Glossary extracted starting with manual seeds, with BOW for the domain phi and language EN

privatization	The act of converting EXTRA-MARKET organizations which are funded by, or sanctioned (protected by preferential treatment) by Government, to INTRA-MARKET, or privately owned organizations that are not isolated from the market, and therefore must serve the public in order to survive, and efficiently use resources.
hoppeian	(undone) See MISESIAN, ROTHBARDIAN
denis diderot	French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France; principal editor of an encyclopedia that disseminated the scientific and philosophical knowledge of the time (1713-1784)
empirical implication	That which follows from a situation or fact, not due to the logic of language, but from experience or scientific law
occam's razor	William of Occam was a fourteenth century philosopher who enunciated the principle "pluritas non est ponenda sine necessitate", or "nature likes things as simple as possible." In other words, in developing a theory, the simpler the explanation of a given phenomena that takes into account all the experimental evidence, the more likely it is to be correct
pareto optimum	Given an initial allocation of goods among a set of individuals, a change to a different allocation that makes at least one individual better off without making any other individual worse off is called a Pareto improvement
eckankar	a name used to refer to the Fifth Transcendental Path
chicago school	A fervently free-market economic philosophy long associated with the University of Chicago, and particularly Milton Friedman
god	(undone – use my definition) See DEITY
reciprocity	The act of entering empathically into the point of view or line of reasoning of others; learning to think as others do and by that means sympathetically assessing that thinking
intellectual integrity	Recognition of the need to be true to one’s own thinking, to be consistent in the intellectual standards one applies, to hold oneself to the same rigorous standards of evidence and proof to which one holds one's antagonists, to practice what one advocates for others, and to honestly admit discrepancies and inconsistencies in one's own thought and action
external proposition	Objective (outward, sense and data)
aestheic proposition	Behavior (beauty, enjoy or pleasure)
dependent clause	A clause that contains a subject and a predicate but does not express a complete thought
critical	Characterized by careful analysis and judgment
o	Obverse-
instantiation	the representation of an idea in the form of an instance or example of it.
institutional technology	The tools and technologies of cooperation
duty	an action which we are obligated to perform out of respect for the moral law.
equative	the degree of comparison in a language that denotes the same quality, quantity, or relation expressed by an adjective or adverb
division of labour	Specialization allows a qualitative increase in productivity, and therefore a decline in prices
teleology	A goal oriented school of philosophical thought that believes the worth of an action can be determined through evaluating the benefits and disadvantages incurred by that action
opportunity cost	The true cost of something is what you give up to get it
fair	Treating both or all sides alike without reference to one's own feelings or interests; just implies adherence to a standard of rightness or lawfulness without reference to one's own inclinations; impartial and unbiased both imply freedom from prejudice for or against any side; dispassionate implies the absence of passion or strong emotion, hence, connotes cool, disinterested judgment; objective implies a viewing of persons or things without reference to oneself, one's interests, etc.
singular	of a noun or form indicating exactly one person or thing; singular nouns are usually the simplest form of the noun (as found in a dictionary); see also plural, number eg: banana, spoon, tree
irrational	In common unscientific usage, means illogical, or poor reasoning
inverse of a relation	The inverse of a relation between two things is simply the same relationship in the opposite direction
emergence phenomena	the variety of experiences which occur when attention is absorbed into the Unconscious mind
concepts	This is quite similar to what is normally called the mind
mysticism	The doctrine that it is possible to achieve communion with God through contemplation and love without the medium of human reason
first reading	the first presentation of a bill in a legislature
process theology	A modern theological movement based on the view of reality in which process, change and evolution are as fundamental as substance, permanence, and stability
ernst mach	Austrian physicist and philosopher who introduced the Mach number and who founded logical positivism (1838-1916)
independent clause	A clause containing a subject and a verb that can stand alone as a sentence.
understanding	the ability for a person to repeat, without external stimuli or further input, the cause and effect relationship between two or more concepts or events, by reference to an existing set of memories, and to retain that cause and effect relationship over a period of time, and able to reconstruct that cause and effect
equilibrium	Generally, the tendency for a group of humans who see an opportunity to attempt to profit from it until all but the most efficient advantage has been consumed
fallacy/fallacious	An error in reasoning; flaw or defect in argument; an argument which doesn't conform to rules of good reasoning (especially one that appears to be sound)
imperative	grammatical mood of a verb that expresses the will to influence the behavior of another, expressive of a command, entreaty, or exhortation
secular government	A government where men have determined the laws based upon observation of what men do and have done
non sequitur	In a
logic	(Greek=logos)that which holds eveything together.The motor of reason
a priori	something is knowable "a priori" if it can be learned independently of experience, or solely through reason; whether such a thing as an a priori thought exists is heavily debated
pareto principle	The 80/20 Rule
ethical system	Set of normative behaviors expected of citizens in any social order
objection	An objection provides evidence that another claim is false.
commodity	A comparatively homogeneous product that can typically be bought in bulk
posit	An underlying assumption accepted as true, a priori, but acknowledged as indemonstrable because of the limitations of human knowledge or the human mind.
gender	The classification of pronouns as masculine (he, his, him),
validating	Of an argument form every instance of which is valid.
nation state	A form of state in which those who exercise power claim legitimacy for their rule partly or solely on the grounds that their power is exercised for the promotion of the distinctive interests, values and cultural heritage of a particular nation whose members ideally would constitute all, or most of, its subject population and all of whom would dwell within the borders.
method	(undone) (include boundary problems) See POPPER’S RAILROAD FALLACY, See GODELIAN.
pythagoras	Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem; considered to be the first true mathematician (circa 580-500 BC)
natural law	The principle that human beings possess unalterable tendencies, and that we should develop policies that acknowledge those tendencies, rather than rely upon idealistic fantasies about the plasticity of human nature.
sophist	any of a group of Greek philosophers and teachers in the 5th century BC who speculated on a wide range of subjects
deduction	One of two major types of argument traditionally distinguished, the other being induction
non-skeptical realism	A mind-independent reality exists, and we have epistemic access to its structure
a-theory	Specifying the temporal ordering of all events in space-time does not exhaust all the objective temporal facts about them
luddism	I use the term to refer to the general strategic belief that the answer to complex social problems is to return to simpler, prior, methods of social organization – especially those reliant human perceptual control – rather than to provide institutions that assist humans in calculating and coordinating
federalism	A system of government in which power is divided between a central government and regional governments
tratakam	using intention to direct the attention in specific ways
number	a quality attached to a noun or pronoun that indicates a category of how many individuals are being referred to
truth-functional	A connective is truth-functional if the truth-value of a compound proposition formed with the connective is a function of the truth-values of the simpler statements from which it is constructed.
perfect	a tense of a verb that indicates an action has been completed in the past
state	An abstract (irrational) entity that possesses a monopoly on the use of violence within a geography, and a monopoly on the use of violence by people within the geography, against people outside of the geography
methodenstreit	(undone)
source of ignorance	The idea that some knowledge actually prevents the acquisition of further useful knowledge
evaluation	To judge or determine the worth or quality of. Evaluation has a logic and should be carefully distinguished from mere subjective preference
inductive reasoning	reasoning that proceeds from particular information to derive general principles (arriving at a reliable generalization from observations).
pure	not mixed with anything sensible
metaconscious mind	the entire activity of the personality expressing the Self, comprising volitional, mental, emotional and vital functions.
undertaking	any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted
freehought	the general philosophical viewpoint that holds that beliefs should be formed on the basis of science and logic, and should not be influenced by emotion, authority, tradition, or dogma.
knowledge market	(undone)
agnostic	A person who does not know, or who thinks it is impossible to know, whether there is a God.
yantra	a series of nested geometrical figures used for advanced concentration exercises
binomial theorem	a theorem giving the expansion of a binomial raised to a given power
brahmin problem	(undone)
correlative conjunction	A pair of linking words (such as either/or, not only/but also) that appear separately but work together to join parts of a sentence
economic determinism	A theory which holds that economic factors, methods of production and exchange of goods, controls and shapes the form of political and social organization and shape the intellectual and moral development of the people.
satchitananda	another name for the ensouling entity of the Seventh Transcendental path
noun	A word that names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea
private state	HOPPIAN MONARCHY – Where the territorial monopoly and the institutions of government are owned by an individual
causation	Making something happen, allowing or enabling something to happen, or preventing something from happening
japa	To repeat a mantra aloud.
citizen	Synonym to SHAREHOLDER – individuals who contribute forgone opportunity costs expressed as property definitions and thereby pay for the social order.
philosophy	The study of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct.
two-place predicate	a predicate with two arguments, e.g
imperativalism	A form of a non-cognitivist metaethical theory that states that moral statements are not indicative statements of fact
experiencer	one of the thematic or theta-roles where the argument experiences some physical or mental state, like Mary
institutional coercion	Any set of INSTITUTIONS that in interfere with the free trade of goods between individuals
state	In casual usage, the terms “country”, “nation”, and “state” are often used as if they were synonymous; but in a more strict usage they can be distinguished:
incalculable	(undone)
sentence	largest grammatical unit; a sentence must always include a subject (except for imperatives) and predicate; a written sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop/period (.), question mark (?) or exclamation mark (!); a sentence contains a complete thought such as a statement, question, request or command eg: "Stop!", "Do you like coffee?", "I work."
object	Thus, the formal characteristics of the empirical world (i.e., space and time and the categories) are there only because the subject's mind puts them there, transcendentally.
intellectual empathy	Understanding the need to imaginatively put oneself in the place of others to genuinely understand them
personalism	The philosophy that regards the personality as the greatest good and God as the divine personality.
gravity	One of the four fundamental forces of nature, it is the force that cause objects to move or tend to move toward the center of the earth, moon, or any planet
principle of sufficient reason	A principle which holds that a series of contingent events must be accounted for by some reason or cause other than that supplied by any one of the contingent events in the series.
common law	Legally binding rules or principles of justice developed in the course of history from the gradual accumulation of rulings by judges in individual cases, as differentiated from the kind of statute law embodied in special legal codes or statutes enacted by legislative assemblies or imposed by executive decrees
heteronomy	an action which is determined by some outside influence (i.e., some force other than the freedom given by practical reason, such as inclination) impelling the subject to act in a certain way
compound modifier	a descriptive phrase that involves multiple words
ludwig josef johan wittgenstein	British philosopher born in Austria; a major influence on logic and logical positivism (1889-1951)
analytical proposition	definition (dictionary) A is A.
collective	denoting a number of persons or things considered as one group or whole
theism	The belief in one infinite personal transcendent and immanent God who created the world ex nihilo and who also intervenes in it on occasion.
standard-form categorical propositions	The four categorical propositions, named A(universal affirmative), E(universal negative), I(particular affirmative), O(particular negative)
intransitive verb	A verb that is complete in itself and needs no object (The surgeon paused.)
parsimony	The scientific principle that the simplest solution is most likely the correct one
a priori	knowledge is knowledge that is not based on observation of the physical world
theocracy	A form of government in which the clergy exercise or bestow all legitimate political authority and in which religious law is dominant over civil law and enforced by state agencies.
humeanism	The laws of nature are compressed descriptions of salient patterns in the distribution of physical events.
subject	The part of a sentence that names something—a person, a place, a thing, an idea, a situation—about which the predicate makes an assertion (The king lives.)
social contract	that idea people give up some rights to a government and/or other authority in forming nations in order to jointly preserve or maintain social order and security.
greek romanticism	Refers to periods where a society attempts to create a new historical mythos because either they need a new one during their formation stage, or their old stage has failed.
patriotism	Patriotism is a moral sentiment
shaivite	traditions anchored on the Shiva Plane of the Supracosmic Sphere
solar system	The sun and its attendant planets, their moons, asteroids, dust, and comets, bound to the sun by gravitation.
law of excluded middle	The propositional form: p or not-p.
standpoint	the special type of perspective which determines the point from which a whole system of perspectives is viewed
enthymeme	An argument with either a suppressed premiss or a suppressed conclusion.
distribution	A characteristic of terms in categorical propositions which are either distributed or undistributed.
ontological problem	the debate concerning the relationship between physical and mental processes
kundalini yoga	the meditation used to awaken the energy of awareness, which permits you to envision the content of your higher vehicles and to gain full awareness of the Soul.
doctrine	Something taught; teachings
possessive pronoun	A form of personal pronoun (his, our/ours) that shows ownership
premise	A premise is a statement providing support or evidence for the conclusion of an argument.
2 types of logic	Formal argument-structure and symbolic
fallacious	Reasoning can be valid even if the assumptions on which it is based are false
the principle agent problem	the problem of motivating one party to act on behalf of another when doing so gives rise to asymmetry of information
dharana	concentration, focusing attention on a single point and holding it there.
teleological	having to do with purposes or ends
biconditional proposition	A proposition of the form: p if and only if q
democratic	(undone)
parenthetical expression	An aside to readers or a transitional expression such as, for example
verb	(part of speech) a word that conveys an action or state of being
udgit	the opening of the Nadamic channels by the spirit
indirect object	noun phrase representing the person or thing indirectly affected by the action of the verb; see also direct object eg: "She showed me her book collection", "Joey bought his wife a new car"
direct projection	by focusing the attention upon the attentional principle, you can consciously move the attentional principle out of the body focus and visit the inner worlds.
autocratic	A system of government in which supreme political power to direct all the activities of the state is concentrated in the hands of one person, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for the implicit threat of coup d’etat or mass insurrection).
critical person	One who has mastered a range of intellectual skills and abilities
subjective	Of, affected by, or produced by the mind or a particular state of mind; of or resulting from the feelings or temperament of the subject, or person thinking; not objective
geocentric	Sometimes called the Ptolemaic theory, it was commonly believed before Copernicus that the Earth was the center of the universe, and that the sun, moon, planets, and stars all revolved around the Earth.
disciple	a meditator who is capable of forming a stable attunement with an Initiate, so that he or she can receive inner teachings from that Spiritual Teacher, and channel Light and Guidance emanating from that Teacher to others
intention	Motivation or purpose (why).
rationalism	There is some information about the world that we can arrive at by rational cogitation, without having to rely on sensory experience.
adjective	A word or phrase that describes, or modifies, a noun or pronoun
deontological ethics	A theory of rightness or wrongness of an act determined not by its consequence or end, but by its mean.
colon	(punctuation mark) a symbol used within a sentence to introduce a list or a related clause
slang	Trendy sayings or figures of speech that go in and out of style (he’s totally clueless, she got ripped off).
theory	(UNDONE) A theory is an abstract formulation of the constant relations between entities or, what means the same thing, the necessary regularity in the concatenation and sequence of phenomena and/or events
concepts	If they are pure, the knowledge will be transcendental; if they are impure, the knowledge will be empirical
present	a tense of a verb that indicates an ongoing action
hyphen	(punctuation mark) a symbol that joins words that have a combined meaning, as in ‘six-year-old’ or ‘short-term.’
pingala	the right hand channel in each vehicle that moves energy outwards when awareness is awakened
also called "nominative"	case form of a pronoun indicating a subject eg: Did she tell you about her?
civic republicanism	(undone)
non sequiturs of evidence	Examples of the former include
formal language	an organized set of symbols which can be precisely defined in terms of just the shapes and locations of those symbols, without any reference to any meanings or interpretations.
induction	One of two major types of argument traditionally distingushed, the other being deduction
dangling participle	illogical structure that occurs in a sentence when a writer intends to modify one thing but the reader attaches it to another eg: "Running to the bus, the flowers were blooming." (In the example sentence it seems that the flowers were running.)
them muslim error	(13th century) (UNDONE)
gaussian	Gaussian refers to normal distributions, and the application of descriptive formulae to create a general description of a set of data
monological problems	Problems that can be solved by reasoning exclusively within one point of view or frame of reference
situational ethics	the philosophical perspective which believes that acts and rules cannot have univeral application
object	thing or person affected by the verb; see also direct object and indirect object eg: "The boy kicked the ball", "We chose the house with the red door"
illuminati	Also called the Master of Evolution or the Atlantean Adept, this being has gained mastery over the Upper Suble Realm.
ex	“out of”
intelligible	presented to the subject without any material being provided by sensibility
architectonic	the logical structure given by reason (especially through the use of twofold and threefold divisions), which the philosopher should use as a plan to organize the contents of any system.
productive class	People who increase the amount of money generated per hour of human effort
statist	(undone)
economics	A theoretical social science which provides a comprehension of the meaning and relevance of purposive (conscious) human actions
empirical knowledge	The four main categories (quantity, quality, relation and modality) each have three sub-categories, forming a typical example of a twelvefold, architectonic pattern
practical	one of Kant's three main standpoints, relating primarily to action -i.e., to what we desire to do as opposed to what we know or feel
intellectual humility	Awareness of the limits of one's knowledge, including sensitivity to circumstances in which one's native egocentrism is likely to function self-deceptively; sensitivity to bias and prejudice in, and limitations of one's viewpoint
count noun	A noun with both singular and plural forms that refers to an item that can be counted (apple, apples)
hylomorphism	the theory which conceptually identifies substance as matter and form, such that substances are conceived as forms inhering in matter.
anthropocentric	The belief that man is the center of all that is important and that the world exists solely for the benefit or improvement of mankind.
canon	A ruler or measuring rod
transcendental sphere	the highest band of the Great Continuum of Consciousness, also called Parabrahmanda.
sentence	a set of words that contains a complete statement, question, or exclamation
emergence	the way complex systems and patterns arise (emerge) out of a multiplicity of relatively simple interactions.
speculative	Attempting to forecast a future state given the uncertain conditions of the unknown future
dualism	the belief that the mind and body are distinct, cooperating entities; the mind has "mental functions" associated with--but distinct from--"bodily" functions; "dualism" can connote the belief in two separate entities in any branch of philosophy
a priori	a way of gaining knowledge without appealing to any particular experience(s)
absolute	Free from conditional limitation: operating or existing in full under all circumstances without variation or exception
fallacious	Of a bad argument which is an instance of a fallacy.
interpretation	The explanation or elucidation of a creative work, a political event, or other activity.
conclusion	A conclusion is what follows from an argument
deductive	Of an argument in which the logical connection between premisses and conclusion is claimed to be one of necessity.
critical realism	A theory which holds that a thing may exist without it being perceived or conceived in the mind
propositions	A statement; what is typically asserted using a declarative sentence, and hence always either true or false-although its truth or falsity may be unknown.
complete sentence	A word group that includes both a subject and a predicate and can stand alone
serial comma	the name given to the optional comma separating the final two elements in a list in combination with the word ‘and’ (e.g., “A, B, and C”)
bija mantra	the transformational mantra
capitalism	1
marcion	Second century originator of the heretical idea that there were two Gods, a judgmental, harsh, tyrannical God of the Old Testament, and a loving Father as revealed by Jesus in the New Testament.
nihilism	Believing in Nothing
concepts	The third Critique examines the form of our feelings of pleasure and displeasure in order to construct a system based on the faculty of judgment (= the judicial standpoint) in its aesthetic and teleological manifestations. (Cf
utopian	An utterly impractical plan or scheme for an ideal human existence which is unattainable because of the inherent character of man
ipse dixit	Laws of thought-
affix	language unit (morpheme) that occurs before or after (or sometimes within) the root or stem of a word eg: un- in unhappy (prefix), -ness in happiness (suffix)
epistemically complete	the chain of causal knowledge can be understood as causally sufficient from first causes.
determinism	The doctrine that everything, especially one's choice of action, is determined by a sequence of causes independent of one's will
past participle	verb form (V3) - usually made by adding "-ed" to the base verb - typically used in perfect and passive tenses, and sometimes as an adjective eg: "I have finished", "It was seen by many people", "boiled eggs"
aposteriori	A statement that can be known to be true or false only on the basis of evidence obtained from experience and observation, as in an empirical statement, such as "I have a head" or "the moon has craters."
proposal	something proposed (such as a plan or assumption)
rene descartes	French philosopher and mathematician; developed dualistic theory of mind and matter; introduced the use of coordinates to locate a point in two or three dimensions (1596-1650)
teleology	The study of the ends or purposes of things.
teleological argument	argument by design.
sensibility	The second Critique examines the form of our desires in order to construct a system based on the faculty of reason (= the practical standpoint)
subconscious mind	the band of the mind that stores memory, organizes and processes experience, utilizes the faculty of imagination and visualization, and operates the subtle mechanisms of karma
explicit knowledge	The tacit aspects of knowledge are those that cannot be codified, but can only be transmitted via training or gained through personal experience
parenthetical expression	An aside to readers or a transitional expression such as, for example or in contrast
complement	an added word or expression by which a predicate is made complete
taleb	Philosopher Nassim Nicholas Taleb, that states that we are using predictive mathematics that is falsely understating our risk and basing our economic security upon it, and creating a fragile economic order, when we should build society and policies that are not fragile, and which account for unforeseen, disruptive events.
internalism	A subject's beliefs are justified only if the subject has conscious access to the justification.
penult	the next-to-last syllable of a word
heuristic process	A process that involves learning
didactic instruction	Teaching by telling
minor term	In a categorical syllogism, the subject term of the conclusion which also occurs in the minor premiss.
physicalism	A world view which holds that everything that exists is nothing but a single spatio-temporal system which can be completely described in terms of some ideal form of physics
vaisnavite	traditions anchored on the Vishnu Plane of the Supracosmic Sphere
them pagan error	(UNDONE) (The challenge of a diverse set of myths as a binding factor that requires statism, and the desire of factions to find means of unity and rebellion or resistance.)
subjunctive	a set of verb forms that would represent a denoted act or state not as fact but as contingent or possible or viewed emotionally (as with doubt or desire)
catallaxy	Self-Organizing
republican rhetoric	(undone)
intellectual sense of justice	Willingness and consciousness of the need to entertain all viewpoints sympathetically and to assess them with the same intellectual standards, without reference to one’s own feelings or vested interests, or the feelings or vested interests of one's friends, community, or nation; implies adherence to intellectual standards without reference to one’s own advantage or the advantage of one's group.
slippery slope	A pattern of reasoning that presents a chain of increasingly dire consequences as following inevitably from accepting some claim
jargon	Specialized vocabulary used by people in a particular field
simran	the remembrance of the names and attributes of God by the attention
comparative	A form of an adjective or adverb that compares two items
kong the master	Chinese philosopher whose ideas and sayings were collected after his death and became the basis of a philosophical doctrine known a Confucianism (circa 551-478 BC)
axiology	The study of values
subject	a general term for any rational person who is capable of having knowledge
critical society	A society which rewards adherence to the values of critical thinking and hence does not use indoctrination and inculcation as basic modes of learning (rewards reflective questioning, intellectual independence, and reasoned dissent)
rule of thumb	A rule which holds true for all normal members of a class, but admits exceptions.
ethical relativism	A theory which holds that the rightness or wrongness of an act is relative to the attitudes and beliefs of the person judging the act.
talent	an ability expressed by the Metaconscious mind, comprising mastery by the Self
predicate	one of the two main parts (subject and predicate) of a sentence; the predicate is the part that is not the subject eg: "My brother is a doctor", "Who did you call?", "The woman wearing a blue dress helped me"
disjunctive	Of a disjunction.
empirical	one of Kant's four main perspectives, aiming to establish a kind of knowledge which is both synthetic and a posteriori
nationalist	(undone)
empire	A government over people with dissimilar interests
adjective	a word that serves as a modifier of a noun to denote a quality of the thing named, to indicate its quantity or extent, or to specify a thing as distinct from something else
direct object	The target of a verb that completes the action performed by the subject or asserted about the subject
deist	The belief in one infinite personal and transcendent God who created the world but does not intervene in it in a supernatural way; theism minus miracles.
explicit	Visable and audible it is stated.
authority	The ability to issue commands becasue of a threat in the cast of non compliance
preposition	A transitional word (in, on, at, of, from) that leads into a phrase such as in the bar or under a rickety table
game theory	In economics and politics, is a very high-tech way of analyzing problems and making decisions
collective noun	A singular noun that names a group of people or things acting together or individually
sentence	A word group that includes both a subject and a predicate and can stand alone
herbert marcuse	United States political philosopher (born in Germany) concerned about the dehumanizing effects of capitalism and modern technology (1898-1979)
dysgenic	Dysgenics (also known as cacogenics) is the study of factors producing the accumulation and perpetuation of defective or disadvantageous genes and traits in offspring of a particular population or species
offering	something offered (as a proposal or bid)
epistemology	the study of the nature and extent men can possess and understand knowledge
time	Time, along with space and numbers, is a human conceptual technology, that like the other human technology: money, renders sequences of events commensurable
4 kinds of sentences-grammatical	1)Declarative(emotively neutral)2)Imperative
aquinas	(1225? - 1274) Saint Thomas Aquinas was an Italian theologian and philosopher known for his allegorical interpretations of scripture and his reconciliation of Aristotle and Christianity
preposition	a word that combines with a noun, pronoun, or noun equivalent to form a phrase that typically has an adverbial, adjectival, or substantival relation to some other word
active	asserting that the person or thing represented by the grammatical subject performs the action represented by the verb
inclination	the faculty or object which motivates a person to act in a heteronomous way
alexander the great	(356 - 323 BC) The king of Macedonia from 336 - 323 who went on to conquer all of Greece, the Persian Empire and Egypt
big bang hypothesis	A theory of the origin of the universe, widely accepted, which states that between 10 and 20 billion years ago a very dense primeval aggregate of matter (a singularity) exploded into the expanding universe which evolved over the years into the galaxies, which are still receding from each other.
evidence	The data on which a judgment or conclusion might be based or by which proof or probability might be established
metaphysics	'There is a God' is a typical hypothetical statement
the clearing preferences problem	(Simplistic MARGINALISM and confusing ordinal stacks versus self organizing networks) – (undone)
anarchy	(undone)
synthesis	The putting together of parts or elements so as to form a whole
brahman	also called Nirguna Brahman, this state of Voidness is regarded as the Unmanifest Being of God by Yogi Preceptors of the First Cosmic Initiation
levels of language	Range from formal to informal and should be appropriate for audience, subject matter, and purpose.
rent seeking	People are said to seek rents when they try to obtain benefits for themselves through the political arena, rather than by earning profits through economic transactions and the production of added wealth.
tax classes	In a progressive taxation system, only certain classes contribute to taxation.
bridge path	the first domain that crosses over into the Transcendental Sphere
interjection	(part of speech) a word or phrase that conveys strong feeling, usually used by itself or as an introduction to a sentence
cosmic sphere	the highest division of the Grand Astral Plane.
elite	A small group of people with a disproportionate amount of public decision-making power
argument	Any group of propositions of which one is claimed to follow from the others, which are regarded as providing support or grounds for the truth of that one.
participle	verb form that can be used as an adjective or a noun; see past participle, present participle
preposition	(part of speech) a word (such as of, above, or during) that establishes a relationship or context for a noun, verb, or adjective in a sentence by linking it to an object (noun or pronoun)
hobbesian democracy	Although not thought to be a true form of democracy because the power is not granted to the people, it is a form of democracy in that the people agree to abide by the rulings of the King.
count noun	a noun that has a plural form (often created by adding ‘s’)
passive	asserting that the person or thing represented by the grammatical subject is subjected to or affected by the action represented by the verb
stock of social capital	(undone)
relativism	Any theory of ethics or knowledge which maintains that the basis of judgment is relative, differing according to events, persons, etc
rabbi moses ben maimon	Spanish philosopher considered the greatest Jewish scholar of the Middle Ages who codified Jewish law in the Talmud (1135-1204)
market	A social institution where goods and services can be offered on speculation, and where specialization has resulted from a division of knowledge and labor, and the resulting increases in productivity, and reduction of prices.
critical	Kant's lifelong approach to philosophy which distinguishes between different perspectives and then uses such distinctions to settle otherwise unresolvable disputes
appearance	an object of experience, when viewed from the transcendental perspective
inductive argument	An inductive argument is one in which the premisses make the conclusion probable, that is, more probable than not.
categories	the most general concepts, in terms of which every object must be viewed in order for it to become an object of empirical knowledge
mass noun	a noun that is uncountable and therefore has no plural form
analytic	a statement or an item of knowledge which is true solely because of its conformity to some logical laws
nada	inner channels that connect the spirit with its origin
linguistic analysis	Branch of philosophy which desires to preserve philosophy from confusion of concepts by showing the use of these concepts in their natural language context
direct object	noun phrase in a sentence that directly receives the action of the verb; see also indirect object eg: "Joey bought the car", "I like it", "Can you see the man wearing a pink shirt and waving a gun in the air?"
propositional knowledge	the knowledge that catalogs natural phenomena and regularities ("knowledge of what")
three-place predicate	a predicate with three arguments, e.g
functional category	categories without lexical content, fulfilling some grammatical function in a given structure: inflections, determiners, degree adverbs and complementisers.
descriptive ethics	Sociological discipline that attempts to describe the morals of society, often by studying other cultures
means vs. ends	An argument which seeks to determine the morality of a behavior based upon the method used to gain the desired end
coherence theory of truth	True statements are those that cohere with our other justified beliefs.
chain of arguments	A series of arguments linked by the conclusion of each being a premiss in the next, except for the final argument in the chain.
comparative	the form of an adjective that indicates a relationship between two nouns, usually in combination with the word ‘than.’ Comparative adjectives often end in ‘-er’ or include the word ‘more’ (The sun is brighter than the moon, but the moon is more accessible to humans).
logic	The science of correct reasoning; science which describes relationships among propositions in terms of implication, contradiction, contrariety, conversion, etc.
ernst cassirer	German philosopher concerned with concept formation in the human mind and with symbolic forms in human culture generally (1874-1945)
universe	The entire cosmos, made of everything that is
4 emotions that hinder	Fear, anger, guilt and shame.
gerund	A form of verb, ending in -ing, that functions as a noun (Lacey likes playing in the street band.)
appositive	A word or group of words that adds information about a subject or object by identifying it in a different way (my dog Rover, Hal’s brother Fred)
revelation	Refers to the process by which God tells people about himself, whether through nature or by specifically speaking to them.
moral law	Its three forms express the requirements of universalizability, respect and autonomy
cogency	The characteristic of a cogent argument.
conjunction	A linking word that connects words or groups of words through coordination (and, but)
synthesis	(Cf
suggest	make a proposal, declare a plan for something
zeitgeist	the intellectual and cultural climate of an era (literally, "the spirit of the age").
ethics	Ideas about right and wrong behaviors.
context	The *interior or syntax, the way the words are put together
abstractions	Entities such as numbers, sets, propositions, properties and universals as opposed to empirical objects and stuff located at places and times
gottfried wilhelm leibnitz	German philosopher and mathematician who thought of the universe as consisting of independent monads and who devised a system of the calculus independent of Newton (1646-1716)
naturalist	an advocate of the doctrine that the world can be understood in scientific terms
participle	A participle is a type of verbal, a verb form that does not function as a verb
asymmetry	“More in one place than another”, “out of balance”.
verb tense	An expression of time; it conveys whether the action, occurrence, or state of being takes place in the past, present, or future.
contract theory	A set of theories which seek to explain the origin of society and government and to establish the authority and obligations that exist for all involved
nonrestrictive word group	Describes or modifies a word or phrase in a sentence, but it does not change the meaning of the word or phrase
bayes' postulate	(statistics) the difficulty of applying Bayes' theorem is that the probabilities of the different causes are seldom known, in which case it may be postulated that they are all equal (sometimes known as postulating the equidistribution of ignorance)
tautology	Repetition of the same idea in different words.
mystical experience argument	One of the arguments for the existence of God based on the subjective experience of Deity.
truth-value	There are two truth-values: true and false.
causality	the law that states that each cause has a specific effect, and that this effect is dependent on the initial identities of the agents involved.
time dilation	The resulting fluidity of time because of speed and/or gravitational conditions
schematism	the function of the faculty of imagination, through which concepts and intuitions are combined, or synthesized, according to a rule (called a schema)
verb	A word that shows action, occurrence, or a state of being
e	Enthymeme- Equivalence- Equivocation-
feminism	A martriarchal movement to reform patriarchal decision-making or policy making processes.
punctuation	the use of symbols (such as the comma, colon, hyphen, or period) to provide structure and prevent ambiguity in written language.
p	Parameters-
epistemology	the study of knowledge or truth.
noncount noun	A noun that cannot be made plural because it refers to an item that cannot be counted (cheese, salt, air)
moral relativism	The second stage of Piaget's theory of moral devleopment, in which the individual realizes that rules are agreements created cooperatively by people that may be changed, if necessary.
ensouling entity	the principle of Being, the atom of the Divine Presence within you
aristotelian	Tending in philosophical thinking to be empirical or practical rather than metaphysical or idealistic
infinitive	the root form of a verb that has not been conjugated for number or tense
restrictive word group	A word group that is necessary to explain what the word it modifies means
objects	This is accomplished primarily in the form of physical and mental sensations (via 'outer sense' and 'inner sense', respectively)
genetic fallacy	The fallacy of confusing the origin of a justification, with the utility of the principle of it
ex nihilo	Literally, "out of nothing"; The view of creation held by theism that in the beginning God created something out of nothing as opposed to making it out of some eternal stuff or out of himself.
copernicus	(1473-1543) Author of On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, he is famous for proposing the truth that the Earth rotates on its axis and moves about the Sun.
a priori	Hence it is concerned with nothing but the relationships between concepts
main clause	A group of words that has both a subject and a verb and can stand alone as a complete sentence (My sister has a friend.)
criteria	Standards, rules or tests by which something can be judged; measures of value.
adjective	(part of speech) a word that describes or qualifies a noun (such as new or rapid).
agent	one of the thematic or theta-roles, where the argument deliberately performs an action, as Jamie in Jamie sang a song or Robert in Robert kicked the cat
qutub	another name for Perfect Master or Satguru
superlative	the form of an adjective that indicates a relationship between three or more nouns
presupposition	The logically necessary condition of some state of affairs which must be satisfied if the state of affairs is to obtain
present participle	-ing form of a verb (except when it is a gerund or verbal noun) eg: "We were eating", "The man shouting at the back is rude", "I saw Tara playing tennis"
diphthong	a gliding monosyllabic speech item that starts at or near the articulatory position for one vowel and moves to or toward the position for another (as the vowel combination that forms the last part of toy).
dialogical thinking	Thinking that involves a dialogue or extended exchange between different points of view or frames of reference
subordinate clause	an element of a sentence that is not complete on its own; another term for a dependent clause.
premises	The premises are given as evidence that the conclusion is true
oswald spengler	German philosopher who argued that cultures grow and decay in cycles (1880-1936)
ideas	In the first Critique, the understanding is the dominant faculty in processing representations, while in the third Critique the faculty of imagination is dominant
reason	Kant's Critical philosophy is a System made up of three subordinate systems, each defined by a distinct standpoint, and each made up of the same four perspectives.
proposition	A statement that affirms that something is true or false.
eight petalled lotus	this center, located in the Subconscious mind, is used in Guru Dhyan meditation
property	an attribute or abstraction characterizing an object, but distinct from the object which possesses it.
pantheism	1
transcendent	the realm of thought which lies beyond the boundary of possible knowledge, because it consists of objects which cannot be presented to us in intuition-i.e., objects which we can never experience with our senses (sometimes called noumena)
universals	A property or relation that can be instanced, or instantiated, by a number of particular things
presentation	the act of presenting a proposal
verb-noun	a form of a Welsh verb that can be used as a noun
abstract knowledge	I use ABSTRACT KNOWLEDGE to refer to those cause and effect relationships the require tools in order to experience
ethics	The study of standards of conduct and moral judgment; moral philosophy
article	one of a small set of words or affixes (as a, an, and the) used with nouns to limit or give definiteness to the application
compound predicate	A word group that contains two or more verbs linked by a conjunction
ethical egoism	A form of teleological ethics which maintains that the right thing to do is whatever is in a person's self interest.
stationary economy	The imaginary construction of an economy in which the per capita income and wealth remain unchanged
final conclusion	The conclusion of the last argument in a chain of arguments, which is not a premiss in any argument of the chain.
legalism	In general a belief in obedient conformation to legalized forms of life and behavior as a way of salvation.
marginalism	(undone)
first cause argument	One of the so-called proofs for the existence of God, which in reality is not a proof at all, but only evidence
historical-grammatical interpretation	Sometimes mistakenly called the "literal" approach
causal plane	known as the Grand Causal Plane, this is the division of the Great Continuum of Consciousness above the Grand Astral Plane
inference	Is a mental process by which one proposition is arrived at and affirmed on the basis of one or more other propositions assumed as the starting point of the process.
proper noun	a noun that represents a person’s name or an officially designated place or thing (examples include Einstein, Brazil, and Coca-Cola)
upper class	The necessary property of upper class membership is insulation from the effects of time, market, and both POLITICAL and POPULIST POWER
plural	a class of grammatical forms used to denote more than one of some noun or pronoun
trade	(UNDONE) Exchange vs Market activity vs Knowledge and Speculation
methodology	The science of method, or orderly arrangement; specifically, the branch of logic concerned with the application of the principle of reasoning to scientific and philosophical inquiry
a priori	comes from two Latin words. A means "from" and priorimeans "that which comes before." Thus, a priori knowledge is knowledge that exists in the mind before any experience with or observation of the physical world
inductive	Of an argument in which the logical connection between premisses and conclusion is claimed to be one of probability.
mudrashram	the name of this Integral Meditation lineage of spiritual teachers.
naturalism	The ideology that focuses on the self-sufficiency of nature
one-place predicate	a predicate with one argument, e.g
attunement meditation	the practice of sending a beam of the pure, radiant Light of Spirit to the attnetional principle of others, who in turn ministers it to other people
main verb	The verb in a sentence that identifies the central action (hit, stopped)
subject	(Cf
nationalism	An ideology, or rather a whole category of similar ideologies, based on the premise that each nation (or at least the ideologist’s own nation) constitutes a natural political community whose members should all live together under the authority of “their own” independent nation state
space and time	considered from the empirical perspective, they form the context in which objects interact outside of us; considered from the transcendental perspective, they are pure, so they exist inside of us as conditions of knowledge
superlative form	A adjective or adverb that compares three or more items
machiavellian political science	Based upon the historical observation of what people actually do in groups, rather than what we wish they did, or we prescribe that that they should, or that they claim that they will do, or the reasons they use for what they have done
heraclitus	a presocratic Greek philosopher who said that fire is the origin of all things and that permanence is an illusion as all things are in perpetual flux (circa 500 BC)
plural	of a noun or form indicating more than one person or thing; plural nouns are usually formed by adding "-s"; see also singular, number eg: bananas, spoons, trees
indicative	a set of verb forms that represents the denoted act or state as an objective fact
autarkic	The idea that a country should be self-sufficient and not take part in international trade.
social contradiction	An inconsistency between what a society preaches and what it practices
non-cognitivist metaethical theories	Deny that moral statements are indicative statements, which can be either true or false
initiation	this single English word has several meanings
disposition	the tendency a person has at a given point in time to act in one way or another (i.e., to obey the moral law or to disobey it)
clause	a group of words containing a subject and predicate and functioning as a member of a complex or compound sentence
ceteris paribus	All other things being equal.
externalism	A subject's belief can be justified even if the justification is not consciously available to the subject
evenly rotating economy	See STATIONARY ECONOMY
conclusion	Consequent-
democracy	(undone)
commodity money	Money whose value comes from a commodity out of which it is made
predisposition	the natural tendency a person has, apart from (or before having) any experience, to be morally good or evil
fallacy of relevance	Instead of establishing the conclusion it claims (that X is false), it establishes a different conclusion (that Mary is bad) and ignores the difference
kriya yoga	an advanced technique that activates the astral cerebrospinal axis of the vehicle of the First Cosmic Initiation
intellectual integrity	Recognition of the need to be true to one's own thinking, to be consistent in the intellectual standards one applies, to hold oneself to the same rigorous standards of evidence and proof to which one holds one's antagonists, to practice what one advocates for others, and to honestly admit discrepancies and inconsistencies in one's own thought and action
apriori	A statement whose truth or falsity may be known prior to any appeal to experience
finite verb	verb form that has a specific tense, number and person eg: I work, he works, we learned, they ran
judgment	in the first Critique, the use of the understanding by which an object is determined to be empirically real, through a synthesis of intuitions and concepts
judgment	(Cf
helping verb	A verb added to a main verb to show variations in its action (do, can, have, will)
industrial revolution	The rapid changes in the transition from medieval (agrarian and craft) methods of production to those of the free enterprise system which took place from about 1760 to 1830, primarily in England
transcendental object	an object considered transcendentally insofar as it has been presented to a subject, but is not yet represented in any determined way-i.e., not yet influenced by space and time or by the categories
euphemisms	Plain truths dressed in attractive words; sometimes hard facts stated gently and pleasantly
vagueness	The type of imprecision in which a term has borderline cases to which it is unclear whether it applies.
integral meditation	a system of meditation instruction that incorporates different aspects of spiritual development into a unified program.
singular	the form of a pronoun or noun used to reference an object that occurs singly, alone, one-at-a-time, or without any others of its kind around it
moral proposition	Behavior (evaluation of judgement, right, wrong,good or bad)
monad	the Third Octave of Being
incentives	Factors that motivate and influence the actions of individuals
falsified	A proof or demonstration that something is untrue of unfounded
moral argument	One of the arguments for the existence of God, which points out that ethics are without absolutes apart from God.
affirmative categorical proposition	An A or I-type categorical proposition.
property rights	“Monopoly Of Use” – A property right is the exclusive authority to determine how and by whom a particular resource is used
universalist	the belief that one’s values are desired by all humans and all cultures despite the impact that the status hierarchy would experience, and the breakdown in the social order that would accompany those values
swa dwara	the door of the Self
hypatia	Greek philosopher and astronomer; she invented the astrolabe (370-415)
failed state	(undone)
neoliberalism	a market-driven approach to economic and social policy based on neoclassical theories of economics that maximise the role of the private business sector in determining the political and economic priorities of the state
number	change of word form indicating one person or thing (singular) or more than one person or thing (plural) eg: one dog/three dogs, she/they
tax	Originally, the Price Of Citizenship, and a fee for use of the market (city)
lemma	a subsidiary proposition that is assumed to be true in order to prove another proposition
tense	Verb tense expresses time; it conveys whether the action, occurrence, or state of being takes place in the past, present, or future.
hypothesis	A seemingly reasonable explanation, supposition, or assumption proposed as a tentative answer to a problem in the absence of known or proven facts or causes
business cycle	More popularly, the business cycle
society	a collection or grouping of individuals with some shared interactions and common interests.
personal pronoun	any pronoun that refers to a noun by person and number.
dhyan yoga	also called Guru Dhyan meditation, you meditate upon the Guide form of the spiritual teacher, who leads your attention into union with your Soul, and shows you the phenomena of the worlds of Light
transcendent	Sometimes used loosely as a synonym of theoretical.
utopian socialism	A distinction between “scientific socialism” and “utopian socialism” was one of the basic ideas of Marxism
credit	The use of someone else’s funds in exchange for a promise to pay (usually with interest) at a later date
unemployment	The situation in which people are willing and able to work at current wage rates, but do not have jobs.
propaganda	Persuasive communications directed at a specific audience that are designed to influence the targeted audience’s opinions, beliefs and emotions in such a way as to bring about specific, planned alterations in their behavior
statement	a message that is stated or declared; a communication (oral or written) setting forth particulars or facts etc
anaxagoras	a presocratic Athenian philosopher who maintained that everything is composed of very small particles that were arranged by some eternal intelligence (500-428 BC)
word order	order or sequence in which words occur within a sentence; basic word order for English is subject-verb-object or SVO
paganism	(undone)
critique	(Cf
medieval	The period roughly from the fifth to the fifteenth centuries A.D., that is, from the fall of Rome in 476 A.D
correspondence theory of truth	The theory that true statements are those that correspond to the way the world actually is.
active voice	A verb form that indicates the subject is performing the action.
mood	Indicates whether the sentence states a fact or asks a question (indicative mood),
asceticism	The theory that the only means open to man for attaining complete quietude, contentment and happiness is to renounce all earthly concerns and worldly things in preparation for eternal bliss.
chauvinism	Exaggerated patriotism or militarism; Manliness
conscience	the faculty of the human subject which enforces the moral law in a particular way for each individual by providing an awareness of what is right and wrong in each situation.
insight	The ability to see and clearly and deeply understand the inner nature of things
bhakti	the spirit's expression of devotion to God that manifests physically, emotionally, mentally and spiritually.
republic	(undone)
a priori	It is a special type of philosophical knowledge, concerned with the necessary conditions for the possibility of experience
virtue ethics	Ethical theory should not be in the business of evaluating actions
anaximenes	a presocratic Greek philosopher and associate of Anaximander who believed that all things are made of air in different degrees of density (6th century BC)
dichotomy	Division into two parts, groups, or classes, especially when these are sharply distinguished or opposed.
infinite regress	a causal relationship transmitted through an indefinite number of terms in a series, with no term that begins the causal chain (going back through a chain forever).
relative clause	dependent clause that usually starts with a relative pronoun such as who or which, or relative adverb such as where eg: "The person who finishes first can leave early" (defining), "Texas, where my brother lives, is big" (non-defining)
hebrew	A northwest Semitic language used by the people of Israel, used by most of the writers of the Old Testament (except for part of Daniel and Ezra).
connective	A word or phrase which produces a compound sentence from simpler sentences
major term	The term that occurs as the predicate term of the conclusion in a standard-form syllogism.
preposition	a syntactic unit preceding its complement, the most often a DP defining a special syntactic and/or semantic relationship between the complement and another constituent: cat in the bag/grapes of wrath/tea without sugar/a reduction of taxes
apposition	a grammatical construction in which two typically adjacent nouns referring to the same person or thing stand in the same syntactical relation to the rest of a sentence
particular proposition	(logic) a proposition that asserts something about some (but not all) members of a class
money substitutes	Claims to money convertible at face value on demand
interjection	A word or expression (oh, alas) that inserts an outburst of feeling at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence
spiritual guide	the astral form of a spiritual teacher that can be contacted at a discrete location on the inner Planes
m	Major term-
willard van orman quine	United States philosopher and logician who championed an empirical view of knowledge that depended on language (1908-2001)
canonicity	Acceptability as genuine and authoritative.
argument	A reason or reasons offered for or against something, the offering of such reasons
categorical proposition	A proposition of one of the four forms: A, E, I, or O.
truth values	The status of any statment as true, or false.
theology	the study of the nature of God and religious truth, which seeks to justify or support religious claims.
time	see space and time.
empirical	Depending on the existence of a regularity in the causality and succession of natural events which permits the acquisition of human knowledge from experiments or experience because identical natural or physical conditions and events always produce identical results or consequences
metaphysics	The study of reality, idealism,materialism and dualism.
precision	The quality of being accurate, definite, and exact
claim	A claim is a statement that someone puts forward as true.
transitive verb	A verb that must have an object to complete its meaning (Alan hit the ball.)
converse	a proposition obtained by conversion
territorial monopoly of violence	“A government is a network of people who hold a territorial monopoly on the use of violence, and in particular, the ability to make laws and levy taxes.”
cliché	A trite expression, worn out from too much use
theme	one of the thematic roles where the argument is not affected by the action described by the verb e.g
aesthetics	A branch of philosophy dealing with beauty and the beautiful, especially with judgments of taste concerning them
jewel of alaya	a center in the Transcendental portion of the Bridge Path that allows you to identify which of your ensouling entities are activated, and which is your spiritual cutting edge
phrase	Two or more related words that work together but may lack a subject, a verb, or both
fraudulent	In the broadest sense, a fraud is an intentional deception made for personal, group, or organizational gain or to damage another individual regardless of gain or loss
propositional logic	A system of logic concerning the logical relations between atomic propositions and truth-functional compounds of them.
noun phrase	any word or group of words based on a noun or pronoun that can function in a sentence as a subject, object or prepositional object; can be one word or many words; can be very simple or very complex eg: "She is nice", "When is the meeting?", "The car over there beside the lampost is mine"
individualism	(undone)
verbalism	Imprecise emotive words that have no rational meaning: “An empty verbalism”
fallacy	any sort of mistake in reasoning or inference (essentially, anything that causes an argument to go wrong).
axiom	A proposition assumed without proof for the sake of studying its consequences
maxim	the material rule or principle used to guide a person in a particular situation about what to do (e.g., 'I should never tell a lie')
determinism	A theory which holds that all actions have causes and effects
paradox	a statement or sentiment that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense, and yet is perhaps true in fact, or a statement that is actually self-contradictory (and therefore false) even though it appears true.
perverse incentive	is an incentive that has an unintended and undesirable result which is contrary to the interests of the incentive makers
tautology	A truth-functionally compound proposition which is true for every possible combination of truth-values of its components.
entropic	Generally, unalterable loss or inefficiency from a process
meaning	(undone)
seven rays	in the Hierarchy of Light, the primal energy of the Spirit is broken down into seven streams of intelligence by the Maha Chohan
heliocentric	Baker, Astronomy writes "The heliocentric view, dating formally from the time of Copernicus, establishes the solar system on an approximately correct basis." That is, the Sun is the center of the solar system, around which the Earth and other planets revolve.
uninteresting	most philosophical problems are historically-contigent arguments and confusions that should be discarded.
ambiguous	Exhibiting ambiguity, that is, having more than one meaning.
conclusion	In any argument, the proposition to which the other propositions in the argument are claimed to give support, or for which they are given as reasons
workers	People who use resources to make goods and services
autonomy	an action which is determined by the subject's own free choice (see will)
communication	The transmitting of ideas and information, in SYMBOLIC form, which means in APPROXIMATE AGGREGATES.
formal fallacy	There are many common formal fallacies
non-sequitur	(Lat., it does not follow) An argument in which the conclusion does not follow from the premisses.
magian civilization	(undone) From ‘magical’
logic	Correct reasoning or the study of correct reasoning and its foundations.
ambiguity	The state of having more than one meaning.
a priori	A priori knowledge consists of propositions that are knowable independently of experience of the world.
implicit	Invisiable, inauditable it is implied or unstated.
periphrastic	formed by the use of function words or auxiliaries instead of by inflection
empedocles	Greek philosopher who taught that all matter is composed of particles of fire and water and air and earth (fifth century BC)
exegesis	(Fr
psychology	The scientific study of human behavior.
perrogative	A right or privilege which belongs to a person or legal entity by virtue of his rank, office, position or special characteristic which entitles him to precedence or the exercise of some power or advantage not granted to others.
myth	The term is used in the study of religion and culture
monological thinking	Thinking that is conducted exclusively within one point of view or frame of reference: figuring out how much this $67.49 pair of shoes with a 25% discount will cost me; learning what signing this contract obliges me to do; finding out when Kennedy was elected President
direct question	A question that uses the questioner’s exact words, set off by quotation marks
culture shock	The trauma and anxiety, the disorientation, caused by movement from one's familiar cultural surroundings to an alien one
logical	one of Kant's four main perspectives, aiming to establish a kind of knowledge which is both analytic and a priori
modifier	A word or group of words that describes, changes, qualifies, or limits the meaning of another word or group of words in a sentence (Plays staged by the drama class are always successful.)
fallacies of evidence	Fallacies of relevance have
sat guru	an individual who has gained Mastery upon one of the paths in the Transcendental Sphere.
ockham's razor	The principle which states that we should not posit causes or entities beyond necessity.
teleology	Theory which holds that the means of achieving some end is not as important as the end result; the ends are more important than the means.
pronoun	a word that is used as a substitute for a noun or noun equivalent, takes noun constructions, and refers to persons or things named or understood in the context
structure word	word that has no real meaning in a sentence, such as a pronoun or auxiliary verb (as opposed to a content word, such as verb or noun); structure words are not normally stressed in speech eg: "Could you BRING my GLASSES because I've LEFT them at HOME"
regulative	providing important guidelines for how knowledge should be used, yet not itself playing any fundamental role in making up that knowledge
formal	the active or subjective aspect of something-that is, the aspect which is based on the rational activity of the subject
government money	Fiduciary Media Issued By a Government Bank
haight	MORAL FOUNDATIONS THEORY
transcendence techniques	techniques that directly utilize the Superconscious mind
thing in itself	an object considered transcendentally apart from all the conditions under which a subject can gain knowledge of it
transcendental	one of Kant's four main perspectives, aiming to establish a kind of knowledge which is both synthetic and a priori
rationalism	The principle or practice of accepting reason as the only authority in determining one's opinions or course of action
subordinating conjunction	A word (because, although, if, when)
identity	whatever makes an entity definable and recognizable, in terms of possessing a set of qualities or characteristics that distinguish it from entities of a different type (essentially, whatever makes something the same or different).
deontology	There are moral principles that forbid certain actions and encourage other actions purely based on the nature of the action itself, not on its consequences.
reason	A reason provides evidence that another claim is true.
summum bonum	Latin for highest good
intuition	The direct knowing or learning of something without the conscious use of reasoning
scientific method	the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.
kaleidoscopic	Characterized by an unending variety due to a constant shifting of the multitudinous elements which comprise the total
logicality	Logical literacy; knowledge of the basic concepts and techniques of logic.
rational self	Our character and nature to the extent that we seek to base our beliefs and actions on good reasoning and evidence
aryanism	(undone)
patience	The greatest virture of logic.
faculty	a fundamental power of human subjects to do something or perform some rational function.
greek	The primary language used in the Roman Empire during the time of Jesus Christ, it was used by the authors of the New Testament
representation	the most general word for an object at any stage in its determination by the subject, or for the subjective act of forming the object at that level
contingent proposition	A proposition which is neither logically true nor logically false, that is, its truth-value depends upon facts about the world.
atheist	A person who believes that there is no God.
ockham's razor	the principle that one should reduce theories, explanations and thoughts to their simplest states; alternatively, that one should favor the simplest explanation of events over the more complex one.
nationalism	A motivating force which unites people with a common bond to protect against threats to that bond.
reasoned judgment	Any belief or conclusion reached on the basis of careful thought and reflection, distinguished from mere or unreasoned opinion on the one hand, and from sheer fact on the other
multilogical thinking	Thinking that sympathetically enters, considers, and reasons within multiple points of view
agent	one of the thematic or theta-roles, where the argument deliberately performs an action, as Jamie
number	A term that classifies nouns or pronouns as singular (I, you, he, she, it, apple)
ideas	(The opposite of 'transcendent' is 'immanent'.)
black box	A process whose internal operations are opaque (black), and incomprehensible due to complexity, or currently beyond our knowledge
ontology	The branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being, reality, or ultimate substance
hermeneutics	the study of theories of the interpretation and understanding of texts (often the Bible).
dogmatic	A concept or principle accepted as absolute truth on the basis of unquestioned acceptance of an authority’s statement to that effect rather than on the basis of logical reasoning or demonstrated proof.
bhajan	singing of chants or hymns used to worship and remember the Divine
pronoun	A word that takes the place of a noun (he, him, his)
discursive reasoning	Thinking a problem through logically step by step from one premise to another in an attempt to arrive at an acceptable conclusion or explanation, as opposed to intuitive knowledge
prepositional phrase	a clause in a sentence that begins with a preposition (such as of, in, or with) and serves as an adjective or adverb
theory	A systematic statement of principles involved in a subject; a formulation of apparent relationships or underlying principles of certain observed phenomena which has been verified to some degree
avidya	the Buddhist term for ignorance
sant mat	the philosophy and spiritual practices of the teachers of the Second Transcendental Path
subject complement	A noun, adjective, or word group that follows a linking verb and completes or renames the subject of a sentence (The plum tastes ripe.)
impatience	The greatest vice, mistake or hinderence of logic.
problem of abstract entities	(undone) (states and corporations)
rational emotions/passions	R
guru	a teacher who has attained mastery in the Supracosmic Sphere.
particle	a unit of speech expressing some general aspect of meaning or some connective or limiting relation
the philosopher	A medieval term for Aristotle.
speech revolution	Language (prehistory) Bands and Tribes – The period approximately 50,000 years ago, when modern humans rapidly expanded, and theoretically developed modern “speech” (as distinct from ‘language’)
linking verb	A verb (forms of be and feel, look, and taste) that shows a state of being by linking the sentence subject with a word that names or describes the subject
sovereignty	A monopoly on the use of violence within a domain
heuristic	Having to do with a rule of thumb.
relative pronoun	a class of pronoun that introduces a clause that modifies a noun in the sentence
premise- proposition	Pure hypothetical syllogism-
verification	The procedure required for the establishment of the truth or falsity of a statement
conclusion	The other statements are
boobytrap	A linguistic snare which is not itself fallacious, but may cause someone to inadvertently commit a fallacy
ethical egoism	A theory which contends that a person or agent should only act in a way that is morally right or good for him/herself.
hume	(1711-1776) David Hume was an empiricist philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist who conceived of philosophy as the inductive, experimental science of human nature.
a priori	where knowledge is possible independently of, or prior to, any experience, and requires only the use of reason (non-empirical).
theorem	a proposition deducible from basic postulates
adi karma	the type of karma that is between the Soul and its origin.
conclusion	In an argument, the proposition for which evidence is provided.
absolute poverty	(undone)
black swan	Refers to 1) the disproportionate role of high-impact, hard to predict, and rare events that are beyond the realm of normal expectations in history, science, finance and technology, 2) the non-computability of the probability of the consequential rare events using scientific methods (owing to their very nature of small probabilities) and 3) the psychological biases that make people individually and collectively blind to uncertainty and unaware of the massive role of the rare event in historical affairs.
computational	A process is CALCULATIVE if human beings are required to perform it, and COMPUTATIONAL if computers, limited to GODELIAN BOUNDARIES can perform it
argument	A unit of reasoning composed of propositions.
agya	the commandment of a spiritual Master to a disciple
european civilization	(undone)
lexical entry	a collection of the idiosyncratic properties of lexical items.
deflation	(undone)
antecedent	a noun, phrase, or element of a sentence mentioned earlier to which a pronoun refers.
moral exchange ethic	The BAZAAR EXCHANGE ETHIC in which a deal is considered ethical if he dealer can get away with a transfer at the time of exchange, rather than the WARRIOR EXCHANGE ETHIC, in which both parties are responsible for informational asymmetry, and the longer term satisfaction of the partner in exchange
think	The general word meaning to exercise the mental faculties so as to form ideas, arrive at conclusions, etc. "Reason" implies a logical sequence of thought, starting with what is known or assumed and advancing to a definite conclusion through the inferences drawn
formal fallacy	'Horseshoe'l- Hypothetical syllogism- I-
opinion	A belief; typically one open to dispute
intuition	the passive species of representation, by means of which our sensibility enables to have sensations
hayekian knowledge	(undone)
ideas	the species of representation which gives rise to metaphysical beliefs
subject	the noun or pronoun that is performing the action in a sentence or clause, also the noun or pronoun that the sentence or clause is describing.
predicate	The part of a sentence that indicates what the subject does (Birds fly), what happens to the subject (Birds are kept as pets), or what is said about the subject (Birds are warmblooded).
black market	(undone) Johnson: A market in which certain goods or services are routinely traded in a manner contrary to the laws or regulations of the government in power
speech act	the use of language to perform some act
demonstrative pronoun	a type of pronoun (including ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘these’, and ‘those’) that stands in for one or more nouns that are identifiable in the context of the sentence
idiom	An expression whose meaning cannot be derived from its constituent elements
statism	The doctrine or policy of subordinating the individual unconditionally to a state or government with unlimited powers.
domains of thought	Thinking can be oriented or structured with different issues or purposes in view
naturalistic ethics	A theory which holds that the rightness and the wrongness of an act is definable empirically and that value judgements and moral assertions are empirically verifiable.
quantum theory	A major branch of modern physics arguing for the emission of light (radiant energy) in discrete amounts or "quanta"
sensibility	(See also intelligible.)
transfers	Payments that are made without any good or service being received in return
augustine	(354-430) One of the Latin Church Fathers, generally recognized as the greatest thinker of Christian antiquity
clause	group of words containing a subject and its verb eg: "It was late when he arrived"
existence	the state or fact of existing or being (the continuance in being or life).
ida	the left hand channel in each vehicle that moves energy inwards when awareness awakens
anicius manlius severinus boethius	a Roman who was an early Christian philosopher and statesman who was executed for treason; Boethius had a decisive influence on medieval logic (circa 480-524)
reductionism	The belief that “simpler is better”
adverb	A word or phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb (The cow bawled loudly.)
normative claim	A claim that is applicable in most situations (i.e
sir rabindranath tagore	Indian writer and philosopher whose poetry (based on traditional Hindu themes) pioneered the use of colloquial Bengali (1861-1941)
neophyte	an individual who is aware of only the Conscious mind, but has had an initial glimpse of a band outside of the Conscious mind
teleology	the belief that events occur with a natural purpose or design, or in order to achieve some specific goal.
bounded rationality	A theory of human decision making that assumes that people behave rationally, but only within the limits of the INFORMATION available to them.
suffix	affix that occurs after the root or stem of a word eg: happiness, quickly
passive voice	A verb form that indicates the subject is receiving the action.
experiencer	one of the thematic or theta-roles where the argument experiences some physical or mental state, like Mary in Mary was afraid of dogs
campbell's law	Goodhart’s law, states that once a social or economic indicator (index) or other surrogate measure is made a target for the purpose of conducting social or economic policy, then it will lose the information content that would qualify it to play such a role
christianity	(undone)
agency	the capacity for humans to make choices and to impose those choices on the world.
trace	a suggestion of some quality
dependent clause	a portion of a sentence that is not complete on its own and must be linked to another clause to form a grammatically correct sentence.
popperian	(undone) See MISESIAN, ROTHBARDIAN, HOPPEIAN, HAYEKIAN
4 kinds of sentences-logical	1)Assertion(emotively neutral) 2)Command 3)Question 4)Exclaims-shows emotion.
semantics	Semantics is concerned with the meaning of words and sentences
scarcity	Scarcity is the fundamental economic, social and political problem of constantly varying and unlimited human needs and wants, in a world of limited resources, where not all needs and wants can be fulfilled at the same time
subjective idealism	A thoery which holds that the knowledge of the world is limited to an individual's senses; what exists exists only because it is perceived and is what it is perceived as by different individuals.
daya	mercy, the Grace of God
prepositional phrase	A group of words that begins with a preposition and includes the object or objects of the preposition and all their modifiers (above the low wooden table)
postulate	(logic) a proposition that is accepted as true in order to provide a basis for logical reasoning
correlative conjunction	A pair of linking words (such as either/or, not only/but also)
comparative	the degree of comparison in a language that denotes increase in the quality, quantity, or relation expressed by an adjective or adverb
constitutive	playing a fundamental role in making up some type of knowledge
major term	In a categorical syllogism, the predicate term of the conclusion which also occurs in the major premiss.
testability	Testable claims prohibit particular events or occurrences
bare infinitive	unmarked form of the verb (no indication of tense, mood, person, or aspect) without the particle "to"; typically used after modal auxiliary verbs; see also infinitive eg: "He should come", "I can swim"
induction	an argument that has a conclusion that is suggested as strong or weak by observations made in the premises; inductive reasoning is considered necessary, but never as strong as deductive reasoning; ex
information	(UNDONE)
cost benefit analysis	Also known as "on-balance," functions as a criteria asking us to weigh the worth of some action through the advantages and disadvantages it incurs.
epiphenomenalism	A theory which holds that mental activity is the result of bodily changes, but do not change the body.
embedded question	question that is not in normal question form with a question mark; it occurs within another statement or question and generally follows statement structure eg: "I don't know where he went," "Can you tell me where it is before you go?", "They haven't decided whether they should come"
noumenon	the intellectual conception of a thing as it is in itself, not as it is known through perception (c.f
deontological system	A normative ethical system which consists of the study of duties or rules, which can be taught or learned.
critique	An objective judging, analysis, or evaluation of something
moral law	the one 'fact' of practical reason, which is in every rational person, though some people are more aware of it than others
aesthetic	having to do with sense-perception
trolley problem	There is a trolley traveling along a set of tracks
antecedent	The noun to which a pronoun refers.
monism	the belief that the body is a single, complete entity; "monism" can connote the belief in a single/unified entity in any branch of philosophy
indirect object	a grammatical object representing the secondary goal of the action of its verb
tone	The attitude a writer conveys in his or her writing
aesthetics	Ideas about the beautiful and the ugly- what is significantly pleasing and is not pleasing.
5 objectives of education	1) To think clearly
philo of alexandria	(born circa 10 BC) He was a Greek-speaking Jewish philosopher and theologian whose attempt to synthesize revealed faith and philosophical reason foreshadowed later developments in Christian theology.
religion	the way of acting, or perspective, according to which we interpret all our duties as divine commands.
sadhana	the disciplined, regular practice of meditation techniques
conjugate	to give in prescribed order the various inflectional forms of something
judicial	one of Kant's three main standpoints, relating primarily to experience-i.e., to what we feel, as opposed to what we know or desire to do
supersensible	see intelligible and transcendent.
nubiya	another name for the highest Plane of the Bridge Path, where Multiplane Masters perform their spiritual ministry
object complement	A noun, adjective, or other group that completes or renames the direct object of a sentence (The judges rated Hugo the best skater.)
demonstrative adjective	pronoun or determiner that indicates closeness to (this/these) or distance from (that/those) the speaker eg: "This is a nice car", "Can you see those cars?"
syntax	Syntax is concerned with the structure of language, particularly getting the words of a sentence in the right order
negative	form which changes a "yes" meaning to a "no" meaning; opposite of affirmative eg: "She will not come", "I have never seen her"
fallacy	A mistake in reasoning, a type of argument that may seem to be correct, but proves upon ezamination not to be so
indefinite pronoun	A pronoun standing for an unspecified person or thing, including singular forms (any, each, everyone, no one)
tense	a distinction of form in a verb to express distinctions of time
experience	This method is used to establish transcendental and logical truths
metavision	the seeing power of the attentional principle
asymmetric information	When somebody knows more than somebody else
infer/inference	An inference is a step of the mind, an intellectual act by which one concludes that something is so in light of something else's being so, or seeming to be so
theoretical	one of Kant's three main standpoints, relating primarily to cognition-i.e., to what we know as opposed to what we feel or desire to do
affirming the consequent	(In the conditional
herodotus	(484?-425? BC) A Greek historian who was the author of The Histories.
content	Meaning or language
intractable	A problem is intractable if it is Impossible to solve with current knowledge, no matter how hard one works at it.
weak force	The force which causes the unstable elementary particles to decay.
subject	one of the two main parts (subject and predicate) of a sentence; the subject is the part that is not the predicate; typically, the subject is the first noun phrase in a sentence and is what the rest of the sentence "is about" eg: "The rain water was dirty", "Mary is beautiful", "Who saw you?"
tax competition	THe principle that government spending and taxation can be controlled by having multiple governments compete for investment and talent by providing lower taxes.
subjective theory of value	The theory, that the value of economic goods is in the minds of individual men and therefore is neither constant nor inherent in the goods themselves; that values of the same good vary, as the judgments of the individuals making the valuations vary, from person to person and from time to time for the same person
social darwinism	The application of the concept of evolution to the historical development of human societies, placing special emphasis on the idea of "struggle for survival." Hitler picked up these ideas and incorporated them into Nazism.
dialectic	the exchange of arguments and counter-arguments, respectively advocating propositions (theses) and counter-propositions (antitheses), in arriving at a conclusion (synthesis).
premiss	a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn
noumenon	(Cf
reality	if regarded from the empirical perspective, this refers to the ordinary world of nature; if regarded from the transcendental perspective, it refers to the transcendent realm of the noumenon.
them secular error	(UNDONE) (The impossibility of pedagogy due to pervasive inequality)
apologetics	The intellectual defense of the Christian faith.
aramaic	A northwest Semitic language spoken throughout the Ancient Near East and used for parts of Daniel and Ezra.
moral realism	Piaget's term for the first of two stages in moral development, characterized by a belief in rules as real, indestructible things, not abstract principles.
reason	in the first Critique, the highest faculty of the human subject, to which all other faculties are subordinated
ethical	1) an action or exchange adhering to established norms
subject	the part of a sentence that indicates what acts upon the verb
argumentum ad hominem	Attempting to disprove what a person holds by attacking the person, more generally arguing in a way that may or may not be forceful against a particular person's position, but does not advance matters for those who do not hold that person's particular combination of beliefs.
argue	There are two meanings of this word that need to be distinguished: 1) to argue in the sense of to fight or to emotionally disagree; and 2) to give reasons for or against a proposal or proposition
accent	1: an articulative effort giving prominence to one syllable over adjacent syllables
evolution	The process by which all existing organisms have developed from earlier forms through modification of characteristics in successive generations.
david hartley	English philosopher who introduced the theory of the association of ideas (1705-1757)
present participle	A form of verb that cannot function alone as a main verb but can act as an adjective (Leading the pack, Michael crossed the finish line.)
svo	subject-verb-object; a common word order where the subject is followed by the verb and then the object eg: "The man crossed the street"
defective	lacking one or more of the usual forms of grammatical inflection
sophist	An itinerant teacher of Ancient Greece, whose subjects usually included rhetoric.
complement	A word or group of words that describes or renames a subject or object
reality	Philosophy as Critique employs synthesis more than analysis
incommensurable	two things are commensurable when they are measurable using the same standard of measurement.
nada yoga	the methods of meditation that deal with awakening the spirit and guiding it to open the channels of the Nada.
knowledge	*A set of memories that consist of identity and cause-and-effect-relations in time
market participant	someone whose income derives from the satisfaction of others wants, and who is not insulated from market prices
dharma yoga	the form of meditation that deals with living in harmony with your inner sense of truth and essential values.
intimation	an indirect suggestion
imagination	the faculty responsible for forming concepts out of the 'manifold of intuition' and for synthesizing intuitions with concepts to form objects which are ready to be judged.
utilitarian	someone who believes that the value of a thing depends on its utility
systematic consistency	Consistency: obedience to the laws of logic
noumenon	the name given to a thing when it is viewed as a transcendent object
the virtue of violence	(undone)
suppressed	Of a premiss or conclusion in an enthymeme which is unexpressed, typically because it is obvious.
sentence	a grammatically self-contained speech unit consisting of a word or a syntactically related group of words that expresses an assertion, a question, a command, a wish, or an exclamation
negative categorical proposition	An E or O-type categorical proposition.
plane	see Spiritual Plane.
[±f]	one of the three basic binary features on which all categories can be defined
amphibolous	Exhibiting amphiboly, that is, having more than one meaning due to ambiguous grammar.
indirect quotation	A summary of what a person said or wrote
predicate	The part of a sentence that indicates what the subject does (Birds fly),
formal language	The impersonal language of educated persons, usually written
deterministic	A process that results in predictable outcomes, especially one that appears chaotic and random but results in one of a limited series of outcomes regardless of initial state.
possessive pronoun	A form of personal pronoun (his, our/ours)
property definitions	A set of forgone opportunities that require one refrain from using objects of utility, or refrain from seizing or creating opportunities for gain – ie: self enforced self deprivations – usually described as property both individual and shareholder, manners, ethics, morals.
preposition	a syntactic unit preceding its complement, the most often a DP defining a special syntactic and/or semantic relationship between the complement and another constituent: cat in the bag/grapes of wrath/tea without sugar/a reduction of taxes.
transcendent object	The term 'negative noumenon' refers only to the recognition of something which is not an object of sensible intuition, while 'positive noumenon' refers to the (quite mistaken) attempt to know such a thing as an empirical object
subjective	related more to the subject than to the object or representation out of which knowledge is constructed
hypothesis	an unproved or unverified assumption that can be either used or accepted as probable in the light of established facts
avoidance knowledge	Knowledge that assists and influences one to act
article	a specialized adjective that indicates something definite (‘the’) or indefinite (‘a’ or ‘an’)
conjunctive adverb	A linking word that connects independent clauses and shows a relationship between two ideas
rhetorical question	Is a statement made in the form of a question that does not need a answer due to the fact that it is indeed a statement and not a question.
theorem	a statement which has been proven to be true by a rigorous argument.
materialism	(1) The mentality of those who prefer material wealth, bodily comforts and sensuous pleasures over the “higher” intellectual and “nobler” spiritual aspirations of men; (2) The doctrine that all changes are brought about by material entities, processes and events, and that all human ideas, choices and value judgments can be reduced to material causes which one day will be explained by the natural sciences.
objective	related more to the object or representation out of which knowledge is constructed than to the subject possessing the knowledge
false dilemma	Fallacious reasoning that presents an either/or choice when in fact other options exist.
thematic category	categories with lexical content: verbs, nouns, adjectives, prepositions.
rational expectations	A theory which holds that people will make rational choices when equipped an adequate amount of information.
experience	This method is used to establish empirical and hypothetical truths
enthymemes	An argument that is stated incompletely, the unstated part of it being taken for granted
ahimsa	the practice of non-injury in thought, word and deed to other living beings.
logical terms	Logical equivalence-
subjectivism	The position regarding morality which advocates morality is determined and constrained based on cultural, religious, traditional, and social beliefs of a political state.
elements of thought	All thought has a universal set of elements, each of which can be monitored for possible problems: Are we clear about our purpose or goal? about the problem or question at issue? about our point of view or frame of reference? about our assumptions? about the claims we are making? about the reasons or evidence upon which we are basing our claims? about our inferences and line of reasoning? about the implications and consequences that follow from our reasoning? Critical thinkers develop skills of identifying and assessing these elements in their thinking and in the thinking of others.
mercantilism	Generally, the process of treating the state as a business
statement	Synonym: Proposition
uncertainty	Measurable and quantitative risk versus non-measurable and non-quantitative uncertainty
productivity	(1) the number of units produced per hour of effort
concept	the active species of representation, by means of which our understanding enables us to think
turiya	the state of Enlightenment, the fourth state of consciousness beyond waking, dream and sound sleep states
objectivism	The ethical theory that there are objective criteria for determining the rightness and wrongness of actions
scepticism	The denial that knowledge, or even rational belief is possible, either about some specific subject/matter (e.g
negation	(logic) a proposition that is true if and only if another proposition is false
epicurus	Greek philosopher who believed that the world is a random combination of atoms and that pleasure is the highest good (341-270 BC)
linking verb	A verb (forms of be
b-theory	Specifying the temporal ordering of all events in space-time exhausts all the objective temporal facts about those events.
prima facie	"first appearance"; a claim or piece of evidence that appears valid without any counter-claim or evidence; often used to indicate that the evidence is weak
reductio	(Lat., reduction to absurdity) The process of reasoning that derives a contradiction from some set of assumptions, and concludes that the set as a whole is untenable, so that at least one of them is to be rejected
sushumna	the fine, central channel in each vehicle through which the Kundalini Shakti rises and descends.
three types of power	Power is defined as possessing any of the various means by which to influence the probability of outcomes in a group or polity using one of THE THREE COERCIVE TECHNOLOGIES.
subtle realm	the first realm beyond the Human Personality, the first Division of the Grand Astral Plane.
subfallacy	A fallacy that is a specific form of a more general fallacy.
verb	a word that expresses an act, occurrence, or mode of being
lockean democracy	A form of democracy in which individual rights are the primary focus of the society
propertarian	A definition of Propertarianism.
adverb	(part of speech) a word that describes or qualifies a verb (such as quickly, very, or never)
teleological system	Ethical systems that are based on the end result produced by an action
informal fallacies	Although the categorization is not strict, informal fallacies generally fall into two groups:
deontology	a philosophical perspective based on the concept that acts or rules are acceptable based on their ability to satisfy overriding moral principles.
market process	The voluntary and peaceful complex interaction of men deliberately striving toward the best possible removal of human dissatisfaction
predicate	the part of a sentence or clause that expresses what is said of the subject and that usually consists of a verb with or without objects, complements, or adverbial modifiers
nation	A large aggregation or agglomeration of people sharing a common and distinctive racial, linguistic, historical and/or cultural heritage that has led its members to think of themselves as belonging to a valued natural community sharing a common destiny that ought to be preserved forever
adjective	a constituent with the feature composition: [+N, +V, –F] modifying nouns, e.g
orthodoxy	(from orthos, right and doxa, opinion) Right belief, as opposed to heresy or heterodoxy.
ideas	Because the traditional, speculative perspective fails to succeed in this task, Kant suggests a new, hypothetical perspective for metaphysics
psychological egoism	The theory which holds that a person will only respond to others when it is beneficial to him.
bacon	(1561-1626) Francis Bacon was an English philosopher and essayist
ideology	A comprehensive and coherent set of basic beliefs about political, economic, social and cultural affairs that is held in common by a sizable group of people within a society
interjection	A word or expression (oh, alas)
anthropomorphism	ascribing human form or attributes to a being or thing that is not human.
epistemic necessity	A dependency of one scope of knowledge on another
thomas hobbes	English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)
direct speech	saying what someone said by using their exact words; see also indirect speech eg: "Lucy said: 'I am tired.'"
presupposition	A belief or theory which is assumed before the next step in logic is developed
preposition	A transitional word (in, on, at, of, from)
astral soul	the Fourth Octave of Being that ensouls the Cosmic Sphere
great continuum of consciousness	the comprehensive map comprising all levels of the Conscious, Subconscious, Metaconscious and Superconscious minds
planetary realm	the second of the divisions of the Grand Astral Plane
prepositional phrase	a phrase that starts with a preposition, silly! "With a preposition" is a prepositional phrase.
adi sat guru	a Master Teacher who has reached the highest realm of the Bridge Path, which is called Adi Sat Guru Desh or Nubiya.This teacher is also known as a Multiplane Master.
object	a thing, an entity or a being, that can have properties and bear relations to other objects
econometrics	Correlative Statistical mathematics, and those that adhere to the Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium
cartel	An association of business firms, especially in any one industry, which is formed for the purpose of limiting competition
yoganidra	a method for exploring the entire band of the Unconscious mind
informal fallacy	Invalid argument-
epistemology	The study or theory of the origin, nature, methods, and limits of knowledge
ideal type	A useful, rough generalization of a specific but loose concept helpful for the description and interpretation of history
categorical syllogism	A syllogism whose premisses and conclusion are categorical propositions, and which has exactly three terms.
restrictive element	information that specifies the nature of a subject or object in a sentence; a restrictive element is required for complete understanding of the sentence.
conjunction	A linking word that connects words or groups of words through coordination (and, but) or subordination (because, although, unless)
superlative	the degree of grammatical comparison that denotes an extreme or unsurpassed level or extent
contemplative mantra	a specialized word that helps focus your attention on your spirit.
materialism	The doctrine that material well-being and self-interest should govern a person's actions.
darwinism	The theory of how evolution might have come about which constitutes the major contribution to science made by Charles Darwin (1809-1882).
logical positivism	Name given to an analytic trend in modern philosophy which holds that all metaphysical theories are strictly meaningless because, in the nature of the case, unverifiable by reference to empirical facts.(A.J
indirect question	A sentence that paraphrases what a question is or was
intellectual humility	Awareness of the limits of one's knowledge, including sensitivity to circumstances in which one’s native egocentrism is likely to function self-deceptively; sensitivity to bias and prejudice in, and limitations of one's viewpoint
arguments	the participants minimally involved in an action defined by the predicate
clause	A group of words that contains a subject and a predicate
phrase	a group of two or more grammatically related words that form a sense unit expressing a thought
categorically	Completely inclusive
conscious mind	the state of mind that you inhabit during waking awareness
conjunction	a word that joins together sentences, clauses, phrases, or words
pronoun	(part of speech) a word (such as I, she, or it) used as a substitute for a noun, especially a person.
intellectual sense of justice	Willingness and consciousness of the need to entertain all viewpoints sympathetically and to assess them with the same intellectual standards, without reference to one's own feelings or vested interests, or the feelings or vested interests of one's friends, community, or nation; implies adherence to intellectual standards without reference to one's own advantage or the advantage of one's group.
second reading	the second presentation of a bill in a legislature; to approve its general principles (Britain) or to discuss a committee's report and take a vote (US)
knowledge	the final goal of the understanding in combining intuitions and concepts
perfect	verb form (specifically an aspect); formed with HAVE/HAS + VERB-ed (present perfect) or HAD + VERB-ed (past perfect)
guru kripa yoga	the form of meditation in which the Divine Light balances the Soul and its vehicles, and attunes the spirit to that same nodal point
morpheme	unit of language with meaning; differs from "word" because some cannot stand alone e.g
compound noun	noun that is made up of more than one word; can be one word, or hyphenated, or separated by a space eg: toothbrush, mother-in-law, Christmas Day
sensibility	(Cf
conjunction	(part of speech) a word that connects two phrases or ideas
knowledge	(Cf
argument	To argue is to produce narratives designed to support a conclusion.
subordinate clause	A group of words that contains a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone because it depends on a main clause to help it make sense (Pia, who plays the oboe, prefers solitude.)
predicate	the part of the clause excluding the subject giving information about the subject: Mary [is clever/likes chocolate/is waiting for Jamie/was in bed/is a university student].
power-with-and-for	Invitation ( encourage, inspire, lead or follow).
marginal utility	The least important use to which a unit of a contemplated supply of identical goods can be put
absolute phrase	An expression, usually a noun followed by a participle, that modifies an entire clause or sentence and can appear anywhere in the sentence
possessive	a grammatical case that denotes ownership or a relation analogous to ownership
empiricism	Empiricism is the view that all knowledge of the world is derived from sense experience is our source of knowledge about the world.
liberalism	Developed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as a doctrine which emphasized the development of the individual free from the restraints of government
proposition	the content or meaning of an assertion or declarative sentence, which is capable of being either true or false.
sensibility	It is more or less equivalent to the terms supersensible and transcendent
externalism	It is possible for a person to sincerely hold a moral belief (or make a moral judgment) without feeling any motivation to adhere to that belief/judgment
ex deo	Literally, "out of God"; The view of origins held by pantheism and panentheism that affirms God produced the world out of himself, that the world is part of God.
the logic of questions	The range of rational considerations that bear upon the settlement of a given question or group of questions
reinforcement of confirmation biases	(undone)
knowledge	The act of having a clear and justifiable grasp of what is so or of how to do something
logic	The branch of philosophy concerned with the rules of valid inference and reasoning.
compound subject	a subject joined together with a conjunction
proof	Evidence or reasoning so strong or certain as to demonstrate the truth or acceptability of a conclusion beyond a reasonable doubt
3 major categories	Axiology,Metaphysics and Epistemology.
generalization	A statement whose subject is a class rather than an individual
predicate	the part of a sentence containing the verb and the assertion made about the subject of the sentence or the action carried out by the subject.
understanding	in the first Critique, the faculty concerned with actively producing knowledge by means of concepts
racist	A RACE is a group of individuals differentiated through distinct physical characteristics and common ancestry
externalities	An economic side-effect
technical knowledge	Specifically as knowledge of recipes and programs that assist in human action in manipulating the physical world
spatial freedom	People seek a monopoly over their home environments, and will choose to live in an apartment, condo, or house alone rather than share the expense, above almost all other preferences
empiricism	Our only source of novel information about the world is sensory experience.
metaphysics	(Cf
centering techniques	seven techniques taught in the Mudrashram® Master Course in Meditation that help you unite your attention with the Self.
probabilism	(undone)
anthropomorphic	In the form of man
paraphrasing	Re-writing the argument in clear language, suppling any missing or assumed information that is not explicitly stated, being careful to preserve the meaning of the original.Put into simple language.
validity	Something which has been authenticated by reference to well-grounded and sufficient evidence
sematics	The meaning of a word.
disintermediation	Cutting out the middleman
illogicality	Logical illiteracy; ignorance of the basic concepts and techniques of logic.
domain	a band of the Great Continuum of Consciousness ranging from the ground state of the spirit through its Nadamic path to the spirit's origin
electromagnetism	One of the four fundamental forces in nature
diaeresis	two dots placed side-by-side over a vowel
tabula rasa	the idea that individual human beings are born with no innate mental content, but their knowledge is built up gradually from their experiences and sensory perceptions of the outside world (literally, "blank slate").
rationalism	The idea that the knowledge of reality is knowable without experience, but can be learned through reason.
judgment	'Experience' in this 'mediate' sense is a synonym for 'empirical knowledge'
the democratic religion	The modern reinvention of Christianity using law, money and credit
material	the passive or objective aspect of something-that is, the aspect which is based on the experience a subject has, or on the objects given in such an experience
amphiboly	A kind of ambiguity arising from the , akward, or mistaken way in which words are combined, leading to alternitive possible meanings of a statement
internality of relations	The principle that everythin is related and the nature of any element effects the nature of all other elements.
ludic fallacy	The ludic fallacy is a term coined by Nassim Nicholas Taleb in his 2007 book The Black Swan
special revelation	God has told people about himself in the Bible, a specific and detailed revelation of himself, which gives us details regarding his person and what he expects of people
universal proposition	(logic) a proposition that asserts something of all members of a class
patient	one of the thematic or theta-roles where the argument is affected by the action described by the verb, e.g
interjection	Drat! What is an interjection? Oh yeah, it's an ejaculatory utterance usually lacking grammatical connection.
innumeracy	Mathematical illiteracy
cliometrics	Econometric History, is the application of economic theory, econometric techniques, and other formal or mathematical methods to the study of social and economic history
intuition	(Cf
speculative	the illusory perspective which wrongly uses reason in a hopeless attempt to gain knowledge about something transcendent
bodhisattwa	a being who (1) stops short of final liberation and remains to spiritually minister to humanity, or (2) passes into liberation and returns in a new form to serve humanity in a new capacity
complement	a word or set of words that completes the essence of a sentence or phrase
ethical hedonism	A theory which advances the idea that an act is right in so much as it achieves pleasure and wrong in so much as it produces pain.
the hindu error	(UNDONE)
substance	the unchanging essence of a thing, that exists by itself, and which has attributes and modes which, however, may change.
existentialist philosopher	a philosopher who emphasizes freedom of choice and personal responsibility but who regards human existence in a hostile universe as unexplainable
origen	Greek philosopher and theologian who reinterpreted Christian doctrine through the philosophy of Neoplatonism; his work was later condemned as unorthodox (185-254)
hayekian	(undone) See MISESIAN, ROTHBARDIAN, HOPPEIAN, POPPERIAN, MANDELBROTIAN, GAUSSIAN.
capital flight	The popular idea that invested wealth leaves one territorial monopoly for another
the logic of language	For a language to exist and be learnable by persons from a variety of cultures, it is necessary that words have definite uses and defined concepts that transcend particular cultures
limit of perception	(undone)
compound subject	A subject consisting of two or more nouns or pronouns linked by and (My mother and my sister drove home.)
lucius annaeus seneca	Roman statesman and philosopher who was an advisor to Nero; his nine extant tragedies are modeled on Greek tragedies (circa 4 BC - 65 AD)
radical empiricism	A theory which holds that all things and the relations between them are matters of direct experience
voice	a system of inflections of a verb to indicate the relation of the subject of the verb to the action which the verb expresses
experience	the combination of an intuition with a concept in the form of a judgment
lexical priori	An ordering sequence in which the first item in the ordering is the most important item in the sequence.
parallelism	In Hebrew (and other Ancient Near Eastern) poetry, the primary element which distinguishes poetry from prose is a rhyming of ideas rather than a rhyming of sounds or rhythm.
immediate inference	An argument with exactly one premiss.
relativist system	An ethical system in which right and wrong are not absolute and unchanging but relative to one's culture (cultural relativism) or ones own personal preferences (moral subjectivism).
crowding out	When government spending causes interest rates to rise, thereby reducing private spending
gerund	A form of verb, ending in -ing,
internal proposition	Subjective (inward, feelings)
the great transformations	Can refer to any of the following:
translating statements	Truth- Truth value-
oligarchy	Any system of government in which virtually all political power is held by a very small number of wealthy but otherwise unmeritorious people who shape public policy primarily to benefit themselves financially through direct subsidies to their agricultural estates or business firms, lucrative government contracts, and protectionist measures aimed at damaging their economic competitors — while displaying little or no concern for the broader interests of the rest of the citizenry.
unconscious mind	the unawakened aspects of mind in which karma is stored
power-over-and-against	Intimitade (threaten, maniuplate, control, shaming or condemnation).
production	The process of transforming inputs into outputs
synthetic	a statement or item of knowledge which is known to be true because of its connection with some intuition
knowledge based economy	(undone) an economy in which growth is dependent on the quantity, quality, and accessibility of the information available, rather than the means of production
noun	(part of speech) any concrete or abstract thing, including people, places, objects, characteristics, and ideas.
aristotle	one of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers; pupil of Plato; teacher of Alexander the Great (384-322 BC)
dependent clause	part of a sentence that contains a subject and a verb but does not form a complete thought and cannot stand on its own; see also independent clause eg: "When the water came out of the tap..."
eudaemonism	A theory which judges the rightness of an act by the amount it increases a person's happiness.
internalism	It is impossible to sincerely make a moral judgment without being motivated to act in accordance with it, although it may be the case that the motivation is trumped by other countervailing motivations.
non sequitur of evidence	If the missing premise relates a valid conclusion but unstated conclusion to the stated conclusion (i.e., ties the conclusion given to a conclusion not given), the fallacy is a
asymmetric shock	When something unexpected happens that affects one economy (or part of an economy) more than the rest.
behavioral economics	A branch of ECONOMICS that concentrates on explaining the economic decisions people make in practice, especially when these conflict with what conventional economic theory predicts they will do.
cogent	A cogent argument is one such that if the premisses are true, then the conclusion is more likely to be true than false
middle term	In a standard-form syllogism(which must contain exactly three terms) the term that appears in both premises, but does not appear in the conclusion.
independent clause	a portion of a sentence that could stand alone as a complete, grammatically correct sentence.
asymptotic	Approaching indefinitely near, yet never meeting
framing	The collection of narratives, anecdotes and stereotypes that make up the emotional weights which individuals rely upon to understand and respond to information
verify	1
alaya	the highest octave of the Divine Will, the living force that animates the ensouling entity
overture	a tentative suggestion designed to elicit the reactions of others
person	Person indicates whether the subject is speaking (first person–I, we),
minor term	The term that occurs as the subject term of the conclusion in a standard-form syllogism.
verbalisation	The putting of a proposition into words.
tailgating	A distribution of returns that produces frequent small profits punctuated by occasional very large losses
mood	Indicates whether the sentence states a fact or asks a question (indicative mood), gives a command or direction (imperative mood), or expresses a condition contrary to fact, a wish, or a suggestion (subjunctive mood)
sensible	Although its proper opposite is 'impure', Kant normally opposes 'pure' to 'empirical'.
hermeneutics	The art or skill or theory of interpretation: the method of coming to an understanding of a text.
interventionism	The policy of resorting to governmental decrees and coercion to direct market activities in a manner different from the primary desires of consumers as expressed by the practices, prices, wage rates and interest rates of an unhampered market economy.
sociocentricity	The assumption that one's own social group is inherently and self-evidently superior to all others
will	the manifestation of reason in its practical form (see practical)
nonrestrictive element	additional information about a subject or object in a sentence; removal of a nonrestrictive element would not alter the meaning of the rest of the sentence.
scholastics	The intellectual speculations and doctrines of the leading philosophers of the Middle Ages, roughly 800-1400 A.D
sin	Theft of Foregone Opportunity Costs
strong force	The attraction acting over extremely short distances between nucleons and thus enabling the atomic nucleus to resist the electrostatic mutual repulsion of its protons.
internalism	The representational content of our mental states is fixed by our brain state.
direct quotation	A person’s exact words, either spoken or written, set off by quotation marks
rational	Reasonable
voice	A verb form that indicates whether a subject is active or passive
spacetime	The mathematical construct representing the arena of events
loan shark	(undone) (discuss banking, probabilism, and the privatization of wins, and socialization of losses)
translation	the directed attunement by an Initiate that unfolds the ensouling entity and its vehicles
intention	the direction of thought or light by the attentional principle