Glossary extracted starting with manual seeds, with BOW for the domain his and language EN
| socialism | Political movement with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man |
| calm | Limestone (Scots). |
| green revolution | Introduction of improved seed strains, fertilizers, and irrigation as a means of producing higher yields in crops such as rice, wheat, and corn; particularly important in the densely populated countries of Asia, 1960s ff |
| deed | a document transferring ownership and title of property (Legal). |
| isandhlwana | [EE sän dl wä nuh] Location of battle fought in 1879 between the British and Zulu armies in South Africa; resulted in defeat of British; one of few victories of African forces over Western Europeans |
| hapu | Primary social unit of Maori society in New Zealand; divisions of tribes consisting of extended families; land allotted to extended families in common |
| misprision | neglect or wrong performance of official duty; concealment of treason or felony by one who is not a participant in the treason or felony; seditious conduct against the government or the courts (Legal). |
| ethnography | the study of cultures |
| jesus of nazareth | Prophet and teacher among the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah; executed c |
| rig and furrow | a method of agriculture where land was worked in long thin strips with drainage channels in between. |
| facsimile | an exact reproduction, by photography or by typographic or manuscript imitation, of an original leaf or book |
| third world | Nations outside the capitalist industrial nations of the first world and the industrialized Communist nations of the second world; generally less economically powerful, but with varied economies |
| mesopotamian | Literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys |
| spring | in a woodland this is an area recently coppiced and well fenced due to the vulnerability of young shoots. |
| st. bernard of clairvaux | [bûr närd uhv klâr vO] Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities |
| bere or beer | from the Old English this was a wood, usually one confined to a grove-like form. |
| cartography | the study and making of maps |
| catherine the great | German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry |
| buddha | Creator of major Indian and Asian religion; born in 6th century b.c.e |
| chatelet | a gatehouse or other feature built in the form of a miniature chateau. |
| infirmary | a place where sick or eldery people are taken in abbeys, monasteries |
| columbarius | a full time keeper of a flock of pigeons.[11] |
| galilee | a church porch of larger extent than normal; sometimes used as a distinct chapel |
| carucate | a unit of assessment for tax found in most of the Danelaw counties of England |
| topography | the study of Earth's surface shape and features or those of planets, moons and asteroids |
| gentleman | a man who did not need to work, and the term was particularly used of those who could not claim nobility or even the rank of esquire. |
| third world | term used during the Cold War that referred to developing nations that did not identify themselves with either the USA or Soviet blocs |
| keening | a form of vocal lament associated with mourning that is traditional in Scotland and Ireland |
| gowan | also 'Gown.' A general name given to various wild‐flowers, such as Daisies, either yellow or white with yellow centres, e.g |
| flying money | Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency |
| raised band | the raised areas on the spine of a book containing the cord which is attached to the covers. |
| capitalism | an economic system that encourages individuals to make profits through investments and the private ownership of goods, property and the means of production, distribution and exchange |
| tergiversation | evasion of straightforward action or clear-cut statement; desertion of a cause, position, party, or faith. |
| khedives | [kuh dEEv] Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952 |
| junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula |
| troc | the medieval practice of exchange for goods in kind without the use of money. |
| haciendas | Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy |
| inclosure | the term used in legal documents in England and Wales for the process by which arable farming in open field systems was ended |
| signet | the royal seal formerly used for special purposes in England and Scotland, and in Scotland later as the seal of the Court of Session; also any seal used as authentication. |
| federalists | Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals |
| satyagraha | 'truth force' or 'holding on to the truth' - a non-violent method of resistance developed in India by Mahatma Gandhi to ensure political or social change |
| augur | one of a group of ancient Roman religious officials who foretold events by observing and interpreting signs and omens; a seer or prophet; a soothsayer. |
| sin-eating | a person who, through ritual means, would take on by means of food and drink the sins of a deceased person, thus absolving his or her soul and allowing that person to rest in peace |
| putlog | small holes to receive the ends of logs or squared wooden beams in the walls of buildings, such as castles and churches, especially in the Middle Ages. |
| hypocorism | a shorter form of a word or given name, when used in more intimate situations as a nickname or term of endearment. |
| turf | a layer of grass etc |
| cartography | the art and field of map making |
| corpus delicti | the actual subject of inquiry in a criminal trial - such as the body of the person murdered; without which a trial could not take place. |
| protestantism | General wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief |
| onomatology | the study of proper names of all kinds and the origins of names. |
| newe | a stair which winds round a central newel-post; a vertical support at the center of a circular staircase; a post that supports a handrail at the bottom or at the landing of a staircase. |
| oceanography | the exploration and scientific study of the ocean and its phenomena |
| thegn | pre-conquest nobles in England who were below the level of earls |
| stateless societies | African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states |
| inspissate | to undergo thickening or cause to thicken, as by boiling or evaporation; condense. |
| aids | the right of a superior under feudalism to require aid during times of emergency or events such as a marriage. |
| buttress | supports for walls, usually made of stone and sometimes crowned with a pinnacle |
| sundiata | The "Lion Prince"; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died about 1260 |
| technocrat | New type of bureaucrat; intensely trained in engineering or economics and devoted to the power of national planning; came to fore in offices of governments following World War II |
| damask | to decorate or weave with rich patterns. |
| communism | theory or system of social organisation promoting shared ownership of property and the means of production by the community as a whole or the state |
| grape | in Scots a word for an iron fork with three or four prongs, fitted to a handle like that of a spade, used for lifting dung, etc., or for digging. |
| curacas | Ayllu chiefs with privileges of dress and access to resources; community leaders among Andean societies |
| sociedad de castas | American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Indians at bottom, mixed races in middle |
| benedict of nursia | Founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire |
| castas | People of mixed origin in Spanish colonial society; relegated to secondary status in social system; constituted potentially revolutionary group |
| blazon | a formal description of a coat of arms or flag, which enables a person to construct or reconstruct the appropriate image |
| sinification | Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam |
| siege of stalingrad | Turning point in Germany's assault on Soviet Union in 1942; despite massive losses, Russians successfully defended the city; over one-third of German army surrendered |
| muniments | documentary evidence by which one can defend a title to property or a claim to rights (Legal). |
| videography | the art and techniques of filming video. |
| ford | a crossing for pedestrians and vehicles across a river where it is sufficiently shallow to permit passage across. |
| jacobite | a supporter of the claim to the English throne of the exiled Stuart family after 1688; support for this cause. |
| indentured servant | a person who is bound into the service of another person for a specified period, usually seven years in the 18th and 19th centuries to pay for passage to another country. |
| usufruct | the right to use and derive profit from a piece of property belonging to another, provided the property itself remains undiminished and uninjured in any way. |
| population revolution | Huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent |
| ideology | a framework of beliefs that guides actions |
| merlon | a solid portion between two crenels in a battlement or crenelated wall. |
| weltering | to wallow, roll, or toss about, as in mud or high seas; to lie soaked in a liquid, such as blood; To roll and surge, as the sea. |
| steelbow goods | corn, cattle, ploughs and similar implements which might be given by a landlord to his tenant farmer to enable him to stock and maintaining the lands leased by him; for this, the tenant was bound to return goods of equal quality and quantity at the expiry of his lease. |
| taika reforms | [tI kä] Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army |
| retinencia | a sum paid to an individual in respect of the service he would perform |
| terakoya | Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing and the rudiments of Confucianism; resulted in high literacy rate, approaching 40 percent, of Japanese males |
| huanghe river valley | River source in Tibetan plateau to mouth in China sea; site of early Chinese sedentary agricultural communities |
| errata | mistakes or errors ina publication; generally recorded as an 'errata slip' laid into a book by a publisher who has discovered errors just prior to publication. |
| leper stone | a bowl shaped stone filled with sour wine or vinegar into which lepers could either leave offerings of money for the church or more likely take offerings left for them |
| liege poustie | that state of health which would give someone full and undoubted power to arrange for the disposal of his heritable property in the event of his death. |
| holography | the study and mapping of computer project imaged called Holograms for interactive and assisted computations. |
| bonds of manrent | a form of mutually beneficial bond of allegiance. |
| gentrification | the restoration and upgrading of deteriorated urban property by middle-class or affluent people, often resulting in displacement of lower-income people |
| solander | a closed box for a book made in two parts which fit into one another. |
| zenith | the highest point in one's fortune; a time of great prosperity, etc. |
| latten | the alloy of copper and zinc often used to produce monumental brasses and other church articles, also some matrices for seals. |
| lovite | a favourite of the King or a lawyer respected and trusted, usually by the aristocracy; term used in charters, dispositions, proclamations etc., expressive of the royal regard to the person or persons mentioned or addressed. |
| rheum | a watery or thin mucous discharge from the eyes or nose. |
| menstruum | a solvent, especially one used in extracting compounds from plant and animal tissues and preparing drugs. |
| chatelaine | the mistress of a large house; a set of short chains attached to a womans belt. |
| aedicule | the framing of a window or opening by columns topped with a pediment so that it resembles a temple facade in miniature. |
| pollard | a woodland management method of encouraging lateral branches by cutting off a tree stem or minor branches two metres or so above ground level. |
| freestone | stone used in architecture for molding, tracery and other work required to be worked with the chisel |
| gig | a lightweight two-wheeled carriage designed to be drawn by one horse. |
| celerity | swiftness of action or motion; speed |
| metropolitan | Head of the Russian Orthodox church; located at Moscow |
| commission of justiciary | strong powers granted to local lords to hold justice courts for particular events or periods of time (Scots). |
| broadside | a single sheet printed on one side and issued by itself, used for advertisements, ballads, propaganda, etc.[5] |
| cross pattée | also 'cross patty' or 'Cross formy' is a type of cross that has arms which are narrow at the center, and broader at the perimeter |
| investiture | Practice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV |
| apartheid | a policy of racial segregation, exploitation and oppression developed by white minority South African governments |
| stigma | developed from a Greek word for "to prick", a stigma was a brand or cut inflicted on the skin as a mark of disgrace |
| sati | Ritual in India of immolating surviving widows with the bodies of their deceased husbands |
| diffidatio | an archaic term for the act of renunciation of faith or allegiance; formal severing of peaceful relations. |
| quillon | on a sword or some knives, the crossguard is also known as the quillon; it is a bar of metal at right angles to the blade, placed between the blade and the hilt |
| effendi | Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence |
| secret army organization | Organization of French settlers in Algeria; led guerrilla war following independence during the 1960s; assaults directed against Arabs, Berbers, and French who advocated independence |
| marginalia | handwritten notes in the margins of a page around the text |
| middle passage | Slave voyage from Africa to the Americas (16th18th centuries); generally a traumatic experience for black slaves, although it failed to strip Africans of their culture |
| hushes | gullies in which erosion has been artificially encouraged to expose ores for mining. |
| vellum | a thin sheet of specially prepared skin of calf, lamb, or kid used for writing or printing, or for the cover of a book or legal document. |
| ali'i | [ä lEE, ä luh EE] High chiefs of Hawaiian society who claimed descent from the gods and rested their claims on their ability to recite in great detail their lineages |
| livy | Roman historian who linked empire to traditions of republican past; stressed republican virtues popular in early empire |
| prohibition | a policy developed by American governments during the 1920s that made the sale of alcohol illegal |
| tau | a cross in the form of a 'T' |
| lierne vaulting | these are 'tie' ribs between any ribs springing from a supporting rib and are purely decorative. |
| faggot | a bundle of twigs, sticks, or branches from the underwood bound together; a bundle of pieces of iron or steel to be welded or hammered into bars |
| tillage | the cultivation of land; land that has been tilled. |
| colloquy | in law, a routine and highly formalized conversation, such as between the judge and lawyers |
| transhumance | the vertical seasonal livestock movement, typically to higher pastures in summer and to lower valleys in winter |
| suez canal | Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment |
| obeisance | gesture or movement of the body, such as a curtsy, that expresses deference or homage. |
| liberalism | commitment to individual freedoms such as freedom of trade, speech, press, association and religion |
| judex | a dempster; a judge; judicial power, or the court; a juror. |
| welfare state | New activism of the West European state in economic policy and welfare issues after World War II; introduced programs to reduce the impact of economic inequality; typically included medical programs and economic planning |
| demographic transition | Shift to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population; first emerged in Western Europe and U.S |
| sake | a lawsuit; the right to hold a court |
| sacrarium | also 'Chancel.' The part of a Christian church near the altar, reserved for the clergy, the choir, etc |
| dripstone | in architecture a projection or moulding which prevents water from dripping onto stone or other vertical surfaces. |
| hispaniola | First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World |
| liberal democracy | a form of democracy where majority rule is underpinned by liberal rights such as freedom of speech, assembly and religious beliefs, and the right to private property, privacy and due legal process |
| frankalmoin | one of the feudal duties and hence land tenure forms in feudal England by which an ecclesiastical body held land, in return for saying prayers and masses for the soul of the granter |
| jomon culture | Created by early migrants to Japan after 3000 b.c.e.; hunting-and-gathering people, produced distinctive pottery form |
| gauger | a person who performs the duties of an exciseman (Scots). |
| palmares | Kingdom of runaway slaves with a population of 8,000 to 10,000 people; located in Brazil during the 17th century; leadership was Angolan |
| ragman rolls | the name given to the collection of instruments by which the nobility and gentry of Scotland were compelled to subscribe allegiance to King Edward I of England between the Conference of Norham in May 1291 and the final award in favor of Baliol in November 1292 and again in 1296. |
| alterage | a salary paid to a priest for saying a certain number of masses, at regulated periods, for the souls of the some person or persons departed. |
| julian calendar | the calendar named for Julius Caesar and used from 45 B.C |
| totalitarianism | system of government where the state seeks to gain complete control over its citizens and does not recognise or tolerate parties of differing opinion |
| owl-hole | an entrance, square or round, high up on a wall designed to allow owls to enter and catch rats and mice. |
| waggon | a four-wheeled horse drawn vehicle for heavy loads, often with a cover. |
| outfangthief | the right of a lord to pursue a thief outside the lord's own jurisdiction and bring him back within his jurisdiction to be punished. |
| zhou enlai | [jO en lI] After Mao Zedong, the most important leader of the Communist party in China from the 1930s until his death in 1976; premier of China from 1954; notable as perhaps the most cosmopolitan and moderate of the inner circle of Communist leaders |
| druids' cord | a device used for measuring, laying out a right angle and making the seventh part of a circle using geometry |
| chevalier | a member of certain male orders of knighthood or merit, such as the Legion of Honor in France |
| braided | streams flowing in an interconnected network of channels that divide and reunite. |
| rag paper | paper made from a pulp of mashed rags. |
| appeasement | policy attributed to European governments in the 1930s that met the expansionist policies of Nazi Germany by offering concessions |
| iconoclasm | Religious controversy within the Byzantine Empire in the 8th century; emperor attempted to suppress veneration of icons; literally "breaking of images"; after long struggle, icon veneration was restored |
| wove paper | paper which has no chain lines or wire lines, usually made on a woven wire mesh.[50] |
| safavid dynasty | Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722 |
| bantu | Originated in eastern Nigeria in West Africa; migrated into central and southern Africa using riversparticularly the Congo Basin; village dwellers who depended on agriculture and fishing |
| shiva | The Brahman, later Hindu, god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change |
| nationalism | Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe in the 19th century; often allied with one of other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin |
| clachan | a small settlement of clustered houses with no church, and the land around held under a system of land tenure often referred to as the Rundale System - whereby farmers within the clachan had scattered plots of good, medium and poorer quality land |
| long count | Mayan system of dating from a fixed date in the past-3114 b.c.e.; marked the beginning of a great cycle of 5200 years; allowed precision dating of events in Mayan history |
| totalitarian state | A new kind of government in the 20th century that exercised massive, direct control over virtually all the activities of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union |
| coterie | a small, often select group of persons who associate with one another frequently. |
| quodlibet | a theological or philosophical issue presented for formal argument or disputation; a formal disputation of such an issue. |
| violent profits | dues payable by anyone possessing lands illegally; as with a tenant who did not leave his holding at the end of a lease; he would be liable for the profits the landlord could have made if he had resumed control of the lands himself or leased them to another tenant (Legal). |
| civilization | Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses; and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups |
| core study | the compulsory study undertaken by all students in Stage 6, by which Higher School Certificate performance scales are measured |
| viet minh | Communist-dominated Vietnamese nationalist movement; operated out of base in southern China during World War II; employed guerrilla tactics similar to the Maoists in China |
| five-year plans | Stalin's plans to hasten industrialization of USSR; constructed massive factories in metallurgy, mining and electric power; led to massive state-planned industrialization at cost of availability of consumer products |
| socialist realism | Attempt within the USSR to relate formal culture to the masses in order to avoid the adoption of Western European cultural forms; begun under Joseph Stalin; fundamental method of Soviet fiction, art, and literary criticism |
| multivallate hillfort | a hillfort defences formed by a series of banks and ditches. |
| stoics | Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery |
| hojo | Warrior family closely allied with Minamoto; dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers; claimed to rule in name of emperor at Kyoto |
| pudding | The rule of kitchen economy is not to waste |
| great mahele | [mä hAY lAY Hawaiian edict issued in 1848; imposed Western concept of property on Hawaiian land previously shared by Hawaiians; much of private property sold off to Western commercial interests by Hawaiian monarchy |
| nagasaki | Long a port open to Dutch traders; one of two Japanese cities on which the United States dropped atomic bombs in 1945; devastation of these cities caused Japanese surrender without invasion of home islands |
| stupas | Stone shrines built to house pieces of bone or hair and personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms |
| monsoons | Seasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia; during summer bring rains |
| nomads | Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies |
| sundial | an ancient clock that measures time by the position of the sun |
| sepukku | Ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor |
| peculium | in Roman Law, the saving of a son or a slave with the father's or master's consent; a little property or stock of one's own; any exclusive personal or separate property |
| oubliette | a dungeon with a trapdoor in the ceiling as its only means of entrance or exit. |
| yi | Korean dynasty that succeeded Koryo dynasty following period of Mongol invasions; established in 1392; ruled Korea to 1910; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence |
| aristophanes | [ar uh stof uh nEEz] Greek writer of the comedies; author of The Frogs |
| pastoral nomads | An intermediate form of ecological adaptation dependent on domesticated animal herds that feed on natural environment; typically more populous than shifting cultivation groups |
| multinational corporations | Powerful companies, mainly from the West or Pacific Rim, with production as well as distribution operations in many different countries |
| certiorari | a writ or a form of judicial review whereby a court is asked to consider a legal decision of an administrative tribunal, judicial office or organization (eg |
| gran colombia | Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations |
| canticle | a song or chant, especially a non-metrical hymn with words taken from a biblical text other than from the Book of Psalms. |
| druid | the priestly class in ancient Celtic societies, which existed through much of Western Europe north of the Alps and in Britain and Ireland until they were supplanted by Roman government and, later, Christianity |
| lunatic | in its original Latin it was a type of periodic insanity believed to be affected by the phases of the moon (luna), but it entered English law as the term for such an unsoundness of mind as justified interfering with a person's civil rights, or considering their transactions invalid. |
| in-by | in northern England and Scotland the name for the fields in the immediate vicinity of the farmhouse |
| consignation money | money paid to the church prior to marriage to prevent ante-nuptial fornication |
| culdee | the Celi De or 'Clients of God' |
| stewartry | in Scotland, the jurisdiction of a steward; also, the lands under such jurisdiction. |
| empathy | an understanding of events, beliefs, values and attitudes from the perspective of others. |
| disavow | to disclaim knowledge of, responsibility for, or association with. |
| plantiecrui | also 'Planticrub', 'Plantiecote', or 'Plantiecruive.' In Shetland, a small drystone enclosure within which young plants such as cabbage are planted in an environment protected from the winter and the wind. |
| absolute monarchy | Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies |
| attainder | a criminal condemned for a serious crime, whether treason or felony, could be declared "attainted", his civil rights being nullified |
| dog tooth | a type of ornamentation in the moulding of an arch; typically found in churches and some castles. |
| mezzotint | a technique of copperplate engraving in which the whole surface of the plate is roughened to print solid black and the design is made by smoothing down again to produce graded tones. |
| de jure | in principle as opposed to de facto, in fact. |
| propitiate | to conciliate an offended power, such as a god. |
| magna carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy |
| socialism | a system where wealth, land and property are owned and controlled by the community as a whole rather than being privately owned |
| alembic | an apparatus consisting of two vessels connected by a tube, formerly used for distilling liquids; a device that purifies or alters by a process comparable to distillation. |
| puna | High valleys and steppes lying between the two major chains of the Andes mountains; site of South American agricultural origins, also only location of pastoralism in Americas |
| parvis | an enclosed courtyard or space at the entrance to a building, especially a cathedral, that is sometimes surrounded by porticoes or colonnades; one of the porticoes or colonnades surrounding such a space. |
| block book | a book printed from wooden blocks in which each page, both words and pictures, is carved from a single piece of wood and cannot be rearranged for subsequent use; a technique mainly employed in the mid-fifteenth century.[5] |
| wattshode | a type of blue cloth popular around the 16th Century |
| trysting tree | many trees have through their isolation, appearance or position been chosen as a popular meeting place for young courting couples, soldiers called to gather at a distinctive venue prior to battle, etc. |
| atavism | a science word, coined from Latin for "beyond one's grandfather", meaning a reversion of animals (including humans) or plants to an ancestral type |
| respond | the 'column' portion of a door jamb. |
| jointure | a provision for a widow, usually made in her marriage contract and consisting of an annual payment to be made to her in her lifetime; if such a jointure was appointed for a wife, it would unless otherwise provided for deprive her of her widow's terce, but she was better off with the jointure, since if her husband died in debt or bankrupt, she would be reckoned as one of his creditors and be able to make her claim first rather than waiting till the debts were settled and having to make do with a share of what was left. |
| anarchists | Political groups that sought the abolition of all formal government; particularly prevalent in Russia; opposed tsarist autocracy; eventually became a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 1881 |
| indian national congress party | Grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period |
| caudal | of, at, or near the tail or hind parts; posterior; situated beneath or on the underside; inferior. |
| cant | a compartment in a coppiced wood. |
| quatrefoil | in architecture and traditional Christian symbolism this is a symmetrical shape which forms the overall outline of four partially - overlapping circles of the same diameter. |
| leat | an open watercourse conducting water from a dam, weir or river to a mill wheel. |
| triangular trade | Commerce linking Africa, the New World colonies, and Europe; slaves carried to America for sugar and tobacco transported to Europe |
| akbar | Son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India |
| guidon | a small flag or pennant carried as a standard by a military unit: a soldier bearing such a flag or pennant. |
| fenced | as in 'fencing' a court, keeping order in the court and summoning the parties (Legal). |
| shrine | before the reformation in England these were highly carved and ornate structures which held the body or parts/relicts of a saint |
| aureole | a halo or circle of light or enclosed area, especially around the head or body of a portrayed religious figure. |
| great depression | International economic crisis following the First World War; began with collapse of American stock market in 1929; actual causes included collapse of agricultural prices in 1920s; included collapse of banking houses in the United States and Western Europe, massive unemployment; contradicted optimistic assumptions of 19th century |
| barker | a person whose occupation was the sripping of bark fron trees for the purpose of the tanning of leather. |
| baluster | one of the upright, usually rounded or vase-shaped supports of a balustrade; an upright support, such as a furniture leg, having a similar shape; one of the supporting posts of a handrail. |
| warranty deed | guarantees a clear property title from the seller to the buyer (legal). |
| scarcement | a ledge formed by the setting back of a wall, buttress or bank. |
| fairy dust | the spores or 'seeds' of ferns were widely believed to make the user invisible. |
| pinsel | a triangular heraldic flag, 4ft 6in X 2ft, on which is embroidered or painted the crest-badge in its belt and buckle, with motto of a clan, etc. |
| laver | an archaic term for a vessel, stone basin, or trough used for washing. |
| usucapio | also 'Usucaption.' Terms for long, uninterrupted and unchallenged possession of a thing or a right, which conferred an entitlement to that property or right (Legal). |
| khmers | Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; moved into Mekong River delta region at time of Vietnamese drive to the south |
| pediment | a wide, low-pitched gable surmounting the façade of a building in the Grecian style; a triangular element, similar to or derivative of a Grecian pediment, used widely in architecture and decoration. |
| schiltron | the large formations of foot-soldiers, drawn from the ordinary folk & armed with long (14ft/4M.) pikes and fighting in closely packed ranks to provide an unwielding wall of spear points against any enemy |
| vaticination | the act of prophesying; a prediction; a prophecy. |
| patchwork | a form of needlework or craft that involves sewing together small pieces of fabric and stitching them together into a larger design, which is then usually quilted, or else tied together with pieces of yarn at regular intervals, a practice known as tying |
| indictment | a formal accusation charging someone of a crime |
| ultimus haeres | literally the "last heir"; the right of the Crown to succeed to all heritable property where no other heir, successor or assignee to the property can be identified (Legal). |
| transept | a transverse arm off the nave of a church, abbey, etc. |
| fire marks | fire insurance companies of the 17th-century and later had their own fire brigades and firemen would only attempt to save a house if it was insured by their company; fire marks of lead or iron were attached to the outside of buildings in prominent positions to indicate the insurance company concerned.[16] |
| pew | a bench in a church etc |
| berlin wall | Built in 1961 to halt the flow of immigration from East Berlin to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics |
| copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe |
| ley line | Alfred Watkins announced his discovery of a network of ancient alignments criss-crossing the British countryside, these ley lines or old straight tracks are highly controversial, however they may reflect certain genuinely ancient practices. |
| bullaun | the depression in which a free standing rounded boulder sits within a water filled natural cavity |
| portcullis | a grille or gate made of wood, metal or a combination of the two |
| pearl harbor | American naval base in Hawaii; attack by Japanese on this facility in December 1941 crippled American fleet in the Pacific and caused entry of United States into World War II |
| carr | an alder wood. |
| pancasila | the five values that formed the basis of the Indonesian state after independence: faith in one god, humanism, nationalism, representative government and social justice |
| cockade | an ornament, such as a rosette or knot of ribbon, usually worn on the hat as a badge |
| flummery | meaningless or deceptive language; any of several soft, sweet, bland foods, such as custard; sweet gelatinous pudding made by straining boiled oatmeal or flour; soft dessert of stewed, thickened fruit, often mixed with a grain such as rice. |
| islam | Major world religion having its origins in 610 c.e |
| catechism | a book giving a brief summary of the basic principles of Christianity in question-and-answer form; a manual giving basic instruction in a subject, usually by rote or repetition; a body of fundamental principles or beliefs, especially when accepted uncritically. |
| council of nicaea | Christian council that met in 325 c.e |
| mere | a small lake, pond, or marsh. |
| blitzkrieg | German term for lightning warfare; involved rapid movement of troops, tanks, and mechanized carriers; resulted in early German victories over Belgium, Holland, and France in World War II |
| birlayman | a man appointed by a court, such as a Barony Court, to assess damages. |
| gregorian reform | a series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII, circa 1050–1080, which dealt with the moral integrity and independence of the clergy |
| heirship | the condition of being an heir; right to inheritance; heirdom. |
| breviary | a book, also called a 'portitorium', containing the hymns, offices, and prayers for the canonical hours. |
| toft | a homestead, the site of a house and its out-buildings; a house site |
| self-determination | the right of each group of people to decide their own identity, culture and political and social systems without reference to the wishes of any other nation |
| watermark | the trademark of a papermaker, made by wire design fixed to a mould; seen when the paper is held up to the light.[50] |
| cornice | a horizontal ornamental moulded projection around the top of a building |
| brae | a steep or sloping bank of a river, lake or shore; a steep slope rising from a water (Scots). |
| babur | Founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530 |
| dahomey | Kingdom developed among Fon or Aja peoples in 17th century; center at Abomey 70 miles from coast; under King Agaja expanded to control coastline and port of Whydah by 1727; accepted Western firearms and goods in return for African slaves |
| demography | The study of population |
| manilla | a horse-shoe shaped bracelet, made of copper or brass, used as a form of money in West Africa until around 1949. |
| shrove | is a past tense of the English verb 'shrive' which means to obtain absolution for one's sins by confessing and doing penance |
| suzerainty | a situation where a sovereign or state has some control over another state that is otherwise internally autonomous |
| scholar-gentry | Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China |
| greek fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back the Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople |
| palinode | a poem in which the author retracts something said in a previous poem; a formal statement of retraction. |
| proletariat | the working or unpropertied class who rely on the sale of their labour for an income |
| marius | Successful Roman general during the last century b.c.e.; introduced the concept of using paid volunteers in his army rather than citizen conscripts; created military force with personal loyalties to commander |
| torc | a body ornament worn on the arms or neck in the shape of a curved rod with identical free ends that face one another, almost touching |
| scir | the derivation of the word 'shire'. |
| aphorism | a tersely phrased statement of a truth or opinion; a brief statement of a principle. |
| sponsor | a sponsor is an individual other than the parents of a child that takes responsibility for the child's religious education |
| crystallography | the study of crystals |
| dysentery | formerly this disease was very prevalent in the UK, but in the present day it is practically confined to hot climates |
| vitiation | the alteration of a document without the consent of all the parties to the document; to reduce the value or impair the quality of; to corrupt morally; to make ineffective. |
| tower mill | a type of windmill in which the tower was entirely made of brick or stone and sometimes tarred to help keep out the rain. |
| birlinn | a type of small galley with 12 to 18 oars, used especially in the Hebrides and West Highlands of Scotland in the Middle Ages |
| religious revivalism | An approach to religious belief and practice that stresses the literal interpretation of texts sacred to the religion in question and the application of their precepts to all aspects of social life; has been increasingly associated in the late 20th century with revivalist movements in a number of world religions, including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism |
| cure | ecclesiastical Spiritual charge or care, as of a priest for a congregation. |
| renaissance | the period of revival of art and literature under the influence of classical models in the 14th to 16th-centuries. |
| fiat | an arbitrary order or decree; an authorization or sanction. |
| plenipotentiary | from the Latin, plenus + potens, full + power; it refers to a person who has "full powers" |
| indies piece | Term utilized within the complex exchange system established by the Spanish for African trade; referred to the value of an adult male slave |
| cristeros | Conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; most active in central Mexico; attempted to halt slide toward secularism; movement resulted in armed violence |
| justice ayre | the medieval court circuit that travelled around Scotland. |
| radiography | use of x-rays to produce medical images |
| quincunx | a geometric pattern consisting of five points, four of them forming a square or rectangle and a fifth at its centre. |
| factory system | Not to be confused with the fortified ports of the commercial revolution; intensification of processes of production at single sites during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and firmer discipline |
| teheran conference | Meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1943; agreed to the opening of a new front in France |
| primary source | anything archaeological or written which comes from the same time as the person or event being studied |
| galileo | Published Copernicus's findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work |
| tor | masses of rock or boulders crowning a hill |
| anno lucis | Freemasons, in their ceremonial or commemorative proceedings, add 4,000 years to the current Anno Domini calendar year and append Anno Lucis ("Year of Light") to the Gregorian calendar year, eg |
| zeitgeist | the spirit of the times or the trend of thought and feeling in a period. |
| keep | the main tower within the walls of a medieval castle or fortress |
| chesset | originally the oak wood container banded with iron hoops into which slated curd was placed to press it and shape it (Scots) |
| encomienda | Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies |
| new feminism | New wave of women's rights agitation dating from 1949; emphasized more literal equality that would play down domestic roles and qualities for women; promoted specific reforms and redefinition of what it meant to be female |
| portico | a porch supported by columns |
| cuisse | plate armour worn to protect the front of the thigh. |
| supreme soviet | Parliament of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; elected by universal suffrage; actually controlled by Communist party; served to ratify party decisions |
| commonweal | the public good or welfare. |
| reversion | an agreement such that one party (grantee) takes ownership of a piece of property from another (grantor) under the understanding that the ownership will "revert" back to the grantor at the expiration of the grantee's interest |
| nationalism | the promotion of the interests of one's own nation above all others |
| american exceptionalism | Historical argument that the development of the United States was largely distinctive; contact with Western Europe was incidental to the larger development of the United States on its own terms |
| nip | an interruption or break, specifically in mining, marking the point at which a seam of coal tails off as if squeezed between the strata above and below it. |
| boxer rebellion | Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials.(p |
| lantern pinion | the vertical drive shaft taking power off the mill wheel via cogs. |
| zionism | Movement originating in Eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern Holy Land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine |
| retour | to make a return in writing as to the service of an heir, or the value of lands |
| apocrypha | the biblical apocrypha includes texts written in the Jewish and Christian religious traditions that either were accepted into the biblical canon by some, but not all, Christian faiths, or are frequently printed in Bibles despite their non-canonical status. |
| mataram | Kingdom that controlled interior regions of Java in 17th century; Dutch East India Company paid tribute to the kingdom for rights of trade at Batavia; weakness of kingdom after 1670s allowed Dutch to exert control over all of Java |
| esquire | (abbreviated Esq.) is a title of honour and dignity ranked below a knight and above a gentleman, allowed, for example, to the sons of nobles and to the gentry who do not possess any other title |
| folio | a single leaf, especially the leaf of a book printed with two leaves to each quire.[17] |
| incorporeal | not attached to the 'body' as is now the case for baronial titles. |
| zoroastriansim | [zôr O as trEE uh niz uhm, zOr-] Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; chief religion of Persian Empire |
| en talus | a military term for the sloping face of a bulwark. |
| austronesian | Family of 30 related languages found in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Southeast Asia; people of this linguistic group migrated throughout Pacific |
| intelligentsia | [in teli jent sEE uh, -gent-] Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; 19th century group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West |
| monolith | a large, single upright standing stone (also Menhir or megalith), of prehistoric European origin. |
| cyrus the great | Established massive Persian Empire by 550 b.c.e.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires |
| ball games | Ritual elements of many American cultures; played on formal courts; religious significance required that losing teams pay penalty of forfeiture of goods or their lives |
| shinto | Religion of early Japanese culture; devotees worshipped numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world; offers of food and prayers made to gods and nature spirits |
| tree calf | a binding of a book in which the calf leather has been treated with dilute acid over its surface to produce a grained effect, sometimes like the grain of fine wood.[45] |
| writ of summons | a document ordering a person to appear in court (legal). |
| bittern | in sea salt manufacture, the fluid portion containing the other salts which have to be removed to prevent a bitter and unpalitable taste to the final product. |
| vexillology | the scholarly study of flags |
| dimity | a sheer, crisp cotton fabric with raised woven stripes or checks, used chiefly for curtains and dresses. |
| post mill | a type of windmill where the whole box body is mounted about a central pivot post. |
| confidencen | a table already laid and set with food that could be raised up by pulleys into a room so that aristocracy could eat and converse confidentially in the absence of servants |
| cloister | covered walkways in a cathedral or abbey, set out as a square and used by the monks as a study. |
| pure land buddhism | Emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among masses of Chinese society |
| deshima | Island port in Nagasaki Bay; only port open to non-Japanese after closure of the islands in the 1640s; only Chinese and Dutch ships were permitted to enter |
| presbyterianism | a church governed by elders who are all of the same rank, therefore without Bishops, Deans and other such posts (Scots). |
| warping | a method of reclamation of marshland by restricting sea water flow to cause deposition of silt and concomitant raising of ground level, producing very fertile farmland. |
| natufian complex | Preagricultural culture; located in present-day Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon; practiced the collection of naturally present barley and wheat to supplement game; typified by large settlement sites |
| humanism | Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages |
| chi-rho | an early Christian symbol or monogram made from the first two Greek letters of Christ's name, X and P. |
| murad | Head of the coalition of Mamluk households in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core |
| spandrel | also 'Spandril' - the roughly triangular space between the left or right exterior curve of an arch and the rectangular framework surrounding it; the space between two arches and a horizontal molding or cornice above them. |
| truck | the old system by which employees were paid mostly with tokens that could only be exchanged at the employers shops where goods were adulterated and underweight measures were used. |
| stylobate | in architecture the immediate foundation of a row of classical columns |
| chain lines | the vertical lines seen in a sheet of handmade paper, usually about 2cm apart, which hold the wires in place in paper moulds. |
| tailrace | the watercourse taking water away from a waterwheel or turbine.[20] |
| goa | Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on western India coast, 16th century ff.; sites for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network |
| jinshi | [chin shEE] Title granted to those students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office |
| discalced | a term applied to those religious congregations of men and women, the members of which go entirely barefoot or wear sandals, with or without other covering for the feet. |
| proletariat | Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries |
| intervisibility | a term used to show the mutual visibility between sites, usually with the corresponding style of monument |
| folly | a name given to any extravagant structure whose use is not apparent |
| chronology | the arrangement of events and dates according to their occurrence in a linear sequence of time. |
| oracles | Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing |
| western front | Front established in World War I; generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict |
| dittay | the substance of the charge against a person accused of a crime (Scots) (Legal). |
| eschatology | a part of theology and philosophy concerned with the final events in the history of the world, or the ultimate destiny of humanity, commonly referred to as the 'end of the world.' |
| bullionism | an economic theory that defines wealth by the amount of precious metals owned |
| tipped-in | the plates, autograph, letter, photo, etc., glued into a book |
| brace | a triangulating piece, usually in a timber frame. |
| cabriole | a form of furniture leg that curves outward and then narrows downward into an ornamental foot, characteristic of Queen Anne and Chippendale furniture. |
| dutch trading empire | Based on control of fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of limited number of productsparticularly spices |
| calumny | a false statement maliciously made to injure another's reputation; maliciously false statements; slander (Legal). |
| kamasutra | Written by Vatsayana during Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher caste males including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and instruction on love-making |
| air vent | any of a wide variety of holes in farm buildings which allow ventilation and prevent crops inside getting damp and mouldy |
| yangdi | Second member of Sui dynasty; murdered his father to gain throne; restored Confucian examination system; responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; assassinated in 618 |
| bolling | the main trunk of a pollarded tree. |
| panama canal | An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean; completed 1914 |
| royal african company | Chartered in 1660s to establish a monopoly over the slave trade among British merchants; supplied African slaves to colonies in Barbados, Jamaica, and Virginia |
| franklin | in medieval times a person who was a landowner, but not a nobleman or aristocrat. |
| vedas | Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century b.c.e |
| calligraphy | the art of fine handwriting |
| prelate | a member of the clergy who either has ordinary jurisdiction over a group of people or ranks in precedence with ordinaries |
| tasset' | armour protecting the lower trunk and thigh, one of a series of jointed overlapping metal splints hanging from a corselet. |
| cordon sanitaire | a guarded line between two areas, such as the border between Scotland and England prior to the Act on Union. |
| brisure | a system of marks added to coats of arms in heraldry to distinguish between members of the same family. |
| ordos bulge | Located on Huanghe River; region of fertile soil; site of Yangshao and Longshan cultures |
| montaña | Located on eastern slopes of Andes mountains; location of cultivation and gathering of tropical fruits and coca leaf |
| orison | reverent petition to a deity; prayer. |
| chromolithography | a method of printing in colours by the process of 'lithography'. |
| obrok | Labor obligations of Russian peasants to either their aristocratic landlords or to the state; typical of increased labor burdens placed on Russian peasantry during the 18th century |
| feu | this is an annual payment in money or in kind in return for the use of land |
| ecclesiastical | pertaining to the church or the clergy. |
| clathri | a grating or lattice of bars, as of cages for animals or gratings for windows. |
| stouthrief | a form of theft committed by force. |
| autographed | any document carrying the signature of the person who wrote it. |
| shrivijaya | [srEE wi jô yuh] Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion |
| carl | also see 'Churl' - large stalks of hemp which bear the seed; - called also carl hemp; kind of food - Caring or carl are seeds steeped in water and fried the next day in butter or fat |
| hoar | ice crystals forming a white deposit (especially on objects outside); Hoarfrost. |
| cruck | curved timber, used in pairs to form a bowed A-frame which supports the roof of a building independently of the walls. |
| tulchan | a calf's skin stretched on a wooden frame and laid beneath a cow to increase the milk yield (Scots). |
| athame | a ceremonial black-handled knife, one of several magical tools used in Wicca; other forms of modern witchcraft have since adopted the term for various ritual knives. |
| himalayas | Mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent; site of the Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics |
| stound | from the Middle English stond, stound(e) an archaic term for hour, time, season, moment. |
| gossamer | a very light, sheer, gauze-like fabric, popular for white wedding dresses and decorations. |
| new youth | Marxist periodical in China; did much to spread the ideas of Marx and Lenin among the politically active youth of China's coastal cities |
| scale-and-platt stair | stairs that rise in straight flights (scales) with platforms (platts). |
| ligature | in writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more graphemes are joined as a single glyph; often used by masons to reduce the extent of carving needed on gravestones. |
| primary source | records that were created at the time of an event |
| painted pebbles | a class of Pictish artifact unique to northern Scotland in the first millennium AD |
| francis i | King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against holy Roman emperor |
| huacas | Sacred spirits and powers that resided or appeared in caves, mountains, rocks, rivers, and other natural phenomena; typical of Andean societies |
| evidence | the information that tends to prove or disprove a conclusion |
| piscina | a stone drain in monasteries, abbeys, etc., used to clean the chalice after mass or for disposal of baptismal water. |
| terminus ad quem | the finishing point of a period, argument, policy, etc. |
| privy council | a council of the British sovereign that until the 17th century was the supreme legislative body, that now consists of cabinet ministers ex officio and others appointed for life, and that has no important function except through its Judicial Committee, which in certain cases acts as a supreme appellate court in the Commonwealth. |
| twill | a fabric so woven as to have a surface of diagonal parallel ridges. |
| meith | in Scots, a boundary mark or line. |
| syndicalism | Economic and political system based on the organization of labor; imported in Latin America from European political movements; militant force in Latin American politics |
| ibn khaldun | [i buhn kal dUn, KHUn] A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generationsstrong, weak, dissolute |
| scrag | a variant of the commoner Scot's word 'Scrog' or 'Scroag', meaning a gnarled or stunted tree or tree-stump, specifically a crab-apple tree or its fruit, previously called scrag-apples. |
| ether | a long flexible wood stake used in temporary hedging and woven in horizontally between vertical stakes. |
| enlightenment | Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior |
| geis | plural 'Geassa' - A controlling spell or enchantment in which a certain action or behaviour will cause another certain action or effect |
| cautioner | in Scotland, one who acts as surety for another, thereby undertaking to be liable for the default of another, or for his appearance in court, payment of a fine, etc. |
| inventory | a list of the property held by a person at the time of his death; usually compiled by several court-appointed people, who submit the list to the court for approval (Legal). |
| litiscontestation | where both parties in a case have stated their respective pleas in a court, it being then understood that, by doing so, they have consented to abide by the decision of the judge in the case (Legal). |
| huancavelica | [wäng kuh vuh lEE kuh] Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosí |
| postillion | the rider on the near (left-hand side) horse drawing a coach etc |
| appellate | having the power to hear court appeals and to review court decisions (Legal). |
| chinggis khan | [jeng guhs kän] Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world |
| receiver | a person appointed by court to hold property until a suit is settled (Legal). |
| cursing | a denounciation issued in the name of a bishop which led to excommunication |
| majuscule | the larger of two type faces in a script |
| moss | equivalent to morass or bog in England, contains black or dark-coloured substance formed by stagnant water from rotting vegetation, sometimes in a fluid state (Scots). |
| motte | an earth mound on which a palisade or stone castle tower was built |
| perestroika | [peruh stroi kuh] Policy of Mikhail Gorbachev calling for economic restructuring in the USSR in the late 1980s; more leeway for private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture |
| binding | in books terms, the cover of the book. |
| hundred years' war | Conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states |
| specie | in coin; in a similar manner; in kind or in legal terms - In the same kind or shape; as specified. |
| interregnum | the interval of time between the end of a sovereign's reign and the accession of a successor; a period of temporary suspension of the usual functions of government or control |
| machiolation | opening between projecting parapet corbels through which objects were dropped on invading soldiers. |
| constantine | Roman emperor from 312 to 337 c.e.; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually |
| thing | an assembly, (also transliterated as ting or þing), historical governing assemblies in early Scandinavian society |
| karma | The sum of merits accumulated by a soul at any given point in time; determined the caste to which the soul would be assigned in the next life |
| chavín culture | Appeared in highlands of Andes between 1800 and 1200 b.c.e.; typified by ceremonial centers with large stone buildings; greatest ceremonial center was Chavín de Huantar; characterized by artistic motifs |
| muhammad | Prophet of Islam; born c |
| licentia redeundi | the act of conferring the whole power of Parliament upon a commission {Legal}. |
| writ of attachment | a court order authorizing the seizure of property sufficient to cover debts and court costs for not appearing in court (Legal). |
| völkerwanderungen | [fôlk er van der Ungen] Movement of Germanic peoples southward into the Roman Empire; resulted from population growth, pressure of Asian groups on eastern flanks of Germanic regions |
| jointure-house | an arrangement by which a husband grants real property to his wife for her use after his death the property thus settled; widow's portion. |
| serplait | a measure of weight equivalent to eighty stones (Scots). |
| asante empire | [uh san tEE, uh sän] Established in Gold Coast among Akan people settled around Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650 |
| fairy ring | also known as fairy circle, Elf circle or pixie ring, is a naturally occurring ring or arc of mushrooms which lead to the temporary enrichment of the ground giving a dark green ring which progressively expands outwards. |
| suborned | to induce (a person) to commit an unlawful or evil act; to induce (a person) to commit perjury. |
| lançados | Collection points for Portuguese trade in the interior of Africa; provided essential links between economies of African interior and factories on the coast |
| feminist movements | Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s |
| habeas corpus | the legal right to a trial in a court before a judge and jury. |
| five pillars | The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj |
| potence | device which allows a ladder to pivot around the inside of a Dovecot so that all the nest holes can be reached. |
| pauldron | sometimes spelled pouldron or powldron, is a component of plate armour covering the armpit, and sometimes parts of the back and chest. |
| cart | a strong vehicle with two or four wheels designed for carrying loads and drawn by a horse or horses. |
| mesoamerica | Mexico and Central America; along with Peru, site of development of sedentary agriculture in Western hemisphere |
| pounce | a fine powder formerly used to smooth and finish writing paper and soak up ink. |
| mensal | pertaining to or used at the table; in Irish and early Scottish history mensal land was set apart for the supply of food for the table of the king, prince or such-like |
| cursus | a name given by early British archaeologists such as William Stukeley to the large parallel lengths of banks with external ditches which they thought were early Roman athletics tracks, hence the Latin name 'Cursus', meaning 'Circus' |
| apprising | the sentence of a court affecting a debtor's heritable property, as a consequence of which that property would be sold to pay the debt. |
| dowry | also 'dowery' - land, money, goods, or personal property brought by a bride to her husband in marriage. |
| petroglyph | image created by removing part of a rock surfaces by incising, pecking, carving, and abrading. |
| gloaming | evening 'twilight' or 'dusk'[15] (Scots). |
| composition | a payment made by an heir succeeding to land, to the superior of the land. |
| cess | An assessment tax or levy, superseded by rates |
| romanticism | Artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection |
| ihs | 'Iesus Hominem Salvator' or 'Jesus the Saviour of mankind' as carved on church lecterns, etc.[26] |
| souterrain | a name given by archaeologists to a type of underground structure associated with the Atlantic Iron Age |
| mercantilism | Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe |
| curial | a medieval assembly or council; a medieval royal court of justice. |
| holding ecological adaptation | Human adaptation to an environment in such a way that the original environment is drastically transformed and replaced with a new, human-oriented ecology; typical of sedentary agricultural communities |
| source | the document, record, publication, manuscript, etc |
| common law | the traditional code of law in England, dating from the Middle Ages and supplemented by legal decisions over the centuries |
| slavs | Indo-European group; ultimately dominated much of eastern Europe from the Balkans northward; formed regional kingdoms by 5th century c.e |
| tumens | Basic fighting units of the Mongol forces; consisted of 10,000 cavalrymen; each unit was further divided into units of 1000, 100, and 10 |
| isolationism | a view in American foreign policy that argues that the best interests of the United States lay in avoiding international entanglements |
| imperium | absolute rule or supreme power; a sphere of power or dominion, an empire; in law the right or power of a state to enforce the law. |
| kamehameha i | Hawaiian monarch who united all of the islands under his rule in 1810 |
| xenia | gifts to a guest or guests. |
| demography | the study of the characteristics of human populations, such as size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics |
| saint anthony's cross | a cross in the form of a 'T' |
| smock mill | a type of tower windmill having a tower that is mainly constructed of wood. |
| partition of poland | Three separate divisions of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in Eastern Europe |
| seven years' war | Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America |
| skanda gupta | Last of the able rulers of the Gupta dynasty; following his reign the empire dissolved under the pressure of nomadic invasions |
| ogee | a feature showing in section a double continuous S-shaped curve |
| cessio bonorum | surrender of a debtor's goods in favor of his creditors. |
| implead | to sue (a person, etc.) in a court of justice, raise an action against. |
| ursine | of or characteristic of bears or a bear. |
| perspective | a point of view or standpoint from which historical events, problems and issues can be analysed, eg a gender perspective (either masculine or feminine) on the past |
| macao | One of two ports in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty |
| sophocles | Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex |
| multiculturalism | a policy of valuing and maintaining the distinctive identities of all cultural groups within a society |
| mandates | Governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain occupied mandates in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after 1922 |
| ayre | medieval Justiciars originally travelled around Scotland hearing cases on circuit or 'ayre'. |
| hospice | the guest house of an abbey, monastery, etc.[24] |
| hong kong | British colony on Chinese mainland; major commercial center; agreement reached between Britain and People's Republic of China returned colony to China in 1997 |
| patronage | the system by which appointments to important public posts were made by patrons who were un-elected and therefore did not represent the democratic wishes of the population |
| span | chips of wood, as in 'Spick & span.' |
| soffit | the underneath of an arch. |
| ghazni empire | Dynasty and empire founded from Turks who were originally slaves; seized power in 962 in Afghanistan north of Indus valley; later invaded Indian subcontinent |
| pisastratus | Athenian tyrant of the 6th century b.c.e.; gained popular support against traditional aristocratic councils of Athenian government |
| venal | open to bribery; mercenary; capable of betraying honor, duty, or scruples for a price; marked by corrupt dealings, especially bribery. |
| perspective | a point of view or standpoint from which historical events, problems and issues can be analysed, eg a gender perspective (either masculine or feminine) on the past. |
| dapifer | a bearer of meat to table; a steward |
| princely states | Domains of Indian princes allied with the British Raj; agents of East India Company were stationed at the rulers' courts to ensure compliance; made up over one-third of the British Indian Empire |
| ethiopian kingdom | A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa |
| pillory | a device made of a wooden or metal framework erected on a post, with holes for securing the head and hands, formerly used for punishment by public humiliation and often further physical abuse, sometimes lethal; related to the stocks. |
| abbas the great | Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology (p |
| vignette | a decorative design placed at the beginning or end of a book or chapter of a book or along the border of a page; an unbordered picture, often a portrait, that shades off into the surrounding color at the edges; a short, usually descriptive literary sketch. |
| kabir | Muslim Mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam |
| third estate | this was the social class known in feudal times as the 'Peasantry' (those who produced the food which supported those who prayed and those who fought, the members of the First and Second Estates). |
| capitaincies | Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony |
| cientificos | Advisors of government of Porfirio Díaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted government to project image of modernization |
| sleeching | a method of obtaing salt for consumption from tidal sand by filtering it. |
| satyagraha | [sut yuh gruhuh, suht yä gruh-] Literally, "truth-force"; Gandhi's policy of nonviolent opposition to British colonialism |
| haugh | also 'Hauch' - a piece of level ground, generally alluvial, on the banks of a river, river-meadow land. |
| industrial revolution | Series of changes in economy of Western Europe between 1740 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution of 17th century, and development of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production |
| potsdam conference | Meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union just before the end of World War II in 1945; Allies agreed upon Soviet domination in Eastern Europe; Germany and Austria to be divided among victorious Allies |
| cinematography | the art of making lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for the cinema. |
| united nations | International organization formed in the aftermath of World War II; included all of the victorious Allies; its primary mission was to provide a forum for negotiating disputes |
| knight's fee | a feudal term used in medieval England and Anglo-Norman Ireland to describe the value of land |
| set | Also 'Sett' - a cut stone block, often of granite. |
| marriage stone | a stone lintel carved with the initials, coat of arms, etc |
| foxfire | the term for the bioluminescence created in the right conditions by a few species of fungi that decay wood |
| area | in architecture a basement level light well in front of Georgian period houses. |
| vert | Green vegetation that can serve as cover for deer |
| essoin | an excuse for not appearing in court at the return of process; the allegation of an excuse to the court; exemption. |
| selenography | the study and mapping of the physical features of the Moon |
| centralists | Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives |
| neolithic age | The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 b.c.e.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished |
| pentise | single-pitched roof attached to the side of a wall. |
| european-style family | Originated in the 15th century among the peasant and artisans of Western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis in the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married |
| english civil war | Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king |
| comunero revolt | One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels |
| conveyance | a legal document by which the title to property is transferred; warrant; patent; deed (Legal). |
| chiang kai-shek | [chang kiy shek] A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Koumintang (Guomindung) or Nationalist Party in China in the mid-1920s; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s, but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the Com-munists after World War II |
| manège | the art of training and riding horses; the movements and paces of a trained horse or a school at which equestrianship is taught and horses are trained. |
| glacial erratics | pebbles, stones and boulders that are transported by glaciers, and deposited up to several hundred kilometres from where they originated. |
| fuller's earth | a stiff and highly absorbent clay used in the removal of grease from wool fibre; a process known as fulling. |
| allure | the parapet walk on a castle wall, town wall, etc. |
| gorget | a piece of armor protecting the throat; an ornamental collar. |
| teotihuacan | [tAY O tEE wä kän] Site of Classic culture in central Mexico; urban center with important religious functions; supported by intensive agriculture in surrounding regions; population of as much as 200,000 |
| crock | an earthenware jar which was historically used for the storage of butter or other food items |
| warrandice | an undertaking, usually in the form of a "clause of warrandice " in a grant, whereby the person making the grant promised to maintain and support the grantee in the property or right granted him, against all challenges made to his right or impediments concerning it which might arise after the grant was made (Legal). |
| lessee | person leasing property from an owner (Legal). |
| morganantic | a marriage between a man of exalted rank and a woman of lower rank in which the wife and her children do not share the rank or inherit the possessions of the husband. |
| chancery | an office of archives for public or ecclesiastic records; a court of public records. |
| cold war | The state of relations between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies between the end of World War II to 1990; based on creation of political spheres of influence and a nuclear arms race rather than actual warfare |
| hood-mould | a carved protruding ridge above a window designed to throw off the rain. |
| saladin | Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam |
| vassals | Members of the military elite in the Middle Ages who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty |
| reredos | a carved screen backing the altar in some churches. |
| doric | Along with Ionian and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the least ornate of the three styles |
| mullahs | Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism |
| triune | the Trinity, the Godhead in Christianity, or another of the triple deities. |
| classic | Period in Americas from 150 to 900 c.e.; period of greatest cultural achievement |
| ashlar | dressed stone work of any type of stone |
| asian sea trading network | Prior to intervention of Europeans, consisted of three zones: Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; India based on cotton textiles; and China based on paper, porcelain, and silks |
| inglenook | the space within the opening on either side of a large fireplace. |
| hieroglyphs | The form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform |
| ming dynasty | Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China |
| total war | Warfare of the 20th century; vast resources and emotional commitments of belligerent nations were marshaled to support military effort; resulted from impact of industrialization on the military effort reflecting technological innovation and organizational capacity |
| indenture | a contract binding one party into the service of another for a specified term |
| quarter | a district of a town; usually where a particular minority live or a particular trade is carried out. |
| fasces | from the Latin word fascis, meaning "bundle" |
| oblation | the act of offering something, such as worship or thanks, to a deity; the act of offering the bread and wine of the Eucharist; a charitable offering or gift. |
| teins | a tenth of the income of a property, payable to the church. |
| stere | a unit of volume in the original metric system equal to one cubic metre, most commonly used to measure quantities of wood. |
| quarto | a bibliographical term for a book with four leaves in each quire; eight pages. |
| ploughbote | the right to collect wood for plough making in medieval times. |
| foot | a unit of land measurement which was 25.1 cm for the Welsh, 29.6 cm for the Romans, 31.7 cm for the Greeks and 33.5 cm for the Saxons |
| seniores | elders in the Celtic church who were dedicated to prayer and teaching. |
| electric fluid | archaic tem for the supposed matter of electricity; lightning. |
| crop rotation | growing different crops on the same field each year to prevent the build up of pest species, etc. |
| matronym | a component of a name based on the name of one's mother |
| fauxine | a person in Medieval times branded with an 'F' on their forehead for being guilty of a falsehood |
| quot | the twentieth part of the moveable estate of a deceased person, which was originally the due of the bishop in whose diocese he had resided; it continued to be paid after the Reformation, but to the commissaries. |
| hadiths | Traditions of the prophet Muhammad |
| enfeoff | to invest with an estate in land (in England always a heritable estate), held on condition of homage and service to a superior lord, by whom it is granted and in whom the ownership remains |
| curtilage | the land and structures on property which immediately surround the residence. |
| capital | the top, often ornately carved, of a column. |
| hongwu | First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-genty |
| third rome | Russian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuity of Orthodox church in Russia following fall of Constantinople in 1453 |
| ferule | an instrument, such as a cane, stick, or flat piece of wood, as once used in punishing children. |
| ionic | Along with Doric and Corinthian distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; more ornate than Doric, but less than Corinthian |
| banshee | from the Irish Gaelic bean sí ("woman of the sídhe" or "woman of the fairy mounds") is a female spirit in Irish mythology, usually seen as an omen of death and a messenger from the Otherworld |
| martingale | the strap of a horse's harness that connects the girth to the noseband and is designed to prevent the horse from throwing back its head |
| curvilinear | formed, bounded, or characterized by curved lines. |
| crupper | a leather strap fastened to the saddle of a harness and looping under the tail of a horse to prevent the harness from slipping forward; the rump or buttocks of a horse or armour for the rump of a horse. |
| quire | the group of leaves which are folded together before a book is bound |
| asperity | roughness or harshness, as of surface, sound, manner or climate; severity or rigor |
| finial | an ornamentation above the apex of a gable which can also function as a lightning rod, and was once believed to act as a deterrent to witches on broomsticks attempting to land on one's roof |
| dinshawai incident | [din shä wAY] Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement |
| crusades | Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy |
| totem | Most commonly an animal utilized by nomadic tribesmen as a representation of mythic ancestor of the group; venerated as a progenitor and protector |
| alliance | a formal agreement establishing an association or alliance between nations or other groups to achieve a particular aim |
| chartist movement | Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Act of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed |
| eld | a late time of life or a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises; "she was now of school age"; "tall for his eld", etc. |
| geography | the study of spatial relationships on the Earth's surface |
| guano | Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to Indian tribute and abolition of slavery |
| cadet | in genealogy, a junior branch of a aristocratic family. |
| henry the navigator | Portuguese prince responsible for direction of series of expeditions along the African coast in the 15th century; marked beginning of Western European expansion |
| ormuz | Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located at southern end of Persian Gulf; site for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network |
| chapter-house | the building in an abbey, minster, etc |
| letrados | University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions |
| liberal | Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments |
| warlordism | a system where power is controlled by regional military leaders and the central government has broken down, especially in China 1916-1928 |
| rajput | [räj pUt] Regional princes in India following collapse of empire; emphasized military control of their regions |
| dowager | a widow holding property or a title received from her deceased husband; title given in England to widows of princes, dukes, earls, and other noblemen. |
| commission of lieutenandry | strong powers granted by the government to named feudal lords which virtually gave the individual the powers of the monarch for a fixed period (Scots). |
| photogravure | a method of reproducing artwork or photographs from a photographically produced intaglio plate. |
| hajj | Pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship at the Ka'ba |
| acroterion | also 'Acroterium' is an architectural ornament placed on a flat base called the acroter or plinth, and mounted at the apex of the pediment of a building in the Classical style. |
| lucubration | laborious study or meditation; writing produced by laborious effort or study, especially pedantic or pretentious writing. |
| monroe doctrine | American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade |
| haf | a freshwater lagoon separated from the sea by a sandbar. |
| kulaks | Agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land |
| modernisation | the process of becoming modern, accepting change and modern values |
| consistory | a consistory court is a type of ecclesiastical court, especially within the Church of England, established by a charter of King William I |
| incunabula | books, pamphlets, calendars & indulgences printed before 1501 |
| neocolonial economy | Economy that results from continued dominance of the first- and second-world nations of the world's economy; ability of the first- and second-world nations to maintain economic colonialism without political colonialism |
| dilligence | in Scots Law a process or execution, as in a writ. |
| girdle | a form of 'Griddle', a circular iron plate with hooped handle, suspended or placed over the fire and used for baking scones, oat-cakes, etc. |
| goesomer | a period of summer-like weather occurring in late autumn (Scots). |
| antediluvian | extremely old and antiquated; occurring or belonging to the era before the Biblical Flood. |
| bequeath | a term appearing in a will meaning to leave or give property as specified therein to another person or organization (Legal). |
| sunk | a straw pad or cushion, used as a substitute for a saddle, frequently in a pair slung on either side of the horse; turf seat. |
| catholic reformation | Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs |
| hypothec | an understood security, right or claim which a creditor might have over something belonging to his actual or potential debtor, i.e |
| anglican church | Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death |
| new deal | President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (19331939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in United States social and economic life |
| interlocutor | a formal decree in Scots law as made by a judge. |
| temporal | Of, relating to, or limited by time; of or relating to the material world; worldly: the temporal possessions of the Church; secular or lay; civil: lords temporal and spiritual. |
| muniment chest | a strongbox used to safely store deeds, wedding certificates and other written items of value. |
| mexican-american war | Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the United States |
| cincture | something that encircles or surrounds; a belt or sash, especially one worn with an ecclesiastical vestment or the habit of a monk or nun. |
| filmography | a selective list of movie titles that share a similar characteristic such as the same genre, the same director, the same actor, etc.\ |
| forbidden city | Imperial precinct with the capital cities of China; only imperial family, advisors, and household were permitted to enter |
| salina | medieval salt works, especially of monastic origins. |
| parvenu | a person who has suddenly risen to a higher social and economic class and has not yet gained social acceptance by others in that class. |
| ciborium | a vaulted canopy permanently placed over an altar or font; a covered receptacle for holding the consecrated wafers of the Eucharist. |
| voussoir | a wedge-shaped element in an arch |
| germans | Resided outside the northern boundaries of the Roman Empire; featured mixed agricultural and pastoral economies; moved southward into Roman Empire in course of 4th and 5th centuries c.e |
| coeval | originating or existing during the same period; lasting through the same era; One of the same era or period; a contemporary. |
| pad | dialect term for a path, lane or road. |
| caltrop | a metal device with four projecting spikes so arranged that when three of the spikes are on the ground, the fourth points upward, used as a hazard to the hooves of horses |
| plato | Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled |
| american revolution | Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America |
| arrhae | contracts, in the civil law |
| minas gerais | [mEE nuhs zhi RIs] Region of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush |
| demographic transition | The change from a high birth rate and high infant mortality to low rates, as in western Europe and U.S |
| sui | Dynasty that succeeded the Han in China; emerged from strong rulers in northern China; united all of northern China and reconquered southern China |
| east african trading ports | Urbanized commercial centers sharing common Bantu-based and Arabic-influenced Swahili language and other cultural traits; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate, and Zanzibar |
| font | a structure in achurch for holding water for baptisms |
| demurrage | an allowance due to a shipmaster or shipowner for the time a ship is held up longer than usual to be loaded or unloaded. |
| german democratic republic | Communist regime set up in the Soviet-occupied zone of Germany (East Germany) in 1949; became one of the most rigid members of the Soviet alliance system; regime collapsed from internal pressure in 1989, and was soon unified with West Germany (1990) |
| flaunches | also 'flanches' or 'flanks' are heraldic devices consisting of two arcs of circles protruding into the field of a coat of arms from the sides of the shield. |
| varnas | Clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castesBrahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath four Aryan castes was group of socially untouchable Dasas |
| core nations | Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials |
| quipu | System of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records |
| scholasticism | Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems |
| barr | mountain grazing attached to a specific lowland area (Gaelic) or a large hill or the ridge of a hill (Scots). |
| columbian exchange | Biological and ecological exchange that took place following Spanish establishment of colonies in New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to New World; animals, plants, and diseases of two hemispheres were transferred |
| nirvana | The Buddhist state of enlightenment, a state of tranquility |
| khagan | Title of the supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes |
| presentment | the act of presenting or laying before a court or person in authority a formal statement of some matter to be legally dealt with |
| augustine 354430 c.e. | Influential church father and theologian; born in Africa and ultimately Bishop of Hippo in Africa; champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies and very important in the long-term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination |
| zhenghe expeditions | [zang gEE] Series of seven overseas trade expeditions under third Ming emperor, Yunglo; led by court eunuch Zhenghe between 1405 and 1433; only Chinese attempt to create worldwide trade empire |
| canon law | the ecclesiastical law of the Roman Catholic Church, is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code and principles of legal interpretation. |
| usary | the practice of lending money and charging the borrower interest, especially at an exorbitant or illegally high rate; an excessive or illegally high rate of interest charged on borrowed money; an archaic for interest charged or paid on a loan. |
| dutch studies | Group of Japanese scholars interested in implications of Western science and technology beginning in the 18th century; urged freer exchange with West; based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan |
| dominium directum | "the direct lordship"; the interest which a feudal superior had in property, like the right to feu duties, casualties and other rights. |
| prepositi / prepositus | agents of the Crown, such as sheriffs or bailies, responsible for collecting revenues due to the Crown. |
| cope | a large ceremonial cloak worn by some Christian priests [Late Latin cappa hooded cloak] a large ceremonial cloak worn by some Christian priests [Late Latin cappa hooded cloak]. |
| tian | Heaven; an abstract conception in early Chinese religion; possibly the combined spirits of all male ancestors; first appeared during Zhou dynasty |
| boon-work | work done on the lord's land by dependent peasants for a fixed number of days per week. |
| korekiyo takahashi | [täk ä hä shEE] Minister of finance in Japan during the 1930s; increased government spending to provide jobs; created export boom and elimination of military purchasing |
| demak | Most powerful of the trading states on north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports |
| tippet | a covering for the shoulders, as of fur, with long ends that hang in front; a long stole worn by members of the Anglican clergy; a long hanging part, as of a sleeve, hood, or cape. |
| muhammad of ghur | Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control |
| sequestration | the act of removing, separating or seizing anything from the possession of its owner, of the taking possession of property under process of law for the benefit of creditors or the state. |
| ottomans | Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1350s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkans that included most of Arab world |
| peter i | Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of Western European models |
| simony | the ecclesiastical crime of paying for offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church, named after Simon Magus, who appears in the Acts of the Apostles |
| dependency theory | Belief that development and underdevelopment were not stages but part of the same process; that development and growth of some areas such as Western Europe were achieved at the expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions such as Latin America |
| liminality | that temporary state during a rite of passage when the participant lacks social status or rank, is required to follow specified forms of conduct, and is expected to show obedience and humility. |
| caravels | Slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia |
| mullion | vertical framing member of an opening such as a window. |
| vendettas | Blood-feuds between families or clans of nomadic pastoralists; created a major barrier to interclan and tribal cooperation |
| choreography | the art of creating and arranging dances or ballets |
| embroidery | an ancient variety of decorative needlework in which designs and pictures are created by stitching strands of some material on to a layer of another material |
| slap | a narrow pass between two hills; a gap or temporary opening in a hedge, fence, etc |
| wraith | an apparition of a living person that appears as a portent just before that person's death, also the ghost of a dead person. |
| chaplet | a wreath or garland for the head; a rosary having beads for five decades of Hail Marys; a string of beads; in architecture A small molding carved to resemble a string of beads. |
| audiencia | Royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were ten in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates |
| gallows | usually a wooden structure, sometimes a 'Dule Tree', from which a person was hung following conviction. |
| ionic column | a Roman style column with an ornate head, but less embellished than a Corinthian column. |
| fusee | a friction match with a large head capable of burning in a wind |
| billet | a piece of wood cut for use as fuel and often of a standard size.[4] |
| hyundai | Example of huge industrial groups that wield great power in modern Korea; virtually governed Korea's southeastern coast; vertical economic organization with ships, supertankers, factories, schools, and housing units |
| vassal retainers | Members of former ruling families granted control over the peasant and artisan populations of areas throughout Shang kingdom; indirectly exploited wealth of their territories |
| cadency | any systematic way of distinguishing similar coats of arms belonging to members of the same family |
| chinampas | Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture utilized by Aztecs |
| manorialism | System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land |
| stewarton hive | a hectagonal hive, the first to allow for separation of the honey combs and brood combs, allowing for the removal of honey without the need to kill the bees. |
| balustrade | a rail and the row of balusters or posts that support it, as along the front of a gallery |
| georgian | of or characteristic of the times of kings George I - IV (1714 - 1830). |
| lancet | windows which are tall and narrow and sometimes grouped under a single arch. |
| definitor | an officer of the chapter in certain monastic orders, charged with the 'definition' or decision of points of discipline. |
| content | the substance or subject matter to be studied by students in Stage 6 Ancient History, eg 'Overview of significant events from Dynasty I to the death of Pepy II' |
| al-afghani | Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry |
| azotic | an obsolete term in chemistry, referring to azote, or nitrogen; formed or consisting of azote; as, azotic gas; azotic acid |
| kiev | Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century |
| tynwald | the Isle of Man 'Parliament', usually said to be the oldest parliament in continuous existence in the world, having been established by 979 (though its roots may go back to the late 800s as the thing of Norse raiders not yet permanently resident on the Isle of Man) and having continued to be held since that time without interruption |
| singapore | Originally held by British as part of colony of Malaya; largely Chinese population; British attempted to create invulnerable naval base; captured by Japanese during World War II; emerged after war as independent port |
| malacca | Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands |
| hank | a traditional measure of length for yarn |
| lade | an open watercourse conducting water from a dam, weir or river to a mill wheel (Scots). |
| obverse | in a book this is the right-hand page, also called the 'recto'. |
| animism | A religious outlook that sees gods in many aspects of nature and propitiates them to help control and explain nature; typical of Mesopotamian religions |
| assythement | a compensation paid to the relatives or friends of someone who had been killed, by the killer(s). |
| hysteria | a state of uncontrolled excitement, anger, or panic believed to have been brought on by a disturbance in the womb (Greek hustera) |
| vietnamese nationalist party | Also known as the Vietnamese Quoc Dan Dong or VNQDD; active in 1920s as revolutionary force committed to violent overthrow of French colonialism |
| human rights | Certain universal rights many argue should be enjoyed by all people because they are justified by a moral standard that stands above the laws of any individual nation |
| polyandry | [pol EE an drEE, pol EE an-] Marriage practice in which one woman had several husbands; recounted in Aryan epics |
| guilds | Sworn associations of people in the same business or trade in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities |
| abbacy | the office, term, or jurisdiction of an abbot |
| oriflamme | an inspiring standard or symbol. |
| knucker | a water monster, as in the Knucker Hole legend of Lyminster in West Sussex |
| letters testamentary | a court document allowing the executor named in a will to carry out his or her duties (Legal). |
| matrilinear succession | a line of descent from a female ancestor to a descendant (of either sex) in which the individuals in all intervening generations are female |
| bane | an archaic term for animals and objects causing serious damage or even death; the term 'Deodand' replaced it. |
| alliance for progress | Begun in 1961 by the United States to develop Latin America as an alternative to radical political solutions; enjoyed only limited success; failure of development programs led to renewal of direct intervention |
| proto-industrialization | Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution |
| modernization theory | The belief that the more industrialized, urban, and modern a society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned or transformed; used as a blueprint for development in Latin America |
| husk | the dry outer covering of some fruits and seeds. |
| rebus | The use of a pictoral rhyming pun, very common on coats of arms |
| oeuvre | a work of art or the sum of the lifework of an artist, writer, or composer. |
| rood | refers to the True Cross, the specific wooden cross used in Christ's crucifixion. |
| narthex | A portico or lobby of an early Christian or Byzantine church or basilica, originally separated from the nave by a railing or screen; an entrance hall leading to the nave of a church |
| precognition | a written report of the evidence of witnesses to an alleged crime, upon which a decision to prosecute is made and used in the preparation of the case if it goes to trial. |
| vulgate | an early 5th century version of the Bible in Latin which is largely the result of the labours of Jerome, who was commissioned by Pope Damasus I in 382 to make a revision of the old Latin translations |
| internationalization | Idea that peoples should unite across national boundaries; gained popularity during the mid-19th century; led to establishment of International Red Cross, Telegraphic Union, Postal Union, series of international fairs |
| tory | a member of a British political party, founded in 1689, that was the opposition party to the Whigs and has been known as the Conservative Party since about 1832; member of a Conservative Party; an American who, during the period of the American Revolution, favoured the British side |
| fazendas | Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil |
| patriarchal | [pAY trEE är k'l] Societies in which women defer to men; societies run by men and based on the assumption that men naturally directed political, economic, and cultural life |
| panwood | poorer quality coal, often found near the surface and used in early salt panning, etc |
| flibbertigibbet | a "chattering gossip, flighty woman," probably a nonsense word meant to sound like fast talking; as the name of a devil or fiend it dates from 1603. |
| lithography | a planographic printing technique. |
| matrilineal | Family descent and inheritance traced through the female line |
| impanele | to enter in a list, or on a piece of parchment, called a panel; to form or enroll, as a list of jurors in a court of justice. |
| sow | a siege engine consisting of a tower which could be moved up to a wall and allowed besieging troops to gain entry |
| polygamy | Marriage practice in which one husband had several wives; practiced in Aryan society |
| loess | [lO es, les, lus] Fine grained soil deposited in Ordos bend by winds from central Asia; created fertile soil for sedentary agricultural communities |
| drum | a long narrow ridge or knoll, "applied to little hills, which rise as backs or ridges above the level of the adjacent ground" |
| flying buttress | a buttress variant which allows a more delicate appearance whilst maintaining the strength of the supports to a wall. |
| amigos del país | [uh mEE gOs, ä mEE-, del päEEs] Clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform |
| annuitant | a person entitled to an annuity. |
| teltown marriage | a marriage of a year and a day in which either party could return to the spot a year later, renounce the marriage and walk away from the stone and their partner.[41] |
| cottage ornee | a type of 'Summer House' or 'Cottage orne' from the early development of country estates, early 18th century. |
| typography | printing from movable type; also the aesthetics of arranging the words and other ornamentation on the printed page.[50] |
| colophon | an identifying inscription or emblem from a printer or publisher appearing at the end of a book |
| encephalography | the recording of voltages from the brain |
| bere | also 'Bear' - in Scots this was the primitive indigenous form of one-sided barley |
| excambied | a Scots term for the exchange of property, especially land. |
| skein | a coil of yarn or cord |
| bushel | a unit of dry measure / dry volume, usually subdivided into eight local gallons in the systems of Imperial units |
| improbation | the act by which falsehood and forgery are proved; an action brought for the purpose of having some instrument declared false or forged. |
| press-gang | a body of men employed to press men into service in either the army or the navy. |
| chantry chapel | endowed by rich parishioners, these would have a separate altar where priests would have said prayers for the souls of the benefactor and his family |
| beck | a name for a small stream, especially in Cumbria. |
| rogation day | in western Christendom, prescribed days of prayer and fasting traditionally for the harvest, usually the three days before Ascension Day. |
| pachacuti | Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca |
| bronze age | From about 4000 b.c.e., when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 b.c.e.., when iron began to replace it |
| hurst | a hillock, sandbank in a river or the sea or a wooded eminence which is embanked & used for coppicing.[25] |
| kuriltai | Meeting of all Mongol chieftains at which the supreme ruler of all tribes was selected |
| thurible | a censer used in certain ecclesiastical ceremonies or liturgies. |
| linen | thread made from fibres of the flax plant or cloth woven from this thread. |
| hay | grass mown and dried for fodder / feed. |
| pannier | a large wicker basket, especially one of a pair of such baskets carried on the shoulders of a person or on either side of a pack animal. |
| new economic policy | Initiated by Lenin in 1921; state continued to set basic economic policies, but efforts were now combined with individual initiative; policy allowed food production to recover |
| tide | an obsolete term for time, period or season. |
| hemp | The main uses of hemp fibre are rope, sacking, carpet, nets and webbing |
| harl | an external rough-cast coating on buildings made from lime, sand & gravel. |
| timur-i lang | Leader of Turkic nomads; beginning in 1360s from base at Samarkand, launched series of attacks in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India, and southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405 |
| charlemagne | [shär luh mAYn] Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany c |
| solar cycle | Calendrical system based on solar year; typical of all civilizations; variations of solar calendars in Western civilization are Julian and Gregorian calendars; Mayas also constructed solar calendar |
| alpacas | Along with llamas, domesticated animals of the Americas; basis for only form of nomadic pastoralism in the New World until European importation of larger animals in 15th century c.e |
| pulse | the edible seeds of the various leguminous seeds, such as peas, beans, lentils, etc. |
| decree arbitral | in Scot's Law, a decree made by arbitrators chosen by the parties; an award. |
| quod vide | or 'QV' - directs the reader to look in another part of the book for further information. |
| griots | [grEE O, grEE O, grEE ot] Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire |
| bushi | Regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies.( p |
| consanguinity | the degree of relationship between persons who descend from a common ancestor |
| nurhaci | Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria; entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing |
| popular front | Combination of Socialist and Communist political parties in France; won election in 1936; unable to take strong measures of social reform because of continuing strength of conservatives; fell from power in 1938 |
| tomfoolery | Tom, an abbreviation of Thomas, was used from late Middle English as a term for a common (of the people) man |
| recusancy | resistance to authority or refusal to conform, especially in religious matters, used of English Catholics who refuse to attend the services of the Church of England. |
| indian | Misnomer created by Columbus referring to indigenous peoples of New World; implies social and ethnic commonality among Native Americans that did not exist; still used to apply to Native Americans |
| rodden | in Scots a rough track, sheep path or right of way. |
| alba | the Scottish Gaelic, Welsh language (Yr Alban) and Irish language name for the constituent country of Scotland. |
| cryptography | the art of disguising information |
| négritude | Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements |
| amerce | to punish by a fine imposed arbitrarily at the discretion of the court; to punish by imposing an arbitrary penalty. |
| emphyteusis | a term for holding land in return for a yearly payment of rent. |
| weir | an overflow-type dam commonly used to raise the level of a river or stream |
| ultimogeniture | also known as 'Postremogeniture' or 'Junior right' - the tradition of inheritance by the last-born of the entirety of, or a privileged position in, a parent's wealth, estate or office |
| culture | Combinations of the ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction |
| zodiac | derived from the Greek word for animals |
| vernacular | a local building style using local materials and traditional methods of construction and ornamentation, especially as distinguished from historical architectural styles |
| frederick the great | Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy |
| menhir | a large, single upright standing stone (monolith or megalith), of prehistoric European origin. |
| puddling | a process of making iron using coke as fuel |
| dentelle | the decorated edge of the leather which a book binder brings over the boards from the outside of the binding |
| horace | Poet who adapted Greek poetic meters to the Latin language; author of lyrical poetry laudatory of the empire; patronized by Augustus |
| kush | An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c |
| holm | low lying grassland ground neaxt to a river (Scots) |
| hellenistic period | That culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms |
| acolyte | One who assists the celebrant in the performance of liturgical rites; a devoted follower or attendant. |
| tinsel of the feu | the name for forfeiture of landed property caused not just by failure to pay feu-duty or render service to the superior, but by the commission of penal offence. |
| infangthief | the right of a lord to punish a thief caught within the bounds of his property. |
| iuga | a Roman fiscal unit of land upon which tax was paid |
| feeble-minded | such people were neither idiots nor imbeciles, but if adults, their condition was so pronounced that they require care, supervision, and control for their own protection or the protection of others |
| inca socialism | A view created by Spanish authors to describe Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole |
| collectivisation | the socialist policy of joining together small farms and other enterprises under group or state ownership |
| gauffered | an engraved design on the edges of a book's covers. |
| corinthian | Along with Doric and Ionian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the most ornate of the three styles |
| reincarnation | The successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives |
| agostino chigi | was banker to Julius II who granted Agostino the right to quarter the oak, the heraldic emblem of the della Rovere |
| rill | a stream. |
| cresset | a metal cup, often suspended on a pole, containing burning oil or pitch and used as a torch. |
| stanchion | an upright pole, post, or support; a framework consisting of two or more vertical bars, used to secure cattle in a stall or at a feed trough. |
| lorimer | A family name derived from the Middle English for the maker of bits, spurs, stirrup-irons, locks and other 'horse' furniture |
| watch and ward | the written report or 'return' made to a superior by those who held property in burghs. |
| invenire | a word meaning the process of 'finding' or 'inventing' happy discoveries, developments and duplications of the relics of the past |
| whitsunday | the Sunday of the feast of Whitsun or Pentecost in the Christian liturgical year, observed 7 weeks after Easter |
| fisc | the treasury of a kingdom or state. |
| crocket | in architecture a projecting ornament, usually in the form of a cusp or curling leaf, placed along outer angles of pinnacles and gables. |
| sputnik | First unmanned spacecraft in 1957; sent up during Khrushchev's government; initiated space race with the United States |
| tinchel | a circle of sportsmen, who, by surrounding an extensive space and gradually closing in, bring a number of deer and game within a narrow compass |
| mana | a supernatural force believed to dwell in a person or sacred object. |
| gable stone | carved and often colourfully painted stone tablets, which are set into the walls of buildings, usually at about 4 metres from the ground |
| novodamus | a charter in Scots law containing a clause in which the superior of a property grants it "of new" because of a defect in the original title to the property or because either the vassal or superior wanted to get the conditions of the original grant altered. |
| secundum artem | a Latin phrase meaning "according to the art," frequently used to doing something in the accepted manner of a skill or trade. |
| lardiner | a Lardiner was the steward of the King's larder, providing venison as well as 'tame beasts' for the royal table. |
| constable | the title comes from the Latin comes stabuli (count of the stables) and originated from the Eastern Roman Empire; originally, the constable was the officer responsible for keeping the horses of a lord or monarch |
| cist | also 'Kist' a small stone slab-built coffin-like box or 'ossuary' used to hold the bodies of the dead, especially during the Bronze Age in the British Isles and occasionally in Native American burials. |
| eremite | a recluse or hermit, especially a religious recluse. |
| llamas | Along with alpacas, domesticated animals of the Americas; basis for only form of nomadic pastoralism in the New World until European importation of larger animals in 15th century c.e |
| crusado | an old Portuguese coin of gold or silver having a cross pictured on the reverse. |
| nimbus | a cloudy radiance said to surround a classical deity when on earth; a radiant light that appears usually in the form of a circle or halo about or over the head in the representation of a god, demigod, saint, or sacred person such as a king or an emperor; a splendid atmosphere or aura, as of glamour, that surrounds a person or thing. |
| trung sisters | Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 c.e.; demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society |
| saints | Holy men and women, often martyrs, who were revered in Christianity as models of Christian lifestyles; built up treasury of merit that could be tapped by more ordinary Christians |
| munich conference | Meeting concerning Germany's occupation of portions of Czechoslovakia in 1938; after receiving Hitler's assurances that he would take no more land, Western leaders agreed to the division of Czechoslovakia |
| import substitution industrialization | Typical of Latin American economies; production of goods during the 20th century that had previously been imported; led to light industrialization |
| carthage | Originally a Phoenician colony in northern Africa; became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean |
| dutch barn | a farm building which is completely open on one or more sides and supported by brick or stone pillars or cast-iron or steel piers. |
| bolt | a measure of fabric, stored rolled up in fixed lengths. |
| creoles | Whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies; ranked just beneath peninsulares |
| benin | A large and powerful kingdom of West Africa near the coast (in present-day Nigeria) which came into contact with the Portuguese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; remained an important commercial and political entity until the 19th century |
| proctor | an English variant of the word procurator, is a person who takes charge or acts for another |
| headrace | a watercourse directing water to a waterwheel or turbine.[20] |
| zhu xi | [tsU shEE, ju shEE] Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action |
| appendix | additional or supplementary material generally located at the end of a book or piece of work; article, etc. |
| megalith | a large, single upright standing stone (monolith or menhir), of prehistoric European origin. |
| frankpledge | an Anglo-Saxon legal system in which units or tithings composed of ten households were formed, in each of which members were held responsible for one another's conduct |
| biafra | Founded as an independent nation in eastern Nigeria, where the Ibo people were most numerous; suppressed as an independent state and reincorporated into Nigeria in 1970 |
| ribbed vault | by bridging the diagonal corners with narrow arches, ribs, a lighter vault can be built |
| distraint | the seizure and holding of property as security for payment of a debt or satisfaction of a claim (Legal); Originally distress was a landlord's remedy against a tenant for unpaid rents or property damage, but now the landlord is given a landlord's lien. |
| puck | a mischievous pre-Christian nature spirit and trickster, reborn in Old English puca (Christianized as "devil") as a kind of half-tamed woodland sprite, leading folk astray with echoes and lights ('Jack o'lanterns' or 'Fox fires') in night-time woodlands, or coming into the farmstead and souring milk in the churn. |
| hydrography | the measurement and description of any waters |
| blout | also 'Bloak' - an upwelling of water, a spring or a wet, damp place (Scots). |
| gothic | An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls |
| soubrette | a saucy, coquettish, intriguing maidservant in comedies or comic opera; a young woman regarded as flirtatious or frivolous. |
| exegesis | a critical explanation or analysis, especially of a text. |
| first edition | strictly speaking the first appearance of a work in book or pamphlet form; its first printing |
| typography | the art and techniques of type design |
| shaykhs | [shAYks] Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children |
| emolument | payment for an office or employment; compensation. |
| curling | a precision team sport similar to 'bowls' or 'bocce', played on a rectangular sheet of prepared ice by two teams of four players each, using heavy polished granite curling stones which players slide down the ice towards a target area called the house |
| ayllus | [äy zhoos] Households in Andean societies that recognized some form of kinship; traced descent from some common, sometimes mythical ancestor |
| erection | royal favourites to whom the benefices which had belonged to Scottish monasteries were granted after the Reformation. |
| feudalism | The social organization created during the Middle Ages by exchanging grants of land or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of Zhou dynasty; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in return for military service |
| sarsen | a sandstone boulder carried by ice during a glacial period. |
| apogee | the farthest or highest point; the apex. |
| misericord | a tip-up wooden seat with a ledge underneath to give a priest some support whilst standing for long periods of time |
| wendi | Member of prominent northern Chinese family during period of Six Dynasties; proclaimed himself emperor; supported by nomadic peoples of northern China; established Sui dynasty |
| wang mang | Member of one of the powerful families related to the Han emperors through marriage; temporarily overthrew the Han between 9 and 23 c.e |
| band | A level of social organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis |
| pedigree | a person's ancestry, lineage, family tree. |
| chained library | old libraries in which the books and manuscripts were attached to the bookcases by short chains so as to allow actual reading but deterring theft |
| zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims |
| bibliography | a list of writings used or considered by an author in preparing a particular work |
| flail | a wood pole with a smaller pole linked at the end via a chain or leather thong, used for threshing. |
| exordium | a beginning or introductory part, especially of a speech or treatise. |
| precept | a form of mandate, thus named because the text always commenced with the Latin words, Praeceipimus tibi, meaning We direct you; a rule or principle prescribing a particular course of action or conduct; an authorized direction or order; a writ. |
| secondary source | a record that was created a significant amount of time after an event occurred |
| garth | in a cathedral or abbey this is the area of ground surrounded by the cloisters |
| aumbrey | also 'Aumbry' |
| spick and span | this alliteration basically means 'in perfect condition' 'as new.' One of the two words alludes to cleanliness and freshness and the other just followed along |
| old believers | Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization |
| tympanum | The basically semicircular area enclosed by the arch above the lintel of an arched entranceway, often filled with carvings or other ornamentation. |
| forest | a tract of land subject to special laws, usually concerned with the preservation of game. |
| scion | a descendent; a younger member , often of a noble family. |
| war of spanish succession | Resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French |
| sectarianism | the reinforcement of divisions between religious groups |
| sacryn bell | a bell rung at the elevation of the host in the mass. |
| trajan | Emperor from 101 to 106 c.e.; instituted more aggressive imperial foreign policy resulting in expansion of empire to its greatest limits |
| transom | a horizontal bar set across an opening such as a window. |
| tenant | also Tenand, a person who rents land or property from a landlord. |
| foxing | irregular brown spots or stains in paper caused by chemical or metallic impurities in the original stock of paper, often aggravated by poor storage, such as moist conditions.[17] |
| freeman | a male of legal age with the right to vote, own land and practice a trade. |
| twantinsuyu | [twän tin sUyU] Word for Inca Empire; region from present-day Colombia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina |
| xoanon | a primitive, usually wooden image of a deity supposed to have fallen from heaven. |
| primary products | Food or industrial crops for which there is a high demand in industrialized economies; prices of such products tend to fluctuate widely; typically the primary exports of Third World economies |
| staging | the structure for facilitating access to windmill sails and sometimes caps. |
| leech | a physician or healer, because doctors used leeches to draw blood from patients. |
| monotheism | The exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization |
| huitzilopochtli | [wEE tsEE lO pOch tlEE] Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god |
| juula | [jUlä] Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali Empire; eventually spread throughout much of West Africa |
| husbote | the right to gather wood for house building in medieval times. |
| groined vault | early medieval vaults were round-arched tunnels; when two of these intersect at right-angles the meeting lines, formed by the curved planes are called groins. |
| mummification | The act of preserving the bodies of the dead; practiced in Egypt to preserve the body for enjoyment of the afterlife |
| fertilizer | any chemical added to the soil which makes it more fertile or productive. |
| quarter days | the four dates in each year on which servants were hired, and rents and rates were due in English, Welsh and Irish tradition |
| scarecrows | life-size models of a men or women made to be placed in fields to scare away birds which would otherwise eat the crops. |
| welkin | An archaic term for the vault of heaven; the sky, deriving from the Middle English 'welken', a cloud |
| moa | Large, wingless birds native to New Zealand; hunted to extinction by early settlers; extinction established need to develop new sources of protein |
| slype | a covered passage, especially one between the transept and chapter house of a cathedral or abbey. |
| coronach | (also written coranich, corrinoch, coranach, cronach, etc.) is the lamentation or dirge for the dead which accompanied funerals in the Highlands of Scotland and in Ireland |
| aeschylus | Greek writer of tragedies |
| parlour | also 'Parlor' - a room in a private home set apart for the entertainment of visitors; a small lounge or sitting room affording limited privacy, as at an inn or tavern. |
| slipcase | a cardboard case often covered with paper, cloth or leather which holds a book with only the spine exposed. |
| white lotus society | Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule |
| pad-stone | flat stone acting as a plinth, usually for a single timber post. |
| proletariat | a term used to identify a lower social class; a member of such a class is proletarian; from Latin proles, "offspring." Originally it was identified as those people who had no wealth other than their sons. |
| vivaldis | Two Genoese brothers who attempted to find a Western route to the "Indies"; disappeared in 1291; precursors of thrust into southern Atlantic |
| agnate seniority | a patrilineal principle of inheritance where the order of succession to the throne prefers the monarch's younger brother over the monarch's own sons |
| mana | Power of ali'i; emanated from their lineages and enabled them to extract labor or tribute from their subjects |
| fee simple | an inheritance having no limitations or conditions in its use (legal). |
| lunar cycle | One of the principal means of establishing a calendar; based on cycles of moon; differed from solar cycles and failed to provide accurate guide to round of the seasons; required constant revision or intercalation |
| reconveyance | property sold to another person is transferred back to the original owner (Legal). |
| chrism | a consecrated mixture of oil and balsam, used for anointing in church sacraments such as baptism and confirmation |
| peristalth | in archaeology, a 'kerb' or peristalith is the name for a stone ring built to enclose and sometimes revet the cairn or barrow built over a chamber tomb. |
| jansenists | whose condemnation he had vigorously supported as advisor to Pope Innocent X |
| volte-face | a complete reversal of position in argument or position. |
| sabaton | armour plate that protects the foot; consists of mail with a solid toe and heel. |
| secret societies | Chinese peasant organizations; provided financial support in hard times and physical protection in case of disputes with local aristocracy |
| retour brieve | a requirement for a local official to send to chancery the result of a local inquiry under a seal and later under the seal of a jury (Scots) (Legal). |
| muskeg | a swamp or bog formed by an accumulation of sphagnum moss, leaves, and decayed matter resembling peat. |
| chiefdom | Widely diffused pattern of social organization in the Americas; featured chieftains who ruled from central towns over a large territory including smaller towns or villages that paid tribute; predominant town often featured temples and priest class |
| mexican revolution | Fought over a period of almost ten years from 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Díaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata |
| yalta conference | Meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1945; agreed to Soviet entry into the Pacific war in return for possessions in Manchuria, organization of the United Nations; disputed the division of political organization in the eastern European states to be reestablished after the war |
| trod | in the West of England this is a straight line or Fairy Path in the grass of a field with a different shade of green to the rest |
| leaven | an element, influence, or agent that works subtly to lighten, enliven, or modify a whole. |
| compradors | Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world |
| leaf | two pages. |
| polynesia | Islands contained in a rough triangle whose points lie in Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island |
| khartoum | River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan |
| expunge | the sealing or destroying of legal records |
| council of the indies | Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World |
| unction | the act of anointing as part of a religious, ceremonial, or healing ritual; an ointment or oil - a salve; affected or exaggerated earnestness, especially in choice and use of language. |
| wadset | a mortgage; a deed from a debtor to a creditor giving over the rents of land until a debt is paid; a pledge. |
| ellwand | a staff or measuring one ell in length |
| siena | a member of the illustrious banking family of Chigi |
| dyke | in geology an intrusion or band of hard stone, usually igneous, often running for miles and eroded very slowly in relation to softer rocks (Scots). |
| regionalism | movement that developed in Indonesia's provinces emphasising the need for each region to maintain its own identity and independence |
| gilt edges | page edges which have been smoothed and trimmed prior to gilt or gold being applied |
| slack | an opening between hills; a pass; a hollow; a dip in the ground (Scots). |
| world economy | Established by Europeans by the late 16th century; based on control of seas including the Atlantic and Pacific; created an international exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured products |
| montagu-chelmsford reforms | Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919 |
| hammer-beam | this is a braced strut which projects from a wall, supported by a brace post that sits on a corbel |
| protocol | a book of blank paper given to a newly qualified notary public into which an exact copy of every instrument was made. |
| hunting and gathering | Means of obtaining subsistence by human species prior to the adaptation of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of band social organization |
| charnel | a repository for the bones or bodies of the dead; a charnel house; anything resembling, suggesting, or suitable for receiving the dead. |
| superfoetation | the successive fertilization of two or more ova of different ovulations resulting in the presence of embryos of unlike ages in the same uterus |
| coxcomb | a conceited dandy who is overly impressed by his own accomplishments; a cap worn by court jesters; adorned with a strip of red [syn: cockscomb]. |
| covenanter | a person who had signed or was an adherent to the 'National Covenant of the Solemn League and Covenant' in 17th |
| mita | Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control |
| matrix | the small, usually copper, block stamped with a single letter which fits into the typefounder's mould in preparation for printing.[19] Also the latten, gold, ivory, lead or silver stamp from which a 'seal' was produced. |
| bodhisattvas | [bO duh sut vuhs] Buddhist holy men; built up spiritual merits during their lifetime; prayers even after death could aid people to achieve reflected holiness |
| gallowglass | also 'Galloglass.' An armed retainer or mercenary in the service of an Irish chieftain |
| barbican | a forward defensible structure jutting out or set in front of the main part of a castle's defenses or walls |
| harrow | a heavy metal frame with iron teeth dragged over ploughed land to break up clods, remove weeds, etc. |
| mask of ferdinand | Term given to movements in Latin America allegedly loyal to the displaced Bourbon king of Spain, Ferdinand VII; actually Creole movements for independence |
| andiron | one of a pair of metal supports used for holding up logs in a fireplace |
| postnati | used in the context of Scotsmen born after the accession of James VI / I having dual nationality as part of the integration of England and Scotland.[39] |
| pochteca | [poKH tAY cä] Special merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items |
| jougs | also 'Jugs' - in Scots a metal hoop attached to a wall by means of a chain |
| shifting cultivators | An intermediate form of ecological adaptation in which temporary forms of cultivation are carried out with little impact on the natural ecology; typical of rain forest cultivators |
| cossacks | Peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements |
| factories | Portuguese trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce |
| national sovereignty | supreme and independent power or authority that is claimed by a state or cultural or ethnic group |
| keystone | centre stone or 'voussoir' at the head of an arch. |
| squinch | a structure, such as a section of vaulting or corbeling, set diagonally across the interior angle between two walls to provide a transition from a square to a polygonal or more nearly circular base on which to construct a dome. |
| burin | the tool used by engravers for gouging lines on copper or steel printing plates. |
| lore | a body of tradition and knowledge on a subject or held by a particular group. |
| vishnu | The Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped |
| principal focus | a broad description of the subject matter to be studied in Stage 6 Ancient History, eg' Through a study of an Ancient Personality, students will gain an understanding of the personality in the context of their time'. |
| zaibatsu | [zI bät sU] Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization |
| appanage | the grant of an estate, titles, offices, or other things of value to the younger male children of a sovereign, who under the system of primogeniture would otherwise have no inheritance. |
| may fourth movement | Resistance to Japanese encroachments in China began on this date in 1919; spawned movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy; rejected Confucianism |
| in feodo et heriditate | a heritable fief for life or for a term of years. |
| gavelkind | a type of tribal succession, by which the land was divided at the death of the holder amongst his sons |
| second estate | in feudal times this 'class' was the Nobility, i.e |
| toponoymy | the scientific study of place names (toponyms), their origins, meanings, use and typology. |
| oral history | an oral history is a collection of family stories told by a member of the family or by a close family friend |
| tenandry | land and other property, etc |
| drove road | a route used by cattle drovers driving cattle from the Highlands and Islands to the markets or trysts of southern Scotland and England. |
| federal republic of germany | Eventual name of postwar West Germany; created by the merging of the zones of occupation held by France, Britain, and the United States |
| lien | a claim placed on property by a person who is owed money (Legal). |
| prebend | a stipend drawn from the endowment or revenues of an Anglican cathedral or church by a presiding member of the clergy; a cathedral or church benefice; the property or tithe providing the endowment for such a stipend. |
| niche ecological adaptation | Human adaptation to an environment in such a way that there is minimal impact on the ecology; normally typical of hunting-and-gathering groups |
| suriname | Formerly a Dutch plantation colony on the coast of South America; location of runaway slave kingdom in 18th century; able to retain independence despite attempts to crush guerrilla resistance |
| corbel | a projection from a wall-plane intended to support a structure above. |
| conventual | a member of a branch of the Franciscan religious order that permits the accumulation and possession of common property. |
| doric order | One of the three orders or organisational systems of Ancient Greek or classical architecture which stood on the flat pavement of a temple without a base, their vertical shafts fluted with pararell concave grooves topped by a smooth capital that flared from the column to meet a square abacus at the intersection with the horizontal beam that they carried. |
| calefactory | the one room in a monastery in which a fire was permitted |
| tiercon vaulting | these are intermediate ribs used in ceiling vaulting to give extra support and to make the panels smaller. |