Glossary extracted starting with manual seeds, with BOW for the domain bio and language EN

c.i.	See confidence interval.
mole	The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules.
methionine cycle	The cycling of methionine to SAM, homocysteine, and back to methionine.
hydroxylamine	NH2OH
operational taxonomic unit	One of the organisms being compared in a phylogenetic analysis.
global warming potential	number that represents the relative contribution of a molecule of an atmospheric gas to global warming
dipole	A molecule having both positive and negative charges.
avogadro's number	number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12
dsdna	Double-stranded DNA.
estivation	(1) In mammals and birds, a form of controlled hypothermia in which the body temperature is able to approximate ambient temperature continuously for two or more consecutive days during summer
applied research	Engineering-type research that puts the discoveries of basic research into practice.
transpiration	Passage of water from the roots of a plant to the atmosphere via the vascular system and the stomata of the leaves.
chemo-autotroph	A microorganism that obtains energy from light-independent inorganic reactions.
mute	silent: without power to produce audible sound.
ascorbic acid	Another name for vitamin C, a compound with antioxidant properties that may help protect nerve cells from free radical damage and glutamate toxicity.
skeleton	Support structure in animals, against which the force of muscles acts
folding	The acquisition of 3-D structure by a protein; the pattern of the 3-D structure that is the result of the folding process.
compound	A substance formed by two or more elements
long-day plant	A plant that flowers (usually in late spring or early summer) only when the light period is longer than a critical length.
climate	The long-term prevailing weather in an area that is largely determined by temperature and precipitation.
antibiotic	A natural product that inhibits bacterial growth (is bacteriostatic) and sometimes results in bacterial death (is bacteriocidal).
chemical fingerprinting	The analysis of low molecular weight components of a cell by techniques, such as mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, and HPLC.
solute	A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
calorie	The amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1,000 grams of water by 1°C
micro chemical system	A miniature system for the synthesis and analysis of chemicals.
carrying capacity	The maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, symbolized as K.
anaerobic bacteria	bacteria that can function without the use of molecular oxygen
correlation	Degree of association between two or more variables.
arrayed library	Two-dimensional arrays of recombinant clones
nitrogen cycle	The passage of nitrogen through various valence states, as the result of reactions carried out by a wide variety of different organisms.
detritus	Accumulated organic debris from dead organisms, often an important source of nutrients in a food web.
hydrophobic	Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.
sampling error	Deviations from expected ratios due to chance occurrences when the number of events is small.
fiord	A steep-sided, drowned coastal valley carved by glacial action
cis-displacement	Movement of a nucleosome to a new position on a DNA molecule.
albedo	ratio of electromagnetic radiation reflected relative to the amount of radiation incident on a surface
phytoplankton	Algae and photosynthetic bacteria that drift passively in the peJagic zone of an aquatic environment.
synchronous	happening at the same time.
locomotion	Active movement from place to place.
transpiration	The evaporative loss of water from a plant
chaparral	A scrubland biome of dense, spiny evergreen shrubs found at midlatitudes along coasts where cold ocean currents circulate offshore; characterized by mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers.
integration	The coordination of input signals, as by summing, to provide a harmonious control of output
neutron	An electrically neutral particle (a particle having no electrical charge), found in the nucleus of an atom.
trophic structure	The different feeding relationships in an ecosystem, which determine the route of energy flow and the pattern of chemical cycling.
convection	The mass movement of warmed air or liquid to or from the surface of a body or object.
tgase	An abbreviation for transglutaminase.
mole	One gram molecular weight of a compound
nitrogen cycle	The cycling of various forms of biologically available nitrogen through the plant, animal, and microbial worlds, and through the atmosphere and geosphere.
ketogenic amino acids	Amino acids with carbon skeletons that can serve as precursors of the ketone bodies.
ventilation-perfusion matching	In a breathing organ, matching of the rate of blood flow and the rate of ventilation so that efficiency is promoted in the transfer of O2 from air or water to the blood.
immunization	The process of generating a state of immunity by artifical means
heat shock response	A mechanism cells use to maintain stability when subjected to stress
allometric equations	An equation to aid in the calculation of the change in proportion of various parts of an organism as a consequence of growth.
circadian rhythm	An endogenous rhythm with a period of about a day (ca
saturated hydrocarbon	hydrocarbon chain containing only single bonds between the carbon atoms
submaximal exercise	Exercise that requires less than an individual’s maximal rate of O2 consumption.
phytoalexin	A type of compound produced by some plants in response to fungal infection or injury
pest sequences	Amino acid sequences that influence the degradation of proteins in which they are found.
psychopathy	A condition characterized by the inability to connect to other people normally
reciprocal recombination	A precise exchange of genetic information like that expected for a simple cut, exchange, and rejoin mechanism
ink-jet technology	A non-contact method for delivering biomolecules to substrate surfaces
wavelength	The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.
microdissection	Dissection of organisms by mechanically controlled instruments monitored using a microscope.
mass number	The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
phosphogluconate pathway	Another name for the pentose phosphate pathway
protein drug	See therapeutic agent.
control rods	rods composed primarily of an excellent neutron absorber such as cadmium or boron that can be positioned in a nuclear reactor to absorb fewer or more neutrons, thereby regulating the rate of fission
nucleoside analog	See analog.
soluble protein	See globular protein.
polar stratospheric clouds	thin stratospheric clouds composed of a small amount of frozen water vapor
in situ	in its natural place or normal position.
parts per billion	1 part out of a billion parts, unit of concentration
cross-flow filtration	A technique for filtering thick fluids by flowing the fluid across the filter
open system	A defined part of the material universe that is not isolated, meaning that it is capable of exchanging matter, energy, or both with its surroundings.
hydronium ion	water molecule plus a proton
live cell array	A micro-system for the high-throughput analysis of intact cells.
biophotonics	Biological applications of photonics, a technology that utilizes light and other forms of radiant energy in which a quantum unit is the photon.
hydrofluorocarbons	compounds of hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon
sts	see Sequence tagged site.
curated database	A database developed by a curator with domain expertise
la	Abbreviation for linoleic acid.
parameters	User-derived values used to set the boundaries of an algorithm.
lithotroph	A microorganism that synthesizes all organic molecules from inorganic sources.
plasmogamy	A process of fusion of the cytoplasm of two cells; the first step in syngamy.
punctuated equilibrium	In evolutionary theory, long periods of apparent stasis (no change) interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change.
lipoxygenase	An enzyme that plays a pivotal role in the synthesis of inflammatory mediators known as leukotrienes.
crepitation	a crackling sound or the production of such as by discharge of vapor or "bombarding": a cracking or creaking.
ginkgo biloba	A plant that has been shown to have certain antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties
pinna	a narrow wing; a feather.
agarose gel electrophoresis	Electrophoresis carried out in an agarose gel and used to separate DNA molecules between 100 bp and 50 kb in length.
beta wave	A type of brain wave; occurs during times of active thinking.
amyloid	Another term for beta-amyloid
ph	a number, usually between 0 and 14, that indicates the acidity of a solution
perturbagen	A molecule or peptide that disrupts intracellular processes, providing information about the operation of pathways and networks within the cell.
solution	A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
polar	A hydrophilic (water-loving) chemical group.
photic zone	The narrow top slice of the ocean, where light permeates sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur.
dose response	A relationship in which a change in the amount, intensity, or duration of an exposure is associated with either an increase or decrease in risk of a specified health outcome.
chelator	A molecule that binds metal ions.
buffer	A solution containing agents that maintain a constant pH during a biochemical reaction.
basal ganglion	Singular form of basal ganglia.
micromanipulator	Instrument used with a microscope for manipulating small instruments and specimens.
zetta-	A prefix indicating 1021; a sextillion.
geometric isomers	Isomers related by rotation about a double bond; also called cis and trans isomers.
markovian model	Alternate name for a Markovian chain in which a sequence of random events where the current state solely depends on the previous state.
hydrophobic interactions	The association of nonpolar groups, or compounds, with each other in aqueous systems, driven by the tendency of the surrounding water molecules to seek their most stable (disordered) state.
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis	See PAGE.
fascia	a transverse band or broad line; it is common when it crosses both wings or wing covers.
cross resistance	The condition in which resistance to one pesticide or antibiotic confers increased resistance to a second pesticide or antibiotic.
sedimentation analysis	The centrifugal technique used to measure the sedimentation coefficient of a molecule or structure.
caprification	is that method or process through which the Smyrna figs are fertilized by Blastophaga throughthe medium of wild, inedible or "caprifigs."
compound	A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.
t cell	A T-lymphocyte.
biosphere	All the living matter on or in the earth, the seas, and the atmosphere.
fatty acid	A long carbon chain carboxylic acid
temperature	A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
radioactive marker	A radioactive atom incorporated into a molecule and whose radioactive emissions are subsequently used to detect and follow that molecule during a biochemical reaction.
erecto-patent	the wings of Hesperids when at rest; primaries erect, secondaries horizontal.
microfluidics chips	The chips contain very tiny channels in which the movement of fluids can be controlled
dntp	Abbreviation for a deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate when the exact deoxynucleotide (typically dATP, dTTP, dGTP, or dCTP) is unspecified or unknown.
seedless vascular plants	The informal collective name for the phyla Lycophyta (club mosses and their relatives) and Pteridophyta (ferns and their relatives).
molecular modeling	Computational analysis and modeling of the physicochemical properties of a molecule or biomacromolecule.
muscular system	The muscular system is the biological system of animals that allows them to move internally and externally.
boreal	Area located in northern latitudes, between the tundra and the temperate forest, mostly from 52 degrees N to 66 degrees N.
x-ray crystallography	A technique that depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of the molecule.
random primers	A set of short oligonucleotides with variable sequences
prominent	raised or produced beyond the level or margin: standing out in relief by color or otherwise: conspicuous.
chemical shift	The change in the rotation of a chemical nucleus, used as the basis of NMR.
equilibrium	A state of balance in which there is no net change.
nitrogen fixation	Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be converted by biochemical reactions to an organic form
tera-	A prefix indicating 10 to the power of 12; a trillion.
cystamine	A TGase inhibitor shown to be a potential treatment for HD.
pfge	See Pulsed field gel electrophoresis.
hicks' bottles	{Scanner's comment: sic} flask-shaped pits or depressions in the antennae of bees and ants: supposed to be the organs of hearing.
resolution	Separation of a pair of recombining double-stranded DNA molecules.
order	one of the primary divisions of the Class Insecta, based largely on wing structure and then usually ending in -ptera.
grassland	Region in which the climate is dry for long periods of the summer, and freezes in the winter
eluate	The fluid that has passed through (eluted from) a chromatographic column.
score	To determine the presence or absence of a phenotype by testing for growth under different conditions (e.g., plus and minus an auxotrophic supplement or permissive and nonpermissive conditions)
energy trapping	The capture of energy released in one reaction for use in a second reaction.
steady state kinetics	The analysis of an enzyme reaction during the interval when the concentration of intermediates is steady.
moderator	material that slows the neutrons in a nuclear reactor, making them more effective in producing fission
frontal tubercles	in certain Aphids, are raised structures upon which the antennae are placed.
post-replication repair	A DNA repair process which occurs after DNA replication.
trace element	An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts.
tidal flow	Flow that occurs alternately in and out through a single set of passageways.
neuropsychiatrist	A physician who treats people with psychiatric symptoms that are caused by a brain disorder
segmentation	One of the gut’s principal modes of muscular activity, in which circular muscles contract and relax in patterns that push the gut contents back and forth.
isoenzymes	See isozymes.
antigen	Substance that is recognized by the immune system and elicits an immune response.
cohesion	The force that holds molecules of the same substance together.
absorption spectrum	The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light.
implant	See implantation.
humidity	A general term referring loosely to the concentration of gaseous water in a gas
petri dish	Flat round dish with a matching lid, made of glass or plastic material, and used for culturing organisms
stefan-boltzmann equation	An equation that relates the temperature of a surface and the rate at which the surface emits electromagnetic energy.
multiplication rule	States that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together is calculated by multiplying the probabilities of each of the individual events.
ozone layer	A layer of ozone around the earth protects the life on earth from the sun.s harmful ultraviolet rays
population ecology	The study of individual populations (of a single species), including their birth, death, and growth rates in numbers and their growth rates of individual mass and population biomass; also includes their spatial distributions and rates of movement (immigration, emigration).
cr	Abbreviation for creatine.
polarimeter	An instrument for determining the rotation of polarization of light as the light passes through a solution containing an optically-active substance.
ion	An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge.
denaturation	A change in the tertiary (three-dimensional) structure of an intact protein that renders the protein nonfunctional
ambystoma mexicanum	Mexican axolotl (amphibian)
non-composite transposon	A transposible element that is NOT flanked by IS elements.
respiration	General term for any cellular process involving the uptake of O2 coupled to production of CO2.
oxidoreductase	A class of enzymes that catalyse oxidoreduction reactions which transfer electrons from a hydrogen donor to a hydrogen acceptor.
anadromous	Relating to an aquatic animal that undergoes most of its growth in seawater but enters freshwater to breed.
competitive inhibitor	A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.
local regulator	A chemical messenger that influences cells in the vicinity.
chlorophyll	the green coloring matter of plants; one of the substances found in the blood of insects.
interval	the space or time between two structures, sculptures or periods of development.
footprinting	A method for identification of a protein-binding site on a DNA molecule
wavelength	For light or sound, or other wave, the distance between one crest of the wave to the next crest
clone	An exact copy of a
curie	unit of radioactivity, equal to 3.7 ×1010 disintegrations/s and roughly equivalent to the level of radioactivity from 1 g of radium
hydrolysis	the chemical decomposition of a compound by water, causing formation of a new compound.
perennial	A plant which continues to grow after it has reproduced, usually meaning that it lives for several years.
heuristic algorithm	A programming strategy based on trial-and-error methods and feedback evaluation.
chromophore	A functional group that absorbs light, giving rise to color.
node	A point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached.
uniformitarianism	Charles Lyell's idea that geologic processes have not changed throughout Earth's history.
amino acid	unit molecule from which proteins are constructed by polymerization.
concentration gradient	Technically, the difference in the concentration of a solute between two places divided by the distance separating those two places
radial symmetry	characterizing a body shaped like a pie or barrel, with many equal parts radiating outward like the spokes of a wheel; present in cnidarians and echinoderms
isomer	One of several organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties
climate change	Changes in intensity and distribution of solar radiation reaching Earth.s surface.
antioxidant	A molecule that is capable of reacting with free radicals and neutralizing them.
iptg	An abbreviation for isopropyl-ß-D-thiogalactoside
pipetting	Using a pipette (a syringe-like instrument) to measure and transfer liquids from one container to another.
osmoregulation	How organisms regulate solute concentrations and balance the gain and loss of water.
nsaids	Abbreviation for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
troposphere	region of the atmosphere that lies directly above the surface of the Earth
chromatography	The separation of a mixture of substances by charge, size, or other property by allowing the mixture to partition between a moving phase and a stationary phase.
protonophore	An ionophore that transports protons.
maximum contaminant level	legal limit for the concentration of a contaminant
lateral root	A root that arises from the outermost layer of the pericycle of an established root.
teleology	The belief that natural events and objects have purposes and can be explained by their purposes.
ozone layer	region of the stratosphere with the maximum ozone concentration
standard deviation	The square root of the variance.
microgram	A measurement of mass; commonly used in measuring dietary supplements (1 mcg= 10^-6 grams).
recombination	The process by which progeny derive a combination of
nuclear inclusions	Another term for neuronal inclusions.
drug delivery	The delivery of a drug to the site of action
photoautotroph	An organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide.
atomoxetine	The first non-stimulant drug approved for the treatment of ADHD
enzyme	A protein that triggers or "catalyzes" a biochemical reaction.
mesosphere	region of the atmosphere above the stratosphere; found at an altitude starting about 50 km
phase variation	A mechanism which results in variable expression of surface antigens
microclimate	The set of climatic conditions (temperature, humidity, wind speed, and so forth) prevailing in a subpart of a larger environmental system.
hill reaction	The evolution of oxygen and the photoreduction of an artificial electron acceptor by a chloroplast preparation in the absence of carbon dioxide.
neotropical	that part of the earth's surface embraced in the greater part of Mexico, West Indies and South America.
high field nmr	A high-resolution NMR method based on higher field magnets that enables the analysis of large molecules.
poiseuille equation	An equation that describes the quantitative relation between the rate of flow of fluid through a horizontal tube and factors such as pressure, luminal radius, and length
xenopus laevis	An African clawed toad used to study developmental biology.
metazoon	a multicellular animal as opposed to a unicellular protozoon.
cathode	electrode where reduction takes place
pheromone	A hormone-like substance that acts as an attractant.
tidal volume	The volume of air an animal inhales and exhales with each breath.
adhesion	The tendency of unlike substances to stick together
antibiotic	A substance usually produced by a fungus or bacteria that can kill other microorganisms
root	An organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
rate constant	The rate constant is the proportionality factor that appears in mass-action rate laws
dehydrogenase	An enzyme that catalyzes the removal of a pair of electrons (and usually one or two protons) from a substrate molecule.
unequal crossing over model	A possible model for how repeat expansions occur
amyloid fibrils	Another term for beta-amyloid fibrils.
culture medium	A liquid or gel-like substance containing nutrients in which tissues are cultivated for scientific purposes; used in tissue culture.
fasta	An algorithm for identifying sequence similarities.
aldehyde	A molecule containing a doubly bonded oxygen and a hydrogen attached to the same carbon atom.
sirtuins	A group of enzymes that may play a role in lifespan extension.
kinetics	The study of the rate of change.
tertile	This term is often used in explaining the distribution of scores on a test
translocation	The movement of organic compounds , especially sucrose, through a plant by means of the phloem tissue.
genetic information nondiscrimination act	A federal law will protect Americans against discrimination based on their genetic information when it comes to health insurance and employment.
nonheme iron proteins	Proteins, usually acting in oxidation-reduction reactions, containing iron but no porphyrin groups.
replication	The process of duplicating a DNA molecule.
hydrophobic molecule	A nonpolar compound that does not form favorable binding interactions with water, and is insoluble in water.
sediment	Any solid material that has settled out of a state of suspension in liquid.
trace minerals	minerals in the diet that are usually required in micrograms
ultracentrifuge	A high-speed centrifuge that can attain speeds up to 60,000 rpm and centrifugal fields of 500,000 times gravity
radio-carbon dating	Method for determining the age of an organic substance by measuring the amount of the carbon isotope, carbon-14, remaining in the substance; useful for determining ages in the range of 500 to 70,000 years.
transport epithelium	One or more layers of specialized epithelial cells that regulate solute movements.
horn	a pointed chitinous process of the head: in the plural form applied to the antennae; q.v.
hypothesis	A tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation.
plastic	Able to be shaped or changed.
gigabase pair	1 000 000 kb; 1 000 000 000 bp.
microcell	very tiny fuel cell
isochromosome	an abnormal symmetrical chromosome, consisting of two identical arms, which are normally either the short arm or the long arm of a normal chromosome.
continuous character	a character like height, which everybody has, but to a differing degree – as compared to a dichotomous character like polydactyly, which some people have and others do not have.
dissociation curve	A chart showing the relative amounts of oxygen bound to hemoglobin when the pigment is exposed to solutions varying in their partial pressure of dissolved oxygen, pH, or other characteristics.
exotoxin	A toxin released by a microbe.
molecular weight	See Gram molecular weight.
computer-assisted drug design	Computational techniques to design and optimize biologically active compounds with desired structure and properties.
cohesion	The force that holds molecules of the same substance together
emergent	Describes a property of a system that is not predictable from the starting conditions.
first principle molecular dynamics	The use of quantum chemical interactions to simulate the motion of molecules.
noble gases	elements that are inert and do not readily undergo chemical reactions
pharmacological	pharmacological research involves studing how chemicals interact with living organisms
hdac inhibitors	Abbreviation for histone deacetylase inhibitors.
x-ray crystallography	A technique for determining the structure of molecules from the X-ray diffraction patterns that are produced by crystalline arrays of the molecules.
positive feedback	A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change.ex
spotted array	Array generated by microspotting nucleic acids on a glass, plastic, or filter substrate.
photosynthetic efficiency	Efficiency of converting light energy into organic compounds.
neuronal intranuclear inclusions	Another term for neuronal inclusions.
quencher	A substance that deactivates excited molecules by processes such as resonance energy transfer and complex formation.
recursion	The repetition of a data-processing algorithm until a pre-set threshold is reached.
second law of thermodynamics	The second law says that no process is 100% efficient because heat is always produced
thermal cracking	heating of starting materials to a high temperature
vaporization	A change in the physical state of a material from a liquid to a gas.
xylem	Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from roots to the rest of the plant.
character	a quality of form, color or structure.
synergist	An agent that increases the effectiveness of a ligand or other agent.
covariance	A measure of how much two variables change together.
molecular phylogenetics	A set of techniques that enable the evolutionary relationships between DNA sequences to be inferred by making comparisons between those sequences.
saturated fatty acid	A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.
continuous character	a character like height, which everybody has, but to a differing degree – as compared to a dichotomous character
institutional review board	An IRB is an independent ethics committee for an institution that serves to approve, monitor, and review biomedical and behavioral research involving humans with the aim to protect the rights and welfare of the subjects.
ecological succession	Transition in the species composition of a biological community, often following ecological disturbance of the community; the establishment of a biological community in an area virtually barren of life.
randomized	In the context of a clinical trial, randomized refers to how the different treatments (either the potential drug or the standard treatment) are allocated to the trial subjects
postsynaptic	Literally "after the synapse;" a structure or event that occurs after small gaps between nerve cells
x-ray crystallography	A technique for determining the 3-D structure of a molecule, based on the diffraction of x-rays by the crystallized form of the molecule
fertilization	Fusion of gametes, or sex cells, to form a zygote.
carbohydrate	A polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone.
association constant	The measure of the degree of association of a complex
pratinicolous	frequenting or living in grassy meadows or bogs.
metadata	Information about data that facilitates access and use of the data.
magnetic reversal	A reversal of the polarity of Earth's magnetic field.
wavenumbers	numbers often expressed in units of cm-1 and used on the x-axis of an infrared spectrum; inversely proportional to wavelength
cell wall	A tough outer coating found in many plant, fungal, and bacterial cells that accounts for their ability to withstand mechanical stress or abrupt changes in osmotic pressure
polyacrylamide gels	Often referred to incorrectly as acrylamide gels
dihybrid cross	A sexual cross in which the inheritance of two pairs of alleles is followed.
cytochrome oxidase complex	Another term for Complex IV.
linear regression	A statistical technique of finding the best fitting straight line through a set of points representing joint values for two variables.
tfc	See total functional capacity.
nf-kb	Abbreviation for NF-kappa B.
linking number	The net number of times one polynucleotide chain crosses over another polynucleotide chain
join point.	The site where two DNA molecules are connected
filter mating	A method where conjugation between donor and recipient bacteria is done on a millipore filter
ideal gas law	See universal gas law.
disturbance	A force that changes a biological community and usually removes organisms from it
excimer	An adduct between a molecule that has been excited by a photon and a second molecule.
fungicidal	The ability to kill fungi
phospho-diester bond	A bond in which a phosphate group joins adjacent carbons through ester linkages
dissociation constant	The dissociation constant () is the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of a complex into its component parts
hsf-1	Abbreviation for heat shock factor 1.
primer	a short oligonucleotide, often 15–25 bases long, which base-pairs specifically to a target sequence to allow a polymerase to initiate synthesis of a complementary strand
density	the ratio of mass per unit volume
henderson-hasselbalch equation	An equation that relates the pKa, to the pH and the ratio of the proton acceptor (A-) and the proton donor (HA) species of a conjugate acid base pair.
anode	electrode where oxidation takes place
global atmospheric lifetime	time required for a gas added to the atmosphere to be removed
biotherapy	Treatment with genetically engineered biological materials.
protein complex	a group of two or more associated proteins that function together to perform a specific task or make a certain structure.
scavenge	To combine readily with free radicals, preventing them from reacting with other molecules.
robertsonian fusion	a chromosomal rearrangement that converts two acrocentric chromosomes into one metacentric
adp	Abbreviation for adenosine diphosphate.
simulation model	A model in which the relationships among the variables are programmed into a computer for analysis.
density-gradient centrifugation	Separation of molecules and particles on the basis of buoyant density, by centrifugation in a concentrated sucrose or caesium chloride solution.
pretest counseling	Counseling offered to help individuals make informed decisions as to whether or not they should be genetically tested for HD
chemotaxis	The movement of a cell or organism in response to a chemical gradient.
snrnp	Abbreviation for Small Ribonuclear Particle.
cell	The primary unit of physical life, whose integral structure and optimal status is crucial for the healthy functioning of the human body.
metalloprotein	A protein that includes one or more metal atoms in its structure.
aberrant	unusual; out of the ordinary course.
synista or synistata	those Neuropterous insects in which the mouth structures are undeveloped, forming an imperfect tubular structure: see elinguata.
data cleaning	Computational processing to remove noise and artifacts from digital data prior to storage.
calorimeter	device with which the quantity of heat energy released in a combustion reaction can be determined experimentally
michaelis constant	The half-saturation constant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction that exhibits hyperbolic kinetics—that is, the concentration of substrate at which the reaction velocity is half of the maximal velocity
zwitterion	A dipolar ion containing ionic groups of opposite charge.
knowledge mining	The extraction of useful knowledge from data patterns that have been rendered meaningful by the integration of information derived from external sources.
surface-to-volume ratio	The ratio of the total area of the outer surface of a three-dimensional object over the volume of that object.
pro-nucleus	Either of the two haploid gamete nuclei just prior to their fusion in the fertilized ovum.
spicule	Crystalline or mineral deposits found in sponges, sea cucumbers, or urochordates
flyspeck	a tiny dark speck made by the excrement of a fly
diffraction	The bending of light caused by the presence of an object.
conduction	The direct transfer of thermal motion (heat) between molecules of objects in direct contact with each other.
toxicity	The degree to which a substance is able to damage an organism exposed to that substance
base	A compound, usually containing nitrogen, that can accept a proton (H+)
enthalpy change	For a reaction, is approximately equal to the difference between the energy used to break bonds and the energy gained by the formation of new ones.
fossil	Any evidence of past life, including remains, traces, imprints as well as life history artifacts
fat-soluble	Capable of being dissolved in fat.
hydrophobic	Not interacting effectively with water; in general, poorly soluble or insoluble in water
day-neutral plant	A plant whose flowering is not affected by photoperiod.
medium	A nutrient-rich liquid used in tissue cultures.
mineral	In nutrition, a chemical element other than hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen that an organism requires for proper body functioning.
amber	a transparent, clear, pale yellowish brown; of the color of amber [a mixture of pale cadmium yellow and a little burnt umber].
prokaryote	a unicellular organism, either a bacterium or an archaeon, where the cell has a simple internal structure
intraepithelial	Within an epithelial cell layer.
steady state	In enzyme-kinetic analysis, the time interval when the rate of reaction is approximately constant with time
organic chemistry	The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds).
perfoliate	divided into leaf-like plates: applied to antennae with disc-like expansions connected by a stalk passing nearly through their centres: also to any part possessing a well-developed leaf-like or plate-like expansion.
temperature	A measure of the speed or intensity of the ceaseless random motions that all the atoms and molecules of any substance undergo on an atomic-molecular scale
dalton	Unit of molecular mass approximately equal to the mass of a hydrogen atom (1.66 × 10−24 g).
photosynthesis	A chemical process by which green plants synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight.
protein	A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids.
primary succession	The loss of the entire soil complex due to large, extreme disturbances such as volcanic eruptions or glaciers that Â result in very slow succession due to complete mortality of all living individuals in the system.
conducting airways	In the lungs of an animal, the airways that do not participate in the exchange of respiratory gases between air and blood, but rather simply conduct air from one place to another.
heat of combustion	quantity of heat energy given off when a specified amount of a substance burns in oxygen
nanomedicine	the union of nanoscale technology and medical treatment
microsatellite	A type of simple sequence length polymorphism comprising tandem copies of, usually, di-, tri- or tetranucleotide repeat units
chimera	An organism with a mixture of genetically different cells.
lysis	Disruption of cells with release of the contents.
replicative transposition	The insertion of a transposable element at a new location without loss from the original location.
oxidation	The process by which electrons are removed from a chemical
uv reactivation	A phenomenon in which survival of an ultraviolet-irradiated phage is greater upon infecting a host that has also been irradiated with UV than upon infecting a host that has not been irradiated with UV
supermolecule	any very large complex molecule; found only in plants and animals
loam	The most fertile of all soils, made up of roughly equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay.
diatomite	Diatomite, or diatomaceous earth, is a siliceous sedimaentary rock formed from the accumulations of diatoms or other nanoplankton.
collenchyma	One of the three major cell types in plants; are elongated and have thicker walls than
demography	The study of statistics relating to births and deaths in populations.
catalyst	A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing a permanent change in its structure
mass	The amount of matter in an object; often used interchangeably with weight
electrophoresis	A method of separating DNA fragments of different lengths by placing them in agarose gel and running electric current through the gel.
filtration	The extraction of water and small solutes, including metabolic wastes, from the body fluid into the excretory system
stratosphere	The second layer of Earth's atmosphere, above the troposphere and below the mesosphere.
path integration	The ability to remember the distances and directions traveled, to sum them, and then to calculate their return path.
hypoxia	Referring to the tissues of an animal, the state of having an unusually low level of O2.
pleiomorphic	Having the ability to change shape.
rete mirabile	A Latin expression, meaning literally “wonderful net.” A morphological term referring to any intricately complex vascular system composed of closely juxtaposed, small-diameter arterial and venous blood vessels
colligative properties	Properties of solutions that depend on the number of solute particles per unit volume; for example, freezing-point depression.
water vapor	Water in the gaseous state.
lichens	Composite organisms consisting of a symbiotic association of a fungus with a photosynthetic partner.
ph	A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14.
molecule	A particle made up of two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds or ionic attractions.
molar mass	mass of one Avogadro's number, or "mole," of whatever particles are specified
genetic banking	The deposit of an individual's genetic information to a database that enables the individual to control access.
p-type semiconductor	semiconductor that contains freely moving positive charges, or "holes"
enantiomorphs	Isomers that are mirror images of one another.
facet	a small face or surface: one of the parts, areas or lens-like divisions of the compound eye.
megabase pair	1000 kb; 1 000 000 bp.
transport	An entirely general term referring to any and all movements of solutes, water, gases, or other materials from place to place, regardless of the mechanisms of movement.
grand mal	Another term for generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
nonpolar	Referring to a molecule or structure that lacks any net electric charge or asymmetric distribution of positive and negative charges
cell extract	A preparation consisting of a large number of broken cells and their released contents.
isotope	One of two or more atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic weights.
calmodulin	A Ca2+ protein that is found in all eukaryotes, calmodulin has a high degree of structural conservation and can bind to target enzymes and modulate their activity as a function of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration.
allostery	The word allosteric is derived from the Greek {\em allos} and {\em stereos{, means other-solid
recombineering	A term coined by Don Court to describe a method for vector construction based on homologous recombination in E
presynaptic	Literally "before the synapse;" a structure or event that occurs before small gaps between nerve cells
crystal structure	A structure obtained by x-ray diffraction analysis of a crystal consisting of an ordered array of biomacromolecules.
insertion	the point or place where a part is inserted: a part that is inserted: the act of inserting.
sphincter	In a vertebrate, a circular muscle, located between two chambers, that can contract tightly and steadily (tonically) for long periods of time, thus preventing exchange between the chambers.
mineral	An element essential to the functioning of a living organism.
respiration	process by which humans and animals exchange the oxygen necessary for metabolism with the carbon dioxide produced by it
cation exchange	A process in which positively charged minerals are made available to a plant when hydrogen ions in the soil displace mineral ions from the clay particles
lateral geniculate body	The "visual middleman," the lateral geniculate body receives information from the eyes via the optic tract, does a preliminary analysis of the information, and then sends it onto the visual cortex.
calorie	The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C; also the amount of heat energy that I g of water releases when it cools by 1°C
pyrogen	Bacterial substance that causes fever in mammals.
central pattern generator	A neural circuit (or a single neuron) that generates a behaviorally significant pattern of motor output in space and time without requiring temporally patterned sensory input.
metalloids	elements between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table that do not fall cleanly into either group
epigenotype	A phenotype derived by mapping epigenetic parameters, such as DNA methylation.
syncline	A fold of rock layers that is convex downwards
odds ratio	A measure of relative risk that is usually estimated from case-control studies.
ambient air	the outside air, that is, the air surrounding or encircling us
gram molecular weight	The weight in grams of a compound that is numerically equal to its molecular weight; the weight of 1 mole.
ecological release	The expansion of a population's niche (e.g., range of habitats or resources used) where competition with other species is alleviated.
acid	A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
unilamellar	Consisting of one layer, often used in reference to lipid monolayer structures.
primary consumer	An herbivore; an organism in the trophic level of an ecosystem that eats plants or algae.
laplace’s law	The tension developed within the walls of a hollow structure exposed to a particular difference in pressure between inside and outside is directly related to the radius of the structure.
alpha particle	positively charged (2+) particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons (the nucleus of a helium atom)
photosynthetic	Able to use sunlight energy to convert atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic compounds
uric acid	An insoluble precipitate of nitrogenous waste excreted by land snails, insects, and many reptiles, including birds.
compound	A substance formed by two or more
principle of superposition	The idea that in deposits of sedimentary rock the oldest deposits are on the bottom and the youngest deposits are on the top
conduction	(1) In the study of heat, the transfer of heat by intermolecular collisions through a material that is macroscopically motionless
peptide	Two or more amino acids joined by a peptide bond.
scale	From an animal perspective the level of spatial resolution of an environment perceived by an organism, from a plant perspective the area occupied by individuals in competing for light, water, and nutrients
tropical rainforest	A terrestrial biome characterized by high levels of precipitation and warm temperatures year-round.
chromosome	A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus
psychiatric	related to a set of mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders
heat capacity	The heat required to raise the temperature of a substance one degree Celsius.
split gene	An interrupted gene.
solid support	An insoluble material to which reagents may be attached so that they may be readily separated from reaction by-products and solvents by filtration.
enzyme	complex protein which helps to speed biochemical reactions
dyad symmetry	Property of a structure that can be rotated by 180° to produce the same structure.
nernst equation	An equation that relates the redox potential to the standard redox potential and the concentrations of the oxidized and reduced form of the couple.
splicing enhancer sequences	sequences that increase the probability that a nearby potential splice site will actually be used.
allochthonous	Refers to something formed elswhere than its present location
oil	A dietary lipid that is liquid at room temperature (e.g., olive oil, canola oil).
accumulators	Plants containing intermediate concentrations of certain chemical elements (frequently metals or metallic compounds).
glucose	A six carbon simple sugar(C6H12O6) commonly used as a source of energy by the organism
navigation	The act of moving on a particular course or toward a specific destination using sensory cues to determine direction and position.
chelicera	The first pair of appendages of a chelicerate arthropod
critical temperature	(1) In the study of poikilotherms, a body temperature (high or low) at which animals have little or no ability to increase their rate of O2 consumption above their resting rate—making them incapable of much physical activity
unsaturated	In lipid chemistry, characterized by one or more double bonds between carbon atoms in a carbon chain.
regression	In geology, withdrawal of sea from land, accompanying lowering of sea level; in statistics, a function that best predicts a dependent from an independent variable.
peta-	A prefix indicating 1015; a quadrillion.
vitamin a	A lipid-soluble vitamin with antioxidant properties that may also play an important role in learning and memory.
scrapie	A common transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) in sheep and goats.
cap	See CRP.
paternal	Pertaining to the father.
limnetic zone	In a lake, the well-lit, open surface waters farther from shore.
free radicals	Atoms or molecules that are highly reactive with other cellular structures because they contain unpaired electrons; free radicals can be very harmful to cells.
resource ratio hypothesis	A proposal by David Tilman (1985) which models successional shifts in plant communities based on the assumption that succession is driven by a tradeoff in competition for nutrients in early succession, and for light in late succession.
exergonic	A reaction that releases energy.
incidence	The number of new events (such as being born with HD) in a population during a specified period.
abnormal	outside the usual range or course; not normal.
biosynthesis	Synthesis by a living system.
collagen	long proteins whose structure is wound into a triple helix
mean	Statistic that describes the center of a distribution of measurements; calculated by dividing the sum of all measurements by the number of measurements; also called the average.
abiotic	Pertaining to nonliving properties, including light, air, water, nutrients and other physical and chemical properties of an environment.
fluorescence	Light of a specific range of wavelengths that is emitted from a molecule previously excited by energy of a different range of wavelengths
steady state	condition in which a dynamic system is in balance so that no net change occurs in the concentration of the major species involved
hsp 40	The mouse analog of HDJ1.
parallel	In reference to the arrangement of parts in an electrical circuit, vascular system, or other analogous system in which substances flow from place to place, the parts of the system are in parallel if one path of flow branches to give rise to two or more paths in which the parts reside, so that only a fraction of the total flow passes through any one of the parts
anhydride	The product of the condensation of two carboxyl or phosphate groups in which the elements of water are eliminated to form a compound with the general structure , where X is either carbon or phosphorus.
mass number	sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
ribosome recycling factor	A protein responsible for disassembly of the ribosome at the end of protein synthesis in bacteria.
annotation	Analysis and commentary added to sequence data in databases
fire regime	The characteristic pattern of fire in a particular place.
a priori	Deduced from first principles; without prior knowledge.
icosahedron	A regular geometric polyhedron with 20 equilateral trangular faces and 12 corners
enriched uranium	uranium that has a higher percent of U-235 than its natural abundance of about 0.7%
compactions	Fossils that have undergone some degree of flattening of their three-dimensional structure.
aerosols	particles, both liquid and solid, that remain suspended in the air rather than settling out
zge	A Chinese Ginkgo biloba extract.
tautomer	One of a set of possible alternative structures.
matrix	the formative substance from which cells and other structures are derived.
delayed fluorescence immunoassay	(DELFIA) A fluorescence technique based on the use of a molecule with a long fluorescence half-life.
vital capacity	The maximum volume of air that a respiratory system can inhale and exhale.
diffusion	The net movement of molecules in the direction of lower concentration.
ccc	An abbreviation for "circular, covalently closed" DNA molecules.
peptide mapping	The characteristic two-dimensional pattern (on paper or gel) formed by the separation of a mixture of peptides resulting from partial hydrolysis of a protein; also known as peptide fingerprinting.
aphidilutein	a yellowish fluid found in plant lice, changed to a rich violet by alkaline reagents.
auxotrophic	The state of an organism when it is unable to synthesize a particular organic compound required for growth.
fission	The separation of a parent into two or more individuals of approximately equal size
gmo	An abbreviation for "genetically modified organism"
virtual library	An combinatorial chemical library that is built in silico with the goal of evaluating possible structures.
ballismus	uncontrolled, violent movements
physiotherapy	Another term for physical therapy.
bioelectronics	The study of intermolecular electron transfer in biological processes
temperature	Temperature is really a way of measuring the average kinetic energy of all the molecules or atoms of the substance being studied
nucleus	organelle in the center of the cell which contains the chromosomes.
whorl	An arrangement of appendages, such as branches or leaves, such that all are equally spaced around the stem at the same point, much like the spokes of a wheel or the ribs of an umbrella
semi-cylindrical	like a groove or half a cylinder.
niacin	A precursor of nicotinamide
hibernate	to pass the winter in a dormant condition.
hydrocarbon	An organic compound consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen.
ribosome	A structure consisting of small and large ribonucleoprotein units that is the site of intracellular protein biosynthesis.
desaturases	Enzymes that catalyze the introduction of double bonds into the hydrocarbon portion of fatty acids.
paxilla	a small stake or peg: a bundle of spicular processes.
nucleus	(1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons
trans-displacement	Transfer of a nucleosome from one DNA molecule to another.
epiphyte	A plant that nourishes itself but grows on teh surface of another plant for support, usually on branches or trunks of tropical trees
pinnatifid	divided into feathers, as when wings are cleft nearly to the base.
monovalent	Possessing a single charge or valency.
microminerals	quantities of Fe, Cu, and Zn that the body requires in lesser amounts
clotting	The process of forming lumps in a liquid.
matter	Anything that takes up space and has mass
viscosity	Internal friction in a moving fluid; a lack of intrinsic slipperiness between fluid layers that are moving at different linear velocities
evaporation	The removal of heat energy from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules
transpiration	Water loss by evaporation from a plant, especially through the stomates on the leaves.
partial pressure	A measure of the concentration of one gas in a mixture of gasesThe pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases
facultative cells	Cells that can live in the presence or absence of oxygen.
race	A poorly defined term for a set of populations occupying a particular region that differ in one or more characteristics from populations elsewhere; equivalent to subspecies
dimer	Two reversibly associated macromolecular structures; two covalently associated molecules.
node	a knot or knob: in the plural refers to the small segment or segment between thorax and main portion of abdomen in ants.
institutional review board	A specially constituted review body established or designated by an entity to protect the welfare of human subjects recruited to participate in biomedical or behavioral research.
amphoteric	Capable of donating and accepting protons, thus able to serve as an acid or a base.
metastasis	The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.
covalent bond	Stable chemical force that holds the atoms in molecules together by sharing of one or more pairs of electrons
mantle	That portion of the interior of the Earth that lies between the crust and the core.
hypertonic	In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a greater solute concentration.
catalytic site	The site of an enzyme involved in the catalytic process.
target dna	i
carbon fixation	The incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic prokaryote).
control	Describes the measures taken in a scientific experiment to account for unsuspected effects of anything other than the thing being tested
conditional lethal mutant	A mutant that can grow under one set (permissive) of environmental conditions but dies under different (restrictive or nonpermissive) conditions.
acid rain	rain that is more acidic than "normal" rain and that has a lower pH
heteropterous	with wings of different texture in different parts.
dry lab	Refers to experiments not performed at the lab bench.
redox reaction	Another term for an oxidation-reduction reaction
stochastic	A random process; a process determined by a random distribution of probabilities.
laminate	formed of thin, flat layers or leaves.
sedimentation coefficient	The value used to express the velocity at which a molecule or structure sediments when centrifuged in a dense solution.
cataract	A clouding of the eye, making it difficult to see.
sexual reproduction	Production of offspring whose genetic constitution is a mixture of those of two potentially genetically different gametes.
selection pressure	The intensity of natural genetic selection processes
endothermic	Referring to a chemical reaction that absorbs heat (i.e., has a positive change in enthalpy).
sievert	international unit equal to 100 rem
brackish water	Water that is intermediate in salinity between seawater and freshwater
inhibitory	Resulting in a decrease in activity or probability of activity
hippocampal region	Relating to the hippocampus, a complex structure involved with certain types of memory functions.
fasciculate	bundled; clustered as in a bundle; tufted: a surface when covered with bundles of long hair.
coenzyme	A molecule that binds to an enzyme and is essential for its activity, but is not permanently altered by the reaction
suicide ideation	Thoughts about fatally harming one's self
chromogenic substrate	A substrate that changes color when modified by a specific enzyme.
biological magnification	A trophic process in which retained substances become more concentrated with each link in the food
sequestration enabling reagent	A reagent that sequesters starting materials or reaction by-products, in order to simplify removal from a reaction mixture.
implicit memory	Motor memories or memories that deal with procedures (i.e
vascular resistance	The resistance to blood flow through a blood vessel or system of blood vessels, calculated as the pressure drop divided by the flow rate.
kilocalorie	A thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.
galvanized iron	iron coated with zinc
genome	The complete set of genes in a cell
nonredundant database	A database in which redundant entries have been noted and merged.
ß-lactam antibiotics	Antibiotics taht contain a ß-lactam ring and act by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis
electrotaxis	The movement of organisms in response to an electric field.
tentacle	a flexible sensory or tactile process; in some cases retractile: usually prefixed by a descriptive term indicating the structure to which it is attached.
lps	Lipopolysaccharide
fischer projection formulas	See projection formulas.
embryo	Plant or animal at an early stage of development.
exposure	amount of a substance encountered, generally in reference to human contact with a toxic substance or a disease-causing organism
thermodynamic equilibrium	A chemical reaction is in thermodynamic equilibrium when the forward and reverse rates of the reaction are equal, that is the net reaction rate is zero.
mycelium	In fungi, the mass of food absorbing cellular fibers(Hyphae) that make up the main part of the fungus
stability	Often used to mean constancy; the propensity to return to a condition (a stable equilibrium) after displacement from that condition.
chromatography	A procedure for separating chemically similar molecules
microsequenator	A device for sequencing small amounts of sample.
multiplex	This word is mainly used as 'multiplexing', thus referring to a method by which many parameters are simultaneously tested and processed.
pulse-chase	An experiment in which a short labeling period is followed by the addition of an excess of the same, unlabeled compound to dilute out the labeled material
aplastic	Incomplete growth or development of a structure.
biogenesis	the production of life from antecedent life.
nucleus	minuscule but highly dense region at the center of an atom that is composed of protons and neutrons
klenow fragment	The large fragment of E
carrying capacity	The maximum population of a species that a particular ecosystem can sustain.
f-pilus	A filamentous appendage encoded by the F-plasmid
parts per million	1 part out of a million parts, unit of concentration
fovea	An eye's center of focus and the place on the retina where photoreceptors are highly concentrated
diurnal	such insects as are active or habitually fly by day only.
salinity	A measure of the salt concentration of water
gapdh	Glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase
thermodynamics	(1) The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter
biophysics	The application of the techniques of physics to biological processes.
dentate gyrus	A part of the hippocampal formation.
twintron	A composite structure made up of two or more Group II and/or Group III introns embedded in each other.
fatty acid	An organic acid molecule consisting of a chain of carbon molecules and a carboxylic acid (COOH) group
conservation	The retention of sequence and 3-D structure by biomolecules under varying environmental and genetic conditions.
geologic record	The division of Earths history into time periods, grouped into three eras: Archaean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic, and further subdivided into eras and epochs.
carcinogen	A substance that causes cancer.
compact bone	The outer dense layer that forms the shaft of the long bones; made up of concentric layers of mineral deposits surrounding a central opening.
fmri	Stands for "functional magnetic resonance imaging." This technique uses magnetic fields to measure oxygen use by nerve cells in the brain
non-homologous end-joining	Another name for the double-strand break repair process.
li 1379	A Ginkgo biloba extract.
partial pressure	(1) The pressure exerted by a particular gas within a mixture of gases
countercurrent exchange	Exchange of heat, O2, or other substances by passive-transport processes (e.g., diffusion) between two closely juxtaposed fluid streams flowing in opposite directions (e.g., blood flowing in opposite directions in two blood vessels).
angstrom	A unit of measurement that was widely used until recently to describe molecular dimensions, but the unit nanometer (nm) is now more commonly used
paraffin [wax]	A translucent, white, solid hydrocarbon with a low melting point
alcohol fermentation	The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.
ca2+	See "calcium ions".
climograph	A plot of the temperature and precipitation in a particular region
reactive oxygen species	A highly reactive free radical that can result from excessive levels of iron in the body.
oxygen conformity	A response in which an animal exposed to a decreasing O2 concentration in its environment allows its rate of O2 consumption to decrease in parallel.
current	rate of electron flow
second law of thermodynamics	The law stating that in any chemical or physical process, the entropy of the universe tends to increase.
gel electrophoresis	The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel.
hypoxia	Oxygen starvation at the cellular level.
new indication studies	New phase II and III trials required when a drug seems promising as a new treatment for a different condition than it was originally approved for.
passage time	Interval between successive sub-cultures.
perpendicular	upright: at right angles to horizontal.
ion	An atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or negative electric charge as a result of having lost or gained one or more electrons (negatively-charged particles)
teraflop	A measure of supercomputer speed equivalent to 10 to the power of 12 floating point operations per second.
replicative transposition	Type of transposition in which a copy of the transposable element moves to a new site while the original copy remains at the old site; increases the number of copies of the transposable element.
stromal cells	Bone marrow cells that can be the source of other kinds of tissues.
acid precipitation	Rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.6.
laser	A device that emits an intense coherent monochromatic light beam.
rolling circle replication	A mechanism for the replication of circular DNA
photodynamic therapy	A treatment based on the uptake by target cells of photoactivatable molecules that destroy the cells upon exposure to a specific light source.
exothermic	Referring to a chemical reaction that releases heat (i.e., has a negative change in enthalpy).
kearns-sayre syndrome	A rare mitochondrial disorder that usually has an onset before the age of 20
chlorophyll	A green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants
dystonia	Prolonged muscle contractions.
electron	subatomic particle with a much smaller mass than a proton or neutron and a negative electrical charge equal in magnitude to that of a proton, but opposite in sign
arid transition area	comprises the western part of the Dakotas, northern Montana east of the Rockies, southern Assiniboia, small areas in southern Manitoba and Alberta, the higher parts of the Great Basin and the plateau region generally, the eastern base of Cascade Sierras and local areas in Oregon and California.
lab-on-a-chip	A microfabricated fluidics system designed to perform high-resolution biochemical analyses.
imine	A molecule containing a nitrogen atom attached to a carbon atom by a double bond
outer ear	One of three main regions of the ear in reptiles, birds, and mammals; made up of the auditory canal and, in many birds and mammals, the pinna.
saturated and unsaturated	These terms refer to the number of available bonds for more hydrogens in a hydrocarbon or other organic compound
phototroph	An organism that can use the energy of light to synthesize its own fuels from simple molecules such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water; as distinct from a chemotroph.
critical period	The time during prenatal development when a structure is sensitive to damanage from a mutation or an environmental intervention.
plasticizer	compound added in small amounts to polymers to make them softer and more pliable
submitochondrial particle	An inside-out particle formed by the sonication of mitochondria
estivation	Summer torpor; a physiological state that is characterized by slow metabolism and inactivity and that permits survival during long periods of elevated temperature and diminished water supplies
juvenile form	Another term for juvenile HD.
exa-	A prefix indicating 1018; a quintillion.
respiratory medium	The source of oxygen
syndrome	A pattern of recognizable symptoms or signs characteristic of a disease.
nitrogen saturation	process by which an area is overloaded with "nitrogen"; that is, when the reactive forms of nitrogen entering an ecosystem exceed the system's capacity to absorb the nitrogen
halophile	A microorganism that grows optimally in a highly saline environment.
crm	Cross reacting material
protein linkage map	A protein-protein interaction network map.
replisome	A large multi-protein complex that performs DNA replication.
permineralization	Fossilization process that occurs when minerals, carried by ground water, enter and harden in the pores of an organism's structures.
sub-	as a prefix, means that the main term is not entirely applicable, but must be understood as modified in some way; e.g
multifactorial disease	Polygenic disease, i.e
perv	See porcine endogenous retrovirus.
hydrogen peroxide	A waste product of the cell that is a dangerous free radical.
hydrocarbon	compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon
klenow fragment	A proteolytic fragment of DNA polymerase I that contains the DNA polymerase activity and the 3' to 5' proofreading activity but lacks the 5' to 3' exonuclease activity
trans fat	A highly damaging type of fat which is produced when unsaturated fat is subjected to the process of hydrogenation.
mapping function	a mathematical equation describing the relation between recombination fraction and genetic distance
anticonvulsant	Preventing or relieving convulsions
primer	A structure that serves as a growing point for polymerization
fertilization	Fusion of a female and male gamete (both haploid) to form a diploid zygote, which develops into a new individual.
critical micelle concentration	The lowest concentration of a detergent at which molecules aggregate to form micellar structures.
ontology	The creation of a systematically ordered data structure that enhances exchange of information between computers and scientists
leukotriene	A powerful inflammatory mediator
ala -ae	a wing or wings.
autotroph	An organism that can synthesize its own complex molecules from very simple carbon and nitrogen sources, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia.
akathisia	A drug-induced side effect often caused by antipsychotic drugs
parkinson's disease	A neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects one's ability to perform smooth movements
tau pathologies	neurodegenerative diseases related to problems with the tau protein found in nerve cells
fuel cell	galvanic cell that produces electricity by converting the chemical energy of a fuel directly into electricity without burning the fuel
hydrophilic	A property meaning "water loving," describing molecules that are attracted to water.
heat shock protein	Proteins that are synthesized in organisms in response to various environmental stressors (such as extremes in temperature)
urea	The water soluble nitrogenous waste product of mammals and some other vertebrates that is formed by a combination of carbon dioxide and ammonia
pelagic	Pelagic organisms swim through the ocean, and may rise to the surface, or sink to the bottom
gradient	In a thermal cycler, a controlled, incremental temperature differential across a reaction block.
extent	The extended range of study, or the area included within the landscape boundary, such as a national park or state.
microenvironment	A place within a larger environment in which the physical and chemical conditions differ significantly from the average conditions characterizing the larger environment.
active restoration	Accelerating the process or attempting to change the trajectory of succession
luteous -eus	clay yellow [pale clay yellow].
eugenics	The control of individual reproductive choices to achieve a social goal.
megapascal	A unit of pressure equivalent to 10 atmospheres of pressure.
pointwise p value	in linkage analysis, the probability on the null hypothesis of exceeding the observed value of the statistic at one given position in the genome
hydrolysis	A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water.
igneous rock	Any rock solidified from molten or partly molten material.
neuroprotection	A process that involves protecting the nerve cells from deterioration due to neurodegenerative disease.
cellular	Pertaining to cells
carbohydrates	compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the last two elements in the same 2:1 atomic ratio as found in water
fidelity	The degree to which output reflects input
inflammation	The reaction that occurs in the affected cells and adjacent tissues in response to an injury or abnormal stimulation caused by a physical, chemical, or biological substance.
voltage	A force caused by a difference in electric charge between two areas.
anaerobic	Occurring in the absence of air or oxygen.
reverse osmosis	purification process that uses pressure to force the movement of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a region of high solute concentration to a region of lower solute concentration
zygote	The product of gamete fusion
nanomole	One billionth mole; 10-9 mole.
sporadic	Occurring in a random or isolated manner.
anaerobe	An organism that lives without oxygen
nicotinic acid	Also known as niacin.
cytoskeleton	System of protein filaments in the cytoplasm of a eucaryotic cell that gives the cell a polarized shape and the capacity for directed movement
estuary	A body of water along a seacoast that is partially enclosed by land and that receives inputs of both freshwater and seawater; it is intermediate in salinity between freshwater and seawater.
endothermic	term applied to any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy
molal	A unit of measure of chemical concentration; specifically, the molal concentration is the number of moles mixed with a kilogram of water to make a solution.
dual breather	An animal that simultaneously possesses the ability to breathe from air and from water
giberrellin	A plant hormone that regulates growth.
asperities	surface roughenings or dot-like elevations.
parsing	The use of algorithms to analyze data into components.
herbivore	Literally, an organism that eats plants or other autotrophic organisms
dynamic mutation	an unstable expanded repeat that changes size between parent and child
carbohydrates	Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that serve as energy sources and structural materials for cells of all organisms
scientific method	The principles and empirical processes governing investigation into the truth or falsity of a scientific question.
shagreened	a surface roughened with minute tooth-like projections.
c. elegans	Known as Caenorhabditis elegans
oxidation	Loss of electrons from an atom or molecule as occurs when hydrogen is removed from a molecule or oxygen is added
nitric acid	A chemical that increases blood flow; also used to make organic compounds in the body.
fatty acid	A long-chain hydrocarbon containing a carboxyl group at one end
yotta-	A prefix indicating 1024; a septillion.
foetid glands	glandular structures from which a foul smelling liquid may be ejected.
voltage	difference in electrochemical potential between the two electrodes
transposon	A transposable genetic element that moves as a unit and inserts at new locations.
bioinformatics	Using computing power, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.
mutagen	Any environmental agent that significantly increases the rate of mutation above the spontaneous rate.
chlorophyll	The pigment in green plants that absorbs solar energy.
biocombinatorial chemistry	An iterative process consisting of synthesis of combinatorial chemical libraries followed by screening in biological systems to evaluate function.
composite transposon	A transposible element flanked by two copies of an IS element.
asphalt	A dark bituminous substance found in natural beds
congenic strains	strains of a laboratory animal that are identical except at one specific locus (Box 15.4).
e site	A position within a bacterial ribosome to which a tRNA moves immediately after deacylation.
x-ray diffraction	Method for analyzing the three-dimensional shape and structure of chemical substances
acclimatization	A chronic response of an individual to a changed environment in cases in which the new and old environments are natural environments that can differ in numerous ways, such as winter and summer environments, or low and high altitudes
stratosphere	region of the atmosphere above the troposphere; includes the ozone layer
acid deposition	deposition of either wet forms or dry forms such as rain, snow, fog, and cloud-like suspensions of microscopic water droplets often more acidic and damaging than acid rain
screen	To determine the presence or absence of a phenotype by testing for growth under different conditions (e.g., plus and minus an auxotrophic supplement or permissive and nonpermissive conditions)
gene cloning	Inserting DNA fragments into bacteria in such a way that the fragments will be stable and copied by the bacteria.
phytoalexin	An antibiotic, produced by plants, that destroys microorganisms or inhibits their growth.
accession number	The unique identifier assigned to new sequence information submitted to a major database.
smith-waterman	A sensitive algorithm for identifying sequence similarities.
hts	High throughput screening
replication	The synthesis of new deoxypolynucleotide strands.
burst size	The average number of phage released from a single infected bacterium during lytic growth
depleted uranium	contains almost entirely U-238 (99.8%) and has been depleted of most of the U-235 that it once naturally contained
syncytium	A mass of cytoplasm containing several separate nuclei enclosed in a continuous membrane resulting from the fusion of individual cells.
proton donor	The donor of a proton in an acid-base reaction; that is, an acid.
conglobate	gathered together in a ball or sphere.
causal variance components	In a sibling analysis, the portions of phenotypic variance that are due to the underlying genetic and environmental sources of variance (e.g., additive genetic variance, dominance variance, environmental variance).
plant cell immobilization	Entrapment of plant cells in gel matrices; the cells are suspended in small drops of the material, which then is set or allowed to harden to make little carriers
risk assessment	organized evaluation of scientific data to predict the probability of an occurrence
low-level radioactive waste	waste that is contaminated with smaller quantities of radioactive materials than HLW and specifically excludes spent nuclear fuel
hydrolysis	The cleavage of a molecule by the addition of water
global climate change	A change in the statistical distribution of weather over periods of time that can range from decades to millions of years.
pipette	A slender graduated tube into which small amounts of liquids are taken up by suction, for measuring and transferring.
guttate	with light spots or drops on a dark ground.
hydrophilic	Literally means water loving and refers to the fact that hydrophilic molecules are attracted to water
limiting nutrient	An element that must be added for production to increase in a particular area.
causality	A cause and effect relationship
nonelectrolyte	nonconducting solute in solutions
limpid	clear and transparent: applied to wings and ornamentation.
hybrid cell	A cell formed by fusion of two cells
cross reacting material	See CRM.
dha	Abbreviation for docosahexaenoic acid.
boreal	from or belonging to the north: is that faunal region that extends from the polar sea southward to near the northern boundary of the United States and farther south occupies a narrow strip along the Pacific Coast and the higher parts of the Sierra-Cascade, Rocky and Alleghany Mountain ranges; divided into Arctic, Hudsonian and Canadian: see austral and tropical.
physical therapy	Treatment of injury or disease by physical therapeutic means instead of by medical, surgical, or radiologic measures
transpiration	The evaporative loss of water from a plant.
atom	The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
zero population growth	A period of stability in population size, when the per capita birth rate and death rate are equal.
striatal neurons	Nerve cells that make up the striatum
fmn	Abbreviation for Flavin-mononucleotide.
allotropes	two or more forms of the same element that differ in their chemical structure and therefore in their properties
cost of resistance	The fitness effects of an allele that confers resistance (often denoted by R) to a pesticide or antibiotic in the absence of the pesticide or antibiotic.
self-replication	See self-renewal.
first law of thermodynamics	The law stating that in all processes, the total energy of the universe remains constant.
isabelline -us	pale yellow with some red and brown [chronic lemon with a little carmine and roman sepia].
virulence	Usually, the damage inflicted on a host by a pathogen or parasite; sometimes, the capacity of a pathogen or parasite to infect and develop in a host.
extremophile	An organism that grows optimally in extreme conditions, including extreme temperature, pressure, pH, ionic concentration, and pressure.
cardiac cycle	One heartbeat; consists of atrial contraction and relaxation, ventricular contraction and relaxation, and a short pause
angiostatin	A plasminogen fragment with anti-angiogenic properties.
building block	A reagent used in combinatorial library synthesis.
double blind	A study in which neither the investigator nor the participant are aware of which treatment a participant is receiving (ie experimental or control)
bioprospecting	Searching for new plant and microbial strains that may serve as sources for natural products, such as phytopharmaceuticals.
prochiral molecule	A nonchiral molecule that lacks handedness and is optically inactive, but would become chiral by a change in one of the substituents at the chiral center
peroxides	Chemicals capable of causing oxidative damage to cell membranes and other molecules.
control	A standard of comparison by which experimental results are evaluated
matter	Anything that takes up space and has mass.
nuclear fission	the splitting of a large nucleus into smaller ones with the release of energy and neutrons
rofecoxib	A COX-2 inhibitor.
cycle	a round or circle, e.g
nonshivering thermogenesis	In mammals and some birds, elevation of heat production for thermoregulation by means other than shivering
primary production	The production of organic matter from inorganic chemical precursors
peristalsis	One of the gut’s principal modes of muscular activity, in which constriction of the gut at one point along its length initiates constriction at a neighboring point farther along the gut, producing a “wave” of constriction that moves progressively along the gut, propelling food material before it.
vacuole	A cytosolic membrane-bounded structure containing liquids.
trans-sulfuration pathway	A two-reaction pathway which degrades homocysteine.
ultra-high-throughput system	A high-throughput system capable of processing 100,000 samples a day.
summation	(1) In excitable cells, the addition of graded subthreshold potentials (electrical events)
chromosomal rearrangement	Another term for a chromosomal mutation.
bystander effect	Secondary effects on adjacent cells and tissues triggered by treatment of a primary target with a therapeutic agent.
vegetative growth	Growth of a plant by division of cells, without sexual reproduction.
excitatory	Resulting in an increase in activity or probability of activity
catenane	An interlocked pair of circular structures, such as covalently closed DNA molecules.
denitrification	A process facilitated by bacteria, in which nitrates (NO3) break down to molecular nitrogen (N2).
nitrogen-fixing bacteria	bacteria that remove nitrogen from the air and convert it to ammonia
gravitropism	A response of a plant or animal to gravity
polynucleotide	A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities
concentration	ratio of amount of solute to amount of solution
migration	The movement of a cell over a surface.
bicuspidate	ending in two points or cusps.
superans	exceeding in size and length.
allometric coeffient	(a) in the linear equation, log y = a log x + log b, the slope of the line.
animal physiology	The study of the functional properties of animals; the study of “how animals work.”
postmortem	Pertaining to the period after death
polar transport	The directed movement within plants of compounds (usually endogenous plant growth regulators) mostly in one direction; polar transport overcomes the tendency for diffusion in all directions.
hydrostatic pressure	The sort of pressure that is developed in a fluid (gas or liquid) when forces are applied that tend to increase the amount of matter per unit of volume
exponential	Referring to a type of relationship between two variables in which the dependent variable goes up in multiplicative steps as the independent variable goes up in additive steps
allelopathy	Biochemical production by a plant which alters growth and survival of other plants or itself.
dna	The molecule that encodes genetic information
positive feedback	A process by which deviations of a property from a specific set-point level are reinforced, thereby tending to cause escalating changes in the property.
half-life	The number of years it takes for 50% of a sample of an isotope to decay.
topoisomerase	Enzyme that adds or removes rotations in a DNA helix by temporarily breaking nucleotide strands; controls the degree of DNA supercoiling.
prior probability	in Bayesian statistics, the initially estimated probability of an outcome before all relevant information has been taken into account
optic vesicle	Embrogical Eye
cot curve	A curve that indicates the rate of DNA-DNA annealing as a function of DNA concentration and time.
volume regulation	The maintenance of a constant or nearly constant volume (amount) of body fluid
stromatolite	Rocklike structure composed of layers of prokaryotes and sediment.
x-over	An abbreviation for cross-over.
excretion	the act of getting rid of waste products: any material or substance produced by any secretory glands or structures and which is voided or otherwise sent out from them.
otic vesicle	Embrogical Ear
acid-neutralizing capacity	capacity of a lake or other body of water to resist a decrease in pH
volatile	refers to a substance that readily passes into the vapor phase
carcinogen	Any chemical or physical agent that can cause cancer when cells or organisms are exposed to it.
metamorphic rock	Any rock derived from other rocks by chemical, mineralogical and structural changes resulting from pressure, temperature or shearing stress.
respiratory gases	Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
maximum tolerated dose	The highest daily dose of a drug that the average human body can tolerate before passing a threshold level of excessive toxicity
surface water	water from lakes, rivers, and reservoirs
periphyton	Dense strands of algal growth that cover the water surface between the emergant aquatic plants
oblate	flattened; applied to a spheroid of which the diameter is shortened at two opposite ends.
radiation sickness	illness characterized by early symptoms of anemia, nausea, malaise, and susceptibility to infection that results from a large exposure to radiation
neuroprotective	The property of preventing damage and degeneration to nerve cells.
heterologous	Consisting of different elements.
racemic mixture	mixture consisting of equal amounts of each optical isomer of a compound
sculpture	the markings or pattern of impression or elevation on an elytra or other body surface.
algorithm	An explicit computational procedure that uses a precise sequence of simple operations to perform a complex operation
sequence profile	A sequence pattern representation emerging from comparison of multiple aligned sequences.
partial digestion	Treatment of a DNA molecule with a restriction endonuclease under such conditions that only a fraction of all the recognition sites are cleaved
dikaryotic	Having two different and distinct nuclei per cell; found in the fungi
electrolyte	conducting solute in solution
chemoautotroph	An organism that needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source but that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances.
primary down syndrome	Caused by the presence of three copies of chromosome 21.
free radical	See radical.
amenorrhea	The absence or abnormal stoppage of menstrual periods; a risk factor for osteoporosis.
standard free-energy change	The free-energy change for a reaction occurring under a set of standard conditions : temperature, 298 K; pressure, 1 atm or 101.3 kPa; and all solutes at 1 ni concentration
ccd camera	A camera that uses CCD (charge coupled device) chips to convert photons to electrical or digital information.
clinical trials	A type of research study that is used to evaluate the effects of new drugs, medical devices, or other treatments on participants in scientifically controlled settings
facies	the face: the general appearance or impression.
computational biology	Computational technologies for the collection, structuring, and mining of biological data that make possible prediction and knowledge discovery.
conformation	The spatial arrangement of substituent groups that are free to assume different positions in space, without breaking any bonds, because of the freedom of bond rotation.
computer-assisted molecular modeling	Computational techniques for the exploration and visualization of molecular structures and properties.
glass	A non-crystaline rock that results from very rapid cooling of magma.
unwinding proteins	Proteins that help to unwind double-stranded DNA during DNA replication.
weather	The state of the atmosphere including temperature, rain, cloud cover, wind and humidity.
normal distribution	A bell-shaped frequency distribution of a variable; the expected distribution if many factors with independent, small effects determine the value of a variable; the basis for many statistical formulations.
il-1	Abbreviation for interleukin-1.
correlated	derived from the same ancestral form: said of two or more features or qualities which bear a direct or an inverse relation to each other, but without implying a relation of cause and effect.
atom	smallest unit of an element that can exist as a stable, independent entity
solvent	substance capable of dissolving other substances
daily torpor	In mammals and birds, a form of controlled hypothermia in which the body temperature is able to approximate ambient temperature for part (but only part) of each 24-hour day, generally on many consecutive days.
clustering	A bioinformatics technique for visualizing patterns in experimental data.
endangered species	A species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
pedipalps	The second pair of appendages of cheliceromorphs
trafficking	The movement of protein molecules between active and inactive locations in a cell, thereby controlling the functional activity of the protein molecules
selective permeability	A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.
cryopreservation	A process for storing biological material at very low temperatures for lengthy periods of time
mass number	The mass number of an atom is the mass of the atom’s protons plus neutrons plus electrons.
pressure	The force a fluid (liquid or gas) exerts in a perpendicular direction on solid surfaces with which it is in contact
stoichiometry	The existence of fixed ratios in chemical reactions
polyphyletic	derived or descended from several stems or sources.
asymmetric carbon	A carbon that is covalently bonded to four different groups.
ph	The negative of the common logarithm of the concentration of H+
adult form	Another term for adult-onset HD.
japanese knotweed	A plant that contains resveratrol, an antioxidant compound in red wine.
x-ray diffraction	crystallography technique that generates a pattern of deflected X-rays passing through a crystal to reveal the nature of the crystal lattice
virtual cell	A computational simulation of a living cell.
non-refined	refers to breads and cereals in which the whole grain (including its bran and germ) are included in the food product
interspecific competition	Competition for resources between plants, between animals, or between decomposers when resources are in short supply.
entomotomy	that science which deals with internal structure of insects.
luminophore	A luminescent substance.
palearctic	relating to that part of the earth's surface including Europe, Africa north of Sahara, and Asia as far south as the southern edge of the Yang-tse-Kiang watershed and the Himalayas, and west to the Indus River.
neural network	A computational method for optimizing for a desired property based on previous learning cycles (training).
solvent	A substance, usually a liquid or gas into which another substance will dissolve
avogadro's number	The number of molecules in a gram molecular weight of any compound (6.023 x 1023).
colicin	Bacterial proteins that are toxic to closely related strains of bacteria.
uniformitarianism	An important assumption in science that says that the physical laws that operate today have operated in the same manner in earlier times, back to close to the beginning of the universe
thioester	An ester of a carboxylic acid with a thiol or mercaptan.
lamellate	antennae with the club formed of closely opposed leaf-like surfaces, the concealed surfaces set with sensory pits.
hypertely	beyond the bounds of the useful: those forms whose resemblance to other objects is closer than needful, or without apparent object.
"enhanced greenhouse effect"	process in which atmospheric gases trap and return more than 80% of the heat energy radiated by the Earth
divided attention	the ability to split one's attention between more than one task
solar radiation	The visible and near-visible (ultraviolet and near-infrared) radiation emitted from the sun.
osmosis	the tendency of liquids to pass or diffuse through a membrane or septum.
half-life	time required for half the nuclei in a sample of a radioisotope to undergo radioactive decay
yoctomole	One septillionth mole; 10-24 mole.
half-life	The time required for the disappearance or decay of one-half of a given component in a system.
michaelis-menten kinetics	A kinetic pattern in which the initial rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction exhibits a hyperbolic dependence on substrate concentration.
acetylation	An enzymatic reaction that results in the addition of an acetyl group to a biochemical.
scaling	The study of the relations between physiological (or morphological) features and body size within sets of phylogenetically related species, e.g., the study of metabolism-weight relations.
chromosome	The self-replicating genetic structures of cells that contain DNA (the molecule that encodes genetic information)
continental crust	The Earth's crust that includes both the continents and the continental shelves.
scarified	a surface with irregular depressions, as if clawed or scratched.
semiconductor	material that does not normally conduct electricity or heat well, but that can do so under certain conditions, such as exposure to sunlight
b1	A cross in which an F1 or F1' individual is mated to one of its parents (P1) or to another individual that is genetically identical to one of its parents.
flagella	Long, flexible, helical protein structures that extend from the surface of the cell
herbivore	A heterotrophic animal that eats plants.
nitrogen fixation	The assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by certain prokaryotes into nitrogenous compounds that can be directly used by plants.
haploid	Having a single set of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell
data warehouse	A collection of databases combined with a flexible data extraction system.
anastomose	To form an interconnected network of tubules, vessels, or similar structures by patterns of branching, reconnection, and rebranching.
disturbance	Any process that removes biomass from the community; an abiotic event, natural or human-caused such as fires and storms, that kills or damages some organisms and thereby creates opportunities for other organisms to grow and reproduce.
fingerprint	Any technique that enables the identification of substances by the comparison of patterns
helicases	Proteins that unwind the DNA double helix.
metabolite	A chemical intermediate in the enzyme-catalyzed reactions of metabolism.
ventral horn	Another term for anterior horn.
wavelength	distance between successive peaks of waves in the electromagnetic spectrum
acidic	Adjective used to describe a substance or solution that has an abundance of positive hydrogen ions.
plasmid curing	The treatment of cells with a substance that interferes with plasmid replication.
alkane	a hydrocarbon with only single bonds between the carbon atoms
genome-wide p value	in testing for linkage or association, the probability on the null hypothesis of observing the statistic in question anywhere in a screen of the whole genome – see also pointwise p value
effective stratospheric chlorine	chlorine- and bromine-containing gases in the stratosphere
thermocline	A narrow stratum of rapid temperature change in the ocean and in many temperate-zone lakes.
pitch	A function of a sound wave's frequency, or number of vibrations per second, expressed in hertz.
side effects	Problems that occur when treatment causes undesired effects, too much of the desired effect, or other problems occuring in addition to the desired therapeutic effect.
cecropin	A basic polypeptide with antibacterial activity.
phytoremediation	An emerging nondestructive technology that seeks to cheaply reclaim contaminated areas by taking advantage of the remarkabJe ability of some plant species to extract heavy metals and other pollutants from the soil and to concentrate them in easily harvested portions of the plant.
annotation	In the study of genomics, the process of adding interpretive information to gene identities
triple response	A plant growth maneuver in response to mechanical stress, involving slowing of stem elongation, a thickening of the stem, and a curvature that causes the stem to start growing horizontally
catalytic converter	device installed in the exhaust stream of an engine to reduce emissions
focus	The initial point within the Earth that ruptures in an earthquake, directly below the epicenter.
patch-clamp	A technique that uses a microelectrode to record current flow across a membrane.
tetrahedron	four-cornered figure with four equal triangular sides
optical mapping	A technique for the direct visual examination of restricted DNA molecules.
short-day plant	A plant that flowers (usually in late summer, fall, or winter) only when the light period is shorter than a critical length.
blunt ends	Flush DNA ends generated by restriction enzymes that cut both DNA strands at the same point.
topology	The study of the deformability of intact structures.
micron	the unit of microscopic measurement = 001 mm.: represented by the symbol µ: the symbol µµ represents .001 of a micron
sedimentation coefficient	A physical constant specifying the rate of sedimentation of a particle in a centrifugal field under specified conditions.
armature	applied to the spinous or chitinous processes on the legs, body or wings; or the corneous parts of genitalic structures.
stipules	Paired appendages found at the base of the leaves of many flowering plants.
isoprene	The hydrocarbon 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, a recurring structural unit of the terpenoid biomolecules.
minisatellite	A type of simple sequence length polymorphism comprising tandem copies of repeats that are a few tens of nucleotides in length
chiral isomers	compounds with the same chemical formula but different three-dimensional molecular structures and different interaction with plane polarized light
hydrophobic	Not dissolving readily in water (“water hating”); typically lipid-soluble.
herbaceous	Referring to nonwoody plants.
gut microbiome	Populations of microbes, consisting of many species of bacteria and other heterotrophic microbes, living in the gut lumen of an animal.
photon	A quantum, or discrete amount, of light energy.
epimers	Two stereoisomers with more than one chiral center that differ in configuration at one of their chiral centers.
vitamin b11	Another name for folic acid.
mass spectrometry	A method for identifying molecules based on the detection of the mass-to-charge ratio of ions generated from the molecule by vaporization and electron bombardment
vertebral column	Surrounds & protects nerve cord.Provides structural support:Large body size, fast movement.
enantiomers	Stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other.
neutron	A neutron is a negatively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
repressible enzyme	In bacteria, an enzyme whose synthesis is inhibited when its reaction product is readily available to the cell.
epiphyte	A plant which grows upon another plant
metabolism	The total of physical and chemical processes that occur in an organism to maintain life.
bond energy	The energy required to break a bond.
ash-gray	a mixture of black and white, with a faint orange tinge: like ashes of anthracite coal.
electron donor	A substance that donates electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction.
fractional saturation	The fractional saturation refers to the degree of saturation of an oligmeric structure to ligand, that is:
hydrogenation	process in which hydrogen gas, in the presence of a metal catalyst, is added to a double bond and converts it to a single bond
autochthonous	Refers to something formed in its present location
packaging	The encapsulation of DNA by viral coat proteins.
demography	The study of statistics relating to birth and deaths in populations.
chlorofluorocarbons	compounds composed only of the elements chlorine, fluorine, and carbon
trisomy 13	Presence of three copies of chromosome 13; in humans, results in Patau syndrome.
infrared	heat radiation; the region of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths longer than those of red visible light
interoperability	Ability of different types of databases, applications, operating systems, and platforms to function in an integrated manner.
hapten	A small molecule that is not immunogenic unless attached to a carrier protein.
cytochrome b-c1 complex	Another term for Complex III.
normalization	A database refinement process that organizes a database so that results obtained from queries to the database are always unambiguous.
germ-plasm theory	States that cells in the reproductive organs carry a complete set of genetic information.
immigration	The movement of individuals into a population or population area.
generalized tonic-clonic	Tonic-clonic seizures that are generalized, meaning they are caused by discharges from both sides of the brain
flange	a projecting rim or edge.
dalton	A unit of mass equivalent to the mass of a hydrogen atom (1.66 x 10-24 g)
antheridium	In plants, the male garnet' a moist chamber in which gametes
supercoiled dna	Double-stranded circular DNA in which either overwinding or underwinding of the duplex makes the circle twist
backcross	A mating between an F1 or F1' individual to one of its parents (P1 or P2) or to another individual that is genetically identical to one of its parents
combichem	Informal term for combinatorial chemistry.
biosphere	The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.
two-hybrid system	see Yeast two-hybrid system.
benthic	Organisms that live on the bottom of the ocean are called benthic organisms
obtuse	not pointed: an angle greater than a right angle: opposed to acute
appendiculate	bearing appendages; said of antennae where the joints have articulated appendages; of tarsal claws that have membranous processes at base.
caudate	with tail-like extensions or processes.
diatomic molecule	molecule that contains two atoms
cell cycle checkpoint	A period before entry into S or M phase of the cell cycle, a key point at which regulation is exerted.
ni	Abbreviation for neuronal inclusions.
isomerization	Rearrangement of atomic groups within the same molecule without any loss or gain of atoms.
upanishads	Sacred texts of Hinduism that deal with broad philosophical and theological questions.
combined dna index system	In the United States, CODIS is a distributed database that is organized into three hierarchical levels: local, state, and national
bi	prefix, means two.
inflammatory bowel disease	A chronic inflammatory disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract but most commonly affects a part of the small intestine.
ga	See geldanamycin.
non-permissive conditions	Growth conditions not allowing a conditionally lethal mutant to survive.
corpus striatum	Another term for striatum.
fluorescence	The emission of electromagnetic radiation following absorption of shorter wave length light.
renaturation	The process of returning a denatured structure to its original native structure, as when two single strands of DNA are reunited to form a regular duplex, or an unfolded polypeptide chain is returned to its normal folded three-dimensional structure.
multiple alignment	An alignment of multiple sequences that inserts gaps into the individual sequences in order to align conserved sequences in the same column.
ethanol fermentation	See alcohol fermentation.
molecule	a group of atoms arranged to interact in a particular way; one molecule of any substance is the smallest physical unit of that particular substance.
zwitterion	A dipolar ion, with spatially separated positive and negative charges.
partial pressure	A measure of the concentration of one gas in a mixture of gases; the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases (for instance, the pressure exerted by oxygen in air).
mg2+	See Magnesium ion.
anaerobic	The absence of oxygen
intertidal zone	The shallow zone of the ocean where land meets water.
electromagnetic spectrum	The entire spectrum of radiation ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer.
nitrogen fixation	The conversion of gaseous nitrogen into a form usable by plants
laevis -igatus	smooth, shining and without elevations: said of a surface.
electrolysis	process of passing a direct current of electricity of sufficient voltage through water to decompose it into H2 and O2
attomole	One quintillionth mole; 10-18 mole.
hap-1	huntingtin-associated protein-1
diploid cell	A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.
greenhouse effect	process by which atmospheric gases trap and return a major portion of the heat (infrared radiation) radiated by the Earth
amino acid analog	See analog.
redox-buffer	Acts to protect against oxidative damage.
cambrian	Geologic period that begins the Paleozoic Era
gap penalty	A penalty subtracted from a sequence alignment score due to the introduction of a gap or the elongation of a gap.
calorie	formerly defined as the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of exactly 1 g of water by 1°C
vitamin	An organic compound that an animal must obtain from food, symbiotic microbes, or another source other than the animal’s biosynthesis because the animal cannot synthesize it, yet requires it in small amounts.
free-energy change	The amount of free energy released (negative ΔG) or absorbed (positive ΔG) in a reaction at constant temperature and pressure.
alzheimer's disease	An age-related dementia (mental deterioration) characterized by confusion, memory loss, and other symptoms.
isoelectric ph	The pH at which a solute has no net electric charge and thus does not move in an electric field.
saturation kinetics	The kinetics characteristic of a chemical reaction or other chemical process that is limited to a maximum velocity by a limited supply of some type of molecule with which other molecules must reversibly combine for the reaction or process to take place.
parahormone	A substance with hormone-like properties that is not a secretory product (e.g., ethylene; carbon dioxide).
pedigree	A table, chart or diagram recording the ancestry of an individual.
bulk flow	the movement of water due to a difference in pressure between two locations
catenation	The linking of molecules without any direct covalent bonding between them, as when two circular DNA molecules interlock like the links in a chain.
st14a cell line	Cells that exhibit quite accurately many of the properties of striatal nerve cells and can be engineered to express either normal or mutant huntingtin.
atomarius	with minute dots or points.
oceanic trench	Deep steep-sided depression in the ocean floor caused by the subduction of oceanic crust beneath either other oceanic crust or continental crust.
trehalose	A disaccharide found in microorganisms that is used to stabilize protein structure.
photon	The ultimate unit (a quantum) of light energy.
ionic bond	A bond between two atoms involving a complete transfer of electrons
nitrogen-fixing bacteria	Microorganisms that restock nitrogenous minerals in the soil by converting nitrogen to ammonia.
neurodegenerative	Characterized by neurodegeneration
organic chemistry	the branch of chemistry devoted to the study of carbon compounds
tandem repeats	Multiple adjacent copies of the same sequence.
hawk-dove game	This particular model pits a Hawk strategy (i.e., always try to injure your opponent and only withdraw from the contest if an injury is received) against a Dove strategy (i.e., always use a non-injurious display if the rival is another Dove and always withdraw if the rival is a Hawk).
pneumatic reactor	See airlift fermenter.
polar	The uneven distribution of postive and negative charges in small molecules, resulting in an electric dipole moment.
gas exchange	The uptake of molecular oxygen from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment.
ferrobacteria	Bacteria that utilize iron as an energy source.
surface tension	A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
molarity	number of moles of solute present in 1 L of solution
sum of squares	The sum of squared deviations from the mean for a set of observations; it is the numerator of the variance.
ammonia	A small, very toxic molecule made up of three hydrogen atoms and one nitrogen atom; produced by nitrogen fixation and as a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism.
semiconservative	DNA replication is semiconservative because each daughter duplex contains one old and one newly synthesized strand (Figure 1.8).
protein affinity chromatography	A method for the direct characterization of protein-protein interactions.
f factor	An episomal genetic element that enables a bacterium to transfer extrachromosomal DNA to a second bacterium.
insulator	see Boundary element.
calcium carbonate	Chemical that also occurs in limestone and marble
scientific notation	system for writing numbers as the product of a number and 10 raised to the appropriate power
diauxie	The phenomenon whereby a bacterium, when provided with a mixture of sugars, uses up one sugar before beginning to metabolize the second sugar.
criteria pollutants	air pollutants for which EPA has set permissible levels based on their effects on human health and on the environment
secondary response	The immune response that follows the second exposure to a substance.
active transport	The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins.
rain shadow	An arid region on the leeward side of a mountain range that experiences low levels of precipitation.
polymerase slippage model	A possible model for how expansions occur
distillation	separation process in which a solution is heated to its boiling point and the vapors of the various components are condensed and collected
acceptor control	The regulation of the rate of respiration by the availability of ADP as phosphate group acceptor.
auxotrophic	Requiring a nutritional supplement to grow.
equilibrium	The point at which the concentrations of two compounds are such that the interconversion of one compound into the other compound does not result in any change in free energy.
in situ	A Latin phrase meaning "in the original place"
element	Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance.
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid	a complex molecule used medically to chelate metal ions in cases of lead or heavy metal poisoning
peptide	Two or more amino acids covalently joined by peptide bonds.
metallic	having the appearance of metal: applied to a surface or color.
hepatocarcinoma	A cancer of the liver that is derived from hepatocytes.
radiant energy	the entire collection of different wavelengths, each with its own energy
cytosol	The fluid portion of the cell, excluding organelles and other solids
micelle	The structure formed by amphipathic molecules in solution that places the polar group toward the solution and the hydrophobic group toward the interior.
helix	A spiral structure with a repeating pattern.
grinding	material resulting from the process of grinding
isothermal	Occurring at constant temperature.
homoeonomous	of the same substance or texture.
aminotransferase	Increases in concentration of this enzyme sometimes result in the elevation of toxic ammonia levels
element	pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler ones by any chemical means
tetracycline	an antibiotic drug that is used for medicine and for research
peptide	Two or more amino acids are joined by a so-called peptide-bond.
hairpin-mediated polymerase slippage model	A possible explanation for why expansions occur
genetic engineering	Common term for recombinant DNA technology.
distributed generation	placing powergenerating modules of 30 megawatts or less near the end user
refined	refers to breads and cereals in which the fibrous bran and germ are removed from the grain by machinery
proton acceptor	A functional group capable of accepting a proton from a proton donor molecule.
saturated fatty acid	A fatty acid containing a fully saturated alkyl chain.
immunogenic	Capable of stimulating an immune response.
resistance exercise	Exercise that consists of relatively short periods of high-intensity muscular actions against a large load, often repeated with intervening interruptions
mycorrhizae	Mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi
sequence skimming	A method for rapid sequence acquisition in which a few random sequences are obtained from a cloned fragment, the rationale being that if the fragment contains any genes then there is a good chance that at least some of them will be revealed by these random sequences.
free radical	A very reactive atom or molecule typically possessing a single unpaired electron.
single-lens eye	The camera-like eye found in some jellies, polychaetes, spiders, and many molluscs.
glycation	A non-enzymatic reaction that adds a carbohydrate group to a protein or peptide.
tonic-clonic	Seizures that involve both tonic and clonic phases
chomosome painting	The identification of chromosomes using combinatorially labeled fluorescent chromosomal probes in a wide array of colors
trihybrid cross	A cross between two individuals that differ in three characteristics (AA BB CC X aa bb cc); also refers to a cross between two individuals that are both heterozygous at three loci (Aa Bb Cc X Aa Bb Cc).
solvent	The dissolving agent of a solution
root system	All of a plant's roots that anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food.
similarity	Sequence identity between two nucleotide sequences
photochemical reaction center	The part of a photosynthetic complex where the energy of an absorbed photon causes charge separation, initiating electron transfer.
fermentation	Enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur without O2, such as reactions that accomplish the anaerobic breakdown of compounds to liberate energy for metabolic use.
constitutive	Produced in a constant amount, not subject to regulation
http://huntington-study-group.org/]	http://huntington-study-group.org/]
sequestration	process of keeping some things apart
turnover	The mixing of waters as a result of changing water-temperature profiles in a lake.
ar	Abbreviation for androgen receptor.
electrochemical potential	The energy required to maintain a separation of charge and of concentration across a membrane.
interference	Degree to which one crossover interferes with additional crossovers.
hydrocarbon	An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.
strata	Layers of sedimentary rock that were deposited at different times.
copulation chamber	a chamber or cell excavated by certain Scolytid beetles in their burrows, in which copulation takes place: = rammel-kammer.
condensed structural formula	chemical formula in which bonds are not drawn out explicitly, but simply understood to contain an appropriate number of bonds
insulator	see Boundary element
resonance hybrid	A molecular structure that is a hybrid of two structures that differ in the locations of some of the electrons
latent heat of vaporization	The heat that must be provided to convert a material from a liquid to a gas at constant temperature (called latent because although heat is provided, the temperature of the material does not rise)
maldi-tof ms	The abbreviation for Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry, a high-throughput protein sequencing method based on embedding samples in a matrix from which they are desorbed by laser light.
chitinous	composed of chitine {Scanner's comment: sic} or like it in texture: as a color term is amber yellow.
v•o2max	An animal’s maximal rate of O2 consumption
picomole	One trillionth mole; 10-12 mole.
percent	parts per hundred; sometimes abbreviated as pph
electroencephalograph testing	A technique for recording electrical activity in the brain.
oxygen	An element with eight protons and eight electrons and with an atomic mass averaging a bit over 16
rigid	inflexible: holding a direct course.
tentacles	Appendages which are flexible, because they have no rigid skeleton
capacitance coefficient	In the study of respiratory gas exchange, the change in total gas concentration per unit of change in gas partial pressure in air, water, or a body fluid like blood
kinetic energy	Energy of motion.
nitrogen cycle	set of chemical pathways whereby nitrogen moves through the biosphere
metabolism	The set of processes by which cells and organisms acquire, rearrange, and void commodities (e.g., elements or energy) in ways that sustain life.
mud	A defective derivative of phage Mu
saturated fatty acid	A fatty acid in which all the bonds between carbon atoms in the carbon-chain backbone of the molecule are single bonds
thymus gland	The thymus gland lies at the root of the neck behind the breastbone
osmotic pressure	Pressure generated by the osmotic flow of water through a semipermeable membrane into an aqueous compartment containing solute at a higher concentration.
squamous cells	Flat cells that constitute the surface of the skin.
matrix	A medium in which things are formed, developed, or embedded.
halons	compounds similar to CFCs, in which bromine or fluorine atoms replace some or all of the chlorine atoms
oxido-reductase	An enzyme that catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions.
computational chemistry	Computer-based modeling and prediction of the structure of chemical compounds most likely to bind a protein drug target
hibernation	A physiological state that allows survival during long periods of cold temperatures and reduced food supplies, in which metabolism decreases, the heart and respiratory system slow down, and body temperature is maintained at a lower level than normal.
plane	level, flat; applied to a surface.
proprietary database	A copyrighted database accessible by subscription.
hsp	Abbreviation for heat shock protein.
x-ray	An energy beam of very short wavelengths (0.1 to 1000 Å) produced by the bombardment of various materials with high velocity electrons.
peptide	A description of two linked amino acids.
phytohormone	A plant hormone.
creb-binding protein	A transcriptional co-activator of phosphorylated CREB (Cyclic AMP Response Element Binding Factor).
photolithography	A process that utilizes selective masking to generate light patterns that direct chemical transformations within a photosensitive surface.
saponin	A glycosidic surfactant produced by plant cells.
hydrophobic	Preferring not to be in contact with water, as is the case with the hydrocarbon portion of a fatty acid or phospholipid chain.
oxygen therapy	Administration of concentrated oxygen for therapeutic reasons
probability	Statistics: The frequency of occurrence of an event.
microtransponder	Cube-shaped (~100µm), miniature radio-frequency transmitters out of silicon
homeostasis	Maintenance of an equilibrium state by some self-regulating capacity of an individual.
petaflop	A theoretical measure of computer speed that corresponds to a thousand trillion (1015) floating point operations per second.
non-polar	A hydrophobic (water-hating) chemical group.
catalyst	chemical substance that participates in a chemical reaction and influences its rate or speed without undergoing permanent change
book lungs	Lungs within which sheets of gas-exchange tissue alternate with sheetlike air spaces, like pages of a book slightly separated by air
immune complex disease	A disorder characterized by the presence of immune complexes in bodily fluids.
protuberance	any elevation above the surface.
gamma ray	high-energy, shortwavelength photon emitted from the nucleus with no charge or mass
steric hindrance	Hindrance of an enzymatic reaction by structural features of the substrate or the enzyme.
neurotoxic	A substance that damages or destroys nerve tissue.
homologous pair of chromosomes	Two chromosomes that are alike in structure and size and that carry genetic information for the same set of hereditary characteristics
apical meristem	Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.
regulator	A characterization of an animal in regard to environmental variables
potable water	water that is fit for human consumption
molecular replacement	A method for solving biomacromolecular structure based on the use of a model derived from a related, previously solved structure.
intermediate disturbance hypothesis	The concept that moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater species diversity than low or high levels of disturbance.
eluate	The effluent from a chromatographic column.
reformulated gasolines	oxygenated gasolines that also contain a lower percentage of certain more volatile hydrocarbons such as benzene found in nonoxygenated conventional gasoline
tetrabenazine	A dopamine depletor used to treat chorea.
rolling circle	A method for the replication of circular double-stranded DNA.
cytochemistry	The use of compound-specific stains, combined with microscopy, to determine the biochemical content of cellular structures.
inclusion bodies	Another term for neuronal inclusions.
reforming	process using heat, pressure, and catalysts to rearrange the atoms within molecules
diprotic acid	An acid having two dissociable protons.
epicormic	A shoot arising spontaneously from an adventitious or dormant bud on the stem or branch of a woody plant often following exposure to increased light levels or fire.
specific heat	The amount of energy (in joules or calories) needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of a pure substance by 1 °C.
monochromatic	of one color throughout.
molecule	The smallest particle of a substance that retains all the properties of the substance and is composed of one or more atoms.
bioleaching	The recovery of precious metals from ore by biological processes.
amyloid plaques	Another term for beta-amyloid plaques.
bipolar disorder	Depressive mental illness characterized by swings of mood from high to low; also called manic-depressive disorder.
ph	A measure of acidity and alkalinity
"doping"	process of intentionally adding small amounts of other elements to pure silicon
iteration	A single round of data processing
niche	The particular range of conditions that species
metals	elements that are shiny and conduct electricity and heat well
yeast extract	A water soluble preparation extracted from common yeast
curation	The process of verifying and enhancing data submitted to bioinformatics databases
soluble support	A support for a reaction that is soluble under reaction conditions, but readily separable by some simple process
trinucleotide repeat	Another term for triplet repeat.
hypotonic	In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a lower solute concentration.
carbocation	A positively charged carbon atom; also called a carbonium ion.
paleosol	Soil horizon from the geologic past.
paternally	From or related to the father of an individual
termination factors	Proteins that are exclusively involved in the termination reactions of protein synthesis on the ribosome.
blastoporal groove	The groove formed as result of the formation of bottle cells
amphitrophic	Capable of photosynthetic or chemotrophic growth.
red nucleus	A small part of the brain involved in the control of movement.
gamma-carbolines	A type of small molecule whose derivatives have recently been associated with antipsychotic, antibiotic and antitumor activity.
molar	A unit of measure of chemical concentration; specifically, the molar concentration is the number of moles dissolved in a liter of solution.
substrate	Substance on which an enzyme acts in biochemical reactions; or, in hybridisation arrays, the particular material onto which the biomolecules are deposited
multiregional evolution	A hypothesis that holds that modern humans in the Old World are descended from Homo erectus populations that left Africa over 1 million years ago.
zoned reserve	An extensive region of land that includes one or more areas undisturbed by humans surrounded by lands that have been changed by human activity and are used for economic gain.
isotope	One of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass.
secondary cell wall	A strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for plant cell protection and support.
decomposer	An organism that breaks down the tissue and/or structures of dead organisms.
proton	A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom.
blast	a family of programs that search sequence databases for matches to a query sequence
filament	a thread: a long slender process of equal diameter throughout: an elongated appendage.
stop codon	A UAG, UAA
amphoteric	Describes a molecule that reacts as an acid with bases, and as a base with acids.
degrade	to break something down
microprocessor	An integrated electronic circuit designed to carry out a specific set of operations.
solid	applied to an organ usually jointed, when these joints form into one mass; e.g
dirty bomb	" device that employs a conventional explosive to disperse a radioactive substance
oils	triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature
peptide	A small polymer usually containing fewer than 30 amino acids connected by peptide bonds.
substrate	Molecule that undergoes a change in a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme.
angstrom	A unit of length equal to 10-10 m.
confocal microscopy	A light microscope technique that constructs an image from information derived from point-by-point scanning of a field.
drosophila	The common fruit-fly, whose full name is Drosophila Melanogaster, is often used as an animal model in scientific experiments.
dormancy	A period of suspended growth and metabolic activity
broth culture	Microorganisms grown in a liquid medium.
optical tweezers	A laser-based technique that utilizes minute forces exerted by light waves to measure and to manipulate biomolecules.
heterotroph	An organism that obtains the energy it needs to stay alive by breaking up organic compounds that it obtains from other organisms, thereby releasing the chemical-bond energy of those organic compounds
joule	A unit of energy: 1 J = 0.239 cal; 1 cal = 4.184 J
epstein-barr virus	A herpes virus that causes mononucleosis.
visible light	That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm.
plankton	Mostly microscopic organisms that drift passively or swim weakly near the surface of oceans, ponds, and lakes.
kinetic energy	energy of motion
uv absorbance spectroscopy	A method for measuring the concentration of a compound by determining the amount of ultraviolet radiation absorbed by a sample.
topsoil	A mixture of particles derived from rock, living organisms, and humus.
protoplasm	All the contents of a cell, including the nucleus
chromatography	A process used for separating mixtures by virtue of different affinities of substances for various media, such as paper, gas, or gelatin.
schizophrenia	Severe mental disturbance characterized by psychotic episodes in which patients lose the ability to distinguish reality from hallucination.
branchpoint	An intermediate in a biochemical pathway that can follow more than one route in following steps.
dispersal	The distribution of individuals within geographic population boundaries.
regression	(n) A drop in sea level that causes an area of the land to be uncovered by seawater.
lethargy	A state of tiredness or inactivity.
desideratum -ata	some thing or things needed or desired.
puniceus	carmine red [carmine].
accommodation	The automatic adjustment of an eye to focus on near objects.
messenger cascade	A process in which an initial message is greatly amplified in a cascade of ensuing messages, resulting in cellular change.
copolymer	polymer built from two or more different monomers
oxygenated gasolines	blends of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons with added oxygen-containing compounds such as MTBE, ethanol, or methanol (CH3OH)
aerobic expansibility	An animal’s peak rate of O2 consumption during locomotion expressed as a ratio of its resting rate of O2 consumption
dispersion forces	attractions between molecules that result from a distortion of the electron cloud that causes an uneven distribution of the negative charge
optimum ph	The characteristic pH at which an enzyme has maximal catalytic activity.
psychostimulants	A group of drugs that lead to increased motor activity and decreased fatigue as well as an induced euphoric state.
peat	Extensive deposits of undecayed organic material formed primarily from the wetland moss Sphagnum.
water vapor pressure	(1) In reference to a gas phase, the prevailing partial pressure of gaseous water
electron acceptor	A substance that receives electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction.
tibetan buddhism	A branch of Buddhism, which traveled to Tibet from India sometime after Buddhism had traveled to eastern China from India
sculptured	a surface, when marked with elevations or depressions or both, arranged in some definite manner.
fda	Food and Drug Administration
satellite	this word has two different meanings in genetics
phytohormone	A substance that stimulates growth or other processes in plants
tetramer	Structure resulting from the association of four subunits.
transition state analog	A molecule that mimics the transition state of an enzymatic reaction.
semicircular	like the half of a circle.
dissociation constant	An equilibrium constant for the dissociation of a molecule into two parts (e.g., dissociation of acetic acid into acetate anion and a proton); Kd.
propagule	Any structure capable of giving rise to a new plant by asexual or sexual reproduction, including bulbils, leafbuds, etc.
polypeptide	A linear molecule composed of two or more amino acids linked by covalent (peptide) bonds
endophyte	A microorganism living within plant vascular tissue.
monoprotic acid	An acid having only one dissociable proton.
vitrification	process in which the spent fuel elements or other mixed waste from a nuclear reactor are encased in ceramic or glass
data mining	The automated or semi-automated search for relationships and global patterning within data
generation time	The time it takes for a cell to double its mass under specified conditions.
oxygenation	(1) Referring to water, the dissolution of O2 in that water
gene synthesis	The synthesis of an entire gene by hybridizing oligonucleotides, which are subsequently joined enzymatically.
maximal exercise	Exercise that requires an individual’s maximal rate of O2 consumption.
intermittent breathing	Breathing in which breaths or sets of breaths are regularly interrupted by extended periods of apnea.
s value	The unit of measurement for a sedimentation coefficient.
mass spectrometer	An instrument that determines the exact mass of charged particles or ions by measuring the flight path through a set of magnetic and electric fields
secondary coolant	water in the steam generators of a nuclear reactor core that does not come in contact with the core
minocycline	An antibiotic commonly used to treat arthritis and acne
coenzyme	An organic molecule that associates with enzymes and affects their activity.
maml	Microarray Markup Language - adopted from "XML, Extensible Markup Language" - that provides a framework for describing experiments done on all kinds of DNA arrays
exsculptate -tus	a surface with irregular, more or less longitudinal depressions, as if carved.
dipeptide	A two-residue peptide.
rosette-shaped	in the form of a double rose: clustered round a centre.
gene lineage	In the study of evolution, a set of genes that are related by descent from a common ancestral gene; also a representation of the family tree of such a set of genes.
electrophoresis	The movement of particles in an electrical field
identification particle	a tiny particle of material that can be added to a product to indicate the source of manufacture
simple diffusion	Transport of solutes, water, gases, or other materials that arises from the molecular agitation that exists in all systems above absolute zero and from the simple statistical tendency for such agitation to carry more molecules out of regions of relatively high concentration than into such regions.
microfluidics	Handling of volumes of liquids as small as 0.1 nanoliter.
catalytic cracking	catalysts used to promote molecular breakdown at lower temperatures than thermal cracking
regression coefficient	Statistic that measures how much one variable changes, on average, with a unit change in another variable.
auriculate	with an ear-like appendage or, in antennae, with the basal joint distended into a concave, plate-like ear which envelops the rest of the structures.
hybrid vehicle	vehicle that combines conventional gasoline engines with battery technology
citalopram	A drug used to treat depression associated with mood disorders
frequency	The proportion of a population falling into a particular category.
prader-willi syndrome	Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a metabolic disorder caused by genetic defects; among its features are short stature, mental retardation, poor muscle tone, and hyperphagia, which leads to childhood obesity.
laminar flow	Flow of a fluid without turbulence
capsule	(1) A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some prokaryotes, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces
work	Force x DistanceEnergy transfer that occurs as a mass is moved through a distance against an opposing force
stage	refers to the period of development; e.g
passive restoration	Allowing natural succession to occur in an ecosystem after removing a source of disturbance.Â The recovery of the deciduous forests in the eastern United States after the abandonment of agriculture is a classic.
flax oil	A type of oil derived from flax plant that contains a great amount of omega-3 fatty acids.
denaturation of proteins	The unfolding of a protein molecule, usually by high temperatures or ionic detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS).
primer extension	a method of identifying the transcription initiation site
ground state	The lowest electronic energy state of an atom or a molecule.
colloid	A mixture made up of a liquid and pa ticles that (because of their large size) remain suspended in that liquid.
test	the secretionary covering of Coccidae, and especially such as are waxy, horny or glassy.
correlation coefficient	Statistic that measures the degree of association between two or more variables
aseptic	Procedures that prevent the contamination of cultures, media, animals, and persons by extraneous microorganisms.
light	Electromagnetic radiation, typically that which is visible to either our eyes or the eyes of other animals
polysomnography	The technique of monitoring normal and abnormal physiologic activity during sleep.
epiglottis	A cartilaginous flap that blocks the top of the windpipe, the glottis, during swallowing, which prevents the entry of food or fluid into the respiratory system.
protomeristem	See promeristem.
activation energy	The amount of energy (in joules) required to convert all the molecules in 1 mole of a reacting substance from the ground state to the transition state.
expanse	the distance between the apices or other widest point of the wings when fully spread.
deconvolute	To simplify or render less complex.
hippocampal	Of or relating to the hippocampus.
specific heat	quantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1°C
a form	A duplex DNA structure with right-handed twisting in which the planes of the base pairs are tilted about 70° with respect to the helix axis.
hemicryptophytes	Plants with their perennating buds at or near the soil surface (e.g
molecular seive chromatography	See Gel filtration chromatography.
unequal cross-over	A recombination event that occurs between DNA molecules that are not fully aligned
deposition	Any accumulation of material, by mechanical settling from water or air, chemical precipitation, evaporation from solution, etc.
carbon source	A nutrient which provides the carbon required for cellular biosynthesis.
bifurcate	divided, not over half its length, into two dull points; forked.
cyclosporin	An immunosupressant used in transplant surgery to prevent rejection of transplants.
short tandem repeat	A type of simple sequence length polymorphism comprising tandem copies of, usually, di-, tri- or tetranucleotide repeat units
gmo	Genetically modified organism
detritus	rubbed off; a surface partly denuded.
fungistatic	The ability to inhibit the growth of fungi
heterotrophic	The ability of an organism to use an organic molecule as carbon source.
retroposon	A retroelement that does not have LTRs.
chain reaction	term that generally refers to any reaction in which one of the products becomes a reactant
magnetoreception	A mechanism by which specialized animal cells are able to detect Earth’s magnetic field by direct or indirect means.
unsaturated hydrocarbon	hydrocarbon molecule that contains one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms
data logger	A small microcomputer with a large amount of memory that can be placed in or on an animal to collect and store time-labeled information on physiological or behavioral variables
downregulation	A downward shift in the catalytic activity of an enzyme, the rate of functioning of a biochemical pathway, or the rate of some other similar process brought about in a controlled manner by a regulatory system.
lamotrigine	An anticonvulsant drug normally used to control seizures or stabilize mood
hydrolysis	Hydrolysis is the process by which a molecule is split in two by the addition of a water molecule, which has the chemical formula H2O
emigration	The movement of individuals out of a population.
biotechnology	The use of the properties of living things to make products or services
cerebral spinal tap	A medical procedure to insert a needle into the spinal cord and collect spinal fluid
genus	an assemblage of species agreeing in some one character or series of characters; usually considered as arbitrary and opinionative, though some consider it a natural assemblage.
micrometer	a millionth (10-6) of a meter
r2	See coefficient of determination.
thermoplastic polymer	plastics that can be melted and reshaped over and over again
catalyst	A chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
concatemer	multiple copies of the same sequence joined tandemly end to end.
preconsumer content	waste left over from the manufacturing process itself, such as scraps and clipping
goffered	a surface with regular impressions, closely set, and separated by narrow ridges: reticulated.
microsatellite	small run (usually less than 0.1 kb) of tandem repeats of a very simple DNA sequence, usually 1–4 bp, for example (CA) n
physical therapist	A specialist trained in the treatment of diseases and injury through exercise and physical activities.
mycorrhizae	Mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi.
quantum mechanics	A theory that explains the behavior of elementary particles, atoms, and energy in terms of probabilities.
suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid	An HDAC inhibitor.
endurance exercise	Exercise that consists of many repetitions of relatively low-intensity muscular actions over long periods of time
iron	An element that plays a role in the transport of oxygen by the blood.
compound	pure substance made up of two or more elements in a fixed, characteristic chemical combination
entropy	A measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in a system; the higher the entropy, the greater the disorder.
dichotomous character	a character like polydactyly, which some people have and others do not have – as opposed to a continuous character like height, which everybody has, but to differing degree.
ketose	A simple monosaccharide in which the carbonyl group is a ketone.
nucleotide	A nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups linked via an ester bond to the sugar moiety
visualization	The graphic representation of data, patterns within data, or knowledge based on analysis of data patterns.
resveratrol	A phytoalexin found mainly in red wine that exhibits both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities.
heterothermy	The property of exhibiting different thermal relations from time to time or place to place
life table	A table of data summarizing mortality in a population.
autoimmune disease	An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against self.
biomineralization	The deposition of minerals by microorganisms and plant and animal cells.
optic nerve	A collection of nerve cells that project visual information from the eyes to the lateral geniculate nucleus.
electron	A negatively charged particle; one of the three basic kinds of particles that make up an atom
carcinogen	A chemical that can cause cancer.
seldi	Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionisation invented by T
newborn screening	Testing newborn infants for certain genetic disorders; done most commonly for phenylketonuria and other metabolic diseases that can be prevented by early treatment or intervention.
expanded polyglutamine chain	when a normal protein that has a certain number of glutamines in a chain is mutated, so that the number of glutamines in the chain increases, it is an expanded chain
photon	A quantum of light; the energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency; E = hv, where E is energy; h is Planck's constant, 6.62 × 10-27 erg-second; and v is the frequency.
basic	Adjective used to describe a substance or solution that contains a relatively low amount of positive hydrogen ions.
anergy	A deficient immune response due to inactivated B- and T-lymphocytes.
peptide mapping	Same as fingerprinting.
genetic distance	Any of several measures of the degree of genetic difference between populations, based on differences in allele frequencies.
light use efficiency	The efficiency of using light to fix carbon (i.e., the proportion of light absorbed that is eventually converted to biomass).
salting in	The increase in solubility that is displayed by typical globular proteins upon the addition of small amounts of certain salts, such as ammonium sulfate.
activity	The true thermodynamic activity or potential of a substance, as distinct from its molar concentration.
animal models	Non-human animals used in laboratories to study the biology of HD, usually having HD genes and related symptoms
constitutive enzymes	Enzymes synthesized in fixed amounts, regardless of growth conditions.
guard cell	A specialized dermal cell in plants that is used to regulate the size of the pores(stoma) on the surface of plants through which gas exchange and water loss take place
pharmaceutical agent	See therapeutic agent.
salinity	The sum total concentration of inorganic dissolved matter in water, usually expressed as grams of dissolved matter per kilogram of water.
indirect measurement	A measurement procedure that quantifies a property by measuring something other than what the definition of the property specifies
high-content screening	Simultaneous multiparametric analysis of complex systems, such as living cells.
excite	To raise a molecule from the ground state to the excited state.
activity coefficient	The factor by which the numerical value of the concentration of a solute must be multiplied to give its true thermodynamic activity.
tumescence	a swelling or tumid enlargement: a puffed up area.
ketosis	A condition in which the concentration of ketone bodies in the blood or urine is unusually high.
excentric	not in the centre; revolving or arranged about a point that is not central.
bipolar disorder	also known as manic-depression, this disorder is characterized by alternating periods of extreme moods
archimedes’ principle	The principle that states that a body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
phosphorolysis	The cleavage of a bond by orthophosphate; analogous to hydrolysis referring to cleavage by water.
cleave	Chop up.
dalton	A unit of measure for atomic and molecular mass, equal to 1/12 the mass of an atom of the most abundant carbon isotope, 12C
oxidative damage	The harmful condition that occurs when there is an excess of free radicals, a decrease in antioxidant levels, or both.
bioinformatics	Science dealing with the classification, storage, retrieval and analysis of genomic and proteomic information; molecular modelling.
gymnosperm	A vascular plant that bears naked seeds-seeds not enclosed in specialized chambers.
time constant	The time required for an exponential process to reach 63% of completion
empirical	Based on data rather than merely reasoning.
booster	A secondary immunization used to increase a weak immune response to a primary immunization.
mafic	Term used to describe the amount of dark-colored iron and magnesium minerals in an igneous rock
cover slip	A small, thin piece of glass used to cover a specimen on a microscope slide.
mobile	movable: having the power of motion.
osmotic pressure	The pressure generated by the mass flow of water to that side of a membrane-bounded structure that contains the higher concentration of solute molecules
multidimensional nmr	Three- and four-dimensional NMR methods for the detailed characterization of protein structure.
oxygen regulation	A response in which an animal exposed to a decreasing O2 concentration in its environment maintains a stable rate of O2 consumption.
hibernation	(1) In mammals and birds, usually refers to a form of controlled hypothermia in which the body temperature is able to approximate ambient temperature continuously for two or more consecutive days during winter
reciprocal crosses	Pairs of genetic crosses which in one case DNA from strain #1 is transferred into strain #2 and in the second case the strain #2 is used as a donor to transfer the same region into strain #1
microtubule	nano-sized hollow cylinder with outer diameter between 20 nm and 30 nm
volumes percent	Milliliters (at STP) of gas dissolved or chemically combined within a fluid per 100 milliliters of the fluid.
sedimentary rock	Rock formed from sand and mud that once settled in layers on the bottom of seas, lakes, and marshes
vertical cephalic bristles	in Diptera, are two pairs, inner and outer, inserted more or less behind the upper and inner corner of the eye; erect, or the inner pair convergent, the outer pair divergent.
fractus	broken: also applied to a geniculate antenna.
forcings	factors that affect the annual global mean surface temperature
lower austral zone	occupies southern part of United States from Chesapeake Bay to the great interior valley of California
synergy	When effects of two factors (such as toxicity of two chemicals) combine so that their effect together is significantly greater than the sum of the effects of each factor by itself.
dextrorotatory isomer	A stereoisomer that rotates the plane of plane-polarized light clockwise.
hip-1	huntingtin-interacting protein-1
neutral solution	a solution that is neither acidic nor basic; that is, one that has equal concentrations of H+ and OH-
addition rule	States that the probability of any of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring is calculated by adding the probabilities of the individual events.
series	In relation to the arrangement of parts in an electrical circuit, vascular system, or other analogous system in which substances flow from place to place, the parts of the system are in series if they occur sequentially along a single path of flow, so that all flow must occur sequentially through all parts
snowball earth hypothesis	The hypothesis that glaciers covered the planet's landmasses from pole to pole 750-570 million years ago, confining life to very limited areas.
mixture	physical combination of two or more substances present in variable amounts
estuary	The area where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean
frequency	number of waves passing a fixed point in one second
michaelis–menten equation	An equation that describes the relation between reaction velocity and substrate concentration in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction that exhibits hyperbolic kinetics
b cell	A B-lymphocyte.
bias of ascertainment	distortions in a set of data caused by the way cases are collected – for example, severely affected people are more likely to be ascertained than mildly affected people
bulk flow	The movement of water due to a difference in pressure between two locations.
early-onset hd	Another term for juvenile HD.
flagellum	that part of the antenna beyond the pedicel: a whip or whip-like process: the tail-like process of a spermatozoön.
anti-inflammatory	Reducing inflammation
heat	The total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter
carcinogen	A molecule that can transform normal cells into cancer cells.
osmotic pressure	The property of a solution that allows one to predict whether the solution will gain or lose water by osmosis when it undergoes exchange with another solution; osmosis is always from lower osmotic pressure to higher osmotic pressure
osmolarity	Solute concentration expressed as molarity.
isotropic	Growth in all directions (opposite of polarized growth).
levorotatory isomer	A stereoisomer that rotates the plane of plane-polarized light counterclockwise.
molecular biology	The interpretation of biological events in terms of the physics and chemistry of molecules within cells.
high-performance liquid chromatography	A column chromatography method with many applications in biochemistry.
troposphere	The first layer of Earth's atmosphere; it contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of its water vapor.
organic compound	compound that contains mainly carbon and hydrogen
arachidonic acid	An omega-6 fatty acid
x-ray diffraction pattern	The pattern obtained after diffraction of X-rays through a crystal.
middle pleural area	in Hymenoptera; the median of the three areas between lateral and pleural carinae: = 2d pleural area.
rflp	See Restriction fragment length polymorphism.
carbohydrate	General term for certain polyhydroxyaldehydes, polyhydroxyketones, or compounds derived from these usually having the formula (CH2O)n
solution	A homogenous mixture of two or more substances.
suspension feeding	Feeding on objects suspended in water that are very small by comparison to the feeding animal
parallel analysis	Simultaneous analysis of thousands of samples.
autotroph	A microorganism that synthesizes all organic molecules from inorganic sources.
liter	volume occupied by 1000 g of water at 4 °C
disaccharide	A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
heuristic	A method based on empirical information that has no explicit rationalization.
degenerate code	A code in which a single element in one language is specified by more than one element in a second language.
calibration graph	graph made by carefully measuring the absorbencies of several solutions of known concentration for the species being analyzed
titration curve	A plot of the pH versus the equivalents of base added during titration of an acid.
weigle reactivation	The increased survival of phage after UV irradiation if they infect cells that have previously been exposed to a lose dose of UV
aquifer	great pool of water trapped in sand and gravel 50–500 ft below the surface
auxotroph	A microorganism strain that requires nutrients not required by the wild-type strain.
genetic research cycle	The process of learning about and developing treatments for genetic diseases
hydroxyl radical	A free radical.
optical fiber	A glass or plastic fiber surrounded by a material with a lower index of refraction
interaction	Strictly, the dependence of an outcome on a combination of causal factors, such that the outcome is not predictable from the average effects of the factors taken separately
alkylating agent	An organic compound able to transfer an alkyl group to nucleotides.
organic molecule	A molecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen and often oxygen and other elements
entropy	A measure of disorder or uncertainty of a system
neuter	the term applied to workers or undeveloped females in some Hymenoptera: indicated by * or *, an imperfect form of Venus sign.{Scanner's comment: I have no characters to represent the symbols
pvp	See polyvinylpyrrolidone.
microsatellite	small run (usually less than 0.1 kb) of tandem repeats of a very simple DNA sequence, usually 1–4 bp, for example (CA) n
productivity	The amount of carbon and energy fixed in photosynthesis by plants and other producers.
zeptomole	One-sextillionth mole; 10-21 mole.
out of africa	A hypothesis which holds that modern humans evolved in Africa, moving to the rest of the Old World between 100 000 and 50 000 years ago, displacing the descendants of Homo erectus that they encountered.
postconsumer content	used material that would otherwise have been discarded as waste
volatile organic compounds	vapors of incompletely burned gasoline molecules or fragments of these molecules
cognitive	related to the mental processes of knowing, thinking, learning, and judging.
triglyceride	an ester of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule
prototroph	A microorganism that is able to grow on minimal medium containing only a carbon source and inorganic salts.
catalyst	A compound that facilitates a chemical reaction—in which covalent bonds are made or broken—without, in the end, being modified by the reaction
cyclocreatine	An analog of creatine
fragile site	Constriction or gap that appears at a particular location on a chromosome when cells are cultured under special conditions
saturated fat	A type of fat found mainly in meats, butter, and dairy products which, due to its chemical structure, tends to pack very tightly and raise levels of unhealthy cholesterol.
nitrifying bacteria	Microorganisms that restock nitrogenous minerals in the soil by converting nitrogen to ammonia
chloramphenicol	An antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50s ribosomal subunit and blocking the peptidyltransferase reaction
correlation coefficient	A statistical measure of the degree of linear relationship between two variables that indicates the strength of that relationship
overexploitation	Harvesting by humans of wild plants or animals at rates exceeding the ability of populations of those species to rebound.
epiphyte	A plant that nourishes itself but grows on the surface of another plant for support, usually on the branches or trunks of tropical trees.
mycorrhizae	Symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots or rhizoids of a plant
chorea	Greek word for "dance." Chorea refers to an uncontrollable dance-like motion of twisting and turning that affects many persons with HD.
one hybrid system	A method for detecting protein-DNA interactions.
bilamellar	Consisting of two layers, often used in reference to lipid bilayer structures.
transgression	(n) A rise in sea level relative to the land.
lead compound	A chemical compound that is considered the most likely to become an effective therapeutic treatment.
condensation	A change in the physical state of a compound from a gas to a liquid.
voltage	A measure of the potential energy present because of charge separation
diurnal	An animal who is active during the day and sleeps at night.
photorespiration	Oxygen consumption occurring in illuminated temperate-zone plants, largely due to oxidation of phosphoglycolate.
folate	The naturally occurring version of folic acid.
ssdna	Single-stranded DNA.
protein engineering	Generating proteins with modified structures that confer properties such as higher catalytic specificity or thermal stability.
cuticle	the outer skin or skin layer.
triple response	A plant growth maneuver in response to mechanical stress, involving slowing of stem elongation, a thickening of the stem, and a curvature that causes the stem to start growing horizontally.
conservative transposition	A transposition event where the transposable element is lost from its original location and inserted at a new location.
pangaea	The supercontinent formed near the end of the Paleozoic era when plate movements brought all the landmasses of Earth together.
linking number	The number of times one closed circular DNA strand is wound about another; the number of topological links holding the circles together.
impressed -us	a surface with shallow depressed areas or markings.
auxotrophic requirement	A nutritional supplement required for growth of an auxotrophic strain.
genome	The term describes the total genetic information of a specific unit of inheritance such as e.g., the nucleus or the mitochondria.
colicin	A polypeptide secreted by bacteria which inhibit or prevent the growth of related bacteria which lack the corresponding colicin immunity proteins
upwelling	The raising of benthic nutrients to the surface waters
colligative properties	The properties of an aqueous solution that depend simply on the number of dissolved entities per unit of volume, rather than on the chemical nature of the dissolved entities
replica plating	A technique in which an impression of a culture is taken from a master plate and transferred to a fresh plate
hypha	In fungi, a thread like structure consisting of cells one after the other
molecular mimics	Chemical compounds that resemble biomolecules and recognize and bind their targets.
exotoxin	A toxic protein that is secreted by a prokaryote and that produces specific symptoms even in the absence of the prokaryote
hygroscopic	describes a substance that readily absorbs water from the atmosphere and retains it
viability	Capacity for survival; often refers to the fraction of individuals surviving to a given age, and is contrasted with inviability due to deleterious genes.
electricity	flow of electrons from one region to another that is driven by a difference in potential energy
amyloid	Proteins with beta sheet structure that form extracellular aggregates.
assay	A chemical analysis of a substance to determine its components.
radioactivity	spontaneous emission of radiation by certain elements
mid-domain effect	Predicts a peak of diversity at the midpoint along any domain simply by the fact that the ranges of more species overlap in the middle of a domain (like a mountain or an island) than on the edges.
uv irradiation	Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light (200-390 nm)
homolog	1
stroma	The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
pediculosis	a state of lousiness, or the abnormal condition caused by the multiplication of lice on the body: sec phthiriasis.
radiant heat transfer	Transfer of heat by electromagnetic radiation between two surfaces that are not in contact
progeny	See offspring.
osmole	An Avogadro’s number of osmotically effective dissolved entities; a set of 6.022 × 1023 osmotically effective dissolved entities.
bacteriostatic	A condition which prevents the growth of bacteria without killing them.
oxygen	An element active in physiological processes and crucial to brain functioning.
bootstrap value	The statistical value obtained by bootstrap analysis.
dna replication	Synthesis of a new copy of the genome.
sedimentary rock	Any rock resulting from the consolidation of sediment.
analytical model	A model in which the relationships among variables are defined using equations.
bronze	the color of old brass.
de novo pathway	A biochemical pathway that starts from elementary substrates and ends in the synthesis of a biochemical.
cardiac cycle	One heartbeat; consists of atrial contraction and relaxation, ventricular contraction and relaxation, and a short pause.
microtaggant	(trademark) a microscopic and traceable identification particle used to trace explosives or other hazardous materials or to prevent counterfeiting
lipid-soluble	Capable of dissolving in substances made of compounds known as lipids
energy	the capacity to do work or supply heat
photoperiod	Day length; the number of hours of daylight in a 24-hour day.
three-hybrid system	A technique for the detection of complexes that involve three proteins; also used to refer to a technique for the detection of RNA-protein interactions.
ubiquinone	Another term for coenzyme Q10.
pm2.5	particulate matter with an average diameter less than 2.5 µm, also called fine particles
chemotaxis	A cell's sensing of and movement toward, or away from, a specific chemical agent.
tautomeric shift	A reversible change in the position of a hydrogen atom in a molecule which results in the conversion of the molecule between different isomers
environment	The place in which an organism lives, and the circumstances under which it lives
electrochemical equilibrium	A term that is synonymous with equilibrium, but emphasizes that the equilibrium state for an ion or other charged solute depends on both electrical and chemical effects
carbohydrates	Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that serve as energy sources and structural materials for cells of all organisms.
oxygen debt	The extra oxygen (above the normal resting level) consumed in the recovery period after strenuous physical exertion.
half-life	The half-life of a substance is the amount of times it takes for half of the original molecule to be chemically degraded or eliminated in some other way (for example, in the urine)
sodium butyrate	An HDAC inhibitor.
transposition	The movement of a genetic element from one site to another in a DNA molecule.
obcordate	inversely heart-shaped, with the point applied to the base of another object or part.
isoelectric point or ph	The pH at which a protein has no net charge.
standard curve	A quantitative research tool used to determine the concentration or copy number of an unknown substance
extensible markup language	A set of specifications for formatting web documents that allows the creation of custom data tags that enable flexible transmission of data between applications and servers.
compact bone	The outer dense layer that forms the shaft of the long bones; made up of concentric layers of mineral deposits surrounding a central opening
ala	Abbreviation for alpha-linolenic acid.
chemical symbol	one- or two-letter abbreviation for an element
acetaldehyde	A natural element found in alcohol that produces damaging free radicals.
core	That portion of the interior of the Earth that lies beneath the mantle, and goes all of the way to the center
green fluorescent protein	A protein produced by jellyfish that glows when viewed under a specific wavelength of light
structural bioinformatics	The process of predicting the 3-D structure of a protein from comparison of primary sequence alignment, secondary structure prediction, homology modeling, threading prediction, NMR data, and crystallographic data.
mineral	naturally occurring element or compound that usually has a definite chemical composition, a crystalline structure, and is formed as a result of geological processes
endangered species	A species that is likely to become extinct in all or a major portion of its range.
crop rotation	The alternation of planting a nonlegume one year and a legume the next year to restore concentration of fixed nitrogen in the soil.
segregrate	See segregration below.
half-life	The time required to reduce something by one-half; applies, for example, to the concentrations of substances such as hormones, stored voltages, and radioactivity.
mitoribosome	A mitochondrial ribosome
parkinson's disease	A motor disorder caused by a progressive brain disease and characterized by difficulty in initiating movements, slowness of movement, and rigidity.
stem photosynthesis	Photosynthesis that occurs in the stem (the main stalk of a plant that bears buds and shoots) of a plant.
heat of vaporization	The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.
abyssal plain	The ocean floor offshore from the continental margin, usually very flat with a slight slope.
microfluidics	Lab-on-a-chip technology based on the transport of nanoliter or picoliter volumes of fluids through microchannels within a glass or plastic chip
anaerobe	Any microorganism that grows in the absence of molecular oxygen.
acidosis	A state in which the pH of the body fluids is excessively acid.
electron density map	A 3-D representation of the electron density of a molecular structure based on x-ray diffraction data
critical mass	amount of fissionable fuel required to sustain an atomic chain reaction
detritus	Dead organic matter.
significant figure	a number that correctly represents the accuracy with which an experimental quantity is known
oculi -us	the eyes: an eye: refers to the compound eyes.
buffer	A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.
deaurate	of the color of gold; golden.
hpa axis	The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) is a major part of the neuroendocrine system that controls reactions to stress
suspension	A mixture of a liquid and small particles that stay in the liquid rather than settling out because of kinetic energy of the solvent’s molecules
mating type	The equivalent of male and female for a eukaryotic microorganism.
noncompetitive inhibitor	An inhibitor of enzyme activity whose effect is not reversed by increasing the concentration of substrate molecule.
heme	A particular metalloporphyrin containing iron in the ferrous state: ferrous protoporphyrin IX
atom	The smallest existing particle of a pure element that can exist and still maintain the properties (or chemical characteristics) of that element
molecule	The smallest unit of matter of a substance that retains all the physical and chemical properties of that substance, consisting of a single atom or a group of atoms bonded together
quantized	noncontinuous energy distribution that consists of many individual steps
reduction	Gain of electrons by an atom or molecule as occurs when hydrogen is added to a molecule or oxygen is removed
confound	An extraneous variable that may influence the results of an experiment.
groundwater	water pumped from wells that have been drilled into underground aquifers
base	A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
biradiate	consisting of, or with two rays or spokes.
futile cycle	See pseudocycle.
confocal microscope	A high-powered microscope used for visualizing extremely small cellular components with beams of fluorescent light.
proparaptera	the paraptera of the prothorax: the terms erroneously applied in this connection.
hyperbaric oxygen therapy	A treatment where the patient is inside a chamber and breathes oxygen at higher-than-atmospheric pressure
schizophrenia	a psychiatric disorder that usually involves problems with perceptions or expressions of reality, significant social or occupational problems, disorganized thinking, and delusions or hallucinations.
phytosanitary	Plant health, including quarantine.
density	The number of individuals per unit area or volume.
epidemiologist	Someone who studies epidemiology.
fertility	The number of live births per parent; the capacity to conceive and generate live offspring.
fixation	The chemical preservation of cells or tissues.
crenulated	Having an uneven 'saw-tooth'-like edge
myoclonic seizure	A seizure characterized by myoclonus (sudden, brief muscle contractions).
blowing agent	either a gas or a substance capable of producing a gas used to manufacture a foamed plastic
mad cow disease	Another term for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).
phytochrome	A plant chromoprotein involved in the regulation of light-dependent growth processes.
transformation frequency	The relative proportion of cells in a population that are transformed in a single experiment.
phosphagens	Compounds that can donate high-energy phosphate bonds to ADP to make ATP; thus, compounds that act as stores of high-energy phosphate bonds
snornp	Abbreviation for Small Nucleolar Ribonucleoprotein.
reservoir	a case or cavity for the storage of any fluid or secretion.
aspiration pneumonia	occurs when a person inhales food into their respiratory tract
methanogen	A microorganism that obtains energy by using carbon dioxide to oxidize hydrogen, producing methane as a waste product.
dolomite	A carbonate sedimentary rock composed of more than 50 percent of the mineral calcium-magnesium carbonate (CaMg(CO3)2).
fauna	the assemblage of animals inhabiting a region or country.
spherule	a minute sphere or globule.
dihommogamma-linoleic acid	An omega-6 fatty acid that can be converted into arachidonic acid (AA).
mass-to-charge ratio	The ratio of the mass of an ion being analyzed to its charge.
petal	One of the outer appendages of a flower, located between the outer sepals and the stamens
cretaceous	chalky white: the third, uppermost and latest of the three great divisions of the mesozoic or secondary rocks.
mass spectrometry	Technique uesed to measure and analyse a substance in terms of the ratios of mass to charge of its components.
screening	looking for evidence of a particular disease such as cancer in persons with no symptoms of disease.
f-factor	An E
endergonic	An energy-requiring reaction.
submolecular	A chemical component that exists at a lower level of complexity than individual molecules (electrons, ions, free radicals).
pfu	Abbreviation for plaque forming unit.
global warming	popular term used to describe the increase in average global temperatures
carrying capacity	The population density that can be sustained by limiting resources.
lyase	An enzyme that catalyzes the removal of a group to form a double bond, or the reverse reaction.
hydrophilic	Dissolving readily in water (“water loving”).
trans fats	fats that have been transformed by the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated vegetable oils
stuff	the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object
prototroph	A microorganism strain that requires the same nutrients as the wild-type strain.
atomic number	The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol.
microspotting	A contact-based transfer method that utilizes pins or capillaries to deposit biomolecules on a solid surface.
gel flltration	A chromatographic procedure for the separation of a mixture of molecules on the basis of size; based on the capacity of porous polymers to exclude solutes above a certain size.
hyperglycemia	High glucose levels in the blood.
scanner	Also referred to as "reader"; after fluorescent labelling and hybridisation, the scanner or reader scans the microarrays into a computer for subsequent analysis.
aerobic dive limit	In diving mammals and birds, the length of the longest dive that can be undertaken without net accumulation of lactic acid above the resting level.
bootstrap	Recalculation of results with randomly rearranged datasets to exclude the possibility of artefacts in data clustering.
fingerprinting	A common term for methods that allow the rapid identification of particular types of bacteria (also known as "typing")
conformity	A state in which an animal’s internal conditions match the external environmental conditions.
enzyme	A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
nonmetals	elements with varied appearances that do not conduct electricity or heat well
stylus	a small, pointed, non-articulated process.
chlorophyll	The pigment in green plants that absorbs solar energy
excitatory	Referring to the effect that a substance has on a nerve cell
periodic table	an orderly arrangement of all the elements based on similarities in their properties
karyogamy	A process of fusion of the nuclei of two cells; the second step in syngamy.
scaffold	The molecular core common to all members of a combinatorial library; also proteins that are instrumental in the assembly of large 3-D structures.
free	unrestricted in movement: not firmly joined with or united to any other part: said of pupae when all the parts and appendages are separately encased as in Coleopteran.
truncature	the truncation or point squarely cut off.
frontal cortex	Part of the brain generally thought to be where higher level thinking, planning, and goal formulation take place.
in situ oligonucleotide synthesis	On-chip synthesis of oligonucleotides or peptide nucleic acids.
n-degron	An N-terminal amino acid sequence that influences the degradation of a protein in which it is found.
pigment	A compound that appears white, black or colored due to the patterns of absorption and reflection of light hitting the molecules of the compound
acne	A skin inflammation affecting approximately 80% of those between the ages of 12 and 24
keel	an elevated ridge or carina.
particolored	partly of one, partly of another color: divided into two or more color fields.
fluorescence polarization	The partial polarization of light emitted from fluorescent molecules.
chapman cycle	set of natural steadystate reactions for stratospheric ozone
glycogen	A polysaccharide produced by animals for short term energy storage
diploid	Having two different sets of chromosomes in the same nucleus of each cell
chemosynthetic	The synthesis of organic compounds within an organism, with chemical reactions providing the energy source.
endotherm	An animal, such as a bird or mammal, that uses metabolic heat to regulate body temperature.
iris	the circle which, in an ocellate spot surrounds the pupil.
optical activity	The property of a molecule that leads to rotation of the plane of polarization of plane-polarized light when the latter is transmitted through the substance
chemotaxis	A behavorial response of cells resulting in movement toward or away from to a chemical stimulus.
protoderm	(Gr
sample	Subset used to describe a population.
e. coli	A small, simple bacteria used in many biology laboratories.
polar	Referring to a molecule or structure with a net electric charge or asymmetric distribution of positive and negative charges
intermolecular force	force that occurs between molecules
micrograph	The graphic representation of a microscope image.
batch culture	Growth of bacteria in a fixed volume of liquid medium in a closed vessel, with no additions or removals made during the period of incubation.
cornea	The transparent frontal portion of the sclera, which admits light into the vertebrate eye.
ultraviolet region	portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that includes wavelengths shorter than those of the visible color of violet
critical load	The amount of added nutrient, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, that can be absorbed by plants without damaging ecosystem integrity.
standards	A group of reference points with known properties
pla2	An abbreviation for Phospholipase A2.
proton	A positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
chiral resolution	The resolution of a mixture of D- and L-enantiomers of a chiral compound.
coutnercurrent exchange	The opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer ratesEx
biomass	The mass of material produced by living micoorganisms, plants, or animals.
principal component analysis	Visual and numerical analysis of collinearity among variables
reactive nitrogen	compounds of nitrogen that are biologically active, chemically active, or active with light in our atmosphere
free radical	unstable chemical species with one or more unpaired electrons
solution	homogeneous mixture of uniform composition
resolution	The minimum distance that can be distinguished by an optical apparatus; also called resolving power.
protein crystallization	Making crystals of a protein, as a key part of most methods used for determining a protein's three-dimensional structure.
temperature gradient	Technically, the difference in temperature between two places divided by the distance separating those two places
secondary pollutant	pollutant produced from chemical reactions among two or more other pollutants
differential centrifugation	Separation of cell organelles or other particles of different size by their different rates of sedimentation in a centrifugal field.
cambrian explosion	A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic history; recorded in the fossil record about 542-525 million years ago.
celastrol	A natural molecule derived from the celastracaeae plant
greenhouse effect	The warming of planet Earth due to the atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide, which absorbs reflected infrared radiation and re-refJects some of it back toward Earth.
3′ transduction	Transfer of a segment of genomic DNA from one place to another caused by movement of a LINE element.
furcula	a forked process: an osmaterium {Scanner's comment: sic
hydrogen bond	A weak electrostatic bond which arises from the attraction between the slight positive charge on a hydrogen atom and a slight negative charge on a nearby oxygen or nitrogen atom.
celsius scale	A temperature scale (OC) equal to 5/9 (OF - 32) that measures the freezing point of water at O°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C.
surface tension	The tendency of water to behave is if it is covered by a semi-rigid film.
molecular biologist	A person who studies the molecular life sciences.
ascites	An accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
normalizer	Used in both absolute and relative quantification studies to normalize quantitative results of test samples in such a way that the data becomes biologically meaningful.
autoregulation	See autogenous regulation.
cd array	A microfluidics-based array in compact disc format that utilizes centrifugal force to transport molecules through microchannels.
femtomole	One quadrillionth mole; 1015.
flower	Collection of reproductive structures found in flowering plants
scaffolding proteins	Proteins which facilitate the assembly of a cell structure but are not included in the final structure
angstrom	A unit of measure used to measure inter-atomic distances within molecules equal to 10-10 meter.
biosensor	Device in which recognition systems of biological chemicals are coupled to microelectronics to allow the low-level detection of substances such as proteins etc
direct measurement	A measurement procedure that quantifies a property by measuring exactly what the definition of the property specifies
dexamethasone	A glucocorticoid drug with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity that is therefore relatively safe to use in high doses.
deterrence	The degree to which a plant defense is able to reduce damage during a choice test (in which a natural enemy is able to choose between defended and undefended plants).
molar solution	One mole of solute dissolved in water to give a total volume of 1,000 mL.
biome	An ecological community of organisms and environments.
french paradox	The finding that the rate of heart disease in France is lower than observed in other industrialized countries, despite the fact that the country's diet is rich in saturated fats.
supramaximal exercise	Exercise that requires ATP at a greater rate than it can be made aerobically even when an individual’s rate of O2 consumption is maximized.
library	a collection of clones
electrophoresis	Separation of molecules on the basis of their net electrical charge.
hydrolysis	The rupture of a chemical bond by a reaction that involves water.
coagulate	to congeal; to change from a fluid to a jelly.
pollinia	A mass of fused pollen produced by many orchids.
encephalomyopathy lactic acidosis	Another term for MELAS.
freezing point	The highest temperature at which a liquid can turn to a solid and freeze
habitat	The physical environment (i.e., the chemical resources and physical conditions) of an organism or organisms.
hindgut fermenter	An animal that has a specialized hindgut chamber housing communities of fermenting microbes that assist with the breakdown of food materials and that often provide biosynthetic capabilities the animal lacks.
littoral zone	In a lake, the shallow, well-lit waters close to shore.
group	vertical column in the periodic table
polymerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a polymer from monomers.
climate	The prevailing weather conditions at a locality
inflammation	The immediate defense of tissue against infection or injury.
radiation	The emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero.
transition zone	is the transcontinental belt in which the austral and boreal elements overlap: it is divided into a humid or Alleghanian area; a western arid area; and a Pacific Coast humid area: all of which see.
mitochondria	Energy-producing structures within cells
pupil	The opening in the iris, which admits light into the interior of the vertebrate eye
probability	Likelihood of a particular event occurring; more formally, the number of times a particular event occurs divided by the number of all possible outcomes
deconvolution	An algorithm-based method for eliminating noise and improving the resolution of digital data
argillaceous	of the texture, appearance or color of clay.
upregulation	An upward shift in the catalytic activity of an enzyme, the rate of functioning of a biochemical pathway, or the rate of some other similar process brought about in a controlled manner by a regulatory system.
mid-ocean gyres	Large areas in the center of the oceans where nutrients are scarce, resulting in "marine deserts."
photic zone	Region of the ocean through which light penetrates; and the place where photosynthetic marine organisms live.
oriental	in geographical zoology as used by Wallace, that part of the earth's surface including Asia east of the Indus River, south of the Himalayas and the Yangtse-kiang watershed, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java and the Philippines.
buffer	A conjugate acid-base pair that is capable of resisting changes in pH when acid or base is added to the system
coenzyme q10	Also called ubiquinone, or CoQ10
homocysteine	A sulfur containing amino acid
molecular mass	The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight.
enzyme	A biological catalyst
palindromic sequence	A double-stranded DNA sequence with a two-fold rotational axis of symmetry (dyad symmetry).
isotonic	Having the same solute concentration as another solution.
atomic nucleus	An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons.
3-hydroxykynurenin	A free radical generator that is present in increased amounts in humans with HD and HD mice.
coefficient of coincidence	Ratio of observed double crossovers to expected double crossovers.
marine	Refers to the ocean.
fluorescence	Emission of light by excited molecules as they revert to the ground state.
bradykinesia	difficulty initiating and continuing movements; literally means slow moving
spent nuclear fuel	radioactive material remaining in fuel rods after they have been used to generate power in a nuclear reactor
intramolecular force	force that exists within a molecule
protein targeting	The process by which newly synthesized proteins are sorted and transported to their proper locations in the cell.
corneous	of a horny or chitinous substance; resembling horn in texture.
steric interference	Interrupts a biochemical process by physically preventing the process from occurring.
pelagic	inhabiting the sea, far from land.
valence	The bonding capacity of an atom, generally equal to the number of unpaired electrons in the atom's outermost shell.
est	see Expressed sequence tag
ligation	The formation of a phosphodiester bond between two adjacent bases separated by a single-strand break
constitutive enzymes	Enzymes required at all times by a cell and present at some constant level; for example, many enzymes of the central metabolic pathways
anode	The positive electrode of an electrophoretic system toward which anions migrate.
heat shock	stress upon the cell resulting from temperatures outside its tolerable range
amitriptyline	Amitriptyline hydrochloride is an antidepressant drug
dalton	A measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles.
x-ray diffraction	The diffraction of X-rays that occurs during passage through a crystal.
glutathione	A water-soluble antioxidant, antitoxin, and enzyme co-factor found in animals, plants, and microorganisms
hypothesis	A concept or idea that can be falsified by various scientific methods.
essentialism	The philosophical view that all members of a class of objects (such as a species) share certain invariant, unchanging properties that distinguish them from other classes.
tremor	A quivering, involuntary movement of a part or parts of the body.
svedberg	A unit of measure of the rate at which a particle sediments in a centrifugal field.
toxicity	intrinsic health hazard of a substance
electrospray	A method for generating a fine spray of highly charged droplets.
homochronic heredity	inheritance at corresponding periods of life.
water-soluble	Capable of being dissolved in water.
wet lab	Refers to experiments performed at the lab bench.
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	A progressive and fatal disorder affecting nerve cells that involves overactivation of glutamate receptors.
icosahedral symmetry	The symmetry displayed by a regular polyhedron that is composed of 20 equilateral triangular faces with 12 corners.
dispersal	In population biology, movement of individual organisms to different localities; in biogeography, extension of the geographic range of a species by movement of individuals.
half-life	The time required for the disappearance of one half of a substance.
microgram	a millionth (10-6) of a gram
cryptotope	An immunological determinant that is hidden.
regulation	The maintenance of internal conditions at an approximately constant level while external conditions vary.
ph	A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter: pH=−log [H+]
filter feeding	Feeding on objects suspended in water that are very small by comparison to the feeding animal, when the mechanism of food collection is some sort of sieving
amino acid residue	amino acid that was once incorporated into a peptide chain
desert	A terrestrial biome characterized by very low precipitation.
molecular compounds	A substance formed when two or more non-metal molecules combine
humoral	Contained in a bodily fluid.
dyskinesia	An impairment in voluntary movement ability.
diauxic growth	Biphasic growth on a mixture of two carbon sources in which one carbon source is used up before the other one
evaporation	A change in the physical state of a compound from a liquid to a gas; most commonly used to refer to water
inoculum	The initial sample of a microorganism added to a medium used to start a new culture.
sucession	The predictable change that occurs to assemblages in the context of a natural disturbance regimen.
glucocorticoid-glucocorticoid receptor complex	Another term for the glucocorticoid-GR complex.
dysplasia	An early stage of carcinogenesis characterized by changes in epithelial morphology.
absorption coefficient	The dissolved concentration of a gas when the partial pressure of that gas in solution is 1 atm
temperature coefficient	The ratio of the rate of a process at one body temperature over the rate of the same process at a body temperature 10°C lower
countercurrent exchange	The opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss,
circular	round like a circle.
placebo	Any intentionally ineffective medical treatment, such as a sugar pill, used to replace medication
anion-exchange resin	A polymeric resin with fixed cationic groups; used in the chromatographic separation of anions.
transaminases	See aminotransferases.
epa	Abbreviation for eicosapentaenoic acid.
eicosanoid	Any fatty acid with 20 carbons.
inequal	a surface with irregular elevations and depressions.
lateritius	yellowish-red; yellowish brick color [pale clay yellow with a little red].
melange	A body of rocks consisting of large blocks (mappable size) of different rocks jumbled together with little continuity of contacts.
blast cell	An undifferentiated embryonic cell.
homeostasis	A state of balance in the body maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate to offset disruptive changes.
energy	Classically, energy is defined as the capacity to do work which doesn’t really tell us what it is just what we can do with it if we had some
radiometric dating	A method paleontologists use for determining the ages of rocks and fossils on a scale of absolute time, based on the half-life of radioactive isotopes.
electrophoresis	The movement of charged particles through a fluid following the application of an electric field.
false positives	Also known as Type 1 errors, occur when we observe a difference that in truth is not actually there
hydrogenation	A process that alters the chemical structure of unsaturated fat and makes it more solid and long-lasting.
kinetic energy	The energy of motion, which is directly related to the speed of that motion
diploid	A full set of genetic material, consisting of paired
isoelectric point	The pH of a solution in which a protein has no net charge and does not migrate in an electric field.
prismatic	formed like a prism: a play of colors similar to that produced through a prism.
atomic number	number of protons in an atom of that element
bifurcation	a forking or division into two: the point at which a forking occurs.
cftr	see cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator.
endochorium	the layer of the allantois that lines the chorium; the inner layer of the chorium.
enrichment	A condition which increases the proportion of a particular organism or mutant strain from a mixed population
single molecule detection	Observations of the dynamics of single molecules
gel shift assay	Also known as gel retardation assay or gel mobility shift assay
calorie	The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1.0 g of water from 14.5 to 15.5 °
x-ray diffraction	The scattering of x-rays from a crystal, resulting in an interference pattern used to determine the structure of the crystal.
aldose	A simple sugar in which the carbonyl carbon atom is an aldehyde; that is, the carbonyl carbon is at one end of the carbon chain.
exothermic	term applied to any chemical or physical change accompanied by the release of heat
pejus temperatures	In the study of poikilotherms, a range of body temperatures in which animal performance deteriorates as body temperature is gradually raised (upper pejus range) or lowered (lower pejus range)
x-ray crystallography	Most commonly used technique for determining the three-dimensional structure of macromolecules (particularly proteins and nucleic acids) by passing x-rays through a crystal of the purified molecules and analyzing the diffraction pattern of discrete spots that results.
root	Usually the below ground portion of a plant
facial quadrangle	in bees; the quadrangle bounded laterally by the eyes, above by a line between their summits and below by a similar line between their lowest points.
chemical genomics	The large-scale study of biological processes based on small-molecule intervention.
redox reaction	See oxidation-reduction reaction.
retina	that portion of the eye upon which the image is formed.
optimal dosage	The dosage that would be best for the patient population at large
two-hybrid system	A method for studying protein-protein interactions
bionics	The use of information derived from living systems to build electromechanical systems.
moi	See Multipilicity Of Infection.
seed	A structure produced by seed plants which encapsulates the embryo
variable expression	Variable extent and intensity of phenotypic signs among people with a given genotype
nonpolar	a nonpolar molecule does not have a separation of positive and negative electric charges within the molecule
maintenance methylation	Addition of methyl groups to positions on newly synthesized DNA strands that correspond with the positions of methylation on the parent strand.
chloroplast	An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.
municipal solid waste	garbage, that is, everything you discard or throw into your trash, including food scraps, grass clippings, and old appliances
saha	Abbreviation for suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid.
ataxia	Loss of motor coordination.
adventitious	A term describing any plant organ that grows in an atypical location, such as roots growing from stems.
sonication	A procedure that uses ultrasound to cause random breaks in DNA molecules.
simulation	An emulation of biological systems with predictive value for research; a virtual biological system.
ninhydrin reaetion	A color reaction given by amino acids and peptides on heating with ninhydrin; widely used for their detection and estimation.
tolerance	The range of particular environmental factors (e.g
punctuated equilibrium	The occurrence of speciation events in bursts, separated by long intervals of species stability.
range	A set of values that a number can have
verbal model	A logical model with the relationships between variables expressed in words rather than mathematical equations.
micron	A unit of length equal to 10-6 meter.
equal	of the same length, size or shape: the superfices when they are without inequalities.
dalton	A unit of molecular mass approximately equal to the mass of a hydrogen atom.
molarity	A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
chromatography	A process in which complex mixtures of molecules are separated by many repeated partitionings between a flowing (mobile) phase and a stationary phase.
optimum	The value of some variable or set of variables at which some process works best at
rarefaction	Monte Carlo resampling approach to develop a curve to identify and allow comparisons among samples using the minimum sample size of all the collections.
electromagnetic spectrum	continuum of waves ranging from very long and low-energy radio waves to very short and high-energy X-rays and gamma rays
herbivore	Animal adapted to eat plants.
decomposer	Any of the saprobic fungi and prokaryotes that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms, and convert them into inorganic forms.
disulfide bridge	A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.
dipole	A separation of charge within a single molecule.
ph	A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is
optimization	The process by which a chemical compound is modified by chemical or biological means to make it interact more effectively with the biological target.
persistence	Ability of an organism to remain in a particular setting for a period of time after it is introduced.
power density	energy capacity per unit of fuel cell mass
dark reactions	Reactions that can occur in the dark, in a process that is usually associated with light, such as the dark reactions of photosynthesis.
temperature	property of matter that determines the direction of heat flow
auroreous -eus	red, like the aurora borealis [crimson lake].
background radiation	the radiation, on average, that exists at a particular location, usually due to natural sources
positive feedback	A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change.
truncation	To shorten
patent	A property right granted by the government of the United States of America to an inventor .to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling the invention throughout the United States or importing the invention into the United States
multiplex assay	A procedure for the parallel analysis of pooled samples.
plasma	the liquid portion of animal fluids and cells.
heterozygosity	In a population, the proportion of loci at which a randomly chosen individual is heterozygous, on average.
carbanion	A negatively charged carbon atom.
structure–activity relationship study	systematic changes made to a drug molecule and assessment of the resulting changes in activity
length constant	The distance along a cell over which a change in passively spreading electrical potential decays in amplitude to 37% of its amplitude at the origin.
greenhouse gases	those gases capable of absorbing and re-emitting infrared radiation
photon	A discrete packet or quantum of light energy
meselson–stahl experiment	The experiment which showed that cellular DNA replication occurs by the semiconservative process.
microfibril	A fibril identifiable only by electron microscopy.
secondary structure	For proteins refers to that aspect of a proteins three dimensional structure which is due to the geometry of amino acid bonding between adjacent amino acids and short range hydrogen bonding
topoisomer	Macromolecular isomers that differ in topology.
chemostat	Device for maintaining a bacterial population in the exponential growth phase by controlling nutrient input and cell removal.
thermostable	Able to withstand high temperatures.
hydrogen ion	A single proton with a charge of 1+
parameter	A value or constant pertaining to an entire population
cephalon	In trilobites, the head shield bearing the eyes, antennae, and mouth
neutron	electrically neutral subatomic particle with the same mass as a proton
herb	Generally any plant which does not produce wood, and is therefore not as large as a tree or shrub, is considered to be an herb.
leaky mutant	A mutant gene that gives rise to a product with a detectable Ievel of biological activity.
photons	individual bundles of energy
optical activity	The capacity of a substance to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light.
adhd	Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder, is a neurological disorder initially appearing in childhood with symptoms such as hyperactivity, forgetfulness, poor impulse control, and distractibility.
surface plasmon resonoance	This occurs when surface plasmon waves are excited by light deflection at a metal.liquid interface
smooth	a surface without elevations or indentations.
breeder reactor	a nuclear reactor that can produce more fissionable fuel (usually Pu-239) than it consumes (usually U-235)
ion	atom or group of atoms that has acquired a net electrical charge as a result of gaining or losing one or more electrons
ups	Abbreviation for ubiquitin-proteasome system.
mole	an Avogadro's number of objects
solid phase extraction	A sample purification method based on the affinity of either the desired or undesired components of a reaction mixture for a solid material and subsequent filtration of the solid material from the reaction.
hydrolysis	Reaction in which a covalent bond is cleaved with addition of an H from water to one product of the cleavage and of an OH from water to the other.
biomems	The application of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) to micro- and nanosystems for genomics, proteomics, and drug delivery analysis; molecular assembly; tissue engineering; biosensor development; and nanoscale imaging.
egb 761	A particular extract of Gingko biloba used in Europe to alleviate symptoms associated with several cognitive disorders.
litter	The undecomposed plant and animal material found on the forest floor.
riparian	along the river or along shore.
blue gene	A massively parallel supercomputer with 1 million processors that is under construction and will be capable of 1 petaflop floating point operations/sec
b2	A cross in which an F1 or F1' individual is mated to one of its parents (P2) or to another individual that is genetically identical to one of its parents.
langmuir-blodgett film	A lipid bilayer on the surface of water.
transcription	The synthesis of an
spectroscopy	The study of molecular or atomic structure of a substance by observation of its interaction with electromagnetic radiation.
membranaceous	thin, skin-like, semi-transparent, like parchment: of a thin, pliable texture.
pyrogeography	The geography of fire, at various scales.
ketone	A functional group of an organic compound in which a carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen
trisomy 18	Presence of three copies of chromosome 18; in humans, results in Edward syndrome.
energy	The capacity to do work (to move matter against an opposing force).
mediastinal	relating to the longitudinal median line or area.
hippocampus	A part of the brain that plays a role in the establishment of new memories.
denitrification	process of converting nitrate ions, typically in soil, to nitrogen gas
cuspidate	prickly pointed; ending in a sharp point; with an acuminated point ending in a bristle.
anaphylactic shock	An acute, whole-body, life-threatening, allergic response.
prednisolone	Similar to prednisone in its high glucocorticoid activity
aerobic scope for activity	The differ-ence between an animal’s peak rate of O2 consumption during locomotion and its resting rate of O2 consumption
catalyst	A compound that lowers the activation energy of a reaction without itself being consumed.
pterygote	wing bearing.
contact chemoreceptor	A chemo-sensory cell (of a terrestrial animal) that is normally stimulated by chemicals that contact it in a liquid
stasis	Absence of evolutionary change in one or more characters for some period of evolutionary time.
rad	unit of radiation that indicates absorption of 0.01 J of radiant energy per kilogram of tissue
fatty acid molecule	molecule with two structural features: a nonpolar long hydrocarbon chain generally containing an even number of carbon atoms (typically 12 to 24) and a polar carboxylic acid group at the end of the chain
arid	Applied to regions in which the normal rainfall is insufficient to produce ordinary farm crops without irrigation, and in which desert conditions prevail: see humid.
photolithography	Selective masking generates light patterns that direct chemical transformations to specific areas of photosensitive surfaces
conditional mutant	A mutant that can grow under one set (permissive) of environmental conditions but cannot grow under different (restrictive or nonpermissive) conditions
ether	A molecule containing two carbons linked by an oxygen atom.
hypersensitive response	A rapid plant programmed cell death that is orchestrated in and surrounding the initial site of plant pathogen entry that is typically associated with the activation of disease resistance.
stelocyttares	social wasps in which the comb layers of the nest are supported by pillars and not connected with the envelope: see poecilocyttares and phragmocyttares.
vultus	face: that part of head below front and between the eyes.
sibs	An abbreviation for siblings.
biosorption	The sequestering of chemicals by a biological system.
macromolecules	molecules of high molecular mass that have characteristic properties because of their large size
multipotent	The ability to give rise to a number of limited cell types.
atomic mass	average mass of an atom of an element compared with an atomic mass of exactly 12 amu for carbon-12 121; mass (in grams) of the same number of atoms found in exactly 12 g of carbon-12
osmoregulation	How organisms regulate solute concentrations and balance the gain and loss of water
knockin	An alteration of a gene in a way that results in a gain of function.
evaporative cooling	The property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state
q10 factor	The factor by which the reaction increases when you raise temperature by 10 degrees centigrade (or Kelvin).
half-life	The time that it takes for half of the activity of a molecule to decay.
tricuspidate	ending in three points: with three cusps or teeth.
biosensor	A device that uses a biological element, such as an immobilized enzyme or cell, as a sensor.
est	see Expressed sequence tag.
evapotranspiration	The evaporation of water from soil plus the transpiration of water from plants
theory of island biogeography	Predicts that larger, less isolated islands will contain more species than smaller, more isolated islands; that the number of species on any island reflects a balance between the rate at which new species colonize it and the rate at which populations of established species become extinct
ultraviolet radiation	The part of the invivible electromagnetic spectrum (just below violet) with wavelengths between about 100-400 nm.
chemical equilibrium	In a reversible chemical reaction, the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
svedberg unit	The unit used to express the sedimentation constant (S = 10-l3 sec)
hydrochlorofluorocarbons	compounds of hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, and carbon
empiric risks	risks calculated from survey data rather than from genetic theory
stress	The effects of psychosocial and environmental factors on physical and mental well-being.
optical biosensor	A sensor that uses light to detect the effect of a chemical on a biological system.
eutrophic lake	A nutrient-rich and oxygenpoor lake, having a high rate of biological productivity
patent	A government-issued document that assigns the holder the exclusive right - for a defined period of time - to manufacture, use or sell an invention.
pdc	See pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
gene symbol	The acronym or abbreviation corresponding to a given gene name
carboxyl group	The acidic -COOH functional group found in organic molecules.
ischemia	An inadequate flow of oxygen (hypoxia) due to insufficient blood supply.
photosynthesis	Complex series of reactions occurring in some bacteria and plant chloroplasts whereby light energy is used to generate carbohydrates from CO2, usually with the consumption of H2O and evolution of O2.
r&d pipeline	See research and development
vitamin b3	Another term for nicotinamide.
array synthesis	A form of parallel synthesis used in combinatorial chemistry in which the reactions take place in a spatially organized array.
cloned animals	Multiple genetically identical animals generated by reproductive cloning techniques.
eous or -eus	as a suffix, indicates the possession of the quality of the stem word: e.g
arousal threshold	In the study of sleep, a measure of the difficulty of waking a sleeping individual at a particular time; a low threshold signifies that sleep terminates relatively easily.
pigments	Molecules that are coloured by the light they absorb
tandem repeat	Direct repeats that are adjacent to each other.
confidence interval	A statistical range with a given probability associated with it
heme	A compound made mostly of iron.
radiotelemetry	The use of a radio transmitter placed in or on an animal to transmit data on physiological or behavioral variables.
frequency	Usually used to mean proportion (e.g., the frequency of an allele is the proportion of gene copies having that allelic state).
capacitor	Two conducting plates separated by an insulating layer
pupil	the central mark of an ocellate spot.
homogeneous	of the same kind or nature: similar in texture or parts.
hdac	Abbreviation for histone deacetylase.
hydrophobic	A property meaning "water fearing," describing molecules that are repelled by water.
wave of advance	A hypothesis which holds that the spread of agriculture into Europe was accompanied by a large-scale movement of human populations.
ion	An atom or molecule with a positive or negative electrical charge
epicenter	Point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
detergent	An agent that reduces the surface tension of a liquid
signature	An alternative term for motif or pattern.
proton	positively charged subatomic particle having the same mass as a neutron
solute	substance that dissolves in a solvent
negative feedback	A process by which the deviations of a property from a specific set-point level are opposed, thereby tending to keep the property at the set-point level.
productivity	The amount of product that is produced within a given period of time from a specified quantity of resource.
nonessential amino acid	An amino acid that may be synthesized by a cell or organism from simple chemical precursors
selenium	A mineral essential to the mammalian diet and the central element in glutathione peroxidase (GPx)
cox	Abbreviation for cyclooxygenase.
chronic	Long term or frequently recurring
massively parallel computing	High-performance computing based on the development of parallel processing algorithms and applications that can be executed simultaneously by many separate processors.
stress-induced proteins	Molecules, including heat-shock proteins, that are produced within cells in response to exposure to marked increases in temperature and to other forms of severe stress, such as toxins, rapid pH changes, and viral infections.
tundra	A biome at the extreme limits of plant growth
atomic mass	The total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of one mole of the atom.
fuscous -us	dark brown, approaching black; a plain mixture of black and red [crimson lake + black].
actual evapotranspiration	The amount of water annually transpired by plants and evaporated from a landscape, usually measured in millimeters.
mean square	The sums of squares divided by the degrees of freedom (n
light reactions	The reactions of photosynthesis that require light and cannot occur in the dark; also known as the light-dependent reactions.
general acid-base catalysis	Catalysis involving proton transfer(s) to or from a molecule other than water.
biometrics	The statistical study of biological events.
acetal	The product formed by the successive condensation of two alcohols with a single aldehyde
background extinction	A long-prevailing rate at which taxa become extinct, in contrast to the highly elevated rates that characterize mass extinction.
halophile	Organism which lives in areas of high salt concentration
isotonic	Referring to a solution whose solute concentration is such that it causes no net movement of water in or out of cells.
groundwater	Water found underground as a result of rainfall, ice and snow melt, submerged rivers, lakes, and springs
catastrophism	The hypothesis by Georges Cuvier that each boundary between strata corresponded in time to a catastrophe, such as a flood or drought, that had destroyed many of the species living there at that time.
density-gradient centrifugation	The separation, by centrifugation, of molecules according to their density, in a gradient varying in solute concentration.
octet rule	the generalization that electrons in many molecules are arranged so that every atom (except hydrogen) shares in eight electrons
pm10	particulate matter with an average diameter of 10 µm or less (on the order of 0.0004 in)
one-step growth curve	A plot of the production of lytic growth of a virus vs time
protoplasm	A general term referring to the entire contents of a living cell.
auto-	A prefix that indicates self-origin.
pesticide	A toxic chemical product that kills harmful organisms (e.g., insecticides, fungicide, weedicides, rodenticides).
chemical markup language	A computional language for the management of chemical data.
dimer	Structure resulting from the association of two subunits.
phase change	A shift from one developmental phase to another.
genome	The full set of genetic material of an organism.
magnetic resonance imaging	An imaging technique that produces cross-sectional images for medical research
saturated fatty acid	A fatty acid with no double bonds between the carbon atoms of its hydrocarbon chain.
penis	The copulatory structure of male mammals.
savanna	A tropical grassland biome with scattered individual trees, large herbivores, and three distinct seasons based primarily on rainfall, maintained by occasional fires and drought.
isomers	molecules with the same chemical formula (same number and kinds of atoms), but with different structures and properties