Glossary extracted starting with manual seeds, with BOW for the domain his and language EN

socialismPolitical movement with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man
calmLimestone (Scots).
green revolutionIntroduction of improved seed strains, fertilizers, and irrigation as a means of producing higher yields in crops such as rice, wheat, and corn; particularly important in the densely populated countries of Asia, 1960s ff
deeda document transferring ownership and title of property (Legal).
isandhlwana[EE sän dl wä nuh] Location of battle fought in 1879 between the British and Zulu armies in South Africa; resulted in defeat of British; one of few victories of African forces over Western Europeans
hapuPrimary social unit of Maori society in New Zealand; divisions of tribes consisting of extended families; land allotted to extended families in common
misprisionneglect or wrong performance of official duty; concealment of treason or felony by one who is not a participant in the treason or felony; seditious conduct against the government or the courts (Legal).
ethnographythe study of cultures
jesus of nazarethProphet and teacher among the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah; executed c
rig and furrowa method of agriculture where land was worked in long thin strips with drainage channels in between.
facsimilean exact reproduction, by photography or by typographic or manuscript imitation, of an original leaf or book
third worldNations outside the capitalist industrial nations of the first world and the industrialized Communist nations of the second world; generally less economically powerful, but with varied economies
mesopotamianLiterally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys
springin a woodland this is an area recently coppiced and well fenced due to the vulnerability of young shoots.
st. bernard of clairvaux[bûr närd uhv klâr vO] Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities
bere or beerfrom the Old English this was a wood, usually one confined to a grove-like form.
cartographythe study and making of maps
catherine the greatGerman-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry
buddhaCreator of major Indian and Asian religion; born in 6th century b.c.e
chateleta gatehouse or other feature built in the form of a miniature chateau.
infirmarya place where sick or eldery people are taken in abbeys, monasteries
columbariusa full time keeper of a flock of pigeons.[11]
galileea church porch of larger extent than normal; sometimes used as a distinct chapel
carucatea unit of assessment for tax found in most of the Danelaw counties of England
topographythe study of Earth's surface shape and features or those of planets, moons and asteroids
gentlemana man who did not need to work, and the term was particularly used of those who could not claim nobility or even the rank of esquire.
third worldterm used during the Cold War that referred to developing nations that did not identify themselves with either the USA or Soviet blocs
keeninga form of vocal lament associated with mourning that is traditional in Scotland and Ireland
gowanalso 'Gown.' A general name given to various wild‐flowers, such as Daisies, either yellow or white with yellow centres, e.g
flying moneyChinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency
raised bandthe raised areas on the spine of a book containing the cord which is attached to the covers.
capitalisman economic system that encourages individuals to make profits through investments and the private ownership of goods, property and the means of production, distribution and exchange
tergiversationevasion of straightforward action or clear-cut statement; desertion of a cause, position, party, or faith.
khedives[kuh dEEv] Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952
junksChinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula
trocthe medieval practice of exchange for goods in kind without the use of money.
haciendasRural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy
inclosurethe term used in legal documents in England and Wales for the process by which arable farming in open field systems was ended
signetthe royal seal formerly used for special purposes in England and Scotland, and in Scotland later as the seal of the Court of Session; also any seal used as authentication.
federalistsLatin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals
satyagraha'truth force' or 'holding on to the truth' - a non-violent method of resistance developed in India by Mahatma Gandhi to ensure political or social change
augurone of a group of ancient Roman religious officials who foretold events by observing and interpreting signs and omens; a seer or prophet; a soothsayer.
sin-eatinga person who, through ritual means, would take on by means of food and drink the sins of a deceased person, thus absolving his or her soul and allowing that person to rest in peace
putlogsmall holes to receive the ends of logs or squared wooden beams in the walls of buildings, such as castles and churches, especially in the Middle Ages.
hypocorisma shorter form of a word or given name, when used in more intimate situations as a nickname or term of endearment.
turfa layer of grass etc
cartographythe art and field of map making
corpus delictithe actual subject of inquiry in a criminal trial - such as the body of the person murdered; without which a trial could not take place.
protestantismGeneral wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief
onomatologythe study of proper names of all kinds and the origins of names.
newea stair which winds round a central newel-post; a vertical support at the center of a circular staircase; a post that supports a handrail at the bottom or at the landing of a staircase.
oceanographythe exploration and scientific study of the ocean and its phenomena
thegnpre-conquest nobles in England who were below the level of earls
stateless societiesAfrican societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states
inspissateto undergo thickening or cause to thicken, as by boiling or evaporation; condense.
aidsthe right of a superior under feudalism to require aid during times of emergency or events such as a marriage.
buttresssupports for walls, usually made of stone and sometimes crowned with a pinnacle
sundiataThe "Lion Prince"; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died about 1260
technocratNew type of bureaucrat; intensely trained in engineering or economics and devoted to the power of national planning; came to fore in offices of governments following World War II
damaskto decorate or weave with rich patterns.
communismtheory or system of social organisation promoting shared ownership of property and the means of production by the community as a whole or the state
grapein Scots a word for an iron fork with three or four prongs, fitted to a handle like that of a spade, used for lifting dung, etc., or for digging.
curacasAyllu chiefs with privileges of dress and access to resources; community leaders among Andean societies
sociedad de castasAmerican social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Indians at bottom, mixed races in middle
benedict of nursiaFounder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire
castasPeople of mixed origin in Spanish colonial society; relegated to secondary status in social system; constituted potentially revolutionary group
blazona formal description of a coat of arms or flag, which enables a person to construct or reconstruct the appropriate image
sinificationExtensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam
siege of stalingradTurning point in Germany's assault on Soviet Union in 1942; despite massive losses, Russians successfully defended the city; over one-third of German army surrendered
munimentsdocumentary evidence by which one can defend a title to property or a claim to rights (Legal).
videographythe art and techniques of filming video.
forda crossing for pedestrians and vehicles across a river where it is sufficiently shallow to permit passage across.
jacobitea supporter of the claim to the English throne of the exiled Stuart family after 1688; support for this cause.
indentured servanta person who is bound into the service of another person for a specified period, usually seven years in the 18th and 19th centuries to pay for passage to another country.
usufructthe right to use and derive profit from a piece of property belonging to another, provided the property itself remains undiminished and uninjured in any way.
population revolutionHuge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent
ideologya framework of beliefs that guides actions
merlona solid portion between two crenels in a battlement or crenelated wall.
welteringto wallow, roll, or toss about, as in mud or high seas; to lie soaked in a liquid, such as blood; To roll and surge, as the sea.
steelbow goodscorn, cattle, ploughs and similar implements which might be given by a landlord to his tenant farmer to enable him to stock and maintaining the lands leased by him; for this, the tenant was bound to return goods of equal quality and quantity at the expiry of his lease.
taika reforms[tI kä] Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army
retinenciaa sum paid to an individual in respect of the service he would perform
terakoyaCommoner schools founded during the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing and the rudiments of Confucianism; resulted in high literacy rate, approaching 40 percent, of Japanese males
huanghe river valleyRiver source in Tibetan plateau to mouth in China sea; site of early Chinese sedentary agricultural communities
erratamistakes or errors ina publication; generally recorded as an 'errata slip' laid into a book by a publisher who has discovered errors just prior to publication.
leper stonea bowl shaped stone filled with sour wine or vinegar into which lepers could either leave offerings of money for the church or more likely take offerings left for them
liege poustiethat state of health which would give someone full and undoubted power to arrange for the disposal of his heritable property in the event of his death.
holographythe study and mapping of computer project imaged called Holograms for interactive and assisted computations.
bonds of manrenta form of mutually beneficial bond of allegiance.
gentrificationthe restoration and upgrading of deteriorated urban property by middle-class or affluent people, often resulting in displacement of lower-income people
solandera closed box for a book made in two parts which fit into one another.
zeniththe highest point in one's fortune; a time of great prosperity, etc.
lattenthe alloy of copper and zinc often used to produce monumental brasses and other church articles, also some matrices for seals.
lovitea favourite of the King or a lawyer respected and trusted, usually by the aristocracy; term used in charters, dispositions, proclamations etc., expressive of the royal regard to the person or persons mentioned or addressed.
rheuma watery or thin mucous discharge from the eyes or nose.
menstruuma solvent, especially one used in extracting compounds from plant and animal tissues and preparing drugs.
chatelainethe mistress of a large house; a set of short chains attached to a womans belt.
aediculethe framing of a window or opening by columns topped with a pediment so that it resembles a temple facade in miniature.
pollarda woodland management method of encouraging lateral branches by cutting off a tree stem or minor branches two metres or so above ground level.
freestonestone used in architecture for molding, tracery and other work required to be worked with the chisel
giga lightweight two-wheeled carriage designed to be drawn by one horse.
celerityswiftness of action or motion; speed
metropolitanHead of the Russian Orthodox church; located at Moscow
commission of justiciarystrong powers granted to local lords to hold justice courts for particular events or periods of time (Scots).
broadsidea single sheet printed on one side and issued by itself, used for advertisements, ballads, propaganda, etc.[5]
cross pattéealso 'cross patty' or 'Cross formy' is a type of cross that has arms which are narrow at the center, and broader at the perimeter
investiturePractice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV
apartheida policy of racial segregation, exploitation and oppression developed by white minority South African governments
stigmadeveloped from a Greek word for "to prick", a stigma was a brand or cut inflicted on the skin as a mark of disgrace
satiRitual in India of immolating surviving widows with the bodies of their deceased husbands
diffidatioan archaic term for the act of renunciation of faith or allegiance; formal severing of peaceful relations.
quillonon a sword or some knives, the crossguard is also known as the quillon; it is a bar of metal at right angles to the blade, placed between the blade and the hilt
effendiClass of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence
secret army organizationOrganization of French settlers in Algeria; led guerrilla war following independence during the 1960s; assaults directed against Arabs, Berbers, and French who advocated independence
marginaliahandwritten notes in the margins of a page around the text
middle passageSlave voyage from Africa to the Americas (16th—18th centuries); generally a traumatic experience for black slaves, although it failed to strip Africans of their culture
hushesgullies in which erosion has been artificially encouraged to expose ores for mining.
velluma thin sheet of specially prepared skin of calf, lamb, or kid used for writing or printing, or for the cover of a book or legal document.
ali'i[ä lEE, ä luh EE] High chiefs of Hawaiian society who claimed descent from the gods and rested their claims on their ability to recite in great detail their lineages
livyRoman historian who linked empire to traditions of republican past; stressed republican virtues popular in early empire
prohibitiona policy developed by American governments during the 1920s that made the sale of alcohol illegal
taua cross in the form of a 'T'
lierne vaultingthese are 'tie' ribs between any ribs springing from a supporting rib and are purely decorative.
faggota bundle of twigs, sticks, or branches from the underwood bound together; a bundle of pieces of iron or steel to be welded or hammered into bars
tillagethe cultivation of land; land that has been tilled.
colloquyin law, a routine and highly formalized conversation, such as between the judge and lawyers
transhumancethe vertical seasonal livestock movement, typically to higher pastures in summer and to lower valleys in winter
suez canalBuilt across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment
obeisancegesture or movement of the body, such as a curtsy, that expresses deference or homage.
liberalismcommitment to individual freedoms such as freedom of trade, speech, press, association and religion
judexa dempster; a judge; judicial power, or the court; a juror.
welfare stateNew activism of the West European state in economic policy and welfare issues after World War II; introduced programs to reduce the impact of economic inequality; typically included medical programs and economic planning
demographic transitionShift to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population; first emerged in Western Europe and U.S
sakea lawsuit; the right to hold a court
sacrariumalso 'Chancel.' The part of a Christian church near the altar, reserved for the clergy, the choir, etc
dripstonein architecture a projection or moulding which prevents water from dripping onto stone or other vertical surfaces.
hispaniolaFirst island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World
liberal democracya form of democracy where majority rule is underpinned by liberal rights such as freedom of speech, assembly and religious beliefs, and the right to private property, privacy and due legal process
frankalmoinone of the feudal duties and hence land tenure forms in feudal England by which an ecclesiastical body held land, in return for saying prayers and masses for the soul of the granter
jomon cultureCreated by early migrants to Japan after 3000 b.c.e.; hunting-and-gathering people, produced distinctive pottery form
gaugera person who performs the duties of an exciseman (Scots).
palmaresKingdom of runaway slaves with a population of 8,000 to 10,000 people; located in Brazil during the 17th century; leadership was Angolan
ragman rollsthe name given to the collection of instruments by which the nobility and gentry of Scotland were compelled to subscribe allegiance to King Edward I of England between the Conference of Norham in May 1291 and the final award in favor of Baliol in November 1292 and again in 1296.
alteragea salary paid to a priest for saying a certain number of masses, at regulated periods, for the souls of the some person or persons departed.
julian calendarthe calendar named for Julius Caesar and used from 45 B.C
totalitarianismsystem of government where the state seeks to gain complete control over its citizens and does not recognise or tolerate parties of differing opinion
owl-holean entrance, square or round, high up on a wall designed to allow owls to enter and catch rats and mice.
waggona four-wheeled horse drawn vehicle for heavy loads, often with a cover.
outfangthiefthe right of a lord to pursue a thief outside the lord's own jurisdiction and bring him back within his jurisdiction to be punished.
zhou enlai[jO en lI] After Mao Zedong, the most important leader of the Communist party in China from the 1930s until his death in 1976; premier of China from 1954; notable as perhaps the most cosmopolitan and moderate of the inner circle of Communist leaders
druids' corda device used for measuring, laying out a right angle and making the seventh part of a circle using geometry
chevaliera member of certain male orders of knighthood or merit, such as the Legion of Honor in France
braidedstreams flowing in an interconnected network of channels that divide and reunite.
rag paperpaper made from a pulp of mashed rags.
appeasementpolicy attributed to European governments in the 1930s that met the expansionist policies of Nazi Germany by offering concessions
iconoclasmReligious controversy within the Byzantine Empire in the 8th century; emperor attempted to suppress veneration of icons; literally "breaking of images"; after long struggle, icon veneration was restored
wove paperpaper which has no chain lines or wire lines, usually made on a woven wire mesh.[50]
safavid dynastyOriginally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722
bantuOriginated in eastern Nigeria in West Africa; migrated into central and southern Africa using rivers–particularly the Congo Basin; village dwellers who depended on agriculture and fishing
shivaThe Brahman, later Hindu, god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change
nationalismPolitical viewpoint with origins in Western Europe in the 19th century; often allied with one of other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin
clachana small settlement of clustered houses with no church, and the land around held under a system of land tenure often referred to as the Rundale System - whereby farmers within the clachan had scattered plots of good, medium and poorer quality land
long countMayan system of dating from a fixed date in the past-3114 b.c.e.; marked the beginning of a great cycle of 5200 years; allowed precision dating of events in Mayan history
totalitarian stateA new kind of government in the 20th century that exercised massive, direct control over virtually all the activities of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union
coteriea small, often select group of persons who associate with one another frequently.
quodlibeta theological or philosophical issue presented for formal argument or disputation; a formal disputation of such an issue.
violent profitsdues payable by anyone possessing lands illegally; as with a tenant who did not leave his holding at the end of a lease; he would be liable for the profits the landlord could have made if he had resumed control of the lands himself or leased them to another tenant (Legal).
civilizationSocieties distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses; and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups
core studythe compulsory study undertaken by all students in Stage 6, by which Higher School Certificate performance scales are measured
viet minhCommunist-dominated Vietnamese nationalist movement; operated out of base in southern China during World War II; employed guerrilla tactics similar to the Maoists in China
five-year plansStalin's plans to hasten industrialization of USSR; constructed massive factories in metallurgy, mining and electric power; led to massive state-planned industrialization at cost of availability of consumer products
socialist realismAttempt within the USSR to relate formal culture to the masses in order to avoid the adoption of Western European cultural forms; begun under Joseph Stalin; fundamental method of Soviet fiction, art, and literary criticism
multivallate hillforta hillfort defences formed by a series of banks and ditches.
stoicsHellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery
hojoWarrior family closely allied with Minamoto; dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers; claimed to rule in name of emperor at Kyoto
puddingThe rule of kitchen economy is not to waste
great mahele[mä hAY lAY Hawaiian edict issued in 1848; imposed Western concept of property on Hawaiian land previously shared by Hawaiians; much of private property sold off to Western commercial interests by Hawaiian monarchy
nagasakiLong a port open to Dutch traders; one of two Japanese cities on which the United States dropped atomic bombs in 1945; devastation of these cities caused Japanese surrender without invasion of home islands
stupasStone shrines built to house pieces of bone or hair and personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms
monsoonsSeasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia; during summer bring rains
nomadsCattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies
sundialan ancient clock that measures time by the position of the sun
sepukkuRitual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor
peculiumin Roman Law, the saving of a son or a slave with the father's or master's consent; a little property or stock of one's own; any exclusive personal or separate property
oubliettea dungeon with a trapdoor in the ceiling as its only means of entrance or exit.
yiKorean dynasty that succeeded Koryo dynasty following period of Mongol invasions; established in 1392; ruled Korea to 1910; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence
aristophanes[ar uh stof uh nEEz] Greek writer of the comedies; author of The Frogs
pastoral nomadsAn intermediate form of ecological adaptation dependent on domesticated animal herds that feed on natural environment; typically more populous than shifting cultivation groups
multinational corporationsPowerful companies, mainly from the West or Pacific Rim, with production as well as distribution operations in many different countries
certioraria writ or a form of judicial review whereby a court is asked to consider a legal decision of an administrative tribunal, judicial office or organization (eg
gran colombiaIndependent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations
canticlea song or chant, especially a non-metrical hymn with words taken from a biblical text other than from the Book of Psalms.
druidthe priestly class in ancient Celtic societies, which existed through much of Western Europe north of the Alps and in Britain and Ireland until they were supplanted by Roman government and, later, Christianity
lunaticin its original Latin it was a type of periodic insanity believed to be affected by the phases of the moon (luna), but it entered English law as the term for such an unsoundness of mind as justified interfering with a person's civil rights, or considering their transactions invalid.
in-byin northern England and Scotland the name for the fields in the immediate vicinity of the farmhouse
consignation moneymoney paid to the church prior to marriage to prevent ante-nuptial fornication
culdeethe Celi De or 'Clients of God'
stewartryin Scotland, the jurisdiction of a steward; also, the lands under such jurisdiction.
empathyan understanding of events, beliefs, values and attitudes from the perspective of others.
disavowto disclaim knowledge of, responsibility for, or association with.
plantiecruialso 'Planticrub', 'Plantiecote', or 'Plantiecruive.' In Shetland, a small drystone enclosure within which young plants such as cabbage are planted in an environment protected from the winter and the wind.
absolute monarchyConcept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies
attaindera criminal condemned for a serious crime, whether treason or felony, could be declared "attainted", his civil rights being nullified
dog tootha type of ornamentation in the moulding of an arch; typically found in churches and some castles.
mezzotinta technique of copperplate engraving in which the whole surface of the plate is roughened to print solid black and the design is made by smoothing down again to produce graded tones.
de jurein principle as opposed to de facto, in fact.
propitiateto conciliate an offended power, such as a god.
magna cartaGreat Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy
socialisma system where wealth, land and property are owned and controlled by the community as a whole rather than being privately owned
alembican apparatus consisting of two vessels connected by a tube, formerly used for distilling liquids; a device that purifies or alters by a process comparable to distillation.
punaHigh valleys and steppes lying between the two major chains of the Andes mountains; site of South American agricultural origins, also only location of pastoralism in Americas
parvisan enclosed courtyard or space at the entrance to a building, especially a cathedral, that is sometimes surrounded by porticoes or colonnades; one of the porticoes or colonnades surrounding such a space.
block booka book printed from wooden blocks in which each page, both words and pictures, is carved from a single piece of wood and cannot be rearranged for subsequent use; a technique mainly employed in the mid-fifteenth century.[5]
wattshodea type of blue cloth popular around the 16th Century
trysting treemany trees have through their isolation, appearance or position been chosen as a popular meeting place for young courting couples, soldiers called to gather at a distinctive venue prior to battle, etc.
atavisma science word, coined from Latin for "beyond one's grandfather", meaning a reversion of animals (including humans) or plants to an ancestral type
respondthe 'column' portion of a door jamb.
jointurea provision for a widow, usually made in her marriage contract and consisting of an annual payment to be made to her in her lifetime; if such a jointure was appointed for a wife, it would unless otherwise provided for deprive her of her widow's terce, but she was better off with the jointure, since if her husband died in debt or bankrupt, she would be reckoned as one of his creditors and be able to make her claim first rather than waiting till the debts were settled and having to make do with a share of what was left.
anarchistsPolitical groups that sought the abolition of all formal government; particularly prevalent in Russia; opposed tsarist autocracy; eventually became a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 1881
indian national congress partyGrew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period
caudalof, at, or near the tail or hind parts; posterior; situated beneath or on the underside; inferior.
canta compartment in a coppiced wood.
quatrefoilin architecture and traditional Christian symbolism this is a symmetrical shape which forms the overall outline of four partially - overlapping circles of the same diameter.
leatan open watercourse conducting water from a dam, weir or river to a mill wheel.
triangular tradeCommerce linking Africa, the New World colonies, and Europe; slaves carried to America for sugar and tobacco transported to Europe
akbarSon and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India
guidona small flag or pennant carried as a standard by a military unit: a soldier bearing such a flag or pennant.
fencedas in 'fencing' a court, keeping order in the court and summoning the parties (Legal).
shrinebefore the reformation in England these were highly carved and ornate structures which held the body or parts/relicts of a saint
aureolea halo or circle of light or enclosed area, especially around the head or body of a portrayed religious figure.
great depressionInternational economic crisis following the First World War; began with collapse of American stock market in 1929; actual causes included collapse of agricultural prices in 1920s; included collapse of banking houses in the United States and Western Europe, massive unemployment; contradicted optimistic assumptions of 19th century
barkera person whose occupation was the sripping of bark fron trees for the purpose of the tanning of leather.
balusterone of the upright, usually rounded or vase-shaped supports of a balustrade; an upright support, such as a furniture leg, having a similar shape; one of the supporting posts of a handrail.
warranty deedguarantees a clear property title from the seller to the buyer (legal).
scarcementa ledge formed by the setting back of a wall, buttress or bank.
fairy dustthe spores or 'seeds' of ferns were widely believed to make the user invisible.
pinsela triangular heraldic flag, 4ft 6in X 2ft, on which is embroidered or painted the crest-badge in its belt and buckle, with motto of a clan, etc.
laveran archaic term for a vessel, stone basin, or trough used for washing.
usucapioalso 'Usucaption.' Terms for long, uninterrupted and unchallenged possession of a thing or a right, which conferred an entitlement to that property or right (Legal).
khmersIndianized rivals of the Vietnamese; moved into Mekong River delta region at time of Vietnamese drive to the south
pedimenta wide, low-pitched gable surmounting the façade of a building in the Grecian style; a triangular element, similar to or derivative of a Grecian pediment, used widely in architecture and decoration.
schiltronthe large formations of foot-soldiers, drawn from the ordinary folk & armed with long (14ft/4M.) pikes and fighting in closely packed ranks to provide an unwielding wall of spear points against any enemy
vaticinationthe act of prophesying; a prediction; a prophecy.
patchworka form of needlework or craft that involves sewing together small pieces of fabric and stitching them together into a larger design, which is then usually quilted, or else tied together with pieces of yarn at regular intervals, a practice known as tying
indictmenta formal accusation charging someone of a crime
ultimus haeresliterally the "last heir"; the right of the Crown to succeed to all heritable property where no other heir, successor or assignee to the property can be identified (Legal).
transepta transverse arm off the nave of a church, abbey, etc.
fire marksfire insurance companies of the 17th-century and later had their own fire brigades and firemen would only attempt to save a house if it was insured by their company; fire marks of lead or iron were attached to the outside of buildings in prominent positions to indicate the insurance company concerned.[16]
pewa bench in a church etc
berlin wallBuilt in 1961 to halt the flow of immigration from East Berlin to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics
copernicusPolish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe
ley lineAlfred Watkins announced his discovery of a network of ancient alignments criss-crossing the British countryside, these ley lines or old straight tracks are highly controversial, however they may reflect certain genuinely ancient practices.
bullaunthe depression in which a free standing rounded boulder sits within a water filled natural cavity
portcullisa grille or gate made of wood, metal or a combination of the two
pearl harborAmerican naval base in Hawaii; attack by Japanese on this facility in December 1941 crippled American fleet in the Pacific and caused entry of United States into World War II
carran alder wood.
pancasilathe five values that formed the basis of the Indonesian state after independence: faith in one god, humanism, nationalism, representative government and social justice
cockadean ornament, such as a rosette or knot of ribbon, usually worn on the hat as a badge
flummerymeaningless or deceptive language; any of several soft, sweet, bland foods, such as custard; sweet gelatinous pudding made by straining boiled oatmeal or flour; soft dessert of stewed, thickened fruit, often mixed with a grain such as rice.
islamMajor world religion having its origins in 610 c.e
catechisma book giving a brief summary of the basic principles of Christianity in question-and-answer form; a manual giving basic instruction in a subject, usually by rote or repetition; a body of fundamental principles or beliefs, especially when accepted uncritically.
council of nicaeaChristian council that met in 325 c.e
merea small lake, pond, or marsh.
blitzkriegGerman term for lightning warfare; involved rapid movement of troops, tanks, and mechanized carriers; resulted in early German victories over Belgium, Holland, and France in World War II
birlaymana man appointed by a court, such as a Barony Court, to assess damages.
gregorian reforma series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII, circa 1050–1080, which dealt with the moral integrity and independence of the clergy
heirshipthe condition of being an heir; right to inheritance; heirdom.
breviarya book, also called a 'portitorium', containing the hymns, offices, and prayers for the canonical hours.
tofta homestead, the site of a house and its out-buildings; a house site
self-determinationthe right of each group of people to decide their own identity, culture and political and social systems without reference to the wishes of any other nation
watermarkthe trademark of a papermaker, made by wire design fixed to a mould; seen when the paper is held up to the light.[50]
cornicea horizontal ornamental moulded projection around the top of a building
braea steep or sloping bank of a river, lake or shore; a steep slope rising from a water (Scots).
baburFounder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530
dahomeyKingdom developed among Fon or Aja peoples in 17th century; center at Abomey 70 miles from coast; under King Agaja expanded to control coastline and port of Whydah by 1727; accepted Western firearms and goods in return for African slaves
demographyThe study of population
manillaa horse-shoe shaped bracelet, made of copper or brass, used as a form of money in West Africa until around 1949.
shroveis a past tense of the English verb 'shrive' which means to obtain absolution for one's sins by confessing and doing penance
suzeraintya situation where a sovereign or state has some control over another state that is otherwise internally autonomous
scholar-gentryChinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China
greek fireByzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back the Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople
palinodea poem in which the author retracts something said in a previous poem; a formal statement of retraction.
proletariatthe working or unpropertied class who rely on the sale of their labour for an income
mariusSuccessful Roman general during the last century b.c.e.; introduced the concept of using paid volunteers in his army rather than citizen conscripts; created military force with personal loyalties to commander
torca body ornament worn on the arms or neck in the shape of a curved rod with identical free ends that face one another, almost touching
scirthe derivation of the word 'shire'.
aphorisma tersely phrased statement of a truth or opinion; a brief statement of a principle.
sponsora sponsor is an individual other than the parents of a child that takes responsibility for the child's religious education
crystallographythe study of crystals
dysenteryformerly this disease was very prevalent in the UK, but in the present day it is practically confined to hot climates
vitiationthe alteration of a document without the consent of all the parties to the document; to reduce the value or impair the quality of; to corrupt morally; to make ineffective.
tower milla type of windmill in which the tower was entirely made of brick or stone and sometimes tarred to help keep out the rain.
birlinna type of small galley with 12 to 18 oars, used especially in the Hebrides and West Highlands of Scotland in the Middle Ages
religious revivalismAn approach to religious belief and practice that stresses the literal interpretation of texts sacred to the religion in question and the application of their precepts to all aspects of social life; has been increasingly associated in the late 20th century with revivalist movements in a number of world religions, including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism
cureecclesiastical Spiritual charge or care, as of a priest for a congregation.
renaissancethe period of revival of art and literature under the influence of classical models in the 14th to 16th-centuries.
fiatan arbitrary order or decree; an authorization or sanction.
plenipotentiaryfrom the Latin, plenus + potens, full + power; it refers to a person who has "full powers"
indies pieceTerm utilized within the complex exchange system established by the Spanish for African trade; referred to the value of an adult male slave
cristerosConservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; most active in central Mexico; attempted to halt slide toward secularism; movement resulted in armed violence
justice ayrethe medieval court circuit that travelled around Scotland.
radiographyuse of x-rays to produce medical images
quincunxa geometric pattern consisting of five points, four of them forming a square or rectangle and a fifth at its centre.
factory systemNot to be confused with the fortified ports of the commercial revolution; intensification of processes of production at single sites during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and firmer discipline
teheran conferenceMeeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1943; agreed to the opening of a new front in France
primary sourceanything archaeological or written which comes from the same time as the person or event being studied
galileoPublished Copernicus's findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work
tormasses of rock or boulders crowning a hill
anno lucisFreemasons, in their ceremonial or commemorative proceedings, add 4,000 years to the current Anno Domini calendar year and append Anno Lucis ("Year of Light") to the Gregorian calendar year, eg
zeitgeistthe spirit of the times or the trend of thought and feeling in a period.
keepthe main tower within the walls of a medieval castle or fortress
chessetoriginally the oak wood container banded with iron hoops into which slated curd was placed to press it and shape it (Scots)
encomiendaGrants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies
new feminismNew wave of women's rights agitation dating from 1949; emphasized more literal equality that would play down domestic roles and qualities for women; promoted specific reforms and redefinition of what it meant to be female
porticoa porch supported by columns
cuisseplate armour worn to protect the front of the thigh.
supreme sovietParliament of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; elected by universal suffrage; actually controlled by Communist party; served to ratify party decisions
commonwealthe public good or welfare.
reversionan agreement such that one party (grantee) takes ownership of a piece of property from another (grantor) under the understanding that the ownership will "revert" back to the grantor at the expiration of the grantee's interest
nationalismthe promotion of the interests of one's own nation above all others
american exceptionalismHistorical argument that the development of the United States was largely distinctive; contact with Western Europe was incidental to the larger development of the United States on its own terms
nipan interruption or break, specifically in mining, marking the point at which a seam of coal tails off as if squeezed between the strata above and below it.
boxer rebellionPopular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials.(p
lantern pinionthe vertical drive shaft taking power off the mill wheel via cogs.
zionismMovement originating in Eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern Holy Land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine
retourto make a return in writing as to the service of an heir, or the value of lands
apocryphathe biblical apocrypha includes texts written in the Jewish and Christian religious traditions that either were accepted into the biblical canon by some, but not all, Christian faiths, or are frequently printed in Bibles despite their non-canonical status.
mataramKingdom that controlled interior regions of Java in 17th century; Dutch East India Company paid tribute to the kingdom for rights of trade at Batavia; weakness of kingdom after 1670s allowed Dutch to exert control over all of Java
esquire(abbreviated Esq.) is a title of honour and dignity ranked below a knight and above a gentleman, allowed, for example, to the sons of nobles and to the gentry who do not possess any other title
folioa single leaf, especially the leaf of a book printed with two leaves to each quire.[17]
incorporealnot attached to the 'body' as is now the case for baronial titles.
zoroastriansim[zôr O as trEE uh niz uhm, zOr-] Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; chief religion of Persian Empire
en talusa military term for the sloping face of a bulwark.
austronesianFamily of 30 related languages found in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Southeast Asia; people of this linguistic group migrated throughout Pacific
intelligentsia[in teli jent sEE uh, -gent-] Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; 19th century group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West
monolitha large, single upright standing stone (also Menhir or megalith), of prehistoric European origin.
cyrus the greatEstablished massive Persian Empire by 550 b.c.e.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires
ball gamesRitual elements of many American cultures; played on formal courts; religious significance required that losing teams pay penalty of forfeiture of goods or their lives
shintoReligion of early Japanese culture; devotees worshipped numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world; offers of food and prayers made to gods and nature spirits
tree calfa binding of a book in which the calf leather has been treated with dilute acid over its surface to produce a grained effect, sometimes like the grain of fine wood.[45]
writ of summonsa document ordering a person to appear in court (legal).
bitternin sea salt manufacture, the fluid portion containing the other salts which have to be removed to prevent a bitter and unpalitable taste to the final product.
vexillologythe scholarly study of flags
dimitya sheer, crisp cotton fabric with raised woven stripes or checks, used chiefly for curtains and dresses.
post milla type of windmill where the whole box body is mounted about a central pivot post.
confidencena table already laid and set with food that could be raised up by pulleys into a room so that aristocracy could eat and converse confidentially in the absence of servants
cloistercovered walkways in a cathedral or abbey, set out as a square and used by the monks as a study.
pure land buddhismEmphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among masses of Chinese society
deshimaIsland port in Nagasaki Bay; only port open to non-Japanese after closure of the islands in the 1640s; only Chinese and Dutch ships were permitted to enter
presbyterianisma church governed by elders who are all of the same rank, therefore without Bishops, Deans and other such posts (Scots).
warpinga method of reclamation of marshland by restricting sea water flow to cause deposition of silt and concomitant raising of ground level, producing very fertile farmland.
natufian complexPreagricultural culture; located in present-day Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon; practiced the collection of naturally present barley and wheat to supplement game; typified by large settlement sites
humanismFocus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages
chi-rhoan early Christian symbol or monogram made from the first two Greek letters of Christ's name, X and P.
muradHead of the coalition of Mamluk households in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core
spandrelalso 'Spandril' - the roughly triangular space between the left or right exterior curve of an arch and the rectangular framework surrounding it; the space between two arches and a horizontal molding or cornice above them.
truckthe old system by which employees were paid mostly with tokens that could only be exchanged at the employers shops where goods were adulterated and underweight measures were used.
stylobatein architecture the immediate foundation of a row of classical columns
chain linesthe vertical lines seen in a sheet of handmade paper, usually about 2cm apart, which hold the wires in place in paper moulds.
tailracethe watercourse taking water away from a waterwheel or turbine.[20]
goaPortuguese factory or fortified trade town located on western India coast, 16th century ff.; sites for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network
jinshi[chin shEE] Title granted to those students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office
discalceda term applied to those religious congregations of men and women, the members of which go entirely barefoot or wear sandals, with or without other covering for the feet.
proletariatClass of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries
intervisibilitya term used to show the mutual visibility between sites, usually with the corresponding style of monument
follya name given to any extravagant structure whose use is not apparent
chronologythe arrangement of events and dates according to their occurrence in a linear sequence of time.
oraclesShamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing
western frontFront established in World War I; generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict
dittaythe substance of the charge against a person accused of a crime (Scots) (Legal).
eschatologya part of theology and philosophy concerned with the final events in the history of the world, or the ultimate destiny of humanity, commonly referred to as the 'end of the world.'
bullionisman economic theory that defines wealth by the amount of precious metals owned
tipped-inthe plates, autograph, letter, photo, etc., glued into a book
bracea triangulating piece, usually in a timber frame.
cabriolea form of furniture leg that curves outward and then narrows downward into an ornamental foot, characteristic of Queen Anne and Chippendale furniture.
dutch trading empireBased on control of fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of limited number of products–particularly spices
calumnya false statement maliciously made to injure another's reputation; maliciously false statements; slander (Legal).
kamasutraWritten by Vatsayana during Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher caste males including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and instruction on love-making
air ventany of a wide variety of holes in farm buildings which allow ventilation and prevent crops inside getting damp and mouldy
yangdiSecond member of Sui dynasty; murdered his father to gain throne; restored Confucian examination system; responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; assassinated in 618
bollingthe main trunk of a pollarded tree.
panama canalAn aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean; completed 1914
royal african companyChartered in 1660s to establish a monopoly over the slave trade among British merchants; supplied African slaves to colonies in Barbados, Jamaica, and Virginia
franklinin medieval times a person who was a landowner, but not a nobleman or aristocrat.
vedasAryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century b.c.e
calligraphythe art of fine handwriting
prelatea member of the clergy who either has ordinary jurisdiction over a group of people or ranks in precedence with ordinaries
tasset'armour protecting the lower trunk and thigh, one of a series of jointed overlapping metal splints hanging from a corselet.
cordon sanitairea guarded line between two areas, such as the border between Scotland and England prior to the Act on Union.
brisurea system of marks added to coats of arms in heraldry to distinguish between members of the same family.
ordos bulgeLocated on Huanghe River; region of fertile soil; site of Yangshao and Longshan cultures
montañaLocated on eastern slopes of Andes mountains; location of cultivation and gathering of tropical fruits and coca leaf
orisonreverent petition to a deity; prayer.
chromolithographya method of printing in colours by the process of 'lithography'.
obrokLabor obligations of Russian peasants to either their aristocratic landlords or to the state; typical of increased labor burdens placed on Russian peasantry during the 18th century
feuthis is an annual payment in money or in kind in return for the use of land
ecclesiasticalpertaining to the church or the clergy.
clathria grating or lattice of bars, as of cages for animals or gratings for windows.
stouthriefa form of theft committed by force.
autographedany document carrying the signature of the person who wrote it.
shrivijaya[srEE wi jô yuh] Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion
carlalso see 'Churl' - large stalks of hemp which bear the seed; - called also carl hemp; kind of food - Caring or carl are seeds steeped in water and fried the next day in butter or fat
hoarice crystals forming a white deposit (especially on objects outside); Hoarfrost.
cruckcurved timber, used in pairs to form a bowed A-frame which supports the roof of a building independently of the walls.
tulchana calf's skin stretched on a wooden frame and laid beneath a cow to increase the milk yield (Scots).
athamea ceremonial black-handled knife, one of several magical tools used in Wicca; other forms of modern witchcraft have since adopted the term for various ritual knives.
himalayasMountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent; site of the Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics
stoundfrom the Middle English stond, stound(e) an archaic term for hour, time, season, moment.
gossamera very light, sheer, gauze-like fabric, popular for white wedding dresses and decorations.
new youthMarxist periodical in China; did much to spread the ideas of Marx and Lenin among the politically active youth of China's coastal cities
scale-and-platt stairstairs that rise in straight flights (scales) with platforms (platts).
ligaturein writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more graphemes are joined as a single glyph; often used by masons to reduce the extent of carving needed on gravestones.
primary sourcerecords that were created at the time of an event
painted pebblesa class of Pictish artifact unique to northern Scotland in the first millennium AD
francis iKing of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against holy Roman emperor
huacasSacred spirits and powers that resided or appeared in caves, mountains, rocks, rivers, and other natural phenomena; typical of Andean societies
evidencethe information that tends to prove or disprove a conclusion
piscinaa stone drain in monasteries, abbeys, etc., used to clean the chalice after mass or for disposal of baptismal water.
terminus ad quemthe finishing point of a period, argument, policy, etc.
privy councila council of the British sovereign that until the 17th century was the supreme legislative body, that now consists of cabinet ministers ex officio and others appointed for life, and that has no important function except through its Judicial Committee, which in certain cases acts as a supreme appellate court in the Commonwealth.
twilla fabric so woven as to have a surface of diagonal parallel ridges.
meithin Scots, a boundary mark or line.
syndicalismEconomic and political system based on the organization of labor; imported in Latin America from European political movements; militant force in Latin American politics
ibn khaldun[i buhn kal dUn, KHUn] A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations–strong, weak, dissolute
scraga variant of the commoner Scot's word 'Scrog' or 'Scroag', meaning a gnarled or stunted tree or tree-stump, specifically a crab-apple tree or its fruit, previously called scrag-apples.
ethera long flexible wood stake used in temporary hedging and woven in horizontally between vertical stakes.
enlightenmentIntellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior
geisplural 'Geassa' - A controlling spell or enchantment in which a certain action or behaviour will cause another certain action or effect
cautionerin Scotland, one who acts as surety for another, thereby undertaking to be liable for the default of another, or for his appearance in court, payment of a fine, etc.
inventorya list of the property held by a person at the time of his death; usually compiled by several court-appointed people, who submit the list to the court for approval (Legal).
litiscontestationwhere both parties in a case have stated their respective pleas in a court, it being then understood that, by doing so, they have consented to abide by the decision of the judge in the case (Legal).
huancavelica[wäng kuh vuh lEE kuh] Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosí
postillionthe rider on the near (left-hand side) horse drawing a coach etc
appellatehaving the power to hear court appeals and to review court decisions (Legal).
chinggis khan[jeng guhs kän] Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world
receivera person appointed by court to hold property until a suit is settled (Legal).
cursinga denounciation issued in the name of a bishop which led to excommunication
majusculethe larger of two type faces in a script
mossequivalent to morass or bog in England, contains black or dark-coloured substance formed by stagnant water from rotting vegetation, sometimes in a fluid state (Scots).
mottean earth mound on which a palisade or stone castle tower was built
perestroika[peruh stroi kuh] Policy of Mikhail Gorbachev calling for economic restructuring in the USSR in the late 1980s; more leeway for private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture
bindingin books terms, the cover of the book.
hundred years' warConflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states
speciein coin; in a similar manner; in kind or in legal terms - In the same kind or shape; as specified.
interregnumthe interval of time between the end of a sovereign's reign and the accession of a successor; a period of temporary suspension of the usual functions of government or control
machiolationopening between projecting parapet corbels through which objects were dropped on invading soldiers.
constantineRoman emperor from 312 to 337 c.e.; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually
thingan assembly, (also transliterated as ting or þing), historical governing assemblies in early Scandinavian society
karmaThe sum of merits accumulated by a soul at any given point in time; determined the caste to which the soul would be assigned in the next life
chavín cultureAppeared in highlands of Andes between 1800 and 1200 b.c.e.; typified by ceremonial centers with large stone buildings; greatest ceremonial center was Chavín de Huantar; characterized by artistic motifs
muhammadProphet of Islam; born c
licentia redeundithe act of conferring the whole power of Parliament upon a commission {Legal}.
writ of attachmenta court order authorizing the seizure of property sufficient to cover debts and court costs for not appearing in court (Legal).
völkerwanderungen[fôlk er van der Ungen] Movement of Germanic peoples southward into the Roman Empire; resulted from population growth, pressure of Asian groups on eastern flanks of Germanic regions
jointure-housean arrangement by which a husband grants real property to his wife for her use after his death the property thus settled; widow's portion.
serplaita measure of weight equivalent to eighty stones (Scots).
asante empire[uh san tEE, uh sän] Established in Gold Coast among Akan people settled around Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650
fairy ringalso known as fairy circle, Elf circle or pixie ring, is a naturally occurring ring or arc of mushrooms which lead to the temporary enrichment of the ground giving a dark green ring which progressively expands outwards.
subornedto induce (a person) to commit an unlawful or evil act; to induce (a person) to commit perjury.
lançadosCollection points for Portuguese trade in the interior of Africa; provided essential links between economies of African interior and factories on the coast
feminist movementsSought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s
habeas corpusthe legal right to a trial in a court before a judge and jury.
five pillarsThe obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj
potencedevice which allows a ladder to pivot around the inside of a Dovecot so that all the nest holes can be reached.
pauldronsometimes spelled pouldron or powldron, is a component of plate armour covering the armpit, and sometimes parts of the back and chest.
carta strong vehicle with two or four wheels designed for carrying loads and drawn by a horse or horses.
mesoamericaMexico and Central America; along with Peru, site of development of sedentary agriculture in Western hemisphere
pouncea fine powder formerly used to smooth and finish writing paper and soak up ink.
mensalpertaining to or used at the table; in Irish and early Scottish history mensal land was set apart for the supply of food for the table of the king, prince or such-like
cursusa name given by early British archaeologists such as William Stukeley to the large parallel lengths of banks with external ditches which they thought were early Roman athletics tracks, hence the Latin name 'Cursus', meaning 'Circus'
apprisingthe sentence of a court affecting a debtor's heritable property, as a consequence of which that property would be sold to pay the debt.
dowryalso 'dowery' - land, money, goods, or personal property brought by a bride to her husband in marriage.
petroglyphimage created by removing part of a rock surfaces by incising, pecking, carving, and abrading.
gloamingevening 'twilight' or 'dusk'[15] (Scots).
compositiona payment made by an heir succeeding to land, to the superior of the land.
cessAn assessment tax or levy, superseded by rates
romanticismArtistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection
ihs'Iesus Hominem Salvator' or 'Jesus the Saviour of mankind' as carved on church lecterns, etc.[26]
souterraina name given by archaeologists to a type of underground structure associated with the Atlantic Iron Age
mercantilismEconomic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe
curiala medieval assembly or council; a medieval royal court of justice.
holding ecological adaptationHuman adaptation to an environment in such a way that the original environment is drastically transformed and replaced with a new, human-oriented ecology; typical of sedentary agricultural communities
sourcethe document, record, publication, manuscript, etc
common lawthe traditional code of law in England, dating from the Middle Ages and supplemented by legal decisions over the centuries
slavsIndo-European group; ultimately dominated much of eastern Europe from the Balkans northward; formed regional kingdoms by 5th century c.e
tumensBasic fighting units of the Mongol forces; consisted of 10,000 cavalrymen; each unit was further divided into units of 1000, 100, and 10
isolationisma view in American foreign policy that argues that the best interests of the United States lay in avoiding international entanglements
imperiumabsolute rule or supreme power; a sphere of power or dominion, an empire; in law the right or power of a state to enforce the law.
kamehameha iHawaiian monarch who united all of the islands under his rule in 1810
xeniagifts to a guest or guests.
demographythe study of the characteristics of human populations, such as size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics
saint anthony's crossa cross in the form of a 'T'
smock milla type of tower windmill having a tower that is mainly constructed of wood.
partition of polandThree separate divisions of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in Eastern Europe
seven years' warFought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America
skanda guptaLast of the able rulers of the Gupta dynasty; following his reign the empire dissolved under the pressure of nomadic invasions
ogeea feature showing in section a double continuous S-shaped curve
cessio bonorumsurrender of a debtor's goods in favor of his creditors.
impleadto sue (a person, etc.) in a court of justice, raise an action against.
ursineof or characteristic of bears or a bear.
perspectivea point of view or standpoint from which historical events, problems and issues can be analysed, eg a gender perspective (either masculine or feminine) on the past
macaoOne of two ports in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty
sophoclesGreek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex
multiculturalisma policy of valuing and maintaining the distinctive identities of all cultural groups within a society
mandatesGovernments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain occupied mandates in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after 1922
ayremedieval Justiciars originally travelled around Scotland hearing cases on circuit or 'ayre'.
hospicethe guest house of an abbey, monastery, etc.[24]
hong kongBritish colony on Chinese mainland; major commercial center; agreement reached between Britain and People's Republic of China returned colony to China in 1997
patronagethe system by which appointments to important public posts were made by patrons who were un-elected and therefore did not represent the democratic wishes of the population
spanchips of wood, as in 'Spick & span.'
soffitthe underneath of an arch.
ghazni empireDynasty and empire founded from Turks who were originally slaves; seized power in 962 in Afghanistan north of Indus valley; later invaded Indian subcontinent
pisastratusAthenian tyrant of the 6th century b.c.e.; gained popular support against traditional aristocratic councils of Athenian government
venalopen to bribery; mercenary; capable of betraying honor, duty, or scruples for a price; marked by corrupt dealings, especially bribery.
perspectivea point of view or standpoint from which historical events, problems and issues can be analysed, eg a gender perspective (either masculine or feminine) on the past.
dapifera bearer of meat to table; a steward
princely statesDomains of Indian princes allied with the British Raj; agents of East India Company were stationed at the rulers' courts to ensure compliance; made up over one-third of the British Indian Empire
ethiopian kingdomA Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa
pillorya device made of a wooden or metal framework erected on a post, with holes for securing the head and hands, formerly used for punishment by public humiliation and often further physical abuse, sometimes lethal; related to the stocks.
abbas the greatSafavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology (p
vignettea decorative design placed at the beginning or end of a book or chapter of a book or along the border of a page; an unbordered picture, often a portrait, that shades off into the surrounding color at the edges; a short, usually descriptive literary sketch.
kabirMuslim Mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam
third estatethis was the social class known in feudal times as the 'Peasantry' (those who produced the food which supported those who prayed and those who fought, the members of the First and Second Estates).
capitainciesStrips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony
cientificosAdvisors of government of Porfirio Díaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted government to project image of modernization
sleechinga method of obtaing salt for consumption from tidal sand by filtering it.
satyagraha[sut yuh gruhuh, suht yä gruh-] Literally, "truth-force"; Gandhi's policy of nonviolent opposition to British colonialism
haughalso 'Hauch' - a piece of level ground, generally alluvial, on the banks of a river, river-meadow land.
industrial revolutionSeries of changes in economy of Western Europe between 1740 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution of 17th century, and development of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production
potsdam conferenceMeeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union just before the end of World War II in 1945; Allies agreed upon Soviet domination in Eastern Europe; Germany and Austria to be divided among victorious Allies
cinematographythe art of making lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for the cinema.
united nationsInternational organization formed in the aftermath of World War II; included all of the victorious Allies; its primary mission was to provide a forum for negotiating disputes
knight's feea feudal term used in medieval England and Anglo-Norman Ireland to describe the value of land
setAlso 'Sett' - a cut stone block, often of granite.
marriage stonea stone lintel carved with the initials, coat of arms, etc
foxfirethe term for the bioluminescence created in the right conditions by a few species of fungi that decay wood
areain architecture a basement level light well in front of Georgian period houses.
vertGreen vegetation that can serve as cover for deer
essoinan excuse for not appearing in court at the return of process; the allegation of an excuse to the court; exemption.
selenographythe study and mapping of the physical features of the Moon
centralistsLatin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives
neolithic ageThe New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 b.c.e.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished
pentisesingle-pitched roof attached to the side of a wall.
european-style familyOriginated in the 15th century among the peasant and artisans of Western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis in the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married
english civil warConflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king
comunero revoltOne of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels
conveyancea legal document by which the title to property is transferred; warrant; patent; deed (Legal).
chiang kai-shek[chang kiy shek] A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Koumintang (Guomindung) or Nationalist Party in China in the mid-1920s; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s, but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the Com-munists after World War II
manègethe art of training and riding horses; the movements and paces of a trained horse or a school at which equestrianship is taught and horses are trained.
glacial erraticspebbles, stones and boulders that are transported by glaciers, and deposited up to several hundred kilometres from where they originated.
fuller's eartha stiff and highly absorbent clay used in the removal of grease from wool fibre; a process known as fulling.
allurethe parapet walk on a castle wall, town wall, etc.
gorgeta piece of armor protecting the throat; an ornamental collar.
teotihuacan[tAY O tEE wä kän] Site of Classic culture in central Mexico; urban center with important religious functions; supported by intensive agriculture in surrounding regions; population of as much as 200,000
crockan earthenware jar which was historically used for the storage of butter or other food items
warrandicean undertaking, usually in the form of a "clause of warrandice " in a grant, whereby the person making the grant promised to maintain and support the grantee in the property or right granted him, against all challenges made to his right or impediments concerning it which might arise after the grant was made (Legal).
lesseeperson leasing property from an owner (Legal).
morganantica marriage between a man of exalted rank and a woman of lower rank in which the wife and her children do not share the rank or inherit the possessions of the husband.
chanceryan office of archives for public or ecclesiastic records; a court of public records.
cold warThe state of relations between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies between the end of World War II to 1990; based on creation of political spheres of influence and a nuclear arms race rather than actual warfare
hood-moulda carved protruding ridge above a window designed to throw off the rain.
saladinMuslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam
vassalsMembers of the military elite in the Middle Ages who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty
reredosa carved screen backing the altar in some churches.
doricAlong with Ionian and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the least ornate of the three styles
mullahsLocal mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism
triunethe Trinity, the Godhead in Christianity, or another of the triple deities.
classicPeriod in Americas from 150 to 900 c.e.; period of greatest cultural achievement
ashlardressed stone work of any type of stone
asian sea trading networkPrior to intervention of Europeans, consisted of three zones: Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; India based on cotton textiles; and China based on paper, porcelain, and silks
inglenookthe space within the opening on either side of a large fireplace.
hieroglyphsThe form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform
ming dynastySucceeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China
total warWarfare of the 20th century; vast resources and emotional commitments of belligerent nations were marshaled to support military effort; resulted from impact of industrialization on the military effort reflecting technological innovation and organizational capacity
indenturea contract binding one party into the service of another for a specified term
quartera district of a town; usually where a particular minority live or a particular trade is carried out.
fascesfrom the Latin word fascis, meaning "bundle"
oblationthe act of offering something, such as worship or thanks, to a deity; the act of offering the bread and wine of the Eucharist; a charitable offering or gift.
teinsa tenth of the income of a property, payable to the church.
sterea unit of volume in the original metric system equal to one cubic metre, most commonly used to measure quantities of wood.
quartoa bibliographical term for a book with four leaves in each quire; eight pages.
ploughbotethe right to collect wood for plough making in medieval times.
foota unit of land measurement which was 25.1 cm for the Welsh, 29.6 cm for the Romans, 31.7 cm for the Greeks and 33.5 cm for the Saxons
senioreselders in the Celtic church who were dedicated to prayer and teaching.
electric fluidarchaic tem for the supposed matter of electricity; lightning.
crop rotationgrowing different crops on the same field each year to prevent the build up of pest species, etc.
matronyma component of a name based on the name of one's mother
fauxinea person in Medieval times branded with an 'F' on their forehead for being guilty of a falsehood
quotthe twentieth part of the moveable estate of a deceased person, which was originally the due of the bishop in whose diocese he had resided; it continued to be paid after the Reformation, but to the commissaries.
hadithsTraditions of the prophet Muhammad
enfeoffto invest with an estate in land (in England always a heritable estate), held on condition of homage and service to a superior lord, by whom it is granted and in whom the ownership remains
curtilagethe land and structures on property which immediately surround the residence.
capitalthe top, often ornately carved, of a column.
hongwuFirst Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-genty
third romeRussian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuity of Orthodox church in Russia following fall of Constantinople in 1453
ferulean instrument, such as a cane, stick, or flat piece of wood, as once used in punishing children.
ionicAlong with Doric and Corinthian distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; more ornate than Doric, but less than Corinthian
bansheefrom the Irish Gaelic bean sí ("woman of the sídhe" or "woman of the fairy mounds") is a female spirit in Irish mythology, usually seen as an omen of death and a messenger from the Otherworld
martingalethe strap of a horse's harness that connects the girth to the noseband and is designed to prevent the horse from throwing back its head
curvilinearformed, bounded, or characterized by curved lines.
cruppera leather strap fastened to the saddle of a harness and looping under the tail of a horse to prevent the harness from slipping forward; the rump or buttocks of a horse or armour for the rump of a horse.
quirethe group of leaves which are folded together before a book is bound
asperityroughness or harshness, as of surface, sound, manner or climate; severity or rigor
finialan ornamentation above the apex of a gable which can also function as a lightning rod, and was once believed to act as a deterrent to witches on broomsticks attempting to land on one's roof
dinshawai incident[din shä wAY] Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement
crusadesSeries of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy
totemMost commonly an animal utilized by nomadic tribesmen as a representation of mythic ancestor of the group; venerated as a progenitor and protector
alliancea formal agreement establishing an association or alliance between nations or other groups to achieve a particular aim
chartist movementAttempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Act of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed
elda late time of life or a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises; "she was now of school age"; "tall for his eld", etc.
geographythe study of spatial relationships on the Earth's surface
guanoBird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to Indian tribute and abolition of slavery
cadetin genealogy, a junior branch of a aristocratic family.
henry the navigatorPortuguese prince responsible for direction of series of expeditions along the African coast in the 15th century; marked beginning of Western European expansion
ormuzPortuguese factory or fortified trade town located at southern end of Persian Gulf; site for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network
chapter-housethe building in an abbey, minster, etc
letradosUniversity-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions
liberalPolitical viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments
warlordisma system where power is controlled by regional military leaders and the central government has broken down, especially in China 1916-1928
rajput[räj pUt] Regional princes in India following collapse of empire; emphasized military control of their regions
dowagera widow holding property or a title received from her deceased husband; title given in England to widows of princes, dukes, earls, and other noblemen.
commission of lieutenandrystrong powers granted by the government to named feudal lords which virtually gave the individual the powers of the monarch for a fixed period (Scots).
photogravurea method of reproducing artwork or photographs from a photographically produced intaglio plate.
hajjPilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship at the Ka'ba
acroterionalso 'Acroterium' is an architectural ornament placed on a flat base called the acroter or plinth, and mounted at the apex of the pediment of a building in the Classical style.
lucubrationlaborious study or meditation; writing produced by laborious effort or study, especially pedantic or pretentious writing.
monroe doctrineAmerican declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade
hafa freshwater lagoon separated from the sea by a sandbar.
kulaksAgricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land
modernisationthe process of becoming modern, accepting change and modern values
consistorya consistory court is a type of ecclesiastical court, especially within the Church of England, established by a charter of King William I
incunabulabooks, pamphlets, calendars & indulgences printed before 1501
neocolonial economyEconomy that results from continued dominance of the first- and second-world nations of the world's economy; ability of the first- and second-world nations to maintain economic colonialism without political colonialism
dilligencein Scots Law a process or execution, as in a writ.
girdlea form of 'Griddle', a circular iron plate with hooped handle, suspended or placed over the fire and used for baking scones, oat-cakes, etc.
goesomera period of summer-like weather occurring in late autumn (Scots).
antediluvianextremely old and antiquated; occurring or belonging to the era before the Biblical Flood.
bequeatha term appearing in a will meaning to leave or give property as specified therein to another person or organization (Legal).
sunka straw pad or cushion, used as a substitute for a saddle, frequently in a pair slung on either side of the horse; turf seat.
catholic reformationRestatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs
hypothecan understood security, right or claim which a creditor might have over something belonging to his actual or potential debtor, i.e
anglican churchForm of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death
new dealPresident Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933–1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in United States social and economic life
interlocutora formal decree in Scots law as made by a judge.
temporalOf, relating to, or limited by time; of or relating to the material world; worldly: the temporal possessions of the Church; secular or lay; civil: lords temporal and spiritual.
muniment chesta strongbox used to safely store deeds, wedding certificates and other written items of value.
mexican-american warFought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the United States
cincturesomething that encircles or surrounds; a belt or sash, especially one worn with an ecclesiastical vestment or the habit of a monk or nun.
filmographya selective list of movie titles that share a similar characteristic such as the same genre, the same director, the same actor, etc.\
forbidden cityImperial precinct with the capital cities of China; only imperial family, advisors, and household were permitted to enter
salinamedieval salt works, especially of monastic origins.
parvenua person who has suddenly risen to a higher social and economic class and has not yet gained social acceptance by others in that class.
ciboriuma vaulted canopy permanently placed over an altar or font; a covered receptacle for holding the consecrated wafers of the Eucharist.
voussoira wedge-shaped element in an arch
germansResided outside the northern boundaries of the Roman Empire; featured mixed agricultural and pastoral economies; moved southward into Roman Empire in course of 4th and 5th centuries c.e
coevaloriginating or existing during the same period; lasting through the same era; One of the same era or period; a contemporary.
paddialect term for a path, lane or road.
caltropa metal device with four projecting spikes so arranged that when three of the spikes are on the ground, the fourth points upward, used as a hazard to the hooves of horses
platoGreek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled
american revolutionRebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America
arrhaecontracts, in the civil law
minas gerais[mEE nuhs zhi RIs] Region of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush
demographic transitionThe change from a high birth rate and high infant mortality to low rates, as in western Europe and U.S
suiDynasty that succeeded the Han in China; emerged from strong rulers in northern China; united all of northern China and reconquered southern China
east african trading portsUrbanized commercial centers sharing common Bantu-based and Arabic-influenced Swahili language and other cultural traits; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate, and Zanzibar
fonta structure in achurch for holding water for baptisms
demurragean allowance due to a shipmaster or shipowner for the time a ship is held up longer than usual to be loaded or unloaded.
german democratic republicCommunist regime set up in the Soviet-occupied zone of Germany (East Germany) in 1949; became one of the most rigid members of the Soviet alliance system; regime collapsed from internal pressure in 1989, and was soon unified with West Germany (1990)
flaunchesalso 'flanches' or 'flanks' are heraldic devices consisting of two arcs of circles protruding into the field of a coat of arms from the sides of the shield.
varnasClusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes–Brahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath four Aryan castes was group of socially untouchable Dasas
core nationsNations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials
quipuSystem of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records
scholasticismDominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems
barrmountain grazing attached to a specific lowland area (Gaelic) or a large hill or the ridge of a hill (Scots).
columbian exchangeBiological and ecological exchange that took place following Spanish establishment of colonies in New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to New World; animals, plants, and diseases of two hemispheres were transferred
nirvanaThe Buddhist state of enlightenment, a state of tranquility
khaganTitle of the supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes
presentmentthe act of presenting or laying before a court or person in authority a formal statement of some matter to be legally dealt with
augustine 354–430 c.e.Influential church father and theologian; born in Africa and ultimately Bishop of Hippo in Africa; champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies and very important in the long-term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination
zhenghe expeditions[zang gEE] Series of seven overseas trade expeditions under third Ming emperor, Yunglo; led by court eunuch Zhenghe between 1405 and 1433; only Chinese attempt to create worldwide trade empire
canon lawthe ecclesiastical law of the Roman Catholic Church, is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code and principles of legal interpretation.
usarythe practice of lending money and charging the borrower interest, especially at an exorbitant or illegally high rate; an excessive or illegally high rate of interest charged on borrowed money; an archaic for interest charged or paid on a loan.
dutch studiesGroup of Japanese scholars interested in implications of Western science and technology beginning in the 18th century; urged freer exchange with West; based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan
dominium directum"the direct lordship"; the interest which a feudal superior had in property, like the right to feu duties, casualties and other rights.
prepositi / prepositusagents of the Crown, such as sheriffs or bailies, responsible for collecting revenues due to the Crown.
copea large ceremonial cloak worn by some Christian priests [Late Latin cappa hooded cloak] a large ceremonial cloak worn by some Christian priests [Late Latin cappa hooded cloak].
tianHeaven; an abstract conception in early Chinese religion; possibly the combined spirits of all male ancestors; first appeared during Zhou dynasty
boon-workwork done on the lord's land by dependent peasants for a fixed number of days per week.
korekiyo takahashi[täk ä hä shEE] Minister of finance in Japan during the 1930s; increased government spending to provide jobs; created export boom and elimination of military purchasing
demakMost powerful of the trading states on north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports
tippeta covering for the shoulders, as of fur, with long ends that hang in front; a long stole worn by members of the Anglican clergy; a long hanging part, as of a sleeve, hood, or cape.
muhammad of ghurMilitary commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control
sequestrationthe act of removing, separating or seizing anything from the possession of its owner, of the taking possession of property under process of law for the benefit of creditors or the state.
ottomansTurkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1350s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkans that included most of Arab world
peter iAlso known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of Western European models
simonythe ecclesiastical crime of paying for offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church, named after Simon Magus, who appears in the Acts of the Apostles
dependency theoryBelief that development and underdevelopment were not stages but part of the same process; that development and growth of some areas such as Western Europe were achieved at the expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions such as Latin America
liminalitythat temporary state during a rite of passage when the participant lacks social status or rank, is required to follow specified forms of conduct, and is expected to show obedience and humility.
caravelsSlender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia
mullionvertical framing member of an opening such as a window.
vendettasBlood-feuds between families or clans of nomadic pastoralists; created a major barrier to interclan and tribal cooperation
choreographythe art of creating and arranging dances or ballets
embroideryan ancient variety of decorative needlework in which designs and pictures are created by stitching strands of some material on to a layer of another material
slapa narrow pass between two hills; a gap or temporary opening in a hedge, fence, etc
wraithan apparition of a living person that appears as a portent just before that person's death, also the ghost of a dead person.
chapleta wreath or garland for the head; a rosary having beads for five decades of Hail Marys; a string of beads; in architecture A small molding carved to resemble a string of beads.
audienciaRoyal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were ten in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates
gallowsusually a wooden structure, sometimes a 'Dule Tree', from which a person was hung following conviction.
ionic columna Roman style column with an ornate head, but less embellished than a Corinthian column.
fuseea friction match with a large head capable of burning in a wind
billeta piece of wood cut for use as fuel and often of a standard size.[4]
hyundaiExample of huge industrial groups that wield great power in modern Korea; virtually governed Korea's southeastern coast; vertical economic organization with ships, supertankers, factories, schools, and housing units
vassal retainersMembers of former ruling families granted control over the peasant and artisan populations of areas throughout Shang kingdom; indirectly exploited wealth of their territories
cadencyany systematic way of distinguishing similar coats of arms belonging to members of the same family
chinampasBeds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture utilized by Aztecs
manorialismSystem that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land
stewarton hivea hectagonal hive, the first to allow for separation of the honey combs and brood combs, allowing for the removal of honey without the need to kill the bees.
balustradea rail and the row of balusters or posts that support it, as along the front of a gallery
georgianof or characteristic of the times of kings George I - IV (1714 - 1830).
lancetwindows which are tall and narrow and sometimes grouped under a single arch.
definitoran officer of the chapter in certain monastic orders, charged with the 'definition' or decision of points of discipline.
contentthe substance or subject matter to be studied by students in Stage 6 Ancient History, eg 'Overview of significant events from Dynasty I to the death of Pepy II'
al-afghaniMuslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry
azotican obsolete term in chemistry, referring to azote, or nitrogen; formed or consisting of azote; as, azotic gas; azotic acid
kievTrade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century
tynwaldthe Isle of Man 'Parliament', usually said to be the oldest parliament in continuous existence in the world, having been established by 979 (though its roots may go back to the late 800s as the thing of Norse raiders not yet permanently resident on the Isle of Man) and having continued to be held since that time without interruption
singaporeOriginally held by British as part of colony of Malaya; largely Chinese population; British attempted to create invulnerable naval base; captured by Japanese during World War II; emerged after war as independent port
malaccaPortuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands
hanka traditional measure of length for yarn
ladean open watercourse conducting water from a dam, weir or river to a mill wheel (Scots).
obversein a book this is the right-hand page, also called the 'recto'.
animismA religious outlook that sees gods in many aspects of nature and propitiates them to help control and explain nature; typical of Mesopotamian religions
assythementa compensation paid to the relatives or friends of someone who had been killed, by the killer(s).
hysteriaa state of uncontrolled excitement, anger, or panic believed to have been brought on by a disturbance in the womb (Greek hustera)
vietnamese nationalist partyAlso known as the Vietnamese Quoc Dan Dong or VNQDD; active in 1920s as revolutionary force committed to violent overthrow of French colonialism
human rightsCertain universal rights many argue should be enjoyed by all people because they are justified by a moral standard that stands above the laws of any individual nation
polyandry[pol EE an drEE, pol EE an-] Marriage practice in which one woman had several husbands; recounted in Aryan epics
guildsSworn associations of people in the same business or trade in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities
abbacythe office, term, or jurisdiction of an abbot
oriflammean inspiring standard or symbol.
knuckera water monster, as in the Knucker Hole legend of Lyminster in West Sussex
letters testamentarya court document allowing the executor named in a will to carry out his or her duties (Legal).
matrilinear successiona line of descent from a female ancestor to a descendant (of either sex) in which the individuals in all intervening generations are female
banean archaic term for animals and objects causing serious damage or even death; the term 'Deodand' replaced it.
alliance for progressBegun in 1961 by the United States to develop Latin America as an alternative to radical political solutions; enjoyed only limited success; failure of development programs led to renewal of direct intervention
proto-industrializationPreliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution
modernization theoryThe belief that the more industrialized, urban, and modern a society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned or transformed; used as a blueprint for development in Latin America
huskthe dry outer covering of some fruits and seeds.
rebusThe use of a pictoral rhyming pun, very common on coats of arms
oeuvrea work of art or the sum of the lifework of an artist, writer, or composer.
roodrefers to the True Cross, the specific wooden cross used in Christ's crucifixion.
narthexA portico or lobby of an early Christian or Byzantine church or basilica, originally separated from the nave by a railing or screen; an entrance hall leading to the nave of a church
precognitiona written report of the evidence of witnesses to an alleged crime, upon which a decision to prosecute is made and used in the preparation of the case if it goes to trial.
vulgatean early 5th century version of the Bible in Latin which is largely the result of the labours of Jerome, who was commissioned by Pope Damasus I in 382 to make a revision of the old Latin translations
internationalizationIdea that peoples should unite across national boundaries; gained popularity during the mid-19th century; led to establishment of International Red Cross, Telegraphic Union, Postal Union, series of international fairs
torya member of a British political party, founded in 1689, that was the opposition party to the Whigs and has been known as the Conservative Party since about 1832; member of a Conservative Party; an American who, during the period of the American Revolution, favoured the British side
fazendasCoffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil
patriarchal[pAY trEE är k'l] Societies in which women defer to men; societies run by men and based on the assumption that men naturally directed political, economic, and cultural life
panwoodpoorer quality coal, often found near the surface and used in early salt panning, etc
flibbertigibbeta "chattering gossip, flighty woman," probably a nonsense word meant to sound like fast talking; as the name of a devil or fiend it dates from 1603.
lithographya planographic printing technique.
matrilinealFamily descent and inheritance traced through the female line
impaneleto enter in a list, or on a piece of parchment, called a panel; to form or enroll, as a list of jurors in a court of justice.
sowa siege engine consisting of a tower which could be moved up to a wall and allowed besieging troops to gain entry
polygamyMarriage practice in which one husband had several wives; practiced in Aryan society
loess[lO es, les, lus] Fine grained soil deposited in Ordos bend by winds from central Asia; created fertile soil for sedentary agricultural communities
druma long narrow ridge or knoll, "applied to little hills, which rise as backs or ridges above the level of the adjacent ground"
flying buttressa buttress variant which allows a more delicate appearance whilst maintaining the strength of the supports to a wall.
amigos del país[uh mEE gOs, ä mEE-, del päEEs] Clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform
annuitanta person entitled to an annuity.
teltown marriagea marriage of a year and a day in which either party could return to the spot a year later, renounce the marriage and walk away from the stone and their partner.[41]
cottage orneea type of 'Summer House' or 'Cottage orne' from the early development of country estates, early 18th century.
typographyprinting from movable type; also the aesthetics of arranging the words and other ornamentation on the printed page.[50]
colophonan identifying inscription or emblem from a printer or publisher appearing at the end of a book
encephalographythe recording of voltages from the brain
berealso 'Bear' - in Scots this was the primitive indigenous form of one-sided barley
excambieda Scots term for the exchange of property, especially land.
skeina coil of yarn or cord
bushela unit of dry measure / dry volume, usually subdivided into eight local gallons in the systems of Imperial units
improbationthe act by which falsehood and forgery are proved; an action brought for the purpose of having some instrument declared false or forged.
press-ganga body of men employed to press men into service in either the army or the navy.
chantry chapelendowed by rich parishioners, these would have a separate altar where priests would have said prayers for the souls of the benefactor and his family
becka name for a small stream, especially in Cumbria.
rogation dayin western Christendom, prescribed days of prayer and fasting traditionally for the harvest, usually the three days before Ascension Day.
pachacutiRuler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca
bronze ageFrom about 4000 b.c.e., when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 b.c.e.., when iron began to replace it
hursta hillock, sandbank in a river or the sea or a wooded eminence which is embanked & used for coppicing.[25]
kuriltaiMeeting of all Mongol chieftains at which the supreme ruler of all tribes was selected
thuriblea censer used in certain ecclesiastical ceremonies or liturgies.
linenthread made from fibres of the flax plant or cloth woven from this thread.
haygrass mown and dried for fodder / feed.
panniera large wicker basket, especially one of a pair of such baskets carried on the shoulders of a person or on either side of a pack animal.
new economic policyInitiated by Lenin in 1921; state continued to set basic economic policies, but efforts were now combined with individual initiative; policy allowed food production to recover
tidean obsolete term for time, period or season.
hempThe main uses of hemp fibre are rope, sacking, carpet, nets and webbing
harlan external rough-cast coating on buildings made from lime, sand & gravel.
timur-i langLeader of Turkic nomads; beginning in 1360s from base at Samarkand, launched series of attacks in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India, and southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405
charlemagne[shär luh mAYn] Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany c
solar cycleCalendrical system based on solar year; typical of all civilizations; variations of solar calendars in Western civilization are Julian and Gregorian calendars; Mayas also constructed solar calendar
alpacasAlong with llamas, domesticated animals of the Americas; basis for only form of nomadic pastoralism in the New World until European importation of larger animals in 15th century c.e
pulsethe edible seeds of the various leguminous seeds, such as peas, beans, lentils, etc.
decree arbitralin Scot's Law, a decree made by arbitrators chosen by the parties; an award.
quod videor 'QV' - directs the reader to look in another part of the book for further information.
griots[grEE O, grEE O, grEE ot] Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire
bushiRegional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies.( p
consanguinitythe degree of relationship between persons who descend from a common ancestor
nurhaciArchitect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria; entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing
popular frontCombination of Socialist and Communist political parties in France; won election in 1936; unable to take strong measures of social reform because of continuing strength of conservatives; fell from power in 1938
tomfooleryTom, an abbreviation of Thomas, was used from late Middle English as a term for a common (of the people) man
recusancyresistance to authority or refusal to conform, especially in religious matters, used of English Catholics who refuse to attend the services of the Church of England.
indianMisnomer created by Columbus referring to indigenous peoples of New World; implies social and ethnic commonality among Native Americans that did not exist; still used to apply to Native Americans
roddenin Scots a rough track, sheep path or right of way.
albathe Scottish Gaelic, Welsh language (Yr Alban) and Irish language name for the constituent country of Scotland.
cryptographythe art of disguising information
négritudeLiterary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements
amerceto punish by a fine imposed arbitrarily at the discretion of the court; to punish by imposing an arbitrary penalty.
emphyteusisa term for holding land in return for a yearly payment of rent.
weiran overflow-type dam commonly used to raise the level of a river or stream
ultimogeniturealso known as 'Postremogeniture' or 'Junior right' - the tradition of inheritance by the last-born of the entirety of, or a privileged position in, a parent's wealth, estate or office
cultureCombinations of the ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction
zodiacderived from the Greek word for animals
vernaculara local building style using local materials and traditional methods of construction and ornamentation, especially as distinguished from historical architectural styles
frederick the greatPrussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy
menhira large, single upright standing stone (monolith or megalith), of prehistoric European origin.
puddlinga process of making iron using coke as fuel
dentellethe decorated edge of the leather which a book binder brings over the boards from the outside of the binding
horacePoet who adapted Greek poetic meters to the Latin language; author of lyrical poetry laudatory of the empire; patronized by Augustus
kushAn African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c
holmlow lying grassland ground neaxt to a river (Scots)
hellenistic periodThat culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms
acolyteOne who assists the celebrant in the performance of liturgical rites; a devoted follower or attendant.
tinsel of the feuthe name for forfeiture of landed property caused not just by failure to pay feu-duty or render service to the superior, but by the commission of penal offence.
infangthiefthe right of a lord to punish a thief caught within the bounds of his property.
iugaa Roman fiscal unit of land upon which tax was paid
feeble-mindedsuch people were neither idiots nor imbeciles, but if adults, their condition was so pronounced that they require care, supervision, and control for their own protection or the protection of others
inca socialismA view created by Spanish authors to describe Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole
collectivisationthe socialist policy of joining together small farms and other enterprises under group or state ownership
gaufferedan engraved design on the edges of a book's covers.
corinthianAlong with Doric and Ionian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the most ornate of the three styles
reincarnationThe successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives
agostino chigiwas banker to Julius II who granted Agostino the right to quarter the oak, the heraldic emblem of the della Rovere
rilla stream.
cresseta metal cup, often suspended on a pole, containing burning oil or pitch and used as a torch.
stanchionan upright pole, post, or support; a framework consisting of two or more vertical bars, used to secure cattle in a stall or at a feed trough.
lorimerA family name derived from the Middle English for the maker of bits, spurs, stirrup-irons, locks and other 'horse' furniture
watch and wardthe written report or 'return' made to a superior by those who held property in burghs.
invenirea word meaning the process of 'finding' or 'inventing' happy discoveries, developments and duplications of the relics of the past
whitsundaythe Sunday of the feast of Whitsun or Pentecost in the Christian liturgical year, observed 7 weeks after Easter
fiscthe treasury of a kingdom or state.
crocketin architecture a projecting ornament, usually in the form of a cusp or curling leaf, placed along outer angles of pinnacles and gables.
sputnikFirst unmanned spacecraft in 1957; sent up during Khrushchev's government; initiated space race with the United States
tinchela circle of sportsmen, who, by surrounding an extensive space and gradually closing in, bring a number of deer and game within a narrow compass
manaa supernatural force believed to dwell in a person or sacred object.
gable stonecarved and often colourfully painted stone tablets, which are set into the walls of buildings, usually at about 4 metres from the ground
novodamusa charter in Scots law containing a clause in which the superior of a property grants it "of new" because of a defect in the original title to the property or because either the vassal or superior wanted to get the conditions of the original grant altered.
secundum artema Latin phrase meaning "according to the art," frequently used to doing something in the accepted manner of a skill or trade.
lardinera Lardiner was the steward of the King's larder, providing venison as well as 'tame beasts' for the royal table.
constablethe title comes from the Latin comes stabuli (count of the stables) and originated from the Eastern Roman Empire; originally, the constable was the officer responsible for keeping the horses of a lord or monarch
cistalso 'Kist' a small stone slab-built coffin-like box or 'ossuary' used to hold the bodies of the dead, especially during the Bronze Age in the British Isles and occasionally in Native American burials.
eremitea recluse or hermit, especially a religious recluse.
llamasAlong with alpacas, domesticated animals of the Americas; basis for only form of nomadic pastoralism in the New World until European importation of larger animals in 15th century c.e
crusadoan old Portuguese coin of gold or silver having a cross pictured on the reverse.
nimbusa cloudy radiance said to surround a classical deity when on earth; a radiant light that appears usually in the form of a circle or halo about or over the head in the representation of a god, demigod, saint, or sacred person such as a king or an emperor; a splendid atmosphere or aura, as of glamour, that surrounds a person or thing.
trung sistersLeaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 c.e.; demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society
saintsHoly men and women, often martyrs, who were revered in Christianity as models of Christian lifestyles; built up treasury of merit that could be tapped by more ordinary Christians
munich conferenceMeeting concerning Germany's occupation of portions of Czechoslovakia in 1938; after receiving Hitler's assurances that he would take no more land, Western leaders agreed to the division of Czechoslovakia
import substitution industrializationTypical of Latin American economies; production of goods during the 20th century that had previously been imported; led to light industrialization
carthageOriginally a Phoenician colony in northern Africa; became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean
dutch barna farm building which is completely open on one or more sides and supported by brick or stone pillars or cast-iron or steel piers.
bolta measure of fabric, stored rolled up in fixed lengths.
creolesWhites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies; ranked just beneath peninsulares
beninA large and powerful kingdom of West Africa near the coast (in present-day Nigeria) which came into contact with the Portuguese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; remained an important commercial and political entity until the 19th century
proctoran English variant of the word procurator, is a person who takes charge or acts for another
headracea watercourse directing water to a waterwheel or turbine.[20]
zhu xi[tsU shEE, ju shEE] Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action
appendixadditional or supplementary material generally located at the end of a book or piece of work; article, etc.
megalitha large, single upright standing stone (monolith or menhir), of prehistoric European origin.
frankpledgean Anglo-Saxon legal system in which units or tithings composed of ten households were formed, in each of which members were held responsible for one another's conduct
biafraFounded as an independent nation in eastern Nigeria, where the Ibo people were most numerous; suppressed as an independent state and reincorporated into Nigeria in 1970
ribbed vaultby bridging the diagonal corners with narrow arches, ribs, a lighter vault can be built
distraintthe seizure and holding of property as security for payment of a debt or satisfaction of a claim (Legal); Originally distress was a landlord's remedy against a tenant for unpaid rents or property damage, but now the landlord is given a landlord's lien.
pucka mischievous pre-Christian nature spirit and trickster, reborn in Old English puca (Christianized as "devil") as a kind of half-tamed woodland sprite, leading folk astray with echoes and lights ('Jack o'lanterns' or 'Fox fires') in night-time woodlands, or coming into the farmstead and souring milk in the churn.
hydrographythe measurement and description of any waters
bloutalso 'Bloak' - an upwelling of water, a spring or a wet, damp place (Scots).
gothicAn architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls
soubrettea saucy, coquettish, intriguing maidservant in comedies or comic opera; a young woman regarded as flirtatious or frivolous.
exegesisa critical explanation or analysis, especially of a text.
first editionstrictly speaking the first appearance of a work in book or pamphlet form; its first printing
typographythe art and techniques of type design
shaykhs[shAYks] Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children
emolumentpayment for an office or employment; compensation.
curlinga precision team sport similar to 'bowls' or 'bocce', played on a rectangular sheet of prepared ice by two teams of four players each, using heavy polished granite curling stones which players slide down the ice towards a target area called the house
ayllus[äy zhoos] Households in Andean societies that recognized some form of kinship; traced descent from some common, sometimes mythical ancestor
erectionroyal favourites to whom the benefices which had belonged to Scottish monasteries were granted after the Reformation.
feudalismThe social organization created during the Middle Ages by exchanging grants of land or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of Zhou dynasty; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in return for military service
sarsena sandstone boulder carried by ice during a glacial period.
apogeethe farthest or highest point; the apex.
misericorda tip-up wooden seat with a ledge underneath to give a priest some support whilst standing for long periods of time
wendiMember of prominent northern Chinese family during period of Six Dynasties; proclaimed himself emperor; supported by nomadic peoples of northern China; established Sui dynasty
wang mangMember of one of the powerful families related to the Han emperors through marriage; temporarily overthrew the Han between 9 and 23 c.e
bandA level of social organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis
pedigreea person's ancestry, lineage, family tree.
chained libraryold libraries in which the books and manuscripts were attached to the bookcases by short chains so as to allow actual reading but deterring theft
zakatTax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims
bibliographya list of writings used or considered by an author in preparing a particular work
flaila wood pole with a smaller pole linked at the end via a chain or leather thong, used for threshing.
exordiuma beginning or introductory part, especially of a speech or treatise.
precepta form of mandate, thus named because the text always commenced with the Latin words, Praeceipimus tibi, meaning We direct you; a rule or principle prescribing a particular course of action or conduct; an authorized direction or order; a writ.
secondary sourcea record that was created a significant amount of time after an event occurred
garthin a cathedral or abbey this is the area of ground surrounded by the cloisters
aumbreyalso 'Aumbry'
spick and spanthis alliteration basically means 'in perfect condition' 'as new.' One of the two words alludes to cleanliness and freshness and the other just followed along
old believersRussians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization
tympanumThe basically semicircular area enclosed by the arch above the lintel of an arched entranceway, often filled with carvings or other ornamentation.
foresta tract of land subject to special laws, usually concerned with the preservation of game.
sciona descendent; a younger member , often of a noble family.
war of spanish successionResulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French
sectarianismthe reinforcement of divisions between religious groups
sacryn bella bell rung at the elevation of the host in the mass.
trajanEmperor from 101 to 106 c.e.; instituted more aggressive imperial foreign policy resulting in expansion of empire to its greatest limits
transoma horizontal bar set across an opening such as a window.
tenantalso Tenand, a person who rents land or property from a landlord.
foxingirregular brown spots or stains in paper caused by chemical or metallic impurities in the original stock of paper, often aggravated by poor storage, such as moist conditions.[17]
freemana male of legal age with the right to vote, own land and practice a trade.
twantinsuyu[twän tin sUyU] Word for Inca Empire; region from present-day Colombia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina
xoanona primitive, usually wooden image of a deity supposed to have fallen from heaven.
primary productsFood or industrial crops for which there is a high demand in industrialized economies; prices of such products tend to fluctuate widely; typically the primary exports of Third World economies
stagingthe structure for facilitating access to windmill sails and sometimes caps.
leecha physician or healer, because doctors used leeches to draw blood from patients.
monotheismThe exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization
huitzilopochtli[wEE tsEE lO pOch tlEE] Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god
juula[jUlä] Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali Empire; eventually spread throughout much of West Africa
husbotethe right to gather wood for house building in medieval times.
groined vaultearly medieval vaults were round-arched tunnels; when two of these intersect at right-angles the meeting lines, formed by the curved planes are called groins.
mummificationThe act of preserving the bodies of the dead; practiced in Egypt to preserve the body for enjoyment of the afterlife
fertilizerany chemical added to the soil which makes it more fertile or productive.
quarter daysthe four dates in each year on which servants were hired, and rents and rates were due in English, Welsh and Irish tradition
scarecrowslife-size models of a men or women made to be placed in fields to scare away birds which would otherwise eat the crops.
welkinAn archaic term for the vault of heaven; the sky, deriving from the Middle English 'welken', a cloud
moaLarge, wingless birds native to New Zealand; hunted to extinction by early settlers; extinction established need to develop new sources of protein
slypea covered passage, especially one between the transept and chapter house of a cathedral or abbey.
coronach(also written coranich, corrinoch, coranach, cronach, etc.) is the lamentation or dirge for the dead which accompanied funerals in the Highlands of Scotland and in Ireland
aeschylusGreek writer of tragedies
parlouralso 'Parlor' - a room in a private home set apart for the entertainment of visitors; a small lounge or sitting room affording limited privacy, as at an inn or tavern.
slipcasea cardboard case often covered with paper, cloth or leather which holds a book with only the spine exposed.
white lotus societySecret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule
pad-stoneflat stone acting as a plinth, usually for a single timber post.
proletariata term used to identify a lower social class; a member of such a class is proletarian; from Latin proles, "offspring." Originally it was identified as those people who had no wealth other than their sons.
vivaldisTwo Genoese brothers who attempted to find a Western route to the "Indies"; disappeared in 1291; precursors of thrust into southern Atlantic
agnate senioritya patrilineal principle of inheritance where the order of succession to the throne prefers the monarch's younger brother over the monarch's own sons
manaPower of ali'i; emanated from their lineages and enabled them to extract labor or tribute from their subjects
fee simplean inheritance having no limitations or conditions in its use (legal).
lunar cycleOne of the principal means of establishing a calendar; based on cycles of moon; differed from solar cycles and failed to provide accurate guide to round of the seasons; required constant revision or intercalation
reconveyanceproperty sold to another person is transferred back to the original owner (Legal).
chrisma consecrated mixture of oil and balsam, used for anointing in church sacraments such as baptism and confirmation
peristalthin archaeology, a 'kerb' or peristalith is the name for a stone ring built to enclose and sometimes revet the cairn or barrow built over a chamber tomb.
jansenistswhose condemnation he had vigorously supported as advisor to Pope Innocent X
volte-facea complete reversal of position in argument or position.
sabatonarmour plate that protects the foot; consists of mail with a solid toe and heel.
secret societiesChinese peasant organizations; provided financial support in hard times and physical protection in case of disputes with local aristocracy
retour brievea requirement for a local official to send to chancery the result of a local inquiry under a seal and later under the seal of a jury (Scots) (Legal).
muskega swamp or bog formed by an accumulation of sphagnum moss, leaves, and decayed matter resembling peat.
chiefdomWidely diffused pattern of social organization in the Americas; featured chieftains who ruled from central towns over a large territory including smaller towns or villages that paid tribute; predominant town often featured temples and priest class
mexican revolutionFought over a period of almost ten years from 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Díaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata
yalta conferenceMeeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1945; agreed to Soviet entry into the Pacific war in return for possessions in Manchuria, organization of the United Nations; disputed the division of political organization in the eastern European states to be reestablished after the war
trodin the West of England this is a straight line or Fairy Path in the grass of a field with a different shade of green to the rest
leavenan element, influence, or agent that works subtly to lighten, enliven, or modify a whole.
compradorsWealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world
leaftwo pages.
polynesiaIslands contained in a rough triangle whose points lie in Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island
khartoumRiver town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan
expungethe sealing or destroying of legal records
council of the indiesBody within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World
unctionthe act of anointing as part of a religious, ceremonial, or healing ritual; an ointment or oil - a salve; affected or exaggerated earnestness, especially in choice and use of language.
wadseta mortgage; a deed from a debtor to a creditor giving over the rents of land until a debt is paid; a pledge.
ellwanda staff or measuring one ell in length
sienaa member of the illustrious banking family of Chigi
dykein geology an intrusion or band of hard stone, usually igneous, often running for miles and eroded very slowly in relation to softer rocks (Scots).
regionalismmovement that developed in Indonesia's provinces emphasising the need for each region to maintain its own identity and independence
gilt edgespage edges which have been smoothed and trimmed prior to gilt or gold being applied
slackan opening between hills; a pass; a hollow; a dip in the ground (Scots).
world economyEstablished by Europeans by the late 16th century; based on control of seas including the Atlantic and Pacific; created an international exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured products
montagu-chelmsford reformsIncreased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919
hammer-beamthis is a braced strut which projects from a wall, supported by a brace post that sits on a corbel
protocola book of blank paper given to a newly qualified notary public into which an exact copy of every instrument was made.
hunting and gatheringMeans of obtaining subsistence by human species prior to the adaptation of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of band social organization
charnela repository for the bones or bodies of the dead; a charnel house; anything resembling, suggesting, or suitable for receiving the dead.
superfoetationthe successive fertilization of two or more ova of different ovulations resulting in the presence of embryos of unlike ages in the same uterus
coxcomba conceited dandy who is overly impressed by his own accomplishments; a cap worn by court jesters; adorned with a strip of red [syn: cockscomb].
covenantera person who had signed or was an adherent to the 'National Covenant of the Solemn League and Covenant' in 17th
mitaLabor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control
matrixthe small, usually copper, block stamped with a single letter which fits into the typefounder's mould in preparation for printing.[19] Also the latten, gold, ivory, lead or silver stamp from which a 'seal' was produced.
bodhisattvas[bO duh sut vuhs] Buddhist holy men; built up spiritual merits during their lifetime; prayers even after death could aid people to achieve reflected holiness
gallowglassalso 'Galloglass.' An armed retainer or mercenary in the service of an Irish chieftain
barbicana forward defensible structure jutting out or set in front of the main part of a castle's defenses or walls
harrowa heavy metal frame with iron teeth dragged over ploughed land to break up clods, remove weeds, etc.
mask of ferdinandTerm given to movements in Latin America allegedly loyal to the displaced Bourbon king of Spain, Ferdinand VII; actually Creole movements for independence
andironone of a pair of metal supports used for holding up logs in a fireplace
postnatiused in the context of Scotsmen born after the accession of James VI / I having dual nationality as part of the integration of England and Scotland.[39]
pochteca[poKH tAY cä] Special merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items
jougsalso 'Jugs' - in Scots a metal hoop attached to a wall by means of a chain
shifting cultivatorsAn intermediate form of ecological adaptation in which temporary forms of cultivation are carried out with little impact on the natural ecology; typical of rain forest cultivators
cossacksPeasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements
factoriesPortuguese trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce
national sovereigntysupreme and independent power or authority that is claimed by a state or cultural or ethnic group
keystonecentre stone or 'voussoir' at the head of an arch.
squincha structure, such as a section of vaulting or corbeling, set diagonally across the interior angle between two walls to provide a transition from a square to a polygonal or more nearly circular base on which to construct a dome.
burinthe tool used by engravers for gouging lines on copper or steel printing plates.
lorea body of tradition and knowledge on a subject or held by a particular group.
vishnuThe Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped
principal focusa broad description of the subject matter to be studied in Stage 6 Ancient History, eg' Through a study of an Ancient Personality, students will gain an understanding of the personality in the context of their time'.
zaibatsu[zI bät sU] Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization
appanagethe grant of an estate, titles, offices, or other things of value to the younger male children of a sovereign, who under the system of primogeniture would otherwise have no inheritance.
may fourth movementResistance to Japanese encroachments in China began on this date in 1919; spawned movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy; rejected Confucianism
in feodo et heriditatea heritable fief for life or for a term of years.
gavelkinda type of tribal succession, by which the land was divided at the death of the holder amongst his sons
second estatein feudal times this 'class' was the Nobility, i.e
toponoymythe scientific study of place names (toponyms), their origins, meanings, use and typology.
oral historyan oral history is a collection of family stories told by a member of the family or by a close family friend
tenandryland and other property, etc
drove roada route used by cattle drovers driving cattle from the Highlands and Islands to the markets or trysts of southern Scotland and England.
federal republic of germanyEventual name of postwar West Germany; created by the merging of the zones of occupation held by France, Britain, and the United States
liena claim placed on property by a person who is owed money (Legal).
prebenda stipend drawn from the endowment or revenues of an Anglican cathedral or church by a presiding member of the clergy; a cathedral or church benefice; the property or tithe providing the endowment for such a stipend.
niche ecological adaptationHuman adaptation to an environment in such a way that there is minimal impact on the ecology; normally typical of hunting-and-gathering groups
surinameFormerly a Dutch plantation colony on the coast of South America; location of runaway slave kingdom in 18th century; able to retain independence despite attempts to crush guerrilla resistance
corbela projection from a wall-plane intended to support a structure above.
conventuala member of a branch of the Franciscan religious order that permits the accumulation and possession of common property.
doric orderOne of the three orders or organisational systems of Ancient Greek or classical architecture which stood on the flat pavement of a temple without a base, their vertical shafts fluted with pararell concave grooves topped by a smooth capital that flared from the column to meet a square abacus at the intersection with the horizontal beam that they carried.
calefactorythe one room in a monastery in which a fire was permitted
tiercon vaultingthese are intermediate ribs used in ceiling vaulting to give extra support and to make the panels smaller.