn instrument, based on a quarter of a circle, employed to measure the altitude above the horizon of astronomical bodies
instantaneousRelated to only one point in time
solar constant(a) Mean radiation received from the Sun at the top level of Earth's atmosphere: 1.95 cal cm-2 min-1
dividendA number to be divided by another number.
mega-An SI prefix which means 1 000 000.
oppositely congruentTwo geometric figurescongruent with the opposite orientation - i.e
mie scatteringScattering of light (without regard to wavelength) by larger particles, such as those of dust or fog in Earth's atmosphere (see also Rayleigh Scattering)
johnson solidsThe non-uniform convex polyhedra with regular faces
sum rulesee f-sum Rule
key escrowThe process of having a third party hold onto encryption keys.
measureA noun or verb, Measure implies comparison to an established standard.
gaussian yearThe period associated with Kepler's third law with a = 1
shooting starThe streak of light in the sky produced by the firey entry of a meteoroid into the Earth's atmosphere; also the glowing meteoroid itself
uvUltraviolet: wavelengths shorter than about 350 nm
concurrentThe property of sharing a common point.
infinite discontinuityA discontinuity of a function where at least one of the (left-hand and right-hand) limits is infinite.
radiative equilibriumIn a star, represents an even process by which energy (heat) is transferred from the core to the outer surface without affecting the overall stability of the star
tcsecTrusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria.
y-z planeIn three dimensions, the plane orthogonal to the x-axis.
web siteA collection of affiliated Web pages.
apparent solar timeThe measure of time based on the diurnal motion of the true Sun
r-branchA set of lines in the spectra of molecules corresponding to unit decreases in rotational energy
one pint16 ounces (volume)
yearA year consists of 12 months, roughly 52 weeks, or about 365 days.
locatione.g
internetA global spider-web-like network of computers and computer systems with no central hub or single point of control
likesjohn
specific gravityRatio of the mass of a given volume of a substance to that of an equal volume of water
polyhedral angleThe geometrical construction of the neighbourhood of a vertex bounded by the vertex itself, 3 or more edges from the vertex, as well as the same number of faces (as edges) between the edges.
conjectureA conjecture is an educated guess.
capiCryptographic Application Programming Interface.
antidiagonalFor conventionally written matrices, the diagonal that runs from the top right to thr bottom left
spectrograph(a) A device, usually based on a finely etched grate that performs the function of a prism, for breaking up light into its constituent parts and making a photographic or electronic record of the resulting spectrum
lfsrlinear feedback shift register
eccentricThe deviation from being perfectly circular.
self-similarityTwo or more objects having the same characteristics
hourThere are 24 hours in a day.
sampling errorThe difference between an estimator (sample statistic) and the corresponding population parameter.
eightEight is the number between seven and nine
eventAny network incident that prompts some kind of log entry or other notification.
null hypothesisThe hypothesis that there is no difference between the two groups for a variable that is being compared.
oppositesOpposites are things that are very, very different from each other
ansae(a) The "handles", or extremities, of Saturn's rings as viewed from Earth (b) The extremities of a lenticular galaxy
carryWhen you carry in addition, the sum of the numbers is ten or more, and the ten's place is "carried" to the next place.
hierarchical trustA method of organizing "trust" within an organization by allowing one Certificate Authority to delegate a portion of its responsibility to a subordinate Certificate Authority
gravitational constant(a) Fundamental constant with units of cm3 g-1 s-2 that determines the gravitational force between two bodies at a given separation
blocked siteAn IP address outside the firewall, explicitly blocked so it cannot connect with hosts behind the firewall
megaflopsMillions of floating-point operations per second
monotonic increasing functionSee increasing function.
obtuse angleAn angle greater than a right angle (90°) and less than 2 right angles (180°).
pyramidalOf or related to the shape of a pyramid.
cyclinderA right circularprism.
irradianceSymbol: E The rate of energy reaching unit area of a surface; i.e
radicalA root symbol or the root itself is sometimes termed a Radical.
astatineA radioactive element belonging to the halogen group
similar figuresSimilar figures are geometric objects that have the same shape, but not necessarily the same size.
datagramA packet of data that contains information, plus origin and destination addresses
starA star is a shape that has many points.
charm(a) The fourth flavor (i.e
infinitesimal calculusA term for the branch of mathematics usually known simply as calculus
web beaconWeb beacons are very small transparent images (usually 1 x 1 pixel) and are sometimes called clear gifs or actions tags
absolute number1
estimatorA statistic which is intended to estimate a quantity.
tetrahedronA pyramid with a triangular base
maximaThe plural of maximum
point estimateThe estimate of a (unknown) value by giving a value
small circleAs opposed to a great circle
longitudeOne of the coordinates in the coordinate system used for Earth's surface
cathode-ray tubeBasis of the TV tube and the oscilloscope
scintillatorA detector for high-energy photons such as gamma-rays
linuxAn open source version of the UNIX operating system.
valueA numeric equivalent or worth of an expression or variable.
converseGiven a statement of the form "If A then B", the converse of this statement is the one which states "If B then A"
detA shorthand for the determinant operator.
polynomial functiona function of the form
associationA binary relation held by two dependent variables in statistics
powerA value of an exponent indicating the number of times the base is multiplied by itself.
liftThe component of a force on an object from a fluid, perpendicular to the flow of the fluid (relative to the object), in a direction relative to the object that is usually (or designed to be) the opposite direction to gravity.
gauss' theoremAn archaic name for the Divergence Theorem in vector calculus.
infrared(a) That part of the electromagnetic spectrum that lies beyond the red, having wavelengths from about 7500 Å to a few millimeters (about 1011-1014 Hz)
tenTen is the number between nine and eleven
standard form1
aurora(a) Spectacular array of light in the night sky, caused by charged particles from the Sun hitting the Earth's upper atmosphere
summable matrixA (square) matrix A is said to be summable if the limit as k goes to infinity exists for the following: (1/k) * ( I + A + A2 + ..
sparse matrixA matrix consisting mostly of entries of zero.
floating pointA class of arithmetic, typically used in scientific applications
foreign exchangethe value of one country's currency in terms of another country's currency
cycleA series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order.
wilson's theoremA theorem that states "if a number n divides (n - 1)! + 1 then it is a prime number" as well as its converse, that "if a number n is a prime number, then it divides (n - 1)! +1".
little bangsHypothetical explosions of supermassive stars shortly after the big bang, with the release of processed elements into the interstellar medium, postulated by Wagoner to account for the anomalously high abundance of Helium in the Universe, and for the fact that even the oldest stars have some metals
graviton(a) A massless spin-2 particle which is the hypothetical quantum of the gravitational field
compromiseThe unintended disclosure or discovery of a cryptographic key or secret.
brown dwarf(a) A star with too little mass to ignite its hydrogen-1 fuel
oddIn common language: strange or unusual
optical solitona soliton is a wave pulse which propagates without changing shape or dispersion
multipleA number evenly divisible by a specific factor.
adversaryCommonly used to refer to the opponent, the enemy, or any other mischievous person that desires to compromise one's security.
adaptive-chosen-plaintextA special case of the chosen-plaintext attack in which the cryptanalyst is able to choose plaintexts dynamically, and alter his or her choices based on the results of previous encryptions.
inverse square lawAny laws (often related to the physical world) where one quantity is inversely proportional to the square of the other
treeA connected, acyclic graph, i.e
proofA proof is a logical mathematical argument that demonstrates that a statement is true.
beta functionA symmetric function, denoted by B(x, y), defined by the integral
submatrixA submatrix of a matrix A is any rectangular "chunk" of the matrix.
crackerAnother term for someone who attempts to defeat network security measures, with hostile intent
brillouin scatteringSlight changes in the frequency of radiation, caused by reflection or scattering from the high-frequency sound waves that arise from thermal vibrations of atoms in the medium
celestial mechanicsThe study of motions of celestial bodies such as stars, planets and comets etc.
averageA number of different but related concepts which corresponds to the mathematical/statistical idea of central tendency
null sequenceA sequence whose limit is zero.
atomic mass numberThe total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus
malwareA blend of the words "malicious" and "software," malware includes computer viruses, worms, Trojan Horses, spyware and a multitude of other damaging and unwanted software
set theoryThe mathematical study of collection of objects (called members or elements) called sets.
toeplitz matrixA Toeplitz matrix is a matrix which is constant along each of its diagonals.
partial differentiationDifferentiation of a multivariate function with respect to only one of its several variable arguments.
compound distributionThe compound probability distribution is the result of a probability distribution whose parameters are distributed along other probability distributions.
toeTheory of Everything A quantum-mechanical theory that encompasses all forces and all matter
exhaustive searchChecking every possibility individually till the right value is found
irafImage Reduction and Analysis Facility
geometric distributionThe discrete probability distribution of 2 closely related situations:
super-high frequencySFH A radio frequency in the range between 30 GHz and 3 GHz (wavelength 1-10 cm)
lineA straight line of infinite length, i.e
cloud chamberA glass-walled enclosure containing a vapor in which particles can be detected by photographing the tracks of water droplets they leave behind when they pass through the chamber
translation of axesA transformation of axes where the new direction of each of the axes is parallel to the (corresponding) old direction.
signed minorAlso known as cofactors
annular eclipseAn eclipse of the Sun in which the Moon is too far from Earth to block out the Sun completely, so that a ring of sunlight appears around the Moon
vealerVeblen
prime pairConsecutive prime numbers - ones which differ by exactly 2, also known as twin primes.
scriptA file that contains a sequence of instructions for an interpreter, the "script" for that interpreter to follow.
gaseous fragmentationThe systematic breakup of a gas cloud into smaller and smaller subunits as the gas cools and continues to collapse
verificationThe act of recognizing that a person or entity is who or what it claims to be.
square  a quadrilateral with four equal sides and four 90 degree angles.
apogalacticonThe point in a star's orbit farthest from the Galactic center
retractretractall
periodMeasured in time, or angle, or even sometimes distance, the Period of a repetitive function is the time (or angle or distance) it takes to complete a cycle.
multiplicationthe operation of repeated addition.
asymmetric ciphera cipher that requires one key to encrypt and another to decrypt.
litreA metric (but not SI) unit of capacity that is defined to be one-thousandth (1/1000) of a cubic metre
solution of equationsThe values of variables which satify the equations, i.e
accretion(a) Collection of material together, generally to form a single body
chebyshevRussian mathematician known for his work in probability and statistics
string(a) Fundamental one-dimensional object that is the essential ingredient in string theory
kakKey-auto-key Cryptographic logic using a previous key to produce a key
geocentric coordinatesThe latitude and longitude of a point on the Earth's surface relative to the center of the Earth; also celestial coordinates given with respect to the center of the Earth
enthalphyThe heat content of a body
elementary matrix operationOne 2 sets (row or column) of three types of operations on matrices which corresponds to left-multiplying (right-multiplying) the matrices, which leave the solution set unchanged.
cuThe chemical symbol for copper
background noiseAll the interference effects in a system which is producing, measuring, or recording a signal
spectroscopic binariesStars whose binary nature can be detected from the periodic Doppler shifts of their spectra, owing to their varying velocities in the line of sight
d'alembert's testAlso known simply as the ratio test
kilogramA kilogram (kg) is a unit of mass defined as the mass of one liter of water
energy(1) The capacity to do work
segmentA section of a line, defined by two end points and all the points between them.
ionosphere(a) The region of Earth's atmosphere (80-500 km), immediately above the stratosphere
combinatoricsThe mathematical study of counting and countable structures.
mapAlso known as a mapping.
biweeklyevery two weeks
explicitIdeas or notions directly expressed or understandable are considered Explicit.
fifoFirst-In-First-Out buffer
baudThe baud is a unit of telegraph signalling speed; one baud is equal to one pulse per second
hypergalaxyA system consisting of a dominant spiral galaxy surrounded by a cloud of dwarf satellite galaxies, often ellipticals
principal partsThe part of the increment of the value of a function (curve) as approximated by the derivative (gradient) and the increment in the argument.
random variableA quantity having a numerical value for each member of a group, esp
radius1
great attractorA hypothesized large mass, some hundred million light years from earth, that seems to be affecting the motions of many nearby galaxies by virtue of its gravity
patentThe sole right, granted by the government, to sell, use, and manufacture an invention or creation.
bayesian inferenceA iterative process of statistical inference where observations are used in inferring parameters of a probability distribution.
validationThe act of examining information provided by a person (or a system) to ascertain what rights, privileges, or permissions they may (or may not) have to perform some action
quantilesThe boundary values when dividing a set of ordered data into parts of equal frequency
point of tangencythe point where a tangent touches a curve
consecutive sidesA set of sides (edges) where every memeber can be considered to be "next" to another side within the set
many-body problemThe difficulty of calculating the interactions - e.g., the newtonian gravitational interactions - of three or more objects
horizontalOriginally the direction perpendicular to the direction of Earth's gravitation
dummy activityAn edge of zero weight added to a digraph to simplify the algorithms in critical path analysis.
recessionMotion (increasing distance) away
originIn one dimension: (0)
squaring the circleThe problem of creating a square, using compasses and straight edge, whose area is the same as that of a circle (also created using compasses and straight edge).
oblateA type of ellipsoid formed by squashing a sphere along one direction, or alternatively, stretching the sphere along two perpendicular directions.
acceleration of free fallThe acceleration due to gravity, which varies depending on the distance to the centre of the Earth
kelvin scalethe `natural' or `absolute' scale of temperature, on which the value of temperature corresponds roughly to the typical thermal energy
certificate chainThe links between a certificate and the original source of its authenticity
mesh of a partitionGiven an interval which is divided into a number of non-overlapping sub-intervals by finitely many points on the interval, the mesh of the partition is the length of the sub-interval of greatest length.
number systemA set of numbers.
octetA byte
one pint16 ounces
semi-major axisHalf the length of the major axis of an ellipse; a standard element used to describe an elliptical orbit
subnetA subdivision of a network that uses a sequential range of IP addresses (i.e
modal classThe class with the ighest frequency - individual values within a class is not distinguished (even if it's possible), so that it is possible that the mode is not a value within the modal class.
centre of rotationThe invariant point in a rotation.
resonance lineThe longest-wavelength line arising from the ground state
radiotelescopesSensitive radio antennae employed to detect the radio energy emitted by nebulae, galaxies, pulsars, etc
compatible matricesTwo matrices in a particular order so that they can be multiplied
word problemA word problem is a mathematical question phrased in terms of words, not equations.
conformable matricesSee compatible matrices.
fourFour is the number after three (3) and before five (5)
number sieveA method for finding prime factors of a number by eliminating all multiples (less than the specified number) of the lowest number not yet eliminated
first order transitionA phase transition is called first order if it occurs in a manner similar to the way water boils
hektorAsteroid 624, the largest (about 100 km long) of the Trojans
ionized(a) Having lost one or more electrons from an atom
remote atmRemote Authentication Dial-In User Service [RADIUS]
astronomical coordinatesThe longitude and latitude of a point on the Earth relative to the geoid
arcAn arc is a segment along the circumference of a circle, or the part of any curve between two points.
relativisticApproaching the velocity of light
megan blewettContributor Megan Blewett
elementary matrixInvertible matrices which represent elementary row (or column) operations when left-multiplied (right-multiplied).
elastic collisionA collision of 2 bodies where kinetic energy is not lost.
celsuisRepresented by the symbol °C
kepler's lawsKepler's Laws of Planetary Motion, three laws pulished by John Kepler early in the seventeenth century.
even numberA number that can be divided by 2.
port1
standing waveA pattern of oscillations in space in which the regions of maximum displacement and of zero displacement (the nodes) remain fixed in position
hirayama familiesGroups of minor planets with similar orbital elements
modemA shortened version of "modulator/demodulator," this is the word for a communications device that sends computer transmissions over a standard telephone line.
moment of a forceAlso known as torque.
linear mappingA mapping which is linear.
concentricThe property of having the same centre
deterministic modelA mathematical model where the states of a model is determined completely by parameters of the model as well as prior states of the model only.
factorThe noun Factor is a value that is multiplied with another Factor (or factors) to result in a product
bethe-weizsäcker cycle(a) See proton-proton cycle
libration orbitssee Lagrangian Points [H76]
backboneA term often used to describe the main network connections composing the Internet.
infiniteIn common language, not countable in any practical manner
cascadeA command that arranges windows so that they are overlapped, with the active window in front.
direction ratiosThe ratio of the direction angles, representing the direction of a vector with 2 numbers as opposed to 3 in the cases of the direction angles or the direction cosines.
twin primesA pair of consecutively odd prime numbers.
critical equatorial velocityIn rotating early-type stars, that velocity at which the ratio of centrifugal force to gravity at the equator is unity
color-color plotTraditionally, a plot of B - V versus U - B
hadron barrierThe interval (t 10-43 [10-23] s after the big bang, when = 1093 [1052] g cm-3) during which quantum and general-relativistic effects are expected to modify each other in an unknown way
ieeeInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, a body that creates some cryptography standards.
lagrange multipliersA method of finding the extrema of a multivariate function subjects to constraints (such as along a curve) by introducing extra variables and tranforming the graph representing a function with constraints to a higher dimensional graph with no constraints, so that a simpler method of simply finding the critical points can be used, since the critical points all satify the constraints.
plane geometryThe study of geometry within a plane.
degree of an expressionThe highest power occurring in an expression.
sourceAnything which is emitting electromagnetic radiation
rpmRevolutions per minute - a measure of the speed of rotation, and indrectly as a measure of the frequency of rotation.
atomic weightThe mean atomic mass of a particular element in atomic mass units