Glossary extracted starting with manual seeds, with BOW for the domain mus and language EN

vibrato	Small fluctuation of pitch used as an expressive device to intensify a sound.
edo	The Edo people are members of an ethnic group who share a common culture and language
c	The best way to accomplish this is to practice a different key every day
tight sound	a recording of an instrument (e.g., drums) which uses very close miking done in a soundproof recording room to eliminate "bleeding" from other instruments or ambient background noise.
energico	A symbol in sheet music a direction to play energetically.
quaker	Member of the Society of Friends, a non-conformist religious group, who prides itself on its moral and ethical outlooks.
arioso	airy, or like an air (a melody); i.e., in the manner of an aria; melodious
ashoka	Third-century BCE Mauryan king who converted to Buddhism and spread the religion throughout the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka
sibilance	the "hissing" sounds that occur when words with the letter "s" are sung; when vocals are sung into a microphone, the "s" sounds can be picked up excessively by the mic
resonator	Parts of instruments which resonate or vibrate, thus enhancing the sound of the instrument
elite	A select group of people or class in society.
hip-hop	The cultural context of rap music found in the urban style of dress, speech and art.
scratch	in a recording context, this refers to a rough "scratch track", which is the recording of a rhythm section part or vocals which is done to provide a temporary reference point for the performers who will be recording their parts (the "scratch track" is erased later on; in the context of hip-hop music and turntablism, "scratching" refers to the manipulation of a vinyl record on a turntable with the hands and a DJ mixer to create rhythmic sounds.
hammurabi	Mesopotamian ruler from 1792 - 1750 BCE whose legal decisions constitute the first written laws in the world
resonator	Parts of instruments which resonate or vibrate, thus enhancing the sound of the instrument
quintet	A set of five musicians who perform a composition written for five parts.
syncopation	Syncopation is where the emphasis of the pulse of the music is 'off' the beat.
natural	a symbol (♮) that cancels the effect of a sharp or a flat (see in this list)
tutti	all; all together, usually used in an orchestral or choral score when the orchestra or all of the voices come in at the same time, also seen in Baroque-era music where two instruments share the same copy of music, after one instrument has broken off to play a more advanced form: they both play together again at the point marked tutti
umayyad	First Muslim dynasty, 661 - 750 CE; capital was Damascus
muta [in...]	Change: either a change of instrument, e.g
strumming	Strumming is the technique of playing the guitar strings by striking across the strings on the body of the guitar using up strokes and down strokes.
rock music	Rock music has evolved from the late 1940’s rhythm recordings and the 1950s rock-and-roll style of music
castagnettes	a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow pieces of wood or bone (usually held between the thumb and fingers) that are made to click together (as by Spanish dancers) in rhythm with the dance
octet	A composition written for eight instruments.
axe	a slang term which refers to an electric guitar, or, by extension, to any instrument (e.g., a bandleader may tell a saxophone player to "get your axe").
resistance	Refusal to comply (often secretively) with the established order or authority.
ethnic group	A group of people who share a common culture and language.
beat	A beat is the measurement of the ‘pulse’ felt in music
nonconformist	Dissenting protestant group or sect which does not conform to the doctrine of the Anglican Church.
blues	Originally an African American style of musical composition
dynamics	Element of musical expression relating to the degree of loudness or softness, or volume, of a sound.
frets	The frets are the spaces on the fretboard between the fret markers (fret wires)
string quartet	A group of 4 instruments, two violins, a viola, and cello.
caboceers	African traders appointed to deal with European traders.
col legno	with the wood; i.e., the strings (for example, of a violin) are to be struck with the wood of the bow, making a percussive sound; also battuta col legno: beaten with the wood
root note	The root note defines what is called
col pugno	with the fist; i.e., bang the piano with the fist
trio	A composition written for three voices and instruments performed by three persons.
opera	Music drama that is generally sung throughout, combining the resources of vocal and instrumental music with poetry and drama, acting and pantomime, scenery and costumes.
chops	a slang term which refers to a player's strong technique or endurance ("That alto sax player has great chops; she can play for hours.")
metronome	A metronome is a music device that provides a steady beat
piano	a keyboard instrument that is played by depressing keys that cause hammers to strike tuned strings and produce sounds
performance art	an experimental show which combines music, dance, visual effects, and drama (e.g., Laurie Anderson)
snake	a slang term which refers to an audio multicore cable that terminates in a patchbay; it is used to route the signals of all of the onstage microphones and instrument amplifiers to the mixing board at the back of the performance venue.
mallets	Mallets are drum sticks used by percussionists to play a variety of instruments
libretto	A book of text containing the words of an opera.
sipario	curtain (stage)
cycle	A sequence of songs, perhaps on a single theme, or with texts by one poet, or having continuos narrative.
plantation	An estate on which crops are cultivated.
5-string	typically refers to an electric bass with five strings, which often means the addition of a low "B" string.'
arranger	A musician who adapts a composition for particular voices or instruments or for another style of performance.
ka'aba	Holy site for Muslims in Mecca.kami Spirits dwelling in animate and inaminate places and things in Japanese Shinto belief.kanga Informal piece of cotton clothing common in East Africa.Karakorum Capital of the Mongol empire.kente Cloth made of handwoven strips sewn together, possibly as early as the twelfth century; designs symbolize virtues and proverbs in what is now Ghana.khadi Home spun cotton cloth promoted by Gandhi for use in Indian clothing to reduce Indian dependence on British textiles.Khoikhoi Pastoral peoples of southern Africa who interacted with early Dutch settlers in the seventeenth century.Khoisan Family of languages spoken in southern and eastern Africa, notable for their use of click sounds
refrain	Text or music that is repeated within a larger form.
ballade	French poetic form and chanson type of the Middle Ages and Renaissance with courtly love texts
fader	on a mixing board or DJ mixer, an audio level control that slides up and down in a track
stick - drum stick	Shaped wooden object used to strike drums to produce sound
y-cable	a cable with three ends, whereby one plug is joined to two plugs
swing	A style of jazz playing which originated in the 1930s predominantly for dancing
cadenza	Initially an improvised cadence by a soloist; later becoming an elaborate and written out passage in an aria or concerto, featuring the skills of an instrumentalist or vocalist.
constantine	Roman ruler who shifted the capital of the Empire to the east, converted to Christianity, and founded the Byzantine Empire
line in	In an audio context, a "line in" is a jack found on mixers, guitar amplifiers, and recording devices
shackles	Metal hoops and chains put round the necks, wrists and necks of (usually male) slaves to restrain them.
wall of sound	in a recording context, refers to a production technique which creates a fuller, richer sound by having each part played by a number of instruments and routing the sound through an echo chamber; in a live concert context, refers to the massive volume created by huge stacks of powerful, distorted guitar amplifiers at a heavy metal concert (e.g., Motörhead)
royal african company	London-based trading company which had a monopoly on the early trade with Africa.
subito	suddenly (e.g., subito pp, which instructs the player to suddenly drop to pianissimo as an effect)
g.p.	Grand Pause, General Pause; indicates to the performers that the entire ensemble has a rest of indeterminate length, often as a dramatic effect during a loud section
monopoly	An exclusive possession or control in the trade in a particular good or service.
new age	Modern music characterized by quiet improvisation on the acoustic piano, guitar and synthesizer and a dreamy, relaxing sound.
chimes	Percussion instrument of definite pitch that consists of a set of tuned metal tubes of various lengths suspended from a frame and struck with a hammer
masquerade	In the context of African practice, masquerade dancers are a feature of religious societies and are identified with different roles
6-string	typically refers to an electric bass with six strings, which often means the addition of a low "B" string and a high "C" string
opus	Convenient method of numbering a composer’s works where a number follows the word “opus”
conductor	One who directs a group of performers
soul	The name for a type of rhythm and blues built on elements of gospel and spiritual music
smelting	To extract metal from ore (solid rock or mineral) by meting it at high temperatures.
brushes	Brushes are a set of bristles (metal or plastic) connected to a handle so that the bristles make a fan shape
opus	Convenient method of numbering a composers works where a number follows the word opus
improvisation	To improvise music is to take a performance created in the moment without use of memory or from a prepared or written score and produce a melodic and rhythmic melody.
in modo di	in the art of, in the style of
7-string	typically refers to an electric guitar with seven strings, which often means the addition of a low "B" string
blues	A style of music that evolved from southern African-American secular songs and is usually characterized by slow tempo and flatted thirds and sevenths
goal	Jail, where people are imprisoned.
daoism	Chinese religion that encourages spontaneity and the development of connections to the Dao, the force balancing the universe
anti-slavery	This term might be used to describe a person, an action, or an idea that is against slavery.
tabulature	for guitar, bass guitar, and other fretted stringed instruments, tab is a type of sheet music notation in which the strings of the instrument are depicted on paper using staff paper-like lines, and then the pitches to be played are indicated using a fret number on the appropriate string line.
syncopation	a disturbance or interruption of the regular flow of downbeat rhythm with emphasis on the sub-division or up-beat, e.g
olmec	Mother civilization of Mesoamerican cultures, 1200 - 800 BCE
ballet	A theatrical dance form with a story, sets, and music.
motet	Polyphonic vocal genre, secular in the Middle Ages but sacred or devotional thereafter.
venture	A commercial undertaking, dealing with a good or asset in the hope that it will bring profit to those involved.
guinea kettle	A type of brass pan, known as a kettle, which was made in Bristol for both the home and African markets
suite	Multimovement work made up of a series of contrasting dance movements, generally all in the same key
quartet	A set of four musicians who perform a composition written for four parts.
sample	to record a short portion from a live performance or from a recording of an instrument or group, so that this short "snippet" can be re-played or re-used in another performance or recording
cymbale	a percussion instrument consisting of a concave brass disk; makes a loud crashing sound when hit with a drumstick or when two are struck together
reggae	Jamaican music style influenced by African musical traditions
jazz	A style of music largely associated with the African American community that mixed rhythms from West Africa, harmony from Europe and gospel singing.
gong	Percussion instrument consisting of a broad circular disk of metal, suspended in a frame and struck with a heavy drumstick
compressor	an electronic audio effect which automatically reduces the gain of a signal (vocals, instruments, etc.) to a pre-set threshold, thus preventing unwanted peaks which could cause clipping
analog	sound equipment in which the signal containing the voice, electric guitar signal, etc
manilla	Brass bracelet-shaped objects made in Europe and used in trade with West Africa.
comic opera	An opera or operetta with a humorous plot, generally spoken dialogue, and usually a happy ending
notation	First developed in the 8th century, methods of writing music.
dramatis personae	the actors in a play
overlap	This style is also not strictly "house", but as with all electronic music genres, there is overlap.
sextet	A set of six musicians who perform a composition written for six parts.
heavy metal	A ponderous rock form characterized by brittle, flashy guitar work, unnaturally high-pitched male vocals and an adolescent fascination with the darker side of human experience
jongleurs	Medieval wandering entertainers who played instruments, sang and danced, juggled, and performed plays.
timbale	a large hemispherical brass or copper percussion instrument with a drumhead that can be tuned by adjusting the tension on it
yangqin	A Chinese hammered dulcimer with a trapezoidal sound box and metal strings that are struck with bamboo sticks.
haut	Medieval category of loud instruments, used mainly for outdoor occasions, as distinct from bas, or soft, instruments.
hymn	A song of praise and glorification
septet	A set of seven musicians who perform a composition written for seven parts.
recitative	Solo vocal declamation that follows the inflections of the text, often resulting in a disjunct vocal style; found in opera, cantata, and oratorio.
cover	when a band plays a song that has been composed and recorded by another band, this is called a "cover tune"; also used as a verb (e.g., "to cover" a song by a certain band)
organ trio	in jazz or rock, a group of three musicians which includes a Hammond organ player and two other instruments, often a drummer and either an electric guitar player or a saxophone player.
sidefills	a slang term for onstage monitor speakers that are placed on the sides of the stage, to help performers to hear themselves.
cadence	A sequence of chords that brings an end to a phrase, either in the middle or the end of a composition.
classicism	The period of music history which dates from the mid 1800’s and lasted about sixty years
pastoral	A composition whose style is simple and idyllic; suggestive of rural scenes.
pro-slavery	This term might be used to describe a person, an action, or an idea that is in favour of slavery.
ensemble	A group of musicians playing together (assembled)
call and response	a way of writing a song in which after a singer sings a line, other singers (e.g., backup singers or band members) respond with a line that completes the thought
song cycle	A sequence of songs, perhaps on a single theme, or with texts by one poet, or having continuos narrative.
dynamics	refers to the relative volumes in the execution of a piece of music
movement	A separate section of a larger composition.
reggae	Caribbean style of music.
carillon	a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument
timbales	Shallow, single-headed drums of Cuban origin, played in pairs; used in much Latin-American popular music.
zydeco music	Many DJs mix genres, remix existing sounds, or leave electronic music entirely
pizzicato	pinched, plucked; i.e., in music for bowed strings, plucked with the fingers as opposed to played with the bow
remix	a second or subsequent "mixdown" of a set of recorded tracks
alzate sordini	lift or raise the mutes; i.e., remove mutes
deest	from the Latin deesse meaning absent; placed after a catalogue abbreviation to indicate that this particular work does not appear in it.[2] The plural is desunt and used when referring to several works.
façade	Face or front of a building.
octave	interval between one musical pitch and another with half or double its frequency
key	In the concept of music composition the use of a key indicates an adherence, in a passage of music, to the notes of a specified major scale or minor scale.
minimalist music	Contemporary musical style featuring the repetition of short melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic patterns with little variation
a cappella	in the manner of singing in a chapel; i.e., without instrumental accompaniment
pad	in reference to the music played by a keyboardist, this refers to a "sythesizer pad", which is a sustained background synthesizer sound used to accompany a band or singer; in reference to sound engineering, this refers to an attenuation circuit which reduces the gain of an excessively "hot" signal, typically by 20 dB.
midi	an acronym for Musical Instrument Digital Interface, an industry-standard way for electronic devices to communicate information
medley	Often used in overtures, a composition that uses passages from other movements of the composition in its entirety.
capo	a clip-on metal or plastic device with a rubber-padded bar which holds down all six strings of the guitar in a fret position selected by the performer
interpretation	The expression the performer brings when playing his instrument.
sign	This sign is similar to a dollar sign and denotes the point to return to when instructed with the term 'D.S
xlr	a type of professional audio cable used to send balanced signals
romantic	A period in history during the 18th and early 19th centuries where the focus shifted from the neoclassical style to an emotional, expressive, and imaginative style.
quartet	A set of four musicians who perform a composition written for four parts.
ostinato	obstinate, persistent; i.e., a short musical pattern that is repeated throughout an entire composition or portion of a composition
resonance	When several strings are tuned to harmonically related pitches, all strings vibrate when only one of the strings is struck.
pizzicato	pinched, plucked; i.e., in music for bowed strings, plucked with the fingers as opposed to played with the bow; compare arco (in this list), which is inserted to cancel a pizzicato instruction
transferability	This is where a concept or principle can be reapplied to another part of the keyboard, or neck of the guitar to simply transfer a pattern, therefore enabling the student to learn the concept once and apply it in a multiple of situations.
treble	The playing or singing the upper half of the vocal range
sweetening	a recording production term that refers to the addition of additional instruments or voices—orchestral strings, vocal harmonies from a group of professional backup singers, Latin percussionists, etc.--- to a basic "bed track" or "basic track" of bass, drums, and rhythm guitar or piano
skin	The drum skin is a circular plastic film that is spread across the top and bottom of a drum
crescendo	growing; i.e., progressively louder (contrast diminuendo)
machines	The genre of cosmic electronic music was formed at the turn of the 1970s in Germany by Popol Vuh, Klaus Schulze and Tangerine Dream.
tambourin	a shallow drum with a single drumhead and with metallic disks in the sides
clean channel	many electric guitar amplifiers have two "channels": a clean channel, which is undistorted, and an "overdrive" (or "dirty" channel), in which the signal is heavily preamplified and/or run through a distortion effect, thus producing a distorted signal
legato	Word to indicate that the movement or entire composition is to be played smoothly.
rastafarianism	Rastas, or Ras Tafarians are followers of the Rastafarian (or Rasta) religion, who regard Halie Selassie of Ethiopia as God.
cabinet	refers to a speaker cabinet, which is a wooden (or sometimes plastic) enclosure for a loudspeaker and, in some cases a horn or tweeter
nonet	A composition written for nine instruments.
parody	A composition based on previous work
canon or kanon	a theme that is repeated and imitated and built upon by other instruments with a time delay, creating a layered effect; see Pachelbel's Canon.
cantabile	A style of singing which is characterized by the easy and flowing tone of the composition.
beat	(1) the pronounced rhythm of music; (2) one single stroke of a rhythmic accent
export	To sell or send goods or services to another country.
register	A portion of the range of the instrument or voice.
musicology	The study of forms, history, science, and methods of music.
dynamics	the relative volume in the execution of a piece of music
triangle	a percussion instrument consisting of a metal bar bent in the shape of an open triangle
sugar refinery	Place where sugar is refined
allegro	A direction to play lively and fast.
coda	a tail; i.e., a closing section appended to a piece of music (also called a "tag" or "outro").
first electronic	Egypt's first electronic music album - Shabaka fuses technological elements with fragments of Egyptian media and a healthy dose of regional sounds.
tubano drums	A fabulous set of five outdoor drums made by Freenotes. Available in a range of vibrant colours and ready to be installed at any height.
monitor	in a live music context, refers to speaker cabinets which are used to amplify the singing and playing of onstage performers so that the performers can hear themselves' in a recording context, refers to studio reference monitors, which are heavy-duty, low-coloration speakers designed for playing back mixes.
annuity	An allowance.
jainism	Influenced by the Vedic traditions and texts, Jains strive for an intense ethical life to gain release from reincarnation.jeliw Manding (West African) name for bards (griots or storyteller-historians) whose positions were inherited.Jenne Jeno Ancient city in sub-Saharan Africa active around 250 BCE.Jiangxi Province in China south of the Yangzi River.jihad Muslim term for either internal struggle against sin or a holy war against infidels.Joseph Mobutu Led a coup d'état in 1965 and then ruled Zaire as the president for life until 1997.Jurchen People who inhabited areas of present-day Manchuria and founded a state in northern China; their Jin dynasty ruled from 1115 - 1224.back to top
dotted eighth note	This is an eighth note that has a dot after it, increasing its value from half of a beat to three quarters of a beat.
east indies	The islands that extend in a wide belt along both sides of the Equator between the Asian mainland to the north and west and Australia to the south.
sweet spot	in live sound or recordings in which a mic is placed in front of an instrument or a guitar amplifier, the "sweet spot" is a placement or position of a microphone which yields the most pleasing sound; in the context of listening to a mix in a studio through monitor speakers, the "sweet spot" is a distance away from the speakers that the engineer believes to produce the most natural sound.
rim shot	A ‘Rim Shot’ occurs when both rim and the centre of the drum head are struck at the same time with the same drum stick.
reggae	a Jamaican style of popular music that features a strong, syncopated bassline, accompaniment with an undistorted electric guitar or Fender Rhodes on the offbeats, and chanted vocals.
vivace	Direction to performer to play a composition in a brisk, lively, and spirited manner.
gong	a percussion instrument consisting of a metal plate that is struck with a softheaded drumstick
grain coast	The name given to an area of the West African coast by early European traders who traded for grain there.
clonewheel	refers to an electronic or digital instrument which recreates or imitates the sound of a tonewheel-based Hammond organ, typically in an instrument that is much lighter and smaller than an actual Hammond organ (e.g., the Roland VK-7 or the Korg CX-3).
expressionism	Atonal and violent style used as a means of evoking heightened emotions and states of mind.
calypso	A type of music that originated in the West Indies and is characterized by humorous, improvised lyrics often on topical subjects.
chattel slavery	A form of slavery, introduced by Europeans, in which the slave is a piece of property belonging to his or her owner and has no rights
phrase	A single line of music played or sung
harmony	Pleasing combination of two or three tones played together in the background while a melody is being played
carnival	Festival preceding the Catholic season of Lent (period of fasting from Ash Wednesday to Holy Saturday)
amp	an abbreviation for "amplifier"; i.e., a musical instrument amplifier or a PA system power amplifier; also an abbreviation for ampere.
manumission	A legal process in which enslaved Africans could buy their freedom or be freed by their owner.
rondo	One section returns repeatedly, with a section of new music before each return
hogshead	A barrel content measuring 272 kilos.
comp tickets	an abbreviation for "complimentary tickets", which promoters give out to ensure that a concert will have a good-sized crowd; as well band members and touring staff may be given comp tickets that they can give to friends or family, as a "perk"
octet	A composition written for eight instruments.
w/h pattern	You are now the proud owner of a major scale.
apprentice	A person who learns a trade by working in it for an agreed period at low wages.
channel	in the context of a mixing board, a channel is one of the input sections into which a microphone or output from an instrument amplifier or instrument (e.g., an electronic keyboard) is plugged so that its volume and tone can be altered and so that it can be blended with other instruments and voices; in the context of an electric guitar amplifier or a bass amplifier, the term "channel" is used to refer to amplifiers which have two or more separate preamplifier, equalization, and effect settings ("channels") which a performer can switch between in a performance via a footswitch.
di	an electronic device which alters the impedance of electric instrument signals (e.g., electric guitar, electric bass) so that they can be plugged into a mixing board or PA system
british empire	A worldwide system of dependencies, mostly colonies, that over about three hundred years, was under the sovereignty of the King or Queen of Britain and the administration of the British government.
session players	These are musicians who play music professionally and are hired to play music for a specific purpose such as the recording of music for recording artists, television and radio shows etc
gold coast	The name given to an area of the West African coast by early European traders who traded for gold there.
elegy	An instrumental lament with praise for the dead.
cadence	the point at which a melodic phrase "comes to rest" or resolves
libretto	A book of text containing the words of an opera.
fermata	To hold a tone or rest held beyond the written value at the discretion of the performer.
rap	Urban, typically African-American music that features spoken lyrics, often reflecting current social or political issues, over a background of sampled sounds or scratched records.
total serialism	Extremely complex, totally controlled music in which the twelve-tone principle is extended to elements of music other than pitch.
cantata	Vocal genre for solo singers, chorus, and instrumentalists based on a lyric or dramatic poetic narrative
suite	A loose collection of instrumental compositions.
three way co-ordination	Playing the drum kit requires good co-ordination between both hands and both feet
classicism	The period of music history which dates from the mid 1800s and lasted about sixty years
nocturne	A musical composition that has a romantic or dreamy character with nocturnal associations.
form	The structure of a piece of music.
glockenspiel	a percussion instrument consisting of a set of graduated metal bars mounted on a frame and played with small hammers
grunge	The label applied to a rock form featuring distorted guitars, whining vocals and flannel-shirt-wearing band members
a cappella	Choral music performed without instrumental accompaniment.
art rock	an avant-garde genre of rock that is related to progressive rock (Genesis; Rush; Gentle Giant); both genres tend to use unusual instruments, meters, and timbres, and both aim towards more complex, experimental compositions and novel sonic textures.
meter	the pattern of a music piece's rhythm of strong and weak beats
commodity	Article of trade, especially a raw material or product as opposed to a service.
dotted eighth note rest	This is an eighth note rest that has a dot after it, increasing its value from half of a beat to three quarters of a beat.
line out	A "line out" jack provides an output signal from an amplifier or other device, which can then be patched into a mixing board, effect unit, PA system, etc.
resonance	When several strings are tuned to harmonically related pitches, all strings vibrate when only one of the strings is struck.
opera	A drama where the words are sung instead of spoken.
syncopation	a disturbance or interruption of the regular flow of rhythm often consisting of playing off of the main beat
conveyance	A document recording transfer of property.
line	a synonym for "melody" (as in the terms "melodic line")
hip-hop	Sub-culture combining rap music, graffiti art and breakdancing.
dotted quarter note rest	This is a quarter note rest that has a dot after it, increasing its value from 1 beat to 1 and a half beats.
andante	at a walking pace; i.e., at a moderate tempo
phrase	A short musical passage contained within a composition, of indetermined length but normally between a beat and four bars of length that creates either a recognisable harmonic and or rhythmic pattern.
guinea neptune	A type of brass pan, which was made in Bristol for both the home and African markets
interlude	Piece of instrumental music played between scenes in a play or opera.
absolute music	Music that has no literary, dramatic, or pictorial program
port books	Books held by port authorities documenting information about the incoming and outgoing ships.
chant	Singing in unison, texts in a free rhythm
rondo	a musical form in which a certain section returns repeatedly , interspersed with other sections: ABACA is a typical structure or ABACABA
fertility	having many children
a prima vista	at first sight; i.e., playing or singing something at first sight of the music sheet
reverb	refers to the echoing sound that occurs naturally to a voice or instrument in hall or room with reflective walls and, by extension, to analog or digital effect units which recreate this effect (reverb units).
nocturne	A musical composition that has a romantic or dreamy character with nocturnal associations.
modes	Either of the two octave arrangements in modern music
timbre	The quality of a sound that distinguishes one voice or instrument from another
up-strokes	An up-stroke is one in which the guitar is strummed from the top (in terms of pitch) E string to the bottom E string — string 1 to string 6
cool jazz	A substyle of bebop, characterized by a restrained, unemotional performance with lush harmonies, moderate volume levels and tempos, and a new lyricism; often associated with Miles Davis.
whole-step	This is a common misunderstanding that beginning students have when first learning this concept
bebop	Complex jazz style developed in the 1940s
import	To bring foreign goods or services into a country.
nonet	A composition written for nine instruments.
neoclassical	Movement in music where the characteristics are crisp and direct.
lead hand	A drummer has a preferred hand that they invariably lead with
indentured servant	A person who has sold their labour for a set period of time.
bosnia	New generation of electronic music producers in Bosnia includes names such as mentalEscape, DJ Mika, Narcis Jr.
doo-wop	A style of music popularized in the 1950s with words and nonsense syllables sung in harmony by small groups.
groupie	a somewhat pejorative term used to refer to fans of a rock group (typically refers to female fans).
rms	an acronym for "Root Means Square", a way of measuring the power-handling capacity of a loudspeaker or tweeter in watts
piano à queue	a piano with the strings on a horizontal harp-shaped frame; usually supported by three legs