Glossary extracted starting with manual seeds, with BOW for the domain lan and language EN

locality restrictions on movement	a head cannot move over the top of another head, a subject cannot move over the top of another subject a constituent cannot move over the top of a like constituent
adjunct rule	one of the three rules of X-bar theory, a recursive rule of the form
referential	something that refers to something
subcategory	a category under a main category, e.g
theta role	the semantic role of the participants as required by the predicate
incorrigible	The property of a proposition that cannot be false if you believe it to be true
id	In Sigmund Freud's theory, the part of the psyche that is the unconscious source of instinctive impulses and drives
dp-hypothesis	Would replace the usual NP-analysis by assuming that such structures are Determiner Phrases, headed by a determiner
stereotypy	the constant repetition of certain apparently meaningless movements or gestures, e.g., rocking or head banging.
distribution	the set of positions that the grammar determines to be possible for a given category
sentence	A grammatically complete expression in a given language
structure preservation principle	no movement can alter the basic X-bar nature of structure, structures are projected from the lexicon at all levels.
participle	a non-finite verb form, can be past or present: Singing (present participle) always out of tune, I got on the nerves of my music teacher./I have never met most of the people invited (past participle) to the wedding.
vp-shell	vP-projection(s) on VP: if the event structure of the verb is complex, the structural representation of the verb will be complex, too
it-cleft	See cleft sentence.
proper noun	a name, e.g
x-bar theory	a module of GB containing three very simple rules to describe the structure of the expressions of a language
focus	the stressed element in a sentence that carries new information.
quantifier	a determiner that expresses a definite or indefinite amount or number of the nominal expression it modifies, e.g
module	GB is made up of different but interacting components called modules, e.g
interrogative sentence	A sentence whose form indicates it is intended as a question, whether through simple INVERSION, the use of WH-interrogatives with INVERSION, or the Tag-Question structure
central determiner	traditionally these are determiners following pre-determiners and preceding post-determiners
non-referential	without reference
cliché	A trite expression, worn out from too much use
predicate	The verb and its complements (or objects) and adjunct modifiers (optional adverbials), if any--the VP
proper adjective	An adjective taking a capital letter even when not modifying a proper noun, either because it is itself derived from a proper noun or because it has the same kind of reference as a proper noun.
language	a system that enables people who speak it to produce and understand linguistic expressions.
a priori/a posteriori pair	In the philosophy of Saul Kripke, an a priori truth is a statement known to be true independently of any experience, and its opposite, an a posteriori truth, is a statement known to be true through experience
voiceless/unvoiced sound	a sound produced without the vibration of the vocal cords, e.g
substitution	a) one of the constituency tests to define whether a certain constituent is the same type as another
tourette's syndrome	both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics present with tics occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year
subjectauxiliary inversion	a descriptive cover term for the reverse order of the subject and the auxiliary in questions like Can you dance?, see also I-to-C movement.
adjuncts	An optional constituent of a phrase or sentence, though still part of the phrase or sentence
structural ambiguity	the source of ambiguity is not lexical
rationalism	The epistemological theory that reason is either the sole or primary source of knowledge; in practice, most rationalists maintain merely that at least some truths are not known solely on the basis of sensory experience
mother	a node directly above another node.
locative inversion	a structure where a PP locative argument apparently sits in subject position while the DP theme sits behind the verb, as in In the corner sat a shadowy figure.
relative clause	relative clauses are adjoined to NPs, they give information about the nominal expression
coodinating conjunction	See conjunction.
chain	a moved element and its associated traces functioning as a single object made up of several parts
rounded lips	lips formed into the shape of a circle
stem	See base form.
past participle	A verb form which functions as part of the structures for perfect aspect (when preceded by a form of have) and passive voice (when preceded by a form of be)
constituent	a linguistic expression that functions as a unit in grammatical structure
feminism	Movement in support of the view that men and women should have equal social value and status
binding	an element that can be coreferential with another element (the most typically pronouns and anaphors) is bound by that element
morphological case	there is a morphologically visible indication of Case on the nominal expression (DP)
doubly filled comp filter	no CP can have both an overt specifier and an overt complementiser generated in C.
distribution	When we classify words into one word category or another by the kinds of functions they can serve in sentences, we are defining those categories by "distribution"--that is, by syntactic clues.
tree diagram	a representation of grammatical structure containing nodes connected by branches.
passive	A verb structure in which the subject position is occupied by what would normally be a complement of a transitive verb.
endocentric structure	one that gets its properties from an element that it contains, this element can function by itself as a whole phrase
degp	the functional projection on top of APs (similarly to DPs taking NP complements) hosting degree modifiers like the superlative and comparative morpheme.
arguments	the participants minimally involved in an action defined by the predicate
phonology	the study of the sound patterns of language.
object position	the specifier position of VP.
adjective	a constituent with the feature composition: [+N, +V, F] modifying nouns, e.g
heavy dp-shift	when the DP is particularly long and complicated, it may undergo extraposition: You can post today [all the letters you have written in the past five days]./*You can post today them.
immediate constituent	the immediate constituent of a node is the node that is lower than the given constituent and is connected to it by a single branch
trace	moved constituents leave traces in the position where they have been moved from
intransitive	A verb type
complementizer	The pre-subject position in clauses, heading a complementizer phrase (CP) and taking an IP as its complement
one-place predicate	a predicate with one argument, e.g
focus	the stressed element in a sentence that carries new information.
daughter	an immediate constituent of a node which then is the mother node.
tense	a syntactic category with the help of which we can locate an event or situation in time
recursive rule	a rule where the definition refers to what is being defined, e.g
topicalisation	a process which moves an element interpreted as a topic to the front of the sentence.
adjunct	conjunct, disjunct.
genitive case	in traditional terminology the 's ending on a nominal expression (e.g
future tense	See tense.
prospective longitudinal study	a type of research study in which observations of the same subjects are made over long periods of time, often many years or even decades.
complementiser	a constituent introducing a sentential complement
existential there sentences	Called "existential" because the there which begins it functions less as a locative than as an assertion that a condition exists
definiteness	a category expressing whether a nominal expression is identifiable or not
rewrite rule	a phrase structure rule defining what the immediate constituents of e.g
dative construction	an alternative to the verbindirect objectdirect object construction where the indirect object appears in the form of a PP: I gave an apple to Peter as opposed to I gave Peter an apple.
head movement constraint	a head must move to the next head position.
indefinite determiner	a determiner like a or some turning a nominal expression into an indefinite DP.
extension	A property by which a thing occupies space; according to Descartes, the essential attribute of matter
theta-marking	the assignment of theta-roles.
predicate nominal	See predicate nominative below.
arbitrary reference	in certain contexts PRO does not need an antecedent, it has a generic interpretation similarly to the pronoun one:
indirect objects	A sentence function reserved for an NP which is the recipient or beneficiary of the action of the verb in sentences in which there is also a direct object.
present participle	See verb
predicate	The part of a sentence that indicates what the subject does (Birds fly),
topic	an element appearing in front of the subject with a special interpretation (something like as far as topic is concerned')
subject	The part of a sentence that names something—a person, a place, a thing, an idea, a situation—about which the predicate makes an assertion (The king lives.)
relativized minimality	a rule expressing the locality conditions on movement, see also Locality Restrictions on Movement.
nasal consonants	consonant sounds made by pushing air through the nose, as in /m/, /n/ and /Å/
non-finite	Tenseless.
agent	The thematic role of the initiator of an action
i-language	the language which is internal to the mind; a finite system that linguists try to model with grammars.
capitalism	An economic system in which ownership of the means of production and distribution is maintained mostly by private individuals and corporations
i-to-c movement	the generative equivalent of the descriptive notion of subjectauxiliary inversion attested in questions like Can you swim?', where the auxiliary is assumed to move from the head position of IP to the head position of CP.
disjuncts	Adverbials which comment on the desirability, probability, or style of the clause to which they are attached
markedness	The basic, default forms are said to be unmarked, while all others are marked
perfect aspect	an action is viewed as being completed, e.g
phallus	A symbolic representation of the penis
asterisk	a
ambiguity	a structure is ambiguous if it can be interpreted in more than one way
inflectional morpheme	it does not change the category of the lexical element to which it is added, it provides another form of the word, e.g
voiced sound	a sound produced with the vibration of the vocal cords, e.g
patient	Another term applied to the semantic role of theme.
voiced sound	a sound produced with the vibration of the vocal cords, e.g
inborn error of metabolism	the cause in multiple diseases and due to the lack of, or poor functioning, of an enzyme.
declarative clause	a positive or negative statement mainly used to convey information.
move α	move anything anywhere
s-structure	post-movement structure containing the traces of moved constituents.
branch	lines connecting the nodes in tree-structure representations.
double modals	See modal.
canonical subject position	the specifier position of the IP
phenomena	In Kant's philosophy, objects as experienced and hence as organized and uniﬁed by the categories of the understanding and the forms of space and time; things as they appear to us or, alternatively, the appearances themselves
wh-question	a question containing a wh-element
naturalized epistemology	The view that the important epistemological problems are those that can be resolved by psychological investigation of the processes involved in acquiring and revising beliefs
ulcerative colitis	acute or chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum.
specificity	a nominal expression is specific if the speaker knows the identity of its reference
operator	constituents affecting the interpretation of the sentence indicating a process that is needed to work out the meaning of the sentence that contains them; quantifiers and wh-elements.
retained object	In a passive sentence, a verb complement which remains in the predicate--usually the direct object or indirect object in a sentence with a dative verb--e.g
metaphysics	The branch of philosophy that studies the nature and fundamental features of being
pre-post study	a research design in which the same tests are given to participants before and after they take part in a study to see if there are any changes that could be attributed to the intervention.
non-referential	without reference
lexicographic form	See base form.
degree adverb	a subclass of adverbs which specifies the degree to which some property applies, e.g
government	a structural relationship between a head and its complement
control	a term related to the interpretation of PRO
case filter	every overt DP must be assigned abstract Case.
adjunction	a type of movement where a new position is formed as a result of the movement creating an adjunction structure, like the (simplified) movement of the PP in the following tree structure representation where the S node is doubled:
positive form of adjectives	the base form of the adjective appearing in structures expressing comparison to the same degree, like in He is as tall as I am.
interrogative clause	a structure mainly used to ask for information, either in the form of a yesno question or a wh-question.
coordination	one of the constituency tests where two elements of the same type are put together to form a single element using a coordinating conjunction
one-place predicate	a predicate with one argument, e.g
lemma	The form by which a word with more than one form is generally known and cited
inverted pseudo-cleft	See cleft sentence.
experiencer	Term sometimes applied to the thematic role of the one who perceives or experiences a state.
existential there-construction	a structure where there is used as an expletive, introducing a nominal expression as in There were three girls waiting for me
overt	visible, having phonological realisation
abstract case	being Case-marked is assumed to be a universal property of overt nominal expressions
generative grammar	a grammar containing rules with the help of which we can generate all and only the well-formed expressions of a language (therefore excluding the ungrammatical structures).
instrument	The thematic role of the entity by means of which an action is accomplished
word	base, or phrase or inserted within a word or base and serving to produce a derivative word or an inflectional form
code pink	A third wave women's grassroots peace and justice movement that opposes any kind of military force
head of a chain	the position an element moves to, its final landing site.
extraction site	the position from which elements move.
that-deletion	The optional deletion of that as a complementizer or of any restrictive relative pronoun
genitives	A more general (and thus less misleading) term for possessives
it-cleft	A form of cleft sentence in which the noun-phrase to be stressed is placed after an it-subject and a form of be, while the rest of the sentence is placed in a relative clause.
maximal projection	the phrase-level projection, XP, where X is a categorial variable.
parallelism	The doctrine that there are two parallel and coordinated series of events, one mental and the other physical, and that apparent causal interaction between the mind and the body is to be explained as a manifestation of the correlation between the two series
adversative conjunction	See conjunction.
haloperidol	an antipsychotic medication that is also used to control tics and vocalizations that are part of Tourette's syndrome.
adverb	a constituent with the feature composition [+N, +V, F] used to modify a verb (as in everything went smoothly) or a sentence (as in Unfortunately, I did not pass the first exam)
attributive noun	Same as noun modifier.
x-bar theory	a module of GB containing three very simple rules to describe the structure of the expressions of a language
topicalisation	a process which moves an element interpreted as a topic to the front of the sentence.
direct object	the DP complement of a verb most often bearing the theta-role of patient or theme.
retrospective study	a study design in which cases of a condition or disease of interest are collected and analyzed after they have developed the condition or disease.
direct object	the DP complement of a verb most often bearing the theta-role of patient or theme.
complete thought	Some would say that a sentence is a "complete thought," but this definition has not been thought through.
r-expression	referential expression, a nominal with independent reference, e.g
duty	A tax imposed on imports, exports, or manufactured goods.
agent	one of the thematic or theta-roles, where the argument deliberately performs an action, as Jamie in Jamie sang a song or Robert in Robert kicked the cat
lexical verb	a verb with lexical content as opposed to one having grammatical function in the structure.
inverted pseudo-cleft	A form of cleft sentence in which the noun-phrase to be stressed becomes the subject and a form of be is the main verb is followed by a WH-clause containing the rest of the original sentence.
lexical entry	a collection of the idiosyncratic properties of lexical items.
karma	The idea that your point of departure in life is determined by your decisions and deeds in earlier lives
implicit argument	an argument that is not present in the syntactic structure but understood
accusative case	Same as objective case
pre-determiner	traditionally pre-determiners are those determiners that appear in front of central determiners within a nominal expression
positive form of adjectives	the base form of the adjective appearing in structures expressing comparison to the same degree, like in He is as tall as I am.
intermediate projection	the X-bar level projection connecting the zero-level (or word-level) projection X and the maximal (or phrase-level) projection XP.
expletive subject	a subject without reference, its presence is merely required by the EPP
isomorphism	a one-to-one correspondence between the members of two sets.
yesno question	a question that can be answered either with yes or no, formed either by inverting the auxiliary with the subject as in Would you like to go to the cinema? or the insertion of dummy do as in Did you enjoy the performance?.
imperative	See sentence types and mood.
heavy dp-shift	when the DP is particularly long and complicated, it may undergo extraposition: You can post today [all the letters you have written in the past five days]./*You can post today them.
existentialism	A tradition of twentieth-century philosophy having its roots in the nineteenth century but coming to ﬂower in Europe after World War II; of central concern is the question of how the individual is to ﬁnd an authentic existence in this world, in which there is no ultimate reason why things happen one way and not another
idiosyncratic	not predictable
skepticism	(capital "s") A school of philosophy that emerged in the Hellenistic and Roman periods after Plato; included the Academics and the Pyrrhonists; (lowercase "s") the doctrine that true knowledge is uncertain or impossible
distribution	the set of positions that the grammar determines to be possible for a given category
pan-african philosophy	A cultural categorization of philosophical activity that includes the work of African thinkers and thinkers of African descent wherever they are located
subcategorisation frame	that part of the lexical entry that states the categorial status of the complement.
finite verb form	a verb form that is inflected for tense in a visible or invisible form
e-language	the language that is external to the speaker the infinite set of expressions defined by the I-language that linguists have access to when formulating their grammars
parenthetical expression	An aside to readers or a transitional expression such as, for example
specifier rule	one of the three rules of X-bar Theory of the following form:
conditional	A verb tense that expresses an action that should have, could have, or would have happened if the conditions were right.
premodifier	Optional modifying elements in a noun phrase which come between the determiner (if any) and the head noun.
echo question	a question in which a previously uttered sentence is more or less repeated and a part of it that was either not heard or not believed is replaced by a wh-element
syntactic expletive	See expletive
bare infinitive	an infinitive without to, a non-finite verb form appearing after auxiliaries, not to be confused with the base form of the verb which can also be finite.
run-on sentence	A punctuation error resulting from the failure to separate sentences correctly
move α	move anything anywhere
phenomenology	The objective philosophical investigation of essences or meanings developed by the philosopher Edmund Husserl (1859–1938)
stanford-binet intelligence test	a test that assesses intelligence and cognitive abilities in children and adults aged two to 23
head	The constituent of a phrase which determines its nature and properties
base position	the position where a constituent first appears in the generative process.
conjunction	Word class including coordinating conjunctions and, in traditional use, subordinators.
abstract case	being Case-marked is assumed to be a universal property of overt nominal expressions
grammar	(a) a (finite) set of rules which tell us how to recognise the infinite number of expressions that constitute the language that we speak
projection principle	lexical information is syntactically represented.
complementary distribution	two constituents are in complementary distribution if one of them never appears in any of the environments where the other appears
finite verb form	a verb form that is inflected for tense in a visible or invisible form
non-finite verb form	a verb form without independent tense interpretation
wh-cleft	See cleft sentence.
articulation	the act of making speech sounds
collective noun	A singular noun that names a group of people or things acting together or individually
lexicon	a mental dictionary where we store information about all the words we use focusing on the idiosyncratic properties such as pronunciation, meaning, etc.
capabilities approach	In the philosophy of Martha Nussbaum, the principle that all nations and governments should provide for the core ingredients of human dignity
slang	Trendy sayings or figures of speech that go in and out of style (he’s totally clueless, she got ripped off).
head movement constraint	a head must move to the next head position.
social responsiveness scale	an instrument that measures social impairment in 4- to 18- year-old children
bracketed representation	a representation of grammatical structure by bracketing those constituents that belong together, an alternative to tree diagrams.
a'-movement	A-bar movement, non-argument movement, the movement of arguments or non-arguments to non-argument positions, e.g
prevalence	the proportion of people with a particular condition or disease within a given population at a given time.
specificity	a nominal expression is specific if the speaker knows the identity of its reference
constituency test	a test for deciding whether a certain string of words is a constituent or not, e.g
do	Can be a main verb but is usually an auxiliary, with different grammars counting it as a primary auxiliary or as a modal
head	a word level or zero level category
participle	a non-finite verb form, can be past or present: Singing (present participle) always out of tune, I got on the nerves of my music teacher./I have never met most of the people invited (past participle) to the wedding.
non-count noun	A more descriptive term for mass nouns.
dp	see Determiner Phrase.
palilogia	See epizeuxis.
pragmatic theory of truth	In Dewey's and William James's philosophies, a theory of justiﬁcation according to which (roughly) a belief may be accepted as true if it "works,"; in Peirce's philosophy, a species of correspondence theory
government	a structural relationship between a head and its complement
inflection phrase	A phrase headed by the INFL category
of-insertion	a rescue strategy to avoid a Case Filter violation
adjunction	a type of movement where a new position is formed as a result of the movement creating an adjunction structure, like the (simplified) movement of the PP in the following tree structure representation where the S node is doubled:
adverb	A word used to modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb by expressing time, place, degree, and so on
barrier	certain nodes in a tree form barriers to government, they protect' their constituents from government from the outside
theoretical posits	Entities whose existence we hypothesize to explain our sensory experience
perfect aspect	an action is viewed as being completed, e.g
general will	In the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the will of a politically united people, the will of a state
thought experiment	Imagining a situation in order to extract a lesson of philosophical importance
non-restrictive relative clause	this clause-type is used to add extra information rather than to restrict the application of the noun
übermensch	In the philosophy of Nietzsche, the "Superman" who escapes the triviality of society by embracing the will to power and rejecting the slave mentality that permeates society and dominates religion
r-expression	referential expression, a nominal with independent reference, e.g
vp-shell	vP-projection(s) on VP: if the event structure of the verb is complex, the structural representation of the verb will be complex, too
thematic hierarchy	the hierarchy of the assignment of thematic roles
declarative sentence	See sentence types.
superlative form of adjectives	comparison to a higher (or in the case of least lower) degree when there are more than two agents involved: He is the tallest of us
inversion	As a kind of movement to make yes/no questions, this moves a tense-bearing operator from the I position in front of the subject.
external validity	a measure of the "real world" applicability of research results, or their generalizability to other settings.
collective noun	A noun which refers to a group (like army, group) of things or people as a collective entity
multiple light verb	the internal structure of the VP and the structure of the event expressed by the verb are isomorphic
passive voice	A verb form that indicates the subject is receiving the action.
e-language	the language that is external to the speaker the infinite set of expressions defined by the I-language that linguists have access to when formulating their grammars
thematic hierarchy	the hierarchy of the assignment of thematic roles
intermediate projection	the X-bar level projection connecting the zero-level (or word-level) projection X and the maximal (or phrase-level) projection XP.
non-finite verb form	a verb form without independent tense interpretation
word category	a set of expressions that share certain linguistic features, a grouping of words that cluster together, e.g
negative fronting	a movement type where a negative element is placed at the beginning of the clause as in Never have I met such a talented musician!
regular	can be described with the help of a rule, e.g
a'-movement	A-bar movement, non-argument movement, the movement of arguments or non-arguments to non-argument positions, e.g
prospective study	a study in which groups of people that have been exposed or have not been exposed to an intervention or risk factor of interest are followed forward through time to determine the outcome.
dictionary form	See base form.
metaethics	The philosophical investigation of the sources, criteria, meaning, veriﬁcation, validation, and logical interrelationships of moral value
landing site	the position elements move to.
focus fronting	focus can be indicated either by stress alone or by movement in which latter case we speak about focus fronting, as the constituent that bears focus stress moves to the front of the clause, as in Peter I wouldn't trust
exocentric structure	one that contains no element that can have the same function as the whole phrase, it appears to have properties that are independent from the elements it contains
tone	The attitude a writer conveys in his or her writing
pragmatics	a branch of linguistics concerned with the meaning of sentences as they are uttered in a given context
extraction site	the position from which elements move.
doubly filled comp filter	no CP can have both an overt specifier and an overt complementiser generated in C.
extraposition	a constituent (PP, CP) moved from the phrase where it belongs to a sentence final position: The rumour t has been circulating [that we will have an oral exam this semester].
superego	In Sigmund Freud's theory, that part of the psyche that functions as conscience
topic	an element appearing in front of the subject with a special interpretation (something like ‘as far as topic is concerned')
paradox of hedonism	Henry Sidgwick's term for the fact that the desire for pleasure, if it is too strong, defeats its own aim
noun adjunct	See noun modifier just below.
reflexive pronoun	a DP without independent reference, e.g
control	a term related to the interpretation of PRO
word	base, or phrase and serving to produce a derivative word or an inflectional form
three-place predicate	a predicate with three arguments, e.g
genitive case	in traditional terminology the 's ending on a nominal expression (e.g
aesthetics	The philosophical study of art and of value judgments about art and of beauty in general
phenomenological reduction	A method of putting aside the ordinary attitude toward the world and its objects in order to see the objects of pure consciousness through intuition
gold standard	a treatment or way of diagnosing a condition, etc., that is widely accepted as being the best available.
theta-marking	the assignment of theta-roles.
compound sentence	A sentence in which two or more independent clauses are linked by a coordinating conjunction.
dp	see Determiner Phrase.
d-structure	the structure before movement takes place, a representation of thematic relations.
binding	an element that can be coreferential with another element (the most typically pronouns and anaphors) is bound by that element
do-support	a last resort operation when neither the auxiliary nor the lexical verb can move
human law	In the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, the laws and statutes of society that are derived from our understanding of natural law
ip	see Inflectional Phrase.
aktionsart	see lexical aspect.
historical present	See tense.
syntax	the study of sentence structure
binder	a nominal expression that gives reference to another nominal expression without independent reference
irregular	cannot be described with the help of a rule, exceptional.
get-passive	An informal passive construction using a form of the verb get as the auxiliary, in place of be.
raising adjective	an adjective inducing raising, e.g
morpheme	the smallest meaningful unit
active voice	See passive.
comparative form of adjectives	this form is used for comparison to a higher (or in the case of less lower) degree when two constituents are compared: He is taller than I am
periphrastic comparison of adjectives	the comparative and superlative forms of the adjective are expressed with the degree adverbs more and most
adjunct	a constituent not selected by a head.
complement rule	one of the three rules of X-bar theory of the following form:
intention to treat analysis	a way of analyzing data from a randomized controlled trials in which the results for individuals are analyzed according to which group they were assigned whether or not they remained in the study or whether they received the treatment they were assigned
reduction	the natural shortening of sounds when speaking (e.g
tense	a syntactic category with the help of which we can locate an event or situation in time
imperative	a structure used to express a request or command
articles	A part of speech which can only occupy the determiner slot
verb phrase	In linguistic grammars in the generative grammar tradition, this denotes a phrase headed by a verb
trace	An empty place marked with a t in PS-trees, left when a sentence constituent has moved
topic	an element appearing in front of the subject with a special interpretation (something like as far as topic is concerned')
pronominal	those DPs that cannot have a binder within the binding domain
political philosophy	The philosophical study of the state, its justiﬁcation, and its ethically proper organization
aktionsart	see lexical aspect.
main verb	The verb in a sentence that identifies the central action (hit, stopped)
wait list control group	a comparison group composed of research participants assigned to a waiting list in order to receive an intervention after the active treatment group does.
cyrenaicism	The philosophy of Aristippus and others who lived in Cyrene about Plato's time; it emphasized seeking a life of as many intense pleasures as possible
eternal law	In the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, the divine reason of God that rules over all things at all times
recall bias	Recall bias refers to the greater tendency of those who have been diagnosed with a condition to more carefully scrutinize the past and remember details of an exposure to a causative agent or event.
attributive adjective	See adjective.
serotonin	a neurotransmitter implicated in the behavioural-physiological processes of sleep, pain and sensory perception, motor function, appetite, learning and memory.
regular	can be described with the help of a rule, e.g
base-generate	to insert constituents into a position reflecting the basic semantic relationships
direct object	The main complement of a transitive verb, traditionally thought of as the object of its action
coordination	one of the constituency tests where two elements of the same type are put together to form a single element using a coordinating conjunction
parenthetical expression	An aside to readers or a transitional expression such as, for example or in contrast
simple sentence	See sentence types.
must	A modal auxiliary verb
anaphoric	Applies to reference back to an antecedent
four noble truths	Buddha's answer to the central problem of life: (1) There is suffering; (2) suffering has speciﬁc and identiﬁable causes; (3) suffering can be ended; (4) the way to end suffering is through enlightened living, as expressed in the Eightfold Path
canonical subject position	the specifier position of the IP
barrier	certain nodes in a tree form barriers to government, they protect' their constituents from government from the outside
polymorphism	the regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more alleles of a gene, where the frequency of the more rare alleles is greater than can be explained by recurrent mutation alone (typically greater than 1%)
continuous	Sometimes used for what is more generally termed the progressive aspect.
module	GB is made up of different but interacting components called modules, e.g
category variable	in X-bar theory and the rules of X-bar theory X is a category variable that can be substituted by any of the categories
tree diagram	a representation of grammatical structure containing nodes connected by branches.
irregular	cannot be described with the help of a rule, exceptional.
theta role	the semantic role of the participants as required by the predicate
subjectauxiliary inversion	a descriptive cover term for the reverse order of the subject and the auxiliary in questions like Can you dance?, see also I-to-C movement.
veil of ignorance	In Indian philosophy, the perspective from which the world is viewed as a multiplicity of things; in John Rawls's philosophy, the metaphor for the conditions under which rational individuals are to select the principles of justice that govern the well-ordered society
binding principles	principles that refer to the interpretation of nominal expressions:
verb forms	base form, past tense form, the third person singular present form, the perfective (same as passive) form and the progressive form.
chain	a moved element and its associated traces functioning as a single object made up of several parts
complementizer phrase	A phrase or clause with a C as its head and an IP as its complement.
base position	the position where a constituent first appears in the generative process.
applied ethics	Moral theory applied to speciﬁc contemporary moral issues, such as abortion, afﬁrmative action, pornography, capital punishment, and so on
internal validity	a measure of, for example whether it is the intervention responsible for change seen in a research subject rather than some external force, or natural process such as physical or psychological maturation.
jargon	Specialized vocabulary used by people in a particular field
binding principles	principles that refer to the interpretation of nominal expressions:
subcategory	a category under a main category, e.g
echo question	a question in which a previously uttered sentence is more or less repeated and a part of it that was either not heard or not believed is replaced by a wh-element
translatability thesis	The idea that, in theory, statements about the world could all be translated into statements that refer to immediate sensory experience
marxism	The socialist philosophy of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and their followers that postulates the labor theory of value, the dialectical interplay of social institutions, class struggle, and dictatorship of the proletariat leading to a classless society
subordinating conjunction	See conjunction.
uncountable noun	See mass noun.
buddhism	A philosophical tradition, founded by Gautama Siddhartha Buddha in the ﬁfth century B.C.E., that took on various forms as a religion and spread throughout Asia; Buddhism attempts to help the individual conquer the suffering and mutability of human existence through the elimination of desire and ego and attainment of the state of nirvana
unpronounced	see phonologically empty
voice	a distinction between active voice and passive voice
reverse wh-cleft	The same as an inverted Pseudo-Cleft sentence.
third person	Everyone and everything other than you and me
proprioceptive	capable of receiving stimuli originating in muscles, tendons, and other internal tissues.
minimal pairs	two words that differ only in terms of one sound, as in "cat and bat" OR "fine and vine"
ethnophilosophy	A systematically descriptive method of investigating the philosophical concepts that are important in a culture, especially a culture that is primarily transmitted through unwritten stories, rituals, and statements of belief
non-restrictive	A post-modifying element in an NP which can be eliminated without rendering ambiguous the identity of what is being discussed
movement	S-structure constituents do not always appear in the position where they are base-generated in D-structure, they often move from their base positions to other structural positions
constituency test	a test for deciding whether a certain string of words is a constituent or not, e.g
two-place predicate	a predicate with two arguments, e.g
identity theory	The theory that mental states and events are brain states and events
landing site	the position elements move to.
predicative adjective	See adjective.
do-insertion	see do-support.
dialect	unique vocabulary, pronunciation and usage that is typical of a certain group of people
conditional clause	Normally refers to a subordinate clause, usually beginning with it in a conditional sentence.
[±f]	one of the three basic binary features on which all categories can be defined
covert	invisible, without phonological realisation but still having grammatical function
base-generate	to insert constituents into a position reflecting the basic semantic relationships
constituent	a linguistic expression that functions as a unit in grammatical structure
foot of a chain	the lowest position an element has been moved from containing the trace of the moved constituent; the extraction site of the moved element.
hmc	see Head Movement Constraint.
nominative absolute	Another term for an absolute phrase.
adjacency	according to traditional analyses Case assigner and Case assignee must be adjacent, next to each other
wh-cleft	The same as a pseudo-cleft sentence.
epiphora	See epistrophe.
imperative	a structure used to express a request or command
focus fronting	focus can be indicated either by stress alone or by movement in which latter case we speak about focus fronting, as the constituent that bears focus stress moves to the front of the clause, as in Peter I wouldn't trust
polysynthetic language	See synthetic language.
logical atomism	The metaphysical theory that the world does not consist of things but of facts, that is, things having certain properties and standing in certain relationship to one another
comment	it forms a full sentence together with a topic
root	When used of verbs, this sometimes refers to the base form.
dualism	Two-ism; the doctrine that existing things belong to one or another but not both, of two distinct categories of things, usually deemed to be physical and nonphysical or spiritual
i-language	the language which is internal to the mind; a finite system that linguists try to model with grammars.
multiple wh-question	a single question that asks for more than one piece of information hence contains more than one wh-element, e.g
limiting adjective	Old term for determiner.
nominalism	The theory that only individual things are real
pragmatics	a branch of linguistics concerned with the meaning of sentences as they are uttered in a given context
subject-verb inversion	In Shakespeare's time, yes/no questions could be formed by simply moving the verb in front of the subject ("Rides he hence?"), but Modern English uses a more complicated form of INVERSION movement
node	a symbol defining syntactic units (heads, intermediate constituents, phrases) connected by branches in a tree structure representation.
predicate	The part of a sentence that indicates what the subject does (Birds fly), what happens to the subject (Birds are kept as pets), or what is said about the subject (Birds are warmblooded).
epistemology	The branch of philosophy concerned primarily with the criteria, nature, and possibility of knowledge
adjunct	a constituent not selected by a head.
recoverable	a constituent is recoverable if it can be identified even if it has undergone deletion
phenylketonuria	an inability to break down the amino acid phenylalanine, which is present in many common foods
pyrrhonists	Members of a school of philosophical skepticism in the Hellenistic and Roman periods who attempted to suspend judgment on all knowledge claims
operator	The modal or other verb which carries the tense/modal element in yes/no questions and negative sentences.
anaphor	a reflexive (e.g
hermeneutics	Interpretive understanding that seeks systematically to access the essence of things
levels of language	Range from formal to informal and should be appropriate for audience, subject matter, and purpose.
anarchism	A utopian political theory that seeks to eliminate all authority and state rule in favor of a society based on voluntary cooperation and free association of individuals and groups
bare infinitive	an infinitive without to, a non-finite verb form appearing after auxiliaries, not to be confused with the base form of the verb which can also be finite.
prognosis	the possible outcomes of a condition or a disease and the likelihood that each one will occur.
ordinal number	First, second, third, etc
subcategorisation frame	that part of the lexical entry that states the categorial status of the complement.
second person	You
transcendental phenomenology	An epistemological method that seeks the certainty of a pure of consciousness of objects in the transcendental ego
language game	The context in which an utterance is made, which determines the purposes served by the utterance and hence its meaning; Wittgenstein believed that philosophical problems are due to ignoring the "game" in which certain concepts are used
theme	The thematic role played by someone or something undergoing the effect of the verb's action.
s-structure	post-movement structure containing the traces of moved constituents.
definiteness	a category expressing whether a nominal expression is identifiable or not
socialism	The theory that communal ownership of land, capital, and the means of production is the best way of serving the common good
isomorphism	a one-to-one correspondence between the members of two sets.
determiner	the head of a Determiner Phrase, a closed class item taking an NP complement defining its definiteness
theta-grid	that part of a predicate's lexical entry which informs us about what theta-roles the predicate has.
bartering	Giving goods or services in return for other goods and services, as opposed to the exchange of money.
direct object noun	A sentence element that answers the question, Whom or what is the subject acting upon? and may refer to people, places, things, or ideas.
of-insertion	a rescue strategy to avoid a Case Filter violation
d-structure	the structure before movement takes place, a representation of thematic relations.
yes-no questions	A common question form, which assumes that the answer will be either "yes" or "no"--e.g
double modals	Standard English treats the modal auxiliaries as mutually exclusive, but some non-standard dialects permit combinations like might could
semantic role	Alternative term for thematic role.
determiner	the head of a Determiner Phrase, a closed class item taking an NP complement defining its definiteness
structural ambiguity	the source of ambiguity is not lexical
definite determiner	a determiner like the or this that turns a nominal expression into a definite DP.
perseveration	repetitive movement or speech, or sticking to one idea or task that has a compulsive quality to it.
conditional sentence	A declarative sentence with a subordinate construction, normally an if-clause, indicating the conditions under which the main clause will be true
pro	the phonologically empty DP appearing in the subject position of non-finite clauses
np-movement	see DP-movement.
noun	a word that names people, places or things that can have a plural form
teacch	an intervention for children with autism and other communication disorders
zero conditional	See conditional sentence.
grammatical aspect	refers to how the event is viewed as a process: whether it has stopped (perfect aspect) or is still going on (progressive aspect).
instrumentalism	A theory held by John Dewey, among others, that ideas, judgments, and propositions are not merely true or false; rather, they are tools to understand experience and solve problems
coindexation	an indication of coreference between two constituents by giving them the same subscript index symbol
morphological case	there is a morphologically visible indication of Case on the nominal expression (DP)
stoicism	(capital "s") The ethical philosophy of the ancient Greek Stoics, who emphasized the serene or untroubled life as the highest good and thought it best reached through acceptance of the natural order of things; (lowercase "s") the practice of a stoic, one who is indifferent to pleasure and pain
occupational therapist	individuals who specialize in the analysis of activity and tasks to minimize the impact of disability on activities of daily living
unaccusative verb	a verb taking one argument to which it assigns a theme theta-role in the specifier position of a VP
infinitive phrase	A non-finite (untensed) phrase or clause in which the base form of the verb is preceded by the infinitive marker to.
exclamatory sentence	Also called exclamative
subjective case	Another term for nominative case.
coordinator	Same as coordinating conjunction
unaccusative verb	a verb taking one argument to which it assigns a theme theta-role in the specifier position of a VP
perfect	A verb aspect indicating that the verb's action is or was completed (depending on whether present or past perfect) at the time indicated by the main tense
recoverable	a constituent is recoverable if it can be identified even if it has undergone deletion
tag questions	A question form which turns statements into questions by appending auxiliaries and pronouns--e.g., "isn't it?" or "have you?"
complement rule	one of the three rules of X-bar theory of the following form:
lexical verb	a verb with lexical content as opposed to one having grammatical function in the structure.
agent	one of the thematic or theta-roles, where the argument deliberately performs an action, as Jamie in Jamie sang a song or Robert in Robert kicked the cat
adjunct rule	one of the three rules of X-bar theory, a recursive rule of the form
relative clause	relative clauses are adjoined to NPs, they give information about the nominal expression
asterisk	a
locative	A place adverbial or the thematic role normally played by one.
multiple light verb	the internal structure of the VP and the structure of the event expressed by the verb are isomorphic
thematic role	see theta-role.
phonology	the study of the sound patterns of language.
language	a system that enables people who speak it to produce and understand linguistic expressions.
dummy subjects	A subject (often the anticipatory or impersonal it which adds no semantic information to a sentence and exists only because English requires that the subject position be filled.
risperdal	Risperdal, like other new antipsychotic drugs currently under development, is designed as a serotonin/dopamine antagonist
relative pronouns	A subset of WH-pronouns used to introduce relative clauses and nominal relatives
tongue	muscular tissue in the mouth used for tasting and articulating
degp	the functional projection on top of APs (similarly to DPs taking NP complements) hosting degree modifiers like the superlative and comparative morpheme.
bracketed representation	a representation of grammatical structure by bracketing those constituents that belong together, an alternative to tree diagrams.
beneficiary	Alternative term for recipient.
categorical imperative	Immanuel Kant's formulation of a moral law that holds unconditionally, that is, categorically; in its most common formulation, states that you are to act in such a way that you could desire the principle on which you act to be a universal law
syntax	the study of sentence structure
cleft sentence	A sentence which has been reordered for emphasis by adding a new subject and some form of be.
coreference	when two or more referential phrases pick out the same entity in the world they are said to be coreferential
cynicism	A school of philosophy founded around the ﬁfth century B.C.E., probably by Antisthenes of Diogenes; the Cynics sought to lead lives of total simplicity and naturalness by rejecting all comforts and conveniences of society
postmodernism	The period of twentieth-century Western culture following modernism that challenges traditional cultural values in a variety of ways
specifier position	a position defined by X-bar Theory
coordinator	A coordinating conjunction
predicate noun	See predicate nominative.
hellenistic age	The period of Macedonian domination of the Greek-speaking world from around 335 B.C.E
fricative	a speech sound (consonant) in which air is forced to pass through a small opening and creates friction, as in /f/ and /v/
do-insertion	see do-support.
theta-grid	that part of a predicate's lexical entry which informs us about what theta-roles the predicate has.
ecm	see Exceptional Case-marking.
nirvana	In Buddhism, the highest good; the extinction of will and of the accompanying ego, greed, anger, delusion, and clinging to existence
demonstrative adjective	An adjective that indicates or points out this, that, these, or those people, places, or things to which a speaker is referring.
definite determiner	a determiner like the or this that turns a nominal expression into a definite DP.
branch	lines connecting the nodes in tree-structure representations.
form	Aristotle's theory of forms; in Plato's philosophy that which is denoted by a general word, a word (such as "good") that applies to more than a single thing
complementiser	a constituent introducing a sentential complement
communism	(capital "c") The ideology of the Communist Party; (lowercase "c") an economic system
teleological explanation	An explanation of a thing in terms of its ends, goals, purposes, or functions
subject predicative	Another name for a subject complement
projection principle	lexical information is syntactically represented.
qualifier	Another term for degree word or intensifier.
wh-pronoun	See WH-word.
of-genitive	A prepositional phrase with of taking as its complement an NP that would otherwise be a possessive NP.
extrapyramidal effects	a common side effect of neuroleptic agents (phenothiazines) affecting motor coordination, balance, and movement.
functional category	categories without lexical content, fulfilling some grammatical function in a given structure: inflections, determiners, degree adverbs and complementisers.
patient	Another term applied to the semantic role of theme
gluten-free/casein-free diet	A diet believed by some to help improve the symptoms of autism
skeptic	One who questions or suspends judgment on the possibility of knowledge
clause	a structure containing a (visible or invisible) subject and a predicate.
dp-movement	the movement of DPs in passive and raising structures
thematic role	The semantic role played by a constituent of a particular IP.
unmarked	See markedness.
pre-determiner	traditionally pre-determiners are those determiners that appear in front of central determiners within a nominal expression
dative alternate	see dative construction.
participle	A participle is a type of verbal, a verb form that does not function as a verb
sister nodes	two nodes that have the same mother.
coindexation	an indication of coreference between two constituents by giving them the same subscript index symbol
fluvoxamine	a medication which treats both depressive and obsessive symptoms.
secretin	a polypeptide neurotransmitter (chemical messenger), one of the hormones that controls digestion, increasing the volume and bicarbonate content of secreted pancreatic juices.
ordinal number	A number used to indicate order in a particular series.
subjectivism	In ethics, the doctrine that what is right is determined by what people believe is right; elsewhere, the theory that limits knowledge of conscious states
[±f]	one of the three basic binary features on which all categories can be defined
pronominal	those DPs that cannot have a binder within the binding domain
specifier position	a position defined by X-bar Theory
relativized minimality	a rule expressing the locality conditions on movement, see also Locality Restrictions on Movement.
false dilemma	Offering only two options when in fact more than two options exist
original position	John Rawls' name for a hypothetical condition in which rational and unbiased individuals select the principles of social justice that govern a well-ordered society
complementary distribution	two constituents are in complementary distribution if one of them never appears in any of the environments where the other appears
articles	A, an, and the
adjacency	according to traditional analyses Case assigner and Case assignee must be adjacent, next to each other
theme	one of the thematic roles where the argument is not affected by the action described by the verb e.g
double genitive	See possessive case.
ejaculation	An older term for interjection, now seldom used as such for obvious reasons.
pronoun	and refer to an entity, quality, state, action, or concept
voiceless/unvoiced sound	a sound produced without the vibration of the vocal cords, e.g
raising adjective	an adjective inducing raising, e.g
clause	a structure containing a (visible or invisible) subject and a predicate.
np-movement	see DP-movement.
obligatory adverbial	See adverbial complement.
transitive	When a predicate needs a nominal complement to complete its meaning, it is a transitive predicate, and its verb is said to be transitive
patriarchy	Second wave feminist term representing the set of institutions that legitimized universal male power
exocentric structure	one that contains no element that can have the same function as the whole phrase, it appears to have properties that are independent from the elements it contains
case theory	one of the modules of GB defining Case-assignment to DPs.
hypercorrection	A misapplication of a misunderstood grammatical rule in a failed attempt to be "correct."
placebo	an inactive substance that looks the same as, and is administered in the same way as, a drug in a clinical trial, usually in a double-blinded study
indirect question	A sentence that paraphrases what a question is or was
confucianism	A philosophical tradition that began with Confucius in the sixth century B.C.E
arguments	the participants minimally involved in an action defined by the predicate
time series	a research design in which subjects are tested at different times during the course of a long-term study.
declarative sentence	An independent clause that makes a statement
do-support	a last resort operation when neither the auxiliary nor the lexical verb can move
correlative conjunction	A pair of linking words (such as either/or, not only/but also) that appear separately but work together to join parts of a sentence
descriptive relativism	The doctrine that the moral standards people subscribe to differ from culture to culture and from society to society
do-insertion	A rule that inserts do into the I slot when it is needed to realize the tense, as in INVERSION.
word category	a set of expressions that share certain linguistic features, a grouping of words that cluster together, e.g
negative fronting	a movement type where a negative element is placed at the beginning of the clause as in Never have I met such a talented musician!
cultural relativism	The theory that what is right (and wrong) is what your culture believes is right (and wrong)
tag questions	A question form which turns statements into questions by appending auxiliaries and pronouns
ecm	see Exceptional Case-marking.
present participle	Formed by adding ing- to the base form of the verb
exceptional verb	verbs selecting not a CP but an IP complement when their complement is clausal
immediate constituent	the immediate constituent of a node is the node that is lower than the given constituent and is connected to it by a single branch
operator	constituents affecting the interpretation of the sentence indicating a process that is needed to work out the meaning of the sentence that contains them; quantifiers and wh-elements.
locality restrictions on movement	a head cannot move over the top of another head, a subject cannot move over the top of another subject a constituent cannot move over the top of a like constituent
antecedent	a constituent another constituent without independent reference (such as an anaphor or a trace) takes reference from/is coreferential with
sister nodes	two nodes that have the same mother.
gender	the contrast between masculine and feminine, or (in some languages) animate and inanimate nominal expressions.
binder	a nominal expression that gives reference to another nominal expression without independent reference
law of the father	In Lacan's theory, a system that contains encoded patriarchal values in language
passive voice	the subject of the passive sentence is interpreted as the object of the verb.
free-market economy	An economic system built around the belief that supply and demand, competition, and a free play of market forces best serve the interests of society and the common good
inflectional morpheme	it does not change the category of the lexical element to which it is added, it provides another form of the word, e.g
predicate nominative	An NP or other nominal used as a subject complement
transitive	A verb type
vowel backness	position of the tongue in relation to the back of the mouth when making a vowel sound (positions include front, near-front, centre, near-back, back)
theta-criterion	The theory that each argument of a verb can play only one thematic role and that each role can be played by only one argument.
recipient	The thematic role of the recipient or beneficiary of the action
[±n]	one of the three basic binary features on which all categories can be defined
zero level projection	the head of a phrase, X in an XP.
case filter	every overt DP must be assigned abstract Case.
clusters	blended sounds put together to make a single sound
exceptional verb	verbs selecting not a CP but an IP complement when their complement is clausal
subject complement	object, predicate.
syntax	How sentences are formed in language
generative grammar	a grammar containing rules with the help of which we can generate all and only the well-formed expressions of a language (therefore excluding the ungrammatical structures).
lexical ambiguity	the source of ambiguity is a lexical constituent which is associated with more than one meaning in the lexicon, e.g
anaphoric operator	an operator that behaves like an anaphor, one that is referentially dependent on another constituent in the sentence, like a wh-element in relative clauses.
lexicon	a mental dictionary where we store information about all the words we use focusing on the idiosyncratic properties such as pronunciation, meaning, etc.
sentence	A word group that includes both a subject and a predicate and can stand alone
maximal projection	the phrase-level projection, XP, where X is a categorial variable.
gum	the tissue around the base of the teeth
comment	it forms a full sentence together with a topic
dummy subject	A subject (often the anticipatory or impersonal it which adds no semantic information to a sentence and exists only because English requires that the subject position be filled
progressive aspect	the event is viewed as being in progress, e.g
incomplete sentence	A nicer name for sentence fragment
daughter	an immediate constituent of a node which then is the mother node.
declarative clause	a positive or negative statement mainly used to convey information.
subordinator	A subordinating conjunction
coordination test for phrases	Phrases (and other sentence constituents) can be joined with a like group of words by a coordinating conjunction.
neoplatonism	A further development of Platonic philosophy under the inﬂuence of Aristotelian and Pythagorean philosophy and Christian mysticism; it ﬂourished between the third and sixth centuries, stressing a mystical intuition of the highest One or God, a transcendent source of all being
complete sentence	A word group that includes both a subject and a predicate and can stand alone
noun marker	See determiner.
force	the distinction between declarative and interrogative interpretation.
imperative	Denotes both a verb mood and the sentence type of a sentence with the main verb in that mood
lexical ambiguity	the source of ambiguity is a lexical constituent which is associated with more than one meaning in the lexicon, e.g
functional category	categories without lexical content, fulfilling some grammatical function in a given structure: inflections, determiners, degree adverbs and complementisers.
alternative questions	See yes/no questions.
psychoanalysis	A psychological theory and therapeutic method developed by Sigmund Freud
phrase structure trees	A way of visually presenting the structure of phrases and larger units.
narrative present	See tense.
lexical entry	a collection of the idiosyncratic properties of lexical items.
agrp	Agreement Phrase
zero level projection	the head of a phrase, X in an XP.
implicit argument	an argument that is not present in the syntactic structure but understood
fused sentence	A type of run-on sentence in which two sentences are run together with no intervening punctuation or conjunction--in effect, a comma splice without the comma
active voice	A verb form that indicates the subject is performing the action.
ethical relativism	The theory that there are no absolute and universally valid moral standards and values and that therefore the moral standards and values that apply to you are merely those that are accepted by your society
ordinal number	Numbers indicating place in some order, as first, second, last
critical theory	A philosophical method that seeks to provide a radical critique of knowledge by taking into account the situation and interests involved
indefinite determiner	a determiner like a or some turning a nominal expression into an indefinite DP.
preparatory it	Same as the anticipatory it.
referential	something that refers to something
representationalism	The doctrine that true beliefs are accurate representations of the state of affairs they are about
sonorant	sounds that are made when air is impeded only slightly, as in /m/, /n/
periphrastic comparison of adjectives	the comparative and superlative forms of the adjective are expressed with the degree adverbs more and most
tone	the emotion that is conveyed through the sound of speech (e.g
pro	the phonologically empty DP appearing in the subject position of non-finite clauses
unpronounced	see phonologically empty
citation form	See base form.
aspectual auxiliary verb	those dummy auxiliary verbs that participate in forming the progressive (different forms of be as in They are waiting.) or the perfective aspect (different forms of have as in I have read this book.)
substitution	a) one of the constituency tests to define whether a certain constituent is the same type as another
degree adverb	a subclass of adverbs which specifies the degree to which some property applies, e.g
dp-movement	the movement of DPs in passive and raising structures
adverb clause	A subordinate clause serving an adverbial function.
functionalism	The doctrine that what a thing is must be understood and analyzed not by what it is made of but by its function; for example, anything that functions as a mousetrap is a mousetrap, regardless of what it is made of or how it looks or is assembled
agreement	When two words or phrases share a common feature
there-sentence	See existential sentence.
i-to-c movement	the generative equivalent of the descriptive notion of subjectauxiliary inversion attested in questions like Can you swim?', where the auxiliary is assumed to move from the head position of IP to the head position of CP.
appositive genitive	Apposition may be expressed with a genitive expression--in English, usually an of-genitive--e.g., the merry month of May.
agreement	a syntactic process whereby certain constituents must share certain features, e.g
semiotic	The pre-Oedipal stage when the child does not distinguish between itself and its mother
mirror stage	In Lacanian theory, the stage of development when the child identiﬁes itself with its own image, separate from its mother
interrogative clause	a structure mainly used to ask for information, either in the form of a yesno question or a wh-question.
anaphor	a reflexive (e.g
recursive	Another term borrowed from mathematics, this refers to structures and operations which can be endlessly repeated
open class of words	A part of speech which is constantly being added to by the creation and borrowing of new members
preposition	a syntactic unit preceding its complement, the most often a DP defining a special syntactic and/or semantic relationship between the complement and another constituent: cat in the bag/grapes of wrath/tea without sugar/a reduction of taxes
deixis	Reference depending on contextual clues--e.g.,here, now, them
pluperfect	The past perfect
risperidone	a drug used to treat problem behaviours such as aggression, self-injury, and irritability in children, adolescents, and adults with autism
dative construction	an alternative to the verbindirect objectdirect object construction where the indirect object appears in the form of a PP: I gave an apple to Peter as opposed to I gave Peter an apple.
epizeuxis	Repetition in succession of a single word--again, again, and again
anaphoric operator	an operator that behaves like an anaphor, one that is referentially dependent on another constituent in the sentence, like a wh-element in relative clauses.
genus	how a thing is similar to other things
abstract light verb	the head position of a vP can be occupied by a phonetically empty light verb.
pseudo-cleft	See cleft sentence.
number	a contrast between singular and plural as in a shirt/several shirts
contractarian theory	The political theory according to which a legitimate state exists only by virtue of an agreement or "contract" among the subjects of the state
expletive subject	a subject without reference, its presence is merely required by the EPP
case theory	one of the modules of GB defining Case-assignment to DPs.
to-infinitive	an infinitive appearing with to, a non-finite verb-form.
head of a chain	the position an element moves to, its final landing site.
tp	Tense Phrase, an alternative label for Inflection Phrase (IP).
structure preservation principle	no movement can alter the basic X-bar nature of structure, structures are projected from the lexicon at all levels.
antecedent	A previous expression being referred to
two-place predicate	a predicate with two arguments, e.g
recursive rule	a rule where the definition refers to what is being defined, e.g
object position	the specifier position of VP.
materialism	The theory that only physical entities exist and that so-called mental things are manifestations of an underlying physical reality
ip	see Inflectional Phrase.
θ-role	see theta role.
randomized controlled trial	a study design in which enrollment into a study is done by random allocation, that is, the patient has no greater likelihood or receiving the treatment or placebo (or the comparison treatment) than could be expected by chance alone
social philosophy	The philosophical study of society and its institutions; concerned especially with determining the features of the ideal or best society
category variable	in X-bar theory and the rules of X-bar theory X is a category variable that can be substituted by any of the categories
interrogative sentence	See sentence types or pronoun.
mother	a node directly above another node.
quantifier	a determiner that expresses a definite or indefinite amount or number of the nominal expression it modifies, e.g
adverb	conjunct, disjunct.
idiosyncratic	not predictable
complex transitive	A verb type.
functional analysis	a process of carefully observing behaviour to determine what sets off the chain of events that leads to tantrums or aggression
progressive	An verb aspect with a form of be as an auxiliary followed by the present participle of the next verb in the expression
locative inversion	a structure where a PP locative argument apparently sits in subject position while the DP theme sits behind the verb, as in In the corner sat a shadowy figure.
multiple wh-question	a single question that asks for more than one piece of information hence contains more than one wh-element, e.g
larynx	the hollow, muscular organ in the throat that holds the vocal chords; the voice box
prevalence study	a study of the rates of a condition in a given population at a given time
alveolar ridge	the bony region at the roof and bottom of the mouth behind the front teeth; contains the tooth sockets
specifier	In English, the constituent of a phrase which comes before the head
to-infinitive	an infinitive appearing with to, a non-finite verb-form.
grammar	(a) a (finite) set of rules which tell us how to recognise the infinite number of expressions that constitute the language that we speak
thesis-antithesis-synthesis	In the philosophy of Hegel, to each thesis there is an antithesis (opposite), and the two are a unity in a higher synthesis
superlative form of adjectives	comparison to a higher (or in the case of least lower) degree when there are more than two agents involved: He is the tallest of us
endocentric structure	one that gets its properties from an element that it contains, this element can function by itself as a whole phrase
head	a word level or zero level category
plural	More than one
correlative	Name for expressions reinforcing coordinating conjunctions (e.g
singular	Only one
arbitrary reference	in certain contexts PRO does not need an antecedent, it has a generic interpretation similarly to the pronoun one:
tense	voice, and capacity to take adverbial qualifiers and to govern objects
[±n]	one of the three basic binary features on which all categories can be defined
trace	moved constituents leave traces in the position where they have been moved from
case assigner	a head that has the ability to assign Case, like V(erb), P(reposition) and finite I(nflection).
consequentialism	Ethical theories that evaluate actions by their consequences
dative alternate	see dative construction.
theme	one of the thematic roles where the argument is not affected by the action described by the verb e.g
verb tense	An expression of time; it conveys whether the action, occurrence, or state of being takes place in the past, present, or future.
passive voice	the subject of the passive sentence is interpreted as the object of the verb.
mood	Indicates whether the sentence states a fact or asks a question (indicative mood), gives a command or direction (imperative mood), or expresses a condition contrary to fact, a wish, or a suggestion (subjunctive mood)
mood	Indicates whether the sentence states a fact or asks a question (indicative mood),
node	a symbol defining syntactic units (heads, intermediate constituents, phrases) connected by branches in a tree structure representation.
non-restrictive relative clause	this clause-type is used to add extra information rather than to restrict the application of the noun
third man argument	Aristotle's criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms, according to which there must be a third thing that ties together a Form with the particular things that exemplify it
covert	invisible, without phonological realisation but still having grammatical function
non-pulmonic	when the air comes from a source other than the lungs
analytic philosophy	The predominant twentieth-century philosophical tradition in English-speaking countries; analytic philosophy has its roots in British empiricism and holds that analysis is the proper method of philosophy
verb forms	base form, past tense form, the third person singular present form, the perfective (same as passive) form and the progressive form.
simple form	See base form.
rewrite rule	a phrase structure rule defining what the immediate constituents of e.g
post maturity	refers to birth of a baby 14 days or more after the usual 280 days of gestation
argument from design	A proof for the existence of God based on the idea that the universe and its parts give evidence of purpose or design and therefore require a divine designer
specifier rule	one of the three rules of X-bar Theory of the following form:
ambiguity	a structure is ambiguous if it can be interpreted in more than one way
progressive aspect	the event is viewed as being in progress, e.g
hmc	see Head Movement Constraint.
grammatical aspect	refers to how the event is viewed as a process: whether it has stopped (perfect aspect) or is still going on (progressive aspect).
experiencer	one of the thematic or theta-roles where the argument experiences some physical or mental state, like Mary in Mary was afraid of dogs
yesno question	a question that can be answered either with yes or no, formed either by inverting the auxiliary with the subject as in Would you like to go to the cinema? or the insertion of dummy do as in Did you enjoy the performance?.
case assigner	a head that has the ability to assign Case, like V(erb), P(reposition) and finite I(nflection).
preposing	the movement of PPs, VPs, negative expressions to the beginning of the sentence: Under no circumstances would I read another novel by him.
existential there-construction	a structure where there is used as an expletive, introducing a nominal expression as in There were three girls waiting for me
coreference	when two or more referential phrases pick out the same entity in the world they are said to be coreferential
experiencer	one of the thematic or theta-roles where the argument experiences some physical or mental state, like Mary in Mary was afraid of dogs
preposing	the movement of PPs, VPs, negative expressions to the beginning of the sentence: Under no circumstances would I read another novel by him.
comparative form of adjectives	this form is used for comparison to a higher (or in the case of less lower) degree when two constituents are compared: He is taller than I am
foot of a chain	the lowest position an element has been moved from containing the trace of the moved constituent; the extraction site of the moved element.
cataphoric	Applies to reference forward to a later expression
tao	In Chinese philosophy, the Way: the ultimate and eternal principle of unity, meaning, and harmony in the universe; See also Taoism
subordinate clause	A part of a sentence containing a subject and verb that can’t stand on its own but describes something in the larger sentence.
thematic role	see theta-role.
overt	visible, having phonological realisation
raising verb	a verb inducing raising, e.g
liberalism	A political philosophy whose basic tenet is that each individual should have the maximum freedom consistent with the freedom of others
emphatic sentence	An exclamatory sentence in the broad sense.
verb	a word used to describe an event or situation that can appear in one of the five verb forms
spell	an acronym for Structure, Positive (approaches and expectations), Empathy, Low arousal, and Links, the framework used in UK schools to design programs that recognize individual needs of child and adult participants
force	the distinction between declarative and interrogative interpretation.
abstract light verb	the head position of a vP can be occupied by a phonetically empty light verb.
direct object	The main nominal complement of a transitive verb, traditionally thought of as the object of its action.
preposition	a syntactic unit preceding its complement, the most often a DP defining a special syntactic and/or semantic relationship between the complement and another constituent: cat in the bag/grapes of wrath/tea without sugar/a reduction of taxes
antecedent	a constituent another constituent without independent reference (such as an anaphor or a trace) takes reference from/is coreferential with
aspectual auxiliary verb	those dummy auxiliary verbs that participate in forming the progressive (different forms of be as in They are waiting.) or the perfective aspect (different forms of have as in I have read this book.)
tail questions	TAG-questions
adverbial relative clause	A sentential relative
correlative conjunction	See conjunction.