Glossary extracted starting with manual seeds, with BOW for the domain art and language EN

fanlight	window, semicircular or semi-elliptical in shape, with glazing bars or tracery sets radiating out like an open fan.
piscina	Hand basin with drain, usually set against or into a wall.
pressure	a force applied or distributed over an area
nef	Silver model of a ship fitted with containers for table condiments
sanctuary	the part of the church immediately around the altar (mostly - but not invariably - the
head room	It is the clear vertical distance between the tread of a step and the so fit of the flight or the ceiling of a landing immediately above it and it should not be less than 2.14m.
flat	sign indicating that a tone is to be performed one-half step lower than notated
camera obscura	a dark enclosure or box into which light is admitted through a small hole, enabling images to be projected onto a wall or screen placed opposite that hole; the forerunner of the photographic camera.
theologie	(German f.) theology
pomander	Early ancestor of the vinaigrette, a container used for holding an aromatic mixture of flowers/fruit and spices
garrulous	excessively talkative in a rambling, roundabout manner, especially about trivial matters
carpet pad	A rubber or felt pad placed underneath carpet to increase its resilience and noise transmission (especially footsteps).
cofferdam	a temporary dam built to divert a river around a construction site so the dam can be built on dry ground
midwall shaft	A shaft dividing a window of two lights, which is placed exactly centrally in the wall.
make-up	the assembling of all elements, to form the printed image.
tuned mass damper	mechanical counterweight designed to reduce the effects of motion, such as the swaying of a skyscraper in the wind or in an earthquake.
calvary	A shrine, carved in wood or stone, placed in a church or at a roadside — often at a crossroads — representing Christ upon the Cross of Crucifiction, or sometimes just the empty Cross of Crucifiction.
timb.	abbreviation of timballes
skew	When the superstructure is not perpendicular to the substructure, a skew angle is created
rear-arch	Arch on the inner side of a wall.
drawbored joint	A mortise and tenoned joint with holes so bored that when a pin is driven through, the joint will be made tighter.
mendacity	the quality of being untruthful, an instance of lying
lantern	a small circular or polygonal turret with windows all round, crowning a roof or a dome
diversion channel	a bypass created to divert water around a dam so that construction can take place
limpid	clear and transparent, such as water, crystal, or air; completely calm, without distress or worry
basilica	Church design characterized by a cruciform plan divided into a nave with two or more side aisles, the nave higher and wider than the aisle and lit by clerestory windows, the whole structure usually terminated by an apse
cloister	An enclosed walkway, usually forming four sides around a garden, which was the centre of medieval monastic life
turin shroud	a cloth reputed to be the shroud in which Christ was wrapped after the crucifixion; modern scientific dating indicates that it is of medieval date
efflorescence	A white, chalky deposit that forms on bricks exposed to water
rib	Raised moulding dividing a vault
tischler	(German m.) a joiner (wood-worker), a cabinet-maker
tissu extensible	(French m.) stretch fabric
lean to roof	This is the simplest type of pitched roof consisting of rafters sloping on one side only.
dynamic range	The measure of the range of brightness levels that can be recorded by a digital sensor.
bench-end	Vertical part of the bench which is adjacent to an aisle
reproof	the act of reproving, censuring, or rebuking
sinuous	having many curves, bends, or turns; winding and indirect; devious.
caisson	a watertight, dry chamber in which people can work underwater
contact screen	A halftone screen made on film of graded density, and used in a vacuum contact with the film.
ribbed vault	a vault constructed of arched diagonal ribs, with a web of lighter masonry in between.
locus	A point in the genome, identified by a marker, which can be mapped by some means
placate	to appease or pacify, especially by concessions or conciliatory gestures
mold-blown glass	Glassware that is made by inflating molten glass into a mold
precast	concrete products cast at a site remote from the final installation.
debris plugging	Reduction in flow capacity of a road stream crossing drainage structure or ditch relief pipe due to blockage by woody materials.
cut and cover	method of tunnel construction that involves digging a trench, building a tunnel, and then covering it with fill.
tilt-up	method of building construction whereby concrete walls are cast in horizontal forms on site and then tilted to the final vertical position.
abutment	A foundation; a support.
miniature	a representation executed on a much smaller scale than the original object.
state	one of the successive printed stages of a print, distinguished from other stages by the greater or lesser amount of work carried out on the image.
clerestory	the upper story of a church where it rises above the aisle roof
hinged arch	A two-hinged arch is supported by a pinned connection at each end
burg	German stronghold
disabuse	to free a person from deception or error
crenellated	having a series of indentations, like those in a battlement.
hornwork	Freestanding quadrilateral fortification in front of the main wall.
roundabout chair	Corner chair with triangle front and usually a circular back.
tirer la jambe	(French) to drag one's feet, to limp
stepped	Recessed in a series of ledges
vibrato	rapid variation of pitch that lends "warmth" to the tone of a voice or instrument
tischdecke	(German f.) table-cloth
oblique	shouldered joint - These joints are commonly adopted in timber truss construction where members are jointed in acute or obtuse fashion.
dupe	a person who is easily deceived, a gullible person who unquestioningly or unwittingly serves a cause or another person
boss	Decorative knobble at the intersection of three or more ribs on a vault
housed joint	Grooved to receive the piece which is to form the other part of the joint
lay-brothers' frater	Dining room for lay-brothers.
bedding	A filling of mortar, putty, or other substance in order to secure a firm bearing.
bulking of sand	When dry sand comes in contact with moisture, thin film is formed around the particles , which causes them to get apart from each other
figured bass	system of musical shorthand by which composers indicated intervals above the bass line with numbers (figures) rather than with notated pitches
lantern	the structure crowning a dome or tower, often used to admit light to the interior.
thermogenesis	generation or production of heat, especially by physiological processes
wood	a common natural material strong in both compression and tension
parish registers.	Written records of christenings, marriages, burials, churchwarden's accounts, tithe books,etc
fledgling	young, new, or inexperienced
etiolles	Etiolles is the name of an Upper Paleolithic (Magdalenian) site located on the Seine River near Corbeil-Essonnes about 30 kilometers south of Paris, France.
conch	Semicircular niches covered with a semi-dome in the form of a fluted conch shell (based on the spiral shell of gastropods).
domesday book	The record of William I's great assessment inquiry into the value of land in England
dog-tooth	a masonry repeating ornament, characteristic of the Early English style, resembling a four-
altar	In the Roman Church, a table at which the celebration of the Eucharist takes place
saint	a person whose virtue and holiness was considered to be proven and who was already with God; a saint was considered capable of interceding with God on behalf of a person who prayed to them, and of performing miracles
cathedra	the throne of a ruling bishop in a cathedral.
king post roof truss	It is a form of roof truss which is commonly used for spans varying from 5m to 9m.
immutable	unchangeable, changeless
tierce coulée	(French f.) or tercera ligada (Spanish), a French baroque ornament consisting of a slide of a third, that is from one principal note via an unaccented ornamental note to a second principal note a third away from the first
assembly building	These shall include any building or part of a building where group of people gathers for amusement , recreation , social religious or for some other reason.
cob	Walling of mixed clay and straw, found mainly in West Country villages.
sanctuary ring	Knocker on the exterior door of the church
lintel	The support to the load above the opening is usually given by providing an arch or a lintel
gothic	The long period of architecture which exists from the twelfth to the fifteenth centuries and embodied the Early English and Decorated styles
bellcote	A turret, usually at the W end of a church, to carry bells.
mass	Roman Catholic worship service
roll moulding	a moulding of simple convex cross-section.
canon tables	A table of concordance for two or more parallel texts of the Gospels, usually the one compiled by Eusebius of Caesarea in the fourth century.
putloghole	A hole intentionally left in the surface of a wall for insertion of a horizontal pole or beam.
spider	specialized excavator with four legs that can negotiate steep slopes and rivers with minimal impact.
timple	a small guitar with 12 metal strings used in Spain, Colombia, Puerto Rico and other Spanish-speaking countries, also known as guitarrillo
timbale chromatique mécanique	(French f.) mechanically tuned chromatic kettledrum
tirer ... de l'erreur	(French) to disabuse ...
aliasing	The jaggy edges that appear in bitmap images with curves or lines at any angle other than multiples of 90 degrees.
tirol	(German n.) the Tyrol
monochromatic	one color; one hue/variants dominate
tremolo	amplitude modulation
vignetting	Adding dark corners to an image; often produced by using a lens hood that is too small for the field of view, or generated artificially by using image editing techniques.
pithy	brief, forceful, and meaningful in expression; full of vigor, substance, or meaning; terse
tirer la patte	(French) to hobble along
tombstone	Monumental stone, marble, etc., which denotes the position of a grave and often contains some biographical details of the deceased.
bonnet	Freestanding fortification; priest's cap.
hipped roof	a roof with four sloped sides
recycled paper	New paper made entirely or in part from old paper.
steward	The man responsible for running the day-to-day affairs of the castle in the absence of the lord
lithocoated paper	A paper that is coated with a special water-resistant material which is able to withstand the lithographic process.
burnish	to polish a surface by friction to make smooth and bright
emulsion	A light sensitive substance used as a coating for film; made from a silver halide compound
vihāra	Buddhist monks' living quarters, either an individual cell or a space for communal activity.
foil	A Gothic term denoting the intersection point of the junction of circular areas, as in trefoil.
terra-cotta	fired but unglazed clay, used mainly for wall or roof covering and ornamentation
aisle	A section of the church parallel to the choir or nave, and divided from it by an arcade.
soporific	causing sleep; characterized by drowsiness
tiefgreifend	(German) radical, radically
metal pan	An acoustical tile made from a perforated aluminum or steel panel backed with a layer of sound-absorbing material.
tischbuch	(German n., literally 'table book') parts written in different directions on facing pages, so to enable reading by performers standing around a table
eyecatcher	a structure, often an artificial ruin, built on a distant rise to catch the attention of a viewer and carry his or her eye out of the surrounding garden into the wider countryside.
recondite	dealing with very profound or difficult subject matter; beyond ordinary knowledge or understanding
longitudinal barrel vault	a barrel (or tunnel) vault which follows the main longitudinal direction of the nave
charcoal	Compressed burned wood used for drawing.
bivalate	A hillfort defended by two concentric ditches
design frequency	The recurrence interval for a hydrologic event used for structure design purposes.
thiasos	in ancient Greece, an organized group of women devoted to the worship of Aphrodite
canopy	A covering, attached to tops of bed posts, consisting of wood frame covered with fabric.
cross-and-orb	Modified cross slits to accommodate gunnery.
tire hacia abajo	(Spanish) to pull down, to pull downwards
fog	Allowing random light to reach light-sensitive material, as in opening the camera back accidentally or leaving a packet of paper open
transept	the north and south projections or "arms" of the cross, perpendicular to the nave and chancel
scallop	Carved in a series of semi-circles.
tirer au flanc	(French) to shirk (familiar), to skive (familiar)
sash window	Glass is set in two wood, metal or plastic frames to form a sash window, one or both of which can be moved up and down with the aid of pulleys so that the windows can be opened.
triptych	Altarpieces composed of painted or carved panels arranged in a tripartite design, often hinged so that the outer wings fold over the central portion.
arrest	to catch and hold, attract and fix, to stop and slow down
mortises and tenons	A method of carpentry joinery where holes are chiseled as receptacles (mortises) for chiseled projections (tenons) on wooden beams.
claustral buildings	Pertaining to the cloister.
keystone	A wedge-shaped or tapered stone placed at the top of an arch or vault
abutment	The part of a structure that receives the load of an arch
webbing or infilling	The vault surface between the ribs of a rib vault.
westwork	The structure built at the western ends of some Carolingian and Ottonian churches including an entrance vestibule, upper-level chapel, and towers
tijdsaanduiding	(Dutch) time signature
carpet tile	A flooring tile made from a stiff-backed carpet material
soft focus	A diffused, unsharp image effect produced by the use of a special lens that creates soft outlines.
mosaic	A decoration created by setting small pieces of glass, stone, or marble in a matrix- often concrete
color electronic prepress system	Computer, scanner, printer and other hardware and software designed for image assembly, color correction, retouching and output onto proofing materials, film or printing plates
copyright	The right of copyright gives protection to the originator of material to prevent use without express permission or acknowledgement of the originator.
tienda de antigüedades	(Spanish f.) antique shop
transept	The transverse portion of a church crossing the main axis at a right angle and producing a cruciform plan.
fleur-de-lis	(a) a white iris, the royal emblem of France; (b) a stylized representation of an iris, common in artistic design and heraldry.
green man	an ancient symbol of man's deep connection to nature; a decorative Gothic carving characterized by a human face sprouting foliage.
tirer à vue	(French) to shoot on sight
cofferdam	A cofferdam may be defined as a temporary structure constructed in a river or a lake or any other water-bearing surface for excluding water form a given site to enable the building operation to be performed on dry surface.
east end	Refers to the end of the church where the main altar is placed and where the main part of the service takes place
orchestra	in an ancient Greek theater, a circular space used by the chorus.
universal copyright convention	A system to protect unique work from reproducing without knowledge from the originator
bailiff	An official with administrative authority under the Sheriff
dynamite	a blasting explosive, based on nitroglycerin, but much safer to handle than nitroglycerin alone
digitize	This is the process by which analog images or signals are sampled and changed into digital form.
stringcourse	A continuous projecting horizontal band set in the surface of a wall and usually molded.
dry /wet pit mining	isolate gravel extraction to a confined hole in bar and wet/dry refers to whether it goes below the water table at the time of extraction.
perennial	lasting for an indefinitely long time; enduring
halftone	A method used to reproduce continuous-tone images, representing the image as a series of dots.
daub	A mud of clay mixture applied over wattle to strengthen and seal it.
rock tunnel	a passage constructed through solid rock
mantlet	Detached fortification preventing direct access to a gateway; low outer wall.
ex libris	A Latin term meaning "from the library." In the trade, it often refers to a book that was once owned by someone whose ownership adds value, often someone famous
oratory / oratorium	An earlier name applied to buildings now known as "churches"
removable media	Storage media that can be removed from the camera.
pull-down menus	developed from Xerox research (like just about everything else we take for granted in desktop publishing) these are a method of providing user control over software without cluttering up the screen with text
embattlements	A parapet with indentations or embrasures as seen here, at left, capping a medieval town gate.
hood moulding	Projecting moulding above an arch or lintel, normally intended to throw off water (sometimes called dripstone)
clasping	Encasing the angle.
grain	Direction of fibers in a sheet of paper governing paper properties such as increased size changes with relative humidity, across the grain, and better folding properties along the grain.
cable	structural element formed from steel wire bound in strands; the suspending element in a bridge; the supporting element in some dome roofs.
credence shelf	a shelf set within a piscina, designed to act as a credence and provide the piscina with dual
reformation	The religious movement that attempted to reform the Catholic Church in the mid-sixteenth century.
collectible	A term that describes valuable objects less than a hundred years old, often distinguished from antiques, which as a rule are more than a hundred years old.
parapet spire	A spire which rises wholly from within the parapet of a tower.
paten	Christian liturgical plates, usually shallow in form, on which the Host is placed both before and after consecration.
batted surface	A smooth stone surface finished by scoring long, parallel grooves in it with a mason's chisel.
pitch	The angle of slope to a roof.
air lock entry	A vestibule sealed by a second interior door.
mullion	Slender, vertical, non-supporting bars usually of masonry or wood forming a division between doors, screens, or lights of windows.
latin cross	a cross in which the vertical arm is longer than the horizontal arm, through the midpoint of which it passes.
storage buildings	These shall include any building or part of a building primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods , wares or merchandise , garages , stables etc.
continuous span beam bridge	simple bridge made by linking one beam bridge to another; some of the longest bridges in the world are continuous span beam bridges
functionalism	a philosophy of design (in architecture, for example) holding that form should be consistent with material, structure, and use.
red lead	It is an oxide of lead , bright red in colour and is usually sold in powder form or in the form of paste made by grinding it with linseed oil.
primary source	an original diary, letter, or other document written by someone.
course	Level layer of stones or bricks.
tillokad	(Swedish) enlarged
buttress dam	a gravity dam reinforced by structural supports
gallery	the second story of a church, placed over the side aisles and below the clerestory.
quatrefoil	A pattern used in masonry and wood, similar to the shape of a four-leafed clover, comprising of four curves joined together
pleistocene	A geologic period, sometimes referred to as the "Ice Age," which began about 1.6 million years ago and ended with the melting of the large continental glaciers creating the modern climatic pattern about 11,500 years ago
approbation	approval; commendation or official sanction
leaded glass	Glass that contains at least 20% lead oxide through a technique first developed by George Ravenscroft (1632-1683)
embrasures	Openings for cannons at the top of a castle wall
cowl	A terminal to a flue pipe to aid discharge of gases and exclude the weather.
load	weight distribution throughout a structure; loads caused by wind, earthquakes, and gravity, for example, affect how weight is distributed throughout a structure.
fatuous	foolish or inane, especially in an unconscious, complacent manner; silly
animal sized	A technique of paper making which hardens the surface by passing the paper through a bath of animal glue or gelatin.
misanthrope	a person who dislikes other people
merlon	Raised section in the battlements of a parapet
pillaster	A masonry support aping the form of an engaged column, but which is actually part the masonry of a wall, with about half of its cross section projecting
credence	a recess in the wall of the sanctuary, designed to hold the bread and wine before their consecration
depth of focus	The range that the image-capturing surface (such as a sensor or film) could be moved while maintaining acceptable focus
glaze medium	Glaze medium is a paint additive used to thin paint, retard drying time, and improve transparency
tirer ... d'affaire	(French) to help ..
hyperbole	obvious and intentional exaggeration; an extravagant statement or figure of speech not intended to be taken literally
quincunx	an arrangement of five objects, usually trees, with one at each corner of a rectangle and one at the center; this basic structural unit is often multiplied to create a larger pattern, and plantations of trees in this pattern may be identified by the same term.
saltire	Diagonal, equal-limbed cross
chalking	Deterioration of a printed image caused by ink that absorbs into paper too fast or has long exposure to sun, and wind making printed images look dusty
gothic architecture	lending strength and solidity to the main structure.gablet - a gable-shaped stone that crowns a buttress.
chiluca	A gray-white stone, like limestone
nookshaft	Shaft set in angle of jamb or pier.
pointed arch	rib vaulting, and the flying buttress.
sagacious	having or showing acute mental discernment and keen practical sense; shrewd
stepped	Recessed in a series of ledges.
territory	The familiar surroundings or home range which is claimed by a group of people.
palmette	Looped like a palm-leaf
ledger paper	A stiff heavy business paper generally used for keeping records.
pylon	A monumental vertical structure marking the entrance to a bridge or forming part of a gateway.
plateresque	âSilversmith-likeâ; the richly decorative style of the Spanish Renaissance in the 16th cent
brick	or wood) built against a building to strengthen it by resisting the thrust of arches, roofs and vaults
bible box	Locked box in which the great church Bible could be kept for protection
timpano	(Spanish m., Italian m.) eardrum, tympanon (French), tympan (French)
dole cupboard	Cupboard which originated in mediæval times to store bread for travellers and the poor of the parish.
intaglio printing	Printing method whose image carriers are surfaces with two levels, having inked areas lower than noninked areas
hipped roof	Roof structure of sloping instead of vertical sides and ends.
corrosion	Except for gold, metals corrode in sea water
embankment dam	dam composed of a mound of earth and rock; the simplest type of gravity dam.
tessera	a small piece of colored glass, marble, or stone used in a mosaic.
ephesus	The archaeological ruins of the Ionian city of Ephesus are located in western Turkey at the mouth of the Cayster River as it enters the Aegean Sea.
saturnine	sluggish in temperament; gloomy or taciturn
parquet	A floor made from short strips of wood arranged to from a repeating, decorative pattern
stereobate	a substructure or foundation of masonry visible above ground level.
interlace	General term to describe any one of a variety of decorative patterns, both painted and carved, composed of interweaving lines or bands
ephemeral	lasting a very short time, transitory
hunter-gatherers	A community or group that subsists primarily by hunting wild game and gathering wild plant resources
installation	a three-dimensional environment or ensemble of objects, presented as a work of art.
target audience	The group of people whose experience, understanding and appreciation are catered for when creating a picture, or taking a photograph
emulate	imitate with effort to equal or surpass or to rival with some degree of success
refractory	hard or impossible to manage; stubbornly disobedient
spacer	a small peg or ball used to separate metal, pottery, or glass objects from other objects during processes such as casting, firing, and mold-blowing.
hybridization assay	See Figure 5.12.
appropriate	to set apart and authorize for some specific purpose; to take for oneself or to take without permission or consent
tie	A tension member of a truss.
thym	(French m.) thyme (herb)
return wall	A perpendicular short wall at the end of a much longer wall.
satiate	to supply with anything to excess, so as to disgust or weary; or to satisfy to the full
bailey	The ward or courtyard inside the castle walls, includes exercise area, parade ground, emergency corral
labeled	In musical instruments, the term refers to having a paper label that bears the name of the maker
graver	A small tool with a sharp tip that was used to engrave bone, stone, wood or other materials.
coffer	a sunken panel in a ceiling
dispersion trenches	This is an alternative method of disposal of effulent from septic tank by soil absorption system.
tímpano	(Portuguese m., Spanish m.) kettle-drum, timpani (in the plural form), timps (abbreviation)
float switch	float that can be set to turn pump on or off at set water level.
greek-cross plan	style of church with four equal arms.
the rake's progress	see 'Rake's Progress, The'
lancet arch	A pointed arch that is taller than it is wide.
hatchment	See Funeral Hatchment.
fan fold	Paper folding that emulates an accordion or fan, the folds being alternating and parallel.
course	Level layer of stones or bricks
time bracket notation	or 'time brackets', a term used by the American composer John Cage (1912-1992), where a instrumentalist is assigned a part which contains mostly single notes and chance-distributed time brackets indicating the period of time (as measured by a stopwatch) within which the notes are to be played
lierne ribs	Short vaulting rib which crosses from one boss to another and, with others, effects a star-like shape
niche	a hollow or recess in a wall or other architectural element, often containing a statue; a blind niche is a very shallow recess.
apex	the point of a character where two lines meet at the top, an example of this is the point on the letter A.
tirer ses prix	(French) to sell at rock bottom prices
label stop	Decoratively carved end to the dripstone or hood moulding.
diagnostic artifact	an item that is indicative of a particular time and/or culture group
mensa	The flat stone slab constituting the top of the altar, generally marked with the five crosses of its consecration; also, a similar but smaller stone set into the top of an altar temporarily or permanently
eucharist	A sacrament and the central act of worship in many Christian churches performed during the Mass, which was instituted at the Last Supper and in which bread and wine are consecrated and consumed in remembrance of Jesus's death.
caryatid	A supporting member serving the function of a pier, column or pilaster and carved or molded in the form of a draped, human, female figure.
tipping	or double-tonguing, an articulation for quick notes played on the transverse flute, in which the tongue moves against the roof of the mouth
clerestory	Windowed area of the church above the side aisles and above the wall of the central part of the nave (fig.6).
plethora	overabundance, excess
petit appareil	Small cubical stonework.
théologie	(French f.) theology
vestibule	A small entrance hall between a building's door and the main house.
tisi galoppante	(Italian) galloping consumption (i.e
lucid	easily understood; completely intelligible or comprehensible
program music	instrumental music that purports to tell a story or describe a scene, idea, or event
service connection	It is a water connection given by the local body (municipal cooperation) from city water distribution mains to a consumer
hybridization assay	See Figure 5.13.
monastery	a religious establishment housing a community of people living in accordance with religious vows.
minbar	a pulpit from which a Muslim (Islamic) imam addresses a congregation in a ja¯mi' mosque.
piscina	Niche, containing a perforated stone basin, usually of ornamental form and placed near an altar within a canopy, for carrying away water used in rinsing the chalice and the Priest's Fingers at Mass
orant	A standing figure with arms raised, the conventional gesture of prayer in the Early Christian period.
meticulous	taking or showing extreme care about minute details; precise and thorough
beguinage	A community of lay women living a life of poverty and chastity without living under a monastic rule or taking irrevocable vows.
architrave	In the classical orders, the lowest member of the entablature; the beam that spans from column to column, resting directly upon their capitals.
zoom	In image editing, to enlarge or reduce the size of an image on your monitor
interface	the circuit, or physical connection, which controls the flow of data between a computer and its peripherals.
fluorescent illumination	Light produced by a tube coated on the inside with a material that glows
dead ground	Close to the wall, where the defenders can't shoot.
til gennemsyn	(Norwegian) on approval
bedrock	solid rock layer beneath sand or silt
dowel	Headless oak or metal pin used to secure wood or stone members together.
dutch door	A door separated into an upper and lower piece, each of which can be opened or closed individually.
the hands	see 'Hands, The'
terrace	A paved, open area connected to a house or other building used as an outdoor living area.
liturgy	The prescribed worship rituals of the church, including the mass and divine office.
vestry	Room in a church where the clergy and choir dress and the vestments are kept.
cast	An undesirable tinge of color in an image.
õlite	Granular limestone.
buttress	A projection from a wall to help support particular loads especially side thrusts from roofs.
broch	Drystone freestanding tower with interior court, no external windows (which face into the court), spiral stair inside wall, typically iron age Celtic refuge in Scotland
final sound	suffix
parapet	a low wall projecting from the edge of a platform, terrace or roof
graphic arts film	Film whose emulsion yields high contrast images suitable for reproduction by a printing press, as compared to continuous-tone film
humpback	A description of the sideview of a bridge having relatively steep approach embankments leading to the bridge deck.
quadripartite rib vault	A four sectioned vault, divided by diagonal, transverse ribs of fortifying masonry; one of several styles of vaulting used in Gothic structures
wooden gallery	Wooden outwork overhanging a curtain wall, a tower, or the whole of an enceinte; openings in the floor allowed plunging fire
castellated girder	A steel beam fabricated by making a zig-zag cut along its web, then welding the two sides together at their peaks
diatribe	a bitter, sharply abusive denunciation, attack, or criticism
oscillate	to swing or move to and fro, as a pendulum does, or to vacillate between differing beliefs, opinions or conditions
fillet	Narrow flat band.
relieving arch	Arch built up in a wall to relieve thrust on another opening
verbose	characterized by the use of many or too many words
tisser	(French) to weave
prehistoric	the period of time before written records; the absolute date for the prehistoric period varies from place to place.
helicoid	Forming or arranged in a spiral
shear	force that causes parts of a material to slide past one another in opposite directions
tempera	Paint made using yolk or white of egg as carrier, mixed with pigment
resolution	Sharpness of an image on film, paper, computer screen, disc, tape or other medium.
beam	rigid, usually horizontal, structural element.
thermalquelle	(German f) thermal spring
proscenium	In the ancient theatre, the stage before the scene or back wall.
mobile	a delicately balanced sculpture with movable parts that are set in motion by air currents or mechanical propulsion.
matrix	The physical material (often dirt) in which archaeological objects are located
lambrequin	A short piece of hanging drapery, often imitated in metal or wood for decorative purposes.
artifact	any object made, modified or used by humans. Usually this term refers to portable objects.
string course	A projecting band or moulding set horizontally in a wall.
moulding	Masonry decoration; long, narrow, casts strong shadows
mazer	A British term for a wooden drinking bowl with silver mounts, a surprising number of these have survived due to relatively small amount of silver used they were not worth melting down, popular 14th
primer	See Figure 6.11.
rear-arch	Arch on the inner side of a wall
truss	A rigid framework of structural members (as beams, bars, or rods) arranged in a triangle or combinations of triangles designed to support a load, such as a roof, over a wide space.
bentonites	A clay formed by the decomposition of volcanic ash, having the ability to absorb large quantities of water and to expand to several times its normal volume.
complementary colors	Opposite or 'negative' colors to the primary colors of light (blue, green and red)
composition	the arrangement of formal elements in a work of art.
post-and-lintel construction	an architectural system in which upright members, or posts, support horizontal members, or lintels.
cmp	corrugated metal pipe, generally galvanized and/or tarred for corrosion resistance.
fetid	having an offensive odor; stinking
mullion	The vertical element that separates the lancets of a window; Vertical division of windows.
oligocene	The Oligocene epoch lasted from about 33.7 to 23.8 million years ago (mya)
obvert	interior top of a culvert, equal to the invert plus the culvert diameter.
high renaissance	The period between 1490 and 1527, ending when German and Spanish imperial troops sacked Rome; represents a culmination of all the ideas that had been floating around Florence in the previous years; this is the period when Leonardo did most of his work
insipid	without distinctive, interesting, or stimulating qualities; vapid or bland
chromosome	One of the threadlike "packages" of genes and other DNA in the nucleus of a cell.
tierceron	Secondary ribs in a complex net of vault ribs emanating from a main springer and leading to the ridge rib.
groined vault	A Norman innovation being a rib-less vault formed by the meeting of a pair of equal barrel vaults at right angle to each other
school	A term used in art history to denote a group of artists working in a similar style or tradition.
time-space notation	see 'proportional notation'
théâtre de la république	(French m.) Théâtre Français
chancel	Within the historical church floor plan, the chancel is the front (eastern) part of the church, reserved to the clergy and those layman assisting in the conduct of the service
infilling or webbing	The vault surface between the ribs of a rib vault.
tirer les rois	(French) to cut the Twelfth night cake
bonnet	Freestanding fortification; priest's cap
suspended span	A simple beam supported by cantilevers of adjacent spans, commonly connected by pins.
geodesic dome	dome composed of short, straight pieces joined to form triangles; invented by Buckminster Fuller.
cache pit	This is nothing more than the French term for a storage pit
burst speed	The highest speed a fish can swim for a short time.
icons	pictorial images used on screen to indicate utility functions, files, folders or applications software
rural dean	a minister assisting a bishop to administer a subdivision of an archdeaconry; known on the Continent as an archpriest
halcyon	calm and tranquil; rich and prosperous; happy and carefree
transitional	the period of change from one architectural style to another, but as used with a capital
litany	A form of prayer consisting of a series of petitions sung by a deacon, a priest or cantors, to which the people made fixed responses.
citadel	a fortress or other fortified area placed in an elevated or commanding position.
refectory	Communal dining hall.
theatralisch	(German) theatrical, theatrically
tintinnabolo	(Italian m.) small bell, sacring bell
rood	The rood is an ornate Cross erected at the entry to the chancel
clef	sign that fixes the tone represented by each line and space on the staff
hominin	"Early human or pre-human beings: a member of the sub-family Homininae usually identified by bipedal adaptations
cheek	A side of a building projection, such as a buttress or a dormer.
window	(1) In a printed product, a die-cut hole revealing an image on the sheet behind it
donjon	A great tower or keep.
inert	having no inherent power of action, motion, or resistance
floor plan	Horizontal cross-section of a building as the building would look at ground level
data compression	Technique of reducing the amount of storage required to hold a digital file to reduce the disk space the file requires and allow it to be processed or transmitted more quickly.
rosary	a series of prayers; to assist the memory, the prayers are counted off on a string of beads
cross-hatching	The practice of overlapping parallel sets of lines in drawing to indicate lights and darks, or shading
headlong	undertaken quickly and suddenly; hasty
flood frequency analysis	A procedure for identifying the magnitude of flow, i.e., the N year precipitation event, that will be equaled on an average of every N years
jogger	Vibrating, sloping platform that evens up the edges of stacks of paper.
compound pier	Independent group of columns and angles of masonry.
moline	Ends curling outward.
propriety	conformity to established standards of good or proper behavior or manners
baritone	medium-range male voice
mosaic	the use of small pieces of glass, stone, or tile (tesserae), or pebbles to create an image on a flat surface such as a floor, wall, or ceiling.
beatify	to make blissfully happy; in the Roman Catholic Church, to declare to be among the blessed entitled to specific religious honor
sedentary	A term applied to human groups leading a settled, non-migratory lifestyle.
crenel	The low segment of the alternating high and low segments of a battlement
stone slinger	conveyor belt equipped dump truck than can precision place or 'throw' gravel.
ciborium	A term applied to both a liturgical vessel used for holding the consecrated Host and an altar canopy supported on columns, popular particularly in Italy in the Romanesque and Gothic periods
dovetail joint	Made by cutting pins the shape of dovetails in section, which fit between other dovetails upon another piece.
funeral hatchment	Diamond shaped painting, usually on board, which depicts the arms or family crest of the deceased against a background which shows both the sex and marital status of the person involved.
wainscot	Panelled woodwork around the lower walls of the church, or in a similar position in modern screens.
footings	Bottom part of wall
drum tower	A large, circular, low, squat tower built into a wall.
ormolu	A metal resembling gold
cat-house	A movable pent-house on wheels, flanked by wooden towers
ballista	Engine resembling a crossbow, used in hurling missiles or large arrows
pier	a vertical support used to bear loads in an arched or vaulted structure.
geometric panels	Forming or consisting of regular lines, curves and angles.
buy out	To subcontract for a service that is closely related to the business of the organization
impluvium	a basin or cistern in the atrium of a Roman house to collect rainwater falling through the compluvium.
double ogee	Design formed by a double moulding, concave and convex, round and shallow.
two-centred arch	an arch formed of a single pair of concave arcs (cf
wall-walk	Passage along castle wall; may be roofed
antiquarian	A handmade paper (53 x 31 inches), largest known handmade paper.
parapet	A low wall intended to protect a sudden drop, for example on a church or house top.
tierce de picardie	see 'Picardy third'
altar stone	A stone slap, usually with five consecration crosses, one in the centre and another in each of the corners, forming the top of pre-Reformation altars.
bourges	A pressure sensitive color film that is used to prepare color art.
revetment	Retaining wall to prevent erosion; to face a surface with stone slabs
corbel	a block of stone, elaborately carved, projecting from a wall and sometimes supporting a load like the beams of a roof, floor or vault, or sometimes used for decorative effect only
inimical	adverse in tendency or effect, unfavorable; unfriendly or hostile
fawn	to seek notice or favor by servile demeanor or to behave affectionately
spire	a tall pyramidal, polygonal or conical structure arising from a tower
tio	(Swedish) ten
astral body	The word astral on its own means relating to, resembling or emanating from the stars
infinity	A distance so great that light from a given point reaches the camera as virtually parallel rays
transmission loss	The reduction in the intensity of airborne sound that takes place during its transmission from the source to the recipient is called transmission loss.
cornice	Highest horizontal moulding on a wall, or above a column.
new concrete	The concrete developed based on new concept has been termed as new concrete.
header	It is a full brick or stone, which is laid with its length perpendicular to the face of the wall.
brightness	The amount of light and dark shades in an image, usually represented as a percentage from 0 percent (black) to 100 percent (white).
roof drain	A drain that receives water collecting on a roof and channels it into a downspout.
nitroglycerin	an explosive compound made from a mixture of glycerol and concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids, and an important ingredient of most forms of dynamite
timide	(French) timid
basilica	In pre-Christian Roman history a basilica was a large roofed public hall used for the transaction of business or legal affairs
ecology	The study of interrelationships of organisms and their environment.
tier	(German n.) an animal
quadrangle	A rectangular area surrounded by buildings.
solar	Upper living room in a medieval building.
rayograph	an image made by placing an object directly on light-sensitive paper, using a technique developed by Man Ray.
lintel	Horizontal stone or beam bridging an opening
bell tower / belfry	The bell tower is the tower where the church bells are installed (the bell chamber) and worked (the ringing chamber)
cusp	Curves meeting in a point.
tower	A tall structure generally set above the crossing of the church or the west front
free board	vertical distance from water surface to top of channel, dike etc.
mechanical engineer	engineer who applies the principles of mechanics and energy to the design of machines and devices.
tirer une conclusion	(French) to draw a conclusion
vernacular	Vernacular architecture is the term used to indicate that the architecture is local to the region in which it is found and generated by the people of that region
tool kit	The set of all weapons and tools that was created and used by a person or group of people.
tilgen	(German) to pay off (a debt), to delete, to wipe out (figurative)
tracery	the ornamental work in the upper part of a window, screen
apposite	suitable, well-adapted, pertinent, relevant or apt
polychromy	The practice of decorating architectural elements, sculpture, etc
semi-dome	A half dome.
tifs	(French m
apprentice	A minor structure built against the side of a building, with a roof of single slope.
tienda	(Spanish f.) shop, store
silt	sediment particles ranging from 0.004 to 0.06 mm (0.00016 to 0.0024 inch) in diameter.
sampling	Methods for identifying portions of an archeological site or resource area to be examioned
tiefgründig	(German) profound (figurative)
blackening	Darkening a portion of a sheet of paper due to the excessive pressure of the calendar roll
skene	in a Greek theater, the stone structure behind the orchestra that served as a backdrop or stage wall.
tin sandwich	see 'harmonica'
teutonic order	military order founded in the Holy land after the Third Crusade
axonometric projection	the depiction on a single plane of a three-dimensional object by placing it at an angle to the picture plane so that three faces are visible.
gunpowder	any of several low-explosive mixtures used as a blasting agent in mining and tunneling; the first such explosive was black powder, which consists of a mixture of potassium nitrate, sulfur, and charcoal
disk operating system	software for computer systems with disk drives which supervises and controls the running of programs
story	floor of a skyscraper
centering	Temporary structure or falsework supporting an arch during construction.
sharp	sign indicating that a tone is to be performed one-half step higher than notated
craven	cowardly, contemptibly timid, pusillanimous
assemblage	a group of three-dimensional objects brought together to form a work of art.
mason	Craftsman who works in stone.
impassive	without emotion, unmoved; calm or serene
notching joint	This joint is commonly provided at the junction of two members meeting at right angle
synagoga	Personification of Judiasm often shown as a female figure, blindfolded and holding the tablets of the law
corner window	This type of window , as the name suggests , is essentially located in the corner of a room
puddled	Made waterproof.
hopper cut	The cut necessary to allow the sides of a hopper to fit together.
joist	Wall-to-wall timber beams to support floor boards.
roll moulding	Cylindrical or convex form of contour.
arrow slits	Found in medieval buildings, these narrow openings are often in a cross shape, enabling archers to fire arrows in a number of directions whilst being protected
beam bridge	a simple type of bridge, composed of horizontal beams supported by vertical posts
check copy	(1) Production copy of a publication verified by the customer as printed, finished and bound correctly
armoring	Protective covering, such as rock, vegetation, or engineered materials used to protect stream banks, fill or cut slopes, or drainage structure outflows from flowing water energy and erosion.
blind angle	See: Angle
mouse	a handheld pointing device using either mechanical motion or special optical techniques to convert the movement of the user's hand into movements of the cursor on the screen
motte-&-bailey	Earth mound with wood or stone keep, surrounded by ditched and palisaded enclosure (or courtyard).
bailey	The ward or courtyard inside the castle walls, includes exercise area, parade ground, emergency corral.
applique	A decoration cut from a piece of material and attached to a larger piece of material.
tilapäinen etumerkki	(Finnish) accidental
slope	measurement of the change in elevation with distance.
ground	by capillary action causing rot in timbers, plaster decay, decoration failure etc.
alacrity	cheerful readiness, promptness, or willingness
belfry	The upper story of a tower where bells are hung, or a purpose-built structure for the hanging of bells.
tierceron	in a vault, a secondary rib which links the central boss or a springing point to a principal rib.
buttress	a mass of masonry or brickwork projecting from or built against a wall to give more strength
visita	A town in the jurisdiction of a monastery where friars did not live but which they visited periodically to say mass
rubber tile	A flexible floor covering made from natural or artificial rubber.
garderobe	Individual lavatory or privy.
terra cotta	Hard fired clay, either glazed or unglazed, molded into ornamental elements, wall cladding and roof tiles.
resurrection	Christians believe that Jesus died and was buried, but on the third day he rose again from the dead, in order to save us from our sins
septic tank	In areas , where municipal underground sewage system is not available , the sewage from residential apartments , small residential colonies and isolated buildings like offices , schools , hospitals etc
melon-bulb	Jargon and comparatively modern term for the swollen member on legs or posts of furniture.
wave	Sinuous moulding
timore	(Italian m.) timidity, fear
photographic lamps	Generalized term now often applied to both 3200 K studio lamps (floods and spots) and the brighter, short-life 3400 K photoflood lamps.
polygonal	Many-sided
barbican	The gateway or outworks defending the drawbridge.
finial	a small decorative element at the top of an architectural member such as a gable or pinnacle, or of a smaller object such as a bronze vessel.
burl	A tree knot or protruding growth which shows beautifully patterened graining when sliced
sub-deacon	a member of the order of the ministry below that of deacon; considered to be the lowest of the major orders
culture	Common beliefs and practices of a group of people
simple span	A span in which the effective length is the same as the length of the spanning structure
spelter	In sculpture, a synonym for zinc, a metal that was often used for the figures that adorned the tops of 19th-century mantle clocks.
tiroir	(French m.) a drawer
assuage	to make milder or less severe; relieve, ease or mitigate
linen	A paper that emulates the look and texture of linen cloth.
pellet moulding	Ornamental moulding of the Norman period, consisting of small spheres or beads in a continuous line.
tiara	the special headdress of the pope, consisting of a pointed hat encircled by three crowns
hydraulic gradient	Pressure gradient, or a line representing pressure or piezometrichead in a pipe flowing full, or the water surface in open channel flow.
blocking course	It is a course of stone masonary provided immediately above the cornice to check the tendency of the cornice to overturn and incidentally it adds to its appearance.
subscript	the small characters set below the normal letters or figures.
discretion	the power or right to decide or act according to one's own judgment; freedom of judgment or choice
theatermantel	(German m.) opera cloak
emmer wheat	Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) is believed to represent the progenitor plant for most of the domesticated wheat today.
cornice	A moulding at the junction between a wall and ceiling
vestry	Room within or adjoining the church and used by the priest to store vestments and items relevant to church matters.
inner ward	The open area in the center of a castle.
rancorous	full of resentment or spite
nave	choir, or transept wall) by an arch or half-arch which transmits the thrust of the vault to the buttress attached to the outer wall of the aisle.flFche ...
twin lens reflex	Camera with two linked lenses - one forming an image onto film, the other giving an image on a focusing screen.
gully	An opening into which rain and waste water are collected before entering the drain.
tillbehör	(Swedish) accompaniment
chicanery	trickery or deception by quibbling or sophistry
paperclay	a clay that can be shaped and stamped on then air dried or baked to make earrings, pins, magnets, plant marker or wall hanging
burh	Saxon stronghold; literally a "neighborhood".
terribilita	michaelangelo, heroic and awe inspiring power and grandeur of work
benign	having a kindly disposition; showing or expressive of gentleness or kindness
roof comb	an ornamental architectural crest on top of a Maya temple.
rake	The angle or slant of a chir back or of a non-vertical table leg.
tessera	Small piece of stone, glass,etc
transept	a cross arm in a Christian church, placed at right angles to the nave.
timbales afinados manualmente	(Spanish m
sanctus bell	Small bell hung on the exterior of the church, usually in the own turret at the junction of the nave and the chancel
header	A brick laid end on.
piping	water flowing along the outside of a culvert and can lead to erosion and failure.
rebus	A carved or pictorial representation of a name.
tribune	(a) the apse of a basilica or basilican church; (b) a gallery in a Romanesque or Gothic church.
acid resist	An acid-proof protective coating applied to metal plates prior to etching.
sahn	an enclosed courtyard in an Islamic mosque, used for prayer when the interior is full.
lignite	A soft, brownish-black coal in which the alteration of vegetable matter has proceeded further than in peat but not as far as in bituminous coal
levity	lightness of mind, character, or behavior; lack of appropriate seriousness or earnestness
rood	a cross erected at the entry to the chancel
reredos	A decorative screen behind the altar, usually decoratively carved.
silver halides	Light-sensitive compounds of silver with the halogens (iodine, bromide, etc.)
eucharist	The Lord's supper, or ceremony where members of the church consume bread and wine in remembrance of Christ's death for our sins
shear-walls	solid concrete walls that resist shear forces; often used in buildings constructed in earthquake zones
altar stone	The altar stone was a slab of carved stone, hollowed out to contain a relic or the Host and chalice, and consecrated by a bishop
enceinte	The enclosure or fortified area of a castle; An enclosing wall, usually exterior, of a fortified place.
crown glass	A primitive form of window glass created by twirling a sphere of molten glass into a disc.
palladiana	A terrazzo finish made by placing large, cut marble slabs in a mosaic pattern with smaller marble chips filling the gaps inbetween.
water-leaf	Plain broad leaf moulding
bed	The steel flat table of a cylinder printing press upon which the type sits during the printing process.
gossamer	a fine, filmy cobweb seen on grass or bushes or floating in the air in calm weather; any thin, light fabric with this quality
thronen	(German) to sit in state
castellated	Having turrets and battlements like a castle.
broach	Elongated half pyramid of masonry between the corner angle of an unparapeted tower and one side of the octagonal spire above.
barrel vault	an architectural element formed by the extrusion of an arch along a given distance.
inlet structure	arrangements of wing walls and apron that smoothes the hydraulic transition from open channel to culvert flow and increases maximum capacity
parapet	A low protective wall at the edge of a roof or balcony.
provenance	The origin, or history of ownership of an archaeological or historical object
tippfehler	(German m.) a typing error (familiar)
tiefer teller	(German) a soup-plate
plug-in	A software module such as a filter that can be accessed from within an image editor to provide special functions.
watershed	An area or region bounded peripherally by ridges or divides such that all precipitation falling in the area contributes to its watercourse or water body.
tiens!	(French) Hey there! Take this!
palazzo	a fortress-like, three-storied home during the Italian Renaissance, usually featuring a rusticated stone exterior
deambulatory	See Ambulatory.
culture	a set of learned beliefs, values and behaviors--the way of life--shared by the members of a society.
tissu	(French m.) fabric, material, tissue (biological)
reformation	The religious revolution of the sixteenth century
aura	A field of energy believed by some to surround living creatures
thiol	(Greece) an alternative name for the 'violin'
arc light	A light source produced by the passing of electric current between two electrodes; used in the production of plates in photolithography.
eaves	The lower edge of the inclined roof surface of a pitched roof is termed as eaves.
crow steps	Steps in a battlement or gable.
drop shadow	A shadow image placed strategically behind an image to create the affect of the image lifting off the page.
claw & ball	Foot of carved animal or bird claw clutching a ball, generally terminating a cabriole leg.
imperturbable	incapable of being upset or agitated; not easily excited, calm
barrel vault	Cylindrical roof; The simplest form of a vault, consisting of a continuous surface of semicircular or pointed sections
curtain wall	A connecting wall hung between two towers surrounding the bailey; A castle wall enclosing a courtyard.
chrismatory	Receptacle for the consecrated oils.
breast walls	They are stone walls provided to protect the slopes of cutting in natural ground from the action of weather.
alidade	An optical surveyor's instrument used in the field to create topographic maps and top plans
acrylic	A water-soluble polymer used in paints to make them dry both tough and flexible.
officious	objectionably aggressive in offering one's unrequested and unwanted services, help, or advice; meddlesome
theorbe	(German f.) theorbo, tiorba (Italian f., Spanish f.), théorbe (French)
resurrection	the resurrection of Christ from the dead on the third day after his death; commemorated on Easter Sunday
cradle roof	See Wagon Roof.
decorum	dignified propriety of behavior, speech and dress; an observance or requirement of polite society
amphitheater	an oval or circular space surrounded by rising tiers of seats, as used by the ancient Greeks and Romans for plays and other spectacles.
tiefe	(German f.) depth
cast stone	a refined architectural concrete building unit manufactured to simulate natural cut stone, used in unit masonry applications.
rebus	the representation of words and syllables by pictures or symbols, the names of which sound the same as the intended words or syllables.
relieving arch	Arch built up in a wall to relieve thrust on another opening.
commission	Fee an auctioneer charges a seller for providing certain services to sell property at auction
tiré de	(French) taken, derived from
memory	the part of the computer which stores information for immediate access
church registers	See Parish Registers.
bullnose moulding	Rounded or blunt moulding which has no particular shape.
wrought iron	Iron that is worked by being forged or hammered.
hipped roof	A type of roof where all sides slope downwards to the walls.
catholic reform	Attempts between the 15th and 16th centuries to eliminate deficiencies within the Roman Catholic Church (such as financial abuses, moral laxity in the clergy and so on).
cathedral	the principal church of a diocese (the ecclesiastical district supervised by a bishop).
tissu-éponge	(French m.) (Terry) towelling, face-cloth
auditory plan	A style of church building which allowed everyone taking part in the service to be accommodated in one undivided interior
english bond	A brick pattern that alternates rows of header bricks and stretcher bricks
poppy oil	It is prepared by pressing poppy seeds
broom finish	A concrete surface with shallow parallel grooves formed by running a stiff-bristled broom or brush over the concrete before it set.
capital	Decorative element that divides a column or pier from the masonry which it supports; Distinctly treated upper end of a column.
crannog	Celtic Scotland timber-built fortified lake village.
egolzwil	Egolzwil is an Alpine Neolithic (late 5th millennium BC) lake dwelling site in Canton Lucerne, Switzerland on the shores of Lake Wauwil.
picture plane	imaginary flat surface assumed to be identical to painting surface; image behind plane, foreground
sacristy	Depository for the valuables owned by the church, such as the sacred vessels, vestments, etc.
pernicious	causing insidious harm or ruin, injury or hurt
peruse	to read through with thoroughness or care, to examine in detail
surcharge	condition in which the water elevation at the up-stream end of a culvert exceeds the culvert obvert.
contrast	The degree of tonal separation or gradation in the range from black to white.
air well	A space within a building, enclosed by walls, partially or totally open to the outside air at the roof, and intended solely as a means of ventilation for bathrooms, kitchens and service rooms.
pipe arch	'squished' CMP culvert that has greater invert width.
depredation	the act of preying upon or plundering
rusticate	to give a rustic appearance to masonry blocks by roughening their surface and beveling their edges so that the joints are indented.
arch dam	dam with an arched shape that resists the force of water pressure; requires less material than a gravity dam for the same distance.
lady chapel	Major chapels dedicated to the Virgin Mary, usually located in the west-east axis of a church at its east end behind the apse or hemicyle.
mission tile	Semi-cylindrical roofing tiles that alternate concave and convex sides facing up.
lugubrious	mournful, dismal, or gloomy in an affected, exaggerated, or unrelieved manner
dogtooth	Diagonal indented pyramid.
pile	long, round pole of wood, concrete, or steel driven into the soil by pile drivers.
presumptuous	unwarrantedly or impertinently bold; forward
half timbering	A method of construction in which the wooden frame and principal beams of a building are exposed, and the spaces between them are covered with plaster or masonry
clapper bridge	A mediæval bridge built of rough stone piers, with long slabs on top to form a pathway
strut	a vertical roof beam running from a tie beam or hammerbeam to a principal rafter.
cross and orb	Modified cross slits to accommodate gunnery.
thomo	in Lesotho, a stringed instrument traditionally played by women
landscape	work in which the width used is greater than the height
titelsong	(German m.) title song
timbales cubaines	(French f
buttress	A buttress is a projecting support or reinforcement built against a wall or tower
lintel	A flat horizontal beam which spans the space between two supports; Horizontal stone or beam bridging an opening.
brattishing	Carved openwork in a parapet or on the solid part of battlements.
apostle	in Christian terminology, one of the twelve followers, or disciples, chosen by Christ to spread his Gospel; also used more loosely to include early missionaries such as Saint Paul.
ell	(also wing) an extension at right angles to a building
romanesque	The Romanesque style of church architecture was the first international style of architecture to come about after the fall of the Roman Empire, and became prevalent in Europe circa 1050-1200
pele or peel tower	A term applied to a tower or keep built as a place of refuge, especially during border raids
thumb line	in jazz, the term for 'tenor', a line played by the pianist's left thumb
house	across a ditchDressing ...
synod	a formal meeting of representatives of various units of the church
wall-stair	Staircase built into the thickness of a wall.
hue	Refers to the color of the image and is separate from how light or dark it is.
chalice	Ecclesiastical drinking vessels for eucharistic wine having a stem, often with a central knob, and a foot used for ceremonial purposes during religious services
gateleg table	A table where the folding leaf is upheld by a leg swinging out lake a gate
hammerbeam	Projecting right-angled, hammer-shaped beam or bracket at the foot of the curved member and principal rafter in a wooden roof
screen facade	A facade which is so highly decorated with sculpture or other decorative elements that it acts as a screen placed in front of the facade
twilight	period after sunset, the light from the sky when the sun is below the horizon
tone	The lightness or darkness of an area in terms of black to white; also called value, i.e., a light or dark red, or light or dark gray.
flat roof	A roof that doesn't slope, or only has a very gradual slope to allow water to drain.
contentious	tending to argument or strife; causing, involving, or characterized by controversy
tintenfisch	(German m.) squid
order	One of a series of concentric mouldings.
monoxylon	Dug-out chest, roughly carved from the trunk of a tree
lay-brothers' dorter	Dormitory for lay-brothers.
half-shaft	Roll-moulding on either side of opening
wall post	Vertical member which is placed against a wall in order to support the downward thrust of the roof.
tischharfe	(German f.) German table zither that can be both plucked and bowed
tailings dam	a dam, usually made of earth and rock, used to contain mining waste
tirer ... d'embarras	(French) to help ..
white noise	sounds including the entire spectrum of tones as white includes the entire spectrum of colors
apse	Rounded and usually of a chancel or chapel.
triad	chord with three tones consisting of two superimposed thirds
zygote	The differences may be point mutations, chromosomal changes, etc
expansion joints	These joints are provided to accommodate the expansion of adjacent building parts and to relieve compressive stress that may otherwise develop.
pillory	to expose to public derision, ridicule, or abuse
dog-legged	With right-angle bends
cob	Unburned clay mixed with straw
tibieza	(Spanish f.) tepidity, lack of enthusiasm (figurative)
target dna	See Figure 6.20.
chevet	This is a style of construction creating an ambulatory and radiating chapels at the chancel arm of a church.
external wall	An outer wall of a building not being a party wall even though adjoining to a wall of another building and also means a wall abutting on an interior open space of any building.
strecher course	It is a course of brickwork in which all the bricks are laid as strechers.
tiefgespannt	(German) a drum slackened off to produce a lower-pitched sound
jamb	One of a pair of vertical posts or pieces forming the sides of a door, window frame, or fireplace
tint	Screening or adding white to a solid color for results of lightening that specific color.
adfluvial	Produced by river action; occasionally used in reference to fish that mature in lakes and migrate upstream into tributaries to spawn.
quadrangle	Inner courtyard
pointed arch	An arch that rises to a pointed crown.
dripstone	a small, sometimes decorated stone incorporated into door or window jambs to throw rain water clear of the opening.
corona	Circular band of metal or wood which contains candles around the rim and is usually hung from the roof
lens	One or more elements of optical glass or similar material designed to collect and focus rays of light to form a sharp image on the film, paper, sensor, or screen.
tip	the very end of the bow away from the frog where the player placed his or her hand
fish habitat	Conditions essential for fish life including sufficient water quality and quantity, spawning, nursery, and rearing areas, and food supply.
long and short work	Large vertical stone slabs which alternate with horizontal ones to form the angle where two walls meet in Saxon work.
circa	A Latin word meaning "about" or "around." It is used in reference to dates when the exact age of something cannot be known but can be approximated
basilica	(a) in Roman architecture, an oblong building used for tribunals and other public functions; (b) in Christian architecture, an early church with similar features to the Roman prototype.
grain	Texture and arrangement of fibres in a piece of stone or wood.
thirteener	a stanza rhyming ABABABABCDDDC
hieroglyphs	The pictographic symbols of ancient writing systems minerals and rocks which make up the crust of the earth.
cornice	Overhanging edge of a sloping roof.
confirmation	This is the act of confirming on your own behalf, the promises made by your parents and godparents at your baptism
cork tile	A semi-flexible floor covering made from ground cork and resin, usually covered with a protective coat of clear polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
itinerant	traveling from place to place, journeying
plenum	The space between a drop ceiling and floor above, especially when that space is used to move air back and forth between a conditioning or heating plant.
finial	A slender piece of stone used to decorate the tops of the merlons, spire, tower, balustrade, or other tapering vertical architectural element.
postern	A private entrance, usually on the side of a building or protective wall.
background	The part of a photograph or illustration that appears behind the principal subject; the surface upon which the main image is superimposed.
tiara	(Latin, from Greek) a pointed hat encircled by three crowns worn by the Pope, a richly jewelled coronet or frontal worn by ladies on formal occasions
wool church	Fine Perpendicular structure, built and enriched by the prosperity of the wool trade.
tomb chest	a tomb set above ground level in a box-like structure; also known as a table tomb
grate	See Grille.
pargetry	Plaster on exterior walls, sometimes decorated.
efflorescence	Powdery white salts crystallized on the surface of a wall as a result of moisture evaporation.
proscribe	to denounce or condemn as dangerous or harmful; prohibit or banish into exile
font	(Also baptismal font) A bowl-shaped container, usually of stone, which contained holy water for baptism
theaterveranstaltung	(German f.) a theatrical event
inverted arch footing	This type of foundation used to be provided for multistoried buildings in olden times
round	melody that may be performed by two or more voices entering at different times, producing meaningful harmony
aggregates	Aggregates are those chemically inert materials which when bonded by cement paste form concrete.
hollow chamfer	a chamfer which has been hollowed out to produce a concave surface.
arcade	A series of arches carried on piers or columns, as the nave arcades in churches
atmospheric	A quality of two-dimensional images which has to do more with space than with volume; an 'airiness,.' seen more in contemporary than traditional images
burgeon	to grow or develop quickly; flourish
weepers	Carved figures which are set in niches along the sides of a mediæval tomb.
trinity	the Father, Son and Holy Ghost
propensity	a natural inclination or tendency
clasping buttress	Supporting structure which entirely encloses, equally on both sides, the right angle formed where two walls meet.
scratch dial	Sundial which was lightly incised into the exterior wall of the church in order to tell the time for masons.
accordion fold	A type of paper folding in which each fold runs in the opposite direction to the previous fold creating a pleated or accordion affect.
lean-to roof	Roof with only one slope, adjoining a higher wall.
butt joint	Squared ends or ends and edges adjoining each other.
exhort	to urge, advise, or caution earnestly; urgently admonish
fixed arch	A structure anchored in its position
cement	a binding material, or glue, that helps concrete harden
wing-wall	Wall downslope of motte to protect stairway.
battlement	Crenellation
span	The horizontal space between two supports of a structure
belfry	Part of the church tower, turret, or a detached building which contains the church bells.
paucity	smallness of quantity, scarcity, insufficiency of number
frog	It is a depression on the top face of a brick
desultory	lacking in consistency or visible order; random
jogger	A vibration machine with a slopping platform to even-up stacks of printed materials.
knee braces	a diagonal support placed across the angle between two members that are joined
opaque	not transparent or translucent; impenetrable to light; dark or dull
character count	the number of characters; ie letters, figures, signs or spaces in a piece of copy, line or paragraph used as a first stage in type calculations.
tinto	(Italian m.) colour, expression
lesene	an unstructural vertical member in a wall, characteristic of the Saxon style.
novitiate	the state or period of being a novice of a religious order or congregation; the state or period of being a beginner in anything
rigid	ability to resist deformation when subjected to a load; rigidity the measure of a structure's ability not to change shape when subjected to a load.
assembled view	In illustration; a term used to describe a view of a drawing in its assembled or whole format.
style	Characteristics of appearance used to classify objects into groups
astringent	harshly biting, stern or severe; sharply incisive or pungent
oculus	A circular or eye shaped opening such as set in the center of a domed roof or utilized as a window.
centromere	Nonsister chromatids are present on different but homologous chromosomes.
belvedere	A raised turret or pavillion; an open structure which provides a view
glue blocks	See Blocking.
bent	Part of a bridge substructure
enervate	to deprive of force or strength; destroy the vigor of and weaken
thermoluminiscence	Dating method based on the fact that clay and a few other inorganic materials absorb small amounts of nuclear energy from natural radiation
nosing	The outer projecting edge of a tread is termed as nosing
tischtuch	(German n.) table-cloth
decorated	Second phase of Gothic in England, of the early 14th century
frequency	rate of a sound wave's vibration
attic	in Classical architecture, a low story placed above the main entablature.
coffer	Decorated, sunken ceiling panel.
monument	Generally any permanent item which commemorates a person or event
trefoil	An ornamental form which has three lobes or foils.
inner curtain	The high wall the surrounds the inner ward
statistical process control	Method used by printers to ensure quality and delivery times specified by customers
planographic printing	Printing method whose image carriers are level surfaces with inked areas separated from noninked areas by chemical means
resident fish	Fish that spend their entire life in a limited range of habitats, such as fresh water.
gum arabic	A secretion of the acacia tree used on the surface of some antique hand-colored prints to add depth and texture to the image
carbon black	A pigment made of elemental carbon and ash.
ball flower	Type of ornamentation which resembles a small ball, half enclosed by a globular flower which has three incurved petals
timbal	(Spanish m.) kettledrum, timpani, timbale (French)
paver tile	Very large and thick unglazed ceramic floor tile.
putlog	Beams placed in holes to support a hoarding; horizontal scaffold beam.
cob	Unburned clay mixed with straw.
plastic	a synthetic material made from long chains of molecules; has the capability of being molded or shaped, usually by the application of heat and pressure
perfidy	deliberate breach of faith or trust
richter scale	used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake; introduced in 1935 by the seismologists, Beno Gutenberg and Charles Francis Richter.
enamel	A term that describes a glossy coating on paper.
fuzz	A term for the fibers that project from the paper surface.
lengthening joint	These joints are used to lengthen a wooden member
pump	to use a pump to transport wet concrete from truck to form; or in the case of grout, to fill voids by pressure.
honeycomb slating	A method of laying roof slates similar to diagonal slating, except with the tail ends of the tiles cut off.
minster	Large church which was originally attached to a monastery.
tiefkühlfach	(German n.) freezer compartment
offset	Ledge marking the narrowing of a wall's thickness
arduous	requiring great exertion; laborious, using much energy and vigor; full of hardships
half-timbered	A structure with an exposed wooden frame that has the gaps between the framing elements filled with plaster, brick, or masonry.
pristine	having its original purity; uncorrupted or unsullied
tibia major	(Latin) flute-stop of the organ, of 16 ft
respond	Half-pier bonded into a wall and carrying one end of an arch.
stop cock	This is provided before water meter in a chamber with a cover to cut off the supply of water from the street main to the building for repairs to the plumbing system within the building.
hogback	Type of tombstone in the form of the hipped roof of a shrine or church, which bears a superficial resemblance to a hog's back (the shingles looking like bristles).
spine	The part of a book seen when it is standing on a shelf
tierisch	(German) animal, bestial (figurative)
post	One of the vertical compression members of a truss which is perpendicular to the bottom chord.
bronze	A metal alloy consisting of copper and tin that sometimes contains small amounts of other elements, such as zinc or phosphorous
thematisch materiaal	(Dutch) thematic material
chamfer	Surface made by smoothing off the angle between two stone faces.
timbré	(French) crazy (familiar)
self mailer	A printed item independent of an envelope
tiefe lage	(German f.) of the register of a voice or instrument, 'low'
cold type	type produced without the use of characters cast from molten metal, such as on a VDU.
guileless	free from guile; sincere, honest, straightforward, frank
industrial building	These shall include any building or part of a building or structure , in which products or materials of all kinds and properties are fabricated , assembled or processed for example refineries , mills , dairies , industries etc.
international organization for standardization	See ISO.
alignment	The position of elements on a page in relation to a referenced horizontal or vertical line.
spire	any slender pointed construction surmounting a building; generally a narrow octagonal pyramid set above a square tower
dissolution	Term applied to Henry VIII's two-part suppression of the monasteries, and appropriation of their lands.
belvedere	A building or a part of a building specifically situated to look out on a visually pleasing scene.
timbre de alarma	(Spanish m.) alarm bell
galileo	An astronomer who, among other things, discovered moons of Jupiter, and proposed a heliocentric view of the solar system which he later recanted
minaret	Tall, slender towers of a mosque used to summon the congregation to prayer.
steeple	is a tall ornamental structure; a tower, composed of a series of stories, diminishing in size, and topped by a small pyramid, spire or cupola
composition	(1) In typography, the assembly of typographic elements, such as words and paragraphs, into pages ready for printing
spire light	Pierced opening on the flat surface of a spire
efficacy	capacity for producing a desired result or effect; effectiveness
pinnacle	Small narrow pointed tower capping buttresses and openwork gablets or portals and galleries.
revetment	A facing of stone or timber in a rampart to stop it collapsing or eroding.
alloy	A substance made by the mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal
mortar	A mixture of sand, water, and lime used to bind stones together; as opposed to drylaid masonry.
buttress	A mass of stone built up to support a wall, usually necessary to strengthen those of great height
salubrious	favorable to or promoting health
temporal	the annual cycle of church feasts commemorating the life of Christ
emulsion	A liquid suspension where oil and water are mixed together, suspending the oil in the water
ribbed vaulting	Stone or brick vaulting typically used for roofing and comprising a thin, light layer supported by a framework of arched ribs.
arris fillet	A triangular piece of wood so arranged as to conduct the water away from the joint between the roof and a chimney or other vertical projection; a cricket; a saddle.
baluster	A turned column.Barley TwistA popular deign for the legs of chairs or tables, so named because it resembles a stick of barley sugar.
theatralisch vortragen	(German) to rant
tierceron vault	A vault containing ribs of the same name.
dog legged	With right-angle bends.
eulogy	a speech or writing in praise and in honor of a deceased person
celestial	A term which refers to something of, or relating to: heaven, the divine, or the spirit
batter	Slight but regular inward slope of a wall from the base upwards.
upstream face	the side of a dam that is against the water
operating system	The program that controls the camera's or computer's hardware.
midtones	Parts of an image with tones of an intermediate value, usually in the 25-75 percent range
humanitarian	A person who devotes themselves to improving the quality of life of others; a person who reduces the suffering of others
hoarding	Upper wooden stories on a stone castle wall; the living area; sometimes, a temporary wooden balcony suspended from the tops of walls from which missiles could be dropped.
machicolations	Projecting gallery on brackets, on outside of castle or towers, with holes in floor for dropping rocks, shooting, etc.
splayed coping	A coping that slopes in only one direction.
crenellated	A term applied to a wall or parapet with a series of embrasures or openings through which missiles might be shot.
stylus	A sharpened, wooden implement with a wedge-shaped tip used for making cuneiform inscriptions
cut and cover	a method of tunnel construction that involves digging a trench, building a tunnel, and then covering it with fill
apotheosis	the elevation or exaltation of a person to the rank of a god; an ideal example
wainscot	A wood panel covering the lower portion of a wall.
truculent	fierce; cruel; brutally harsh or aggressively hostile
intractable	not easily controlled or directed; not docile or manageable; stubborn
pratt truss	A type of truss in which vertical web members are in compression and diagonal web members in tension
transom	a window or pane above a door, a window that is hinged along its top edge
herse	Metal framework over a coffin or tomb, containing holes for candles
thematic composition	see 'thematic development'
chemise wall	Formed by a series of interlinked or overlapping semicircular bastions.
petulant	moved to or showing sudden, impatient irritation, especially over some trifling annoyance
primer	The first or preliminary coat of paint applied to a surface of a metal or plastic miniature to prepare it for further painting
pinholing	Small holes (unwanted) in printed areas because of a variety of reasons.
bartizan	A small overhanging turret which projects from the angles of towers or other parts of a building.
pinnacle	Ornamental crowning spire, tower, etc.
buttress	An exterior mass of masonry set at an angle to or bonded into a wall which it strengthens or supports; buttresses often absorb lateral thrusts from roof vaults.
scupper	An opening in the side of a building used for draining rainwater.
buttress	A mass of brickwork built against a wall to carry the thrust and provide strength.
enceinte	The enclosure or fortified area of a castle.
box girder	A steel beam built-up from many shapes to form a hollow cross-section.
keep	The inner stronghold of the castle; A strong stone tower; main tower; donjon; stronghold; A freestanding defense tower in a castle complex.
watermark	A mark in handmade paper that usually identifies the paper maker, and the place and date of its making
under-development	Giving too short a developing time, using too low a temperature, too great a dilution or old or exhausted solutions
backing	The bevel upon the top edge of a hip rafter which allows the roofing boards to fit the top of the rafter without leaving a triangular hole between it and the back of the roof covering.
corbel	It is the extension of one or more courses or brick or stone from the face of a wall.
billets	Small cubes, cylinders or prisms placed at regular intervals, so that their axis and that of the entire series is parallel to the general direction of the molding.
tira-tutti	(Italian) or tira-tutto, a combination draw-stop or pedal which throws out all the stops of an organ, thus making available the full power of the instrument
descry	to see something unclear or distant by looking carefully; to discover or detect
pier	A vertical structure which supports the ends of a multi-span superstructure at a location between abutments
merlon	The high segment of the alternating high and low segments of a battlement
vault	An enclosing structure formed by building a series of adjacent arches.
exchange systems	Exchange systems and trade networks are important components of any human society, from hunter-gatherer groups to modern urban civilizations
putlog	Beams placed in holes (beam-box or putloghole) to support a hoarding; horizontal scaffold beam
aqueduct	A pipe or channel, open or enclosed, which carries water
tunnel boring machine	a mechanical device that tunnels through the ground
talud-tablero	an architectural style typical of Teotihuacán sacred structures in which paired elements—a sloping base (the talud) supporting a vertical tablero (often decorated with sculpture or painting)—are stacked, sometimes to great heights.
screen	Any partition which separates one part of the church from another
mural	A picture painted directory onto a ceiling or wall surface.
flotation	A method of extracting carbonized plant remains, shells, small bones, and insect remains from ancient soils and sediments
oratory	A chapel without an altar.
throaty	a voice characterized by too much pharyngeal resonance and/or excessive pharyngeal tension
eclectic	selecting from various sources or made up of what is selected from different sources
buttery	Next to the kitchen, a room from where wine was dispensed.
flue	The opening in a chimney through which the smoke passes.
force	any action that tends to maintain or alter the position of a structure
wet blending	A painting technique where the painter, using a damp brush and two colors, blends them together where they join to create a smooth transition from one color to the next.
assembled view	In illustration, a term used to describe a view of a drawing in its assembled or whole format.
theologe	(German m.) a theologian
imperious	domineering in a haughty manner; dictatorial or overbearing
macro	a series of instructions which would normally be issued one at a time on the keyboard to control a program
germ line	This can be accomplished by pronuclear microinjection or, in the case of transgenic mice, by the use of embryonic stem cells
nylon	The first commercially viable synthetic polymer, developed by DuPont in 1935
impressionism	france in 19th century; light, atmosphere
ridge beam	It is a horizontal timber piece provided at the apex of a roof truss
tierce picarde	see 'Picardy third'
timbales afinados	(Spanish m
tig	abbrevation of travaux d'intérêt général (French: community service)
ecclesia	Among the many decorative features commonly found within Christian churches are symbols or allegories representing various persons or concepts
quarry tile	Heavy-duty unglazed ceramic tile that has a slightly rough surface, resembling natural clay.
exon	Consensus sequence y11nyagR (Y = pyrimidine, R = purine, upper case = exon)
tirer ... du prison	(French) to get ..
herringbone	Brick or stone laid in alternate diagonal courses.
brasses	A term used to refer to the handles and other metalwork hardware on a piece of furniture.
taciturn	inclined to silence; reserved in speech; dour, stern, and silent in expression and manner
nave	The place where the congregation gathers from worship, as distinct from the place from which the service is led
cover	rerecording for commercial purposes such as a recording by white musicians of a rhythm and blues hit
hall	Principle living quarters of a medieval castle or house
stave church	The Stave style of church architecture was popular for the construction of mission churches in medieval Scandinavia beginning in the 10th century
tirer la laugue	(French) to stick out one's tongue, to put out one's tongue, to have a rough time of it, to be green with envy
cast stone	An artificial substitute for quarried stone made from a mixture of concrete and small stone
tiefland	(German n.) lowlands
pyramidal roof	a roof shaped like an inverted pyramid
parish / parochial church	The chief church of a parish, having its own clergyman assigned to it.
intron	Consensus sequence AGgtragt (R = purine, upper case = exon)
capilla de indios	The generally used sixteenth century term for a capilla abierta
campanile	Italian term for bell towers usually designed as free-standing structures within a complex of ecclesiastical architecture usually formed by a cathedral, baptistry and bell tower (Pisa).
tison	(French m.) an ember
buttery	Next to the kitchen, a room from where wine (and other beverages) was dispensed
shard	a fragment such as broken earthenware, glass or shell
epistles	The epistles are letters written mainly by Paul, but also by other disciples to early churches located throughout the eastern Mediterranean
watch turret	Circular overhanging structure in the angle of a fortification (not to be confused with brattice)
lossless compression	An image-compression scheme, such as TIFF, that preserves all image detail
curing of concrete	It is the process of keeping the set concrete continuously damo for some days in order to enable the concrete gain more strength.
diaphragm	Wall running up to the roof-ridge
banker's flap envelope	Also called wallet flap; the wallet flap has more rounded flap edges.
turnkey	a system designed for a specific user and to work as an integrated unit
reversal film	Film that can be processed to give a positive image, such as a color slide film
arrow-slit	See: Arrow loop
flash point	A term given to the lowest temperature of ignitibility of vapors given off by a substance.
rectilinear	consisting of, bounded by, or moving in, a straight line or lines.
pinchbeck	An alloy of copper and zinc, intended to imitate gold
prospect tower	A look-out turret built at the top of the highest tower
air space	A cavity or space in walls, windows or other enclosed parts of a building between various structual members.
disingenuous	lacking in frankness, candor, or sincerity
rood screen	a screen built beneath the rood loft.
cabin	A room constructed with non-load bearing partitions with adequate provision of light and ventilation.
transept	and octagonal in plan, are two stages, ...
relieving arch	An arch built over a structural member such as a door to support the load over it
caddoan	A family of North American Indian languages spoken in the upper Missouri Valley in North Dakota, in the Platto Valley in Nebraska, in southwestern Arkansas, and in neighboring parts of Oklahoma, Texas and Louisiana.
fish scale shingles	decorative exterior wall shingles found on Queen Anne style buildings
théologique	(French) theological
tungsten lamps	Lamps that generate light when electric current is passed through a fine tungsten wire
fallacious	containing a fallacy; logically unsound or misleading
armature	(a) a metal framework for a stainedglass window; (b) a fixed, inner framework supporting a sculpture made of a flexible material.
preview mode	a mode where word processing or desktop publishing software which doesn't operate in WYSIWYG fashion can show a representation of the output as it will look when printed
nomads	Pastoralists; groups that move across a territory seasonally in search of food, water, and grazing grounds for livestock
stockade	Solid fence of heavy timbers.
flight	A series of steps without any platform , break or landing in their direction.
pinnacle	A small turret at the upward termination of a buttress, wall or roof, etc.
titelkampf	(German m.) title bout
keystone	The central stone, sometimes carved, in the curve of an vault
crown	On road surfaces, where the center is the highest point and the surface slopes downward in opposite directions, assisting in drainage
perspective	represent illusion of 3d world on 2d surface; single vanishing point
diaphragm	Wall running up to the roof-ridge.
tiraillement	(French m.) gnawing pain, conflict
arch bridge	a curved structure that converts the downward force of its own weight, and of any weight pressing down on top of it, into an outward force along its sides and base
wattle	A mat of woven (willow) sticks and weeds; used in wall and dike construction.
impost	The top of an abutment where an arch rests
sensor array	The grid-like arrangement of the red-, green-, and blue-sensitive elements of a digital camera's solid-state capture device
clerestory	An upper zone of wall pierced with windows that admit light to the center of a lofty room
tiefbau	(German m.) civil engineering
merlon	In an embattled parapet, one of the solid alternates between the embrasures.
rock tunnel	passage constructed through solid rock.
tir forain	(French m.) a shooting gallery
fresco	A technique for painting on walls, made popular during the Italian Renaissance
mansard roof	A hip roof that has each side divided into two parts: a steep lower part and a shallow upper part.
fire-setting	an ancient tunneling technique in which rock is heated with fire and then doused with cold water, causing the rock to fracture
thunder run	long channel, down which a cannonball is rolled to give a realistic thunder rumble effect, built into the roof of some older theatres, but mostly now unused (for safety reasons)
tenor	high male voice
retouch	To edit an image, most often to remove flaws or to create a new effect.
gis	Abbreviation for Geographic Information System, an analytic tool used to create a computerized, layered composite of spatial information about an area.
newel	Center post of spiral staircase.
titelinhaber	(German m.) titleholder
theodicy	in theological writings, this term refers to a defense of God's goodness or justice in the face of evil being allowed to exist or innocent creatures being allowed to suffer
jib door	A door that's flush with the walls on either side when closed, so it becomes almost invisible.
grain direction	Predominant direction in which fibers in paper become aligned during manufacturing
tower	A tall pier or frame supporting the cable of a suspension bridge.
terrazzo	A flooring made from embedding stone chips (usually marble) in a cement-like material, then grinding the surface smooth after the cement has set.
plinth	a block or slab upon which a column, pedestal, or statue is based; also the bottom course of stones supporting a wall -- the plinth course.
vicarage	the endowment for a vicar
law of superposition	This law holds that, under normal circumstances, deeper layers of soil, sediment, or rock are older than those above them.
sawtooth roof	A roof that consists of several smaller roofs, usually with a triangular cross-section, that run parallel to each other
going of step	The run of a step in a stair or the width of the tread between the direction of a stair.
clunch	Hard chalky material.
serif	a small cross stroke at the end of the main stroke of the letter.
tillaeg	(Danish) appendix, supplement
low bed	truck tractor and low semi-trailer used to transport large excavators, dozers etc.
timoré	(French) timorous
west fa溝de	The principal exterior face of a Christian building located on the west end of the structure and often embellished with sculptural programs representing Old and New Testament subjects as well as episodes from the lives of the saints.
shaman	A tribal priest who, following much preparation and rite of initiation, uses the forces of magic to effect healings and divinations.
theatertruppe	(German f.) a theatre group, a theatre ensemble
nonimpact printing	Printing using lasers, ions, ink jets or heat to transfer images to paper.
geotechnical engineer	an engineer who evaluates and stabilizes foundations for buildings, roads, and other structures
embattled	Battlemented; crenelated.
thaïlande	(French f) Thailand
pap boat	Small boat shaped dishes with no handles or feet and with a pronounced lip, used for feeding children and invalids with pap a mixture of bread and milk, popular 1710-1830
monteith bowl	A large bowl with a scalloped top rim for suspending glasses into the water to cool them, the rim is often detachable so when removed, the Monteith becomes a punchbowl
colonnades	A series of columns supporting either arches or an entablature, and usually one side of a roof
cut string	It is a stringer with its upper surface having carriages or houses accurately cut to receive the treads and risers and the lower edge being parallel to the pitch of the stair.
salutary	promoting or conducive to health; wholesome
saturation	The purity of color; the amount by which a pure color is diluted with white or gray.
natural	A term to describe papers that have a color similar to that of wood; also called cream, off-white or ivory.
mortsafe	Stone or iron vault which was erected around a churchyard tomb to prevent the body inside from being carried off by body snatchers.
stucco	(a) a type of cement used to coat the walls of a building; (b) a fine plaster used for moldings and other architectural decorations.
gigo	Garbage In, Garbage Out.
rough arches	These arches are built with ordinary bricks which are not cut to wedge shape.
thirteenth chord	a seven-note chord built in thirds
cambium	The part of a tree between the bast and the sap wood, from which is developed the new wood each year.
palmette	Looped like a palm-leaf.
kiln	an oven used to bake (or fire) clay.
tierkreis	(German m.) the zodiac
clerestory	the upper part of the main outer wall of a building (especially a church), located above an adjoining roof and admitting light through a row of windows.
provenience	The three-dimensional context (including geographical location) of an archaeological find, giving information about its function and date
timpanista	(Italian m./f.) timpanist
column	In architecture, a supporting pillar usually composed of a base, shaft, and surmounting capital
tisane	(French f., from Greek) herb-tea, any herbal infusion
magnanimity	the quality of being extremely generous
donjon	A great tower or keep
theaterstück	(German n.) a play
cell	A small chamber or room, often used of the small detached buildings that are found in Celtic monasteries.
emollient	having the power of softening or relaxing, such as for the skin
printer command language	a language developed by Hewlett Packard for use with its own range of printers
down	an undulating, treeless upland plain.
cast-in-place	construction of forms and filling with concrete at final location.
book of hours	A book for the laity containing Psalms and prayers to be read at the times of the Divine Office.
etowah mounds 9sad)	Etowah Mounds are a group of enormous mounds which represent a chiefdom level center of the Mississippian Civilization: the ruins in Georgia are well worth a visit today.
engender	to produce, cause, or give rise to
flag	the designed title of a newspaper as it appears at the top of page one.
wave moulding	a moulding composed of concave and convex elements.
principal rafter	a main rafter, of larger than average scantling.
tirer ... de côté	(French) to pull ..
roughness	way of quantifying the degree of drag on flowing water by a surface
liernes	short decorative ribs in the crown of a vault, ...
lpg	Liquid Petroleum Gas or Propane
batter	A sloping part of a curtain wall
poupee head	Alternative spelling of Poppy Head
stile	the vertical timber at either side of a door, window frame, or section of panelling (cf
monstrance	An ostensory.
under-pinning	This term is applied to the building of new work underneath an existing structure without disturbing its stability
blur	In photography, to soften an image or part of an image by throwing it out of focus or by allowing it to become soft because of subject or camera motion
embrasure	The low segment of the altering high and low segments of a battlement
outlet structure	arrangement of apron, wing walls and sometimes energy absorption structure at the end of a culvert.
libertine	a person who is morally or sexually unrestrained, or a freethinker in religious matters
hall	King's College Chapel, Cambridge, and St.
transom	Horizontal cross-bar in wood or stone which spans a window, the top of a door, or is present in the tracery of a screen.
magnetometer	Instrument that detects changes in the earth's magnetic field
offset	Ledge marking the narrowing of a wall's thickness.
death	Generally understood to be the extinction of an organism's life
shrine	Usually the tomb, altar or special chapel associated with a saint or martyr.
piscina	The piscina is a is a basin located in the fenestella and used for carrying away the water used for rinsing the chalice
charnel house	Crypt, vault or cellar in which are piled bones removed from the churchyard.
neophyte	a beginner or novice, a person newly converted to a belief, as a heathen, heretic, or nonbeliever
spire	An elongated, pointed structure which rises from a tower, turret or roof.
crossing tower	The tower which sometimes occurs above the space at the intersection of the nave, chancel, and transept of a church.
squint	Observation hole in wall or room.
re-bar	ribbed steel bars of various sizes used to give concrete strength in tension.
tierce de picardi	see 'Picardy third'
header	A short joist supporting tail beams, and framed between floor joists
excoriate	to denounce or berate severely; to strip off or remove the skin from; verbally flay
foliated	Carved with leave * Food (and receipes!) - The author Daniel Rogov is the restaurant and wine critic for the daily newspaper Ha'aretz as well as for the Israel version of the International Herald Tribune
wing	a side panel of an altarpiece or screen.
engaged column	A column which is built into the masonry of a wall, with about half of the diameter of the column projecting
parvis	Enclosed area before the entrance to the church, or a room over a church porch used as a schoolroom.
vault	an arched structure of masonry forming a ceiling
open-air chapel	(see capilla abierta)
string course	Projecting band of masonry running horizontally around the exterior of the church as well as between each stage of a tower.
chaitya hall	a U-shaped Buddhist structural or rock-cut chamber for congregational worship centered on a stupa.
opprobrium	the disgrace incurred by conduct considered outrageously shameful; infamy
gnomen	The metal (or wood) finger on a sun dial.
wall stair	Staircase built into the thickness of a wall.
flat slab flooring	Flat slab , also known as beamless slab , is a type of construction in which the flooring slab is directly supported on columns without the agency of beams and girders.
ecclesia	Female personification of the Church often shown in conjunction with Synagoga (Personification of Judaism)
portal	The opening at the ends of a through truss with forms the entrance
théorie	(French f.) theory
telemon	, pl.
arch bridge	curved structure that converts the downward force of its own weight, and of any weight pressing down on top of it, into an outward force along its sides and base.
electronic viewfinder	An LCD located inside a digital camera and used to provide a view of the subject based on the image generated by the camera's sensor.
battlement	Parapet with indentations or embrasures, with raised portions (merlons) between; crenelations; a narrow wall built along the outer edge of the wall walk for protection against attack.
lunette	(a) a semicircular area formed by the intersection of a wall and a vault; (b) a painting, relief sculpture, or window of the same shape.
set-offs	inclined, projecting surfaces, generally at fixed intervals up the face of a buttress, designed to
sedimentary rocks	Rocks formed by the deposition of layers of material in water
quartzite	A stone which was formed in water deposited sediments and consists of sand grains which have been cemented together
anglo norman	refers to the period when, after the conquest of England by William of Normandy in 1066, political but also cultural -hence architectural- cross-Channel influences were fundamental
grout	concrete mixture that is made with fine aggregate to achieve a smooth surface or easily pumped mixture.
terse	neatly or effectively concise, brief and pithy
tau cross	Plain T cross with equal limbs.
masonry	a building material such as stone, clay, brick, or concrete
soft-ground tunnels	passage constructed through loose, unstable, or wet ground, requiring supports to keep the walls from collapsing.
elam	Elam was the name of ancient Near Eastern kingdom in what is now southwestern Iran, beginning about 3100-3000 BC.
rafter	any of a series of small, parallel beams for supporting a pitched roof
richter scale	used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake; introduced in 1935 by the seismologists Beno Gutenberg and Charles Francis Richter
septic tank	Private drainage installation whereby sewage is collected into a chamber and decomposes through the action of bacteria, with remaining solids requiring removal periodically, and liquids running off to a water course or soakaway.
agent	1.Person who attempts to communicate information to another in an ESP experiment.2
column	A column may be defined as an isolated vertical load bearing member the width of which is neither less than the thickness nor more than four times its thickness.
colonnette	Slender column attached to a supporting column or pier in Romanesque and Gothic architecture.
downstream face	the side of the dam that is not against the water
domestic wood	In the furniture trade, wood that comes from trees that are grown in the same country where the wood is to be sold.
picture plane	the flat surface of a drawing or painting.
palisade	A walled enclosure built around a village or town, a stockade.
buttress	A wall projecting perpendicularly from another wall which prevents its outward movement
discordant	being at variance; disagreeing or harsh
allegory	the expression (artistic, oral, or written) of a generalized moral statement or truth by means of symbolic actions or figures.
theocrasy	the process by which aspects of two or more separate gods in mythology comingle or blend in the form of one deity
tiefpunkt	(German m.) low (figurative)
trefoil	Three-lobed
grout	Used for filling the joints between wall and floor tiles.
diversion channel	bypass created to divert water around a dam so that construction can take place.
sandspit	A projection of sand that is connected to the land but extends out into the body of water.
solar	Upper living room, often over the great hall; the lord's private living room
jamb	One of a pair of vertical posts or pieces, that together form the sides of a portal, which often contains sculptures (fig.3, G)
flying buttress	A free-standing buttress attached to the main vessel (nave, choir, or transept wall) by an arch or half-arch which transmits the thrust of the vault to the buttress attached to the outer wall of the aisle.
family pew	Fine arrangement of seats in the church which were set aside for the use of a local family
perfidious	deliberately faithless, treacherous or deceitful
tiento de contras	a piece which contains long held pedal notes, over which the figuration unfolds, normally played as a lleno
stickball	(Similar to Lacrosse) A ballgame played with sticks with nets at one end and a deer hide ball
proof correction marks	a standard set of signs and symbols used in copy preparation and to indicate corrections on proofs
joggled	Keyed together by overlapping joints
geology	Study of the minerals and rocks which make up the crust of the earth.
clasping	Encasing the angle
tirer sur les rênes	(French) to pull on the reins
tirailler	(French) to pull at, to pull away at, to plague
gunpowder	any of several low-explosive mixtures used as a blasting agent in mining and tunneling; the first such explosive was black powder, which consists of a mixture of potassium nitrate, sulfur, and charcoal.
effrontery	shameless or impudent boldness; barefaced audacity
crown	Surface shaping of the roadway with the high point in the middle causing surface runoff to flow both towards the uphill shoulder or ditch and the downhill shoulder.
trenchant	incisive or keen, as language or a person; vigorous, effective and energetic
castle	(Also see: Fortified castle)
pointed arch	ribbed vault and flying buttresses ...
lyre	A stringed instrument of the harp class
viaduct	A long, multi-span structure, especially one constructed of concrete
stud	Vertical piece of timber.
joggled	Keyed together by overlapping joints.
romanesque	Decorative scroll work or other intricate ornamentationderived from triangles, circles and other geometric figures
buttress	Pier-like vertical masonry elements built to strengthen or support walls or resist the lateral thrust of vaults.
crest or cresting	Ornamental horizontal band along the top of a screen.
chevet	French term for the east end of a Gothic church, comprising the choir, ambulatory, and radiating chapels.
barrow	A burial mound.
amenity area	An area or areas within the boundaries of a project intended for recreational purposes which may include landscaped site areas, patios, common areas, communal lounges, swimming pools and areas used for similar purposes.
tempo	rate of speed at which a musical piece is performed
laud	to praise, extol
exposure	That stage of the photographic process where the image is produced on the light-sensitive coating.
zygote	See Figure 3.9.
parapet	Low wall on outer side of main wall.
gilding	a decorative coating made of gold leaf or simulated gold; objects to which gilding has been applied are gilded or gilt.
scale	Carving resembling overlapping fish scales.
perimeter	distance around the outside of a shape.
mason's mark	Trade mark or 'signature' of a mason or his descendants.
third wall	usually referred to as the "fourth wall", depending upon how a stagebuilder numbers the sides of the stage, the third or fourth wall is an imaginary barrier that separates the events on stage from the audience
inorganic	Composed of matter other than animal or plant, or not derived from living or once-living organisms
crenel	An open space between the merlons of a battlement.
spandrel	The area of wood or stone that lies above an arch or a vault.
jointing	The mortar bedding between bricks or stones.
travel distance	The distance from the remotest point on a floor of a building to a place of safety be it a vertical exit , horizontal exit or an outside exit measured along the line of travel.
tread	The flat part of a step.
sexpartite vault	Four-sectioned (quadrapartite) vault with an additional arch rib dividing it into six unequal parts.
lenticular truss	A truss which uses curved top and bottom chords placed opposite one another to form a lens shape
theaterbesucher	(German m.) theatre goer
pitch	The steepness of a roof's slope, determined by dividing the roof's rise by its run
trefoil	Three-lobed.
shear	a force that causes parts of a material to slide past one another in opposite directions
toran. a	a ritual gateway in Buddhist architecture.
universal copyright convention	gives protection to authors or originators of text, photographs or illustrations etc, to prevent use without permission or acknowledgment
flush pointing	In this type of pointing, the mortar is pressed into the raked joints and finished off flush with the edges of the bricks or stones, so as to give a smooth appearance.
horseshoe arch	See Moorish Arch.
timpani coperti	(Italian m
organum	earliest form of polyphony
putlog hole	A hole intentionally left in the surface of a wall for insertion of a horizontal pole.
barbed quatrefoil	A four-lobed geometrical motif with a triangular projection at the intersection of two adjacent foils.
keystone	the wedge-shaped stone at the center of an arch, rib, or vault that is inserted last, locking the other stones into place.
chamfering	It consists in taking off the edges of wooden members
chalice	A cup on a stem, used to contain the ecuharistic wine; the same shape was also used in a secular context.
new world	Term used for the Americas (North, Central, South, and the neighboring islands) by Europeans in the 16th century who were discovering the region for the first time
clock jack	Mechanical figure which chimes the time on bells by striking them with a hammer or one of its feet.
tribune or gallery	An upper story over the aisle which opens onto the nave or choir.
boss	highly decorated carving found in ceilings, used to conceal the breaks in vault work.
mendacious	telling lies, habitually dishonest, untruthful
back flaps	Oblong-shaped hinges, shorter than strap hinges but generally applied in the same manner.
titelanwärter	(German m.) challenger for the title, aspiring champion
stint	to limit to a certain amount, number, share, or allowance, often inappropriately
theme song	Erkennungsmelodie (German f.), the song or number that encapsulates the essence of a musical or film and becomes most closely associated with it, for example 'The Windmills of Your Mind' (words & music by Alan & Marilyn Bergman & Michel Legrand) from the film The Thomas Crown Affair (1968)
sow	A machine for undermining the wall and served as a cover for the manipulators also
movable bridge	bridge in which the deck moves to clear a navigation channel; a swing bridge has a deck that rotates around a center point; a drawbridge has a deck that can be raised and lowered; a bascule bridge deck is raised with counterweights like a drawbridge; and the deck of a lift bridge is raised vertically like a massive elevator.
the weary blues	see 'Weary Blues, The'
theaterkasse	(German f.) box-office
type	a person or object serving as a prefiguration or symbolic representation, usually of something in the future.
bottomless	culvert consisting of an arch with an open bottom such that shows native streambed is exposed.
sfumato	Italian word meaning “vanished,” used to describe a technique Leonardo developed to graduate colorvalues between parts of an object to make it accurately reflect the object's full roundness
insulation of sound	It is the control of noise transmission which is essential to minimise the disturbing effect of sound passing from one room to another through walls , partitions and floors or ceilings.
parure	Derived from a French term meaning "adornment," it refers to a matched set of jewelry consisting of three or more pieces.
traverse	survey circuit.
tracery	Carved stonework of interlaced and branching ribs, particularly the lace-like stonework in the upper part of a Gothic window.
casemates	Artillery emplacements in separate protected rooms, rather than in a battery.
microsatellite	Repetitive stretches of short sequences of DNA used as genetic markers to track inheritance in families.
relegate	to send or consign to an inferior position, place, or condition
brattice	Timber tower or projecting wooden gallery; hoarding.
archivolt	A band or moulding that surrrounds an arch
tirer profit de	(French) to profit from
wall-plate	Horizontal roof-timber on wall-top
swing	space required for an excavator to rotate.
corridor	A narrow passageway that multiple rooms open onto.
chattra	a royal parasol crowning the dome anda of a Buddhist stupa, symbolically honoring the Buddha.
culture	A network of socially transmitted behaviors, beliefs, and ideas that separate humans into distinct groups
timbale chromatique	(French f.) chromatic kettledrum
hue	Referring to the actual color of a form or object, e.g., a red car.
tippschein	(German m.) a lottery coupon, a pools coupon, a betting slip
tirer sur la ficelle	(French) to push one's luck (colloquial)
retirata	Improvised fieldwork to counter an imminent breach.
rood beam	Horizontal member which spans the chancel and supports the rood above
deform	to change shape
blurb	A description or commentary of an author or book content positioned on the book jacket.
spire	An elongated, pointed structure that rises from a tower, turret, or roof.
suspension bridge	bridge in which the roadway deck is suspended from cables that pass over two towers; the cables are anchored in housings at either end of the bridge.
pinnacle	an ornamental construction used to crown the corners of a tower or ends of a gable, or to
fan vaulting	Ultimate development in English Gothic vaulting, confined to the Perpendicular period
triforium	Arcaded register or level of the wall in a basilican church interior located between the arcade and clerestory that corresponds to the space between the side-aisle vault and the lean-to roof above that vault
perfecting press	Press capable of printing both sides of the paper during a single pass
sacristy	Rooms in or attached to churches where the sacred utensils and vestments are kept; used as robing and disrobing rooms for the clergy.
transparency	Positive photographic image on film allowing light to pass through
pellet	Circular boss
preview screen	A small LCD display screen on the back of the camera used to compose or look at photographs.
webbing	Filling between the ribs of a vault.
celebrant	Priest or minister who presides over a service including the Eucharist
grille	Wrought iron or similarly decorated screen, often with gates or doors, and used to protect a tomb.
partition	A partition wall may be defined as a wall or division made up of bricks , studding , glass or other such material and provided for the purpose of dividing one room or portion of a room from another generally , these are non-load bearing walls.
indent	Any shallow area which has been chiselled out of a flat surface but usually to allow a brass to be placed flush with the surrounding stonework.
dovetails	A term for the interlocking wedge shapes used in woodworking as joints; they are both both strong and decorative.
romanesque	The prevailing architectural style, 8-12th cent.; massive masonry, round arches, small windows, groin-and barrel-vault.
pyx	Vessel used to contain the consecrated bread used at the blessed sacrament.
tgv	abbrevation of train à grande vitesse (French: high-speed train)
tiefgekühlt	(German) (deep-)frozen
pennsylvania truss	A subdivided Pratt truss invented for use by the Pennsylvania Railroad
theateranrecht	(German n.) theatre subscription (purchasing tickets for a season)
stair turret	Covered stairway which is built on the outside of the tower and giving access to the interior
churchyard cross	Stone cross which was erected to the south of all pre-Reformation churches to denote consecrated ground
disc piles	It consists of hollow mettalic pipe attached with a cast iron disc to its foot so as to enlarge the bearing area of the pile.
column	a vertical, structural element, strong in compression
apotropaion	an object or device designed to avert, or turn aside, evil.
daguerreotype	mid-nineteenth-century photographic process for fixing positive images on silver-coated metal plates.
mestizo	Offspring of Spanish and Indian parents
balcony	A platform projecting from the side of a house, usually inclosed with a balustrade, and more or less embellished.
templars	order of military monks founded in 1119 to assist in the Crusades; also known as the Knights Templar or the Poor Knights of Christ
acoustical ceiling	A ceiling constructed of acoustical tile.
vermiculite	Long, twisty strands of mica made by exposing base mica to extreme heat
polytonality	two or more keys at the same time
revetment	Retaining wall to prevent erosion; to face a surface with stone slabs.
retaining wall	It may be defined as a wall built to resist the pressure of liquid , earth filling , sand or other granular material filled behind it after it is built.
buttress	buttressing - a support usually of stone or brick; supports the wall of a building ...
belie	show to be false; to misrepresent or act unworthily according to some standard
chiaroscuro	strong contrast b/t lights and dark to give a 3d effect; chiaro=light scuro=dark (DAVINCI REMBRANDT)
fervent	having or showing great warmth or intensity of spirit, feeling, enthusiasm; ardent
gothic arch/round roof	a round roof with curved trusses, popular on dairy barns during the 1920sand 1930s
repartamiento	A weekly allotment of Indian labor
adulterate	to debase or make impure by adding inferior materials or elements
center	The mid-point between the intercolumniation or span and the top of the rise of an arch.
page printer	the more general (and accurate) name used to describe non-impact printers which produce a complete page in one action
half-life	The amount of time necessary for one-half of a given mass of a radioactive isotope to decay into another element.
anodyne	a medicine that relieves or allays pain
posa chapel	A processional oratory (rarely or never a chapel) at each of the corners of some sixteenth-century Mexican monastic atrio
drystone	Built without mortar.
cushion	Capital cut from a block by rounding off the lower corners.
secondary source	an account or summary of a historical event not based on direct observation.
baldachin	ornamental canopy covering statues (fig.3, F).
satyr	an ancient woodland deity with the legs, tail, and horns of a goat (or horse), and the head and torso of a man.
disinterested	unbiased by personal interest or advantage; not influenced by selfish motives
bench	Long, plain, flat seating of wood or stone
east end	Wall of the church against which the altar is usually placed.
enigmatic	perplexing and mysterious
tibia vulgaris	(Latin) flute-stop of the organ
theater spielen	(German) to act, to put on an act (familiar)
culvert	A drain, pipe or channel which allows water to pass under a road, railroad or embankment.
connectors	These are the metallic members used for connecting timber pieces in such a way that transmission of stress from one member to another is adequately ensured.
tireur	(French m.) a gunman
chamberlain	Steward to a king or a great lord
economy	Limited budget and financing is a problem for archaeology
proportion	the relation of one part to another, and of parts to the whole, with respect to size, height, and width.
plastic	capable of being molded or of receiving form; pliable and impressionable
corbeling	brick or masonry courses, each projecting beyond, and supported by, the one below it; the meeting of two corbels would create an arch or vault.
a.m.	Ancient Monument or building under the care of the Government.
font	Structure designed to hold the holy water which is used at the sacrament of baptism
vault	an arched ceiling.
boutant	or flying buttress, serves to sustain a vault, and is self-sustained by some strong wall or massive work
segmental arch	an arch formed of a segment of a circle the centre of which is below the springing line.
vituperate	to use or address with harsh or abusive language; revile
drawn on	a method of binding a paper cover to a book by drawing the cover on and gluing to the back of the book.
embattled	Battlemented; crenelated
accordion fold	A type of paper folding in which each fold runs in the opposite direction to the previous fold creating a pleated or accordion effect.
cadastre	A public record of the extent, value, and ownership of land within a district for purposes of taxation.
iglesia-fortaleza	A church-fortress
parados	Low wall in inner side of main wall.
thumb roll	a percussion technique, usually applied to a tambourine, and used whenever 'shaken' is not specified in the tambourine part
relieving arch	An arch constructed above a door or window to take the thrust of the masonry
theremin	(English, Italian m.) thérémin (French m.), Ätherwellengeige (German f.), (Spanish m.)
suspenders	Tension members of a suspension bridge which hang from the main cable to support the deck
device	A pattern or symbol
radiocarbon dating	A process that provides absolute dates by counting the radioactive decay of carbon in the remains of once living plants and animals (i.e., charcoal, wood, bone, shell).
true cross	supposedly the actual cross on which Christ was crucified; there were fragments of it preserved as relics across Christendom
mezzanine	in architecture, an intermediate, lowceilinged story between two main stories.
pointing	Outer edge of mortar joint between bricks, stones etc.
deleterious	injurious to health
vault	Stone roofing
embrasures	the down-steps in battlements.
tintiddle	a word coined by the American illustrator and humorist Gelett Burgess (1866-1951), for an esprit de l'escalier, a witty remark or telling retort which comes to mind only after the occasion for its use has passed
pier	A masonry support between openings such as arcades
palette	A thin piece of glass, wood or other material, or pad of paper, which is used to hold the paint to be used in painting; also, the range of colors used by a particular painter.
rowlock	A brick or block laid horizontally on its longer edge so the shorter edge faces out.
luminous	radiating or reflecting light; shining; bright; enlightened, as in a writer or a writer's works
interruption	Elements that break the continuity of a stratum such as stones, tree roots, walls, wells and post holes.
beginning/ending	physical rise and decay time
censer	Vessel in which incense is burned.
page description language	a special form of programming language which enables both text and graphics (object or bit-image) to be described in a series of mathematical statements
metamorphic rocks	Formed when either igneous or sedimentary rocks are buried deeply beneath the surface; the high temperatures and pressures found there cause changes in the physical and chemical nature of the rocks
brass	A metal alloy consisting of copper and zinc
tortuous	full of twists, turns, or bends; not direct or straightforward, as in procedure or speech
aumbry	Small cupboard, set of cupboards or recess built into the south or east wall of the church, but usually near the altar
eaves	The lower edge of a roof.
gate valve	This type of valve is used to control flow of water or for completely stopping the flow of water in a pipe line.
incident light	Light falling on a surface, as opposed to light reflected from a surface.
accounting	An auctioneer’s financial report to the seller detailing all sales made, money received, and money disbursed
prie-dieu	The prie-dieu is a prayer desk which provides a place for a single person to kneel at prayer
brackish water	Mixture of seawater and freshwater
bellcote	Small tower or arch which contains bells
tirer ... de ...	(French) to get ..
cornice return	A continuation of a cornice around a roof's gable.
society of jesus	see Jesuit
tiempo cortado	(Spanish m.) cut time, alla breve
hegemony	leadership or predominant influence exercised by one nation over others; predominance
quoin	A structural form, usually of masonry, used at the corners of a building for the purpose of reinforcement, frequently imitated for decorative purposes.
thunder stick	see 'bull roarer'
amendment	A substance added to a soil to improve its physical properties such as texture, as opposed to fertilizer which is added to improve chemical properties.
roofing tile	A heavy-duty clay or concrete tile used to cover a roof surface.
bay system	A modular unit of architectural division usually defined by repeating elements such as columns, piers, pilasters or vaults.
theaterzettel	(German m.) theatre programme
setback buttresses	Exterior supports placed an equal distance apart from the angle formed where two walls meet.
cellulose paints	This paint is made from celluloid sheets and amyl-acetate substitutes.
bridging	Pieces fitted in pairs from the bottom of one floor joist to the top of the one next to it, and crossed to give additional strength to the flooring.
ringwork	A type of circular earthwork consisting of rampart and external ditch broken by an entrance
infirmary kitchen	Kitchen attached to the hospital.
under-coat	After the primary coat is dry , second coat or under-coatings are applied on the primed surface
dentil	simple, projecting, tooth-like molding, representing the ends of roofing or ceiling beams, found on the cornices of buildings.
flag stone	Any laminiscated sandstone available in uniform thickness is called flag stone.
compluvium	a square opening in the roof of a Roman atrium through which rain fell into an impluvium .
munificent	extremely liberal in giving; very generous
wing	(also wing) an extension at right angles to a building
tirer ... du sommeil	(French) to wake ...
west end	The area of the church opposite the east end
embankment dam	a dam composed of a mound of earth and rock; the simplest type of gravity dam
drystone	Unmortared masonry
spandrel	Space between two arches, or the triangular-shaped blocking between the posts and beams of screens, roofs, etc
pulpit	in church architecture, an elevated stand, surrounded by a parapet and often richly decorated, from which the preacher addresses the congregation.
théoriquement	(French) theoretically
machicholation	A defensive structure in the form of a gallery projecting on brackets and built on the exterior of castle towers and walls, with openings in the floor through which to drop molten lead, boiling oil, and missiles on attacking forces.
right angle fold	A term that denotes folds that are 90 degrees to each other.
flat varnish	It is sometimes desired that the varnished surface should present dull appearance
hue	a pure color with a specific wavelength.
nonrepresentational	not representing any known object in nature.
king truss	Two triangular shapes sharing a common center vertical member (king post); the simplest triangular truss system
purlins	These are horizontal members of wood or steel , used to support common rafters.
gun-loops	Round holes pierced through the walls of castles and manor houses from the fifteenth century onwards
r/w	abbreviation (right of way.)
pin	A cylindrical bar which is used to connect various members of a truss; such as those inserted through the holes of a meeting pair of eyebars.
donjon	A great tower or keep; The inner stronghold (keep) of a castle; A freestanding defense tower in a castle complex.
abnegate	to refuse or deny oneself some rights or conveniences; to reject or renounce
vaulting bay	the basic structural unit of a vaulted roof, consisting of a rectangle transected by the vaulting ribs
idolatrous	worshiping idols or blindly adoring
cement	Cement in broadest term means any substance that acts as a binding agent for materials
fortuitous	happening or produced by chance; lucky or fortunate
abrasion resistance	The resistance to scratching of a surface of paper by other paper surfaces or other materials.
grave	Recess or hole in the ground containing a corpse or corpses for which it was prepared, filled in and usually with a slight mound above ground level.
anthropology	the comparative study of human culture, behavior and biology and how these change through time.
vestry	Room where the clergy and choir dress and the vestments are kept.
pascagoula and hattiesburg formations	Green and bluish-green clay, sandy clay, and sand; gray siltstone and sand; locally fossiliferous.
lantern tower	A square tower, commonly extended above the crossing, illuminating the interior structure through its numerous windows.
countervallation	A fortified line raised by the besiegers surrounding a stronghold against a wall
arcade	literally, a series of arches; in gardening, often a straight, tree-lined walkway, the trees forming the arched ceiling.
weathering	Sloping surface to throw off rainwater.
kitchen	The room in which the cooking was done
easter sepulchre	A wall recess on the north side of the chancel near the altar, representing the entombment of Our Saviour, for here, from Good Friday to Easter Day, was placed the consecrated host
tituber	(French) to stagger
core	central region of a skyscraper; usually houses elevator and stairwell
roofridge	Summit line of roof
arch ordering	Set of overlapping, concentric steps in the shape of an arch.
breastwork	Heavy parapet slung between two gate towers; defense work over the portcullis
embrasure	Opening in the battlements of a parapet
pilaster	a flattened, rectangular version of a column, sometimes load-bearing, but often purely decorative.
reader	the third rank of minor orders of the ministry; they had a range of functions at different times and in different regions, which included conducting readings during services; also known as lector
icon	a sacred image representing Christ, the Virgin Mary, or some other holy person.
saddle	A roof ridge that connects two roof segments with higher elevations.
segmental-pointed arch	an arch formed of two segments of a circle, both with centres below the
boisterous	rough and noisy, jolly or rowdy; clamorous and unrestrained
tau cross	Plain T cross with equal limbs
flier	It is a straight step having a parallel width of tread.
wing wall	flaring vertical wall on either side of a culvert.
reverent	feeling, exhibiting, or characterized by reverence; deeply respectful
revolving door	They provide entrance on one side and exit on the other simultaneously keeping the opening automatically closed when not in use
lintel	Horizontal wood or stone over a fireplace, door, etc.
parapet	A low wall along the outside edge of a bridge deck used to protect vehicles and pedestrians.
point	(1) Regarding paper, a unit of thickness equating 1/1000 inch
paleocene	The Paleocene is a geologic epoch that lasted from about 65.5 to 56 million years ago
critical	flow condition at which point the water velocity equals the wave speed.
turriform	The complete church building including the tower as an integral part.
scaffolding	The temporary wooden frame work built next to a wall to support both workers and materials
laser engraving	A paper cutting technique whereby laser technology is utilized to cut away certain unmasked areas of the paper
quarrel	A short, heavy, square-headed bolt or arrow
dovetail joint	In this method of fastening woodwork, wedge-shaped or flaring shaped pieces are cut out of each member and hooking the projection of one member into the other one forms the joint.
peak flow	The greatest discharge in a given channel from a given precipitation event.
qibla	a wall inside the prayer hall of a mosque that is oriented toward Mecca and is, therefore, the focus of worship.
overbrush	Overbrushing (also called wetbrushing) is a technique similar to drybrushing however there is more paint left on the brush
springald	War engine of the catapult type, employing tension
skyscraper	a multi-storied building constructed on steel skeleton, combining extraordinary height with ordinary rooms such as would be found in low buildings, the term originated in the United States in the later 1880s after buildings in New York reached ten stories
chantry	A chantry is a small chapel originally used as a place where masses or prayers would be said for the soul of the rich person who had pre-paid the clergy to do so.
frieze	In architecture, the entableature is between the architrave and cornice
theremín	(Spanish m.) also théremin or théreminvoxtheremin, theremin (English, Italian m.), thérémin (French m.), Ätherwellengeige (German f.)
bull dozer	tracked vehicle with front mounted blade
théâtre lyrique	(French m.) opera-house
vault	Stone roofing.
roll-top tomb	See Bale Tomb.
threshold of pain	as it relates to hearing, the threshold of pain is the sound pressure level (SPL) beyond which sound becomes unbearable for a human listener
galleria	A promenade with a vaulted roof, usually lined with stores on the sides.
rafter	A sloping roof beam, usually timber, forming the carcass of a roof.
steeple	the complete tower of a church, complete with its spire, lantern, etc., used here chiefly to refer to
sally-port	Small heavily fortified side door from which the defenders can rush out, strike, and retire
tower	vertical structure in a suspension bridge or cable-stayed bridge from which cables are hung; also used loosely as a synonym for the term skyscraper.
second pointed style	another name for the Decorated style but used in these notes to refer
sluice gate	manually or automatically operated sliding or rotating panel to restrict flow into or out of a culvert.
freestone	High quality sand- or lime-stone
shrine	A building or place (from an entire church or temple to a small plaque or statue) used for devotion commemorating an event or person.
transcription	arrangement of a piece so that it may be played by a different instrument or ensemble from that for which it was written
esoteric	understood by or meant for only the select few who have special knowledge or interest; secret or confidential
vicar	a priest employed as a substitute for a parish rector of for a member of a religious house, monastic, cathedral or collegiate, which had appropriated the revenue for the position
elevation	A single face or side of a building or an informational drawing or diagram made to illustrate the face or side of a building.
section 3.3	Strictly the term should be allele frequency, but the use of gene frequency is too well established now to change.
tiers état	(French m.) the commons in the French National Assembly before the French Revolution of 1789
internet	is an efficient tool for both information and disinformation
alloy	composed of two or more metals, often a less costly metal mixed with a more valuable one
ostensible	outwardly appearing, professed or pretended
minster	The church in a monastery; a church of major importance in the region.
globe valve	This is the most commonly used type of valve for manually controlling or completely closing the flow of water in domestic water installation.
tía	(Spanish f.) aunt, girl (familiar), woman (familiar)
barbican	The gateway or outworks defending the drawbridge
enfilade	Several doorways arranged in a straight line providing a view through several rooms.
drier	These are the materials containing mettalic compounds and are used in small quantities for accelerating the drying of paint film
micro	"sound particles" (see granular synthesis) down to the threshold of audible perception; thousands to millionths of seconds
bead and reel	A decorative motif consisting of oval motifs alternating with round or elongated bead-shaped motifs
chevron	Zig-zag moulding.
capricious	subject to, led by, or indicative of caprice or whim; erratic
sub-soil	Soil lying immediately below the topsoil.
bar hole	Horizontal hole for timber bar used as a door-bolt
apartment	A room or suite of rooms used as living quarters. A dwelling unit of a multi-family house. See dwelling, multiple.
synthesis	the combination of parts or elements to form a coherent, more complex whole.
tooth-in	Stones removed (or omitted) to allow another wall to be bonded into it
art paper	A paper evenly coated with a fine clay compound, which creates a hard smooth surface on one or both sides.
scanner	Electronic device used to scan an image.
tirailleur	(French m.) a skirmisher, a sharp-shooter
memoria	See: Confessio.
stockade	Solid fence of heavy timbers
mezzotint	a method of engraving by burnishing parts of a roughened surface to produce an effect of light and shade.
leaf stamping	A metal die, either (flat, or embossed), created from the image or copy, which is then heated to a specific temperature which allows the transfer of a film of pigmented polyester to the paper.
sanctoral	the annual cycle of services based around the celebration of the feasts of the saints
string quartet	chamber ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, and a cello
hammer beam	A short horizontal beam, usually made of wood, extending from the top of a masonry wall outward towards the center of the enclosed space, but not completely traversing it
gray market	Importing camera equipment outside of the normal manufacturer's distribution channels to take advantage of lower prices elsewhere in the world.
hall of hynds	Servants hall
lucarne	See Spire Light.
saxon	in architecture, the period and largely coinciding style of building, dating from the early seventh
blandish	to coax or influence by gentle flattery; cajole
zealot	an excessively zealous person or a fanatic
stable	ability to resist collapse and deformation; stability characteristic of a structure that is able to carry a realistic load without collapsing or deforming significantly.
cement	A mixture of clay and powdered limestone used as the binding agent in concrete and mortar.
monstrance	Open vessel in which the sacred host is shown.
annulet	Small, narrow ring of stone or metal around a circular pillar or detached shaft
cul-de-four	A half-dome built against a vertical wall.
cut-off wall	collar (metal, concrete etc) placed around a culvert to prevent piping.
strong	ability to carry a realistic load; strength the measure of a structure's ability to carry a realistic load.
thumb pistons	just below the keys of each organ manual are a number of small buttons
eggplant	The eggplant domestication history is a mysterious one, that scholars have yet to figure out.
tirer ... du lit	(French) to drag ..
titel-	(German prefix) titular
therapeutisch	(German) therapeutic
civil engineer	engineer who plans, designs, and supervises the construction of facilities essential to modern life.
shell-keep	Circular or oval wall surrounding inner portion of castle; usually stores and accommodations inside the hollow walls
shading	decreases in the value or intensity of colors to imitate the fall of shadow when light strikes an object.
battlement	Indented wall above a tower or the roof of a nave, consisting of alternate and equal solid and open areas
jamb	Door frame is made up of two vertical members known as Jambs.
html	The Hyper Text Mark Up language is the code used to create web pages
progressives	colour proofs taken at each stage of printing showing each colour printed singly and then superimposed on the preceding colour.
linear	a style in which lines are used to depict figures with precise, fully indicated outlines.
compendium	a brief account of an extensive subject; a summary
opisthodomos	a back chamber, especially the part of the naos of a temple farthest from the entrance.
burh	Saxon stronghold; literally a "neighborhood"
archivolt	Molded, shaped or decorated bands around an arch which may be arranged in a series framing a tympanum
iron	a chemical element (Fe); one of the cheapest and most used metals
trellis ornament	Norman decoration consisting of a continuous band of lattice work.
box pew	Bench seat set in a high, plain, wooden enclosure most often with a door.
turret	Small tower, round or polygonal; usually a lookout.
refectory	a dining hall in a monastery or other similar institution.
gambrel roof	a symmetrical two-sided roof with two slopes on each side.
vitrified	Material reduced to glass by extreme heat.
testament	The Bible is divided into two main sections: The Old Testament, which tells the history of the Jewish people and relates the teachings of its prophets; and The New Testament, which relates the story of Jesus life, death and resurrection, as well as the teachings and lives of his apostles.
tissage	(French m.) weaving
mausoleum	a monument erected in memory or honour of a person or group
choir loft	A balconychoirarea.
théologien	(French m.) theologian
devil's door	Small entrance in the north wall of the church
bivalate	A hillfort defended by two concentric ditches.
rarefy	to make more refined, spiritual, or exalted
abutment	A reinforcing block or wall of masonry adding support to the great vaults & arches.
perfector	a printing press which prints both sides of the paper at one pass through the machine.
steel	an alloy of iron and carbon that is hard, strong, and malleable
retirata	Improvised fieldwork to counter an imminent breach
form	the overall plan or structure of a work of art.
radiocarbon dating	Absolute dating technique based on the knowledge that living organisms build up organic carbon
room height	The vertical distance measured from the finished floor surface to the finished ceiling surface.
substructure	The portion of a bridge structure including abutments and piers which supports the superstructure.
pitch	Roof slope.
lozenge moulding	Ornamental moulding of diamond shapes, joining each other in a continuous line
nativity	Nativity relates to the birth of the baby Jesus at the first Christmas
elmina	Elmina is the name of a Portuguese colony built in 1482 in coastal Ghana.
cone mosaic	a surface decorated by pressing pieces (usually colored and of conical shape) of stone or baked clay into damp plaster.
apse	Semicircular or polygonal end of a chancel or a chapel.
rubble	uncut stone.
lias	Greyish rock which splits easily into slabs
canon	polyphonic composition in which all the voices perform the same melody beginning at different times
tirer un plan	(French) to draw a plan (for example, of a building)
barrow	A burial mound.
coffer	sunken panel in a ceiling.
timpano a macchina	(Italian m.) machine timpano
podium	(a) the masonry forming the base of a temple; (b) a raised platform or pedestal.
double-splayed	Embrasure whose smallest aperture is in the middle of the wall.
basilica	Term originally used to describe a Roman town hall, but later to describe a rectangular hall-like building, normally with a roof supported by two or more arcades (ie aisled).
phlegmatic	not easily excited to action or display of emotion; self-possessed, calm, or composed
steeple	The steeple is that portion of the tower which extends above the height of the church roof, and is usually surmounted by a spire.
volute	Spiral twist of an Ionic capital, often to be found in Norman work.
lantern light	A roof light constructed like a lantern with fixed and/or opening glazing.
paradox	a statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth
critical depth	Depth of flow at which specific energy is a minimum; depth in a conduit at which maximum flow will occur if the conduit is at critical slope, the water is flowing at critical velocity, and an adequate supply of water exists.
cinqfoil	A five-lobed ornamental shape.
cushion capital	Capital cut from a block by rounding off the lower corners.
cyclopean	Drystone masonry, ancient, of huge blocks.
buttress steps	Sometimes applied to a flight of closed string steps.
sanctus bell window	an opening looking through the E
cameo	A technique used on glass or stone to create a decorative effect of contrasting colors
camera obscura	A dark chamber to which light is admitted through a small hole, producing an inverted image of the scene outside, opposite the hole.
cable-stayed bridge	A variation of suspension bridge in which the tension members extend from one or more towers at varying angles to carry the deck
dog tooth	Diagonal indented pyramid.
counter	A truss web member which functions only when a structure is partially loaded.
ceramics	(a) the art of making objects from clay or other substances (such as enamel and porcelain) that require firing at high temperatures; (b) the objects themselves.
handrail	It is provided to render assistance in negotiating a stair-way
lent veil	Curtain which was hung across the sanctuary during Lent.
phytolith	A plant microfossil composed of silica.
trussing	the ridge is supported by a beam or ridgepole held up by fat posts at the middle of each gabled end; the forked rafters, joining atop the ridgepole, exert no outward thrust.
back lining	The fixing of a material, either paper or cloth, to the back of a book before it is bound
titulariser	(French) to give tenure to
reredos	a decorative screen behind the altar, usually highly carved.
collar roof	With excessive loading conditions or increased spans the rafter of the couple closed roof tends to bend in the middle
lavatorium	A room or building in a monastery where monks washed before meals.
chalice	Wine goblet used in the celebration of Holy Communion.
exigent	requiring immediate action or aid; requiring a great deal, or more than is reasonable
thermomètre	(French m.) thermometer
patron	the person or group that commissions a work of art from an artist.
vision light	A small window at the top of a door.
abeyance	temporary inactivity, cessation, or suspension
balcony	A horizontal cantilevered projection including a hand-rail or balustrade to serve as passage or sitting out place.
mansard	A roof made with slopes of different pitches, usually providing an upper floor of useable space within a roof structure.
bridge measure	The distance across an angle from a given point upon each side of it; the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle.
facetious	not meant to be taken seriously or literally, lacking serious intent; amusing or frivolous
tithe	the tenth part of produce from the land and of other income, collected to support a parish priest and maintain his services
torsion	an action that twists a material
tandem	tandem axle (rear) dump truck.
footing	The enlarged lower portion of the substructure or foundation which rests directly on the soil, bedrock, or piles; usually below grade and not visible.
clerestory	'clear story,' the upper story of a church where it rises above the aisle roof
timpanu	(Corsica) a triangle
processional cross	Ceremonial crucifix on a long stem, used to head processions.
dna	The chemical inside the nucleus of a cell that carries the genetic instructions for making living organisms.
rectangle	See Single-celled Plan.
warming house	A communal room in the monastery where a fire was allowed.
obstinate	firmly or stubbornly adhering to one's purpose or opinion; not yielding to argument, persuasion, or entreaty
noxious	harmful or injurious to health or physical well-being; morally harmful, corrupting or pernicious
format	Height and width dimensions of the picture area.
run	The width of one side of a roof, measured from the eaves to the ridge of the roof.
acoustics	Acoustics or sound is a form of wave motion created by a vibrating body and is transmitted in all directions in the form of spherical waves consisting of alternate compressions and rarefactions.
titelverteidiger	(German m.) defending champion
thap	(Southern Thailand) a drum similar in shape to the Persian dumbek
credence	Small shelf or table used to hold sacred items
orangery	a building, usually with large and numerous windows, built to house potted orange trees during the winter; the trees are moved outside during the warmer months.
typology	the Christian theory of types, in which characters and events in the New Testament (i.e., after the birth of Jesus) are prefigured by counterparts in the Old Testament.
spell check	a facility contained in certain word processing and page makeup programs to enable a spelling error check to be carried out
third pointed style	another name for the Perpendicular style but used in these notes to refer
partisan	an adherent or supporter of a person, group, party, or cause, especially one that shows a biased, emotional allegiance
thron	(German m.) throne
tierce pure	(French f.) just third, equivalent to a frequency ratio of 5:4
clerestory	'clear story', the upper story of a church rising above the aisle roof with large widow openings
ethnoarchaeology	Ethnoarchaeology is the use of ethnologic (anthropological) data from living groups as an analogy for understanding people of the past.
clerestory	The clerestory is a feature of the ancient Roman basilica inherited by church architecture, an upper story of a church where the walls rise above the aisle roof, with numerous window openings allowing extra light into the interior of the church.
bearing	A device at the ends of beams which is placed on top of a pier or abutment
groin	Plain edge formed by two intersecting vaults.
arrow loop	A narrow vertical slit cut into a wall through which arrows could be fired from inside
desiccate	to become thoroughly dried or dried up
vestibule	An anteroom or small foyer leading into a larger space.
demi-column	Half of a shaft which projects from a flat wall.
bar scalping/skimming	remove a thin layer (1-5'), from the top of gravel bars
cathedral	which transfers the thrust of the roof outwards and down to a pier.
aisle	Section of the church parallel and adjacent to one or both sides of the nave
tiefschürfend	(German) profound (figurative)
curtain wall	A connecting wall hung between two towers (or two bastions) surrounding the bailey
votive altar	An altar at the shrine of a saint, at which offerings are left as prayers or thanks for intercession
bust	a sculptural or pictorial representation of the upper part of the human figure, including the head and neck (and sometimes part of the shoulders and chest).
neutral	lacking color; white, gray, or black.
tension	a stretching force that pulls on a material
atrium	A large, central court in a building usually lit through a large glass ceiling that's several stories high.
flagon	Large vessel used to hold the wine at the celebration of the Eucharist.
pitching	Rough cobbling on floor, as in courtyards.
tirer une bordée	(French) to go on a spree
squinch	Small arched vault supporting each corner of a dome over a square space.
anadromous fish	Fish such as salmon and some trout that are born in fresh water rivers and tributaries, migrate downstream, mature in the ocean, and return to fresh water to spawn.
squinch	a small single arch, or a series of concentric corbeled arches, set diagonally across the upper inside corner of a square building to facilitate the transition to a round dome or other circular superstructure.
cabriole	A leg with a double curve.
splays	sloping reveals, found especially at the sides of a narrow windows, designed to admit the maximum
dilettante	a person who takes up an art, activity, or subject merely for amusement, especially in a superficial way; a dabbler
mortar	It is usually a mixture of cement and sand or lime and sand , or a mixture of three
westwork	from the German Westwerk, the western front of a church, containing an entrance and vestibule below, a chapel or gallery above, and flanked by two towers.
stations of the cross	The stations of the cross depict the story of Jesus's last journey through the old city of Jerusalem to the place of crucifixion, to his death and resurrection.
tiraillé entre	(French) torn between
vesica	Pointed oval shape formed by the intersection of two circles of equal diameter
zoology	A branch of biology that is concerned with the scientific study of animals, including their biology, distribution, and identification.
centring	Temporary wooden framework which is used to support an arch, vault or dome whilst it is being constructed.
complaisant	inclined or disposed to please; agreeable or gracious
théâtre de variétés	(French m.) music hall
party wall	A common wall used by two different buildings, usually sitting directly on a property boundary.
transept	A rectangular area which cuts across the main axis of a basilica-type building and projects beyond it
thrush	female singer (colloquial)
lintel	A supporting wood or stone beam across the top of an opening, such as that of a window or door or fireplace
downstream face	side of the dam that is not against the water.
lattice	Laths or lines crossing to form a network.
timpanon	see tympanon
raggle	The remaining marks in a wall where a roof one was
rue	to feel sorrow over or regret bitterly; to wish that something had never taken place
cripple	A structural member which does not extend the full height of others around it and does not carry as much load.
thymian	(German m.) thyme (herb)
deform	change shape.
storage tanks	In the areas , where continuous supply of water is available the pressure of water in the mains may not be adequate to raise the water to upper floors
cramped joint	The function of cramp which may be of slate or any metal , is to prevent the tendency of the joint to be pulled apart.
chinoiserie	European versions of Chinese articles and motifs.
pagoda	a multistoried Buddhist reliquary tower, tapering toward the top and characterized by projecting eaves.
trefoil	A cusped decoration of three lobes.
tishou	Chinese clappers
shikhara	(literally "mountain peak"), a northernstyle Hindu temple tower surmounting a garbha griha, typically curved inward toward the top, with vertical lobes and horizontal segments (bhūmi), and crowned by āmalaka.
in situ	Describing work done in the place where it is finally required, e.g
gallery	An upper story over the aisle which opens onto the nave or choir
abutment	Part of a structure which supports the end of a span or accepts the thrust of an arch; often supports and retains the approach embankment.
cathedral	Principal or mother church of a diocese which is the seat of a bishop.
logotype	A personalized type or design symbol for a company or product.
classical architecture	Style and decoration in the manner of Greek and Roman architecture, as opposed to Gothic influence.
reach	distance that an excavator arm can extend.
bowstring truss	A truss having a curved top chord and straight bottom chord meeting at each end.
horizon	Ties and uniformity across space at a single point in time
tirelire	(French f.) a money-box
lintel	A horizontal beam or stone bridging an opening.
rubble	Fill; unsquared stone not laid in courses.
squint joint	This is formed when two walls meet each other at an angle other than a right angle without forming a quoin.
tunnel shield	cylinder pushed ahead of tunneling equipment to provide advance support for the tunnel roof; used when tunneling in soft or unstable ground.
celtic plan	Simple single or two-celled plan of church building with characteristically high walls in relation to the ground area.
ebullience	high spirits, exhilaration or exuberance
machicolation	A gallery projecting on brackets and built on the outside of castle towers and walls, with openings in the floor through which to drop molten lead, boiling oil, and missiles; A projection in the battlements of a wall with openings through which missiles could be dropped on besiegers.
quatrefoil	an ornamental "four-leaf clover" shape —i.e., with four lobes radiating from a common center.
form	Each side of a signature
mezzanine floor	An intermediate floor between two floor levels aqbove ground floor and at least one side of it should form an integral part of space floor /below.
reverberation	The phenomenon of undue prolongation of sound of sound by successive reflections from surrounding surfaces , after the source sound has ceased , is called reverberation.
tunnel shield	a cylinder pushed ahead of tunneling equipment to provide advance support for the tunnel roof; used when tunneling in soft or unstable ground
specious	apparently good or right though lacking real merit; superficially pleasing
flag	piece of survey ribbon.
close up	A mark used to indicate closing space between characters or words
titelentwurf	(German m.) title design
upstream face	side of a dam that is against the water.
indolent	having or showing a disposition to avoid exertion; slothful
extant	still existing, not destroyed or lost
espalier	a series of fruit trees trained on a framework of lines and stakes to form a hedge.
ground floor	Means the storey of the building which has its floor surface nearest to the ground around the building.
abutment	the part of a building intended to receive and counteract the thrust, or pressure, exerted by vaults and arches.
hermitage	a garden building, often complete with a hired "hermit" to live there, calculated to raise an appreciation for contemplation in the context of nature.
smartmedia	A type of memory card storage, generally outmoded today because its capacity is limited to 128MB, for digital cameras and other computer devices.
dirge	a funeral song expressing mourning in commemoration of the dead
ideograph	a written symbol standing for a concept, usually formed by combining pictographs.
drainage	The removal of any liquid (storm water, wastewater, sewage etc.) by a system constructed for this purpose.
dys#	D=DNA, Y=Y chromosome, S=a unique DNA segment
santiago	crusading order founded in Spain in the 12th century; unlike the other Spanish military orders its members were lay persons
forebay	inlet structure for a pump and often holds the trash rack.
coffer	Recessed panels, usually square or octagonal, set into wood or masonry ceilings, vaults, or soffits serving a decorative function but also used to lighten or reduce the mass of the ceiling or vault.
drybrush	A painting and weathering technique in which most of the paint is removed from the brush before the brush is touched to the model
aquifer	An underground formation of sands, gravel, or fractured or porous rock, which is saturated with water, and which supplies water for wells and springs.
cathedra	The cathedra is the bishop's throne within his cathedral
louver	An opening fitted with angled slats that allow air circulation but keep out rain and snow and provide privacy.
tssue paper	a lightweight, light crêped paper
churlish	boorish and rude, difficult to work or deal with
rubble	Fill; unsquared stone not laid in courses
superstructure	The portion of a bridge structure which carries the traffic load and passes that load to the substructure.
morris chair	A large, easy chair with arms usually extending beyond the back and adjustable beyond the back and adjustable to various angles
mundane	pertaining to this world or earth as contrasted with heaven; earthly, common, ordinary, banal or unimaginative
cast iron	A hard, brittle, nonmalleable iron-based alloy containing 2.0% to 4.5% carbon and 0.5% to 3% silicon, cast in a sand mold and machined to make many building products.
timpano cromatico	(Italian m.) chromatic timpano
endemic	characteristic of a specific people or place; native or indigenous
measurement of fine aggregates	Fine aggregates i.e
cogent	convincing or believable by virtue of forcible, clear, or incisive presentation
fair	When a piece of wood or work is perfectly straight, true, and out of wind; not necessarily level, as the board may be set at any angle.
geometrical stair	This is similar to the open-newel stair with the difference that the open well between the forward and the backward flight is curved.
orientation sensor	A sensor that knows when you turn the camera to take a vertical shot and rotates the picture so it won't be displayed on it is side when you view it.
sedulous	diligent in application or attention; persistently or carefully maintained
tic douloureux	(French m.) an involuntary twitching of the facial muscles
transept	In churches and cathedrals with a cross-shaped floor plan, the transverse, usually shorter, arm of the church
mansard truss	This truss is now rarely constructed
rubble	Rough infilling and stone fragments used in Norman pillars, etc.
thavil	two-headed Indian drum
positive film	Film that prevents light from passing through images, as compared to negative film that allows light to pass through
tailings dam	dam, usually made of earth and rock, used to contain mining waste.
tief	(German n.) depression (meteorlogical)
flag	to fall off in vigor, energy, activity, interest; to hang loosely or droop
manning's formula	An equation for determining flow quantity given hydraulic radius, cross sectional area of flow, slope (for uniform flow), and a coefficient of roughness.
mural painting	Colourful wall decoration which depicts religious events, etc.
orant	standing with outstretched arms as if in prayer.
saltire cross	Diagonal form in the shape of St
back flap hinges	This type of hinges are used with thin shutters where butt hinges are not used
cusp	The intersection of two arcs or foliations in a tracery.
exculpate	to clear from a charge of guilt or fault; free from blame
amenable	ready or willing to answer, open to influence, persuasion, or advice; agreeable
carbonless paper	Paper coated with chemicals that enable transfer of images from one sheet to another with pressure from writing or typing.
pal	A European video out standard to display images on a TV screen.
long-focal-length lens	A lens that provides a narrow angle of view of a scene, including less of a scene than a lens of normal focal length and therefore magnifying objects in the image.
igneous rocks	Rocks formed by the heat of volcanic eruptions
encaustic tiles	Glazed clay tiles of varying colours used on the floor of the church.
environmental engineer	engineer who designs and operates systems to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollution in water.
echoes	When a reflecting surface is so far away from the source that the sound is reflected back as a distinct repetition of the direct sound, the reflected sound is called an echo.
provenance	Documented evidence of the history or origins of an item, such as; a purchase receipt, auction record, or mention in a will or inventory
almohadilla	Rusticated masonry, each course of which is bowed out (definition from Judith Wilcock on-line
piece-molding	a complex technique for shaping pottery, metal, or glass objects between an inner core and an outer mold; especially suited to elaborate decoration.
austere	severe in manner or appearance, rigorously self-disciplined and severely moral; lacking softness
ogee	A double curve, formed by the union of a convex and concave line, resembling an S-shape.
mounts	Raised decorative or structural elements, made separately and soldered onto an object
spawning bed	A habitat used by fish for producing or depositing eggs.
pragmatic	pertaining to a practical point of view or practical considerations
color cast	Unwanted color affecting an entire image or portion of an image.
tiene mal aspecto	(Spanish) she doesn't look well, it doesn't look nice (thing)
tirante	(Italian m.) tracker
tic nervioso	(Spanish m.) a nervous twitch, habit (manic behaviour - figurative)
thermal paper	paper that is impregnated with a chemical that changes colour when exposed to heat
lacquer	A clear gloss coating applied to printed material for strength, appearance and protection.
inherent	existing in someone or something as a permanent and inseparable element, quality, or attribute
avarice	insatiable greed for riches; miserly desire to gain and hoard wealth
cruising speed	The speed a fish can swim for an extended time.
midi	system allowing composers to manage quantities of complex information, and making it possible for unrelated electronic devices to communicate with each other
latitude	The range of camera exposures that produce acceptable images with a particular digital sensor or film.
titelzeile	(German m.) headline
eucharist	Also called Communion or the Lord's Supper
color model	Way of categorizing and describing the infinite array of colors found in nature.
finish	A term applied to stain, varnish, etc.; the woodwork which completes the inside or the outside of a house.
parados	Low wall in inner side of main wall
stylus	a pointed instrument used in antiquity for writing on clay, wax, papyrus, and parchment; a pointed metal instrument used to scratch an image on the plate used to produce an etching.
reformation	a loose term for a series of processes occurring between the 14th and 17th centuries whereby branches of the church in various European countries removed themselves from papal authority
furnish	The slurry mixture of fibers, water, chemicals and pigments that is delivered to the fourdrinier machine in the papermaking process
théorie musicale	(French f.) music theory
joggles	Projection of timbers or stones fitting each other.
gargoyle	a spout usually carved in the shape of an animal or demon, and connected to a gutter for throwing rain water away from the foot of the wall
light	A window opening.
directional drilling	drilling sideways under structures, roadways, streams etc to place pipes, utility lines without excavation and generally limited to less than 30cm diameter.
tribune	Second stories in basilican churches above the nave arcade with substantial gallery passages located above the nave aisles
theomarchy	strife or warfare among the gods
built timber	A timber made of several small pieces and forming one of largo dimensions.
concrete	A stone-like substance made by mixing one or more aggregates with cement and then adding water to set it.
bass	dibhinda
translucent	Transmitting but at the same time also diffusing light, e.g
vertical lift bridge	A movable deck bridge in which the deck may be raised vertically by synchronized machinery at each end
tintement	(French) tinkling, chiming, jingling, ringing (sound)
ionic	An order of architecture, often called the 'feminine' order
alluvium	Sediment (mud, sand, and gravel) laid down by flowing water
portland cement	A cement made by burning clay and limestone in a kiln, and then grinding the result into a fine powder.
theoretische studien	(German f
sally-port	Small heavily fortified side door from which the defenders can rush out, strike, and retire.
bit	Stands for 'binary digit' and refers to the smallest part of information that makes up a digital file
fished joint	An end butt joint strengthened by pieces nailed upon the sides.
inlet limited	condition in which the maximum flow capacity of a culvert is determined by the hydraulic conditions of the inlet
trumeau	in Romanesque and Gothic architecture, the central post supporting the lintel in a double doorway.
spalling	Concrete or masonry that is chipping or scaling because of freeze/thaw cycles and/or the overuse of de-icing salts.
king closer	Three quarters of a normal brick used to complete a row of bricks near the corner of a building.
pointing	It consists in ranking out joints in brick work or in stone masonry to depth of about 13mm and filling the same with mortar of slightly richer mix.
ostentatious	characterized by or given to pretentious or conspicuous show in an attempt to impress others or attract notice
bolster	to support with a pillow or cushion, or to support and uphold
apprise	to give notice to; inform or advise
beam	A horizontal structure member supporting vertical loads by resisting bending
garland	An architectural ornament representing foliage, flowers or fruits plaited and tied together with ribbons.
finial	Usually leaf-like decoration which forms the terminal at the top of a gable, canopy, bench-end, tower corner, etc
rood stair	a small
spurious	not genuine, authentic, or true; pretended or counterfeit
coated paper	Paper with a coating of clay and other substances that improves reflectivity and ink holdout
needle spire	Particularly narrow conical structure which is built from the tower roof but well within any parapet.
score	To compress paper along a straight line so it folds more easily and accurately
odious	deserving or causing hatred; highly offensive
tirer au clair	(French) to clarify
buttress	any prop or support built to steady a structure by opposing its outward thrusts
thegn	a warrior who has sworn his loyalty to a lord in Anglo-Saxon society
battlement	Parapet with indentations or embrasures, with raised portions (merlons) between: Crenelations; A narrow wall built along the outer edge of the wall walk to protect soldiers against attack; A parapet with alternating openings (embrasures) and raised sections (merlons), used here on castle towers for defense purposes.
steeple	and hints of "flying buttresses" on the wall sides.5
timbales latino-americani	(Italian) timbales
sewer	It is a system of underground pipe belonging to local municipal authority which collects discharge from drains or house drains from outside the private boundary of more than one property.
rib vault	Vault (ceiling) of a bay supported by intersecting diagonal weight-bearing ribs
abutments	Abutment is the part of the wall or pier on which the arch resists.
accolade	award, honor, or laudatory notice; originally a light touch on the shoulder with the flat side of the sword in the ceremony of conferring knighthood
bedding	fine gravel or crushed rock placed around culverts to evenly distribute load
pie crust table	A table so named because the edge is finished off in a series of serpentines or curves, as cooks crimp the edges of a pie.
inveigh	to protest strongly or attack vehemently with words
halved joint	Made by cutting half of the wood away from each piece, so as to bring the sides flush.
lantern cross	Churchyard cross, usually with a several-sided lantern shape at the top
buckle	bend under compression.
barrel vault	a semicylindrical vault, with parallel abutments and an identical cross section throughout, covering an oblong space.
hip	An inclined projecting angle between two adjacent roof segments.
thermique	(French) thermal
plate tracery	Tracery which uses thick areas of stone to separate glozed areas
cove	Concave arch, or the junction of a ceiling and wall.
latin-cross plan	church plan with one arm longer than the other three.
the threepenny opera	see Dreigroschenoper, Die (German f.)
dpi	Dots per inch, a term used to indicate the resolution of a scanner or printer.
transverse vaulting	The use of ribs or arches to span the primary axis of an open area
casing	The trimming around a door or window opening, either outside or inside.
tirer sur l'épargne	(French) to draw on one's savings
thanatos	(Greek, 'death') Sigmund Freud's term for a subconscious desire for self-destruction, a secret longing to die, a death wish
spire	Tall conical structure tapering to a point and built on top of a tower.
indigence	seriously impoverished condition; poverty
porteràa	The entrance to a monastery â usually an arcaded porch or narthex at one side of the church faà§ade
wall tablet	Commemorative plaque placed on the interior wall of the church
symphony orchestra	instrumental ensemble consisting of members of the four families of instruments dominated by strings
disciple	One of Christ's personal followers, and in particular one of the original twelve
vindicate	to clear, as from an accusation, imputation or suspicion; to uphold or justify by argument or evidence
gambrel roof	a ridged roof with two slopes on either side, the lower slope having the steeper pitch
rib	an arched diagonal element in a vault system that defines and supports a ribbed vault.
caisson	A caisson may be defined as a watertight structure made up of wood , steel or reinforced concrete , constructed in connection with excavation for foundation of bridges , piers.
consort	ensemble of several members of the same instrument family
palliate	to relieve or lessen without curing; to try to conceal the gravity of an offense by excuses or apologies
thermos	(French m./f.) (Thermos) vacuum flask
hammer beams	Right angled support beams projecting from wall tops to brace wooden roofs via vertical extensions known as hammerposts.
timorosamente	(Italian) timidly, fearfully
solicitous	anxious or concerned about; desirous or eager
dendrochronology	Also referred to as tree-ring dating, this absolute dating technique uses annual growth rings of trees from a single region to compare and match sequences of growth rings to determine that date when the tree was first cut down
net vault	A vault on which a complex of ribs gives a net-like appearance
ingenuous	free from reserve, restraint, or dissimulation; candid or sincere
axis	an imaginary straight line passing through the center of a figure, form, or structure and about which that figure is imagined to rotate.
promenade	A public area used for walks or strolls.
pavillion roof	A four-sided pyramidal hip roof.
freestone	High quality sand- or lime-stone.
basket-handle arch	A round arch with voissoirs that begin to rise at a steep angle, and then quickly change to rising at a shallow angle.
theme tune	Erkennungsmelodie (German f.), music that is used often as an introduction to a radio program, television program, video game or movie
inchoate	not yet completed or fully developed; just begun; incipient; not organized
anchor piles	In foundations, when piles are used to provide anchorage against horizontal pull from sheet piling walls or other pulling forces , they are termed as Anchor piles.
bay	Internal division of building marked by roof principals or vaulting piers; A unit of interior space in a building, marked off by architectural divisions.
groin vault	the ceiling configuration formed by the intersection of two barrel vaults.
three step	the Vienna waltz
rib vault	A masonry vault with a relatively thin web and set within a framework of ribs.
finial	A slender piece of stone used to decorate the tops of the merlons, spire, tower, balustrade, etc.
springline	The horizontal line below which the vertical support of an arch ends, and above which the sides of an arch or vault begin to curve inwards
clamp buttress	Shallow flat-sided wall brace which is more decorative than supporting
reeded	Parallel convex mouldings.
thésauriser	(French) to hoard
converter	Business that makes products such as boxes, bags, envelopes and displays.
dimension stone	A squared-off stone from a quarry that is at least two feet in width.
half-shaft	Roll-moulding on either side of opening.
tibicen	(Latin) a flute player or piper
heading course	A row of header bricks.
thrust	pressure exerted by the vaults and roofing that tends to push the walls aside (Click on the icon for more details )
iconostasis	In the Orthodox Church, a screen bearing arrayed icons and separating the nave from the chancel
vitiate	to impair or weaken the effectiveness of; invalidate
carload	Selling unit of paper that may weigh anywhere from 20,000 to 100,000 pounds (9,090 to 45, 454 kilos), depending on which mill or merchant uses the term
corble steps	See Crow Steps.
tirer ... du doute	(French) to dispel ...'s doubts
stretcher	A brick or block laid horizontally in a wall with its longest edge facing out.
chevet	East end of a church as seen from the outside, especially one with an apse and radiating chapels.
sporadic	appearing or happening at irregular intervals in time; scattered or isolated instances
crocket	Curling leaf-shape
kaleidacolor dye ink pads	each pad has a raised rainbow spectrum of five color bands. The pads are apart during storage and are slid together for use
soffit	Underside of arch, hung parapet, or opening.
raking bond	This is a bond in brick work in which the bonding bricks are laid at any angle other than zero ninety degrees.
cuneiform	The first system of writing in human history, developed in ancient Mesopotamia, which used a reed to impress wedge-shaped marks onto the surface of clay tablets
alburnam	Sap wood.
versicle	a short sentence, often from the Psalms, sung antiphonally during worship; it is answered by a response from the other part of the choir
incise	to cut designs or letters into a hard surface with a sharp instrument.
crenelation	Battlements at the top of a tower or wall.
lean-to roof	A shed roof with the higher end attached to a larger building.
tree rings	Growth rings formed annually in a tree's trunk, which often reflect the conditions in which the tree grew
ledger stone	Large flat slab over a grave and sometimes let into the floor of the church
reliquary	a container for the relics of a saint; many were expensively gilded and jewelled
oilette	A round opening at the base of a loophole, usually for a cannon muzzle
flout	to treat with disdain, scorn, or contempt
three-finger technique	see 'Scruggs style'
hip roof	A roof which slopes toward the center from all sides, necessitating a hip rafter at each corner.
guile	insidious cunning in attaining a goal; crafty or artful deception
monogram	A design, often elaborate, using letters typically representing the initials of a name, which is added to silver or other valuable objects to identify the owner.
abate	to reduce in amount, degree, or intensity
bastion	A small tower at the end of a curtain wall or in the middle of the outside wall; solid masonry projection; structural rather than inhabitable.
tischgebet	(German n.) grace (a prayer said before a meal)
spectrophotometer	Instrument used to measure the index of refraction of color.
flap gate	passive 'trap door' device placed on culvert outlets to prevent inflow
muntin	wood strip that holds the pane of glass in a door or window
gutter or eaves troughs	Troughs which catch the water from the roof and carry it to the conductors.
circumambulate	to walk around something, especially an object of worship or veneration.
pinnacle	Uppermost vertical structures, generally more or less tapering, usually located atop buttresses and often designed with decorative elements such as tracery or crockets.
thinline	a term used to describe hollow body electric guitars
mask	To prevent light from reaching part of an image, therefore isolating the remaining part
upper chord	Top chord of a truss.
chapel	CambridgeGothic architecture in Britain has been neatly divided into 4 periods, or styles.
ridge	The horizontal intersection of two roof slopes.
weir	structure that spans a channel and controls the local streambed elevation.
recycle time	The time it takes to process and store a captured image.
bronze	a metal alloy composed of copper mixed with tin.
free chapel	In English ecclesiastical law, a chapel founded by the authority of the Crown and not subject to the jurisdiction of the bishop.
tierce maxime	(Latin) augmented third, and interval containing five semitones (half steps)
turning bridge	A drawbridge that pivots in the middle.
'tina	short for 'concertina'
rota romana	the papal court, founded in the 13th century
order	One of a series of concentric mouldings
ameliorate	to make or become better, more bearable, or more satisfactory; improve
cross section	a diagram showing a building cut by a vertical plane, usually at right angles to an axis.
linenfold panelling	Series of wooden panels, carved to look like pieces of material hanging vertically in their natural folds.
frame	A frame is one complete output of a plastic mold
velocity profile	variation in water velocity vertically and horizontally due to roughness effects.
tirer à ... copies	(French) to print ..
sleeper	Large wooden post set into the whole height of a wall to support indirectly the timbers of the roof.
fosse	Ditch.
radiating chapels	chapels placed around the ambulatory (and sometimes the transepts) of a medieval church.
downspout	A vertical pipe that carries rainwater from a roof down to ground level.
cantilever	A timber, stone, or metal beam which projects to form a support, and extends back far enough over its own support to carry its load safely.
earthlodge	An earthlodge is the name given by archaeologists to refer to a kind of permanent house, built of wattle and daub construction and covered over with sod.
feature	Any physical structure or element, such as a wall, post hole, pit, or floor, that is made or altered by humans but (unlike an artifact) is not portable and cannot be removed from a site
cast iron	brittle alloy with high carbon content; iron that has been melted, then poured into a form and cooled; can be made into any shape desired.
clerestory	An upper story of a building with windows above adjacent roofs
outer ward	The area around the outside of and adjacent to the inner curtain.
théâtre de la nation	(French m.) the Grand Opera House
colophon	A printers or publishers identifying symbol or emblem.
arch barrel	The inner surface of an arch extending the full width of the structure.
revetment	A facing of masonry or stones to protect an embankment from erosion.
articulate	to utter clearly and distinctly; pronounce with clarity
tiers	(French m.) a third (the fraction 1/3), a third party
theogony	in mythology, an account of the gods' origins and their genealogy
tilpo	Tibetan hand bell
gospels	The gospels are glad tidings preached by Christ
triforium	in Gothic architecture, part of the nave wall above the arcade and below the clerestory.
depth of cover	depth of fill placed atop a culvert.
broch	Drystone freestanding tower with interior court, no external windows (which face into the court), spiral stair inside wall, typically iron age Celtic refuge in Scotland.
camelback truss	A truss having a curved top chord and straight bottom chord meeting at each end, especially when there are more than one used end to end
reveals	These are exposed vertical surfaces left on the sides of an opening after the door or window frame has been fitted in position.
refectory	Communal dining hall; A dining room in a monastery.
crenelation	Battlements at the top of a tower or wall
obsequious	characterized by or showing servile complaisance or deference; fawning, servilely compliant or deferential
lantern tower	Tower which is extended vertically with a lighthouse-like structure, illuminated by upper windows.
cat	Assault tower
irascible	easily provoked to anger; very irritable
command	A work commands another when it dominates it either to watch or defend it
arcuated	Carved in the shape of a box.
therianthropic	an adjectival reference to any mixture of human and animal traits together in a single description
tisserand	(French m.) a weaver
cross section	A diagram showing a building as if it had been cut at right angles to the ground plan.
rotunda	a round building, room, or hall under a dome
laminar	flow condition with no waves, eddies etc and rarely encountered in open channel flow.
hypsithermal period	The period about 4000 to 8000 years ago when the Earth was apparently several degrees warmer than it is now
arcade	a series of round or pointed arches supported by a row of columns or piers.
lintel	A horizontal beam over a door or window opening usually carrying the load of the wall above
iron	chemical element one of the cheapest and most used metals.
tufa	Cellular rock; porous limestone
impeller	rotational element that actually contacts and moves the water.
benton phenomenon	The term Benton Phenomenon refers to a complex of base camps with prepared living floors, established trade networks, and ceremonialism in adjacent portions of west-central Tennessee, northeastern Mississippi, and northwestern Alabama that was established toward the end of the Middle Archaic Period, around the fifth millennium B.C.
through truss	A truss which carries its traffic through the interior of the structure with crossbracing between the parallel top and bottom chords
dagger and double dagger	symbols used mainly as reference marks for footnotes.
beam bridge	simple type of bridge composed of horizontal beams supported by vertical posts.
longitudinally planned building	A building developed along a horizontal axis
tunnel vault	continous vault of semicircular cross-section; also called barrel vault
gable	Triangular portion of a wall fronting the enclosing lines of a sloping roof, which often contains sculptures (fig.3, A).
aumbry	Recess to hold sacred vessels; typically in a chapel.
dry mount	Pasting with heat sensitive adhesives.
rock art	a general term for pecked, incised, or painted figures on rock.
aumbrey	A recess in a wall which could serve as a cupboard.
mouchette	Fourteenth-century tracery basically in the shape of a curved spearhead, cusped and arched on the inside.
lap	The overlap of slates, tiles and other coverings.
finial	A finial is an ornamental top of a canopy, gable or church tower, often resembling a small spire.
consecration cross	One of twelve usually incised or painted on the interior and exterior walls of the church at its dedication.
calendar rolls	A series of metal rolls at the end of a paper machine; when the paper is passed between these rolls it increases its smoothness and glossy surface.
timoroso	(Italian) timid, fearful, hesitant
inserts	Within a publication, an additional item positioned into the publication loose (not bound in).
church	Most people think of a church as the building in which we meet to worship God
baleful	full of menacing or malign influences
thyroïde	(French f.) thyroid
keep	A strong stone tower; main tower; donjon; stronghold
nailhead	Pyramid moulding
steyned	Lined (like in a well).
collusion	When two or more people conspire to restrain trade by artificially “fixing” bids in an auction
marrow spoon	A handle with a long, narrow scoop shaped bowl used to eat the marrow from the center of roasted bones (usually beef)
diagonal rib	In a vault, the rib that covers the arris, running diagonally from corner to centre.
mechanical engineer	an engineer who applies the principles of mechanics and energy to the design of machines and devices
pressure	force applied or distributed over an area.
lean-to roof	a single-sloped roof built against a wall.
minaret	a tall, usually slender tower or turret connected with a mosque
vicarious	felt through sharing imaginatively in the feelings or activities of another person
coda	literally "tail" a closing section
double hammerbeam roof	Structure in which there are two stages of roof braces which rest on right-angled, hammer-shaped supports.
lancet window	A tall, narrow, lance-like, window terminating in a pointed apex
spray painting	Painting with the spray gun is considered to be a highly developed and efficient method of applying all types of protective coatings.
tite street	during the late 1800s, a loose community established itself in and around Tite Street, London, that revolved around Edward Godwin, architect of Bedford Park, and the actress Ellen Terry
theoretiker	(German m.) a theorist
theatre of dionysus	the outdoor theatre in Athens where Greek drama began as a part of religious rituals on the sloped side of the Acropolis in Athens
gothic arch	This is the classic pointed arch of European architecture
bedrock	the solid rock layer beneath sand or silt
ogee	A specific shape where a concave arc flows into a convex arc
transubstantiation	the conversion of the whole substance of the bread and wine of the Eucharist into the whole substance of the body and blood of Christ
flowing tracery	Ornamental stonework of the late Decorated period; the form did not include circular or ogee shapes.
queen closer	Half of a normal brick used to complete a row of bricks at the corner of a building.
aspersion	a damaging or derogatory remark or criticism; the act of slandering
coffering	An ornamental system of deep panels recessed into a vault, arch or ceiling
through-hole	also spelled "thru-hole", a technology that uses Pin-through-hole (PTH) electronic components that are mounted on the printed circuit boards (PCB) by insertion into pre-drilled holes in the board and secured by soldering the pins to pads on the opposite side of the board
wave	Sinuous moulding.
axial flow	pump that acts like an outboard motor in a casing.
the gyormolung school	the Gyormolung school from the Shannan and Lhasa areas is the most recently established school
thereminvox	alternative name for the thérémin
nimbus	A halo.
vaudeville	variety show popular in the late 19th century including jokes, stunts, and skits, as well as song and dance
tiene ... años	(Spanish) he is ..
flush	When two pieces are perfectly even.
herringbone pattern	Brick or stone laid in alternate diagonal courses
porphry	A hard dark purplish-red rock, first quarried in ancient Egypt, containing relatively large crystals in a fine-grained igneous matrix
neutral color	A color which in color theory is neither warm nor cool
institutional building	These shall include any building or part thereof which is used for purposes such as medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness or disease
airbrick	A perforated brick built into a wall for providing ventilation
portrait	The orientation of an image in which the longest dimension is vertical, also called tall orientation
relief	(a) a mode of sculpture in which an image is developed outward (high or low relief) or inward (sunken relief) from a basic plane; (b) a printmaking process in which the areas not to be printed are carved away, leaving the desired image projecting from the plate.
jamb figure	Sculptured figures located on the jambs, or vertical side elements, of a portal or doorway
segmental arch	a slightly rounded arch (less than a semicircle) above a door or window
creole	White born in New Spain
latin cross	A cross with three short arms and one long arm.
bastle	A long,narrow stronghold, akin to a Pele, but rarely vaulted and seldom more than two storeys high
line	Line is one of the strongest visual elements that photographers can use to help compose their pictures
pile	a long, round pole of wood, concrete, or steel driven into the soil by pile drivers
châtelain	Governor or constable of a castle
thumb	metal beam located opposite an excavator's bucket, used to grip rocks etc.
tiercé	(French m.) place-betting (gambling)
thermalbad	(German n.) thermal bath, thermal spa
transepts	the crossing arms of the church, generally aligned north-south
dissonance	inharmonious or harsh sound; a simultaneous combination of tones conventionally accepted as being in a state of needing completion
diversion potential	The possibility, caused by a road, for streamflow to leave its established channel.
acid resist	An acid-proof protective coating applied to metal plates prior to etching designs thereon
blow up	an enlargement, most frequently of a graphic image or photograph.
flooring	Platform which formed the wooden floor of the drawbridge
closer	A brick or block that has been cut down to finish a row of bricks near the corner of a wall.
mortised joint	Made by cutting a hole, or mortise, in one piece, and a tenon, or piece to fit the hole, upon the other.
vault	An arched, stone roof.
themse	(German f.) Thames
tijdschrift	(Dutch) periodical
firebrick	A brick made from a special clay meant to withstand exposure to high temperatures.
tracery	Fine decorative carving in either wood or stone found in the design of windows, vaults, screens and panels.
finial	A slender piece of stone (ornament) used to decorate the tops of the merlons, spire, tower, balustrade, etc
allure	Wall-walk, passage behind the parapet of a castle wall; Walkway along the top of a wall.
vibrate	to use a mechanical device to vibrate wet concrete within forms to cause it to flow more easily and flow around re-bar etc.
tirer ... d'une situation	(French) to get ..
composite roof trusses	Trusses built with the combination of wood and steel are termed as composite trusses.
league of venice	Created in 1495 by King Ferdinand of Spain, a political alliance between Spain and other Italian city-states
gene	The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring
diocese	The district or churches under the jurisdiction of a bishop, also called a bishopric.
tidskrift	(Swedish) periodical, review
thumbwheel	a small wheel used on adjustable bridges (those usually found on archtop guitars or mandolins) to adjust the height of the bridge
lierne	Small subordinate ribs inserted between the main ribs of Gothic vaults.
short tandem repeats	A genetic marker consisting of multiple copies of an identical DNA sequence arranged in direct succession in a particular region of a chromosome
airbrush	tool with an air hose hooked up to a can of compressed air or a compessor
blurb	a short description or commentary of a book or author on a book jacket.
core	central region of a skyscraper; usually houses elevator and stairwell.
insular	of or pertaining to an island or islands, or detached and isolated
half-timber	The common form of medieval construction in which walls were made of a wood frame structure filled with wattle and daub.
auto-focus	A camera setting that allows the camera to choose the correct focus distance for you, usually based on the contrast of an image (the image will be at maximum contrast when in sharp focus) or set by a mechanism, such as an infrared sensor, that measures the actual distance to the subject
theodolite	survey instrument with vertical and horizontal degree gradations.
countenance	the look or expression of the face, also approval or encouragement; moral support
ghosting	Marring a print by the placement of an image of work printed on the reverse side which has interfered with its drying so that differences in the trapping frame colors or glass variations are apparent.
timbalones	larger version of timbales, typically found in charangas
guesthouse	Buildings set aside for visitors to the monastery
theophany	a visible (but not necessarily material) manifestation of a deity to a human person
coping	Covering stones
headroom	The height between the top of the tread at the riser line, and the ceiling directly above it.
specular highlight	Bright spots in an image caused by reflection of light sources.
empirical	depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory
aver	to assert with confidence; declare in a positive or peremptory manner
hydraulic jump	abrupt transition from super to sub critical – also known as a standing wave
fender piles	When the piles are used to protect concrete deck or other water front structures from the abrasion or impact that may be caused from the ships or barges (when they are tied up at the deck ) they are called fender piles.
coping	A protective finishing cap on top of an exterior wall, designed to shed water.
tirer le verrou	(French) to bolt
jousting	Jousting began in 11th century France as a military exercise and soon spread throughout Europe
the messiah	see 'Messiah, The'
dungeon	The jail, usually found in one of the towers.
implacable	not to be appeased, mollified, or pacified
environmental engineer	an engineer who designs and operates systems to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollution in water, in the air, and on the land
rib	Any one of the arched series of members which is parallel to the length of a bridge, especially those on a metal arch bridge.
schematic	diagrammatic and generalized rather than specifically relating to an individual object.
carotid	Heart-shaped.
curation	The long-term, professional management and care of objects, associated records, and reports.
recant	to withdraw or disavow a statement or opinion; to formally retract
tienen un aire	(Spanish) they look a bit alike, they resemble one another
tipptopp	(German) immaculate, immaculately (familiar)
ship's ladder	A steep fixed stepladder with attached handrails.
medallion moulding	Pictorial, medal-shaped, ornamental moulding of the Norman period.
telemones	Altas
hood molding	a projecting molding above a door, window and archway to throw off rain
tiesto	(Spanish m.) flowerpot
rain water pipe	This is the pipe provided to carry rain water.
el sec	El Sec is the name given to an unknown Punic shipwreck off the coast of Majorca, Spain, 450 BC.
savanna	A savanna, or savannah, is a grassland ecosystem characterized by the trees being sufficiently small or widely spaced so that the canopy does not close
tiefer bass	(German m.) a deep bass
stolid	not easily stirred or moved mentally; unemotional or impassive
steel	alloy of iron and carbon that is hard, strong, and malleable.
critical slope	The slope at which maximum flow will occur at minimum velocity; the slope equal to loss of head per foot resulting from flow at a depth giving uniform flow at critical depth.
polarizer	Gray-looking filter, able to darken blue sky at right angles to sunlight, and suppress reflections from (non-metallic) surfaces at angles of about 30°.
colonial archaeology	In North America, defined as a division of Historical Archaeology concerned with European colonization of the New World and with interactions between native inhabitants, Europeans and Africans from about A.D
castellated	Bearing the external fortification elements of castle, in particular, battlements, turrets, etc.
chancel screen	a screen dividing the chancel and the nave and crossing.
théorème	(French m.) a theorem
arcade	A series of arches; a long arched building.
attributed	It is the opinion of the person selling the item that it is from the person or factory it is attributed to, but it has not been proven.
etch	The process of producing an image on a plate by the use of acid.
trellis	A frame supporting latticework, used to support climbing plants.
skeletal construction	a method of construction in which the walls are supported at ground level by a steel frame consisting of vertical and horizontal members.
tiède	(French) lukewarm, mild
historical archaeology	A discipline within archaeology concerned with supplementing written history with archaeological research to create a more complete account of the past
paten	Flat cover for a chalice, which is used to hold the sacred host.
titre	(French m.) title
butt hinges	This type of hinge is most commonly used for fixing door or window shutters to the frame
engineering	profession in which a knowledge of math and natural science is applied to develop ways to utilize the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of all human beings.
scissor beam	Timber placed diagonally to its fellow from each side of a timber roof, so that at some point they cross through each other forming an X shape.
thème	(French m.) theme, subject, prose
exacerbate	to increase the severity, bitterness, or violence of; aggravate
mosque	an Islamic (Muslim) house of worship of two main types: the masjid, used for daily prayer by individuals or small groups; and the ja¯ mi' , used for large-scale congregational prayer on the Friday sabbath and on holidays.
wall-walk	Passage along castle wall; may be roofed.
break joints	To arrange joints so that they will not come directly under or over the joints of adjoining pieces, as in shingling, siding, etc.
metallic ink	printing inks which produce an effect gold, silver, bronze or metallic colours.
tiroir-caisse	(French m.) a till (for keeping cash in a shop, bank, etc.)
tienda de campaña	(Spanish f.) tent
titelaufnahme	(German) description
aqueduct	a bridge or channel for conveying water, usually over long distances.
graveslab	A tombstone intended for laying flat on a grave
clunch	Hard chalky material
corbel	Projection of stone, brick, timber or metal jutting out from a wall to support a weight above.
spindle	Slim length of turned wood, often used in a series for chair backs.
ormolu	An alloy of copper, zinc, and tin that resembles gold and is used to decorate jewelry, furniture, and architectural details.
eye	the center of a volute
demur	the act of making objection
timbale mécanique	(French f.) mechanically tuned kettledrum
gable	The end of a wall that goes up into the roof, usually triangular shaped, but can be a variety of shapes.
dressing of stone	Building stone has to be quarried out from the rock formation before it can be put into use and the process is called dressing of stone
lancet	Slender windows with pointed lancet arches at the top, common in Gothic architecture.
cadge	to obtain by imposing on another's generosity or friendship, to borrow without intent to repay
visual rays	Lines drawn in a perspective drawing from vanishing points; through these rays, artists could create objects composed of right angles
hieroglyphs	Ancient writing system consisting of pictographic or ideographic symbols; used in Egypt, Mesoamerica, and elsewhere
visible spectrum	the colors, visible to the human eye, that are produced when white light is dispersed by a prism.
aneurysm	excessive enlargement of an artery
tiempo específico	(Spanish m.) specific time-signature (for example, 3/4, 6/8, etc.)
monolithic dome	dome composed of a series of arches, joined together with a series of horizontal rings called parallels.
innocuous	not harmful or injurious; harmless
snood	Knitted or openwork net which encases the hair at the back of the head, worn with or without a hat
lozenge	A rhomb, or more rarely, a rhomboid; usually one of a series.
pediment	In Classical architecture, a triangular area above the horizontal roof of a temple or other building, usually decorated with reliefs.
column	A rigid, slender structural member designed to support a load pressing down on it
tiepido	a variant of tepido
sill	a supporting wood or stone beam across the bottom of an opening, such as that of a window or door
voracious	craving or consuming large quantities of food; exceedingly eager or avid
wall-stair	Staircase built into the thickness of a wall
stylobate	the top step of a stereobate, forming a foundation for a column, peristyle, temple, or other structure.
transitional	A period of architecture which marked the period between the Norman and Gothic styles when both were inter mingling
timbalada	a rhythmic percussion style from the northern part of Brazil
bombastic	high-sounding, inflated or pretentious speech or writing
genome	Can be used to allow repeated testing of DNA from a single cell, for example in typing single sperm (Section 11.5.4).
flushing cistern	A flushing cistern is used for storage and discharge of water for flushing of contents from a W.C
monstrance	Christian liturgical vessel designed to display the Host to the congregation, either on an altar or in procession
archintrave	Mouldings around openings and certain other locations to conceal joints or for decorative purposes.
awl	a small pointed hand tool used for piercing holes in leather, wood and other materials.
bearing capacity of soil	The maximum load per unit area, which the soil or rock can carry without yielding or displacement is termed as the bearing capacity of soil.
centering	Temporary construction, usually of wood, over which arches and vaults are constructed and kept in place until the arch or vault become self-supporting.
thronfolger	(German m.) heir to the throne
rood	Cross or Crucifix.
viscous	of a thick nature or consistency
anchorage	Located at the outermost ends, the part of a suspension bridge to which the cables are attached
diaphragm	An adjustable component found in cameras, similar to the iris in the human eye, which expands and contracts to provide specific-sized lens openings, or f-stops
genre	This French word meaning “type” now refers to paintings that depict scenes of everyday life without any attempt at idealization
balance	A property of an image that has elements of equal weight, color, size, or other attribute on all sides.
type	a story from the Old Testament which was held to prefigure a story from the New Testament
aluminum	a lightweight chemical element (Al); the most abundant metallic element in the Earth's crust
cofferdam	Temporary enclosure built in a water course and pumped dry to permit work on a structure by separating the work from the water.
donjon	The most securely fortified area of a castle, usually a tower, and thus often used as the residence
fibula	A pin or brooch used in ancient times to attach or fasten male and female garments.
o/s	abbreviation – offset (generally used when a survey stake cannot be placed on the exact point of interest).
eastern agricultural complex	The Eastern Agricultural Complex refers to the whole range of plants that were selectively tended by Native Americans in eastern North American and the American midwest before corn and beans reached there
outlet pipe	This pipe is installed at 3 to 5 cm above the floor of the tank
chord	Either of the two principal members of a truss extending from end to end, connected by web members.
gravestone	Variously shaped stone marking the place of a grave.
ragged right	The term given to left-justified type that is uneven on the right.
emulsion	a light-sensitive chemical coating used to transfer photographic images onto metal plates or other surfaces.
splicing	See Figure 1.16.
fluting	Concave mouldings in parallel
precursor	a person, animal, or thing that goes before and indicates the approach of someone or something else; harbinger
cupola	Dome shaped roof or polygonal turret.
subsistence	the means of supporting life, usually referring to food and other basic commodities.
segmental arch	An arch formed along an arc which is drawn from a point below its spring line, thus forming a less than semicircular arch
lias	Greyish rock which splits easily into slabs.
prodigal	wastefully or recklessly extravagant or lavish
invidious	calculated to create ill will, resentment or give offense; hateful
catching up	A term to describe that period of the printing process where the non-image areas can take on ink or debris.
tiefstand	(German m.) low (figurative)
arch	or between the springline and boss of a vault
measurement of water	Water may be measured by weight or by volume.
triglyph	a block separating metopes in a Doric frieze; each has two vertical grooves (or glyphs) in the center and half grooves at the edges
dominant	fifth note of the major or minor scale
drypoint	an engraving in which the image is scratched directly into the surface of a metal plate with a pointed instrument.
cut glass	Glass into which a pattern is ground with a rotating wheel made of stone, wood, or metal, together with an abrasive suspended in liquid.
bracket	a piece projecting from a wall that provides structural or visual support under cornices, balconies, or any other overhang
flare header	A brick with a darker end exposed as a header brick in a brickwork patten.
banal	devoid of freshness or originality; hackneyed or trite
time brackets	see 'time bracket notation'
three-part form	see 'ternary form'
buttress	A mass of brickwork built against a wall to carry the thrust and provide strength.
quoin	one of a series of stones laid at the exterior corners and angles of a building and consisting of contrasting material to that of the wall.
curtain	A connecting wall between towers.
suspension bridge	A bridge which carries its deck with many tension members attached to cables draped over tower piers.
pier	a piece of strong, free-standing masonry, used to support an arch or other load.
longitudinal ridge rib	A rib which runs down the apex of the vault in a longitudinal direction
chartreuse	A monastery of the Carthusian order.
crystal lacquer	a liquid that comes in colored and clear - when it is dry it enhances images by creating a raised glossy surface
fosse	Ditch
screens	Wooden partition at the kitchen end of a hall, protecting a passage leading to the buttery, pantry, and kitchen.
spirituals	members of the Franciscan order devoted to maintaining the ideals of the founder with respect to money and property
monolithic	Made of one stone.
pony truss	A truss which carries its traffic near its top chord but not low enough to allow crossbracing between the parallel top chords
bracket	A support for a shelf.
bracket	A projecting angled or curved form used as a support, found in conjunction with balconies, lintels, pediments, cornices, etc.
concertina fold	a method of folding in which each fold opens in the opposite direction to its neighbour, giving a concertina or pleated effect.
titrer	(French) to give as a headline (in a newspaper)
crumhorn	A wind instrument popular throughout Europe in 16th and 17th centuries
texture	the visual or tactile surface quality of an object.
caps & lowercase	Instructions in the typesetting process that indicate the use of a capital letter to start a sentence and the rest of the letters in lower case.
breaker	hydraulic jackhammer, often mounted on an excavator
counterscarp	Outer slope of ditch.
watermark	an impression incorporated in the paper making process showing the name of the paper and/or the company logo.
tige de vibrato	(French f.) whammy bar
bounce 1	A registration problem, usually on copiers, where the image appears to bounce back and forth
inverse square law	When a surface is illuminated by a point source of light the intensity of light at the surface is inversely proportional to the square of its distance from the source
curtain wall	An exterior wall that isn't capable of bearing any load except its own weight, usually held up by a building's frame.
brick noggin	A few courses of brick laid dry at the bottom of a studded wall to prevent the passage of flames or vermin.
swamp pad	large wood pad used to distribute excavator weight in soft conditions.
catacomb	an underground complex of passageways and vaults, such as those used by Jews and early Christians to bury their dead.
venetian terrazzo	A terrazo floor made from mostly large marble chips, with small chips filling the gaps inbetween.
truss	Rigid beam which supports rafters.
pargeting	ornamental plasterwork cladding.
loophole	Narrow, tall opening, wallslit for light, air, or shooting through.
iniquity	gross injustice or wickedness; a violation of right or duty
lime plaster	Lime used in plastering may be fat lime or hydraulic lime
artificial stone	A special concrete unit, sometimes artificially coloured, intended to resemble natural stone, made by mixing chippings and dust of natural stone with Portland cement and water. This mixture is placed in moulds and cured before use.
burg	German stronghold.
geodesic dome	a dome-shaped framework consisting of small, interlocking polygonal units.
unidentified flying object	Unexplained sightings of lights or objects in the sky, often taken to be evidence of extraterrestrial visitations
tidsskrift	(Danish, Norwegian) periodical, review
cannon-port	See: Loophole
théâtre de la montansier	(French m.) formerly the Palais Royal at Versailles
great hall	The building in the inner ward that housed the main meeting and dining area for the castle's residence; throne room *
bequest board	A notice, usually painted on wood, which describes some fund or local charity
wattle and daub	Early wall which comprised a bound interweave of twigs and rods covered with mud and clay.
caisson disease	affliction developed by people moving in and out of caissons quickly; also called the bends and decompression sickness.
exposed aggregate	decorative technique for driveways, walks etc that involves washing half set concrete so as to expose gravel aggregate.
truss	A timber frame used to support the roof over the great hall.
théâtre grecques antiques	(French m.) ancient Greek theatre
probe	A key technique in modern molecular genetics – see Figures 5.17, 10.5 and 10.6.
manuscript	An author's original form of work (hand written, typed or on disk) submitted for publication.
gallery	Covered corridor in an upper story overlooking the nave
excavate	the principal method of data acquisition in archaeology, involving the systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through the removal of the deposits of soil and the other material covering them and accompanying them.
broadside	an original term for work printed on one side of a large sheet of paper.
tirer ... à l'écart	(French) to pull ..
shrine	A structure of stone or metal in which a relic of a saint was placed.
tiompán	Irish hammered dulcimer
geometrical tracery	The bar and plate tracery of the Early English period, which filled the upper parts of the windows with their own particular forms
tirait la langue	(French) his tongue was handing out, he was dying of thirst
library	See Figure 10.24.
coffering	Ceiling with deeply recessed panels, often highly ornamented.
label stop	an ornamental projection terminating a dripstone or hood-mould, whether rectangular or not.
choir	Structurally that part of the church in which singers have their place often inaccurately used for eastern arm.
wicket	Person-sized door set into the main gate door.
truss	rigid frame composed of short, straight pieces joined to form a series of triangles or other stable shapes.
burn	A darkroom technique, simulated by most image editors, which involves exposing part of a print for a longer period, thus making it darker than it would be with a straight exposure
appease	to bring to a state of peace, quiet, ease, calm, or contentment
stigmata	marks resembling the wounds on the crucified body of Christ (from stigma, "a mark" or "scar").
leaf stamping	A metal die, either flat or embossed, created from the image or copy, which is then heated to a specific temperature which allows the transfer of a film of pigmented polyester to the paper.
tibicina	(Latin) a female flute player or piper
response	the second part of a sentence, often from a Psalm, sung after a versicle by the second part of the choir
tintinno	(Latin) tintillation, jingling, tingling of a bell
superscript	the small characters set above the normal letters or figures.
congregation	This is the group of people who come together to worship God and his son Jesus Christ.
closer	It is a portion of a brick cut in such a manner that its one long face remains uncut.
fillet	Small flat moulding which either horizontally or vertically divides two others
hammerstone	A stone, usually a rounded hard river pebble that shows battering scars resulting from repeated use as a hammer or platform in the flaking process.
thon	(French m.) tuna (fish)
gable	Triangular portion of a wall between the lines of a sloping roof.
bartizan	An overhanging battlemented corner turret, corbelled out; sometimes as grandiose as an overhanging gallery; common in Scotland and France.
apron	smooth (generally concrete) surface that is placed between culvert and channel to improve capacity and reduce erosion.
formal elements	the elements of style (line, shape, color, etc.) used by an artist in the composition of a work of art.
in-plant printer	Department of an agency, business or association that does printing for a parent organization
tacit	understood without being openly expressed; implied, unvoiced or unspoken
pressed glass	Glassware formed by squeezing molten glass in a metal mold using a metal plunger or "follower." Glass made this way, developed in the United States between 1820 and 1830, is sometimes called "mold-pressed." Pressed glass has an interior form that is independent of the exterior form, in contrast to mold-blown glass, whose interior shape echoes its exterior shape.
tower	the vertical structure in a suspension bridge or cable-stayed bridge from which cables are hung; also used loosely as a synonym for the term skyscraper
colouration	spectral envelope
footstone	Small incised stone at the opposite end of the grave to the headstone
reinforced concrete	concrete with steel bars or mesh embedded in it for increased strength in tension; in pre-tensioned.
thm	abbreviation of 'Master of Theology'
cornice	Decorative projection along the top of a wall.
vessel	A hollow or concave utensil for holding something.
lion	Lithium ion battery.
cornice return	the triangle formed by a sloping roof
antipathy	a basic, or habitual repugnance; aversion or dislike
brush markers	markers with a long tip for coloring directly on stamps or for coloring in images.
dry-shake finish	A colored concrete finish created by sprinkling a mixture of sand and a colored pigment onto the surface of uncured concrete and then pressing the mixture into the concrete surface.
oral history	Verbally transmitted information about past events
deck truss	A truss which carries its deck on its top chord
truss	A timber frame used to support the roof over the great hall
malinger	to pretend illness, especially in order to shirk one's duty or avoid work
turret	Small tower, round or polygonal; usually a lookout with a spiral staircase
yew tree	Usually found on the south side of the churchyard where yews were originally planted to protect the building from the elements
newel	Center post of spiral staircase
gravity dam	a dam constructed so that its great weight resists the force of water pressure
goose neck	This is 40 to 50 cm long flexible curved pipe made up of brass , copper or lead inserted between the ferrule and the service pipe.
motte-and-bailey	A defensive system consisting of a mound of earth (the motte) with a wooden tower on top, placed within a courtyard (the bailey, also called the ward); Earth mound with wood or stone keep, surrounded by ditched and palisaded enclosure (or courtyard).
beam	a rigid, usually horizontal, structural element
condition	To keep paper in the pressroom for a few hours or days before printing so that its moisture level and temperature equal that in the pressroom
url	The address of a Web site.
locus	The meaning is a little imprecise when being compared to chromosomal mutations, the term ‘point mutation’ might be used to cover quite large (but submicroscopic) changes within a single gene, whereas when mutations at a single locus are being discussed, ‘point mutations’ would mean the substitution, insertion or deletion of just a single nucleotide.
transept	Cross arm of a cruciform church, normally running N-S.
cement fillet	A weatherproofing joint between roof slopes and abutting brickwork such as walls or chimneys.
tierra natal	(Spanish f.) homeland
halo	a circle or disk of golden light surrounding the head of a holy figure.
eaves	the part of a sloping roof that overhangs the wall
device independent colors	Hules identified by wavelength or by their place in systems such as developed by CIE
umbrage	offense, annoyance or displeasure; the slightest indication or vaguest feeling of suspicion, doubt or hostility
blocking	The adhesion of one coated sheet to another, causing paper tears or particles of the coating to shed away from the paper surface.
spiral staircase	A staircase whose steps wind around a central, vertical axis.
pms	Obsolete reference to Pantone Matching System
belfry	The rooms or spaces within a bell tower actually containing the bells.
pier foundation	When a heavily loaded building is to be situated in sandy soil or soft soil , overlying hard bed at reasonable depth , pier foundations are sometimes used to transfer the load of the building to the hard bed below
cusp	A curved, triangular-shaped projection from the inner curve of an arch or circle; Curves meeting in a point.
oilette	A round opening at the base of a loophole, usually for a cannon muzzle.
hip roof	A roof where all of the sides slope upwards and meet in the middle
freestone	Extremly finely grained stone which can be broken or cut in any direction.
rescind	to annul, revoke or repeal, to invalidate by a later action or a higher authority
psoralea ssp.	The prairie turnip, as it is commonly referred to, is actually several species of plants which grow underground tubers
lethargic	drowsy and sluggish
dearth	an inadequate supply; scarcity; lack as during famine
counter flap hinges	This type of hinges has three parts and two centres
flat	An image with low contrast is said to appear flat.
column	A vertical structural member used to support compressive loads
tillfälligt förtecken	(Swedish) accidental
tenuous	thin or slender in form like a thread; lacking a sound basis in reasoning; an unsubstantiated or weak stand, statement or argument
dilatory	tending to delay or procrastinate; to slow
time stretching	the process of changing the speed or duration of an audio signal without affecting its pitch
tiefgarage	(German f.) an underground car park
positive	Film that contains an image with the same tonal values as the original; opposite of a negative.
sleeper	Lowest horizontal timber (or low wall).
linoleum flooring	Linoleum is a covering laid over wooden or concrete floors in order to hide the defects of flooring or to enhance its appearance.
oldowan	Name for the earliest stone tool industry, dating from about 2.6 million until 1.5 million years ago
polypod	Means several-legged
king-piece	as used in these volumes, a short king-post rising only from a collar.
campanile	Bell tower, usually built beside or attached to a church; the word is most often used in connection with Italian architecture.
emulsion	A light sensitive substance used as a coating for film; made from a silver halide compound.
cast-in-situ piles	The piles, which are cast in position inside the ground, are called the cast-in-situ piles.
ell	A wing of a building perpindicular to the main building.
attack	prefix
utm	Universal Transverse Mercator (standard map projection.)
garden wall bound	This type of bond is suitably adopted for one brick thick wall which may act as a garden wall or a boundary wall.
lintel	the horizontal cross beam spanning an opening in the post-and-lintel system.
pitch of roof	The inclination of the sides of a roof to the horizontal is termed as the "pitch of the roof".
calendered finish	produced by passing paper through a series of metal rollers to give a very smooth surface.
queen truss	A truss having two triangular shapes spaced on either side of central apex connected by horizontal top and botom chords
tufa	Cellular rock; porous limestone.
therapie	(German f.) therapy
baldachin	A canopy placed over doors, thrones, etc., and supported either from the wall or by columns.
realism	A development in mid-19th-century France lead by Gustave Courbet
digress	to deviate or wander away from the main topic or purpose in speaking or writing
respond	Half pillar which is built against the wall at the end of an arcade.
forestall	to prevent by action in advance, anticipate, or to buy up goods in advance in order to increase the price when resold
worship	Coming together to praise God and to thank him for all his blessings on us.
edirne	The ancient city of Edirne is located in far western Turkey, and is best known for its stunningly beautiful mosques built during the Ottoman Empire.
rafter	An inclined timber which forms the side of a roof, to which the roof covering is attached.
barrel vault	The barrel, tunnel, or Roman vault is the simplest form of a vault, consisting of continuous semicircular sections, and resembling half section of a pipe cut lengthwise.
plank chest	See Boarded Chest.
¿tiene alguna?	(Spanish) do you have any? do you have one?
buttress	a support -- usually brick or stone -- built against a wall to support or reinforce it
thunfisch	(German m.) tuna (fish)
occlude	to close, shut, or stop up
dog-legged stair	It consists of two straight flights of steps with abrupt turn between them
theaterkarte	(German f.) theatre ticket
truss	A prefabricated triangular framework of timbers used in most modern roof constructions.
parekklesia	In Byzantine churches, the side chapels attached to the building of the main church.
skew-back	It is the surface of the abutment on which the arch rests.
ridge	It may be defined as the apex of the angle formed by the termination of the inclined surface at the top of the slope.
thermoluminescence	Absolute dating technique used for rocks, minerals and ceramics
lierne	in a vault, a tertiary rib that links a principal rib to a tierceron.
electronic publishing	a generic term for the distribution of information which is stored, transmitted and reproduced electronically
prow	Acute-angled projection.
impetuous	characterized by sudden or rash action; impulsive; moving with great force or violence
constructivism	A form of sculpture using wood, metal, glass, and modern industrial materials expressing the technological society
soffit	The exposed undersurface of any overhead component of a building, such as an arch, balcony, beam, cornice, lintel or vault.
sound hole	Opening pierced in a belfry wall for ventilation.
spillway	overflow channel that allows dam operators to release lake water when it gets high enough to threaten the safety of a dam.
castrato	male singer, castrated to preserve the unchanged soprano or alto voice
ertebolle-ellerbeck culture	The Ertebolle-Ellerbeck culture is the name given to the Late Mesolithic/Early Neolithic communities of northern Europe.
pulpit	a raised stand from which the preacher used to address the congregation, it was often covered by a carved canopy.
barge board	Ornamental piece of timber on the gable of a wooden porch or roof, where the covering of the roof extends over the wall
modeling	Three-dimensional effect created by the use of changes in color, the use of lights and darks, cross-hatching, etc.
tiers-monde	(French m.) Third World
noisome	offensive or disgusting, such as an odor; harmful or injurious to health
pendentive	Curved wall surfaces, broadly rectangular in shape, that provides a transitional element between a dome (or its drum) and the supporting masonry.
priming	This consists in applying first coat or the priming coat on the surface to fill the pores of wood by penetrating the primer inside the wood.
anteroom	A smaller, outer room used as a waiting area that opens onto a larger and more important room.
sandstone	A consolidated sedimentary rock, consisting of sand grains united with a natural cementing material; the most common sand in sandstone contains quartz, with considerable feldspar, lime, mica, and clayey
battlement	Parapet with indentations or embrasures, with raised portions (merlons) between; crenelations; a narrow wall built along the outer edge of the wall walk for protection against attack
tiempo común	(Spanish m.) common time, C
cesspit	The opening in a wall in which the waste from one or more garderobes was collected.
daunt	to overcome with fear; intimidate
bay	A bay is a vertical division of east-west axis of the church, usually marked by vertical shafts or supporting columns.
choir screen	decorated screen of wood or stone separating the choir from the rest of the church.
musical comedy	musical show combining the entertainment of vaudeville with the integrated plot characteristic of operettas
compressed-air chamber	space at the bottom of a caisson into which, air is introduced under pressure to exclude water so that excavation can take place.
glacis	A bank sloping down from a castle which acts as a defence against invaders; broad, sloping naked rock or earth on which the attackers are completely exposed *
metallic paper	Paper coated with a thin film of plastic or pigment whose color and gloss simulate metal.
lantern	Found on the top of buildings, lanterns are usually windowed, delicate structures designed to let light in to the roof and rooms below
buttress	A brick or stone support to a wall designed to resist lateral movement.
oratory	Private in-house chapel; small cell attached to a larger chapel
gainsay	to deny, dispute, or contradict; to speak or act against; oppose
bandage	A strap wrapped around a structure to secure its parts in place.
ticket tout	tout is any person who solicits business or employment in an importune manner (generally equivalent to a 'solicitor' in American English, or a 'spruiker' in Australian English)
half-timber	Vernacular building technique in which the spaces between the heavy supporting timbers are filled with brick, wattle and daub, or other material.
tirer le jus	(French) to juice
alviens	Newly hatched fish with the yoke sack still attached.
expressionism	A 20th-century European art movement that stresses the expression of emotion and the inner vision of the artist rather than the exact representation of nature
transept	the transverse arm of a cross shaped church
bombard	Fire arm
integral damp-proofing	This consists in adding certain water-proofing compounds with the concrete mix to increase its impermeability.
nà¡huatl	The common language of the Aztecs and some of their neighbors, the widespread official language used even in non-Aztec parts of the Aztec âEmpireâ
tige	(French f.) stem (of a plant), stalk (of a plant), shaft (metal)
console	A table that can be attached to a wall having two front legs or may be free standing against the wall
monastery	A building complex of a monastic order.
great hall	The building in the inner ward that housed the main meeting and dining area for the castle's residence; throne room.
postmodern	A term used to describe the period of art which followed the modern period, i.e., from the 1950's until recently
decalogue	Fixture containing the Ten Commandments, Lord's Prayer or Creed.
diffident	lacking confidence in one's own ability, worth, or fitness; restrained or reserved in manner or conduct
amalgamate	to combine, unite, merge, or coalesce
separations	Usually in the four-color process arena, separate film holding qimages of one specific color per piece of film
mortar	Mixture of sand, cement (or lime), and water used to join stones, blocks or bricks, and for pointing and general filling.
caustic	capable of burning, corroding, or destroying living tissue; severely critical or sarcastic
drawbridge	A heavy timber platform built to span a moat between a gatehouse and surrounding land that could be raised when required to block an entrance.
chantry chapel	A small church or chapel, often erected in the aisles of churches, to which was attached a revenue left by the founder in his will providing for the singing of Masses for the repose of his soul and of others specified
dummy	Simulation of the final product
antagonism	an active hostility or opposition, as between unfriendly or conflicting groups; an opposing force or tendency
isp	The Internet Service Provider is the company that hosts or stores web pages.
windows	a software technique that allows a rectangular area of a computer screen to display output from a program
backbeat	heavy accent on the normally weak second and fourth beats in quadruple meter
hall	Principal room or building in complex.
vulgate	the Latin version of the Bible as retranslated by St Jerome; it became the stadard version for the Western Church
early english	Term applied to the first part of the Gothic style of architecture which flourished c
outer curtain	The wall that encloses the outer ward
fixing	the use of a chemical process to make an image (a photograph, for example) more permanent.
shaft ring	See Amulet.
pile driver	a noisy machine that repeatedly drops a heavy weight on top of a pile until the pile reaches solid soil or rock or cannot be pushed down any farther
chiaroscuro	Translated from Italian, means “clear/light and dark.” Painting technique developed by Leonardo to contrast lights and darks to help create a truly three-dimensional image
piscina	a recess, usually in the south wall of a chancel, provided with a scooped-out basin and drain, in
metonym	an allusion to a subject through the representation of something related to it or a part of it.
color depth	The number of bits assigned to each pixel in the image and the number of colors that can be created from those bits
banner	a large headline or title extending across the full page width.
glue joint	A square edged joint held together with glue.
pier	a solid masonry support, as distinct from a column; the solid mass between doors, windows, and other openings in buildings
electrical engineer	engineer concerned with electrical devices and systems and with the use of electrical energy
capital	Large carved headstone of a column or pilaster which supports arches or vaulting ribs
pediment	A triangular space above a window or entrance
exposure	That stage of the photographic process where the image is produced on the light sensitive coating.
construction manager	a person who coordinates the entire construction process -- from initial planning and foundation work through the structure's completion
shovel test pit	A small test hole that is excavated to determine the presence or absence of an archaeological site in a project area.
desaturate	To reduce the purity or vividness of a color, making a color appear to be washed out or diluted.
erudite	characterized by great knowledge; learned or scholarly
scotch baronial	A style of architecture deployed in Scotland in the nineteenth century that mimics the grandeur of early French baronial castles, with turrets, gun loops and massive walls
gazebo	An open-sided roofed building in a garden or park.
bass	low male voice
line art	Usually, images that consist only of white pixels and one color; represented in Photoshop as a bitmap.
gravity dam	dam constructed so that its great weight resists the force of water pressure.
architecture	the term given to a structural feature employed to transmit the thrust of a vault across an intervening space, such as an aisle, chapel or cloister, ...
catalyst	a person or thing that precipitates an event or change
collar beam	Horizontal timber which connects a pair of principal rafters just below their highest point.
acheulean	A stone tool industry, in use from about 1.6 million years ago until 125,000 years ago
tibia aperta	(Latin) flute-stop of the organ
sexpartite	a vault in which each bay is divided into six by two diagonal ribs and one transverse rib.
pontil	The solid metal rod, also known as a punty, that is usually tipped with a wad of hot glass and attached to the bottom of a glass vessel to enable handling while it is very hot and being shaped
acumen	keen insight or shrewdness
portal	An imposing entrance with large-scale architectural treatments.
panchromatic	Photographic materials sensitive to all visible wavelengths of light, recording them in various shades of gray
bent	direction taken, as by one's interests; a capacity of endurance
turret	A small tower, sometimes corbelled (extended) out from the corner of a building.
cove or coving	a large concave surface filling the angle between a wall and a roof or ceiling.
sori	the curved eaves line of a Japanese roof
tillaegg	(Norwegian) appendix, supplement
bite	The etching process in photoengraving requires the application of an acid; the length of time this acid is left to etch out an image is referred to as its bite
vault	an arched ceiling or roof of stone, brick, or concrete
raillery	good-humored ridicule or banter
glyph	A short, vertical groove or channel
blast mat	large heavy mat made from rubber tires used to confine debris during rock blasting
folly	A whimsical structure built to add interest to a view or to memorialize a person or an event.
building paper	Cheap, thick paper, used for additional warmth in covering a building before the siding is put on.
disclosure	Auctioneer’s best insurance against liability
chamfer	Surface produced by cutting across a square angle of a block at 45ø to the other surfaces.
exposed aggregate finish	A decorative concrete finish obtained by sandblasting or acid-washing away the surface cement after the initial set to expose the faces of the aggregate underneath.
ploughshare vault	Vault skewed at an angle and away from its normal radius.
transparency	a full colour photographically produced image on transparent film.
vault	In all architecture: an arched structure of masonry forming a ceiling or roof
pier or pilaster	It is a vertical member of stone or brick masonry constructed to support an arch , beam or lintel , the width of which exceeds four times its thickness.
tiburón	(Spanish m.) shark
soldered	A term that describes two pieces of metal, such as silver, that are fused by melting an alloy metal, often tin and lead, along their joint.
timbalier	(French m.) a player of the kettle-drums
broken color	Broken color was first used by Manet and the Impressionists in 19th century French painting, where color was applied in small "dabs," as opposed to the traditional method of smoothly blending colors and values (lights and darks) together
beak-head	An ornamental motif resembling a bird's head with a prominent beak
multifaceted	having many facets, such as a gem, or having many aspects or phases
aqueduct	a bridge or channel for conveying water, usually over long distances
diaconicum	In the Greek Church, the liturgical book specifying the functions of the deacon.
line of nosing	It is an imaginary line touching the nosing of each tread and is parallel to the slope of the stair.
animal sized	A technique of paper making which hardens the surface by passing the paper through a bath of animal glue or gelatine.
ashlar	A wall of cut stone.
tertiary	an institution developed in the 13th century, whereby a lay person could live a life devoted to religion without being a full member of a community
transverse arch	Arch set at right-angles to the axis of a vault which it divides into bays.
separated art	Art with elements that print in the base color on one surface and elements that print in other colors on other surfaces
macro photography	The process of taking photographs of small objects at magnifications of 1X or more.
cable moulding	Moulding imitating twisted cord.
squint	Observation hole in wall or room
antwerp mannerists	Group of Antwerp painters of the early 16th century whose work is characterized by Italianate ornamentation and affected attitudes
house	415 Franklin Street ...
combo	small jazz ensemble
parapet	A low wall or railing built along the edge of a roof or a floor.
backwater	place a culvert or use a weir such that there will always be some depth of water within the culvert
scarfing joint	This system of lengthening wooden member is especially suitable in places where it is necessary to maintain the same depth and width of the member throughout its length.
tierquäleriei	(German f.) cruelty to animals
auspicious	promising success, favored by fortune; prosperous
tique	(French f.) tick (insect)
crenelation	A notched battlement made up of alternate crenels (openings) and merlons (square sawteeth); A parapet with alternating openings (embrasures) and raised sections (merlons), often used on castle walls and towers for defense purposes.
cable moulding	Decoration which takes the form of a twisted cord
penchant	a strong inclination, taste, or liking for something
unction	the sacrament of absolution of sins performed by a priest for a person who is sick or at the point of death, sometimes called "extreme unction"; can also be used more generally for any rite which entails anointing with oil for religious purposes
nipping	In the book binding process, a stage where air is expelled from it's contents at the sewing stage.
moire pattern	the result of superimposing half-tone screens at the wrong angle thereby giving a chequered effect on the printed half-tone
montage	a single image formed from the assembling of several images.
perlite	A type of volcanic "glass" created by very slow-cooling lava that forms round, lightweight particles used as an aggregate in non-structural concrete.
puddled	Made waterproof
infirmary	Hospital.
creasing	Projecting course of tiles to a wall or chimney to prevent rain from running down the face of the brickwork.
geotechnical engineer	engineer who evaluates and stabilizes foundations for buildings, roads, and other structures.
wagon roof	Curved roof with similarly shaped wooden rafters, together resembling the interior of a covered wagon
mercurial	changeable, volatile, fickle, flighty and erratic
cable-stayed bridge	a bridge in which the roadway deck is suspended from cables anchored to one or more towers
tintinnamento	(Italian) tinkling
theatervorstellung	(German f.) theatrical performance
silent auction	Popular fundraising technique used at socials for charities, etc
timpanist	a player of the kettle-drums or timpani
leacht	An outdoor altar made from a pile of stones, normally square, which may mark a special grave.
trancept	Onr arm of the crossing in a cruciform church.
resolute	firmly resolved or determined, characterized by firmness and determination
parapet	Low wall above roof or eaves level of a tower or wall
egg and dart	a decorative molding consisting of alternating oval (egg) and downwardpointing (dart) elements.
anchor span	Located at the outermost end, it counterbalances the arm of span extending in the opposite direction from a major point of support
mutation	A permanent structural alteration in DNA.
panegyric	a lofty oration or writing in praise of a person or thing; an eulogy
glazing	Glazing consists in securing glass , in prepared opening in iron , steel , masonry or wood work.
crenellation	A battlement.
ottoman empire	The geographical and political region controlled by the Ottoman Turks; had their heyday with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453
lavatory / lavatorium	Trough where monks washed hands before meals.
westwork	From the German westwerk, the westwork is an entrance area at the western end of church, usually composed of a ground floor entrance porch with an upper storey, and attached to a tower or flanked by a pair of towers
dowel	In woodworking, a cylindrical rod that fits into holes in two adjacent pieces to line them up and hold them together.
pier	A column designed to support a concentrated load.
triptych	an altarpiece or painting consisting of one central panel and two wings.
petit appareil	Small cubical stonework
therimorphic	another term for therianthropic
castellated	Adorned with a series of battlements.
tieftönend	(German) deep toned
chroma	see intensity.
quotidian	daily, usual or customary; everyday
chalk	A fine-grained limestone, or soft, earthy form of calcium carbonate, that can be used as a building material.
abstain	to hold oneself back voluntarily, especially from something regarded as improper or unhealthy
diffusing	Softening detail in an image.
thematic transformation	see 'thematic development' and 'transformation'
horology	The science of measuring time, often used to refer to the art and craft of making clocks and watches.
lap joints	Two pieces lapping over each other.
stilted arch	An arch whose imposts aren't visually or structurally separated from its archivolts.
cell	A small room or hut for one person.
ara	A portable stone; or a consecrated hand stone slab (symbolically representing Christ) set permanently on the mensa of an altar
etch	To use chemicals to carve an image into metal, glass or film.
spring line	The place where an arch rises from its support; a line drawn from the impost.
tolerance	The range of color or tonal values that will be selected, with a tool like an image editor's Magic Wand, or filled with paint when using a tool like the Paint Bucket.
these	(German f.) thesis
stigmata	the wounds of Christ at the crucifixion; St Francis of Assisi was the first to claim to have miraculously received the stigmata
cavetto	Concave moulding.
transverse rib	a rib in a vault that crosses the nave or aisle at right angles to the axis of the building.
sixpartite rib vault	A six sectioned vault, divided by diagonal, transverse ribs of fortifying masonry; one of several styles of vaulting used in Gothic structures
loft	An intermediary floor space created by introduction of a slab between floor and ceiling of a room , passage or wherever it is provided with maximum clear height of 1.5m for storage purposes only.
wall walk	Passage along castle wall; may be roofed; The area along the tops of the walls from which soldiers could defend the castle
stanchion	One of the larger vertical posts supporting a railing
buttress	an external architectural support that counteracts the lateral thrust of an arch or wall.
aumbrey	Recess (cupboard) to hold sacred vessels; typically in a chapel.
timido	(Italian) timid, hesitant, fearful
tibia sylvestris	(Latin) flute-stop of the organ
fauna	A Latin term which refers to animals remains, as opposed to flora which refers to plant remains.
rebating	It is the process of cutting a rectangular grove along the edge of a member , so as to enable the edge or tongue of other member to fit in the former.
through neck	or 'thru neck', a guitar making design that uses a neck that actually runs right through the centre of the body
estàpite	In Spanish and Latin-American Mannerist architecture and derivatives, a shaft of square cross section, tapering downward, frequently combined with other unusual elements, the whole used like an order.
crenellation	The appearance of a series of battlements.
tomb	Vault or grave containing human remains.
fervid	heated or vehement in spirit, enthusiasm; burning, glowing or intensely hot
tirer sur la corde	(French) to push one's luck (colloquial)
airbrush	a mechanical painting tool producing an adjustable spray of paint driven by compressed air
broadside	The term used to indicate work printed on one of a large sheet of paper.
el paraiso	El Paraíso is the name of an early preceramic or Cotton Preceramic site in the Chillon River Valley of coastal Peru.
ribbed vault	A vault in which the ribs support, or seem to support, the web of the vault.
torpid	inactive or sluggish; slow; dull or lethargic
paleocene	The first geologic epoch of the Paleogene, characterized by lower sea levels, the development of modern mountain ranges, and the development of flowering plants, birds, and mammals.
oil bound distemper	It is a form of distemper in which the drying oil is rendered mixable with water
ballista	Engine resembling a crossbow, used in hurling missiles or large arrows.
tenor	dole
thema in de fuga	(Dutch) fugal subject
arch	A curved structure which supports a vertical load mainly by axial compression.
clan	A group of people from many lineages who live in one place and have a common line of descent, usually under one chieftain
hillfort	Bronze or iron age earthwork defenses of concentric ditches and banks.
architect	a person who designs all kinds of structures; must also have the ability to conceptualize and communicate ideas effectively -- both in words and on paper -- to clients, engineers, government officials, and construction crews
vault	A ceiling or roof formed by one or more arches, usually made out of wood or stone.
turpitude	vile, shameful or base character or act
canopy	A decorated rooflike projection or a richly decorated baldachin over a statue (fig.3, F).
batter board	A temporary framework used to assist in locating the corners when laying out a foundation
inkjet printer	Digital printer, forms images using a very fine jet of one or more inks.
saturation	see intensity.
bar hole	Horizontal hole for timber bar used as a door-bolt.
anchorite cell	Small dwelling in which a pious person (most were women) passed her days in solitary confinement
shingle	Rectangular, wooden roofing or walling tile with one end thicker than the other.
cacophonous	having a harsh or discordant sound
casemates	Artillery emplacements in separate protected (vaulted underground) rooms, rather than in a battery
rusticated stone	stone blocks that have a rough surface; compare ashlar stone
timidezza	(Italian f.) timidity
electrical engineer	an engineer concerned with electrical devices and systems and with the use of electrical energy
pungent	sharply affecting the organs of taste or smell, as if by a penetrating power; biting or acrid
facia board	It is a wooden plank usually 25mm thick and 15cm wide fixed along the eaves connecting the feet of the common rafters.
dresden lace	Lace that combines a number of embroidery techniques, including satin stitch, tambour (chain stitch), and pulled stitches to create a lace-like surface
sanction	authoritative permission that serves to support an action or condition
roman arch	The earliest and simplest form of arch, describing a semi-circle curve.
communion rail	The communion rail is a railing at which communicants kneel to receive Holy Communion, and which in historical-plan churches separates either the apse from the remainder of the chancel, or chancel from the nave; or which in lecture-hall-plan churches separates the chancel or stage from the nave.
print	A piece of paper upon which an image has been imprinted from a matrix
tienda de trastos viejos	(Spanish f.) junk shop
nahani trap	Trap provided in floors to collect used water from floors of bathroom , kitchen or washing floor etc
disparage	to treat slightingly or belittle
titelkopf	(German m.) heading
pantile	A curved roof tile which hooks over adjoining tiles, typical in some 1930 s construction.
plafond	A flat or vaulted ceiling covered in decoration of some sort.
ashlar	Carefully dressed masonry.
context	The careful investigation of objects in situ usually gives far more valuable information, than just the object by itself
buttress	Projecting stone breastwork shouldering and strengthening a wall.
turret	Small tower, round or polygonal; usually a lookout; A small tower rising above and resting on one of the main towers, usually used as a look out point.
girt	A small girder, used in roofs
mediæval	Of the Middle Ages, about 1100 to 1550
tirade	a prolonged outburst of bitter, outspoken denunciation
thumb piano	see kalimba, mbira, marimba, marimbula, sansa and sanza
thematic vowel	in linguistics, a vowel attached to the end of an Indo-European root word to form a stem
scalloped	capital Type of capital in which the semi-circular surface is carved into a series of truncated cones.
almery	See Aumbry
box culvert	culvert of a rectangular cross section is commonly of precast concrete
talus	see: batter
grind edge	Alternate term for binding edge when referring to perfect bound products.
open cornice	A hollow eaves overhang that exposes a roof's rafters.
cove ceiling	A ceiling with a cove.
transverse arch	Arch or rib that runs from pier to pier accross the main axis of a sequence of vaults or nave bays.
aristocracy	A governing body of upper class citizens or the system of government in which aristocrats (upper class citizens) have controlling power
chainage	linear distance.
tendentious	having or showing a definite tendency, bias, or purpose
brick masonry	These walls are also provided to support earth , loose stone , coal etc
dissolution	the act or process of resolving or dissolving into parts or elements, the undoing or breaking of a bond, tie, union or partnership
revetment	Wall facings, usually decorative, laid over rough or unfinished surfaces of walls, often of marble or other decorative stone.
cricket	A small roof used to divert rainwater around a roof projection, such as a chimney.
exit	A passage, channel or means of egress from any building, storey or floor area to a street or other open space of safety.
spread footings	In this , the base of the member transmitting load to the soil is made wider so as to distribute the load over wider area.
estancia	Grant of land for running sheep or cattle
marmosets	Grotesque human and animal figures sculpted in stone, often underlying jamb figures
adumbrate	to produce a faint image or resemblance of; to foreshadow, darken or partially conceal
acorn turning	Knob, pendant or foot shaped like an acorn, popular in the Jacobean period.
stem	the main vertical stroke making up a type character.
martyrium	a church or other structure built over the tomb or relics of a martyr.
parapet	Low wall on outer side of main wall
anachronism	something or someone that is not in its correct historical or chronological time, especially one that belongs to an earlier time
acoustical plaster	This is gypsum mixture , which is employed as a final coat to serve the purpose of a sound-repellent finish.
compression	a pressing force that squeezes a material together
patina	(a) the colored surface, often green, that forms on bronze and copper either naturally (as a result of oxidation) or artificially (through treatment with acid); (b) in general, the surface appearance of old objects.
fauvism	The name “wild beasts” was given to the group of early 20th-century French painters because their work was characterized by distortion and violent colors
vault	A masonry covering over an area which uses the principal of the arch.
truss	a rigid frame composed of short, straight pieces joined to form a series of triangles or other stable shapes
gnomon	Rod at the centre of a mass dial
hemicycle	The semicircular space at the east end of a basilican church plan.
concentric	Having two sets of walls, one inside the other.
battlement	A parapet used upon ancient fortresses, notched to give protection to those behind it.
american paper institute	An organization that correlates all paper related information.
apse	a projecting part of a building (especially a church), usually semicircular and topped by a half-dome or vault.
ashlar stone	stone cut with a smooth, finished surface
bestiary	In a medieval church, a group of carved or painted creatures, often highly imaginative and symbolic.
form letter	used in word processing to describe a repetitive letter in which the names and addresses of individuals are automatically generated from a data base or typed individually.
dressing	Carved stonework around openings.
tyro	a beginner in learning anything
west end	The structural elements built on the west end of a Christian church including the main fa溝de
triptych	A three part, hinged mirror or small screen inspired by alter pieces.
courses	horizontal layers of brick or masonry in a wall.
half timber	The common form of medieval construction in which walls were made of a wood frame structure filled with wattle and daub.
crucifix	A crucifix is an image of Christ on the cross
mudà©jar style	A Spanish style created by Moors under Christian domination in the 13th and 14th cent., but retaining Islamic elements such as the horseshoe arch.
stringcourse	Continuous horizontal moulding on wallface.
simper	a silly, self-conscious smile
keystone	Centre stone at the crossing of the ribs of a vault or a round arch
eukaryote	Can resemble an animal (protozoon), or a plant.
centromere	See Figure 2.20.
exedra	an open or colonnaded recess, intended for conversation, often semi-circular, and furnished with seats or a long bench.
enkapune ya muto	The Enkapune Ya Muto rockshelter (also called Twilight Cave) is a Late Stone Age site located on the Mau Escarpment of the central Rift Valley in Kenya.
riser	The vertical part of a step or stair.
pulpit	This is the raised platform from which traditionally readings were given in church and the vicar would preach his sermon.
acoustical tile	Ceiling tile made from a sound-absorbing substance, such as fiberglass or cork.
vitreous	related to, derived from, or consisting of glass.
half shaft	Roll-moulding on either side of opening.
remonstrate	to say or plead in protest, objection, or disapproval
diagonal ribs / arches	they rise up from the top of each corner pier and meet in the centre, marking the diagonals in a rib vault
arch ring	It is a course of stones or bricks having a curve similar to that of the arch.
block in	to sketch in the main areas of an image prior to the design.
titelrolle	(German f.) (in the theatre, etc.) namepart, title part, title role
positive	a true photographic image of the original made on paper or film.
absolute dating	Dates are expressed in absolute terms, that is in specific units of measurement such as days, years, centuries, or millennia
tige métallique	(French f.) metal rod
panchromatic	Films or other photographic materials sensitive to all colors.
angle iron	An L-shaped steel section frequently used to support masonry over a window or door opening.
occasional table	A term applied loosely toany small table.
apsidioles	Small apses, especially those which project from a larger apse, ambulatory or transept arm.
meurtriere	An opening in the roof of a passage where soldiers could shoot into the room below
cofferdam	temporary dam built to divert a river around a construction site so the dam can be built on dry ground.
fogou	A souterrain, or underground refuge hole, roofed and walled and generally well concealed
cascade	a fall of water arranged in a succession of stages, either informally over a rock formation or more formally over a series of steps; a rustic arch often projects above the cascade, especially if the water emerges from a hillside.
allele	One of the variant forms of a gene at a particular locus, or location, on a chromosome
first pointed style	another name for the Early English style but used in these notes to refer
floor beam	Horizontal members which are placed transversely to the major beams, girders, or trusses; used to support the deck.
rubblestone	Unsquared, roughly hewn stones which have been irregularly constructed.
pictogram	A picture or symbol that represents a word or group of words
atmospheric perspective	see aerial perspective.
girder	A horizontal structure member supporting vertical loads by resisting bending
spillway	an overflow channel that allows dam operators to release lake water when it gets high enough to threaten the safety of a dam
tireur isolé	(French m.) a sniper
martyrion	See: Confessio.
respond	Half-pier bonded into a wall to carry an arch
buttress	Wall projection for extra support; flying - narrow, arched bridge against the structure; pilaster - gradually recedes into the structure as it ascends.
gable wall	A wall crowned by a gable.
auspice	patronage; support; sponsorship ; a divination or prognostication, originally from observing birds
construction manager	person who coordinates the entire construction process -- from initial planning and foundation work through the structure's completion.
prior's lodging	Rooms set aside for use of the prior.
swing bridge	A movable deck bridge which opens by rotating horizontally on an axis
blithe	joyous, merry, or gay in disposition; without thought or regard
breastwork	Heavy parapet slung between two gate towers; defense work over the portcullis.
emboss	To press an image into paper so it lies above the surface
working period farm	A term usually associated with a working museum exhibit in which a full scale farm has been restored or reconstructed to depict the former lifeways, tools, and technologies of particular periods.
spall	Splitting of masonry, tiles, concrete etc., usually due to the freezing and expansion of trapped water (frost damage).
printing plate	Surface carrying an image to be printed
web	in Gothic architecture, the portion of a ribbed vault between the ribs.
pinnacle	A pointed termination of a spire, buttress, or other extremity of a building
thrust	the lateral force exerted by an arch, dome, or vault, which must be counteracted by some form of buttressing.
magus	in the New Testament, one of the three wise men who traveled from the East to pay homage to the infant Christ.
observation	the act of recognizing a fact or occurrence, or the record obtained by such an act.
i/p	abbreviation - iron pin (normally used to mark corners of property lots.)
thrust stage	another term for an apron stage, one that extends out into the audience, so that the audience is seated on three sides of it
swamp pad	large wood pad used to distribute excavator weight in soft conditions
tignasse	(French f.) a mop of hair
genome	All the DNA contained in an organism or a cell, which includes both the chromosomes within the nucleus and the DNA in mitochondria.
spot color	Small area printed in a second color.
whimsical	given to whimsy or fanciful notions; capricious
choir screen	decorated screen of wood or stone separating the choir from the rest of the cathedral
drawbridge	A mobile, heavy timber (wooden) bridge which was drawn up or let down at will denying or allowing access over a moat to the gatehouse
churchyard	Enclosure surrounding the church and sometimes used for burials
anchorage	secure fixing, usually made of reinforced concrete to which the cables are fastened
pitching	Rough cobbling on floor, as in courtyards
tirer à ... numéros	(French) to print ..
queen closer	It is a term applied to a brick, which is half as wide as a full brick
hornwork	Freestanding quadrilateral fortification in front of the main wall; see also barbican.
gauche	lacking social grace, sensitivity, or acuteness; awkward, crude or tactless
reinforcement	Adding strength or bearing capacity to a structural member
hydraulic radius	The ratio of area of flow to wetted perimeter.
form	wood or metal structure that concrete is poured into.
inhabited initial	an illuminated initial containing animals or human figures such as naked fighters
hacienda	In New Spain, a large rural estate (definition from Chevalier, Franà§ois.
alternating current	See electrical terms
spire	An elongated, pointed structure rising from a tower, turret, or roof and acting as a capping element
motte	A mound of earth on which a tower was built; artificial conical earth mound (sometimes an old barrow) for the keep
plaza	Public square or central open space in a town.
abbey	Ecclesiastical dwelling church, etc., for the use of nuns or monks and presided over by an abbess or abbot
hieroglyphic	written in a script (especially in ancient Egypt) whose characters are pictorial representations of objects.
grain	The direction of fibers in a sheet of paper; governs paper properties such as increased size changes with relative humidity.
tierkreiszeichen	(German n.) a sign of the zodiac
nave	in basilicas and churches, the long, narrow central area used to house the congregation.
papyrus	(a) a plant found in ancient Egypt and neighboring countries; (b) a paperlike writing material made from the pith of the plant.
tie bar	Metal bar passing through a wall, or walls, in an attempt to brace a structure suffering from structural instability, normally lateral.
nimh	Nickel metal hydride battery
cultural resource management	A branch of archaeology that is concerned with developing policies and action in regard to the preservation and use of cultural resources.
three	tre (Italian), Drei (German), trois (French)
anchorage	a secure fixing, usually made of reinforced concrete to which the cables are fastened
rib	An arch of masonry, often molded, which forms part of the framework on which a vault rests
foreshortening	the use of perspective to represent a single object extending back in space at an angle to the picture plane.
great chamber	Lord's solar, or bed-sitting room
rib	Arched, and generally moulded, member which supports a vault or ceiling and divides it into compartments.
trash rack	metal grate placed at the upstream end of a culvert to prevent woody debris, rocks etc from entering the culvert.
roofridge	Summit line of roof.
refectory	Communal dining hall
paste drier	Any of a variety of compounds used in enhancing the drying properties of printing inks.
stepped battlements	tall battlements with large, stepped indentations.
subject	The person, scene, situation, etc
tread	The horizontal part of a step or stair.
parapet	Low wall along the edge of a roof or balcony, or extending over the roof slopes above a party or gable wall.
querulous	full of complaints; complaining or peevish
thermosfalsche	(German f.) (Thermos) vacuum flask
aquarelle	The hand application of color, through stencils onto a printed picture.
stains	It is a liquid preparation which is used to change the color of various types of cheap quality wood to give them the appearance of wood of superior quality.
chenille	A velvety silk, wool, or cotton fabric with a protruding pile.
flotation	A method of obtaining seeds and other organic materials from soil by using liquids.
tirasse	(French) pedals which draw down the bass keys of the manual in organs without pedal stops
chert	A very fine grained rock formed in ancient ocean sediments
inscrutable	incapable of being investigated, analyzed, or scrutinized; not easily understood; mysterious
dead shores	This is the system of shoring which is used to render vertical support to walls and roofs, floors etc.
tintinnare	(Italian) to tinkle, to chime
turret	a small tower, often containing a spiral stair.
lares and penates	(a) in ancient Rome, the tutelary gods of the household; (b) figuratively, one's most valued household possessions.
sequence	a short hymn-like choral sequence performed in the mass on certain feast days
springer	The base voussoirs, or bottom stones, of an arch or vault at the point of transition from the vertical support to the curve of the arch or vault.
sump	deep water filled hole that the pump inlet is placed into and constructed to increase water depth in order to reduce vortex formation and air entrainment.
header	A brick or block laid horizontally in a wall so its shorter edge faces out.
moot hall	An early English term for a hall used as a meeting place for discussion or debate, for making laws or administering justice, and now sometimes applied to the Town Hall
deacon	A cleric ranking just below a priest in the Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, and Roman Catholic churches or Protestant layperson who assists the minister in various functions
atlas	, pl.
roof	A roof may be defined as a covering provided over the top of a building with a view to keep out rain , snow and wind and to protect the building from the adverse effects of these elements.
eps	Encapsulated Post Script, a known file format usually used to transfer post script information from one program to another.
impost	A capital from which springs an arch
double bass	chinzumana
cove	A concave surface that transitions from a wall to the ceiling, eliminating the traditonal 90 degree angle.
form	An object's three-dimensionality: height, breadth and depth.
voussoir	A wedge-shaped masonry unit in an arch or vault whose converging sides are cut as radii of one of the centers of the arch or vault.
banker's flap envelope	A flap where the edges are more rounded; also called a wallet flap.
entablature	Order above a column which includes the horizontal mouldings such as cornice and frieze, also the architrave.
monstrance	Container for eucharistic wafers which contains an opening through which they can be viewed
pixel	Short for picture element, refers to the smallest image part of a digital photograph.
ega	a graphics standard for the PC which can be added or built into a system to give sharper characters and improved colour with the correct display device
foliation	The cusps or foils, as on tracery.
ballista	A mammoth seventy-six foot crossbow designed by Leonardo, which required six wheels to maneuver it
centrifugal	pump that 'flings' water outwards and into an exit pipe.
achromatic	free of color.
misericorde	Additional monastic refectory in which special food was permitted.
bureau	The French word (from the Latin, burras, red) originally designated as a red cloth covering for writing desks
penury	extreme poverty or destitution
steyned	Lined (like in a well)
fence	A part of a molding tool which regulates the distance of the cut from the edge; a piece of wood, adjustable upon the steel square to enable the square to be used as a bevel.
fosse	A ditch or motte, originally full of water, outside castle walls or the ramparts of a fortification.
thème varié	(French m.) a theme with variation, tema con variazioni
thickened line	a term used in 'big band' arrangement for 'close harmony' particularly that within a section, for example, the trumpet parts
optical disks	video disks on which large amounts of information can be stored in binary form representing characters of text or images
byzantine	The architecture of the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire which developed from Early Christian and late Roman antecedents in the 4th cent., flourished principally in Greece, but spread widely and lasted through the Middles Ages until the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453)
vestry	a room attached to a church, in which vestments are kept.
newel	Post supporting a staircase handrail at top and bottom
niche	A recessed space in a wall usually in a semi-circular form and sometimes intended to contain a statue.
smectite	The term smectite is used to describe a family of expansible 2:1 phyllosilicate minerals having permanent layer charge between 0.2 and 0.6 charges per half unit cell
diagonal slating	A method of laying roofing slates with the diagonal of each slate running horizontally.
tungsten light	Light from ordinary room lamps and ceiling fixtures, as opposed to fluorescent illumination.
drum	General term for a vertical interior wall which encloses a circular or polygonal area
theaterschneider	(German m./f.) costumer (theatre, etc.)
glacis	A bank sloping down from a castle which acts as a defence against invaders; broad, sloping naked rock or earth on which the attackers are completely exposed
waldensians	sect organised in the 12th century in Lyons; the founder became a mendicant preacher and expounded against the worldliness of the established church; the sect survives today
provenience	origin, derivation; the act of coming from a particular source.
segmental arch	An abbreviated arch, whose end voissoirs are noticeably far away from being vertical.
radiometric dating	A variety of absolute dating methods based on the rates of the transformation of an unstable radioactive isotope into a stable element
norman	The Norman style of church architecture is the English version of the Romanesque style, developed by the Normans and employed in England following 1066; it is characterized by rounded arches and heavy pillars
daub	Coating of mud and clay
suspension bridge	a bridge in which the roadway is suspended from two or more steel cables, which usually pass over towers and are then anchored at their ends.
underlayment	A material laid over a subfloor to provide a flat, even surface for non-structural flooring to rest on
casting	a process in which liquefied material, usually metal, is formed by being poured into a mold; the mold is removed when the material has solidified, leaving a cast object in the shape of the mold.
tension ring	support ring that resists the outward force pushing against the lower sides of a dome.
altar screen	See: Reredos .
enamel	a vitreous coating applied by heat fusion to the surface of metal, glass, or pottery
diagonal buttress	a buttress at a corner of a building constructed at an angle of 135° to the walls
memorabilia	Objects that have a specific use at the time they are made, such as a baseball or a trophy, but which tend to gain value over time as a result of their associations and history, rather than for their original utility.
ti bwa	(Martinique and Guadeloupe) a pair of sticks, used by a second percussionist to play patterns on the side of the tanbou belè, single headed barrel drum with a goatskin head, laid on the ground and straddled by the drummer, who uses his heel to change the pitch
hipped gable	A gable roof with one or more hipped ends.
lament	to feel or express sorrow or regret for, to mourn for something or someone
digital image	Stream of electronic data, forms visible image on computer monitor.
confessio	A type of crypt which consists of a series of linked passages
dripstone	Ornamental stone moulding above a doorway, arch or window to throw off the rainwater and prevent it from running down the walls
caps & lower case	Instructions in the typesetting process that indicate the use of a capital letter to start a sentence and the rest of the letters in lower case.
exposure/focus lock	The ability to point at one part of the scene and hold the shutter button halfway down to lock in exposure and focus settings when you point the camera elsewhere to compose the scene.
multiple exposure mode	A mode that lets you superimpose one image on top of another.
cloisonne	Style and technique used to apply enamel on metal objects
propitious	presenting favorable conditions; auspicious
transept	Transverse arms of a basilican church plan set at right angles to the nave
tholos	(a) a circular tomb of beehive shape approached by a long, horizontal passage; (b) in Classical times, a round building modeled on ancient tombs.
balance	an aesthetically pleasing equilibrium in the combination or arrangement of elements.
heading bond	In this type of bonding , all the bricks are laid as headers on the faces
stringcourse	Thin horizontal bands of masonry running along the face of a nave, transept or choir wall and in some instances continuing across piers or engaged columns; may be flush or projecting and may be flat surfaced, molded, or otherwise decoratively enhanced often with foliate designs.
chromatic aberration	An image defect, often seen as green or purple fringing around the edges of an object, caused by a lens failing to focus all colors of a light source at the same point.
dynamite	blasting explosive, based on nitroglycerin, but much safer to handle than nitroglycerin alone.
foundation	It is the lowest part of the structure below the ground level, which is in direct contact with the ground and transmits all the dead, live and other loads to the soil on which the structure rests.
dead load	It is the sum of loads comprising of the self-weight of the structure (weight of walls, floors, roofs etc.) weight of its footings foundation and loads of all other permanent construction in the building.
sustaining speed	The swimming speed a fish can maintain for several minutes.
soffit	Underside of arch, hung parapet, or opening
cartoon	(a) a full-scale preparatory drawing for a painting; (b) in more modern usage, a comical or satirical drawing.
equilateral arch	A pointed arch that is roughly as wide as it is tall.
tithe barn	The barn where the produce collected for tithes was stored
tiédeur	(French f.) lukewarmness, mildness
deboss	To press an image into paper so it lies below the surface
voussoir	a brick or wedge-shaped stone forming one of the units or an arch
one - pipe system	In this system , all soil and waste fitting discharge into a single pipe termed as soil cum waste pipe and a separate vent pipe is provided to which all floor traps are connected for ventilation of the system.
chajja	A sloping or horizontal structural overhang usually provided over openings on external walls for protection from sun and rain.
load-bearing construction	a system of construction in which solid forms are superimposed on one another to form a tapering structure.
fleur-de-lys	A stylised flower, usually based on the lily and with three petals
registers	See Parish Registers.
arch brick	A brick having a wedge shape, also one with a curved face suitable for wells and other circular work.
barbican	The gateway or outworks defending the drawbridge; An outwork or forward extension of a castle gateway.
clergy	Church leaders who have been formally ordained into the ministry.
ward	Courtyard or bailey
stucco	A coating for exterior walls made from Portland cement, lime, sand, and water.
close up	a proof correction mark to reduce the amount of space between characters or words indicated as (').
xacal	A thatched hut, commonly with adobe walls
restriction site	RFLPs can be assayed by Southern blotting (Figures 5.14 and 5.15) or PCR (Figure 6.6).
timidité	(French f.) timidity
moulding	Masonry decoration; long, narrow, casts strong shadows.
half-timbering	timber framework with the spaces filled with masonry or plaster; in Martinsville, this is always decorative and never functional
thunderstone	any of various mineral concretions, such as a belemnite, formerly supposed to be thunderbolts
roof truss	See Truss.
theoretisches verstehen	(German n.) theoretical understanding
thrombose	(French f., German f.) a thrombosis (a blood clot)
catherine-wheel window	A window divided into radiating sections.
courtyard	A space permanently open to sky , enclosed fully or partially by building and may be at ground level or any other level within or adjacent to a building.
qualify	to modify or limit in some way; make less strong or positive
density	The ability of an object to stop or absorb light
half-timber	The common form of medieval construction in which walls were made of a wood frame structure filled with wattle and daub
el nino southern oscillation	El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the name given to a climatological effect that has caused havoc in the present and in the past.
battlement	Fortified parapets (low walls along the topmost section of a fortification) with alternating solid and open sections designed for defensive maneuvers during an armed attack.
span	The horizontal distance between the pair of columns, piers, pillasters, etcetera, supporting an arch or vault.See diagram.
camber	A positive, upward curve built into a beam which compensates for some of the vertical load and anticipated deflection.
carbonization	Carbonization is a process by which the more volatile substances of plants and animals decay, but leave behind the carbon
altar	church furnishing consisting of a table or rectangular box-like structure at which the celebration of the Eucharist or other religious services are performed
deference	respectful submission or yielding to the judgment, opinion or will of another
fan vault	A vault which consists of fan-shaped half cones which usually meet at the center of a vault
weephole	A small drain hole or gap in brickwork formed to allow the escape of water.
gullible	easily deceived or cheated
solar	Originally a room above ground level, but commonly applied to the great chamber or a private sitting room off the great hall; Upper living room, often over the great hall; the lord's private living room.
hall	Principal room or building in complex
animism	Religious practices based on the belief that all living things and natural objects have their individual spiritual essence or soul
camaràn	Special, small room for robing an image and storing its adornments
pedestrian	lacking in vitality, imagination or distinction; commonplace or dull
mensa	The upper surface, especially the top slab, of a consecrated Christian altar designed as a table or box-like element.
tisonnier	(French m.) a poker
raffia	raffia fibers are a great alternative to ribbons and bows for a country look
gripper	A series of metal fingers that hold each sheet of paper as it passes through the various stages of the printing process.
dog-legged	With right-angle bends.
mordant	sharply caustic or sarcastic, as wit or a speaker; burning or corrosive
tie beam	Large, horizontal main beam in a timber roof
beehive corbelling	A technique of producing a dome-like vault by oversailing courses of masonry
quarter tone	interval halfway between half steps
vespers	the evening service of divine office, recited before dark
timbrel	Latvian tambourine with jingles
revet	The process of covering an embankment with stones.
tufa	the calcareous (chalky, containing calcium carbonate) and siliceous (flinty, containing silica) deposits of springs, lakes, or ground water; also a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash: in architectural terms, tufa refers to a rough facing stone applied to buildings to give a rustic look.
aquatic ecosystem	The total community of living species and its interrelated physical and chemical environment that is directly related to the functions of a particular water drainage.
til salu	(Swedish) on sale
floor traps	Trap provided in floors to collect used water from floors of bathroom , kitchen or washing floor etc
boss	In Gothic architecture a boss or ceiling boss is a knob, often richly decorated or painted, projecting from the ceiling of a church where a group of supporting roof arches meet.
gps	Abbreviation for the Global Positioning System, a "constellation" of satellites that orbit the Earth and make it possible for people with ground receivers to pinpoint their geographic location
scarp	Slope on inner side of ditch.
time as before	or speed as before, tempo primo (Italian), erste Bewegung (German), mouvement précédent (French)
prow	Acute-angled projection
evangelists	Four of the followers of Christ - - Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John - - who authored the four New Testament gospel narratives describing the life of Christ.
confessio	The word confessio, was used originally to designate the burial place of a confessor or martyr of the faith, a place which was also known as a memoria or martyrion
tenon	a projecting member in a block of stone or other building material that fits into a groove or hole to form a joint.
pelta	A curvilinear shape, derived from that of a Roman shield.
motte-&-bailey	Earth mound with wood or stone keep, surrounded by ditched and palisaded enclosure (or courtyard)
angle buttress	Supporting masonry so constructed at the corner of a building that it exactly meets a similar structure built at a right angle to itself.
théorique	(French) theoretical
arcade	a gallery formed by a series of arches with supporting columns or piers, either freestanding or blind (i.e., attached to a wall).
demi-angel	Relief depicting the upper part of an angel appearing out of the clouds.
thayambaka	a solo chenda (drum) performance that is unique to Kerala, Southern India, where the player uses one hand and a stick in the other, rather than the more usual two sticks
nippers	This is another device for lifting stones
philanthropic	pertaining to or engaged in benevolent giving, engaging in the betterment of condition for others; charitable work
butterfly roof	A roof that slopes downwards from its eaves
quirk	Sharp groove in the moulding immediately above or below a chamfer.
painted rug	In the rug industry, a term synonymous with "tinted" that refers to a rugs that have been doctored with a permanent dye or other color to hide wear
eclectic	Work coined last half of the 20th century; infers artful mixture of decorating styles.
il-de-buf	a small circular or oval window.
meurtriere	Arrow loop, slit in battlement or wall to permit firing of arrows or for observation; An opening in the roof of a passage where soldiers could shoot into the room below.
apartment building	A type of multiple dwelling comprising three or more dwelling units with shared entrances, and other essential facilities and services, and with shared exit facilities above the first storey.
tirata	(Italian) tirade
thérapie	(French f.) therapy
stupa	in Buddhist architecture, a dome-shaped or rounded structure made of brick, earth, or stone, containing the relic of a Buddha or other honored individual.
firewire	A fast serial interface used by scanners, digital cameras, printers, and other devices
fan vault	This is a complex and ornate type of vault consisting of fan-shaped half cones which meet at the centre of a vault.
reverse	the side of a coin or medal considered to be the back; opposite of obverse.
coffer	The sunken area created between the crossing of structural members
column	vertical, structural element, strong in compression.
impost	Bracket in a wall, often moulded, on which the end of an arch rests.
eridu	The Sumerian city of Eridu (now called Tell Abu Shahrain) is located about 22 kilometers south of Nasiriya in Iraq, and it was first occupied about 5000 BC.
blowout	rupture of concrete forms
aggregate	Any mineral substance (usually sand or gravel) added to cement to make concrete or mortar
credulous	willing to believe or trust too readily without proper or adequate evidence; gullible
merlon	Part of a battlement, the square "sawtooth" between crenels; The high segment of the alternating high and low segments of a battlement.
warm colors	In color theory, colors which contain a large amount of yellow, as opposed to cool colors, which contain more blue
geodesic dome	a dome composed of short, straight pieces joined to form triangles; invented by Buckminster Fuller
sensitivity	A measure of the degree of response of a film or sensor to light, measured in digital cameras using ISO ratings.
tirer sans sommation	(French) to shoot without warning
cornice	Decorative projection along the top of a wall
the xangba school	the Xangba school from western Tibet combines the influence of local folklore and the Gyanggar School
stucco	Decorative plasterwork
enamel	A hard, glassy element consisting of colored glass ground up fine in oil and applied as decoration to an object, typically either of metal or glass, and then fused on with heat.
theilen	(German) see teilen, divided
net vault	A vault constructed of intersecting ribs which give the impression of a web or net
value	The lightness or darkness of a line, shape or area in terms of black to white; also called tone; e.g., a light red will have a light value; a dark red will have a dark value.
pictograph	a design painted on a rock surface.
screen print	An early 20th-century method of creating an image that uses a stencil with very small holes to apply colors and designs
ciborium	A box in which the Host (wafers or bread for the Eucharist) is kept; A canopy resting on columns over the altar.
arch dam	a dam with an arched shape that resists the force of water pressure; requires less material than a gravity dam for the same distance
heliocentric	A view of the solar system with the sun at the center and the earth and planets orbiting around it
paradigm	a set of forms all of which contain a particular element, an example serving as a model or pattern
cardinal	North, south, east and west
crosswall	Interior dividing wall; structural.
théorbe	(French m.) theorbo, tiorba (Italian f., Spanish f.), Theorbe (German)
succinct	expressed in few words; concise or terse
thiorbo	synonymous with theorbo
deride	to laugh at in scorn or contempt; scoff, jeer or mock
tierra de nadie	(Spanish f.) no-man's-land
tillagg	(Swedish) supplement, appendix
chapel	A small building or room set aside for worship
c1s and c2s	Abbreviations for coated one side and coated two sides.
tirant	(French m.) tracker on an organ
ostensory	A device in which the Eucharist wafer may be displayed.
admonish	to caution, advise, to reprove or scold in a mild and good-willed manner
saltire	Diagonal, equal-limbed cross.
advocate	to speak or write in favor of; support or urge by argument; recommend publicly
peel	A small tower; typically, a fortified house on the border
slake	to allay by satisfying; to make less active, vigorous, intense
belvedere	A raised turret or pavillion.
tiefsinnig	(German) profound (figurative), melancholy
table tomb	a tomb set above ground level in a box-like structure; also known as a tomb chest
wattle	A mat of woven (willow) sticks and weeds; used in wall and dike construction
rood screen/jube	A stone or wooden screen, which separated the choir of the church where the clergy sits from the nave where the congregation sits (fig.1).
adaptation	The process of change to better conform with environmental conditions or other external stimuli.
high relief	This term refers to deep carving of any plane surface of any material.
ram	See: Battering-ram *
lectern	A reading desk, often in the shape of an eagle, made to hold the Bible during services
lift bag	Convenient tool for recovering heavy artefacts
titré	(French) titled (bearing a title)
tierra adentro	(Spanish) inland, interior (inland)
yett	Iron lattice gate.
azulejo	Tile
apocryphal	of doubtful authorship or authenticity
bead	It is a rounded or semi-circular moulding provided on the edges of surface of wood.
dead-ground	Close to the wall, where the defenders can't shoot.
clerestory	Literally, a clear story
choir	Part of the church east of the crossing, usually occupied by the priests and singers of the choir (fig.1)
arcade	An arch or a series of arches supported by piers or columns (fig.6)
broach spire	An octagonal spire with pyramidal masonry in the four angles of the tower top instead of a parapet.
oubliette	A dungeon reached by a trap door; starvation hole
architrave	The lintel or flat horizontal member which spans the space between columns; in classical architecture, the lowest member of an entablature.
measure	denotes the width of a setting expressed in pica ems.
silt trap	Silt trap are provided only in situations where the waste water carries large amount of silt , sand , coarse particles etc
tintinnabulo	(Italian m.) small bell, sacring bell
laconic	using few words; expressing much in few words; concise
champlevé	Enameling process involving indentations or cells carved in a metal surface leaving a raised line that forms the outline of the design
incipient	beginning to exist or appear; in an initial stage
crosswall	Interior dividing wall; structural
dynamic head	total equivalent head drop due to the static head and all friction losses.
elliptical arch	An arch formed by mutiple arcs each of which is drawn from its own center
curtain wall	A connecting wall hung between two towers surrounding the bailey.
geminate	Is said of objects grouped two by two but not touching each other
assiduous	unremitting; constant in application or effort; working diligently at a task
hard disk	a rigid disk sealed inside an airtight transport mechanism
stake	wood stake used to mark point of interest.
tippen auf	(German) to bet on (familiar), to touch something
connoisseur	a person who is especially competent to pass critical judgments in an art, particularly one of the fine arts, or in matters of taste
steeple	Collective term for the tower and spire of a church.
āmalka	a finial in the shape of a notched ring (derived from a fruit) atop a northern-style Hindu temple's shikhara.
circular stairs	These stairs are circular in nature, in this form of stairs, al the steps radiate from a newel post or well hole , in the form of winders
perimeter	the distance around the outside of a shape
thèmatique	(French) thematic
filial	pertaining to or befitting a son or daughter; noting or having the relation of a child to a parent
loquacious	talking or tending to talk much, excessively or freely
tine	A tuning fork is made up of a handle and two tines (the parts that vibrate when a tuning fork is struck)
rescue archaeology	A term applied to the emergency salvage of sites in immediate danger of destruction by major land modification projects such as reservoir construction.
timballo	(Italian m.) a kettle-drum, timpani
joggie joint	This type of joint is commonly used for framing the studs into the sill of a wooden partition wall.
dpi	Dots Per Inch; the standard measurement of resolution for printers, photo type setting machines and graphics screens
merlon	The high segment of the alternating high and low segments of a battlement.
quoins	stones at the corners of buildings
thrust	The downward and/or outward pressure exerted by an arch or vault resulting from the weight of the structure and the effects of gravity.
stage	In certain western charismatic churches where worship is theatrical and the congregation functions largely as a paying audience, the chancel is enlarged to accommodate performances and referred to as a "stage", as in a theater.
impost	A masonry unit or course, often distinctively profiled, which receives and distributes the thrust at each end of an arch.
baking	A term given to the procedure of drying coatings onto papers.
hoarding	Upper wooden stories on a stone castle wall; the living area; sometimes, a temporary wooden balcony suspended from the tops of walls from which missiles could be dropped
emulsion	The light-sensitive coating on a piece of film, paper, or printing plate
plate	(a) in engraving and etching, a flat piece of metal into which the image to be printed is cut; (b) in photography, a sheet of glass, metal, etc., coated with a light-sensitive emulsion.
orientation	Traditionally, western Christian churches are oriented, that is to say they are built upon the ground in such a manner that the central axis of the building was aligned from west to east with the chancel located in the eastern end of the building
saint	A saint is a holy person who is recognised by the Church as having won a high place in heaven and veneration on earth because of their lives and actions
hygroscopic	The ability to absorb moisture from the atmosphere.
morose	gloomily or sullenly ill-humored, as a person or mood; characterized by or expressing gloom
keep	A strong stone tower; main tower; donjon; stronghold.
sprue	The plastic frame that holds the components of a model.
footings	Bottom part of wall.
coffer	A recessed panel in a ceiling, usually square in shape
cabinet	Originally a glass fronted cabinet intended for the display of objects d'art.
pitch	Roof slope
refute	to prove to be false or erroneous, as an opinion or charge
fixed costs	Costs that remain the same regardless of how many pieces are printed
alto	sanje
jamb	A vertical post supporting a window frame or doorway.
parapet	A low guarding wall at any point of sudden drop, as at the edge of a terrace, roof, battlement, balcony, etc.
theater	(German n.) theatre, playhouse, a fuss (familiar), a 'to-do' (familiar)
titubante	(Italian) hesitant
turbulent	flow condition with waves, eddies etc.
reticent	disposed to be silent or not to speak freely; reluctant or restrained
counterguard	A long, near-triangular freestanding fortification within the moat
theoretisch	(German) theoretical, theoretically
prayer desk	See: Prie-Dieu
title role	the lead part in a movie or other production for an actor that is named after the title of the film
tread	The horizontal upper part of a step on which foot is placed in ascending or descending stairway.
ogee	Moulding shaped in a continuous, flowing, double curve which is concave above and convex below and springs from two opposing radii.
stall	Stalls are divisions within the choir, where clergy sits or stands during service
postern gate	A side or less important gate or (sometimes hidden) door into a castle; usually for peacetime use by pedestrians
mezzo-soprano	medium-range female voice
roll	Moulding of semi-circular section
rustic terrazzo	A rough-surfaced terrazzo made by briefly running water over the cement before it has set
tunnel boring machine	mechanical device that tunnels through the ground.
ascetic	a person who dedicates his or her life to a pursuit of contemplative ideals and practices extreme self-denial for religious reasons
piers	Mass of upright masonry supporting arches, a pillar.
restriction site	Although less informative than microsatellites, SNPs are more amenable to large-scale automated scoring.
value	the degree of lightness (high value) or darkness (low value) in a hue.
minatory	menacing, threatening
pleistocene	A geologic period, usually thought of as the Ice Age, which began about 1.6 million years ago and ended with the melting of the large continental glaciers creating the modern climatic pattern about 11,500 years ago.
bible	The Holy Book for Christians, also known as the Word of God
the lost chord	see 'Procter, Adelaide Ann'
artless	free from deceit or cunning; natural, simple, uncontrived
electronic image assembly	Assembly of a composite image from portions of other images and/or other page elements using a computer.
brittle	material that fails without warning; brittle materials do not stretch or shorten before failing.
water-leaf	Plain broad leaf moulding.
flow release	Paint additive that lowers the viscosity of paint and allows for smoother coats
mansard roof	dual-pitched hipped roof
corbelled arch	Masonry built over an opening by progressively overlapping the courses from each side until they meet at the top center
fill	Earth, stone or other material used to raise the ground level, form an embankment or fill the inside of an abutment, pier or closed spandrel.
helicline	A ramp that curves over the course of its run.
spire	The spire is the tapered conical or pyramidal structure atop a church tower
tezontle	A reddish, or brownish, or purplish building stone of volcanic origin
centrally-planned building	A building in which the sides are of equal length and in which the main space is symmetrical when bisected laterally and longitudinally
footing	A foundation unit constructed in brickwork, masonry or concrete under the base of a wall or column for the purpose of distributing the load over a large area.
un-stable	characteristic of a structure that collapses or deforms under a realistic load.
timpano pedale	(Italian m.) pedal timpano
coated stock	Any paper that has a mineral coating applied after the paper is made, giving the paper a smoother finish.
theandric	relating to, or existing by, the union of divine and human operation in Christ, or the joint agency of the divine and human nature
discharge	volume of water pumped at a specific head.
sterling	A term created to describe the standard metal mix in the U.S
buffer	A digital camera's internal memory, which stores an image immediately after it was taken until the image can be written to the camera's nonvolatile(semi-permanent) memory or a memory card
gate	A critical spot in any defensive system
cradle	Part of a suspension bridge which carries the cable over the top of the tower.
nogging of bricks	It consists of brick work built within a framework of wooden members
abutment	outermost end supports on a bridge, which carry the load from the deck
card	The sealed package containing storage chips or other devices with electrical connectors that make contact when inserted into a card slot on a camera, printer, computer, or other device.
tierceron ribs	Subsiduary pairs of ribs which begin at the same point as the main supports but meet at an angle and do not complete a continuous line across the vault
joint	device connecting two or more adjacent parts of a structure; a roller joint allows adjacent parts to move controllably past one another; a rigid joint prevents adjacent parts from moving or rotating past one another.
alto	low female voice
alcove	A recess or small room attached to a much larger room.
dodging	A darkroom term for blocking part of an image as it is exposed, thus lightening its tones
virgin mary	the mother of Jesus, considered the most elevated of the saints and Queen of Heaven
recessed grave	Burial chamber constructed within a thick wall.
re-entrant	Recessed; opposite of salient
program	the arrangement of a series of images into a coherent whole.
macro	"overall musical architecture or form" or the level of the individual piece; minutes, hours, or even days
boss	A stone projection or knob, often used to ornament the intersection of ribs in a vault.
riparian area	The area containing moist soils and hydric vegetation along and interacting with a stream comprised of two ecosystems, riparian and aquatic, sometimes depicted by a measured width.
oratory	Private place of worship, built by a saint.
spandrels	the triangular areas above an arch, between the arch itself, a horizontal line drawn across its apex, and vertical lines drawn from the springing points.
turret	a very small, slender tower
subpoena	the usual writ for the summoning of witnesses or the submission of evidence, as records or documents, before a court
stucco	A material usually made of portland cement, sand, and a small percentage of lime and applied in a plastic state to form a hard covering for exterior walls
marker	Also known as a genetic marker, a segment of DNA with an identifiable physical location on a chromosome whose inheritance can be followed
anathema	a person or thing detested, loathed, consigned to damnation or destruction; a formal ecclesiastical curse involving excommunication
bracketing	Taking a series of photographs of the same subject at different settings to help ensure that one setting will be the correct one
architect	a person who designs all kinds of structures; must also have the ability to conceptualize and communicate ideas effectively both in words and on paper to clients, engineers, government officials, and construction crews
buttress dam	gravity dam reinforced by structural supports.
collating marks	Mostly in the book arena, specific marks on the back of signatures indicating exact position in the collating stage.
author's alterations	Changes made after composition stage where customer is responsible for additional charges.
pickle	A diluted acid solution used for removing oxides and flux residue from metal after annealing or soldering
arris	The sharp edge which is formed at the point where two wedge-shaped or curved pieces of stone or wood meet.
parapet	a low wall placed to protect any spot where there is a sudden drop
vaulting rib	a diagonal arched rib which supports the cell of a vault
embrasure	The crenels or intervals between the merlons of a battlement.
platitude	a flat, dull, or trite remark uttered as if it were fresh or profound
time value	the length of time a particular note is to be held
applied art	Term describing the design or decoration of functional objects so as to make them aesthetically pleasing
gauged brick arches	Gaiged bricks are those which have been accurately prepared to a wedge shape for the arch construction.
imprint	the name and place of the publisher and printer required by law if a publication is to be published
cable moulding	Moulding imitating twisted cord
hue	The color of light that is reflected from an opaque object or transmitted through a transparent one.
rotunda	a circular, domed building or hall.
aggrandize	to widen in scope, enlarge or extend, to make greater in power, wealth, rank, or honor
pile	A long column driven deep into the ground to form part of a foundation or substructure
clinker	An extremely dense brick made by exposing the clay to extremely high temperatures in the kiln
pier	A vertical support, similar in function and design to the column, but generally square or rectangular in cross section
moore's law	Gordon Moore's law that predicted that the number of transistors on a chip would double every 18 months.
piscina	Hand basin with drain, usually set against or into a wall
footings	Older, usually shallow, form or foundation of brick or stone.
composite masonry	Walls constructed from two or more building materials are termed as composite walls.
chamfer	The result of cutting away to any width the sharp edge which is formed where two blocks of wood or stone meet at right angles.
cruciform	Church plan in the shape of a cross, with a central tower between the trancept arms.
precarious	dependent on circumstances beyond one's control; uncertain, unstable or insecure
tilaks	caste-marks on the forehead
theorie	(German f.) theory
see	Ecclesiastical extent of a bishopric.
bale tomb	Table tomb surmounted by an incised roll top, at each end of which is a scallop inset by a skull.
house sheet	This is a term that refers to a paper that a printer keeps on hand in his shop.
ogee	A compound curve, the directions of which are opposite tothose of the Cyma curve.
point	A measurement unit equal to 1/72 of an inch
cathedral	Despite growing misuse of the term, a cathedral is not just a large church
glass partitions	These are the partitions which are made either from the sheet glass or hollow glass blocks.
perspective	A semi-mathematical technique for representing spatial relationships and three-dimensional objects on a flat surface
flue	A smoke duct in a chimney, or a proprietary pipe serving a heat producing appliance such as a central heating boiler.
bonding	Binding masonry which structurally effects a union of walls.
arcade	A series of arches, with supporting columns or piers.
corpse gate	See Lychgate.
pendentive	One of a set of curved wall surfaces which form a transition between a dome (or its drum) and the supporting masonry.
canticle	Song or prayer, other than a Psalm, derived from the Bible and used in church worship.
timbres à clavier	(French m
paleontology	The study of the forms of pre-existing life as represented by the fossils of plants, animals, and other organisms
erosion	The detachment and subsequent transport of soil particles by water, wind, or ice.
color correction	Changing the relative amounts of color in an image to produce a desired effect, typically a more accurate representation of those colors
king post	Vertical beam in a wooden roof which connects the tie beam to the junction of the rafters above.
cover	Thick paper that protects a publication and advertises its title
deck	The top surface of a bridge which carries the traffic.
air-conditioning	See heating.
quadrangle	Inner courtyard.
tía abuela	(Spanish f.) great-aunt
gable roof	a roof formed by the intersection of two planes sloping down from a central beam.
bronze	An alloy of copper, tin and traces of other metals.
smoothing	To blur the boundaries between edges of an image, often to reduce a rough or jagged appearance.
historiated initial	An illuminated initial containing a figure, a group of figures, or a narrative scene
fichu	A small scarf or shawl worn draped around the shoulders and fastened with a brooch at the breast
buckle	to bend under compression
nogging	Brickwork (where only this is used) between the timber framework of a building.
finial	A sculpted decorative element placed at the top of a spire or highpoint of a structure.
invert	The lowest part of a drain.
god's acre	A churchyard.
crocket	Curling leaf-shape.
crop marks	Lines near the edges of an image indicating portions to be reproduced
bedizen	to dress or adorn in a showy, gaudy, or tasteless manner
diagonal buttress	Projecting exterior support at the point where two walls meet, but not enclosing the angle formed at that point.
buttress	Stone or brick support which gives additional strength to a wall and counteracts its outward thrust.
thermonucléaire	(French) thermonuclear
lattice	Laths or lines crossing to form a network
proportion	The relation of one part to the whole, or to other parts (for example, of the human body)
eucharist	(a) the Christian sacrament of Holy Communion, commemorating the Last Supper; (b) the consecrated bread and wine used at the sacrament.
knapped flint	dressed flint.
melancholy	affected with, characterized by, or showing sadness; mournful; soberly thoughtful
dendrochronology	a science using the annual rings of trees to determine the chronological order and dates of historical events.
drop ceiling	A secondary ceiling suspended from the floor above it, used to conceal pipes and ductwork and to reduce the dimensions of a room.
constable	Chief officer of the royal household, with special military functions, or warden of a royal fortress or castle
arch ring	An outer course of stone forming the arch
classification	a systematic arrangement in groups or categories according to criteria.
felicitous	well-suited for the occasion, as an action, manner, or expression; apt or appropriate
butterfly table	Small folding table with splayed legs, generally turned
equilateral arch	a pointed arch that is inscribed inside an equilateral triangle
centering	the temporary wooden framework used in the construction of arches, vaults, and domes.
joist	Wall-to-wall timber beams to support floor boards
unstable	characteristic of a structure that collapses or deforms under a realistic load
sra	a paper size in the series of ISO international paper sizes slightly larger than the A series allowing the printer extra space to bleed.
tiefer	(German) deeper, lower, below, flatter
derivative	not original but secondary
nave	Main body or the western arm of the church in which the congregation is housed during services
white balance	The adjustment of a digital camera to the color temperature of the light source
impost	Wall bracket, usually moulded, to support arch
rabbet	Stepped semi-groove which is cut to project along the outer edge of a plank and exactly fit the groove in an adjoining plank.
turgid	swollen, distended, tumid; overblown or pompous
interestàpite	Space (often highly ornamented) between estàpites
arch	An Arch may be defined as mechanical arrangement of wedge shaped blocks of stones or bricks mutually supporting each other and supported at the end by abutments.
hour glass	Waisted glass of sand, usually to be found by the side of the pulpit and attached to it by an ornamental iron bracket
arcosolia	Burial chamber.
research design	A plan in which the objectives of an archeological investigation are described and justified
subsample	changes "too brief to properly recorded or perceived", billionths of a second, nanosecond, or less
theremingerät	(German n.) thérémin
boss	A stone projection or knob, often used to ornament the intersection of ribs in a vault.
laminate	A thin transparent plastic sheet (coating) applied to usually a thick stock (covers, post cards, etc.) providing protection against liquid and heavy use, and usually accents existing color, providing a glossy (or lens) effect.
fetter	a chain or shackle placed on the feet; anything that confines or restrains
focal point	In two-dimensional images, the center of interest visually and/or subject-wise; tends to be used more in traditional, representational art than in modern and contemporary art, where the picture surface tends to have more of an overall importance, rather than one important area.
shingles	Small rectangular tiles of wood (often cedar) used on roofs instead of tiles, slates etc
design life	Length of time of service for a facility without major repair.
cement	binding material, or glue, that helps concrete harden.
harmikā	a square platform surmounting the dome of a Buddhist stupa.
eaves	Underside of a sloping roof where it overhangs the wall below.
chevet	style of construction creating an ambulatory and radiating chapels at the eastern arm of a church.
mud plastering	This type of plastering is commonly seen in kuccha construction in villages and in other structures of temporary character
panoramic mode	A digital camera mode that uses just the center band on the image sensor to capture an image that is much wider than it is tall.
aniconic	The absence of figural representations of divine or religious figures; worship of objects or images symbolizing but not representing the likeness of a divine or religious figure
tibia angusta	(Latin) flute-stop of the organ
probity	integrity and uprightness; honesty
deck	supported roadway on a bridge.
tgb	abbrevation of Très grande bibliothèque (French: nickname of the Bibliothèque de France)
fire	to prepare (especially ceramics) by baking in a kiln or otherwise applying heat.
théière	(French f.) a teapot
accretion	an increase by natural growth or by gradual external addition; growth in size or extent
icon	An icon is a religious painting, image or statue, usually of a saint, disciple, or other holy person
intaglio	A technique of engraving that consists of cutting a figure or design into an object, such as glass or a gemstone
sludge soak pit	This is an alternative method of disposal of sewage from an individual house drain
aquatint	a print from a metal plate on which certain areas have been "stopped out" to prevent the action of the acid.
august	inspiring reverence or admiration; of supreme dignity or grandeur; majestic
contrite	showing sincere remorse; filled with a sense of guilt and the desire for atonement
slope	In military architecture the slope was the steep stone incline at the base of the fortifications
propitiate	to make favorably inclined; appease
deprecate	to express earnest disapproval of; to protest against a scheme
tensile strength	A paper's ability to withstand pressure.
scaling	The enlargement or reduction of an image or copy to fit a specific area.
carotid	Heart-shaped
primary transcript	In straightforward cases, a transcription unit is the same thing as a gene.
barrel vault	A masonry vault of plain, semicircular cross section supported by parallel walls or arcades; a vault having a semi-cylindrical roof.
sedentary	A term applied to human groups leading a settled, non_migratory lifestyle.
mine	See: Undermine
buttery	Next to the kitchen, a room from where wine was dispensed; Room for the service of beverages
furnish	The slurry mixture of fibers, water, chemicals and pigments, that is delivered to the Fourdrinier machine in the paper making process.
newel	Central post in a circular staircase.
bipolar disorder	A condition where a person experiences alternating bouts of mania and depression; formerly called manic depression
nailhead	Pyramid moulding.
hoarding	Upper wooden stories on a stone castle wall; the living area; sometimes, a temporary wooden balcony suspended from the tops of walls from which missiles could be dropped; The use of covered wooden galleries (or hoards) erected on upper walls of a castle for defensive purposes.
register	a range or row, especially when one of a series.
timbre-post	(French m.) (postage) stamp
tiefebene	(German f.) a lowland plain
spire	a tall, tapering structure crowning a roof or tower.
vedikā	a railing marking off sacred space in south Asian architecture, often found surrounding a Buddhist stupa or encircling the axis-pillar atop its dome anda.
respond	a half-pier attached to a wall.
salacious	lustful or lecherous; obscene writing or photographs
coffering	an arrangement of sunken panels decorating a vault or arch soffit.
landslip	Downhill movement of unstable earth, clay, rock etc often following prolonged heavy rain or coastal erosion, but sometimes due to sub-soil having inherently poor cohesion.
span	distance a bridge extends between two supports; to traverse a specific distance.
inlay	to decorate a surface by inserting pieces of a different material (e.g., to inlay a panel with contrasting wood).
mantle	An outer garment gathered at the neck, without sleeves, often with a hood
rampant arch	An arch with imposts of different heights.
tirer parti de	(French) to take advantage of
ajaraca	In Southern Spain, an ornament in brick wall, formed of patterns, a half brick deep, more or less complicated.
menu-driven	programs which allow the user to request functions by choosing from a list of options.
thumri	see 'Hindustani classical song'
building line	The line upto, which the plinth of a building adjoining a street or extension of a street or on a future may lawfully extend.
gatehouse	A building at the entrance to the monastic grounds.
lithopone	This pigment is obtained from the precipitate formed by mixing equal quantities of the solutions of barium sulphate and zinc sulphate under carefully controlled conditions.
nitroglycerin	explosive compound made from a mixture of glycerol and concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids, and an important ingredient of most forms of dynamite.
wall-plate	Horizontal roof-timber on wall-top.
terce	the second of the Little Hours of divine office, recited at the third hour (8 am)
inner curtain	The high wall the surrounds the inner ward.
machine coated	Paper that has had a coating applied to either one or two of its sides during the papermaking process.
crucifix	A cross with an image of the crucified Christ on it.
approaches	Is said of undercover work by the besiegers to reach the fortress e.g
adobe	A brick-like building material made of a sun-dried clay and straw mixture.
rifling	Spiral grooves on the inside of a gun barrel that impart spin to the ammunition as it is fired, giving its path towards the target greater stability and accuracy than was generally possible with smoothbore gun barrels
tillegg	(Norwegian) appendix, supplement
zà³calo	Town square
perpendicular	The final phase of Gothic in England, characterized by large windows with vertical tracery and flattened arches.
diocese	A church district, which is controlled by a bishop.
bone hole	See Charnel House.
machicolations	Projecting gallery on brackets, on outside of castle or towers, with holes in floor for dropping rocks, shooting, etc
beam ceiling	A ceiling that shows the supporting beams of the floor above.
anchor	Irons of special form used to fasten together timbers or masonry, or both.
rood screen	The rood screen is an ornate screen built beneath the rood loft
egnatia way	The Egnatia Way (or Via Egnatia) was a major Roman thoroughfare, built in the second century BC as a military road connecting the southern Adriatic coast to the northern Aegean sea.
volatile	tending or threatening to break out into open violence; changeable or mercurial
bounce lighting	Light reflected from a surface, often ceiling or walls, to provide a soft, natural-looking light.
crossing pier	In the interior of a building, a support that is placed at one of the corners of the crossing.
portrait	an upright image or page where the height is greater than the width.
maverick	an unbranded calf that is separated from its mother, or a lone dissenter who takes an independent stand apart from his or her associates
register	the correct positioning of an image especially when printing one colour on another.
vault	An arched roof or ceiling constructed of masonry on the same physical principles as an arch
abutment	Pillar or buttress of solid masonry which is essentially part of an arch which springs from it
torsion	action that twists a material.
combined footing	A combined footing is so proportioned that the centre of gravity of the supporting area is in line with the centre of gravity of the two column loads.
waterbar	Combination of ditch and berm installed perpendicular or skew to road centerline to facilitate drainage of surface water, sometimes non-driveable and used to close the road.
mounting	Preparing a painting or other image for display by affixing the image to a backdrop, such as a matte board, or by placing it within a wooden frame, as is done with oil paintings.
thespis of icaria	(in Greek, Θέσπις) the founder of drama who won a prize for a tragedy in about 534 BC
tip-tap	(Italian m.) tap dance
tireur d'élite	(French m.) a marksman
pylon	a pair of truncated, pyramidal towers flanking the entrance to an Egyptian temple.
star vault	A combination of decorative minor-ribs set in the peak of a vault which form a star-like formation
wing-wall	Wall downslope of motte to protect stairway
aisle	Open area of a church parallel to the nave and separated from it by columns or piers; Space between arcade and outer wall.
applied or engaged column	A column which is attached to a wall so that only half of the form projects from the wall.
turbid	not clear or transparent because of stirred-up sediment; clouded, opaque or obscured
chamfer	Surface made by smoothing off the angle between two stone faces
sergeant	A tenant on a nobleman's estate below the rank of a knight who owed military service to his lord by reason of the land he held from him
timba songo layé	an Afro-Cuban musical style
keystone	Stone in the form of wedge forming the central element of a lintel, vault, or arch
re-entrant	Recessed; opposite of salient.
european paleolithic dogs	European Paleolithic dogs are archaeological specimens of very old dogs from the Upper Paleolithic in Europe.
tipigrafo	(Italian m.) printer
figured initial	an illuminated initial containing a figure, a group of figures, or a narrative scene
tibia utricularis	(Latin) a bagpipe, gaita (Spanish), cornamusa (Italian), cornemuse (French), Dudelsack (German)
mensa	Stone altar slab, sometimes marked with consecration crosses.
lighting ratio	The proportional relationship between the amount of light falling on the subject from the main light and other lights.
portland cement	This is the most widely used type of cement and is so named because of its resemblance of its properties with a well known natural stone quarried at portland
cella	the main inner room of a temple, often containing the cult image of the deity.
tierkunde	(German f.) zoology
rood	The cross of Christ; symbol of the Christian faith.
thé dansant	(French m.) an afternoon entertainment at which there is dancing and tea is served
insensible	incapable of feeling or perceiving; deprived of sensation; unconscious
vaulting springer	the supporting masonry for the base of a vaulting rib
batter	An inward sloping part of a curtain wall; also known as talus or plinth
concrete	a mixture of water, sand, small stones, and a gray powder called cement
time-lapse photography	Taking a series of pictures at preset intervals to show such things as flower blossoms opening.
foreground	the area of a picture, usually at the bottom of the picture plane, that appears nearest to the viewer.
headstone	Variously shaped stone at the head of an exterior grave
canopy of honour	See Ceilure.
escalade	Scaling of a castle wall
concrete	embedded steel bars or cables are stretched into tension before the concrete hardens; in post-tensioned concrete, the embedded steel bars or cables are stretched into tension after the concrete hardens. A mixture of Portland cement, aggregate and water to form a stiff slurry that will chemically react and harden.
olite	Granular limestone.
quoin	The exterior angle or corner of a wall is termed as quoin
column	A vertical, usually circular pillar, generally used as a support for a beam or other structure, such as an entablature.
impecunious	having little or no money; penniless, poor
cubism	An art style developed in 1908 by Picasso and Braque whereby the artist breaks down the natural forms of the subjects into geometric shapes and creates a new kind of pictorial space
dogmatic	of the nature of a dogma or doctrine, asserting opinions in an arrogant manner; opinionated
bane	a person or thing that ruins or spoils
sound object	(Schaeffer 1959, 1977) "a basic unit of musical structure" and a generalization of note (Xenakis' ministructural time scale); fraction of a second to several seconds
scale	Carving resembling overlapping fish scales
latticed	Decorative technique consisting of a series of diagonal crossbars.
enlightenment	The Enlightenment is the name given to the period in European history during the 18th and early 19th centuries, when there was a re-birth of interest in science and nature.
rat tail	Long tapering design used on the back of the bowl as an elongated drop on early eighteenth century English spoons, remaining popular for a much longer period on Irish spoons
intransigent	refusing to agree or compromise; inflexible
deck	An unroofed, open platform extending from a house.
tiglio	see 'lime'
annulet	A small, flat fillet encircling a column.
eremetical	Pertaining to the life of a hermit.
king closer	It is a brick which is cut in such a way that the width of one of its end is half that of a full brick
scaling	a means of calculating the amount of enlargement or reduction necessary to accommodate a photograph within the area of a design.
lazy susan	A revolving tray or stand of wood or metal.
arch brace	The curved member between the collar beam and the wall post in a roof
dormer window	a window placed vertically in a sloping roof and with a roof of its own
bakelite	An inexpensive plastic that became popular during the 1930s and 40s as a material for all kinds of consumable goods, including jewelry, cameras, billiard balls, and radios.
counterscarp	Outer slope of ditch; side of a moat nearest the besiegers
post plate	This is similar to a wall plate with the only difference that it run continuously , parallel to the face of the wall , over posts and supports the rafters at their feet.
fan vault	Late form of tierceron vault in which the segments are rounded to form a series of inverted cone shapes
reredos	a painted, carved or sculptured screen, above and behind an altar.
megafauna	Large beast, now extinct that roamed Alabama after the last ice age; examples include giant bison, mastodon, wolley mammoth, giant ground sloth, and peccary.
corbel	In architecture, a bracket of stone, brick or wood that projects from a wall to support an arch, large cornice or other feature
pellet	Circular boss.
tigré	(French) striped, tabby (cat)
tintoteinté	(Italian) gebeizt (German), teinté (French), stained, coloured
colophon	A printer's or publisher's identifying symbol or emblem.
pixels per inch	The number of pixels that can be displayed per inch, usually used to refer to pixel resolution from a scanned image or on a monitor.
storey	The portion of a building included between the surface of any floor and the surface of the floor next above it.
glacis	A bank sloping down from a castle which acts as a defence against invaders; broad, sloping naked rock or earth on which the attackers are completely exposed.
splay	A chamfer, usually on the jamb of a window.
bed	The flat steel table of a cylinder printing press upon which the type sits during the printing process.
vacillate	to waver in mind or opinion; be indecisive or irresolute
palladianism	The Venetian architect Andrea Palladio was regarded by many early eighteenth-century architects and patrons as the authority in architecture
allure	Walkway along the top of a wall.
limestone	General name for a type of sedimentary rock existing in many varieties, consisting primarily of calcite or dolomite
middle ages	Historical period between 500 and 1450 A.D.; fills the gap between Greco-Roman events and modern European history
peccadillo	a very minor offense, a trifling fault
aberrant	departing from the right, normal, or usual course; exceptional
pe	Proofreader mark meaning printer error and showing a mistake by a typesetter, prepress service or printer as compared to an error by the customer.
scaffolding	Scaffold is a temporary rigid structure having platforms raised up as the building increases in height
chapels	the recesses on the sides of aisles in cathedrals and abbey churches
barrier coat	A coating that is applied onto the non-printing side of paper to add to the opacity of that paper
hydrograph	Plot depicting discharge of water versus time for a stream, including surface, subsurface, and base flows.
hot melt	An adhesive used in the binding process, which requires heat for application.
tequàtqui	Combining pre-Conquest Indian and clearly Conquest Hispanic art forms.
hydrology	The water of the earth and air; its flow, distribution, characteristics, and actions.
valley gutter	Horizontal or sloping channel, usually lead or tile lined, at the internal intersection between two roof slopes.
thermostat	(French m., English, German m.) a device for controlling temperature (usually to hold the temperature maintained by a warming or cooling device to within a narrow range of a preset level)
abutment	the outermost end supports on a bridge, which carry the load from the deck
quoins	blocks of masonry at the corners of a building.
malevolent	wishing evil or harm to another or others; showing ill will
linear metal ceiling	A drop ceiling made from narrow metal strips.
port	An electrical connection on the computer into which a cable can be plugged so the computer can communicate with another device such as a printer or modem.
thru-hole	see 'through-hole'
aisle	a passageway flanking a central area (e.g., the corridors flanking the nave of a basilica or cathedral).
expiate	make amends or reparation for
murder holes	A section between the main gate and a inner portcullis where arrows, rocks, and hot oil can be dropped from the roof though holes
heterozygous	A measure of the usefulness of the marker for linkage analysis (see Section 11.2.2).
rod	measurement stick used with a level or the odolite
azure	The light blue color used in the nomenclature of "laid" and "wove" papers.
impost	Slab above a column capital at the point of the spring of an arch.
cropping	Cutting out unwanted (edge) parts of a picture, typically at the printing or mounting stage.printer or monitor when compared with the original image
mosque	an Islamic religious building for communal prayer
mortice and tenon	In woodworking, a joint that consists of a square hole on one piece of wood filled by a square peg from another, creating a strong natural joint.
tooth-in	Stones removed (or omitted) to allow another wall to be bonded into it.
gallery	A partial story.
strata	The layers of sediment or rock revealed after excavation or through natural weathering.
quick setting cement	When concrete is to be laid under still water or in running water , quick setting cement is used advantageously
impede	to retard in movement or progress by means of obstacles or hindrances
parpeting	See Stucco.
helix	The shape of the elevation of a flight of circular stairs.
vitrified	Material reduced to glass by extreme heat
eaves	The overhanging lower edge of a roof.
mosaic	Wall or floor covering composed of small pieces of colored stone (usually marble) or glass (tesserae) set in mortar and forming either abstract designs or figural scenes
tower church	See Turriform.
focal length	In a simple lens the distance (typically in millimeters) between the lens and the position of a sharp image for a subject a great distance away
drain	A line of pipes including all fittings and equipment such as manholes, traps, floor traps used for the drainage of a building.
cushion	Capital cut from a block by rounding off the lower corners
bay	a unit of space in a building, usually defined by piers, vaults, or other elements in a structural system.
reredos	A highly carved and painted wall or screen positioned behind an altar; sometimes called an altarpiece
tir à l'arc	(French f.) archery
untoward	unfavorable or unfortunate; improper
muntin	Vertical member in a wooden screen which either supports the head beam or frames the panelling.
ridge rib	stone rib running longitudinally or tranversely at the top of a vault
vehicle	a term often used interchangeably with medium to mean the liquid in which pigments are suspended but not dissolved and which, as it dries, binds the color to the surface of the painting.
flippant	frivolously disrespectful, shallow, or lacking in seriousness; characterized by levity
varnish	Liquid applied as a coating for protection and appearance.
pendentive	A concave triangle supporting a corner of a circular dome built over a square space.
putlog	Beams placed in holes to support a hoarding; horizontal scaffold beam Putlog Hole - A hole intentionally left in the surface of a wall for insertion of a horizontal pole.
stop-bath	Stage in processing that arrests the action of the previous solution (e.g
gable	It is the triangular portion of the end wall of a sloped roof formed by continuing the end wall up within the roof
reredos	a wall or screen of wood or stone rising behind an altar
penurious	extremely stingy, parsimonious or miserly; extremely poor
tiempo binario	(Spanish m.) duple meter
unicameral	Single-roomed or -celled.
bend	curve; bending occurs when a straight material becomes curved; one side squeezes together in compression, and the other side stretches apart in tension
thumb hole	a finger hole in an wind instrument that uses the player's thumb
paper plate	A printing plate made of strong and durable paper in the short run offset arena (cost effective with short runs).
over flow pipe	This pipe is provided a little above the inlet pipe to allow the incoming water to overflow in case the ball valve assembly does not function properly and it is not able to shut off the incoming supply of water.
florid	reddish, ruddy or rosy; flowery or excessively ornate
rhetoric	the undue use of exaggeration or display in writing or speech; bombast
apostate	a person who forsakes his religion, cause or party
mosaic tile	Small, decorative ceramic tile
baptistery	a building, usually round or polygonal, used for Christian baptismal services.
caisson	watertight, dry chamber in which people can work underwater.
bracket	Flat-topped projection at right angles to the surface of a wall, used to support some horizontal member from underneath.
feign	to invent fictitiously or deceptively, as a story or an excuse
wove	Paper manufactured without visible wire marks, usually a fine textured paper.
jamb	The vertical side surface masonry of a door, window or portal entranceway; often an ideal location for the setting of statuary.
isbn	A number assigned to a published work and usually found either on the title page or the back of the title page
thé	(French m.) tea
ram	Battering ram
palladian style	Architecture influenced by the designs of Andrea Palladio (1518-1580), an Italian who was famous for his domestic buildings
down-hole magnetic susceptibility study	A minimally-invasive geophysical measurement in which a magnetic sensor is introduced down a small diameter (approximately 1 inch) hole made with a hand-held corer
fell	an upland pasture, moor, or thicket; a highland plateau
cover paten	Receptacle for the consecrated bread of communion, made from the cover of a communion cup.
contrast	The difference (ratio) between the darkest and brightest parts
damp proof course	A course consisting of some appropriate water proofing material provided to prevent penetration of dampness or moisture.
lossy compression	An image-compression scheme, such as JPEG, that creates smaller files by discarding image information, which can affect image quality
stringcourse	Continuous horizontal moulding on wallface
bailey	The defended ward or courtyard inside the castle walls, includes exercise area, parade ground, emergency corral
size	Compound mixed with paper or fabric to make it stiffer and less able to absorb moisture.
backhoe	rubber tired vehicle with loader bucket in front and small excavator bucket at back
cusp	A projecting point formed where two curves meet
durability	It is the property of concrete by virtue of which it is capable of resisting its disintegration and decay, which is caused due to any condition.
suspension bridge	a bridge in which the roadway deck is suspended from cables that pass over two towers; the cables are anchored in housings at either end of the bridge
nascent	beginning to exist or develop
double splay window	Window placed centrally in a thick wall so that the masonry slopes away from it towards both the interior and the exterior wall surfaces.
theke	(German f.) a bar, a counter (in a shop, etc.)
til paseende	(Swedish) on approval
interaction sphere	This term refers to prehistoric groups who shared social interaction and exchanged material goods, through a network made up of long distance trade contacts.
dome	A hemispherical vault.
finishing coat	This is the last coat applied on the surface after the undercoat is properly dry.
lzw compression	A method of compacting TIFF files in image editors and other applications by using the Lempel-Ziv Welch compression algorithm, which is an optional compression scheme also offered by some digital cameras.
column	a cylindrical, upright structural support in architecture, consisting of a base, shaft, and capital; an engaged column is one half-embedded in the wall behind it.
batch plant	local facility for preparation and distribution of concrete
block front	A chest composed of a concave center panel flanked by two convex panels.
reredos	Decorated screen of wall-covering behind the altar
spire	a tall, pyramidal, polygonal, or conical structure rising from a tower, turret, or roof (usually of a church) and terminating in a point
tonic	first and most important note of the major or minor scale, to which all other notes in the scale are a subordinate
denigrate	to speak damagingly in a derogatory manner; to treat or represent as lacking in value or importance
ecclesia	Personification of Church
tiefsttemperatur	(German f.) minimum temperature
théâtre engagé	(French m.) dramatic works composed for a political or sociological purpose
silty loam	A mixture of at least 50% silt and sand and 12-25% clay that feels somewhat silky and forms clods when dried out (clods break into soft, flourlike powder).
plastic	synthetic material made from long chains of molecules; has the capability of being molded or shaped, usually by the application of heat and pressure.
blockings	Pieces of wood fitted and glued to the inside angle of a joint in order to strengthen it; glue blocks.
sidebar	a vertical bar positioned usually on the right hand side of the screen.
brace	structural support; to strengthen and stiffen a structure to resist loads
lignin	Substance in trees that holds cellulose fibers together
background	That portion of a photograph or line art drawing that appears furthest from the eye; the surface upon which the main image is superimposed.
groin vault	A vault produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel (tunnel) vaults
lattice	An assembly of smaller pieces arranged in a gridlike pattern; sometimes used a decorative element or to form a truss of primarily diagonal members.
that	see thaat
cable	a structural element formed from steel wire bound in strands; the suspending element in a bridge; the supporting element in some dome roofs
infinitesimal	literally "infinitely brief" such as delta functions
quadripartite vault	Vault which is divided into four sections of equal size by transverse diagonal ribs which cross at the centre.
timbalitos	a smaller version of the timbales, tuned at higher pitches, and often added to the timbales to make up a set of four
air-supported structure	A structure consisting of a pliable membrane which achieves and maintains its shape and support by internal air pressure.
parapet	(a) a wall or rampart to protect soldiers; (b) a low wall or railing built for the safety of people at the edge of a balcony, roof, or other steep place.
lapping joint	This is the simplest form of lengthening joint and is formed by lapping the end of one member over that of the other and fastening them together by bolting or using connections.
tiefkühltruhe	(German f.) a deep-freeze
cut	Assault tower
tilia	see 'lime'
titelhalter	(German m.) titleholder
dedication	The name of a saint or especial event which is given to each church for convenience.
allee	A broad walk planted with trees on either side.
cantilever	A beam or other structure projecting from a wall and supporting an extension to a building, as on a cantilevered balcony or upper story.
portal	A prominent, monumental entrance on the fa溝de of a building designed to emphasize the importance of the entrance, sometimes decorated with elaborate sculptural programs representing Christian subjects.
jetty	An overhanging upper story of a building that projects over the story beneath it.
openwork	Ornamental work with openings showing through its structure.
thp	abbreviation of Tonhalte-Pedal (German n.: sostenuto pedal)[entry provided by Mark Polesky]
hazardous buildings	These shall include any building or part of building which is used for the storage , handling , manufacture or processing of highly combustible explosive materials or products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidity and which may produce poisonous fumes or explosions.
tiempo fuerte	(Spanish m.) strong beat, the accented part of the bar
overstrike	a method used in word processing to produce a character not in the typeface by superimposing two separate characters, eg $ using s and l.
tension	stretching force that pulls on a material.
estimator	One who computes or approximates the cost of work to be done.
caen stone	Fine-grained limestone which came from Normandy and was used in English mediæval church building.
daub	A mud of clay mixture applied over wattle to strengthen and seal it
joist	A timber or steel beam directly supporting a floor or ceiling.
ntsc	A US video out standard to display images on a TV screen.
tree spade	specialized truck mounted device used to dig and transport large trees.
caravaggists	The term 'Caravaggisti' is applied to painters - both Italians and artists from other countries - who imitated the style of Caravaggio in the early 17th century.
trussed arch	A metal arch bridge which features a curved truss.
maquette	small wax, clay model as sketch for client approval
thematisch-motivische arbeit	(German f.) thematic-motivic transformation
moline	Ends curling outward
extrados	The exterior curve or boundary of the visible face of the arch.
french door	A door that consists primarily of rectangular glass panes.
focus	To adjust the lens to produce a sharp image.
typeface	the raised surface carrying the image of a type character cast in metal
burin	In the field of lithic reduction, a burin is a special type of lithic flake with a chisel-like edge which prehistoric humans may have used for engraving or for carving wood or bone
specially printer	Printer whose equipment, supplies, work flow and marketing is targeted to a particular category of products.
jacketwall	See: Chemise
blind tracery	Lines drawn out in solid, unperforated masonry.
cinquefoil	framing devices composed of five equal arcs or lobes, separated by cusps.
tenon	Projecting end of a piece of timber so prepared to fit into a mortice or socket.
coping	It is a covering placed on the exposed top of an external wall
screen	A partition (of stone or wood)
portcullis	A heavy timber or metal grill that protected the castle entrance and could be raised or lowered from within the castle
westwork	An entrance area at the west end of a church with upper chamber and usually with a tower or towers
shell-keep	Circular or oval wall surrounding inner portion of castle; usually stores and accommodations inside the hollow walls.
gable windows	A window in a gable, or one pointed at the top like a gable.
valley	An intersection of sloping roof segments towards which rainwater flows.
spine	the binding edge at the back of a book.
sidelight	a framed area of fixed glass alongside a door or window opening
compression	pressing force that squeezes a material together.
frater	Monastic refectory or dining hall.
great hall	The building in the inner ward that housed the main meeting and dining area for the castle's residence; throne room
rath	Low, circular ringwork.
open newel stair	It consists of two or more straight flights arranged in such a manner that a clear space called a well occurs between the backward and the forward flights.
crown	The highest part of an arch or vault.
preserve	To keep safe or protected from harm.
aluminum	lightweight chemical element (Al); the most abundant metallic element in the Earth's crust
blow-up	An enlargement, usually used with raphic images or photographs
portal	An impressive or monumental entrance, gate, or door to a building or courtyard, often decorated.
gravity hinges	Those which open and close if once set in motion.
buttress	A projecting support which adds to the strength of a wall.
gregarious	fond of the company of others; sociable
haunting	Paranormal phenomena such as apparitions, unexplained sounds, smells or other sensations that are associated over a lengthy period of time with a specific location.
montage	picture made of other pics, illustrations, etc for new image
tintenstift	(German m.) or Kopierstift (German m.), indelible pencil
shed roof	A roof that only has one slope.
exchequer	Monastic building where rents and other income are received and held.
relief printing	Printing method whose image carriers are surfaces with two levels having inked areas higher than noninked areas
icon	Usually an image of Jesus or one or more saints
talisman	a stone, ring, or other object supposed to possess occult powers to be worn as an amulet or charm
camp ceiling	A ceiling in the shape of a truncated four-sided pyramid.
tidewater	Rarely found in New England, this architectural style is designed for hot, humid climates found in the southern coastal states
processional cross	A large cross on a staff, carried in processions on feast days of various church holidays.
legend	Directions about a specific matter (illustrations) and how to use
tiefkühlkost	(German f.) frozen food
mosaic	small pieces of tile, glass, etc to make pattern by embedding
tower	A tall structure generally set above the crossing of the church or the west front.
perfunctory	performed merely as a routine duty; hasty and superficial; lacking interest, care, or enthusiasm; indifferent or apathetic
weather boarding	A protective covering for an external wall surface, usually made of horizontal planks of wood which overlap each other.
tension ring	a support ring that resists the outward force pushing against the lower sides of a dome
gain	The shoulder upon the tenoned piece of a mortised and tenoned joint.
inhibit	to restrain, hinder, arrest, or check; to prohibit or forbid
barbican	An outer defence to a castle or fortified town, especially double towers protecting a gateway or bridge.
service road	A road/lane provided at the rear or side of a plot for service purposes.
audacious	extremely bold or daring; recklessly brave and fearless, also extremely original
hot linked	This term refers to a piece of text, graphic or picture that has been designed to act as a button on a web page
arcane	known or understood by very few; mysterious, secret or obscure
early english	The beginnings of Gothic in England span from the final years of the twelfth century through the first half of the thirteenth
rainbow roof	A gable roof that looks like a large Gothic arch, with slightly convex surfaces.
force	any action that tends to maintain or alter the position of a structure.
fanlight	an arched window above a door
candlestand	A small (usually pedestal) and lightweight table with a round top built to chair height
tire-bouchon	(French m.) a cork-screw
coffer	one of a series of recessed panels in a ceiling, usually done in plaster.
ambiguity	doubtfulness or uncertainty of meaning or intention
pinnacle	Ornamental crowning spire, tower, etc
still life	subject matter is objects for pleasing shape, color, texture
vibrato	frequency modulation
k	Measurement unit of lighting and color temperature.
rise of steps	It is the vertical distance between the upper surface of the successive treads.
critical flow	A condition existing at critical depth where the sum of the velocity head and static head is a minimum.
calotte	In architecture, a concavity in the form of a niche or cup, serving to reduce the apparent height of an alcove or chapel.
cloister	Enclosed spaces composed of a garth (garden) and surrounding walkways, which are generally arcaded on the courtyard side (facing the garden) and walled on the other; usually found in Christian religious building complexes such as monasteries and used for contemplative purposes.
bellcote	A turret, usually at the west end of a church, to carry bells.
arrow loop	A narrow vertical slit cut into a wall through which arrows could be fired from inside.
prosaic	commonplace or dull; matter-of-fact or unimaginative; having the character of prose rather than poetry
spire	architectural or decorative feature of a skyscraper; the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat includes spires but not antennae when calculating the official height of a skyscraper.
cupola	A small dome, a rounded roof on a circular or polygonal base crowning a roof or turret
counterguard	A long, near-triangular freestanding fortification within the moat.
longhouse	A building with dwelling area and byre under the same roof-alignment, usually separated by a cross-passage
titulaire	(French m./f.) holder (of a licence, permit, etc.)
direct digital color proof	Color proof made by a laser, ink jet printer or other computer-controlled device without needing to make separation films first
tiergarten	(German m.) a zoo
aisle	chapel or cloister), to a buttress outside the building.
plate	Piece of paper, metal, plastic or rubber carrying an image to be reproduced using a printing press.
garderobe	A small latrine or toilet either built into the thickness of the wall or projected out from it; Projects from the wall as a small, rectangular bartizan.
poppy head	A carved or ornamental top to a stall or bench-end
timballes	(French f
weathering	Sloping surface to throw off rainwater
bressumer	Beam to support a projection.
drum tower	A large, circular, low, squat tower built into a wall
tienda de ultramarinos	(Spanish f.) grocer's (shop), grocery store
tribe	A group of people able to support a level of subsistence in a permanent settlement.
composite	In photography, an image composed of two or more parts of an image, taken either from a single photo or from multiple photos
wattle and daub	a technique of wall construction using woven branches or twigs plastered with clay or mud.
highlights	The brightest parts of an image containing detail.
drystone	Unmortared masonry.
strong mullion	a term used in these notes in the description of certain forms of supermullioned
gabardine	A fabric of closely woven cotton or wool twill.
refectory	Dining halls of monasteries or other religious institutions usually lined with tables and sometimes containing pulpits for reading of religious texts during meal times
fluted	Bevelled or grooved.
riddells	Curtains at the side of the altar.
pictograph	An ancient of prehistoric drawing or painting on a rock wall
peremptory	leaving no opportunity for denial or refusal; imperative, decisive or final
gable cross	Stone cross placed above a gable.
rib	Raised moulding dividing a vault.
thèse	(French f.) thesis
fresco	a technique (also known as buon fresco ) of painting on the plaster surface of a wall or ceiling while it is still damp, so that the pigments become fused with the plaster as it dries.
rent	an opening made by rending or tearing; a breach of relations or union between individuals or groups
trunk sewer	It is a main sewer which receives discharges from all the smaller sewers and conveys it to a sewage treatment plant or to the point of final disposal.
bobcat	trade name for a four wheeled skid steer loader
live area	Area on a mechanical within which images will print
platt	Frederick
song cycle	set of songs by one composer, often using texts by the same poet
organ	The organ provides the musical accompaniment in most churches
cire-perdue	see lost-wax bronze casting.
vinyl tile	A thin, flexible floor tile made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with a self-adhesive foam backing.
apital	A capital cut from a square block with the low angles rounded off to the column below
vault	Underground room of interment.
porticus	A side chapel or chapels
continuous autofocus	An automatic focusing setting in which the camera constantly refocuses the image as you frame the picture
beneficent	doing good, conferring benefits; kind in action or purpose
engineering	a profession in which a knowledge of math and natural science is applied to develop ways to utilize the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of all human beings
toolbox	an on screen mouse operated facility that allows the user to choose from a selection of 'tools' to create simple goemetric shapes- lines, boxes, circles etc
titelthema	(German n,) subject title
latent	present but not visible, apparent, or actualized; existing as potential
batch processing	Refers to a function or a series of commands being applied to several digital files at one time
guesthouse	Buildings set aside for visitors to the monastery.
pointed arch	An arch having a pointed crown
thürner	(German m.) town musician
high-fidelity color	Color reproduced using six, eight or twelve separations, as compared to four-color process.
hipped roof	a roof in which the entire gable is inclined inwards.
homogeneous	composed of parts or elements that are all of the same kind; of the same kind or nature
porte-cochere	A roof projecting over a driveway near the entrance of a building designed to protect people getting in or out of a car from the elements.
impugn	to challenge as false; to cast doubt upon
impost	Wall bracket to support arch.
altar	(a) any structure used as a place of sacrifice or worship; (b) a tablelike structure used in a Christian church to celebrate the Eucharist.
buttress	A mass of masonry or brickwork projecting from or built against a wall to give additional strength
precipitate	to hasten the occurrence of; bring about prematurely, or to cast or plunge violently
marble	A metamorphic rock, composed mostly of recrystallized calcite and/or dolomite, often irregularly colored by impurities; can also refer more broadly to any crystallized carbonate rock, including true marble and certain types of limestone, that will take a polish and can be used for architectural and ornamental purposes
multifoil	Having more than five foils, lobes, or arcuate divisions.
geocentric	A view of the solar system with the earth at the center and the sun and planets orbiting around it
trefoil	Framing device featuring three equal arcs or lobes, separated by cusps.
jamb stones	Masonry blocks forming the side of a doorway, etc.
skewback	A piece of masonry with a tilting face cut into it against which a segmental arch rests.
keystone	The central wedge-shaped voussoir (stone segment) located at the apex of an in arch or vault.
knight's tower	A prospect tower, relay of post horses held by one of the seigneur's vassals on his land.
gate house	The complex of towers, bridges, and barriers built to protect each entrance through a castle or town wall
vestry	The vestry is the room, usually located adjacent to the chancel, in which the clergy and choir dress and the vestments are kept.
cross drain	A ditch relief culvert or other structure or shaping of the traveled way designed to capture and remove surface water from the traveled way or other road surfaces.
call-and-response	solo voice alternating with a chorus
basilica	Properly a two-celled church which is built on a double colonnade and apse plan
chevron	Zig-zag moulding
strength	resistance of a cured core of concrete to crushing – expressed in Mpa.
molding	a continuous contoured surface, either recessed or projecting, used for decorative effect on an architectural surface.
pitch	Slope of a roof in relation to the horizon.
slurring	a smearing of the image, caused by paper slipping during the impression stage.
wraith	Ghost, Spectral Apparition
gnomen	The metal (or wood) finger on a sun dial
loading	A term used for a method of weighting and strengthening thin silver items such as candlesticks and knife hafts
tiempo cómodo	(Spanish m.) tempo comodo, convenient speed
daub	Clay used to fill in the holes and gaps between the wood or thatching of a wall
circus	in ancient Rome, an oblong space, surrounded by seats, used for chariot races, games, and other spectacles.
truss construction	a system of construction in which the architectural members (such as bars and beams) are combined, often in triangles, to form a rigid framework.
eloquent	having or exercising the power of fluent, forceful, and appropriate speech, characterized by forceful and appropriate expression
lag	Crosspieces used to connect the ribs in centering.
supra	months, years, decades, and centuries; everything above the level of macro
working film	Intermediate film that will be copied to make final film after all corrections are made
impression	Product resulting from one cycle of printing machine
exposure meter	Instrument that measures light intensities falling on, or reflected off, the subject, and indicates or sets corresponding camera settings (shutter and aperture).
welter	to roll, toss, or heave, as waves or the sea; to roll, writhe or tumble about
wall post	a vertical post, attached to a wall and supported on a corbel, which, in turn, supports a roof
abscond	to depart in a sudden and secret manner, especially to avoid capture and legal prosecution
ccd charge-coupled device	Electronic light-sensitive surface, digital replacement for film.
fillet	A thin strip of wood, cement, slate etc
corbel	A piece of stone, wood, etc
bridge	A raised structure built to carry vehicles or pedestrians over an obstacle.
fluting	Concave mouldings in parallel.
archivolt	A series of decorated, recessed arches spanning an opening such as a portal (fig.3, B).
scaffolding	The temporary wooden frame work built next to a wall to support both workers and materials.
montage	An image constructed by combining what were originally several separate images.
elevation	an architectural diagram showing the exterior (or, less often, interior) surface of a building as if projected onto a vertical plane.
theatre	tiers or terraces in a hillside, resembling the concave formation of seats in a classical outdoor theatre.
quadrant vaulting	vaulting whose arc is one-quarter of a circle, or 90 degrees.
théorie de la musique	(French f.) music theory
flint	Hard, fine-grained sedimentary rock used by early humans to manufacture stone tools, such as spear and dart points, knives, and other utilitarian tools
gambrel roof	A ridged roof divided on each of its two sides into a shallow slope on the top and a steep slope on the bottom.
roof boss	an ornamental knob covering the intersection of ribs in a vault or on a ceiling
circulation	describes the flow of people throughout a building.
tindé	Algerian drum played by a group of women
alms box	Receptacle used to collect the offerings of the people in the parish towards any number of causes
bowtells	Rounded edges to the receding mouldings in an arch, etc
great chamber	Lord's solar, or bed-sitting room.
wire side	That side of the paper which lies on the wire screen side of the papermaking machine.
genotype	See for example, Figure 3.5C.
depth of the arch	It is the perpendicular distance between the intrados and the extrados.
quarry	Diamond-shaped piece of glass used in lattice windows.
annual growth ring	The ring seen on the transverse section of a piece of wood indicating yearly growth. Also referred to as grain. See also year ring.
fortress church	A church built so that it might be used for defensive purposes.
string course	a projecting masonry band running horizontally along a wall.
measurement of coarse aggregates	Coarse aggregate may be measured either by volume (litres) or by weight
vinyl sheet	A flexible floor covering made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with a felt or foam backing.
queen post	Vertical beam which joins the main rafters of a roof with the horizontal tie beam.
story	floor of a skyscraper.
thronfolge	(German f.) succession
sediments	Soils that have been transported over distances and have accumulated in a new area
custodia	An ostensory.
tiene ahogos	(Spanish) he gets out of breath
water saturated sites	Swamps, marshes, bogs and other wetland sites created as a result of changes in the water table due either to natural or human changes to the environment
tensile strength	the internal strength of a material that enables it to support itself without rupturing.
saddle coping	A coping that slopes on both sides to form a center ridge.
lych-gate	Stone or wood roofed structure at the churchyard entrance where a coffin could rest.
ground-penetrating radar	An instrument used to find sub-surface anomalies (features) by recording differential reflection of radar pulses
tijd	(Dutch) time
door shutter	Door shutter is the moving part of the door and their number varies.
stiffener	On plate girders, structural steel shapes, such as an angle, are attached to the web to add intermediate strength.
spur tie	in timber-framed construction, a short timber connecting a cruck blade or an arched brace to a
creasing	þ-shaped mark on a wall, marking the pitch of a former roof.
transparency	A positive photographic image on film, viewed or projected by light shining through the film.
crossing	The square space in a basilican church plan where the transept intersects with the nave just before the choir, often marked by a tower referred to as the crossing tower.
neolithic	Denotes the later phase of the pre-historic stone age civilisation which preceeded the use of metals; characterised by the use of polished, highly finished tools and weapons.
theaterverlag	(German m.) publisher of works relating to the theatre (playbills, programmes, etc.)
corbel	A projecting stone or piece of wood (step-wise construction, as in an arch, roof, etc, built into a wall during construction) used to support floors, parapet walks etc
tint	the effect of adding white to a solid colour or of screening a solid area.
bishop	Leading clergyman who acts as governor of a diocese, and has the power to confirm members of the church, as well as to ordain priests
pedantic	ostentatious in one's learning, overly concerned with minute details or formalisms, especially in teaching
wrought iron	an iron alloy that is less brittle than cast iron
open prepress interface	Hardware and software that link desktop publishing systems with color electronic prepress systems.
respond	Half-pier bonded into a wall to carry an arch.
ridge piece	Horizontal beam along the line where the sloping sides of a roof meet.
printability	The ability of a paper to show reproduced (printed) images.
cusp	Curves meeting in a point
bends	see caisson disease
prayer	Prayer means talking to God, to thank him for the good things we enjoy, to ask him for help when we need it, and to ask for his forgiveness when we do something wrong.
rollfilm	Photographic film, usually 6.2 cm wide (known as 120), attached to a numbered backing paper and rolled on a flanged spool.
canopy	An ornamental projection over doors and windows.
sapping	Undermining, as of a castle wall
housed joint	In this joint , the entire end or thickness of one member is let into the notch in another
gate house	The complex of towers, bridges, and barriers built to protect each entrance through a castle or town wall.
widow	A single word or two left at the end of a paragraph, or a part of a sentence ending a paragraph, which loops over to the next page and stands alone
diamond pane	Small pieces of glass which, when inserted into a lead frame prepared to receive them, form a lattice window.
doom painting	Frightening portrayal of the Day of Judgement
positive	The opposite of a negative; an image with the same tonal relationships as those in the original scenes - for example, a finished print or a slide.
palette knife	a knife with a flat, flexible blade and no cutting edge, used to mix and spread paint.
culpable	deserving blame or censure; blameworthy
vented ford	A crossing where the road grade is above the stream channel bottom and all of the water passes through the structure during periods of low flow
through-reticulation	reticulation units intersecting subarcuation.
venal	willing to sell one's influence in return for a bribe
ensemble finale	final scene of a musical show or of an act within the show in which several soloists simultaneously express in different words and music their individual points of view
electronic synthesizer	highly versatile electronic sound generator capable of producing and altering an infinite variety of sounds
recalcitrant	resisting authority or control, not obedient or compliant
venerate	to regard or treat with reverence
reprobate	morally depraved, unprincipled or bad; rejected by God and beyond hope of salvation
monolithic dome	a dome composed of a series of arches, joined together with a series of horizontal rings called parallels
orientation	The geographical position of a building according to the points of the compass
tiento	(Spanish m.) caution, tact, stick, steady, swig (familiar)
palette	(a) the range of colors used by an artist; (b) an oval or rectangular tablet used to hold and mix the pigments.
tirando por lo alto	(Spanish) at the most
recital	performance by a soloist or small ensemble
allure	Walkway along the top of a wall; also known as the wallwalk , it is the path running behind the parapet at the top of a wall or tower
iconoclast	a person who attacks cherished beliefs, traditional institutions, or religions as being based on error or superstition
caisson disease	an affliction developed by people moving in and out of caissons quickly; also called the bends and decompression sickness
howe truss	A type of truss in which vertical web members are in tension and diagonal web members in compression
ams	Accelerator Mass Spectrometry is an absolute dating technique that measures the amount of carbon-14 in an organic object and provides a rough indication of its age
calligraphy	handwriting designed to be beautiful; calligraphic writing or drawing can be expressive as well as beautiful.
lecturn	Reading stand to support the church bible
tief luft holen	(German) to take a deep breath
pastophoria	Individual chambers in temples or churches
net vault	A net vault is a type of vault with a complex system of supporting ribs which has the appearancea of a net
manus dei	Literally 'the hand of God'
tischtennis	(German n.) table tennis
facade	Exterior surface of a building; usually applied to the main side of the building which faces a street.
outer curtain	The wall the encloses the outer ward.
masonry	building material such as stone, clay, brick, or concrete.
buttress	a mass of stone built up to support a wall, usually necessary to strengthen those of great height
piscina	a small stone wash-basin with a drain hole where to wash the sacred vessels
dahlgren	A dampening system for printing presses which utilizes more alcohol (25%) and less water; this greatly reduces the amount of paper that is spoiled.
astragal	A small plain or ornamental moulding.
wrought iron	common natural material strong in both compression and tension
muntin	an intermediate vertical timber in a door or section of panelling (cf
obdurate	unmoved by persuasion, pity, or tender feelings; stubborn, unyielding
miocene	The Miocene is a geological epoch extending from about 23.03 to 5.332 million years ago
gigo	Garbage in, garbage out.
coping	Covering stones.
scarp	Slope on inner side of ditch (side of the moat farthest from the besiegers)
turret	A diminutive tower, characteristically corbeled from a corner.
pyramid	in ancient Egyptian architecture, a sepulchral monument in the form of a huge stone structure with a square base and sloping sides meeting at an apex
obsidian hydration	Absolute dating technique that measures the microscopic amount of water absorbed on freshly broken obsidian surfaces
shutter	In a conventional film camera, the mechanism consisting of blades, a curtain, plate, or some other movable cover that controls the time during which light reaches the film/sensor and exposes the image
terra cotta	An extremely hard kiln-fired clay often used for architectural ornaments and tiling
postern gate	A side or less important gate into a castle; usually for peacetime use by pedestrians
tief atem holen	(German) to take a deep breath
quality	Subjective term relating to expectations by the customer, printer and other professionals associated with a printing job and whether the job meets those expectations.
tiempo débil	(Spanish m.) weak beat, the unaccented part of the bar
scribing	Cutting a moulding in order to meet it exactly at an angle.
tripod	A three-legged supporting stand used to hold the camera steady
sordid	morally ignoble or base; meanly selfish, self-seeking, or mercenary
tiracorda	(Italian f.) tensioner
thermometer	(English, German n.) a device for registering temperature
rise	The vertical distance between the springline and the keystone of an arch, or between the springline and boss of a vault
aspect ratio	This is usually found in dialog boxes concerned with changes of image size and refers to the relationship between width and height of a picture
ziggurat	A rectangular stepped tower using pyramid forms to attain height.
diffusion	The transmission of ideas or materials from culture to culture, or from one area to another
nailhead	An ornamental motif of small pyramids, said to represent the heads of nails
rath	Low, circular ringwork
hypocaust	The space under the floor of a Roman house for distributing heat from the furnace to the rooms.
ūrnā	in Buddhist art, a whorl of hair or protuberance between the eyebrows of a Buddha or other honored individual.
multi-plate	large culvert made up of segments bolted together on site.
early english	The Early English style of church architecture is the first stage (13th century) of the development of English Gothic architecture, following the Norman and Romanesque styles and predating the Perpendicular style; it is characterized by narrow pointed windows and pointed arches
bishop	From Greek episkopos, "overseer." An ordained member of the church who has ultimate authority over all the churches in a diocese and has the power to ordain priests and administer confirmation.
romanesque	The prevailing architectural style, 8-12th cent.; massive masonry, round arches, small windows, groin-and barrel-vault
expansion joint	A meeting point between two parts of a structure which is designed to allow for movement of the parts due to thermal or moisture factors while protecting the parts from damage
pedology	The science that deals with the study of soils.
proportional spacing	a method of spacing whereby each each character is spaced to accommodate the varying widths of letters or figures, so increasing readability
garderobe	A small latrine or toilet either built into the thickness of the wall or projected out from it; ; projects from the wall as a small, rectangular bartizan
calcareous concretions	A rounded mass of mineral matter occurring in sand stone, clay, etc., often in concentric layers around a nucleus.
eucharist	Communion
convoluted	twisted or coiled; complicated or intricately involved
théâtre de l'europe	since 1990, the name of the Odéon, one of France's five so-called 'national theatres'
fillet	Narrow flat band separating or decorating the surface of mouldings
drop arch	A pointed arch that is wider than it is tall.
quoin	The corner of a building; also used of the individual stones (dressed) making up the corner.
encomendero	Proprietor of an encomienda
vindictive	disposed or inclined to revenge; proceeding from or showing a revengeful spirit
the ring cycle	see 'Ring Cycle, The'
scripture	the Bible
swipe-beam	The lifting beam of a drawbridge.
magnetometer	A proton magnetometer is a search tool detecting iron
screens	Wooden partition at the kitchen end of a hall, protectting a passage leading to the buttery, pantry and kitchen
nomadic	a way of life in which a group of people have no permanent residence, but move from place to place.
aggregate	sand, gravel etc mixed with cement to form concrete
disparate	distinct in kind and essentially different; dissimilar
post	A thick, rigid upright support.
cloister	Part of a monastery; a quadrangle surrounded by covered passages
groined	Roof with sharp edges at intersection of cross-vaults.
crenel	The low segment of the alternating high and low segments of a battlement.
balustrade	a series of balusters, or upright pillars, supporting a rail (as along the edge of a balcony or bridge).
reredorter	Annex to monastic dormitory containing garderobes or latrines.
pew	wooden seats or benches to seat the congregation, appearing only toward the end of the medieval period.
mercantile buildings	These shall include any building or part of a building which is used as shops, stores , market , for display and sale of merchandise either wholesale or retail.
nave	Principal hall of a church, extending from the narthex to the chancel.
solid block flooring	A floor made from solid wood blocks glued down so their grain faces up
baltimore truss	A subdivided Pratt truss commonly constructed for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
calcareous	Calcareous is an adjective meaning mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate, in other words, containing lime or being chalky.
blank arcade	an arcade fronting a wall, which it is used to decorate.
stop cock	A valve on a gas or water supply pipe which is used to cut off the supply.
diptych	Book-like paired panels hinged together used as devotional objects
corbel	A supporting piece of stone or wood, projecting out from a wall
ampere	See electrical terms ANCHOR BOLT A steel bolt used to secure a structural member against uplift. It is usually deformed at one end to ensure a good grip in the concrete or masonry in which it is embedded, as with the bolts securing a wooden sill plate to a concrete or masonry floor or wall.
soils	Deposits that form in place from the weathering of (parent) material
bast	The inner bark of a tree Baston
abutment	Masonry mass designed to support and receive the thrust of arches, vaults, or trusses
back	The inner surface of the wall, which is not exposed to weather, is termed as back.
tief kammerton	(German m.) see Kammerton
grave board	Narrow piece of wood supported by stilts at each end, and used in the place of a headstone to record biographical details of the deceased.
outbuildings	A term used to refer to all nonresidential structures on a site
corroborate	to make more certain; confirm
tionde	(Swedish) tenth
scallop	Carved in a series of semi-circles
terra-cotta	(a) an earthenware material, with or without a glaze; (b) an object made of this material.
soldier	A brick or block laid vertically with its longest narrow edge facing out.
fanlight	The function of fanlight is to ensure cross ventilation in the room even when the door is closed
dead-ground	Close to the wall, where the defenders can't shoot; indefensible ground
imprinting	See Figure 2.6.
tractable	easily managed or controlled; docile; easily worked, shaped, or otherwise handled
elegy	a mournful, melancholy poem, especially in remembrance of the dead
boss	Central stone of arch or vault; key stone.
forebuilding	An extension to the keep, guarding it's entrance.
crazing	A network of hairline cracks in the surface of concrete or plaster that was allowed to dry too quickly.
loader	wheeled or tracked vehicle with wide front mounted bucket to scrape and load trucks.
albumen	Subtly toned photographs popular in the late 1800s that were made by adhering photographic chemicals to paper with egg whites — hence the name.
pax	Tablet showing the Crucifiction which is kissed by both the priest and the congregation as a sign of peace.
vestments	Clothes of office worn by the clergy, choristers, etc.
theorbenflugel	(German m.) see Lautenclavicymbel
crystal	A high-quality glass made with oxide of lead, rather than soda, making it harder, clearer, brighter, and easier to cut than ordinary glass.
bell	Hollow structure of cast metal which contains a clapper
folk art	Traditional representations, usually bound by conventions in both form and content, of a folkloric character and usually made by persons without institutionalized training.
encomium	a formal expression of high praise; eulogy
attenuate	to weaken or reduce in force, intensity, effect, quantity, or value; to make thin, slender or fine
foment	to instigate or foster discord or ill feeling
flat roof	A roof laid at an angle of less than 10 degrees to the horizontal is known as flat roof.
end post	The outwardmost vertical or angled compression member of a truss.
beehive corbelling	A technique of producing a dome-like vault by oversailing courses of masonry
float finish	A slightly textured concrete surface obtained by using a wooden float to smooth it.
barsati	Habitable room on the roof with or without toilet / kitchen
tige métallique aussi recourbée	(French f.) metal rod that is bent
bastion	A small tower at the end of a curtain wall or in the middle of the outside wall; solid masonry or walls filled with earth projection; structural rather than inhabitable
silver plating	A process whereby a metal is coated with silver in order to give it the appearance of being made of silver
packhorse bridge	A form of bridge, common in mediæval times, but now rare, which was only wide enough for pedestrians and loaded horses (packhorses).
civil engineer	an engineer who plans, designs, and supervises the construction of facilities essential to modern life
cable	Part of a suspension bridge extending from an anchorage over the tops of the towers and down to the opposite anchorage
equivocate	to use ambiguous or unclear expressions, usually to avoid commitment or in order to mislead
panchromatic	Films or other photographic materials that are sensitive to all colors.
scour	Underwater erosion of a stream bottom or bank or at a drainage structure outflow.
boss	A projecting stone at the intersection of the ribs of a vault, often the keystone and frequently carved; Central stone of arch or vault.
comments & criticism	A typical acronym used when someone posts a posts a picture in a forum setting and asks for feedback, comments, and suggestions on how to improve the figure.
stone age	A period when humans used stone as the primary material for making tools
obelisk	a tall, four-sided stone, usually monolithic, that tapers toward the top and is capped by a pyramidion.
due diligence	Process of investigating and gathering information necessary to make an informed and intelligent decision about a matter, such as a prospective buyer examining the authenticity, condition, quality, and status of property to be sold.
multi-pane	window made of multiple panes of glass joined by muntins
picture plane	The flat surface on which an image is painted, and that part of the image which is closest to the viewer
absolute dating	Collective term for techniques that assign specific dates or date ranges, in calendar years, to artifacts and other archaeological finds
vault	an arched ceiling or roof of stone or brick, sometimes imitated in wood or plaster
cast iron	a brittle alloy with high carbon content; iron that has been melted, then poured into a form and cooled; can be made into any shape desired
landscape	The orientation of an image in which the longest dimension is horizontal; also called wide orientation.
back flap hinges	This type of hinges are used with thin shutters where butt hinges cannot be used.
tuned mass damper	a mechanical counterweight designed to reduce the effects of motion, such as the swaying of a skyscraper in the wind or in an earthquake
lierne vault	Vault decorated by Lierne ribs.
ocr	a special kind of scanner which provides a means of reading printed characters on documents and converting them into digital codes that can be read into a computer as actual text rather than just a picture.
plane	a surface on which a straight line joining any two of its points lies on that surface; in general, a flat surface.
tintinnio	(Italian) tintillation, jingling, tingling of a bell
embrasure	The low segment of the altering high and low segments of a battlement.
tiende	(Danish, Dutch) tenth
parapet	Protective wall at the top of a fortification, around the outer side of the wall-walk or main wall.
art paper	A paper evenly coated with a fine clay compound creating a hard smooth surface on one or both sides.
tensegrity	an array of tension cables and compression rods that supports a structure; invented by Buckminster Fuller student Kenneth Snellson
th	abbreviation of Technische Hochschule (German: technical high school)
agora	An open-air place of congregation in an ancient Greek city, generally the public square or marketplace, that served as a political, civic, religious, and commercial center
material culture	Elements of the physical environment that people have modified through cultural behavior
apse	A semicircular termination to the chancel, chapel or aisle.
radiocarbon dating	a method of dating prehistoric objects based on the rate of degeneration of radioactive carbon in organic materials.
telephoto lens	A lens or lens setting that magnifies an image.
tibia obliqua	(Latin) the flauto traverso
kerb	Stone edging to mark the boundary of a grave.
halving joint	This joint is used in members crossing or meeting at an angle
ti-tze	Chinese transverse bamboo flute
tir	(French m.) shooting (sport), firing (the act of shooting), fire
mortar	A mixture of sand, water, and lime used to bind stones together; as opposed to drylaid masonry
voussoirs	Any of the pieces, in the shape of a truncated wedge, that make up an arch or vault.
wall plate	Horizontal piece of timber which is placed on the top of either side of a wall in order to support the load imposed upon it by one of the rafters in the roof above.
escutcheon	See Funeral Hatchment.
crannog	Celtic Scotland timber-built fortified lake village
tensegrity	tension cables and compression rods that supports a structure; invented by Buckminster Fuller student Kenneth Snellson.
compressed-air chamber	the space at the bottom of a caisson into which air is introduced under pressure to exclude water so that excavation can take place
mitigate	to lessen in force or intensity, as wrath, grief, harshness, or pain; moderate or make less severe
stopped chamfer	a chamfer extending only part of the way along an edge.
headwall	wall built at top and sides of a culvert end to secure adjacent soil
truss	A structural form which is used in the same way as a beam, but because it is made of an web-like assembly of smaller members it can be made longer, deeper, and therefore, stronger than a beam or girder while being lighter than a beam of similar dimensions.
steeple	The whole structure of a spire built on to a tower or roof where the two are not clearly defined into separate parts.
lateral bracing	Members used to stabilize a structure by introducing diagonal connections.
exonerate	to clear, as of an accusation; free from guilt or blame
vestments	the ceremonial clothing of the clergy
arrant	downright, thorough, unmitigated, notorious
member	One of many parts of a structure, especially one of the parts of a truss.
white	The color formed by combining all the colors of light (in the additive color model) or by removing all colors (in the subtractive model)
focus range	The minimum and maximum distances within which a camera is able to produce a sharp image, such as two inches to infinity.
character piece: nocturnes	piece expressing the "character" of night
deck	supported roadway on a bridge
solar	Upper living room , often over the great hall; the lord's private living room.
flank wall	A side wall.
gutter	A channel for carrying off rainwater installed at the edges of a roof.
reeded	Parallel convex mouldings
archimedes screw	type of pump that looks like an angled corkscrew
cosmological	one's view of the universe.
tierce majeure	(French f.) major third
parapet	a low protective wall or railing at the edge of a roof, walkway, or embankment.
bacchus	In Greek and Roman mythology, the god of wine and fertility
cortex	The rough outer surface of a stone, usually removed to reveal the smooth interior during flint knapping (the making of stone tools)
light weight	addition of lightweight aggregates such as pumice.
pile driver	noisy machine that repeatedly drops a heavy weight on top of a pile until the pile reaches solid soil or rock or cannot be pushed down any farther.
brattice	Timber tower or projecting wooden gallery; hoarding
chandelier	Arrangement or cluster of artificial lights, radiating from a central source and suspended from the roof.
onerous	burdensome, oppressive, or troublesome; having obligations or that outweigh the advantages
nut oil	It is a cheap vehicle and generally used for painting ordinary works of temporary character
roll	Moulding of semi-circular section.
silt	sediment particles ranging from 0.004 to 0.06 mm (0.00016 to 0.0024 inch) in diameter
gusset plate	A metal plate used to unite multiple structural members of a truss.
piloti	A series of columns supporting a building above ground level.
pilgrim	People traveling along a designated route to visit specific churches as part of a penitential journey.
caduceus	the symbol of a herald or physician, consisting of a staff with two snakes twined around it and two wings at the top.
maquette	A small-scale model produced in preparation for making a finished sculpture, in order to visualize the object before money is spent to produce a full-sized work or art.
cable-stayed bridge	bridge in which the roadway deck is suspended from cables anchored to one or more towers.
intensity	the degree of purity of a color; also known as chroma or saturation.
three-dimensional	having height, width, and depth.
thérapeutique	(French) therapeutic
vector	See Figure 10.23.
dogtooth ornament	Diagonal indented pyramid
fan vaulting	One of the most beautiful expressions in Gothic architecture consisting of decorative stone ribbing forming intricate fanning patterns across a vault surface
crossing	In a church of any kind, the open space at the intersection between nave and transepts, often crowned by a tower.
tone compression	Reduction in the tonal range from original scene to printed reproduction.
apathy	absence or suppression of passion, emotion, or excitement; lack of interest in or concern for things that others find moving or exciting
sound insulation	Control of noise transmission is essential to minimize the disturbing effect of sound passing from one person to another , through walls , partitions, floors and ceilings.
board paper	General term for paper over 110# index, 80# cover or 200 gsm that is commonly used for products such as file folders, displays and post cards
lights	A sub division of a multiple window.
dissemble	to give a false or misleading appearance to; conceal the truth or real nature of something in a feign
asymmetrical	characterized by asymmetry, or lack of balance, in the arrangement of parts or components.
soft-ground tunnels	a passage constructed through loose, unstable, or wet ground, requiring supports to keep the walls from collapsing
barn doors	A device with two sets of thin metal doors (horizontal and vertical) placed before a light source to control the direction of light.
pylon	in ancient Egyptian architecture, the rectangular, truncated, pyramidal towers flanking the gateway of the temple
timpanetto	(Italian m.) a small drum or timbrel
lintel	A flat horizontal member which spans the space between two columns or other supports
theatervorhang	(German m.) theatre curtain
fire-polished glass	Glass that is put in a hole in the side of a glass furnace to melt the surface and eliminate superficial irregularities or dullness.
eaves	the underpart of an overhanging cornice or sloping roof
lintel	Horizontal stone or beam bridging an opening.
fortified residence	Seignorial dwelling which, although fortified, was not the centre of a fief or castellany
cross-and-orb	Modified cross slits to accommodate gunnery
surbased arch	An arch with a rise that is less than half of its width.
grid	a network of uniformly spaced squares that divides a site into units; used to measure and record an object's position in space.
sideboard	Table with a wide drawer at the center flanked by drawers or cupboards on the sides and made to be used against a dining room wall for storing and serving food.
screen	barrier or decorative element as in a window or gateway ...
hillfort	Bronze or iron age earthwork defenses of concentric ditches and banks
choir screen	A screen, made of wood or stone, usually decorated with painting orsculpture, which separates the choir from the rest of the church.
mortise	Hole cut into a piece of timber to receive exactly the end or tenon of an adjoining piece, so carved to fit into it.
mortar	A building material with adhesive qualities, composed of sand and lime, or cement mixed with water, which gradually hardens when exposed to air and used as the bonding element for brick and stone work.
usb	A high-speed serial communication method commonly used to connect digital cameras and other devices to a computer.
grubenhaus	Sunken-floor hut popular in Britain and on the Continent in the pagan Saxon period, but continuing in use later.
oratory	Private in-house chapel; small cell attached to a larger chapel.
rebate	A recess cut in wood or stone to take the edge of another member that is to be secured in it.
weather mould	See Dripstone.
ribs	the stone bands which support or decorate a vault.
timorous	full of fear, subject to fear; timid
cloister	A covered passage around a quadrangle at the side of the church.
tischrede	(German f.) after-dinner speech
minaret	a tall, slender tower attached to a mosque, from which the muezzin calls the Muslim faithful to prayer.
nave	Principal hall of a church, extending from the narthex to the chancel
embrasure	An opening in a thick wall for a portal or window, especially one with angled sides, so that the opening is larger on the inside than the outside
turcopoles	Syrians of mixed parentage (Turco-Greek) employed as auxiliaries in the Christian army
castigate	to criticize or reprimand severely, or punish in order to correct
keystone	In masonry, the central, often embellished, voussoirof an arch
waver	an act of fluttering or vacillating