Glossary extracted starting with manual seeds, with PTM for the domain bio and language EN

anaoxygenic photosynthesisA type of photosynthesis in green and purple bacteria in which oxygen is not produced
stamenThe part of the flower that produces pollen
rigidityStiffness or tenseness of muscles; inability to bend or be bent.
plateletA small enucleated blood cell important in blood clotting; derived from large cells in the bone marrow.
strict anaerobeAn organism that cannot survive in an atmosphere of oxygen
artificial vaginaA device for collecting semen.
nitidusshining: applied to a highly polished, smooth surface.
f-primeAn extrachromosomal F-plasmid that carries a fragment of chromosomal DNA.
confuseda marking with indefinite outlines: a running together as of lines and spots without definite pattern.
global warming potentialnumber that represents the relative contribution of a molecule of an atmospheric gas to global warming
midbrainA part of the brain that is mainly concerned with the control of eye movement
lampbrush chromosomeGiant diplotene chromosome found in the oocyte nucleus
gel shift assayAlso known as gel retardation assay or gel mobility shift assay
alkaliphileAn organism that grows optimally at high pH (alkaline conditions)
lateradtoward the side and away from the median line.
electron acceptorAtom or molecule that takes up electrons readily, thereby gaining an electron and becoming reduced.
adrenalitisInflammation of the adrenal gland.
longevityThe average life span of individuals in a population.
contraceptionThe prevention of pregnancy.
nadpAbbreviation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme that functions as an electron acceptor in the lightdependent reactions of photosynthesis.
effectedsomewhat angularly bent outward.
median shade or linein Lepidoptera, crosses at or about middle of wings.
net primary productivityThe amount of energy primary producers (organisms that produce their own food from an external energy source such as the sun) capture and convert to tissue minus the amount they lose in cellular respiration.
triquetral= triquetrous.
noncovalent attractionChemical bond in which, in contrast to a covalent bond, no electrons are shared
crystallinetransparent, like crystal.
soluteA substance that is dissolved in a solution.
groundwaterWater found underground as a result of rainfall, ice and snow melt, submerged rivers, lakes, and springs
accretev
pseudopodiaFingerlike extensions from an amoeboid cell; literally "false feet".
peyer's patchA region of lymphoid tissue in the submucosa of the intestine that is rich in B cells and germinal centers.
albedoratio of electromagnetic radiation reflected relative to the amount of radiation incident on a surface
synchronoushappening at the same time.
polyphyleticgenetically heterogeneous, because of having arisen from different ancestral groups.
arginineA non-essential amino acid believed to play a part in the neurodegeneration of HD.
macronutrientsfats, carbohydrates, and proteins that provide essentially all of the energy and most of the raw material for repair and synthesis
alcoholA compound consisting of a hydrocarbon skeleton with one or more hydroxyl group
biologyThe scientific study of life.
cope's ruleThe generalization (not always confirmed) that body size tends to increase in an animal lineage during its evolution.
horotelicEvolving at a comparatively average rate.
g protein–coupled receptorMember of an important class of cell-surface receptors that have seven transmembrane α helices and are directly coupled to a trimeric G protein
moleOne gram molecular weight of a compound
oxygen-transport pigmentSee respiratory pigment.
bordeaux mixturethe first practical fungicide used by Millardet in 1883-1885 against downy mildew of grape vine (Plasmopara viticola), and still in general use for controlling many plant diseases; it contains 4 parts copper sulphate, 4 parts quicklime, 500 parts water.
dictyosomesee GOLGI BODY.
corticosteroidAny steroid hormone produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex.
chemoautotrophOrganism that obtains energy from the oxidation of chemical, generally inorganic, compounds and carbon from carbon dioxide.
manicate -usfur-like: surface clothed with irregular depressed hair.
inflammatory responseA localized innate immune defense triggered by physical injury or infection of tissue in which changes to nearby small blood vessels enhance the infiltration of white blood cells, antimicrobial proteins, and clotting elements that aid in tissue repair and destruction of invading pathogens; may also involve systemic effects such as fever and increased production of white blood cells.
haemoglobinthe coloring matter of blood which serves to carry oxygen.
oligonucleotide chipsOligonucleotide chips consist of small glass plates with thousands of short 20-mer oligonucleotide probes attached to their surface
lenticularround, doubly convex; like a lens or lentil.
alcoholAn organic compound containing a -OH group
cellThe fundamental unit of life.
anaerobicDescribes a cell, organism, or metabolic process that functions in the absence of air or, more precisely, in the absence of molecular oxygen (O2).
ribosomesComponents within cells that assist in making proteins from amino acids.
intermediary metabolismIn cells, the enzyme-catalyzed reactions that extract chemical energy from nutrient molecules and utilize it to synthesize and assemble cell components.
nitrogen fixationReduction of dinitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH3) by the enzyme nitrogenase.
carbonyl groupsA functional group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.
sectionA very thin slice of tissue, suitable for viewing under the microscope.
imprintinga biochemical phenomenon that determines, for certain genes, which one of the pair of alleles, the mother's or the father's, will be active in that individual.
arbovirusesArthropod-borne viruses.
transfectionAn artificial process of infecting cells with naked viral DNA.
multiple alignmentAn alignment of multiple sequences that inserts gaps into the individual sequences in order to align conserved sequences in the same column.
extenseextended: expanded.
longitudinal studyA study that follows a population forward over time.
terrestrialOn the ground; also on or of the planet Earth.
combinatorial chemistryThe use of chemistry to generate large numbers of molecules that are different but are structurally related
medusaThe floating, flattened, mouth-down version of the cnidarian body plan
amino acidAn organic acid containing an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)
wavelengthThe distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.
non-tandem duplicationAberration in which the duplicated segment of a chromosome is not adjacent to the original copy.
chemical bondAn attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms
veneral diseaseDisease spread by sexual intercourse.
micro-Prefix denoting 10–6.
deletionType of mutation in which a single nucleotide or sequence of nucleotides has been removed from the DNA.
synaptic signalingType of cell–cell communication that occurs across chemical synapses in the nervous system.
nucleusA cluster of functionally related neuronal cell bodies in a vertebrate central nervous system.
polynucleotideA covalently linked sequence of nucleotides in which the 3' hydroxyl of the pentose of one nucleotide residue is joined by a phosphodiester bond to the 5' hydroxyl of the pentose of the next residue.
genoholotypethe species on which a genus is founded, whether unique or one of a series, specifically named as generic type by the author.
haplotypeParticular combination of closely linked alleles that tend to be inherited as a unit.
polyatomic moleculemolecule consisting of three or more atoms
tetradA paired set of homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids
competitionRelationship between organismic units (for example, individuals, groups, species) attempting to exploit a limited common resource in which each unit inhibits, to varying degrees, the survival or proliferation of another unit by means other than predation.
terminalsituated at the tip or extremity; opposed to basal.
metabolic pathwayA sequence of chemical reactions involved in metabolism
sub-parallelnearly parallel.
hydrogen bondA type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
polygonalwith many angles.
monosaccharideA carbohydrate consisting of a single sugar unit.
live cell arrayA micro-system for the high-throughput analysis of intact cells.
dormant/DORE-mənt, -mant/ adj
hydrofluorocarbonscompounds of hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon
efferentcarrying outward or away from the centre.
carbon cycleSequence where carbon dioxide is converted to organic forms by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, recycled through the biosphere, with partial incorporation into sediments, and ultimately returned to its original state through respiration or combustion.
supernumeraryadditional or added cells, veins or other structures.
elevate -usa part higher than its surroundings.
cross resistanceThe condition in which resistance to one pesticide or antibiotic confers increased resistance to a second pesticide or antibiotic.
erectstanding upright; not necessarily perpendicular.
integral proteinspenetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer, often completely spanning the membrane (as transmembrane proteins).
curated databaseA database developed by a curator with domain expertise
endergonic reactionA nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
atomsmallest unit of an element that can exist as a stable, independent entity
diffusionThe spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area.
functionthe work or duty which a given part or organ normally performs.
flavin adenine dinucleotideA coenzyme that functions as an electron carrier in oxidation/reduction reactions.
praire restorationAn attempt to recreate a prairie climax community within 10 years, when this process naturally takes several hundred years through manipulation of mechanisms of succession to rapidly achieve climax conditions by greatly increasing seed availability, reducing competition by early-successional species, and amending soil to better match late-succession conditions.
complex mediumMedium whose precise chemical composition is unknown
hydrophilicDescribes a polar molecule or part of a molecule that forms enough energetically favorable interactions with water molecules to dissolve readily in water
dorso-ventralin a line from the upper to the lower surface.
crossing-overDuring the first meioticprophase
matrixThe nonliving component of connective tissue, consisting of a web of fibers embedded in homogeneous ground substance that may be liquid, jellylike, or solid.
density-dependent inhibitionThe phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.
entomotomista student of insect structure.
isotopeOne of two or more variations of the same chemical element, differing in the number of neutrons not the number of protons.
amyloidAnother term for beta-amyloid
batch cultureGrowth of bacteria in a fixed volume of liquid medium in a closed vessel, with no additions or removals made during the period of incubation.
solutionA liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
deletionA removal of a portion of a gene.
internodeIn plants, the region of the stem between where the leaves are attached.
intervening sequenceSee intron.
photic zoneThe narrow top slice of the ocean, where light permeates sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur.
starcha complex polymer of glucose, used by plants and green algae to store surplus sugar for later use.
vitamin cA vitamin with antioxidant properties that may help protect nerve cells from free radical damage and glutamate toxicity
genotypeThe precise genetic constitution of an organism
regressionA statistic that describes the relationship of two variables
concurrentapplied to a vein which arises separately, runs into another and does-not again separate.
basal ganglionSingular form of basal ganglia.
convergingapproaching each other toward the tip.
antiserumThe blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen
fissatedivided or split: with fissures or cracks.
amoebaA genus of free-living amoebae
lanceolatelance- or spear-shaped: oblong and tapering to the end.
homoeochromatismapplied when over a given region many butterflies tend to vary similarly as regards color.
difformisirregular in form or outline: not comparable; anomalous
heterolactic fermentationA type of lactic acid fermentation in which sugars (e.g
ureterThe duct that carries nitrogenous waste from the kidney to the bladder.
coadaptationProcess of selection acting on units of two or more genes.
corkThe outer layer of the bark in woody plants; composed of dead cells
great chain of beingThe eighteenth-century concept that instead of a static universe, there is a continuous progression of stages leading to a superior supernatural being; the transformation of the "Ladder of Nature" into a succession of moving platforms.
industrial melanismThe effect of soot and pollution in industrial areas in increasing the frequency of darkly pigmented (melanic) forms perhaps because of selection by predators against nonpigmented or lightly pigmented forms.
indigenous speciesA species that is native to a give area if its presence was obtained by natural processes.
phenotypic valueThe measurement of a given quantitative trait for a given individual.
all-or-noneOccurring fully or not at all; not graded.
termination sequenceA DNA sequence that appears at the end of a transcriptional unit and signals the end of transcription.
cerebellar cortexThe outermost portion of the cerebellum.
overstoryThe larger, taller trees that of a forest that overtop and shade younger and smaller trees and shrubs.
patulous-oseopen, spreading.
undernourishmentcondition in which a person's daily caloric intake is insufficient to meet metabolic needs
nascent rnaThe initial transcripts of RNA, before any modification or processing.
sequence tagged siteA short DNA sequence with a known chromosomal location that occurs once within the human genome.
citric acid cycleAnother term for the Krebs Cycle.
chromosomesStructures in the nucleus
toll-like receptor familyImportant family of mammalian pattern recognition receptors abundant on macrophages, neutrophils and the epithelial cells of the gut
goldman equationAn equation that describes membrane potential in terms of the concentrations of and membrane permeabilities to more than one ion species.
geometric isomersCompounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms.
darwinian fitnessA measure of the relative contribution of an individual to the gene pool of the next generation.
muscular systemThe muscular system is the biological system of animals that allows them to move internally and externally.
coupled reactionsIn cells, the linking of endergonic (energy-requiring) reactions to exergonic (energy-releasing) reactions that provide enough energy to drive the endergonic reactions forward.
randomizedthe process of assigning patients to different forms of treatment in a research study in a random manner
turgidVery firm
phylogenetic profilingA method for predicting the function of a protein that is based on the correlation of protein inheritance across different species
inaequalisunequal.
fatiscentwith cracks, crevices or openings.
heterokaryonCell possessing two nuclei derived from different cells through cell fusion.
pillow lavaLava extruded beneath water characterised by pillow-type shapes.
vtnVaccine Trials Network
selective pressureAn environmental factor that favors the survival and reproduction of those genetic variants within a population that are better adapted to the environment.
prototypea primitive form to which later forms can be traced.
bacterium pl. bacteriaA prokaryotic microorganism in Domain Bacteria.
tera-A prefix indicating 10 to the power of 12; a trillion.
complementaryA property of DNA whereby each nitrogenous base pairs with another particular base (A with T and G with C); two complementary single strands have nucleotide sequences that enable their bases to pair up; see Figure B-8.
globus pallidusOne of the components of the basal ganglia
refugiaLocations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere.
mdr proteinsee multidrug resistance protein
interleukin-1A cytokine that mediates various inflammatory activities
tunica intimathe inner layer of the silk glands: an inner lining or membrane.
plicateplaited; folded like a fan.
alkAlkaline.
microgramone-millionth of a gram: written as `g'.
piezoelectricBecoming electrically polarised when subject to the mechanical stress; quartz for example produces an electric charge when squeezed.
neuropsychiatristA physician who treats people with psychiatric symptoms that are caused by a brain disorder
paleoanthropologyThe study of human origins and evolution.
sub-servatedenticulate.
central dogmaThe organizing principle of molecular biology: genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
refinedrefers to breads and cereals in which the fibrous bran and germ are removed from the grain by machinery
ectoproctA sessile, coloniallophophorate commonly called a bryozoan.
absorption spectrumThe range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light.
implantSee implantation.
maximum parsimonyA principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts.
bovine spongiform encephalopathyA form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) that affects cattle.
discopodous/də-SKAWP-pə-dəs, dis-/ adj
metallic bonding"electron sea" model, in which outermost (valence) electrons are shared among all the atoms in the substance
extrorse -umtoward the outside.
contrastingappearing in sharp relief or contrast; as one color or marking against another.
denaturationA change in the tertiary (three-dimensional) structure of an intact protein that renders the protein nonfunctional
aqueousPertaining to water, as for example, in an aqueous solution.
clathratelatticed or lattice-like in appearance.
aggregatedcrowded together as closely as possible.
suicide inhibitorA relatively inert molecule that is transformed by an enzyme, at its active site, into a reactive substance that irreversibly inactivates the enzyme.
secondary consumerA member of the trophic level of an ecosystem consisting of carnivores that eat herbivores.
angstromA unit of measure used to measure inter-atomic distances within molecules equal to 10-10 meter.
peptidoglycanA major component of bacterial cell walls; generally consists of parallel heteropolysaccharides cross-linked by short peptides.
ordureexcrement; usually applied to such as is foul or offensive.
nucleotideA nucleoside phosphorylated at one of its pentose hydroxyl groups.
contingency chi-squareA chi-square test performed for the comparison of two sets of data.
partial pressureA measure of the concentration of one gas in a mixture of gasesThe pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases
fairy ringmushrooms arising at the periphery of a radially spreading underground mycelium; common in grasslands, and around conifers.
transgenicDescribing an organism that contains transfected DNA in the germ line.
basalSituated near the base
perennialA plant which continues to grow after it has reproduced, usually meaning that it lives for several years.
companion cellsSpecialized cells in the
map unitsee genetic map distance
temperate grasslandA terrestrial biome dominated by grasses and forbs.
sinuatecut into sinuses; applied to lines and margins with an in and out curve.
cyclinA
dorsal/DORE-səl/ adj
insight learningModification of an organism’s behavior brought about by combining information received from the environment in new ways to solve problems
dual action drugA dual action drug is a compound which combines two desired different pharmacological actions at a similarly efficacious dose.
ribonucleic acidA single stranded nucleic acid containing ribose and using uracil in place of thymine
isomerOne of several organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties
antioxidantA molecule that is capable of reacting with free radicals and neutralizing them.
lysosomeMembrane-bounded organelle in eucaryotic cells containing digestive enzymes, which are typically most active at the acid pH found in the lumen of lysosomes.
argentateshining, silvery white.
cationa positively charged ion.
yeastCommon term for several families of unicellular fungi
monophyleticTerm applied to a group of organisms which includes the most recent common ancestor of all of its members and all of the descendants of that most recent common ancestor
book lungsLungs within which sheets of gas-exchange tissue alternate with sheetlike air spaces, like pages of a book slightly separated by air
fuseo-rufousred-brown, approaching liver brown.
conico-acuminatein the form of a long, pointed cone.
taphonomyn
metabolismThe totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways.
cosmidA DNA molecule with cos ends from lambda-bacteriophage that can be packaged in vitro into a virus for infection purposes .
denitrificationThe process by which certain bacteria living in poorly aerated soils break down nitrates, using the oxygen for their own respiration and releasing nitrogen back into the atmosphere.
epitopeA portion of an antigen recognized by an antibody binding site
food chainThe pathway along which food is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers
scutel= scutellum: q.v.
proton-motive forceDriving force that moves protons across a membrane as a result of an electrochemical proton gradient.
polyphyleticTerm applied to a group of organisms which does not include the most recent common ancestor of those organisms; the ancestor does not possess the character shared by members of the group
elastica part which has a degree of flexibility throughout.
molecular massThe sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight.
biocompatibleA material that is biologically compatible with the body
standard deviationThe square root of the variance.
primary structureA description of the covalent backbone of a polymer (macromolecule), including the sequence of monomeric subunits and any interchain and intrachain covalent bonds.
white rustdisease of crucifers caused by Albuginaceae (Peronosporales: Oomycota).
multivesicular bodyA lysosomal structure containing inner vesicles.
substrateThe specific compound acted upon by an enzyme.
oxygen debtThe extra oxygen (above the normal resting level) consumed in the recovery period after strenuous physical exertion.
thymineOne of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA; pairs with the base adenine; often abbreviated as the letter "T"; see Figure B-3.
endosymbiosisA relationship between two different organisms in which one (the endosymbiont) lives within the tissues or cell of the other, benefiting one or both
community ecologyThe study of how resource availability influences ecosystem characteristics, including the number and types of species present.
hill reactionThe evolution of oxygen and the photoreduction of an artificial electron acceptor by a chloroplast preparation in the absence of carbon dioxide.
coadaptationThe action of selection in producing adaptive combinations of alleles at two or more different gene loci.
apotheciumOpen ascoma of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota.
reduction potentialInherent tendency of a compound to act as an electron donor or an electron acceptor
vascular tissueIn plants, one of the three main types of tissue, this tissue consists of tubes and associated cells which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
violaceousviolet colored: a mixture of blue and red [violet carmine].
dna polymeraseEnzyme that synthesizes DNA by joining nucleotides together using a DNA template as a guide.
low-density lipoproteinsMolecules made of lipids and proteins that carry cholesterol and fat through the bloodstream.
triacylglycerolAn ester of glycerol with three molecules of fatty acid; also called a triglyceride or neutral fat.
capsidThe protein coat of a virion or virus particle.
stasisA period of equilibrium during which change appears to be absent, for example, in the concept of punctuated equilibrium
basaltHighly mafic igneous volcanic rock, typically fine-grained and dark in color; rough volcanic equivalent of gabbro.
hominidA member of the family Hominidae, which includes humans, whose earliest fossils can now be dated to about 4 million years ago (genus Australopithecus)
adhesionThe tendency of unlike substances to stick together
fibrinogenA protein present in blood plasma that causes blood clots when the stress response is activated.
dioecious/die-EE-shəs/ adj
tuberculin testA test for previous infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
age structureThe relative number of individuals of each age in a population.
restoration ecologyThe scientific study of repairing disturbed ecosystems through human intervention; an attempt to speed successional processes to reach a desired climax community.
exposureamount of a substance encountered, generally in reference to human contact with a toxic substance or a disease-causing organism
chemostatA continuous culture device controlled by the concentration of limiting nutrient and dilution rate.
mortality rateProportion of individuals that die in a specific age class
glaucusshining sea-green: whitish blue inclining to gray lavender.
fatty acidA long-chain hydrocarbon containing a carboxyl group at one end
hypocrateriformsalver-shaped.
lamarckismThe theory that evolution is caused by inheritance of character changes acquired during the life of an individual due to its behavior or to environmental influences.
exergonic reactionA chemical reaction that proceeds with the release of free energy (that is, for which ΔG is negative).
kineticsThe study of the rate of change.
intermolecular attractive forceattraction between two molecules resulting from the interactions of their electron clouds and nuclei
cancerA malignant, invasive cellular tumor that has the capability of spreading throughout the body or body parts.
osmoregulationAdaptations to control the water balance in organisms living in hypertonic, hypotonic, or terrestrial environments.
drug therapyThe use of a chemical compound or molecule to treat a disease
frequency distributionGraphical way of representing values
homologousDescribes organs or molecules that are similar because of their common evolutionary origin
binomial nomenclatureSystem of having two names, genus and specific epithet, for each organism.
coxa -aethe basal segment of the leg, by means of which it is articulated to the body.
proteinclass of biochemical compounds constructed from amino acids
articulationthe point or place where two parts or segments are joined: also applied to an individual joint or segment.
extinctionWhen all the members of a clade or taxon die, the group is said to be extinct.
aerobic respirationchemical process by which energy is released from food using oxygen.
tumorA mass of cells, generally derived from a single cell, that is not controlled by normal regulators of cell growth.
sex ratioThe relative proportions of males and females in a population.
cosanguineRelated by a common ancestor.
shinglesMost people have been infected with at least one of these types of herpes virus.
dissociation curveA chart showing the relative amounts of oxygen bound to hemoglobin when the pigment is exposed to solutions varying in their partial pressure of dissolved oxygen, pH, or other characteristics.
cappingCovalent modification involving the addition of a modified guanidine group in a 5'-5" linkage
motifIn proteins, a structural unit exhibiting a particular three-dimensional architecture that is found in a variety of proteins and usually is associated with a particular function
translocase(1) An enzyme that catalyzes membrane transport
trehalosea crystalline sugar, C12H22O11, characteristically found in fungi.
deuteriumAn isotope of hydrogen containing one proton and one neutron, giving it twice the mass of an ordinary hydrogen atom.
catalystSubstance that can lower the activation energy of a reaction, thus increasing its rate.
glycosidic bondsBonds between a sugar and another molecule (typically an alcohol, purine, pyrimidine, or sugar) through an intervening oxygen or nitrogen atom; the bonds are classified as O-glycosidic or N-glycosidic, respectively.
flavoproteinAn enzyme containing a flavin nucleotide as a tightly bound prosthetic group.
hdac inhibitorsAbbreviation for histone deacetylase inhibitors.
catalystA substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing a permanent change in its structure
arrestinsMultifunctional adaptor proteins that are important in regulating desensitization and signalling by seven-transmembrane receptors and other transmembrane receptors.
humusDecomposing organic material found in topsoil.
atccAmerican Type Culture Collection.
bomb calorimeterA device used to measure the energy content of organic materials.
end productsubstance formed as a result of an enzyme acting on its substrate.
neuronal intranuclear inclusionsAnother term for neuronal inclusions.
learningA behavioral change resulting from experience.
nitrogen-fixing bacteriabacteria that remove nitrogen from the air and convert it to ammonia
antimetabolite**An antimetabolite is a structural analog of an intermediate (substrate or coenzyme) in a physiologically occurring metabolic pathway that acts by replacing the natural substrate thus blocking or diverting the biosynthesis of physiologically important substances.
gram molecular weightThe weight in grams of a compound that is numerically equal to its molecular weight; the weight of 1 mole.
primary successionA type of ecological succession that occurs in a virtually lifeless area, where there were originally no organisms and where soil has not yet formed.
photonElementary particle of light and other electromagnetic radiation.
alkyl groupGeneral term for a group of covalently linked carbon and hydrogen atoms such as methyl (–CH3) or ethyl (–CH2CH3) groups
monomer(from mono meaning "one" and meros meaning "unit")
gradeA level of phenotypic organization or adaptation reached by one or more species
hplcsee high-performance liquid chromatography
glycosidic bondThe covalent linkage between two monosaccharide residues formed by a condensation reaction in which one carbon, usually carbon #1, of one sugar reacts with a hydroxyl group on a second sugar with the loss of a water molecule
egg-polarity geneDetermines the major axes of development in an early fruit fly embryo
calciumKAL-see-uhm/ Silver-white metallic element
lactoseA disaccharide made from glucose and galactose
glycogenolysisBreakdown of glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate; stimulated by a rise in cAMP following epinephrine stimulation of cells and, in muscle, by a rise in Ca2+ following neuronal stimulation
tertiary structureIn proteins, the three dimensional folding of the protein due to hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions with water
oxidationLoss of electrons from an atom, as occurs during the addition of oxygen to a molecule or when a hydrogen is removed
chalybeatesteely in appearance.
charactera quality of form, color or structure.
covarianceA measure of how much two variables change together.
nonmetalselements with varied appearances that do not conduct electricity or heat well
succineousresembling amber in color or appearance.
etiologyThe study of causes or origins of a disease.
literateornamented with characters like letters.
phagemidA phage-plasmid vector able to replicate as single- or double-stranded DNA.
produceddrawn out; prolonged; extended from.
anaerobeAn organism that lives without oxygen
autoradiographyA photographic image produced exposing photographic film to a radiolabeled molecule (e.g
leucocytesee white blood cell
glycosyltransferaseGlycosyltransferases produce glycosidic bonds by transferring a glycosyl group — any group formed by detaching the glycosidic hydroxyl group from the cyclic form of a monosaccharide, oligosaccharide or derivatives.
chromosome condensationProcess by which a chromosome becomes packed up into a more compact structure prior to M phase of the cell cycle.
calorieKAL-er-ee/ The amount of heat needed to raise one gram of water from 14.5˚ to 15.5˚C at a pressure of one atmosphere.
carcinomaA malignant tumor derived from epithelial cells.
galvanic celldevice that converts the energy released in a spontaneous chemical reaction into electrical energy
propulsatorythat which drives onward or forward.
chemostatContinuous culture device usually controlled by the concentration of limiting nutrient and dilution rate.
cassetteA gene fragment that can be cloned into a site to confer some property
operationalizeThe process of converting concepts into specific observable behaviors that a researcher can measure.
protein complementaritycombining foods that complement essential amino acid content so that the total diet provides a complete supply of amino acids
cell wallA tough outer coating found in many plant, fungal, and bacterial cells that accounts for their ability to withstand mechanical stress or abrupt changes in osmotic pressure
rodSee bacillus.
cephalonthe head.
nf-kbAbbreviation for NF-kappa B.
amphotropic virusA virus that infects a wide range of mammalian host cell types.
linking numberThe net number of times one polynucleotide chain crosses over another polynucleotide chain
veinA macroscopic blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart.
virionAn infectious virus particle.
scoreTo determine the presence or absence of a phenotype by testing for growth under different conditions (e.g., plus and minus an auxotrophic supplement or permissive and nonpermissive conditions)
acanthusa spine, spur or prickle.
oogenesisformation and maturation of the egg.
nadNicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide; an electron carrier involved in cellular metabolism
pulmocutaneous circuitThe route of circulation that directs blood to the skin and lungs.
chromosomesTiny thread-like structures inside each cell
restriction enzymeAny enzyme that recognizes and cleaves a specific short sequence, the restriction site, in double-stranded DNA molecules
symptomsChanges in the body or its functions, experienced by the patient and indicative of disease.
pinocytosisThe active taking in of bulk fluids by a cell using endocytosis
protein complexa group of two or more associated proteins that function together to perform a specific task or make a certain structure.
molarA unit of measure of chemical concentration; specifically, the molar concentration is the number of moles dissolved in a liter of solution.
adpAbbreviation for adenosine diphosphate.
isolating barrierA genetically determined difference between populations that restricts or prevents gene flow between them
photonThe ultimate unit (a quantum) of light energy.
scrotal circumferenceSimple maximal circumference measured around the central portion of the paired testes.
z dnaAn alternative, left-handed form of the double helix.
inbreedingMating of related animals resulting in a non-zero probability that alleles at a particular locus are identical by descent
marsupialn
inflammationCharacteristic reaction to foreign particles and noxious stimuli, resulting in redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
chondrichthyanMember of the class Chondrichthyes, vertebrates with skeletons made mostly of cartilage, such as sharks and rays.
storage batterybattery that is capable of storing electrical energy
emesisvomiting (sometimes caused by EMETICS).
monotrichousHaving a single polar flagellum.
gastrodermisIn cnidarians, the endodermis which lines the gut cavity
tumorigenesisThe mechanism of tumor formation.
leucine zipperCommon structural motif in some dimeric eukaryotic transcription factors characterized by a C-terminal coiled-coil dimerization domain and N-terminal DNA-binding domain
glycogenA large, complex carbohydrate molecule stored in the liver and muscles
munite -usarmed; provided with an armature.
desmosomeA type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as an anchor.
ionic bondA bond between two atoms involving a complete transfer of electrons
retroarcuatecurved backwards.
associative symbiosisClose but relatively casual interaction between two dissimilar organisms or biological systems
perceptionThe interpretation of sensations by the brain
apoptosisProgrammed cell death.
in vitroReactions that take place outside of the cell; in a test tube.
repressible enzymeIn bacteria, an enzyme whose synthesis is inhibited when its reaction product is readily available to the cell.
substrate-level phosphorylationSynthesis of high-energy phosphate bonds through reaction of inorganic phosphate with an activated (usually) organic substrate.
surface-to-volume ratioThe ratio of the total area of the outer surface of a three-dimensional object over the volume of that object.
wassermann testA complement fixation test used to diagnose syphilis.
expected numberPrediction of the number of observations occurring for an event based on the probability of the event given the hypothesis being tested and the total number of observations in the sample.
cell fateIn developmental biology, describes what a particular cell at a given stage of development will normally give rise to.
nanometern
absorption spectrumThe amount of light taken up by a series of pigments across a particular range of wavelengths
reactive oxygen speciesA highly reactive free radical that can result from excessive levels of iron in the body.
cofactorA small molecule, which may be organic (that is, a coenzyme) or inorganic (that is, a metal ion), required by an enzyme in order to function.
adherenceRefers to the ability of bacteria adhea r (stick) to host surfaces.
polarIn the electrical sense, describes a structure (for example, a chemical bond, chemical group, or molecule) with positive charge concentrated toward one end and negative charge toward the other as a result of an uneven distribution of electrons
oligonucleotideA polynucleotide containing a small number of nucleotides
inheritanceGenetic characters transmitted from one generation to the next.
infra-ocularsituated within the eye, actually or apparently.
f factorAn episomal genetic element that enables a bacterium to transfer extrachromosomal DNA to a second bacterium.
covarianceMeasure quantifying the degree to which two characteristics vary together.
fossilAny evidence of past life, including remains, traces, imprints as well as life history artifacts
targetFree nucleic acid sample/protein/etc
dimeric/die-MARE-ick/ adj
transferaseAn enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a molecular group from one molecule to another.
association studyStudy that compares DNA samples from populations of individuals with and without a specific clinical trait
geologic recordThe division of Earths history into time periods, grouped into three eras: Archaean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic, and further subdivided into eras and epochs.
carbon dioxidewaste product of respiration
bioinformaticsComputational or algorithmic approaches to the analysis and integration of genomic, proteomic, or chemical data residing in databases
organic chemistryThe study of carbon compounds (organic compounds).
meiosisA two-stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell.
atypic -icaloff type; not of the usual form.
autochthonous florasee oligotrophs.
chromatographyBiochemical technique in which a mixture of substances is separated by charge, size, or some other property by allowing it to partition between a moving phase and a stationary phase
biramousArthropod appendages that are biramous have two branches, an outer branch and an inner branch
calorieThe amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade at a pressure of 1 atmosphere.
biotrophicNutritional relationship between two organisms in which one or both must associate with the other to obtain nutrients and grow.
assimilationThe ability to use a carbon or nitrogen source for growth in the presence of oxygen.
protein arraysArrays consisting of proteins themselves or of probes used for capturing proteins.
parasitismSymbiotic relationship in which the parasite benefits at the expense of the host
aestivaloccurring in summer.
replicative transpositionThe insertion of a transposable element at a new location without loss from the original location.
fluid-feederAn animal that lives by sucking nutrient-rich fluids from another living organism.
plus endThe end of a microtubule or actin filament at which addition of monomers occurs most readily; the “fast-growing” end of a microtubule or actin filament
diatomiteDiatomite, or diatomaceous earth, is a siliceous sedimaentary rock formed from the accumulations of diatoms or other nanoplankton.
trypsinA proteolytic enzyme that cleaves (cuts) peptide chains next to the basic amino acids arginine and Iysine.
uhdrsThe Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale, used to provide uniform assessment of the clinical features and progression of HD.
affinity chromatographyA column chromatographic technique that employs attached functional groups that have a specific affinity for sites on particular proteins.
control rodsrods composed primarily of an excellent neutron absorber such as cadmium or boron that can be positioned in a nuclear reactor to absorb fewer or more neutrons, thereby regulating the rate of fission
substratea molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme target and is chemically modified by the enzyme target to produce a new chemical molecule (product).
path integrationThe ability to remember the distances and directions traveled, to sum them, and then to calculate their return path.
nsfProtein with ATPase activity that disassembles a complex of a v-SNARE and a t-SNARE.
supernedenotes all those parts belonging to the upper surface.
bracket fungicorky or woody, often perennial, basidiomata of the polypores (Aphyllophorales: Basidiomycetes)
ionophoreA compound which can cause the leakage of ions across membranes.
sperm motilityThe proportion of sperm swimming, or other measures of sperm movement.
messenger rnaThe template RNA carrying the message for protein synthesis.
transglutaminaseAn enzyme that helps produce huntingtin protein aggregates.
deletion(1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage
pleiomorphicHaving the ability to change shape.
polymera large molecule constructed from many smaller identical units
brassyyellow, with the lustre of metallic brass.
cofactornon-protein component(s) needed by an enzyme to be functional; some cofactors are metal ions, others are coenzymes (q.v.).
pillared eyein Ephemerids, that type which is placed on a cylindrical stalk or process: = turbinate eye.
residual volumeThe amount of air that remains in the lungs after forcefully exhaling.
anti-metaboliteAn analogue of the end-product of a metabolic pathway that causes feedback inhibition or repression, but cannot replace the genuine product; used for selecting feedback-deficient mutants.
glumeA leaf- or bract-like structure; specifically one of the two bracts at the base of the spikelet in grass flowers.
trochophore larvaea larval stage shared by annelids and mollusks
enteric bacteriaA large group of gram-negative rod-shaped Bacteria characterized by a facultatively aerobic metabolism
kinaseAn enzyme that transfers the terminal (γ) phosphate group from ATP to a substrate
water vaporWater in the gaseous state.
primary producerAn organism that uses light to synthesize new organic material from carbon dioxide.
polygenic disordersGenetic disorders resulting from the combined action of
rough endoplasmic reticulumA network of membranous sacs connected to the nuclear envelope that is covered with ribosomes
pappasa fine down.
obligateAn adjective referring to an environmental factor (for example, oxygen) which is always required for growth
holliday structureIntermediate structure in recombination between homologous chromosomes
punnett squareA diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results of random fertilization.
chronospeciesKROH-no-SPEE-seez/ A fossil form assigned a distinct binomial name because it occurred at a different time from other, similar forms
interval timerA biological clock that times an interval shorter than a day but appears to be noncyclic, having to be restarted each time it operates, like a kitchen timer or an hourglass
superantigenAn antigen that activates a large percentage of T-lymphocytes.
hydrogen ion pumpA protein that uses the energy from electrons being carried along an electron transport system to pump hydrogen ions from one side of a cell membrane to another
enantiomorphsIsomers that are mirror images of one another.
chemical reactionprocess whereby reactants are transformed into products
pleiotropyInfluence of a single gene on more than one different traits.
primary structureIn a polymer, the sequence of monomers and the covalent bonds
carbohydratescompounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the last two elements in the same 2:1 atomic ratio as found in water
spinulate -oseset with little spines or spinules.
nucleoplasmThe portion of a cell's contents enclosed by the nuclear membrane; ' also called the nuclear matrix.
ram ventilationA type of gill ventilation observed in certain types of fish (e.g., tunas) in which the fish holds its mouth open as it swims forward, thereby using its swimming motions to drive water over its gills.
menarcheFirst menstruation.
haploidHaving a single set of genetic information; describing a cell with one chromosome of each type.
nonpolarReferring to a molecule or structure that lacks any net electric charge or asymmetric distribution of positive and negative charges
appendixA small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity
ketoseA simple monosaccharide in which the carbonyl group is a ketone.
streptavidinA tetrameric biotin-binding protein capable of binding four molecules of biotin per molecule
urceolatepitcher-shaped; swelling in the middle.
heritableCapable of being inherited.
moietyA component part of a complex molecule.
respirationprocess by which humans and animals exchange the oxygen necessary for metabolism with the carbon dioxide produced by it
campodactylyA dominant trait in which a muscle is improperly attached to bones in the little finger, causing the finger to be permanently bent
nicotinamideA drug that may help improve cellular energy production by acting as a precursor of NAD
relative quantificationA type of real-time PCR data analysis used to calculate differences in a target concentration across different samples
channel proteinMembrane transport protein that forms an aqueous pore in the membrane through which a specific solute, usually an ion, can pass.
protofibrilsIntermediate fibrils formed early in the protein aggregation process.
transition stateThe activated state in which a molecule is best suited to undergoing a chemical reaction.
proteinpolyamides (polypeptides) built from a long chain of amino acids
morphogenesisDevelopmental changes in the inner structure and outer form of an organism.
albiduswhite with dusky tinge.
giberrellinA plant hormone that regulates growth.
basilar cross-veinOdonata; crosses the basilar space.
cytosolContents of the main compartment of the cytoplasm, excluding membrane-bounded organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria
hydrophobic"water fearing"
aneuploidyA chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.
ampholyteAn amphoteric molecule or substance, such as amino acid or protein
axilThe angle formed between a leaf stalk and the stem to which it is attached
homozygousHaving two identical alleles for a given gene.
discoid/DISK-oid/ adj
nasolabial foldsDeep folds which run from the side of the nose to the corner of the mouth.
sensitive periodA limited phase in an individual animal's development when learning of particular behaviors can take place
disjunctusseparated; standing apart.
ectognathussee ectotrophous.
big bang theoryThe concept that the universe was born in a gigantic explosion about 10 to 20 billion years ago.
semi-half.
zoönite or zoönule= zonite.
in vitro packagingSynthesis of infective phage particles from a preparation of phage capsid proteins and a concatamer of phage DNA molecules
tfcSee total functional capacity.
dimerA molecule that is made of two monomers bound together.
protein kinase cCa2+-dependent protein kinase that, when activated by diacylglycerol and an increase in the concentration of Ca2+, phosphorylates target proteins on specific serine and threonine residues.
growth hormoneA hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that has both direct (nontropic) effects and tropic effects on a wide variety of tissues.
fixed action patternA sequence of behavioral acts that is essentially unchangeable and usually carried to completion once initiated
biarcuatetwice curved.
navigationThe act of moving on a particular course or toward a specific destination using sensory cues to determine direction and position.
arborealLiving predominantly in trees.
chlorophylln
solarizationMethod to control pathogens and weeds where moistened soil in hot climates is covered with transparent polyethylene plastic sheets, thereby trapping incoming radiation.
critical temperature(1) In the study of poikilotherms, a body temperature (high or low) at which animals have little or no ability to increase their rate of O2 consumption above their resting rate—making them incapable of much physical activity
bilineate -uswith two lines.
urineThe fluid excreted by a kidney.
pupilthe central mark of an ocellate spot.
aequilate-usof equal breadth throughout.
single covalent bonda bond formed when only one pair of shared electrons forms the linkage between atoms
deletionAn aberration in which a section of DNA or chromosome has been lost.
aspersusrugged, with distinct elevated dots.
vitamin aA lipid-soluble vitamin with antioxidant properties that may also play an important role in learning and memory.
3' endEnd of the polynucleotide chain in which an OH group is attached to the 3'-carbon atom of the nucleotide.
integerentire: applied to a margin without incisions.
membraneThe lipid bilayer plus associated proteins that encloses all cells and, in eucaryotic cells, many organelles as well.
gamma waveThe highest frequency and most important type of brain wave; involved in higher mental acuity such as perception and consciousness.
high-energy bondCovalent bond whose hydrolysis releases an unusually large amount of free energy under the conditions existing in a cell
epinephrinesee adrenaline
tumorA growth consisting of differentiated cancer cells.
catalyzeKAT-uh-lize/ To a speed chemical reaction with a catalyst.
topographyn
essential fatty acidsA fatty acid is a compound derived from the breakdown of fats
catalysiskuh-TAL-uh-sus/ The speeding of a chemical reaction by a catalyst.
monoeciouswhen both sexual elements or glands exist in one individual.
aminotransferasesEnzymes that catalyze the transfer of amino groups from α-amino to α-keto acids; also called transaminases.
nucleic acidsPolymers of the ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides.
anthophyteA flowering plant, or any of its closest relatives, such as the Bennettitales, Gnetales, or Pentoxylales.
oxidation-reduction reactionA coupled pair of reactions, in which one compound becomes oxidized, while another becomes reduced and takes up the electrons released in the oxidation reaction.
haplotypeA sequential set of genetic markers that are present on the same chromosome. 
closed circulatory systemA circulatory system in which the blood is enclosed within blood vessels throughout and is therefore distinct from the interstitial fluids
punctiformisshaped like a point or dot.
density-gradient centrifugationThe separation, by centrifugation, of molecules according to their density, in a gradient varying in solute concentration.
hemeCyclic organic molecule containing an iron atom that carries oxygen in hemoglobin and carries an electron in cytochromes
atomic numberThe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol.
sex-influenced characteristicEncoded by autosomal genes that are more readily expressed in one sex
proproteinA protein that is made in an active form, so that it requires processing to become functional.
kilocalorie1,000 calories of hear energy; amount needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius
subtractive hybridizationA process that eliminates cDNAs shared by two libraries by hybridization
markerAn identifiable physical location on a 
energy degradationSee degradation of energy.
miraxionA novel compound that may function as a neuroprotectant by inhibiting harmful enzymes known as phospholipases and stabilizing the phospholipid components of cell membranes and mitochondria.
homothallismA process occurring in some yeasts and other fungal strains where haploid spores formed during meiosis undergo self-diploidization due to the switching of mating type by some of the progeny of the spore.
steady statecondition in which a dynamic system is in balance so that no net change occurs in the concentration of the major species involved
high-energy bondA chemical bond that releases a large amount of free energy when it is hydrolyzed.
icosahedronA regular geometric polyhedron with 20 equilateral trangular faces and 12 corners
chronosequencePredictable change of vegetation over time.
carnitineA vital component of mitochondrial function that shuttles molecules derived from fatty acids into the mitochondria for conversion into ATP.
aerosolsparticles, both liquid and solid, that remain suspended in the air rather than settling out
constitutiveReferring to cellular production of a molecule at a constant rate, which is not regulated by internal or external stimuli.
fasciatebanded transversely.
markerGene used to identify a segment of DNA.
neutronan electrically neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom
chemical equilibriumIn a reversible chemical reaction, the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
nucleoside diphosphate sugarA coenzymelike carrier of a sugar molecule, functioning in the enzymatic synthesis of polysaccharides and sugar derivatives.
matrixthe formative substance from which cells and other structures are derived.
habitat fragmentationOccurs when continuous areas of habitat become disconnected by natural or human causes (e.g., building roads through a forest).
tautomerOne of a set of possible alternative structures.
penal claspersin Proctytripidae
metasternal wingin some aquatic Coleoptera a leaf-like expansion above the coxal plates.
endometriumThe inner lining of the uterus, which is richly supplied with blood vessels.
cucullatehooded; somewhat hood-shaped.
chelateA molecule that contains more than one binding site and frequently binds to another molecule through more than one binding site at the same time.
pyruvateThis product of glycolysis is used and synthesized by many metabolic pathways
neurofilamentType of intermediate filament found in nerve cells.
leaving groupA group that departs during a substitution reaction.
nanometresSome filoviruses have a total length of up to 1400 nm; their diameters are only about 80 nm.
obscurenot readily seen: not well defined.
planktonicLiving in open water.
reducing agentThe electron donor in an oxidation-reduction reaction.
virtual libraryAn combinatorial chemical library that is built in silico with the goal of evaluating possible structures.
ballismusuncontrolled, violent movements
pyogenicPus-forming; causing abscesses.
complementaryReferring to two nucleic acid sequences or strands that can form a perfect base-paired double helix with each other; also describing regions on two interacting molecules (e.g., an enzyme and its substrate) that fit together in a lock-and-key fashion.
water mouldsmembers of the Order Saprolegniales (Oomycetes).
ramifyto branch out in every direction.
glycolysisMetabolic pathway whereby sugars are degraded anaerobically to lactate or pyruvate in the cytosol with the production of ATP; also called Embden-Meyerhof pathway
alcoholA molecule with a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom.
coroneta small crown or corona.
acetoclastisThe process of splitting acetate into methane and carbon dioxide by some methanogens.
entropyA measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in a system; the higher the entropy, the greater the disorder.
graft versus host reactionAn attack against a patient's body cells by lymphocytes received in a bone marrow transplant.
coprophilicKAWP-ruh-FILL-ik/ Attracted to excrement.
longitudinal veinsare those that extend lengthwise through the wing either directly from base or as branches of one that does start there: they are named or numbered, and differently in the different orders.
supercoilHighly twisted form of circular DNA.
osmoticumSee osmotic effector.
genetic algorithmAn algorithm for optimizing a property based on an evolutionary mechanism that uses replication, deletion, and mutation processes carried out over many generations.
heart rotdecay of the inner wood of trees, caused by basidiomycetes.
parsesparse or sparsely.
ecdysisThe process of shedding the outer body covering
macconkey platesMacConkey medium contains pH indicators that can be used to differentiate colonies that can ferment a sugar from colonies unable to ferment a sugar
enzymeA biomolecule, either protein or RNA, that catalyzes a specific chemical reaction
amino acidAn organic compound containing at least one amino group and one carboxyl group
resting membrane potentialThe membrane potential in equilibrium conditions in which there is no net flow of ions across the plasma membrane.
glycoconjugateA complex carbohydrate attached to a lipid, peptide, or protein.
thermoclineZone of water in a stratified lake in which temperature and oxygen concentration drop precipitously with depth.
monovalentPossessing a single charge or valency.
micromineralsquantities of Fe, Cu, and Zn that the body requires in lesser amounts
volantflying or capable of flight.
cisArrangement of two noncarbon atoms, each bound to one of the carbons in a carboncarbon double bond, where the two noncarbon atoms are on the same side relative to the double bond.
nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphatesee NADP+
chlorineKLORE-een/ Chemical element (atomic weight 35.453, atomic number 17)
population geneticsThe study of how populations change genetically over time.
concavo-convexhollowed out or concave on one surface, rounded or convex on the other; like a small segment of a hollow sphere.
dominant speciesThe most abundant species in a community, exerting a strong influence over the occurrence and distribution of other species.
p450 enzymesA set of inducible enzymes that play roles in in the detoxification of foreign compounds.
sugarany of several small carbohydrates, such as glucose, which are "sweet" to the taste.
redox balanceA state in which a cell has the capability to remove electrons from a compound that undergoes reversible reduction and oxidation as fast as electrons are added to the compound.
ecosystem ecologyThe study of energy flow and the cycling of chemicals among the various biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem.
filopodiumThin, spike-like protrusion with an actin filament core, generated on the leading edge of a crawling animal cell.
dolicholn
viscosityInternal friction in a moving fluid; a lack of intrinsic slipperiness between fluid layers that are moving at different linear velocities
painA subjective characterization of sensation associated with physical damage to the body
epithetone of the words which makes up the binomial of an organism.
accession numberThe unique identifier assigned to new sequence information submitted to a major database.
asymmetric carbon atomA carbon atom that is covalently bonded to four dif ferent groups and thus may exist in two different tetrahedral configurations.
homingA process in which transplanted cells are attracted to and travel to an injured site.
natural language processingComputer understanding, analysis, manipulation and/or generation of natural (human) language.
poisson distributionA statistical test developed by Simeon Poisson
osmosisDiffusion of water through a membrane from a region of low solute concentration to one of higher concentration.
oxidationRemoval of electrons or hydrogen atoms from a molecule.
differential centrifugationSeparation of molecules and/or organelles by sedimentation rate.
enteronthe digestive canal as a whole; a general term.
seriesa group of species, genera or families, arranged to show agreement in a common character which is not of sufficient importance to warrant the next higher division.
desiccated/DEH-sick-kate-əd/ adj
buoyant densityThe density possessed by a molecule or particle when suspended in an aqueous salt or sugar solution.
in vitro fertilizationFertilization done in the lab in a culture dish.
axonal transportDirected transport of organelles and molecules along a nerve cell axon
retinalThe light-absorbing pigment in rods and cones of the vertebrate eye.
chimeraAn organism with a mixture of genetically different cells.
ovulationn
seleniumA mineral essential to the mammalian diet and the central element in glutathione peroxidase (GPx)
microscopicObjects or organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.
atomic weightThe total atomic mass, which is the mass in grams of one mole of the atom.
trophic structureThe different feeding relationships in an ecosystem that determine the route of energy flow and the pattern of chemical cycling.
selectionPlacing organisms under conditions where the growth of those with a particular genotype will be favored.
replica platingA technique in which an impression of a culture is taken from a master plate and transferred to a fresh plate
golgi apparatusMembrane-bounded organelle in eucaryotic cells in which proteins and lipids transferred from the endoplasmic reticulum are modified and sorted
groomingBody surface cleaning by use of mouth, fingers, or claws.
rhomboidalhaving the form of a rhomb.
stochasticA random process; a process determined by a random distribution of probabilities.
baseA substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
laminateformed of thin, flat layers or leaves.
autosyndesisPairing of homoeologous chromosomes in an allopolyploid (opposite of allosyndesis).
vitalismThe concept that the activities of living organisms cannot be explained by any underlying physical or chemical principles but arise from mystical or supernatural causes.
molecular formulaA type of molecular notation indicating only the quantity of the constituent atoms.
fasciculatebundled; clustered as in a bundle; tufted: a surface when covered with bundles of long hair.
spermatophoraa sac or case containing spermatozoa.
fetusA developing human from the ninth week of gestation until birth; has all the major structures of an adult
precambriangeological era from the earliest days of the earth until 600 million years ago, at the end of which the earth's atmosphere is believed to have attained a level of oxygen capable of supporting multicellular, eukaryotic organisms.
daughter cellsThe cells produced by division of a single parent cell.
kineticsThe rate at which a compound reacts
innate behaviorBehavior that has a strong genetic basis or results from genetic preprogramming.
hdlcalled the "good" lipoproteins because it is more effective than LDL in transporting cholesterol through the blood
exocrine glandsthose which release their secretions through ducts, e.g
specific heatThe amount of energy (in joules or calories) needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of a pure substance by 1 °C.
acetaldehydeA natural element found in alcohol that produces damaging free radicals.
implicit memoryMotor memories or memories that deal with procedures (i.e
spontaneous generationThe hypothesis that living organisms can originate from nonliving matter.
celluloseA glucose polysaccharide (with beta-1,4-linkage) that is the main compnent of plant cell walls.
quenchingThe reduction of luminescence of a sample by the addition of a quencher.
oceanic islandsIslands that have emerged from the sea floor in the ocean.
segregrationThe loss of one allele during cell division
phytoalexinAn antibiotic, produced by plants, that destroys microorganisms or inhibits their growth.
exophyticrelating to the outside of plant tissue.
riparianHaving to do with the edges of streams or rivers.
hox complexClusters of homologous selector genes, which help determine the body plan in animals.
alphatypically noted as the ratio, KI'/KI
symbiosisThe living together in close association of two or more species
epiphytotican unnecessary coining meaning an EPIDEMIC among plants.
homeostasisThe term was classically defined by W
antibioticSubstance, produced by a microorganism, that inhibits or kills other microorganisms; a broad-spectrum antibiotic is therapeutically effective against a wide range of bacteria.
metabolic profilingThe measurement of biochemical intermediates within a tissue in order to describe the functioning of metabolic pathways.
multiplexThis word is mainly used as 'multiplexing', thus referring to a method by which many parameters are simultaneously tested and processed.
action potentialAn electrical signal that carries information from the sensory organ to the brain via the nervous system.
cell-mediated immunityImmune reaction directed against body cells that have been infected by
orderIn classification, the taxonomic category above family
inflorescenceA cluster of flowers.
peripheriathe entire outline of the body.
unsaturated fatA type of fat found mainly in vegetable oils which, due to its chemical structure, tends to reduce levels of cholesterol and improve cell membrane function.
blueschistMetamorphic rock formed under great pressures, but not so great temperatures.
degenerate codeThe type of genetic code used by existing terrestrial organisms, for which there is more than one triplet codon for a particular amino acid but a specific codon cannot code for more than one amino acid
phenomeAll biochemical, physiological, and morphological characteristics of an organism.
temporathe temples.
ionic bondA noncovalent bond between a positively charged ion (cation) and negatively charged ion (anion).
glycobiologyThe biochemistry of glycoconjugates.
parapatric speciationParapatric speciation is speciation involving geographical isolation and divergence of two or more populations from a parent species
lymphaticproducing, carrying or relating to the lymph.
trophic interactionsFeeding relationships.
nnrtiNon-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor
inflammatory responseLocal response of a tissue to injury or infection—characterized by tissue redness, swelling, heat, and pain
double helixThe natural coiled conformation of two complementary, antiparallel DNA chains.
translationThe assembly of amino acids into polypeptides using the genetic information encoded in the molecules of mRNA.
renin–angiotensin–aldosterone systemA hormonal complex that ensures adequate arterial blood pressure
dna chimeraA DNA containing genetic information derived from two different species.
vesiclesVesicles are created when part of the cell membrane pinches off and surrounds some kind of cellular product in an enclosed compartment
disruptive selectionSelection that tends to favor the survival of organisms in a population that are at opposite phenotype extremes for a particular character and eliminates individuals with intermediate values (centrifugal selection).
nk cellsee natural killer cell
rnaAbbreviation for ribonucleic acid; composed of many nucleotide subunits arranged in a long chain and associated with the control of cellular chemical activities; carries the information necessary to make proteins.
autoinfectionReinfection by an organism already present in the body with an increase in the number of parasites without their undergoing a cycle outside the body; self-infection (Strongyloides stercoralis, Hymenolepis nana, Cryptosporidium parvum).
biosphereThe world of living organisms.
cationAn ion with a positive charge, produced by the loss of one or more electrons.
cdnaSee complementary DNA.
hydrophobic forceForce exerted by the hydrogen-bonded network of water molecules that brings two nonpolar surfaces together by excluding water between them.
pharmacophoreThe 3-D coordinates of atoms corresponding to pharmacologically active components of a drug molecule.
reservoirIn epidemiology, the organism or environment that normally harbors a pathogen.
cladeA group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.
ciliary photoreceptorA photoreceptor cell in which the light-sensitive part is a modified cilium; characteristic of vertebrates.
hemisphericlike the half of a globe or sphere.
chlorophyllThe green pigment required for photosynthesis
endemicnatural to (always present in) one geographical region.
oligosaccharinA type of elicitor (molecule that induces a broad defense response in plants) that is derived from cellulose fragments released by cell wall damage.
entropyMeasure of how much and how far a concentrated form of energy has been dispered after an energy change.
pure covalent bondA chemical bond between two or more atoms that involves a more or less equal sharing of electrons among the atoms
natural family planningA form of contraception that relies on refraining from sexual intercourse when conception is most likely to occur; also called the rhythm method.
adenosine diphosphateA compound of adenosine containing two phosphate groups, ADP is used to synthesize ATP with the energy released in cell respiration
pseudomonadMember of the genus Pseudomonas, a large group of gram-negative, obligately respiratory (never fermentative) Bacteria.
apertureSmall opening, for example the opening in the test of a foram.
cone cellOne of two types of photoreceptors in the vertebrate eye; detects color during the day
lipopolysaccharideA lipid attached to a polysaccharide.
multi-many; used as a prefix, often without the i.
hypoxiaOxygen starvation at the cellular level.
exoenzymeA powerful hydrolytic enzyme secreted by a fungus outside its body to digest food
cross-sectional studyThe study of a population at a point in time
selectinMember of a family of cell-surface carbohydrate-binding proteins that mediate transient, Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion in the bloodstream, for example between white blood cells and the endothelium of the blood vessel wall.
follicleA microscopic structure in the ovary that contains the developing ovum and secretes estrogens
energy trappingThe capture of energy released in one reaction for use in a second reaction.
adaptationAdjustment of sensitivity following repeated stimulation
ethanolA particular type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.
teraflopA measure of supercomputer speed equivalent to 10 to the power of 12 floating point operations per second.
rhabditesthe blade-like elements of the sting and ovipositor: a rod or bladelike process projecting from the epidermis.
nuclear matrixNetwork of protein fibers in the nucleus; holds the nuclear contents in place.
generation turnoverTime between parents producing offspring and those offspring reaching reproductive age.
hydrogen bondA weak bond between hydrogen and another atom (usually oxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen)
scionThe twig grafted onto the stock when making a graft.
granular cellsSee juxtaglomerular cells.
versatilemoving freely in every direction.
gluconeogenesisThe biosynthesis of a carbohydrate from simpler, noncarbohydrate precursors such as oxaloacetate or pyruvate.
permafrostA permanently frozen stratum below the arctic tundra.
metapopulationA subdivided population of a single species.
cytokinesisDivision of the cytoplasm of a plant or animal cell into two, as distinct from the division of its nucleus (which is mitosis)
diffusionmovement of molecules of a substance from a region of high concentration of that substance to a region of lower concentration until the concentration becomes equal.
conserved sequenceA base sequence in a DNA molecule (or an amino acid sequence in a protein) that has remained essentially unchanged throughout evolution.
renaturationSee reannealing.
ethidium bromideA fluorescent chemical that intercalates between base pairs in a doublestranded DNA molecule
symbiontA participant in the interactive association (symbiosis) between two individuals or two species
discontinuous variationCharacter variations that are sufficiently different from each other that they fall into nonoverlapping classes.
eliminationThe passing of undigested material out of the digestive compartment.
dominantadj
saturated and unsaturatedThese terms refer to the number of available bonds for more hydrogens in a hydrocarbon or other organic compound
facultative aerobeAn organism which is normally anaerobic but can also grow in the presence or oxygen (O2)
trapeziuma four-sided figure in which no two sides are parallel
pathogenan organism that causes disease.
peptidyl transferaseActivity in the ribosome that creates a peptide bond between two amino acids
nuclear matrixThe dense fibrillar network within the nucleus to which loops of chromatin attach.
classA taxonomic rank that stands between phylum and order; a phylum may include one or more classes, and a class may include one or more orders.
basecompound that produces hydroxide ions, OH_, in aqueous solution
dark reactionsIn photosynthesis, steps that can proceed in darkness by means of chemical energy produced by other steps ("light reactions") that depend on the presence of light.
phenotypeObservable properties of an organism produced by the genotype in conjunction with the environment.
osmotic pressureThe pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.The opposite of water potential.
edentulathose having no teeth.
parsimonyRefers to a rule used to choose among possible cladograms, which states that the cladogram implying the least number of changes in character states is the best.
spindle-attachment checkpointCheckpoint that operates during mitosis to ensure that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle before sister-chromatid separation starts.
hispidbristly: sparsely set with short, stiff hair.
acetogenic bacteriumProkaryotic organism that uses carbonate as a terminal electron acceptor and produces acetic acid as a waste product.
development/də-VEL-up-ment/ n
generic drugmedication that is the chemical equivalent of a pioneer drug, but that cannot be marketed until the patent protection on the pioneer drug has run out after 20 years
nocturnalActive only at night.
functional groupdistinctive arrangement of groups of atoms that impart characteristic physical and chemical properties to the molecules that contain them
vicariance speciesTo occur in a location because their ancestors remained there passively as the environment moved around them.
cationAn ion with a positive charge.
eutelyConstancy in the numbers of cells or nuclei from the larval stage to the adult stage.
pressure-flow hypothesisA hypothesis accounting for sap flow through the phloem system
gross productivityA measure of the rate at which energy is assimilated by the organisms in a trophic level, a community, or an ecosystem.
delta waveThe slowest type of brain wave; occurs during sleep.
divergenceEvolutionary process that increases differences in initially similar organisms.
ala -aea wing or wings.
diabetes mellitusA metabolic disease resulting from insulin deficiency; characterized by a failure in glucose transport from the blood into cells at normal glucose concentrations.
kreb’s cycleA series of chemical reactions that takes a two carbon residue from acetyl CoA and strips high energy electrons and hydrogen ions(protons) from the residue
holoblastic cleavageA type of cleavage in which there is complete division of the egg, as in eggs having little yolk (sea urchin) or a moderate amount of yolk (frog).
g0G-“zero” phase
segregateddetached or scattered into groups.
teratogenA substance that causes a birth defect.
alpha waveA type of brain wave; occurs at relaxed, quiet times.
guttationThe exudation of water droplets, caused by root pressure in certain plants.
microenvironmentA place within a larger environment in which the physical and chemical conditions differ significantly from the average conditions characterizing the larger environment.
aneuploidPolyploid individual whose chromosome complement is not comprised of an even number of the full set of the haploid chromosome number for the species.
denaturationThe disruption of the native folded structure of a nucleic acid or protein molecule; may be due to heat, chemical treatment, or change in pH.
hardy-weinberg equilibriumThe condition describing a non-evolving population (one that is in genetic equilibrium).
malignantIn reference to a tumor, an infiltrating metastasizing growth no longer under normal growth control.
cellularPertaining to cells
pentose phosphate pathwayThe pathway involving the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate to pentose phosphates and further reactions of pentose phosphates.
in vivoin a living organism
breathingThe process involving alternate inhalation and exhalation of air that ventilates the lungs.
pathogenA microorganism (such as a bacterium or virus) that causes disease.
dentate nucleusA group of nerve cell bodies deep inside the cerebellum; plays a role in the control of skilled, rapid movement.
catalystSubstance that promotes a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy without itself being changed in the end
angiogenesisThe formation of new blood vessels (e.g., new capillaries) by sprouting of branches from existing vessels.
loricaA vase-shaped or cup-shaped outer covering
amino acidA small molecule that is the building block of proteins.
occupational therapya type of therapy that teaches (or re-teaches) individuals the skills they would need to lead balanced lives and perform necessary functions for everyday living, and may either be skills that pertain to the home or to work.
anaerobicOccurring in the absence of air or oxygen.
avidinA glycoprotein that binds with high affinity to biotin.
in vitroDenoting a reaction or process taking place in an isolated cell-free extract; sometimes used to distinguish cells growing in culture from those in an organism.
zygoteA single-celled individual formed by the union of gametes
sporadicOccurring in a random or isolated manner.
psammophilousliving in sandy places.
typicalthe normal or usual form of a species; agreeing with the type form.
estuaryA body of water along a seacoast that is partially enclosed by land and that receives inputs of both freshwater and seawater; it is intermediate in salinity between freshwater and seawater.
stem cellA cell from which other cells stem or arise by differentiation.
prolineOne of 20 amino acids essential for human life.
cytochromesHeme proteins serving as electron carriers in respiration, photosynthesis, and other oxidation-reduction reactions.
pyloric valvethe specialized posterior portion of crop where there is no distinct gizzard.
shine-delgarno sequenceA sequence in the mRNA which can pair with the ribosome facilitating the initiation of protein synthesis
random primersA set of short oligonucleotides with variable sequences
master mixA concentrated mixture of reaction components that can easily and consistently be diluted with water, primers, and template for use in a PCR.
punctuated equilibriumIn evolutionary theory, long periods of apparent stasis (no change) interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change.
asperitiessurface roughenings or dot-like elevations.
photosynthesisProcess by which plants, algae and some bacteria use the energy of sunlight to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
adaptive enzymesee ENZYME.
annoymous locusPolymorphic DNA region with no known fucntion but useful in map studies for positioning loci of interest.
productsubstance formed from reactants as a result of a chemical reaction
isolation1
pathogen-associated molecular patternA small molecular motif that is consistently found on pathogens and is recognized as a non-self molecule by a pattern recognition receptor of the innate immune system.
shagreeneda surface roughened with minute tooth-like projections.
zona pellucidaGlycoprotein layer on the surface of the unfertilized egg
yeast integrative plasmidA yeast vector that relies on integration into the host chromosome for replication.
activation energyAmount of energy required to bring all molecules in one mole of a substance to their reactive state at a given temperature.
glutamateAn amino acid that functions as a CNS neurotransmitter.
brevisshort.
celluloseStructural polysaccharide consisting of long chains of covalently linked glucose units
cell commitmentThat stage in a cell's life when it be comes committed to a certain line of development.
heterokaryotypeA genome or individual that is heterozygous for a chromosomal rearrangement such as an inversion.
imaging agentA chemical that is readily detectable by a medical imaging system
diureticA drug used to increase urine formation and output
paedomorphosisThe incorporation of adult sexual features into immature developmental stages
ophthalmicrelating to the eye.
metabolic turnoverA measure of the rate at which already existing molecules of the given species are replaced by newly-synthesized molecules of the same type
tissueA group of similar cells bound together by intercellular material that carry out a common set of functions.
osteoclastMacrophage-like cell that erodes bone, enabling it to be remodeled during growth and in response to stresses throughout life.
falsFamilial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
cystic fibrosisan inherited disease in which a thick mucus clogs the lungs and blocks the ducts of the pancreas.
dermal tissue systemThe outer protective covering of plants.
conservation biologyA goal-oriented science that seeks to counter the biodiversity crisis, the current rapid decrease in Earth's variety of life.
osteoblastA bone-forming cell that deposits collagen.
chlorophyllThe pigment in green plants that absorbs solar energy.
heteronomousif two parts, compared with each other, are of different quality: differing in development or function.
magnetic compassA mechanism by which an animal uses Earth’s magnetic field to determine compass direction in navigation.
asphaltA dark bituminous substance found in natural beds
abscessA localized accumulation of pus due to infection.
histone-like proteinsProteins from bacteria which bind to DNA, and compact the DNA.
lysosomeAn organelle containing digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion
sociobiologyThe study of the social relations and behaviors of animals from an evolutionary perspective.
conditional mutationA mutation that changes a protein or RNA molecule so that its function is altered only under some conditions, such as at an unusually high or an unusually low temperature.
homeotic geneA gene in which mutations cause cells in one region of the body to act as though they were located in another, giving rise to conversions of one cell, tissue, or body region into another.
pyrimidinesA class of nitrogenous compounds containing one heterocyclic ring
opal codonThe UGA stop codon.
mad cow diseaseAnother term for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).
turgidSwollen and firm from fluids
transfer rnaA class of 
convergencethe approaching or drawing together at tips.
metabolismThe set of processes by which cells and organisms acquire, rearrange, and void commodities (e.g., elements or energy) in ways that sustain life.
absporptionMovement of ions and water into an organism as a result of metabolic processes, frequently against an elecrochemcical potential gradient (active) or as a result of diffucsion along an activity gradient (passive).
electron acceptorSubstance that accepts or receives electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction, becoming reduced in the process.
hemias a prefix, means half.
seriesIn relation to the arrangement of parts in an electrical circuit, vascular system, or other analogous system in which substances flow from place to place, the parts of the system are in series if they occur sequentially along a single path of flow, so that all flow must occur sequentially through all parts
depleted uraniumcontains almost entirely U-238 (99.8%) and has been depleted of most of the U-235 that it once naturally contained
nitrificaqtionThe process by which ammonia is converted to nitrite (NO2-) and then nitrate (NO3-) by microorganisms.
turgidswollen.
salvage pathwayA family of reactions that permits, for instance, nucleosides as well as purine and pyrimidine bases resulting from the partial breakdown of nucleic acids to be re-utilized in nucleic acid synthesis.
polarityA lack of symmetry
reactionIn chemistry, any process in which one molecule is converted into another by the removal or addition of atoms, or in which the arrangement of atoms in a molecule or molecules is altered by a change in chemical bonds.
risk assessmentorganized evaluation of scientific data to predict the probability of an occurrence
tobacco mosaic virusHis experiments showed that crushed leaf extracts from infected tobacco plants remain infectious after filtration
hydrolysisThe cleavage of a molecule by the addition of water
coccusCOCK-uhs/ Any spherical or ovoid bacterium.
polyclonalDerived from multiple clones.
sickle-cell anemiaA genetic trait which confers resistance to malaria but which causes a reduction in numbers of red blood cells.
carnivorous interactionsSpecies interactions in which one organism eats another organism.
gfpSee Green Flourescent Protein.
nosocomial infectionHospital-acquired infection.
tactileused for touching; an organ that has the sense of touch.
ecological pyramidA graphic representation of the quantitative relationships of numbers of organisms, biomass, or energy flow between the trophic levels of an ecosystem
ratiteMember of the group of flightless birds.
physical therapyTreatment of injury or disease by physical therapeutic means instead of by medical, surgical, or radiologic measures
guard cellA specialized dermal cell in plants that is used to regulate the size of the pores(stoma) on the surface of plants through which gas exchange and water loss take place
rectangulateforming or meeting in a right angle.
methyl transferaseEnzymes that catalyze the transfer of methyl groups from one molecule to another.
infra-ocularapplied to the region below and between the eyes.
sexual selectionSelection based on variation in secondary sex characteristics, leading to the enhancement of sexual dimorphism.
coactivatorA molecule that functions together with a protein apoactivator
chertHard, dense sedimentary rock, composed of interlocking quartz crystals and possibly amorphous silica (opal)
acidAny substance that when added to water donates hydrogen ions to the solution
archipelagon
melting temperatureMidpoint of the melting range of DNA.
capillaryA microscopic blood vessel that penetrates the tissues and consists of a single layer of endothelial cells that allows exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid.
photogenica light producing structure; producing a Phosphorescent glow.
bioprospectingSearching for new plant and microbial strains that may serve as sources for natural products, such as phytopharmaceuticals.
racemic mixtureA mixture of two kinds of molecules whose structures are similar but differ in that they are mirror images of each other (one kind cannot be superimposed on the other)
communityAll organisms that occupy a common habitat and interact with one another.
nutrientAny element or simple compound necessary for the health and survival of an organism
congenitalA condition that is present at birth.
richnessThe number of different species within an area.
agglutinationAggregation formed by the combination of antibody and particle-bound antigen.
facilitated diffusiondiffusion of materials across a cell membrane assisted by carrier molecules.
apodouswithout feet; see apodal.
polarPossessing hydrophilic characteristics and generally water soluble.
adaptive landscapeA model originally devised by Sewall Wright that describes a topography in which high fitnesses correspond to peaks and low fitnesses to valleys; each position potentially occupied by a population bearing a unique and frequent genotype.
labelChemical group, radioactive atom or fluorescent dye added to a molecule in order to follow its progress through a biochemical reaction or to locate it spatially
polysomeSee Polyribosome.
circadian clockInternal cyclical process that produces a particular change in a cell or organism with a period of around 24 hours, for example the sleep-wakefulness cycle in humans.
nichen
attenuation2A process that plays a role in the regulation of enzymes involved in amino acid biosynthesis.
gravitropismA response of a plant or animal to gravity
atomThe smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
pulsatilehaving the power of pulsating or moving in a rhythmic manner: applied to special organs in the legs, which aid in circulating the blood in these appendages.
tentiformshaped like a tent: see mines.
anodePositive pole or electrode of an electrolytic system
ponebehind (the middle).
initiation factorProtein that promotes the proper association of ribosomes with messenger RNA and is required for the initiation of protein synthesis.
bicuspidateending in two points or cusps.
translationFormation of a protein at a ribosome; the amino acid sequence of the protein is directed by a specific messenger RNA molecule.
amino acidsα-Amino-substituted carboxylic acids, the building blocks of proteins.
compartmentA contiguous group of cells, descended from the same progenitor cell, that form a spatially discrete part of a developing organ or structure and often act as a discrete developmental unit
mesicModerately moist
coordinate inductionSimultaneous synthesis of several enzymes that is stimulated by a single environmental factor.
affinityAffinity is the tendency of a molecule to associate with another
deaminationThe enzymatic removal of amino groups from biomolecules such as amino acids or nucleotides.
dyadA pair.
connective-tissue cellAny of the various cell types found in connective tissue, e.g
aminoacyl trnaActivated form of amino acid used in protein synthesis
species evennessA description of the distribution of abundance across the species in a community.
selective breedingmethod of improving a species by choosing animals or plants that have desirable characteristics to produce offspring that have the parents' desirable traits.
contig mapA map depicting the relative order of a series of small overlapping clones representing a chromosomal segment.
bioremediationThe use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems.
epigenetic inheritanceInheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence.
computer-assisted drug design *Computer-assisted drug design involves all computer-assisted techniques used to discover, design and optimize biologically active compounds with a putative use as drugs.
orthologousRefers to corresponding (homologous) members of a gene family in two or more species.
ecotypeA phenotypic and genotypic variant of a species associated with a particular environmental habitat
eradicanta fungicide which can kill a pathogen both outside and inside the host, because it is systemic (cf
phosphocreatineA phosphorylated form of creatine
replication restartAn event that occurs when replication forks that collapse or disintegrate spontaneously do not progress to the completion of the chromosome; the replication fork is reasembled at the site of its collapse.
monosaccharideSimple sugar with the general formula (CH2O)n, where n = 3 to 8.
predaceouspreying upon other organisms, as in the nematode-exploiting fungi.
interferenceWhen the occurance of a crossover in a region of DNA reduces the probability of a second crossover in the same region.
antibiosisInhibition or lysis of an organism mediated by metabolic products of the antagonist; these products include lytic agents, enzymes, volatile compounds, and other toxic substances.
polymorphonuclear leukocytesPhagocytic white blood cells with a lobed nucleus.
polymerA polymer is a large molecule made out of repeating molecular subunits
biomarkerA specific biological trait, such as the level of a certain molecule in the body, that can be measured to indicate the progression of a disease or condition.
cordateheart-shaped; triangular, with the corners of the base rounded: not necessarily emarginate at the middle of base.
alpha-complementationThe ability of a short N-terminal fragment of beta-galactosidase to interact with the C-terminal portion of beta-galactosidase to form a functional enzyme.
stiSexually Transmitted Infection
subunitIndividual polypeptide chains in a protein.
root noduleA tumor-like growth on plant roots that contains symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
radiation sicknessillness characterized by early symptoms of anemia, nausea, malaise, and susceptibility to infection that results from a large exposure to radiation
oblateflattened; applied to a spheroid of which the diameter is shortened at two opposite ends.
spiral fibrethe spiral thickening or folding of the chitinous lining of a trachea, which gives to the latter its characteristic microscopic appearance as well as its support and elasticity:= ctenidium.
frontal lobesOne of the four lobes of the brain
bile saltsDerivatives of cholesterol with detergent properties that aid in the solubilization of lipid molecules in the digestive tract.
scutate-iformshield or buckler-shaped.
petioleThe stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.
cutaneousRelating to the skin.
sculpturethe markings or pattern of impression or elevation on an elytra or other body surface.
cold aclimation responseThe process by which plants increase their tolerance to freezing by exposure to low, nonfreezing temperatures.
fissionA type of cell division in which overall (i.e., not localized) cell growth is followed by septum formation which typically divides the fully grown cell into two similar or identical cells.
hypertrophiedabnormally large or excessively developed.
arterioleA very small artery
greenhouse effectThe warming of planet Earth due to the atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide, which absorbs infrared radiation and slows its escape from the irradiated Earth.
abo blood groupClassification of red blood cells based on the presence or absence of A and B carbohydrate antigens.
primary structureA description of a protein solely in terms of the sequence of amino acids and the position of certain chemical bonds, usually disulfide bonds
species diversityA measure of the number of species in a community, and a measure of the abundance of each species.
lipidsa class of biochemical compounds which includes fats, oils, and waxes.
conformationThe spatial arrangement of substituent groups that are free to assume different positions in space, without breaking any bonds, because of the freedom of bond rotation.
aktsee protein kinase B
genome-wide association studyA study that compares the complete DNA of individuals with a particular condition to the DNA of individuals without the condition, with the objective of identifying the genes that play roles in causing the condition.
primary consumerAn herbivore; an organism in the trophic level of an ecosystem that eats plants or algae.
yeastA unicellular form of fungi
star compassA mechanism by which an animal can use the positions of stars and constellations (and an internal clock) to determine compass direction in nocturnal navigation.
mimicAlleles at different loci that produce the same phenotype.
autogamyThe mode of reproduction in which fusion of two haploid nuclei from the same individual results in formation of the zygote.
solventsubstance capable of dissolving other substances
daily torporIn mammals and birds, a form of controlled hypothermia in which the body temperature is able to approximate ambient temperature for part (but only part) of each 24-hour day, generally on many consecutive days.
decomposerAn organism that breaks down the tissue and/or structures of dead organisms.
density dependent inhibitorany factor that has a greater impact on a population as the population increases
mutagenicSee mutation
interspecific interactionsCompetition between members of different species.
premorseas if bitten off: with a blunt or jagged termination.
immune responseThe capacity of a vertebrate to generate antibodies to an antigen, a macromolecule foreign to the organism.
pressureThe force a fluid (liquid or gas) exerts in a perpendicular direction on solid surfaces with which it is in contact
casteA group of individuals that are physically, and often physiologically, distinct and engage in specialized behavior within a social group.
root systemAll of a plant's roots that anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food.
phanerozoic eonA major division of the geological time scale marked by the relatively abundant appearance of fossilized skeletons of multicellular organisms, dating from about 545 million years ago to the present.
population viability analysisA method of predicting whether or not a population will persist.
coenzyme aA coenzyme that functions as a carrier of acyl groups in metabolic reactions.
organotrophIn reference to energy source (electron donor) - An organism which obtains energy by the metabolism of organic substrates (as electron donors)
public healthThe health of the population as a whole.
cohortA group of individuals of the same age, from birth until all are dead.
terminal redundancyThe presence of identical DNA sequences repeated at the two ends of DNA molecule (e.g
traitAny detectable variation in a genetic character.
predatorOrganism which hunts and eats other organisms
bond energyThe energy required to break a bond.
phyleticSee phylogenetic.
gene locusPlace on a chromosome where a gene is located
cutaneouskyoo-TANE-ee-uhs/ Of or pertaining to skin.
baseThe adenine, guanine, cytosine or thymine group attached to a nucleotide or nucleoside
annulateringed or marked with colored bands.
learningAcquisition of a behavior through experience.
uniportA transport system that carries only one solute, as distinct from cotransport.
luminescenceProduction of light.
fruiting bodyA macroscopic reproductive structure produced by some fungi (e.g., mushrooms) and some Bacteria (e.g., myxobacteria)
vaginateinclosed in a bivalved sheath.
balance hypothesisProposes that much of the molecular variation seen in natural populations is maintained by balancing selection that favors genetic variation.
colony-forming unitAny entity (usually a viable single cell) which can form a colony on an agar plate.
transcriptionOne part of the process that uses the DNA code to make a protein.
microclimateVery fine scale variations of climate, such as the specific climatic conditions underneath a log.
plc-γsee phospholipase C-γ
generalized tonic-clonicTonic-clonic seizures that are generalized, meaning they are caused by discharges from both sides of the brain
neutral mutationA mutation that does not affect the fitness of an organism in a particular environment.
primitiveadj
extantCurrently in existence.
hypertelybeyond the bounds of the useful: those forms whose resemblance to other objects is closer than needful, or without apparent object.
undefined mediumA growth medium in which not all the components have been identified
3-npAbbreviation for 3-nitroproprionic acid.
brachiathe arms: has been applied to raptorial fore-legs.
phosphoglyceraldehyde(Also called G3P) A three carbon compound found as an intermediate both in glycolysis and in the Calvin-Benson cycle of photosynthesis
cytoskeletonSystem of protein filaments in the cytoplasm of a eucaryotic cell that gives the cell shape and the capacity for directed movement
lapidicolousliving under deeply imbedded stones.
centrosomesThe major microtubule organizing centers of an animal cell.
paratypeis every specimen of the series from which the type was selected see type and cotype.
hypersensitive responseA plant's localized defense response to a pathogen.
microorganismA living organism too small to be seen with the naked eye; includes bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and microscopic algae; also includes viruses.
analyteAny molecule that is measured by physical, chemical or biological means.
ovarian aspirationRemoval of oocytes through a needle inserted into a follicle of the ovary with suction applied to the needle.
photophosphorylationThe enzymatic formation of ATP from ADP coupled to the light-dependent transfer of electrons in photosynthetic cells.
saturatedDescribes a molecule containing carbon–carbon bonds that has only single covalent bonds.
vectorIn cell biology, an agent that can carry DNA into a cell or organism
ergotismergot poisoning, of two main types in man: the gangrenous and the convulsive; historically known as `St
nuclear transferlaboratory procedure in which a cell's nucleus is removed and placed into an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed
initiation factorsThose protein factors that are specifically required during the initiation phase of protein synthesis.
plasmaThe fluid portion of blood.
anaerobic(i) Absence of molecular oxygen
turnover numberThe maximum number of molecules of substrate that can be converted to product per active site per unit time.
scarifieda surface with irregular depressions, as if clawed or scratched.
callositya thick swollen lump, harder than its surroundings: = callous: also a rather flattened elevation not necessarily harder than the surrounding tissue.
costulatusless prominently ribbed than costate.
amastigoteSmall, round, intracellular stage of Leishmania spp
hairy root cultureA plant culture system based on highly branched roots generated by plant tissue with agrobacterium rhizogenes
chromogenicProducing color; a chromogenic colony is a pigmented colony.
b1A cross in which an F1 or F1' individual is mated to one of its parents (P1) or to another individual that is genetically identical to one of its parents.
mtckSee mitochondrial creatine kinase.
neutrophilThe most abundant type of white blood cell
nitrogen fixationThe assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by certain prokaryotes into nitrogenous compounds that can be directly used by plants.
eudismic ratioEudismic ratio is the potency of the eutomer relative to that of the distomer.
intragenic complementationThe ability of two mutant forms of a gene, neither of which produce an active gene product, to produce a functional or partially functional gene product
blunt endPiece of DNA that has been cleaved with a restriction enzyme which has left the 3' end of one strand flush with the 5' end of the other strand.
lysozymeAn enzyme that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan within the cell walls of bacteria.
pododuneraapterous insects with biting mouth structures.
nernst equationMathematical expression that defines the electric potential E across a membrane as directly proportional to the logarithm of the ratio of the ion concentrations on either side of the membrane and inversely proportional to the valency of the ions.
key adaptationAn adaptation that provides the basis for using a new, substantially different habitat or resource.
favusa cell like that of a honeycomb.
sarcomaCancer of connective tissue.
calorieThe amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1.0 g of water from 14.5 to 15.5 °
rheumatic feverAn inflammatory autoimmune disease triggered by an immune response to infection by Streptococcus pyogenes.
hydrophilic moleculeA polar compound that forms hydrogen bonds with water and dissolves easily in water.
peptide nucleic acidA DNA mimic that incorporates a peptide-like polyamide backbone.
diagnosis/die-ag-NOE-səs, die-əg-/ n
plasmalogenA phospholipid with an alkenyl ether substituent on the C-1 of glycerol.
compound ascomaa teleomorphic fructification incorporating several to many distinct ascomata on or in a single structure, as in the Clavicipitales and Xylariales.
epididymisPart of the male reproductive system
homophonouswords differently written but indistinguishable in sound, applied to different conceptions.
minimal mediumsee MEDIUM.
unidentatewith one tooth only.
intensive propertyAn intensive property is one where the property is independent of the size of the system
plagaa spot, stripe or streak of color; a longitudinal spot of irregular form.
lysosomeAn organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes designed to break down proteins that are targeted to that organelle.
patch-clampA technique that uses a microelectrode to record current flow across a membrane.
epipleural foldthe raised lower edge of the epipleura: see hypomera.
monosomicHaving one less chromosome than the normal diploid number; missing a chromosome of one homologous pair.
tetragonalhaving four sides or angles: quadrangular.
quantumThe ultimate unit of energy.
principle of superpositionThe idea that in deposits of sedimentary rock the oldest deposits are on the bottom and the youngest deposits are on the top
ckisee Cdk inhibitor protein
reductionA process by which a compound accepts electrons to become reduced.
direct relativeRelative in direct line of descent.
first law of thermodynamicsThe law stating that in all processes, the total energy of the universe remains constant.
cenozoic eraThe period of geologic time beginning after the end of the
biogenesisThe theory that living systems arise only from pre-existent living systems.
primary productionThe amount of light energy from the sun converted to chemical energy (organic compounds) by autotrophs (e.g
complex ivOne of the electron transport chain proteins
substrateA molecule acted upon by an enzyme.
heterotrophAn organism that cannot use inorganic materials to synthesize the organic compounds needed for growth but obtains them by feeding on other organisms or their products, such as a carnivore, herbivore, parasite, scavenger, or saprophyte.
cariose -ouscorroded; appearing as if worm-eaten.
corticosteroidsSteroid hormones formed by the adrenal cortex.
vacuoleorganelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
first principle molecular dynamicsThe use of quantum chemical interactions to simulate the motion of molecules.
biogenetic lawThe concept that stages in the development of an individual (ontogeny) recapitulate the evolutionary history (phylogeny) of the species
fluorescence energy transferTransfer of energy between two fluorophors.
divergent evolution/də-VERJ-ənt, die-/ adj
gymnospermsNon-flowering seed plants, for example, pine.
carnivoresFlesh eaters; organisms (almost entirely animal, rarely plant) that feed on animals.
albinicof the character of an albino.
electron microscopeA high-powered, expensive device that uses beams of electrons to bring the finest details of cells into focus.
hydrogen bondA weak, noncovalent, attractive force between one electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom that is covalently linked to a second electronegative atom.
geneThe genetic unit of function
electron carrierA protein, such as a ilavoprotein or a cytochrome, that can reversibly gain and lose electrons; funetions in the transfer of electrons from organic nutrients to oxygen or some other terminal acceptor.
vaccinationArtificial introduction of a killed or attenuated pathogen to promote protective immunity
fretsee fluorescent resonance energy transfer
falciformcurved like a sickle.
scariose -ousdry and scaly.
carbon dioxide equilibrium curveIn relation to the CO2-carrying properties of blood, a graph of the total carbon dioxide concentration as a function of the CO2 partial pressure of the blood
hvtnHIV Vaccine Trials Network
cytochrome b-c1 complexAnother term for Complex III.
catabolismThat part of metabolism that is concerned with degradation reactions.
mantleA fold of tissue in molluscs that drapes over the visceral mass and may secrete a shell.
book lungA set of soft overlapping flaps, covered up by a plate on the abdomen, through which oxygen is taken up and carbon dioxide given off
bombifronsfront of head with a blister-like protuberance.
theriaThe viviparous mammalian subclass, consisting of marsupials and placentals.
environmentThe place in which an organism lives, and the circumstances under which it lives
conidiationthe process of producing conidia.
germ-plasm theoryStates that cells in the reproductive organs carry a complete set of genetic information.
enzymeA molecule—usually a protein—that catalyzes a chemical reaction in which covalent bonds are made or broken.
internal environmentThe environment of the cells within an animal’s body
chlorophyllA green photosynthetic pigment that is made of a magnesium dihydroporphyrin complex.
vegetative reproductionCloning of plants by asexual means.
lock-and-key modelA model of enzyme action in which the substrate fits precisely into the enzyme active site.
rna polymerase ii holoenzymeLarge pre-assumbled complex of RNA polymerase II, most of the general transcription factors required for its function, and the mediator protein complex.
post-oralbehind the mouth; those segments bearing mouth structures.
rectum adj. rectalthe final part of the intestines that ends at the anus
aerobicThe use of molecular oxygen for reactions that provide growth energy from the oxidative breakdown of food molecules.
resonance hybridA molecular structure that is a hybrid of two structures that differ in the locations of some of the electrons
transcriptRNA product of DNA transcription.
cgnsee cis Golgi network
homonymouspertaining to homology of parts arranged on a transverse axis similarly developed and of equal function.
cloneCells derived from a single cell and thus expected to be genetically identical.
riskthe chance or probability that a particular event will or will not happen
fetal antigenAn embryonic antigen that may be re-expressed in cancer.
regulonA group of genes or operons located at different positions on the chromosome but respond to a common regulatory protein.
borealadj
atrocoeruleusvery deep, blackish, sky-blue.
retinoblastomaA tumor of the retina.
gross primary productivityThe total primary productivity of an ecosystem.
life cycleThe entire sequence of stages in the life of an organisms, from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next.
copy numberThe number of molecules of a particular plasmid present in a bacterium.
specificityThe ability of the immune response to interact with individual antigens.
rapid-equilibrium approximationTo simplify the quantitative description of enzyme action, a number of assumptions are invoked
purkinje cellsA specific type of nerve cell that carries each and every piece of information sent out by the cerebellum
andesiteIgneous volcanic rock, less mafic than basalt, but more mafic than dacite; rough volcanic equivalent of diorite.
phospholipidA molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
cranial nerveA nerve that leaves the brain and innervates an organ of the head or upper body
denaturationProcess that separates the strands of doublestranded DNA when DNA is heated.
annealingPairing of a single-stranded nucleic acid with the complementary strand to form a duplex.
kilojouleStandard unit of energy equal to 1000 joules, or 0.24 kilocalories.
addorsalclose to but not quite on the middle of the dorsum.
null hypothesisIn statistical analysis, a hypothesis proposing that there is no statistically significant difference between the observed results of an experiment and the expected results.
magman
intergenic suppressorRestoration of partial or complete wild-type phenotype by second mutation in a different gene than a primary mutation which resulted in a negative phenotype
transesterificationChemical reaction in some RNA splicing reactions.
systematic nameIn enzyme nomenclature, a name that precisely defines the catalytic activity of an enzyme
ames testA simple bacterial test for carcinogens, based on the assumption that carcinogens are mutagens.
prosthetic groupA metal ion or an organic compound (other than an amino acid) that is covalently bound to a protein and is essential to its activity.
matteranything takes up space and has mass
cgmpSee cyclic guanosine monophosphate.
transmitting abilityOne-half the breeding value of an individual
lasLymphadenopathy Syndrome
mg2+See Magnesium ion.
epidemiologistSomeone who studies epidemiology.
paroxetineA member of the class of drugs known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
laevis -igatussmooth, shining and without elevations: said of a surface.
nucleoside monophosphate kinaseAn enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the terminal phosphate of ATP to a nucleoside 5'-monophosphate.
coenzymeLow-molecular-weight chemical which participates in an enzymatic reaction by accepting and donating electrons or functional groups.
attomoleOne quintillionth mole; 10-18 mole.
hap-1huntingtin-associated protein-1
metabolismsum of al the chemical processes that occur in a living organism and keep it alive.
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acidA molecule that is made from serotonin
sinkholen
bond strengthThe strength with which a chemical bond holds two atoms together; conventionally measured in terms of the amount of energy, in kilocalories per mole, required to break the bond.
acidophileAn organism that grows optimally at acidic (low) pH values (usually below 6, sometimes as low as 1) and grows poorly or not at all under higher pH conditions (i.e
toxigenicproducing toxins.
fixed actA simple all-or-none behavioral response to a stimulus
chemical formulasymbolic way to represent the elementary composition of a substance, indicating the kinds and numbers of atoms present in a molecule
polysaccharideA long chain of monosaccharides (sugars) linked by glycosidic bonds.
mhc iiProteins that bind to and "present" proteins of foreign substances on the surface of cells for recognition by other immune cells.
neurotrophic factorA protein in the nervous system that promotes the growth of nerve cells.
primary coolantliquid that comes in direct contact with the nuclear reactor core to carry away heat
glyoxysomeAn organelle containing some enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle.
unbalanced dataAn experimental outcome in which there are unequal numbers of observations within each group, especially in ANOVA.
leydig cellA cell that produces testosterone and other androgens and is located between the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
evolutionary species conceptThe idea that evolutionary lineages and ecological roles can form the basis of species identification.
chemical compound librariesThese are collections of thousands of different molecular compounds each of which has the potential to interact with biological targets.
carbon filmThin layer of carbon remains of past life found in sedimentary rocks.
riluzoleA drug that has been shown to have energy buffering and anti-glutamate properties
domainRegion of a protein with a distinct tertiary structure (e.g., globular or rodlike) and characteristic activity; homologous domains may occur in different proteins.
morphogenesisLiterally the origin of form
capillaceouscapilla or hair-like.
photosystemMultiprotein complex involved in photosynthesis that captures the energy of sunlight and converts it to useful forms of energy.
anabolismSystem of biosynthetic reactions in a cell by which large molecules are made from smaller ones.
nutrient brothA general-purpose liquid basal medium composed of e.g
reducing equivalentA general or neutral term for an electron or an electron equivalent in the form of a hydrogen atom or a hydride ion.
electroporationA method for transferring DNA (or other small molecules) into cells by exposure to a rapid pulse of high voltage, which causes the transient formation of small pores in the cell membrane.
pinType of distylic flower possessing a long style and short anthers.
chi-square testA statistical test that allows one to determine whether observed quantities of a specific characteristic differed from the expected value purely by chance.
isoelectric focusingAn electrophoretic method for separating macromolecules on the basis of their isoelectric pH.
crossing-oversee chromosomal crossing-over
analogyThe similarity of structure between two species that are not closely related; attributable to convergent evolution.
obsessive-compulsive disorderAn anxiety disorder characterized by repeated, upsetting thoughts called obsessions and by repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing the obsessions.
transcriptionThe enzymatic process whereby the genetic information contained in one strand of DNA is used to specify a complementary sequence of bases in an mRNA chain.
enzymeprotein that acts as a catalyst for specific biochemical reaction, converting specific substrates into chemically distinct products.
cag codonThe codon (particular sequence of letters) in the DNA code that is repeated 40 or more times along part of the Huntington gene in people who have Huntington's disease.
keratinsInsoluble protective or structural proteins consisting of parallel polypeptide chains in α-helical or β conformations.
gas exchangeThe uptake of molecular oxygen from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment.
monosomyAbsence of one of the chromosomes of a homologous pair.
breccian
regulatory enzymeAn enzyme in which the active site is subject to regulation by factors other than the enzyme substrate
survival factorExtracellular signal required for a cell to survive; in its absence the cell will undergo apoptosis and die.
phase changeA shift from one developmental phase to another.
refolding chromatographyA chromatographic technique for the rescue of misfolded proteins that have aggregated and become insoluble.
arenosea surface that is sandy or gritty.
pupiparousbringing forth young ready to pupate.
autoimmunityImmune reactions of a host against its own self constituents.
monounsaturated fatA type of unsaturated fat in which there is only one double bond.
endoplasmic reticulum(ER) network of membranes in eukaryotic cells which helps in control of protein synthesis and cellular organization.
additive theoremThe probability of the occurrence of one of several mutually exclusive events is the sum of probabilities associated with each individual event.
heattotal amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter
lime waterchemical solution used to detect the presence of carbon dioxide.
gerontogeicbelonging to the old world: see neogeic.
proteinAn important kind of molecule in the human body, consisting of a sequence of amino acids
frustuleThe mineral "skeleton" of a diatom or other unicellular organism.
cytochrome b-c1 complexSecond of the three electron-driven proton pumps in the respiratory chain
isomersOne of several organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties
vitaminA trace organic substance required in the diet of some species
affinitySee enzyme–substrate affinity, oxygen affinity.
sigmoidshaped like the Greek letter sigma, or English S.
endothermicReferring to organisms with bodies that are warmed by heat generated by metabolism
telophaseFinal stage of mitosis in which the two sets of separated chromosomes decondense and become enclosed by nuclear envelopes.
activation energyenergy necessary to initiate a chemical reaction
oxidizing agentThe electron acceptor in a redox reaction.
antibioticSubstance such as penicillin or streptomycin that is toxic to microorganisms
β oxidationOxidative degradation of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA by successive oxidations at the β-carbon atom.
mitosisThe process of nuclear division in eukaryotes
predictive testingPredictive testing determines whether the genetic sequence that causes HD is present or absent (also called genetic testing).
adrenal cortexThe outer portion of the adrenal gland
sporangiophorespecialized hyphal branch bearing one or more sporangia in Oomycetes, Zygomycetes, etc.
flavin-mononucleotideA coenzyme synthesized from riboflavin
dentary/DENT-er-ee/ n
acceptor controlThe regulation of the rate of respiration by the availability of ADP as phosphate group acceptor.
kanamycinAn antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30s ribosomal subunit and preventing translocation
caudadtoward the posterior end of the body, along the median line.
auxiliaryadditional, or supplementing.
prokaryotesOrganisms — such as bacteria and blue-green algae — with cells that do not contain a nucleus.
in situA Latin phrase meaning "in the original place"
elementAny substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance.
positive cooperativityA phenomenon of some multisubunit enzymes or proteins in which binding of a ligand or substrate to one subunit facilitates binding to another subunit.
bioenergeticsThe study of how organisms manage their energy resources.
gene cloningThe isolation of a desired gene from one organism and its incorporation into a suitable vector for the production of large amounts of the gene.
acetoclastisThe process of splitting acetate into methane and carbon dioxide by s ome methanogens.
summer spores(of rust fungi) see UREDINIOSPORES.
antiportA type of cotransport in which a membrane protein (antiporter) transports two different molecules or ions across a cell membrane in opposite directions
drug deliveryThe delivery of a drug to the site of action
milligramone-thousandth of a gram: written as `mg'.
dominanceRelations within a group in which one or more individuals, sustained by aggression or other behaviors, rank higher than others in controlling the conduct of group members.
autoimmune diseaseA pathological state in which the body mounts an immune response against one or more of its own potential antigens.
calorimeterdevice with which the quantity of heat energy released in a combustion reaction can be determined experimentally
ureterA duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
acquired immunodeficiency syndromeServe immune deficiency disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection of the T cells, characterized by opportunistic infections and other complications.
renal cortexThe outer portion of the vertebrate kidney
primary structureIn an informational macromolecule, such as a polypeptide or a nucleic acid, the pricise sequence of monomeric units.
proteaseAn enzyme that degrades proteins to peptides or amino acids.
solidapplied to an organ usually jointed, when these joints form into one mass; e.g
variationDifferences between members of the same species.
carotenoidsLipid-soluble photosynthetic pigments made up of isoprene units.
lymphocytesTwo classes of white blood cells that can recognize foreign molecules (antigens) and mediate immune responses
lesion mimicsAlso known as 'disease lesion mimics', this describes a class of phenotypes in which spontaneous cell death occurs as discrete 'zones' or 'lesions' that resemble the cell death that is observed during the hypersensitive response.
pathogen(adjective pathogenic) An organism or other agent that causes disease.
gene amplificationsee amplification.
nodeFor plants, the area of the stem where the leaves arise.
positional informationInformation supplied to or possessed by cells according to their position in a multicellular organism
buffersA substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.
tetracyclinean antibiotic drug that is used for medicine and for research
archaeOne of the three domains of living organisms: Archae, Bacteria, and Eukarya
hsvHerpes Simplex Virus
granumA stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast
organellesthe production of specialized proteins and lipids, and the generation of a thick protein envelope just inside the cell membrane
polypeptideA series of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
acetyl-coaIn cellular metabolism, the substance that enters the Kreb's cycle to be further broken down to produce energy
avogadro's numberThe number of molecules in a gram molecular weight of any compound (6.023 x 1023).
trans configurationArrangement in which each chromosome contains one wild-type (dominant) gene and one mutant (recessive) gene.
saturated fatty acidA fatty acid containing a fully saturated alkyl chain.
agarA complex polysaccharide which is widely used as a gelling agent used to prepare solid or semi-solid microbiological medium
protein subunitOne of the components or monomers of a multicomponent protein.
peptide bondChemical bond between the carbonyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of a second amino acid—a special form of amide linkage
glycationA non-enzymatic reaction that adds a carbohydrate group to a protein or peptide.
peripheral proteinsare not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all
isomersMolecules that are formed from the same atoms in the same chemical linkages but have different three-dimensional conformations
lower marginof tegmina (Thomas), is the costal or anterior margin of other authors.
chomosome paintingThe identification of chromosomes using combinatorially labeled fluorescent chromosomal probes in a wide array of colors
trihybrid crossA cross between two individuals that differ in three characteristics (AA BB CC X aa bb cc); also refers to a cross between two individuals that are both heterozygous at three loci (Aa Bb Cc X Aa Bb Cc).
island arcn
piezoelectricA material capable of transducing mechanical output to electrical signals or, alternatively, electrical signals to mechanical output
molecular clockAn evolutionary timing method based on the observation that at least some regions of genomes evolve at constant rates.
oviductsTube from the ovary to the uterus
cyclic photophosphorylationFormation of ATP when light energy is used to move electrons cyclically through an electron transport chain during photosynthesis.
somaSee nerve cell body.
lepidopteraInsects such as butterflies and moths.
t cell receptorThe antigen-specific receptor on the surface of T lymphocytes.
chemical equationrepresentation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas
partial pressureA measure of the concentration of one gas in a mixture of gases; the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases (for instance, the pressure exerted by oxygen in air).
hexoseA simple sugar with a backbone containing six carbon atoms
http://huntington-study-group.org/]http://huntington-study-group.org/]
oligosaccharideShort linear or branched chain of covalently linked sugars (see Panel 2–4, pp
neocortexIn the mammalian brain, the outermost region of the cerebral cortex.
entozoathose animals that live within the body of others.
phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate(PtdIns3P)
secondary structureRegular local folding pattern of a polymeric molecule
scrotiformpurse-shaped.
herbicidea substance which kills plants.
short-day plantA plant that flowers, usually in late summer, fall, or winter, only when the light period is shorter than a critical length.
conditional probabilityProbability of occurrence of one event given that another event has occur.
calorieUnit of heat
drumlinn
condensed structural formulachemical formula in which bonds are not drawn out explicitly, but simply understood to contain an appropriate number of bonds
ionAn atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge.
hyphochytriomycotaPhylum of Chromistan fungi with anteriorly uniflagellate zoospores; hence, hyphochytrid.
anchorage dependenceThe requirement to divide, a cell must be attached to the substratum.
uterusA female organ where eggs are fertilized and/or development of the young occurs.
erythrocyteSmall, hemoglobin-containing blood cell of vertebrates that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from tissues.
effector cellA cell that carries out the final response or function of a particular process
genusn
photophosphorylationSynthesis of high-energy phosphate bonds as ATP, using light energy.
percentparts per hundred; sometimes abbreviated as pph
immunogenicityThe capacity to elicit an immune response, such as the production of specific antibodies.
antennal organsin Collembola are sensory structures on the distal segment.
locusA particular location in the DNA, but not necessarily a gene (plural: loci).
deproteinizationThe removal of protein from a sample.
carpalsThe bones that make up the wrist joint.
social dominanceA hierarchical pattern of social organization involving domination of some members of a group by other members in a relatively orderly and long-lasting pattern.
aphasiaPartial or complete inability to speak or understand spoken words.
nitrogen cycleset of chemical pathways whereby nitrogen moves through the biosphere
polymorphismTwo or more alleles existing in a population at a particular locus.
recombination frequencyProportion of recombinant progeny produced in a cross.
ecosystem servicesFunctions performed by natural ecosystems that directly or indirectly benefit humans.
heterotrophIn reference to carbon source - an organism that uses reduced, preformed organic molecules as its principal carbon source.Compare with autotroph, lithotroph, organotroph, and phototroph.
ascocarpA fruiting body containing ascospores.
covalent bondA stable bond between atoms based on the sharing of electrons.
mammillan
carpelsThe female reproductive structures of a flower
periodic propertiesregular recurrence of certain chemical aspects of atoms that is demonstrated with increasing atomic number
thymus glandThe thymus gland lies at the root of the neck behind the breastbone
squamous cellsFlat cells that constitute the surface of the skin.
matrixA medium in which things are formed, developed, or embedded.
antimetaboliteA substance that prevents utilization of a metabolite.
halonscompounds similar to CFCs, in which bromine or fluorine atoms replace some or all of the chlorine atoms
dna"deoxyribonucleic acid"
dorsal glandssee last preceding title.
ionic regulationThe maintenance of a constant or nearly constant concentration of an inorganic ion in the blood plasma regardless of the concentration of that ion in the external environment.
radioactive isotopeAn isotopic form of an element with an unstable nucleus that stabilizes itself by emitting ionizing radiation.
oxido-reductaseAn enzyme that catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions.
proprietary databaseA copyrighted database accessible by subscription.
acaudal -atewithout a tail.
morulaA solid ball of blastomeres formed by early cleavage.
depurinationBreak in the covalent bond connecting a purine base to the 1'-carbon atom of the deoxyribose sugar, resulting in the loss of the purine base
white rota wood rot produced by basidiomycetes that can degrade both cellulose and lignin.
gymnospermsA group of vascular plants with seeds unenclosed in an ovary (naked); mainly cone-bearing trees.
cytokininA plant hormone produced in root tissue.
peptideA description of two linked amino acids.
phytohormoneA plant hormone.
induced fitA model of enzyme action in which the configurations of both the enzyme and the substrate are altered by substrate binding.
genetic engineeringCommon term for recombinant DNA technology.
fatty acidAny hydrocarbon chain that has a carboxyl group at one end; a major source of energy during metabolism and precursors for synthesis of phospholipids
osmosisA mechanism that moves water and nutrients into and throughout a plant.
deconvolutionAn algorithm-based method for eliminating noise and improving the resolution of digital data
photolithographyA process that utilizes selective masking to generate light patterns that direct chemical transformations within a photosensitive surface.
templateA molecule whose structure is a pattern for the synthesis of a complementary molecule.
glycosylationThe process of adding one or more sugars to a protein or lipid molecule
saponinA glycosidic surfactant produced by plant cells.
thermophileAn organism that thrives at temperatures above those where life normally can be found
hydrophobicPreferring not to be in contact with water, as is the case with the hydrocarbon portion of a fatty acid or phospholipid chain.
sorting signalAmino acid sequence that directs the delivery of a protein to a specific location outside the cytosol.
aglomerularLacking a glomerulus.
interspecific interactionRelationships between species of a community
fmnAbbreviation for Flavin-mononucleotide.
growth regulatorsee plant growth regulator
wax-glandsany glands in any part of the body which secrete a waxy product in either a scale, string or powder: in Coccidae, the circumgenital and parastigmatic glands; q.v.
transduction(1) In the study of energy, the transformation of one form of energy into another
activation energyThe amount of energy (in joules) required to convert all the molecules in 1 mole of a reacting substance from the ground state to the transition state.
ionAn atom or molecule with an unequal number of protons and electrons
chemogenomicsThe integration of genomic, biological activity, and drug molecule data with pharmacology and toxicology information.
streptobacilliRods that remain attached in chains after cell division.
aplastic anemiaDecrease in the numbers of all elements in the blood due to the death of their precursor cells in the bone marrow, where the cells usually mature; often associated with drugs which are toxic to these cells.
securiformtriangular-compressed; like the blade of a hatchet.
immune complex diseaseA disorder characterized by the presence of immune complexes in bodily fluids.
coleoptileThe covering of the young shoot of the embryo of a grass seed.
nucleaseAn enzyme that cleaves phosphodiester bonds of nucleic acids.
neurotoxicA substance that damages or destroys nerve tissue.
intortedturned or twisted inwardly.
homologous pair of chromosomesTwo chromosomes that are alike in structure and size and that carry genetic information for the same set of hereditary characteristics
pseudoparenchymatousdescribes `tissue' made up of very densely packed fungal hyphae which in mass have come to resemble a perithecial ascoma.
baseNitrogen-containing base that is one of the three parts of a nucleotide.
blastHeuristic homology search algorithm
pribnow boxThe consensus sequence TATAAT located approximately 10 base pairs upstream from the transcriptional start site.
reformulated gasolinesoxygenated gasolines that also contain a lower percentage of certain more volatile hydrocarbons such as benzene found in nonoxygenated conventional gasoline
tetrabenazineA dopamine depletor used to treat chorea.
entomophilySeed plants which are pollinated by insects are said to be entomophilous.
uterusThe female reproductive organ where the fertilized egg implants and the growing embryo is nourished.
host rangeOther viruses, such as rabies virus, can infect different species of mammals and are said to have a broad range.
neurologicalHaving to do with the nervous system and/or nerve cells.
glycanA polymer consisting of monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds.
adaptationChange in a organism resulting from natural selection; a structure which is the result of such selection.
class switchingThe change from making one class of immunoglobulin (for example IgM) to making another class (for example IgG) that many B cells undergo during the course of an immune response.
signal transductionConditions that alter the conformation of a protein which regulates expression of other genes
personategaping wide open; masked; disguised.
oxidation potentialThe voltage change when an atom or molecule loses an electron.
anabolicAn energy-requiring biochemical process that synthesizes complex molecules from simpler reactants.
homogameticContaining two copies of one form of the sex chromosomes.
thoraxIn insects, the second body region, between the head and thorax
semitropical or gulf stripis the southern part of the Austro-riparian area extends from Texas to Southern Florida, covers a narrow strip in So
side chainThe part of an amino acid that differs between different amino acids, giving the amino acid its unique physical and chemical properties.
life tableA table of data summarizing mortality in a population.
specialized cellsCells that are committed to a specific function (e.g., muscles cells, skin cells).
transport vesiclesSmall membrane-bounded organelles that carry secretory and membrane proteins in both directions between the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, and from the Golgi to the cell surface or other destination
phytoplanktonTiny, free-floating, photosynthetic organisms in aquatic systems
synthasesEnzymes that catalyze condensation reactions in which no nucleoside triphosphate is required as an energy source.
carcinogenicA substance that causes cancer
cholesterolkuh-LEST-uh-rawl/ The most important sterol in animals
community ageOne of the factors that helps cause the latitudinal diversity gradient
nucleosideA compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently linked to a pentose.
lipid bilayerModel for the structure of the cell membrane based on the interaction between the hydrophobic regions of phospholipids.
soluble supportA support for a reaction that is soluble under reaction conditions, but readily separable by some simple process
hydrophobic interactionsThe association of nonpolar groups, or compounds, with each other in aqueous systems, driven by the tendency of the surrounding water molecules to seek their most stable (disordered) state.
reproductive cellsegg and sperm cells
carbocationA positively charged carbon atom; also called a carbonium ion.
opisthogoneatehaving the organs of generation at hind end of body.
phosphateOne of the molecular components of a nucleotide; a small molecule made up of phosphorus and oxygen.
brush borderDense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of epithelial cells in the intestine and kidney
calorieThe amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C; also the amount of heat energy that I g of water releases when it cools by 1°C
paternallyFrom or related to the father of an individual
acephalouswithout a head.
cytochromesProteins containing iron-porphyrin (heme) complexes that function as hydrogen or electron carriers in respiration and photosynthesis.
speciesIn microbiology, a collection of closely related strains sufficiently different from all other strains to be recognized as a distinct unit.
allotropestwo or more forms of the same element that differ in their chemical structure and therefore in their properties
coinheritance frequencyThe ratio of recombinants that acquire both the selected and unselected marker vs the total number of recombinants.
tertiary structureComplex three-dimensional form of a folded polymer chain, especially a protein or RNA molecule.
antagonismDiminution of activity of one drug by a second one.
catabolic pathwayA metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds.
chondrinCAWN-drin, -druhn/ A gelatinous protein-carbohydrate complex present in cartilage.
monomerThe subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.
cleidoic eggMetaphorically, a cleidoic egg is a “locked box” (cleido, “key”) (in contrast to an egg that exchanges nutrients with its surroundings throughout development)
polarHydrophilic, or "water-loving"; describing molecules or groups that are soluble in water.
potential energyenergy that is stored
antigenyopposition or antagonism of the sexes; embracing all forms of secondary sexual diversity.
n-type semiconductorin which there are freely-moving negative charges, the electrons
valenceThe bonding capacity of an atom, generally equal to the number of unpaired electrons in the atom's outermost shell.
stop codonA UAG, UAA
plasma proteinsThe proteins present in blood plasma.
microprocessorAn integrated electronic circuit designed to carry out a specific set of operations.
noncompetitive inhibitionA type of enzyme inhibition not reversed by increasing the substrate concentration.
peptideA small polymer usually containing fewer than 30 amino acids connected by peptide bonds.
dextrocardia/decks-troh-KARD-ee-yə/ n
penultimatenext to the last.
invasiveTending to penetrate healthy tissue.
angstromA unit of length equal to 10-10 m.
protein translocatorMembrane-bound protein that mediates the transport of another protein across an organelle membrane.
glycoproteina membrane-bound protein which has attached branching carbohydrates
anteroto the front; anteriorly.
l2One of three hybrid crosses used to detect linkage
frameshiftSince the genetic code is read three bases at a time, if reading begins at either the second or third base of a codon, a faulty product usualy results
broth cultureMicroorganisms grown in a liquid medium.
anaplerotic reactionAn enzyme-catalyzed reaction that can replenish the supply of intermediates in the citric acid cycle.
essential amino acidan amino acid that is required for protein synthesis but that must be obtained from the diet because the body cannot synthesize it
antigenA foreign substance (usually proteinaceous or high molecular weight polysaccharide) which induces the formation of antibodies
fundamentalismThe belief that creation stories and the many events and rules given in religious documents (for example, the Judeo-Christian Bible, the Moslem Koran) are to be taken literally.
invasion biologyThe study of species that become invasive in a system and their impacts on the system they have invaded, as well as the remediation of such invasions.
phytoplanktonAlgae and photosynthetic bacteria that drift passively in the peJagic zone of an aquatic environment.
radioactive isotopeAn isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy
age-specific survival rateProportion of individuals which survive from the beginning of one age class to the next.
inductionAn increase in the expression of a gene in response to a change in the activity of a regulatory protein.
aids-related complexProdromal symptoms in patients infected with HIV virus, including lymphadenopathy, fever, weight loss, and malaise.
holoenzymeAn intact enzyme containing all of its subunits and any necessary cofactors with full enzymatic activity.
dna replicase systemThe entire complex of enzymes and specialized proteins required in biological DNA replication
transcriptional repressorA regulatory element that binds a DNA transcription control sequence to repress the transcription of genes.
biosurfaceThe surface structure of individual molecules, cells, and more complex biological systems.
afbAcid-fast bacilli.
pruinosehoary: as if covered with a fine frost or dust.
cellular immunityType of immunity resulting from T cells, which recognize antigens found on the surfaces of self cells.
birth control pillsChemical contraceptives that inhibit ovulation, retard follicular development, or alter a woman's cervical mucus to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
amplificationIn a sequence of enzyme-catalyzed biochemical reactions, an increase in the number of reacting molecules resulting from the fact that one enzyme molecule can catalyze the formation of more than one product molecule.
wiltA plant disease in which bacteria invade the vessels of herbaceous plants, interfere with movement of water and nutrients, and produce certain toxins that cause wilting and the eventual death of the plant.
polysomeA complex of an mRNA molecule and two or more ribo
disposedarranged or laid out.
serratulatewith little teeth or serrations.
blastulaAn early embryonic form produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and usually consisting of a single layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled spherical cavity.
ligandAny molecule that binds to a specific site on a protein or other molecule
consensus sequenceA DNA or amino acid sequence consisting of the residues that occur most commonly at each position within a set of similar sequences.
decurrentclosely attached to and running down another body.
determinedIn developmental biology, an embryonic cell is said to be determined if it has become committed to a particular specialized path of development
anionWhen a salt is dissolved it has two charged molecules: a cation (positively charged) which can behave as an acid and an anion (negatively charged) which can act as a base
checkpointPoint in the eucaryotic cell-division cycle where progress through the cycle can be halted until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage.
oiOpportunistic Infection
restriction endonucleaseEnzyme that recognizes and cleaves specific DNA sequence, generating either blunt or single-stranded (sticky) ends.
blue moulda downy mildew of tobacco, caused by Peronospora tabacina (Peronosporales: Oomycota).
polymera naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers
dimethyl sulfate/die-METH-əl/ A colorless oily liquid with an onionish aroma
secondary sex characteristicsex characteristic that appears at puberty.
hivThe infectious agent that causes AIDS
semicircularlike the half of a circle.
non-permissive conditionsGrowth conditions not allowing a conditionally lethal mutant to survive.
hourglass timerSee interval timer.
pagePolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
hemolysisLysis of red blood cells.
organ systemCollection of organs which have related roles in an organism's functioning
greenhouse effectprocess by which atmospheric gases trap and return a major portion of the heat (infrared radiation) radiated by the Earth
selective permeability(the ability to allow some sub
animal modelsNon-human animals used in laboratories to study the biology of HD, usually having HD genes and related symptoms
picineblack, with a bluish oily lustre.
disperseTo spread widely.
swiddenThe generic anthroplogical term for all varieties of slash-and-burn cultivation.
amino acidAn organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups
moleculea group of atoms arranged to interact in a particular way; one molecule of any substance is the smallest physical unit of that particular substance.
cohesive endsSee sticky ends.
tundraA biome at the extreme limits of plant growth; at the northernmost limits, it is called arctic tundra, and at high altitudes, where plant forms are limited to low shrubby or matlike vegetation, it is called alpine tundra.
chemical energyPotential energy in the bonds between atoms in molecules.
geological strataA series of layers of sedimentary rock.
chileProvisionally named Megavirus chilensis, it can be seen with a basic light microscope.
telophasemitotic stage where nuclear membrane reforms and the spindle fibers disappear.
electrophoresisThe movement of particles in an electrical field
lethal alleleAn allele (usually recessive) that causes virtually complete mortality, usually early in development.
nitrogen cycleThe natural circulation of nitrogen between molecular nitrogen in the atmosphere, inorganic molecules in the soil, and organic molecules in living organisms.
doubling timeThe time needed for a population to double
monoclonal antibodyAntibody produced by the progeny of a single B cell and thus a homogeneous protein exhibiting a single antigen specificity
inchthe English and American standard of length in insect measurement: it is = 12 lines and = 25.4 mm.: usually expressed in units and hundredths, as 1.01.
anti-glutamateA property of drugs that prevents nerve cell death by inhibiting glutamate toxicity.
survivorship curveA plot of the number of members of a cohort that are still alive at each age; one way to represent age-specific mortality.
ancestorOne from whom an individual is descended.
dosage effect/DOE-səj/ The effect of varying gene copy number; increasing/reducing the number of copies of a gene within a genome can increase/reduce the number of copies of gene product produced, causing changes in physiology and development.
geneA section of DNA that codes for a specific functional product, such as a protein
caerulescentwith a tinge of sky-blue.
exponential phaseThe period of an amplification reaction during which the product accumulates exponentially, approximately doubling with every cycle
aeneous -eusshining bronze or brassy.
territory  An area containing a resource that is actively defended by an animal from other animals be they of the same species or in some cases of different species
pelagicPelagic organisms swim through the ocean, and may rise to the surface, or sink to the bottom
coated vesicleSmall membrane-bounded organelle with a cage of proteins (the coat) on its cytosolic surface
starchAny one of a number of polysaccharides produced by plants and other photosynthetic organisms as a means of storing excess carbohydrate
defined mediumsee MEDIUM.
macMycobacteriumavium Complex
bocA symbol for a protecting group used in polypeptide chemistry.
carbon fixationProcess by which green plants incorporate carbon atoms from atmospheric carbon dioxide into sugars
ribozymeAn RNA molecule that serves as an enzyme
karyotypeA method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number, size, and type.
dna polymerasesEnzymes that polymerize deoxyribonucleotides onto an existing polynucleotide chain using the complementary strand of DNA as a template.
enzymeA moleucle, most often a protein, that contains a catalytic site for a biochemical reaction.
familyA taxonomic grouping of related, similar genera; the category below order and above genus.
celluloseA structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by Beta-1, 4-Glycosidic linkages
volcanicadj
expansio alarumthe wing stretch; see expanse.
aspirinA compound that is part of a group of drugs called salicylates
genotypeA specific description of the genetic constitution of an organism
adaptive zoneThe way of life or functional role of an organism as seen from an evolutionary point of view
ravenousgreedy; voracious; hungrily.
ascitesEffusion of serous fluid into the abdominal cavity (schistosomiasis).
aquamarine -ussea green: pale green with predominant blue and a little gray [nile green].
rhizoplanePlant root surfaces and usually strongly adhering soil particles.
agglutinationThe sticking together of insoluble antigens such as bacteria, viruses, or erythrocytes caused by a specific antibody
linkage mapA map of the relative positions of genetic 
blighta general name for many diseases of plants esp
mycologythe study of fungi.
nitrogen cycleThe passage of nitrogen through various valence states, as the result of reactions carried out by a wide variety of different organisms.
populationGroup of individuals sharing a gene pool.
biosynthesisSynthesis by a living system.
basecompound that releases hydroxide ions in solution.
mutualism  A type of symbiotic relationship where both partners benefit
extraneuralOutside of the nervous system.
amplificationThe strengthening of stimulus energy that is otherwise too weak to be carried into the nervous system.
ponsPortion of the brain that participates in certain automatic, homeostatic functions, such as regulating the breathing centers in the medulla.
plasmolysedterm used to describe a plant cell whose contents have shrunk due to the loss of water by osmosis.
rutilousa shining bronze red.
imperfect fungusSee deuteromycete.
depilate/DEP-ə-late/ v
coisogenic strainsKOH-ice-uh-GEN-ik/ Nearly identical strains differing at only a single locus
dictyosporesspores which are dictyoseptate  or muriform (q.v.).
pteridospermAn extinct group of seed plants which bore fern-like leaves.
prokaryoteA unicellular organism that contains a single chromosome, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, and has characteristic ribosomes and biochemistry.
degradative pathwayAny of the stepwise series of metabolic reactions that break down organic compounds
chemosyntheticApplied to autotrophic bacteria that use the energy released by specific inorganic reactions to power their life processes, including the synthesis of organic molecules.
co-factorA type of molecule that helps enzymes carry out chemical reactions.
wobbleA proposed explanation for base pairing that is not of the Watson-Crick type and that often occurs between the 3' base in the codon and the 5' base in the anticodon.
fc receptorOne of a family of receptors specific for the invariant constant region (Fc region) of immunoglobulins (other than IgM and IgD); different Fc receptors are specific for IgG, IgA, IgE and their subclasses.
shuttle vectorA vector that can replicate in the cells of more than one organism (e.g
isozymesMultiple forms of an enzyme that differ from one another in one or more of the properties.
thermoplastic polymerplastics that can be melted and reshaped over and over again
catalystA chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
cyclic gmpSmall soluble intracellular signaling molecule formed from GTP by the enzyme guanylyl cyclase in response to photoreceptor stimulation in the retina.
residueIn biochemistry, the modified form assumed by a small molecule when it is incorporated by covalent bonding into a larger molecule
mycorrhizaeMutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi.
aortathe anterior, narrow part of the heart, opening into the head.
osmosisNet movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration
cholesterolA type of sterols occurring widely in animal tissues as well as in some higher plants and algae
omnivoreLiterally, an organism that will eat anything
endemic speciesSpecies that are confined to a specific, relatively small geographic area.
kinaseAn enzyme that transfers phosphate from ATP to another molecule.
imineA molecule containing a nitrogen atom attached to a carbon atom by a double bond
testn
rejuvenescencea renewal of youth; bringing back to a condition of youth.
choleraCALL-er-uh/ An acute infectious form of gastroenteritis caused by endotoxin-producing strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae
group selectionThe differential rate of origination or extinction of whole populations (or species, if the term is used broadly) on the basis of differences among them in one or more characteristics.
active immunityThe natural immunological response to an antigen.
autoimmune diseaseAn immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against self.
ovumsee egg
hydrogen bonda type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecules is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent in another bond
banded iron formationn
rhizospherethe layer of soil surrounding the root, typically containing a rich community of microorganisms
immunoglobulinAn antibody protein generated against, and capable of binding specifically to, an antigen.
active sitesChemically stable crevice in an enzyme where substrates bind and a reaction can be catalyzes repeatedly.
basicHaving the properties of a base.
optic nerveA collection of nerve cells that project visual information from the eyes to the lateral geniculate nucleus.
pharmacologicalpharmacological research involves studing how chemicals interact with living organisms
neutral phThe pH of pure water
carcinogenA chemical that can cause cancer.
autosomeA chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
microspottingA contact-based transfer method that utilizes pins or capillaries to deposit biomolecules on a solid surface.
electronA subatomic particle with a single negative charge
risk_factorthat which causes an individual or group of individuals to have an increased risk of a condition or disease
achlorophyllousLacking chlorophyll and thus non-green.
phospholipidThe main category of lipid molecules used to construct biological membranes
peptide mappingSame as fingerprinting.
tuberAn underground stem which has been modified for storage of nutrients, such as a potato.
substratemolecule (or molecules) being acted on, often catalytically by an enzyme
orthopneaThe inability to breathe easily in a flat body position.
direct fitnessReproductive success through one.s own offspring.
karyotypeA photomicrograph of size-ordered, banded chromosomes that enables low-resolution physical mapping of features.
hypertensionHigh blood pressure.
activityThe true thermodynamic activity or potential of a substance, as distinct from its molar concentration.
protoplastSingle plant cell minus its cell wall.
homochronic heredityinheritance at corresponding periods of life.
third filial generationProgeny resulting from the crossing of two second filial, F2, generation individuals.
indirect measurementA measurement procedure that quantifies a property by measuring something other than what the definition of the property specifies
prosthetic groupA nonpeptide organic molecule or metal ion that binds tightly and specifically with a protein and is required for its activity, such as heme in hemoglobin
tgf-β superfamilysee transforming growth factor-β superfamily
high-content screeningSimultaneous multiparametric analysis of complex systems, such as living cells.
ringsee PARTIAL VEIL.
antipyreticsFever-reducing agents such as aspirin, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen.
pattern formationThe ordering of cells into specific three-dimensional structures, an essential part of shaping an organism and its individual parts during development.
glycolipidMembrane lipid molecule with a sugar residue or oligosaccharide attached to the polar headgroup
periodic breathingSee also intermittent breathing.
cleaveChop up.
dutpaseAn enzyme which degrades dUTP to prevent the incorpation of dU into DNA.
limbic systemA group of brain structures and their connections with each other as well as their connections with the hypothalamus and other areas
systemic circuitIn a circulatory system, the blood vessels that take blood to and from the systemic tissues.
empiricalBased on data rather than merely reasoning.
solution-phase synthesisLiquid-phase combinatorial chemical synthesis techniques for the creation of libraries of diverse compounds.
tropical rainforestA terrestrial biome characterized by high levels of precipitation and warm temperatures year-round.
polynucleotideA polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities
cover slipA small, thin piece of glass used to cover a specimen on a microscope slide.
operatorThe DNA sequence where a repressor protein reversibly binds to regulate the activity of one or more closely linked structural genes.
epupillatean ocellate spot included by a colored ring, but destitute of a pupil or central spot.
cell-free translation systemA cell extract containing all the components required for protem synthesis (i.e
1st law of thermodynamicsThe principle of conservation of energy
pedigerousfeet bearing.
positive assortative matingMating between like individuals that is more frequent than would be expected on the basis of chance.
kelp forestMarine ecosystem dominated by large kelps
multidimensional nmrThree- and four-dimensional NMR methods for the detailed characterization of protein structure.
stress responseThe response of an animal to a threatening situation
calloussee callosity.
tortulose-ushump-backed; a surface with a few large elevations: beaded; moniliform.
p. generationThe parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance; P stands for parental.
geological time scaleA time scale established by geologists that reflects a consistent sequence of historical periods, grouped into four eras: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.
blue-light photoreceptorsA class of light receptors in plants
mobilizable plasmidA plasmid that is not self-transmissible byt can be co-transferred with a self-transmissible plasmid, either independantly or as a cointegrate.
nucleusminuscule but highly dense region at the center of an atom that is composed of protons and neutrons
transposaseAn enzyme (or enzyme complex) required for the transposition of a particular transposable element
mrnaMessenger RNA
isoformOne of several forms of the same protein whose amino acid sequences differ slightly but whose general activity is identical.
solventdissolving agent of a solution
amphiesmaThe outer covering of a dinoflagellate, consisting of several membrane layers.
yeast episomal plasmidA yeast vector carrying the 2 µm circle origin of replication.
fecundity rateAverage number of same-sexed offspring produced by an individual in a specific age class.
regressionreduction in the size of a single tumor or reduction in the number and/or size of several tumors
lower austral zoneoccupies southern part of United States from Chesapeake Bay to the great interior valley of California
allergyA hypersensitive condition acquired by exposure to a particular allergen (helminth infections; house dust mite or ectoparasite bites or stings).
hypertonicIn comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a greater solute concentration.
dependent variableA measurable characteristic who's value is conditioned on the value of a second variable (the independent variable) and who's value may be predicted from the relationship with the independent variable.
membrane proteinProtein that is normally closely associated with a cell membrane
clastn
gonorrheaAn acute infectious sexually transmitted disease of the mucous membranes of the genitourinary tract, eye, rectum and throat
activation energyThe energy that must be possessed by atoms or molecules in order to react.
kilocalorieUnit of heat energy equal to 1000 calories
interbeddedadj
stromatolitesLaminated microbial mats, typically built from layers of filamentous and other microorganisms which can become fossilized.
primosomeA multiprotein complex that catalyzes synthesis of RNA primer at various points along the DNA template.
redox reactionA reaction in which one component becomes oxidized and the other reduced; an oxidation-reduction reaction.
lsdLYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE, a powerful hallucinogen derived from Claviceps sclerotia.
altruismConferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor.
lethargictorpid or inactive.
ingestto obtain food by engulfing it (as opposed to absorbing, which is what fungi do) (see PHAGOTROPHIC).
r-strategyEcological strategy where organisms rely on high reproductive rates for continued survival within the community
cartilaginouskart-uh-LAJ-uh-nuhs/ Composed of cartilage.
titerMeasure of antibody quantity.
reaction intermediateAny chemical species in a reaction pathway that has a finite chemical lifetime.
biological containmentOne of the precautionary measures taken to prevent the replication of recombinant DNA molecules in microorganisms in the natural environment
turritustowering: a surface rising cone-like.
high-throughput methodAn analytical method that is carried out by computer programs and robots without much direct human attention, and thus can process samples at a relatively high rate.
radiometric datingA method paleontologists use for determining the ages of rocks and fossils on a scale of absolute time, based on the half-life of radioactive isotopes.
velutinousvelvety: clothed with dense, soft, short hair, like velvet.
auxotrophic mutantA mutant organism defective in the synthesis of a given biomolecule, which must therefore be supplied for the organism's growth.
rickettsiasObligate intracellular parasites which cause a variety of disease, including typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
gtpase-activating proteinProtein that binds to a GTP-binding protein and inactivates it by stimulating its GTPase activity so that it hydrolyzes its bound GTP to GDP.
tissue microarraysArrays consisting of tissue specimen cores.
scrotumA pouch of skin outside the abdomen that houses a testis; functions in cooling sperm, thereby keeping them viable.
macroevolutionEvolution of taxa higher than the species level (for example, genera, families, orders, classes), commonly entailing major morphological changes
viscousthick, sticky or semi-fluid.
levorotatory isomerA stereoisomer that rotates the plane of plane-polarized light counterclockwise.
metastasisThe spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.
minimal mediumA defined medium that provides only the minimum number of different nutrients needed for growth of a particular bacterium.
molecular biologyThe interpretation of biological events in terms of the physics and chemistry of molecules within cells.
semicoroneta margin of spines or hooks partly surrounding a structure or process.
light dependent reactionsThe first steps in photosynthesis in which light energy is captured and then converted to ATP and NADPH
essential amino acidsAmino acids that cannot be synthesized by humans (and other vertebrates) and must be obtained from the diet.
leucine zipperA structural motif characteristic of DNA-binding proteins consisting of a protein dimer formed by two interacting a helices from separate proteins.
organic compoundcompound that contains mainly carbon and hydrogen
pre-apicalbefore the apex.
lock-and-key theoryidea that substrate and enzyme molecules fit together in a precise and a specific way.
spatial structureThe condition in which the individuals in a species are not uniformly distributed in space.
endothermic"Warm-blooded": a body temperature maintained by internal physiological mechanisms at a level independent of the ambient (environmental) temperature.
meiosisProcess in which diploid cells undergo division to form haploid sex cells.
rflpSee Restriction fragment length polymorphism.
recessive allelea gene that is expressed only when its counterpart allele on the matching chromosome is also recessive (not dominant)
sporocarpsdiscrete aggregation of spores of some arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi formed in or on the soil.
apterodicerawingless, with two antennae.
reduction potentialThe inherent tendency of a compound to act as an electron donor or an electron acceptor
cationA positively charged ion.
commensalismAn association between organisms of different species in which one species is benefited by the relationship but the other species is not significantly affected.
aplasticIncomplete growth or development of a structure.
peptide bondA bond between the amino end of one amino acid and the carboxyl end of the next amino acid
litervolume occupied by 1000 g of water at 4 °C
heuristicA method based on empirical information that has no explicit rationalization.
numerical taxonomyThe groupig by numerical methods of taxonomic units into taxa based on their character states.
titration curveA plot of the pH versus the equivalents of base added during titration of an acid.
pedigreeA family lineage, or a chart of a family lineage that follows the inheritance of a particular trait.
hydroxyl radicalA free radical.
tca cycleSee tricarboxylic acid cycle.
inhabitationalOne organisms living wholly or partly inside the other.
kmSee Michaelis constant.
spectrophotometerAn instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution.
panthalassic oceann
nigricansblack, tinged with gray.
heterosporousProducing two different sizes or kinds of spores
abruptsuddenly or without gradation.
crispate -uswith a wrinkled or fluted margin.
metamerismDivision of the body into segments; in insects, for example.
osmotic pressureThe pressure generated by the mass flow of water to that side of a membrane-bounded structure that contains the higher concentration of solute molecules
self-complementaryA single strand of DNA that curls back onto itself is described as self-complementary.
gene flowThe loss or gain of alleles from a population due to the emigration or immigration of fertile individuals, or the transfer of gametes, between populations.
coprolitesKAWP-ruh-lites/ Pieces of fossilized excrement
hudsonian zoneis that part of the boreal region comprising the northern part of the great transcontinental coniferous forests
tropicsLatitudes between 23.50 north and south.
fragile siteConstriction or gap that appears at a particular location on a chromosome when cells are cultured under special conditions
jelly fungiwood-inhabiting basidiomycetes with gelatinous basidiomata; Orders: Tremellales, Auriculariales (Phragmobasidiomycetes); Dacrymycetales (Holobasidiomycetes).
heremetabolawith slight or incomplete metamorphosis, but with a resting stage at the end of the nymph life; specifically the Cicadidae.
net primary productionIn a community or an ecosystem, the increase in the amount of plant or algal material between the beginning and end of a specified time period, such as a growing season.
bivalentA duplicated chromosome paired with its homologous duplicated chromosome at the beginning of meiosis.
critical micelle concentrationThe lowest concentration of a detergent at which molecules aggregate to form micellar structures.
serumFluid portion of blood remaining after the blood cells and materials responsible for clotting are removed.
stratosphereThe second layer of Earth's atmosphere, above the troposphere and below the mesosphere.
density dependenceThe performance of individuals in a population depends on how many individuals are in that population.
fomiteAn inanimate object which, when contaminated with a viable pathogen, can transfer the pathogen to a host.
effluviuma foul or unpleasant smell or emanation.
heterotropic enzymeAn allosteric enzyme requiring a modulator other than its substrate.
drosophila melanogasterSpecies of small fly, commonly called a fruit fly, much used in genetic studies of development.
connective tissueConnective tissue is the material inside your body that supports many of its parts
determinatewith well-defined outlines or distinct limits: fixed: marked out.
affinity chromatographyA method of separating biochemical components based on specific interactions between the components of the biochemical mixture and other molecules (e.g., antigen-antibody or receptor-ligand).
parental investmentParental provision of resources to offspring that increase the offspring's reproductive success at a cost of further reproductive success of the parents.
radioactive suicideThe death of cells due to incorporation of a radioactive substrate with high specific activity
alkeneStraight chain or branched organic structure that contains at least one double bond.
mesophilicdescribes organisms which grow at temperatures between 10-40C (opt
k+ leak channelA K+-transporting ion channel in the plasma membrane of animals cells that remains open even in a “resting” cell.
reproductionproduction of new individuals.
carbonyl groupPair of atoms consisting of a carbon atom linked to an oxygen atom by a double bond (C=O).
lead compoundA chemical compound that is considered the most likely to become an effective therapeutic treatment.
lithotrophA microorganism that synthesizes all organic molecules from inorganic sources.
old fieldLands that are cultivated or grazed and them abandoned.
biomassthe total mass (amount) of living organism(s) in a particular area or volume.
covalent bondStable chemical link between two atoms produced by sharing one or more pairs of electrons.
macroevolutionEvolutionary change on a grand scale, encompassing the origin of novel designs, evolutionary trends, adaptive radiation, and mass extinction.
diurnalAn animal who is active during the day and sleeps at night.
combinatorial libraryA combinatorial library is a set of compounds prepared by combinatorial synthesis.
sensory pittingsdeep pits or punctures through the surface, which may or may not bear pegs, bristles or seta, and may be open or covered by a membrane; serving as organs of perception for sounds or smells.
cuticlethe outer skin or skin layer.
benign tumorAn abnormal mass of tissue that replicates uncontrollably, but will not spread to other tissues.
conservative transpositionA transposition event where the transposable element is lost from its original location and inserted at a new location.
lamelliformmade up of or resembling leaves, blades or lamellae.
adhesionthe attractions between different kinds of molecules
genetic driftA change of gene frequencies within a population over time.
adaptor proteinGeneral term for proteins in intracellular signaling pathways that link different proteins in the pathway directly together.
linking numberThe number of times one closed circular DNA strand is wound about another; the number of topological links holding the circles together.
chromosome duplicationMutation that doubles a segment of a chromosome.
trace fossilEvidence left by organisms, such as burrows, imprints, coprolites, or footprints
photopsinOne of a family of visual pigments in the cones of the vertebrate eye that absorb bright, colored light.
stabilizing selectionSelection favoring the intermediate phenotype or individuals near an optimum level of performance rather than at either extreme.
reactive nitrogencompounds of nitrogen that are biologically active, chemically active, or active with light in our atmosphere
biomeAn ecological community of organisms and environments.
anemiaA low number of red blood cells or low level of hemoglobin; may be caused by dietary deficiencies, metabolic disorders, hereditary conditions, or damaged bone marrow.
respiratory chainThe respiratory chain is composed of mitochondrial complexes that transfer electrons from one complex to another, eventually resulting in the formation of ATP
immunoglobulinAn antibody molecule
homoduplexA molecule of double-stranded nucleic acid where the two strands have exactly complementary base sequences.
microevolutionEvolutionary changes of the kinds usually responsible for causing differences between populations of a species (for example, gene frequency changes and chromosornal variations)
pectinato-fimbriatehaving pectinations that are fringed with hair.
juvenile formAnother term for juvenile HD.
pseudo-coela false hollow; a hollow which does not form a tube.
recruitmentThe process of progressively increasing the tension of a muscle by activating more and more of the motor neurons controlling the muscle.
computer-assisted molecular modelingComputational techniques for the exploration and visualization of molecular structures and properties.
diverseunequal: differing in size or shape: of various kinds.
calcitoninA hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels by promoting calcium deposition in bone and calcium excretion from the kidneys.
cam kinasesee Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
beta sheetA planar secondary structure of proteins that is created by hydrogen bonding between the backbone atoms in two different polypeptide chains or segments of a single folded chain
uv irradiationElectromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light (200-390 nm)
affinityA measure of the binding strength between two molecules.
dispositionSee Drug disposition.
vascularRefers to a network of tubes which distribute nutrients and remove wates from the tissues of the body
mapping populationAn experimental population constructed by crossing, designed for the production of a genetic map.
photohetrotrophAn organism using light as a source of energy and organic materials as carbon source.
interallelic interactionInteraction of alleles at different loci to produce a phenotype.
oligodendrocyteA type of ensheathing glial cell (non-neuron cell) in the vertebrate central nervous system.
half-lifeThe time required to reduce something by one-half; applies, for example, to the concentrations of substances such as hormones, stored voltages, and radioactivity.
entadextending inwardly from without.
antigenAny foreign substance (self - non-self discrimination), such as virus, bacterium, or protein
aminoglycosidesGroup of related antibiotics including streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, tobramycin, gentamicin, and amikacin.
amberFossilization where the organism is entrapped in resin and preserved whole.
endophyticliving within plant or tree tissue, as borers or miners.
cyclinA protein
principle of allocationThe concept that each organism has an energy budget, or a limited amount of total energy available for all of its maintenance and reproductive needs.
obpyriforminversely pearshaped.
woodA secondary tissue found in seed plants which consists largely of xylem tissue.
vermiculateworm-like in form: a marking with wormlike tracings.
cyclic electron flowIn chloroplasts, the light-induced flow of electrons originating from and returning to photosystem I.
pyridine nucleotideA nucleotide coenzyme containing the pyridine derivative nicotinamide; NAD or NADP.
chemoorganotrophAn organism which obtains its energy from the oxidation of organic compounds.
adultThe mature stage of an organism, usually recognized by the organism's attaining the ability to reproduce.
catastrophismThe eighteenth- and nineteenth-century concept that fossilized organisms and changes in geological strata were produced by periodic, violent, and widespread catastrophic events (presumably caused by capricious supernatural forces) rather than by naturally explainable events based on laws that act uniformly through time
dura mater/D(Y)ER-ə MADE-er/ The tough, fibrous outer membranous sheath of the brain and spinal cord.
reactantsSubstance that enters a reaction
genotypic valueThe phenotype produced by a given genotype averaged across environments.
cytidine triphosphateSIGHT-uh-deen/ Cytidine with an added triphosphate; in metabolic processes cytidine triphosphate is used as a source of energy in the same way as ATP, but its role is more specific than that of ATP, because it does not participate in as wide a variety of processes.
biofilmMicrobial colonies encased in an adhesive, usually polysaccharide material, and attached to a surface.
natural killer cellA type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virusinfected cells; an important component of innate immunity.
cofactoressential for the oxidation of alpha-keto acids, such as pyruvate, in metabolism.
sagittalequivalent to longitudinal.
haploid cellCells containing only one set of chromosomes.
lipid-solubleCapable of dissolving in substances made of compounds known as lipids
reverse micelleThe structure formed by amphipathic molecules in a nonpolar solvent
cell-mediated immunityThe immune response mediated by T lymphocytes
spongioplasmthe net-like structure of protoplasm in a cell.
neurodegenerativeCharacterized by neurodegeneration
tautomeric shiftA reversible change in the position of a hydrogen atom in a molecule which results in the conversion of the molecule between different isomers
acicularNeedle-shape.
mixotrophAn organism able to assimilate organic compounds as carbon sources while using inorganic compounds as electron donors
matsu-takeTricholoma matsutake; an important edible fungus in Japan; grows in ectomycorrhizal association with pines
transgenicAn organism that has had DNA from another organism introduced into it
microfluidicsLab-on-a-chip technology based on the transport of nanoliter or picoliter volumes of fluids through microchannels within a glass or plastic chip
methionineAn amino acid that must be obtained through the diet because it cannot be produced by humans.
central vacuoleA membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.
isoelectric point or phThe pH at which a protein has no net charge.
checkpointA key transition point at which progression to the next stage in the cell cycle is regulated.
facultative anaerobeAn organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions
partial pressuresThe concentration of gases; a fraction of total pressure.
extensible markup languageA set of specifications for formatting web documents that allows the creation of custom data tags that enable flexible transmission of data between applications and servers.
photosystemA series of pigments called antenna pigments and with a chlorophyll molecule that absorb light which boosts electrons to a high energy level where they can be picked up by an electron acceptor as part of the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
anaerobic glycolysisThe reactions that convert glucose to lactic acid.
aristiformof the form or appearance of an arista.
dendriticBranching in a way that resembles the branching of a tree
inflorescenceA group of flowers tightly clustered together.
chlorinationA highly effective disinfectant procedure for drinking water using chlorine gas or other chlorine-containing compounds as disinfectant.
green fluorescent proteinA protein produced by jellyfish that glows when viewed under a specific wavelength of light
peripheral proteinsProteins that are loosely or reversibly bound to a membrane by hydrogen bonds or electrostatic forces; generally water-soluble once released from the membrane.
endangered speciesA species that is likely to become extinct in all or a major portion of its range.
deterministicCausing a fixed outcome, given initial conditions.
dna polymeraseAn enzyme used to make new copies of DNA during replication.
diversifying selectionSee disruptive selection.
epitopeThe part of an antigen molecule that binds to an antibody; also called antigenic determinant.
sivSimian Immunodeficiency Virus
vaginaExternal canal of the female reproductive system attached to the cervix.
multimerA molecular aggregate held together by noncovalent bonds.
planktonfree-floating aquatic organisms; usually microscopic; form the base of all aquatic food webs (including that of the oceans).
outgroupIn a cladistic analysis, any taxon used to help resolve the polarity of characters, and which is hypothesized to be less closely related to each of the taxa under consideration than any are to each other.
aboff; away from.
transcription unitA region in DNA, bounded by an initiation (start) site and termination site, that is transcribed into a single primary transcript.
pelagic zoneThe area of the ocean past the continental shelf, with areas of open water often reaching to very great depths.
cordiform= cordate.
ldlcalled "bad" lipoprotein because it is less effective than HDL in transporting cholesterol through the blood
thivoflavine sA compound that is believed to both decrease the presence of beta-amyloid fibrils, and decrease huntingtin protein aggregation.
mantleThat portion of the interior of the Earth that lies between the crust and the core.
ciliaSILL-ee-uh/ (sing cilium /SILL-ee-uhm/) (1) eyelashes; (2) tiny hairlike processes covering certain internal surfaces of the body such as the epithelial surfaces of the respiratory tract or the internal lining of the inner ear; (3) hairlike processes found on certain cells and microorganisms.
ohlOral Hairy Leukoplakia
photoautotrophAn organism that can obtain the energy it needs to stay alive from photons; an organism capable of photosynthesis.
significant figurea number that correctly represents the accuracy with which an experimental quantity is known
scanning electron microscopen
archaeaAn evolutionarily distinct group (domain) of prokayrotes consisting of the methanogens, most extreme halophiles and hyperthermophiles, and Thermoplasma.
circiterabout, or round-about.
taxonn
michaelis constantSee Km.
creationismThe belief that each different kind of organism was individually created by one or more supernatural beings whose activities are not controlled by known physical, chemical, or biological laws
biocombinatorial chemistryAn iterative process consisting of synthesis of combinatorial chemical libraries followed by screening in biological systems to evaluate function.
phoronidsA tube-dwelling marine lophophorate.
phosphoglycerateA three carbon intermediate important in the Calvin-Benson cycle in the part of the cycle leading to the production of PGAL.
coefficient of relatednessThe proportion of genes identical by descent (IBD) among two individuals I and J.
basal gangliaA group of nerve cells located at the base of the brain
groundwaterwater pumped from wells that have been drilled into underground aquifers
cytoplasmic divisionprocess following nuclear division that completes cell division
cell-mediated immunityAn immune response generated by the activities of non-antibody-producing cells such as T cells
gluconeogenesisThe synthesis of glucose.
proteoglycanA hybrid macromolecule consisting of a heteropolysaccharide joined to a polypeptide; the polysaccharide is the major component.
false positiveA test result that wrongly shows an effect to be present.
metastasisSpread of cancer cells from their site of origin to other sites in the body.
mass numberThe sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
exponential population growthUnlimited growth of a population in an unlimited environment
pharynxAn area in the vertebrate throat where air and food passages cross; in flatworms, the muscular tube that protrudes from the ventral side of the worm and ends in the mouth.
geographic isolationThe separation between populations caused by geographic distance or geographic barriers.
amino acidone of twenty types of building block that make up protein molecules.
complexityThe study of complex phenomena in natural systems
blowing agenteither a gas or a substance capable of producing a gas used to manufacture a foamed plastic
reductionAddition of electrons or hydrogen atoms to a molecule.
oxygenic photosynthesisUse of light energy to synthesize ATP and NADPH by noncyclic photophosphorylation with the production of oxygen from water.
replicationSynthesis of a daughter duplex DNA molecule identical to the parental duplex DNA.
snornpAbbreviation for Small Nucleolar Ribonucleoprotein.
coccidioidomycosisdeep-seated mycosis caused by Coccidioides immitis (Hyphomycetes); common in dry S.W
glucosefuel food containing chemical energy.
congestedheaped together; crowded: distended.
arcuato-emarginatewith a bow-like or curved excision.
photoreductionThe light-induced reduction of an electron acceptor in photosynthetic cells.
incomplete dominanceinheritance in which an active allele does not entirely compensate for an inactive allele.
endodermisLiterally "inner skin", this is a layer of cells which surrounds the central core of vascular tissue, and which helps to regulate the flow of water and dissolved substances.
faunathe assemblage of animals inhabiting a region or country.
spherulea minute sphere or globule.
positive negative selectionA laboratory technique that accelerates the identification of genetically engineered organisms that possess desired genetic changes by selecting against the organisms that do not have the desired characteristics.
fibroblastA type of cell in loose connective tissue that secretes the protein ingredients of the extracellular fibers
absconditushidden, concealed; retracted into another.
ambrosia fungisymbiotic wood-inhabiting fungi associated with wood-wasps and wood-inhabiting beetles; the fungi feed the larvae, and are dispersed by the adults.
apoproteinThe protein component of a conjugated protein.
mantle cavityIn molluscs, an external body cavity formed where a sheetlike outfolding of the dorsal body wall, the mantle, overhangs or surrounds all or part of the rest of the body
interstice -tiumspace between two lines, whether striate or punctate.
adhesion beltBeltlike adherens junction that encircles the apical end of an epithelial cell and attaches it to the adjoining cell
endergonicAn energy-requiring reaction.
potential energyA object's capcity to do work owing to its position in space or the arrangement of its parts.
hyperthermiaThe state of having a body temperature that is higher than the temperature considered to be normal or usual.
disulfide bridgeA strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.
peripheral neuropathyDamage to the nerve cells that supply sensation to the arms and legs.
steroidAny tetracyclic hydrocarbons which is derived from perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrenea
auditionHearing; sound detection and perception.
oogoniaOvary-specific stem cells.
cryptochromeFlavoprotein responsive to blue light, found in both plants and animals
thermodynamics(1) The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter
nitrogen fixationThe reduction of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to NH3.
memberany one of the external appendages.
gel flltrationA chromatographic procedure for the separation of a mixture of molecules on the basis of size; based on the capacity of porous polymers to exclude solutes above a certain size.
hexoseA sugar with a six-carbon backbone.
tricarboxylic acid cycleSee citric acid cycle.
allantoisOne of four extraembryonic membranes; serves as a repository for the embryo's nitrogenous waste.
basadin the direction of or toward the base.
delaminationthe splitting or division into layers.
nuclear laminaFibrous meshwork of proteins on the inner surface of the inner nuclear membrane
cytochrome cA molecule released by the mitochondria in response to membrane aggravation
nonparametric analysisAnalysis widely used for studying populations that take on a ranked order (such as movie reviews receiving one to four stars)
equilibriumAn unchanging condition, as of population size or genetic composition
isoelectric pointThe pH of a solution at which a dissolved protein or other potentially charged molecule has a net charge of zero and therefore does not move in an electric field.
compatible soluteAn organic compounds which serve as cytoplasmic solutes to balance water relations for cells growing in environments of high salt or sugar.
saccharomycesGenus of yeasts that reproduce asexually by budding or sexually by conjugation
prosthetic groupThe tightly bound, nonprotein portion of an enzyme; not the same as coenzyme.
catheterizationCATH-uh-ter-eye-ZAY-shun/ State of being fitted with a catheter.
soluteAn entity, notably a molecule or ion, that is in solution.
adaptive radiationEvolutionary divergence of members of a single phylogenetic lineage into a variety of different adaptive forms; usually the taxa differ in the use of resources or habitats, and have diverged over a relatively short interval of geological time
conformityA state in which an animal’s internal conditions match the external environmental conditions.
editingAltering a nucleic acid sequence so as to preserve accuracy of information transfer.
epipharyngealbelonging or relating to the epipharynx.
nucleosideAn organic molecule containing a purine or pyrimidine base and a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose).
transaminationEnzymatic transfer of an amino group from an α-amino acid to an α-keto acid.
enzymeA protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
lateral gene transferSee horizontal transmission.
social groupsStable groups of repeatedly interacting individuals.
chlorophyllThe pigment in green plants that absorbs solar energy
gradientIn a thermal cycler, a controlled, incremental temperature differential across a reaction block.
elisaEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
parsimony methodChoice of a phylogenetic tree that minimizes the number of evolutionary changes necessary to explain species divergence.
snrnasee small nuclear RNA
conjugated proteinA protein containing one or more prosthetic groups.
anthropogenicProcesses or materials derived from human activities, in contrast to those produced by natural processes
density independentReferring to any characteristic that is not affected by population density
mesophileOrganism living in the temperature range around that of warm-blooded animals, usually between 20-45°C.
synthetic theory of evolutionSee Neo-Darwinism.
diurnal/die-ERN-əl/ adj
g-proteinsee GTP-binding protein
cis faceFace of a Golgi stack at which material enters the organelle
dacryagogue/DACK-ree-ə-goag/ n
pigmentA compound that appears white, black or colored due to the patterns of absorption and reflection of light hitting the molecules of the compound
genusan assemblage of species agreeing in some one character or series of characters; usually considered as arbitrary and opinionative, though some consider it a natural assemblage.
demographicPertaining to processes that change the size of a population (i.e., birth, death, dispersal).
free-energy changeChange in the free energy during a reaction: the free energy of the product molecules minus the free energy of the starting molecules
coiled-coilStable rodlike quaternary protein structure formed by two or three α helices interacting with each other along their length; commonly found in fibrous proteins and certain transcription factors
ringa circle or annulus, usually margining a discolored spot.
temperatureA measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
polyphyleticPertaining to a taxon whose members were derived from two or more ancestral forms not common to all members.
stereotactic lesionshighly specific damage done to a part of the brain
inducible proteinsThose which are synthesized in different amounts depending on cellular signals.
heterozygousorganism that has two different alleles for the same trait and is said to be hybrid for that particular trait.
biotransformationBiotransformation is the chemical conversion of substances by living organisms or enzyme preparations.
branchpointAn intermediate in a biochemical pathway that can follow more than one route in following steps.
nuclear transferTransfer of a nucleus or small blastomere to an enucleated oocyte
semicordatehalf or partly heart-shaped.
active siteThe region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds and the chemical reaction occurs.
hydroxide ionA water molecule that has lost a proton; OH-.
aerogenicGas production, e.g., aerogenic fermentation.
prion diseaseTransmissible spongiform encephalopathies such as Kreutzfeld–Jacob disease in humans, scrapie in sheep and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, that are apparently caused and transmitted by abnormal forms of a protein (prions).
nonproductive bindingThe non-reactive binding of a substrate to the active site of an enzyme.
vittaa longitudinal, colored line.
inductionThe ability of one group of embryonic cells to influence the development of another.
intermolecular forceforce that occurs between molecules
conic -alcylindrical, with a flat base, tapering to a point.
hippocampal regionRelating to the hippocampus, a complex structure involved with certain types of memory functions.
enthalpyHeat; in a chemical reaction, the enthalpy of the reactants or products is equal to their total bond energies.
micrographThe graphic representation of a microscope image.
hydrolysisReaction in which a covalent bond is cleaved with addition of an H from water to one product of the cleavage and of an OH from water to the other.
algaInformal term used to describe a wide range of simple unicellular and multicellular eucaryotic photosynthetic organisms
myofibrilA unit of thick and thin filaments in a muscle fiber.
reciprocal altruismAltruistic behavior between unrelated individuals, whereby the current altruistic individual benefits in the future when the current beneficiary reciprocates.
asepticProcedures that prevent the contamination of cultures, media, animals, and persons by extraneous microorganisms.
syngeneicAn antigenically identical organism.
structural isomersCompounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
hydronium ionwater molecule plus a proton
ultraviolet regionportion of the electromagnetic spectrum that includes wavelengths shorter than those of the visible color of violet
ultra centrifugesA machine that spins test tubes at the fastest speeds to separate liquids and particles of different densities.
genetic loadAverage number of lethal alleles per individual in a population.
punnett squareShorthand method of determining the outcome of a genetic cross
pla2An abbreviation for Phospholipase A2.
metapnystegathat circular area of metanotum behind the postscutellum.
ligandsA molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.
coutnercurrent exchangeThe opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer ratesEx
metabolic rateThe total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time.
supercooling pointThe highest temperature at which freezing is almost certain to occur promptly in a supercooled solution
principal component analysisVisual and numerical analysis of collinearity among variables
suckerShoots arising from below ground level either from a rhizome or from a root.
neurodA transcription factor important in neuronal development.
catheterKATH-uh-ter/ A tube for introducing liquids into, or extracting them from, the body.
renal arteryThe blood vessel bringing blood to the kidney
basidiocarpElaborate fruiting body of a dikaryotic mycelium of a club fungus.
generation timeTime needed for a population to double
chlorosomeA cigar-shaped structure bounded by a nonunit membrane and containing the light harvesting bacteriochlorophyll in green sulfur bacteria and in Chloroflexus.
pluripotentCapable of differentiating into several final differentiated cell types.
tessellatedcheckered; more or less like a chess-board
phenotypeThe phenotype is the physical or chemical appearance of an organism with respect to both the expression of its genetic material and environmental influences on its appearance.
constitutive enzymesEnzymes synthesized in fixed amounts, regardless of growth conditions.
clinical informaticsThe use of informatics to evaluate clinical trial design and to design electronic systems for protocol and data storage.
dynamic mosaic paradigmIn this paradigm landscapes are viewed as heterogeneous with more continuous variation rather than divided into discrete and distinct habitats
exarate -ussulcated: sculptured.
serologyThe study of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro.
aestivationapplied to summer dormancy.
celsius scaleA temperature scale (OC) equal to 5/9 (OF - 32) that measures the freezing point of water at O°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C.
sexual dimorphismA special case of polymorphism based on the distinction between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females.
lactid acid fermentationThe conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide.
physiomicsThe study of the complete set of interactions that produce the physiology of an organism.
epithelial cellAny cell that forms part of the outer covering of an organism or organ.
determinate growthGrowth that occurs only during the initial stage of the life of an organism, or until a given organ is completely formed
biotechnologythe large-scale exploitation of microorganisms, including fungi, to produce pharmaceuticals, feedstuffs, or other valuable metabolites.
directive colorationdirective marks or colors which tend to divert the attention of an enemy from more vital parts.
chokea disease of grasses caused by Epichloë (Clavicipitales); the stroma of the teleomorph encircles the main axis of the grass and prevents it from flowering.
amphipathic moleculeA molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.
palaeozoicthe geological era covering the period from 600-225 million years before present (m.y.b.p.); includes the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian periods.
cd arrayA microfluidics-based array in compact disc format that utilizes centrifugal force to transport molecules through microchannels.
confertimclosely clustered or crowded.
cycadsGroup of gymnosperm
anaSee anti-nuclear antibody.
clitellumIn annelids, a swelling of the body towards the head of the animal, where the gonads are located
chemoorganotrophOrganism that obtains energy and electrons (reducing power) from the oxidation of organic compounds.
polychromaticmany colored.
aseptateLacking cross-walls
glycosaminoglycanLong, linear, highly charged polysaccharide composed of a repeating pair of sugars, one of which is always an amino sugar
rufescentreddish.
evolutionGenetic changes in populations of organisms through time that lead to differences among them.
topoisomerasesEnzymes that introduce positive or negative supercoils in closed, circular duplex DNA.
acid-fastThe property of resisting decolorization with acidified alcohol or with dilute mineral acids after being stained with a strong dye such as carbol fuchsin.
termination factorsProteins that are exclusively involved in the termination reactions of protein synthesis on the ribosome.
carcinogenSomething in the environment that causes cancer.
batch culturethe growth of microorganisms in a fixed volume of medium.
biodegradableA material that can be broken down to simpler components by a biological process.
wild-typeThe typical form of an organism or gene as it occurs in nature, as distinguished from mutant forms that may result from selective breeding or disease.
temperature gradientTechnically, the difference in temperature between two places divided by the distance separating those two places
deterrenceThe degree to which a plant defense is able to reduce damage during a choice test (in which a natural enemy is able to choose between defended and undefended plants).
beta blockerDrugs that block the action of certain hormones on the heart
convergencekuhn-VER-juhnce, -jence/ Any similarity between organisms not considered to reflect relationship
amnion foldthe extensions of the amnion which close the mouth of the amnion cavity in the embryo.
feedbackWhen the products of a process affect its own function.
ice-nucleating agentA dissolved or undissolved substance that promotes freezing (i.e., limits supercooling).
duodenumThe first section of the small intestine, where acid chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and gland cells of the intestinal wall.
micropipettesee microelectrode
d-(1) dextrorotatory; (2) deoxy-.
polliniaA mass of fused pollen produced by many orchids.
templateA polynucleotide chain that serves as a surface for the absorption of monomers of a growing polymer and thereby dictates the sequence of the monomers in the growing chain.
antisense rnaRNA complementary to a specific RNA transcript of a gene that can hybridize to the specific RNA and block its function.
mullerian associationa group of species belonging to different genera, often different families or even orders, having similar colors, possessing more or less distasteful qualities and living in the same locality.
isotopeA form of an atom that differs from other forms of the atom in atomic weight
savannaA tropical grassland biome with scattered individual trees, large herbivores, and three distinct seasons based primarily on rainfall, maintained by occasional fires and drought.
apneaThe absence of breathing.
antibioticOrganic substance produced by one species of organism that in low concentrations will kill or inhibit growth of certain other organisms.
docosahexaenoic acidA member of the omega-3 family of fatty acids
littoral zoneIn a lake, the shallow, well-lit waters close to shore.
hlhsee helix-loop-helix
glycerolSmall organic molecule that is the parent compound of many small molecules in the cell, including phospholipids.
erraticn
nernst equationAn equation that relates the redox potential to the standard redox potential and the concentrations of the oxidized and reduced form of the couple.
mutilate -uscut off: mutilated: abbreviated: not complete.
sulfhydryl groupA hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a sulfur atom; also called a thiol group
undifferentiatedadj
chlorophyll bA type of yellow-green accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a.
argillaceousof the texture, appearance or color of clay.
subcostal fold or furrowlies between costa and radius.
duct/dəkt/ n
cristaOne of the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
atriumA chamber that receives blood returning to the vertebrate heart.
autotrophsOrganisms that obtain energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substance and convert it into their food through a series of chemical reactions.
orientalin geographical zoology as used by Wallace, that part of the earth's surface including Asia east of the Indus River, south of the Himalayas and the Yangtse-kiang watershed, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java and the Philippines.
endocytosisUptake of extracellular materials by invagination of the plasma membrane to form a small membrane-bounded vesicle (early endosome)
magentapinkish red; an aniline product.
homocysteineA sulfur containing amino acid
disturbanceA force that changes a biological community and usually removes organisms from it
ph scaleThis scale is a logarithmic scale for expressing the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution involving water
biomeAny of the world's major ecosystems, classified according to the predominant vegetation and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment.
acrosomal vesicleRegion at the head end of a sperm cell that contains a sac of hydrolytic enzymes used to digest the protective coating of the egg.
autotrophAn organism that can synthesize its own complex molecules from very simple carbon and nitrogen sources, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia.
mediastinalrelating to the longitudinal median line or area.
etiolationPlant morphological adaptations for growing in darkness
3-hydroxykynureninA free radical generator that is present in increased amounts in humans with HD and HD mice.
pathologyn
linebreedingSystem of mating which maintains close relationships in descendent generations to a particular ancestor.
marineRefers to the ocean.
anaerobic respirationMetabolic process whereby electrons are transferred from an organic, or in some cases, inorganic compounds to an inorganic acceptor molecule other than oxygen
methylHydrophobic chemical group derived from methane (CH4).
bradykinesiadifficulty initiating and continuing movements; literally means slow moving
trace elementselements essential for growth, but required only in minute amounts.
hydrophobic effectThe noncovalent association of nonpolar groups with each other in aqueous solution.
organellesMembrane-bounded structures found in eukaryotic cells; contain enzymes and other components required for specialized cell functions.
agonistic behaviorA class of behavior that includes both aggressive and submissive behavior.
furculaa forked process: an osmaterium {Scanner's comment: sic
sub-corticalbeneath the bark; as in larval borings, etc.
daltonA unit of measure for atomic and molecular mass, equal to 1/12 the mass of an atom of the most abundant carbon isotope, 12C
facultativeLiterally means "optional"; an adjective used to describe that an environmental factor is optinally (not necessarily) required for an oragnism to grow
equilibriumThe state of a system in which no further net change is occurring; the free energy is at a minimum.
centrifugatesen-TRIF-yuh-gate/ To subject to centrifugation.
aspectWhether north or south facing.
reductionAddition of electrons to an atom, as occurs during the addition of hydrogen to a molecule or the removal of oxygen from it
magnoliidAny member of the basal assemblage of flowering plants.
oligonucleotideA short nucleic acid molecule, either obtained from an organism or synthesized chemically.
protistA member of the Protista.
carbohydratesEnergy-packed compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that provide quick fuel for organisms.
l1One of three hybrid crosses used to detect linkage
osmoregulationThe ability of organisms to control the concentration of water and solutes in their bodily fluids
cot curveA curve that indicates the rate of DNA-DNA annealing as a function of DNA concentration and time.
load–velocity relationshipThe principle that the velocity of shortening of a muscle during isotonic contraction decreases as load increases.
facultative anaerobeAn organism that grows in the presence or the absence of oxygen.
syntenicLoci located on the same chromosome.
ramose -ousbranched, or having long branches.
polar covalent bondcovalent bond in which the electrons are not equally shared, but rather displaced toward the more electronegative atom
homozygousWhen both members of a gene pair in a diploid organism are identical and code for the same expressions of a characteristic
tremorA quivering, involuntary movement of a part or parts of the body.
inclususwhen one part is wholly or partially hidden in another.
dehydration synthesis/də-HIGH-dray-shən, dee-/ The linking of monomers into a polymer by removing a molecule of water from each.
newborn screeningexamining blood samples from a newborn infant to detect disease-related abnormalities or deficiencies in gene products.
numerical taxonomyA statistical method for classifying organisms by comparing them on the basis of measurable phenotypic characters and giving each character equal weight
chromosomesstructures found in the nucleus of a cell, which contain the genes
dlDeciliter.
absorbto obtain food by taking up water and dissolved substances across a membrane; this is how fungi operate
disproportionationThe splitting of a chemical compound into two new compounds, one more oxidized and one more reduced than the original compound.
geologic mapsMaps that show the types and ages of rock of an area
antagonistAn opponent
thermoregulationThe maintenance of internal temperature within a tolerable range.
fluorescent dyeMolecule that absorbs light at one wavelength and responds by emitting light at another wavelength
dry heat transferHeat transfer by conduction, convection, or thermal radiation; heat transfer that does not involve evaporation or condensation of water.
micrograma millionth (10-6) of a gram
transparentso clear as not to obstruct vision.
ascitic fluidSerous fluid in peritoneal cavity.
valvuleany small, valve-like process.
amino acid residueamino acid that was once incorporated into a peptide chain
biosynthetic pathwayAny metabolic pathway by which one or more organic compounds are synthesized.
desmosome/DEZ-mə-soam/ n
meguman
agarA polysaccharide plant product isolated from red algae
acetaminophenA compound that relieves mild pain and reduces fever
enzymeprotein made by living cells that acts as a biological catalyst.
entognathoussee entotrophous.
re-methylationSee methylation.
ectodermThe outer basic layer of tissue in those animals with true tissues
relative abundanceDifferences in the abundance of different species within a community.
anaerobeAn organism that is incapable of oxygen-dependent growth and cannot grow in the presence of an oxygen concentration equivalent to that present in an air atmosphere (21% oxygen)
parasiteSomething that lives in, with, or on another organism and obtains benefits from the host, which it usually injures.
soluteAny molecule that is dissolved in a liquid
peptide bondA substituted amide linkage between the α-amino group of one amino acid and the α-carboxyl group of another, with the elimination of the elements of water.
cratonn
glucocorticoid-glucocorticoid receptor complexAnother term for the glucocorticoid-GR complex.
plasticityAn organism's ability to alter or "mold" itself in response to local environmental conditions.
photonA quantum, or discrete amount, of light energy.
denaturation of proteinsThe unfolding of a protein molecule, usually by high temperatures or ionic detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS).
exonSegment of DNA that is translated into protein.
ingestioneating other organisms or organic material that is decomposing
adaAmericans with Disabilities Act.
stratificationSubpopulations of individuals within a larger population.
gibbs free energyThe thermodynamic function that combines the effects of enthalpy and entropy to predict the energetically favorable direction of a chemical reaction.
inequala surface with irregular elevations and depressions.
combinatorial biologyThe use of libraries of recombinant microbes to produce complex natural products.
melangeA body of rocks consisting of large blocks (mappable size) of different rocks jumbled together with little continuity of contacts.
energyClassically, energy is defined as the capacity to do work which doesn’t really tell us what it is just what we can do with it if we had some
prochiral moleculeA nonchiral molecule that lacks handedness and is optically inactive, but would become chiral by a change in one of the substituents at the chiral center
mediadtoward the median plane or middle.
microclimatesA climate of a relatively small area in which the temperature and moisture of that area can vary significantly from the greater region.
three quarter sibSib with one parent in common and one grandparent of the second parent in common, e.g., paternal half sibs with the same maternal grandsire.
undatewavy or waved.
electrochemical equilibriumA term that is synonymous with equilibrium, but emphasizes that the equilibrium state for an ion or other charged solute depends on both electrical and chemical effects
autosomeA chromosome not involved in sex determination
cochleiformisformed like a snail shell.
proteinA three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids.
structural proteinA protein which fulfill a purely structural role (i.e
homeodomainDNA-binding domain that defines a class of gene regulatory proteins important in animal development.
monosaccharidesingle sugar
hydrogenationA process that alters the chemical structure of unsaturated fat and makes it more solid and long-lasting.
hydrocarboncompound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon
tergalbelonging to the primitively upper surface: see dorsal.
human developmentContinuous changes that occur during an individual's life, starting at fertilization.
aspirateFluid removed from a cavity or lesion (leishmaniasis, hydatid disease, amebiasis).
acetylcholineA neurotransmitter active in the parasympathetic nervous system
top down controlControl of a population by consumers.
applied researchEngineering-type research that puts the discoveries of basic research into practice.
fluorescence enhancementThe enhancement of fluorescence by the polarity of the medium.
diplophase/DIP-low-faze/ n
aterdeep black; not shining.
membrane transportThe facilitated transport of a molecule across a membrane.
dyad/DIE-ad/ n
phylogenyThe evolutionary history of a species or group of species in terms of their derivations and connections
disturbed habitat speciesSpecies that often live where avalanches, mud slides, and fires occur frequently.
energy chargeThe fractional degree to which the ATPIADPfAMP system is filled with high-energy phosphate groups.
dnaAbbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid
fissurea crevice: a narrow longitudinal opening: a slit.
c terminussee carboxyl terminus
carbon dioxide dissociation curveSeecarbon dioxide equilibrium curve.
acetalThe product formed by the successive condensation of two alcohols with a single aldehyde
optimal dosageThe dosage that would be best for the patient population at large
rareseldom seen or found.
repetitive sequencesRepeated polynucleotide sequences
calderan
nonpolara nonpolar molecule does not have a separation of positive and negative electric charges within the molecule
scopeWe review recent studies that have significantly improved our understanding of the early steps of double fertilization
cerebrovascular diseasefor example a cerebrovascular accident (stroke).
gene expressionThe process by which a a gene product is produced
allostericUsed to describe some protein, especially enzymes, in which a compound combines with a site on the protein other than the active site
serpentinousa dirty, dark green [Hooker's green].
vegetal poleThe end at which most of the yolk is located in an animal egg
covalent bondsa type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one pair of valence electrons
oxygen debtAn older term for excess postexercise oxygen consumption.
verrucosehaving little hard lumps or wart-like elevations.
scale upConversion of an industrial process from a small laboratory setup to a large commercial fermentation.
diethylstilbestrolA synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen that was found to cause birth defects in pregnant women.
countercurrent multiplicationA process that occurs in a system consisting of two juxtaposed fluid streams flowing in opposite directions, in which metabolic processes produce a difference (termed the single effect) between adjacent parts of the two streams
lagging strandNewly synthesized DNA strand formed at the growing fork as short, discontinuous segments, called Okazaki fragments, which are later joined by DNA ligase
flax oilA type of oil derived from flax plant that contains a great amount of omega-3 fatty acids.
supra-clypeus= post-clypeus; q.v.: = nasus.
tetrad analysisA method for establishing linkage relationships in fungi by analysing the four products from individual meiotic divisions.
equalof the same length, size or shape: the superfices when they are without inequalities.
clavicleThe collar bone
anabolismThe phase of intermediary metabolism concerned with the energyrequiring biosynthesis of cell components from smaller precursors.
insectarya place or building where insects are bred and studied.
plasma membraneThe membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.
morganRecombination distance of 100 percent
protographall original description by a figure or picture made from the original type.
affinity chromatographyA chromatographic method used to isolate biomolecules that reversibly bind a molecule attached to a solid-phase support.
micropteroussmall winged.
true breedingPlants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate.
bdnaBranched DNA Assay
dipoleA separation of charge within a single molecule.
dyspnea/disp-NEE-yə/ n
squamousThe flat, tile-like shape of a type of epithelial cell.
frontal ridgein Coleopteran; a sharp ridge on the dorsal margin of the eye, extending forward.
lead compounddrug (or a modified version of that drug) that shows high promise for becoming an approved drug
fornicatearched or vaulted: concave within, convex without.
nuditas= nudity.
global warmingpopular term used to describe the increase in average global temperatures
spatial learningThe ability of organisms learn relationships and perhaps solve problems in two or three dimensional space
agarose gel electrophoresisSeparation of proteins based on molecular weight by electrical-currentstimulated movement through a semisolid gel matrix.
pyruvate dehydrogenase complexA critical group of enzymes involved in energy metabolism.
acyl-coaA product of fatty acid activation
structure–activity relationship studysystematic changes made to a drug molecule and assessment of the resulting changes in activity
de novo pathwayPathway for synthesis of a biomolecule, such as a nucleotide, from simple precursors; as distinct from a salvage pathway.
okasaki fragmentsShort DNA fragments of about 1000-2000 nucleotides long formed during DNA replication of the lagging strand by discontinuous replication of DNA
rhynchota= Rhyngota: q.v.
matingSee Conjugation.
stenocephalouswith a narrow, elongate head.
telophase iStage of meiosis I
gtpNucleoside triphosphate produced by phosphorylating GDP (guanosine diphosphate)
reticulateInterconnecting, like a network.
lethal effectEffects within a community that occur when predators consume lower trophic levels.
phosphorylationReaction in which a phosphate group becomes covalently coupled to another molecule.
strataSee Geological strata.
ozone layerregion of the stratosphere with the maximum ozone concentration
cleptobiosissee symbiosis.
neuronalOf or pertaining to the neurons.
catalystKAT-uh-list/ A molecule that increases the speed of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
cephalonIn trilobites, the head shield bearing the eyes, antennae, and mouth
forbsBroad-leaved herbaceous plants.
erythrocyteA cell containing large amounts of hemoglobin and specialized for oxygen transport; a red blood cell.
oxidationThe loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
liberfree.
tenant hairsee tenent hair.
surface plasmon resonoanceThis occurs when surface plasmon waves are excited by light deflection at a metal.liquid interface
sclerotiumModified fungal hyphae that form a compact, hard vegetative resting structure with a thick pigmented outer rind.
goldman equationAn equation expressing the quantitative relationship between the concentrations of charged species on either side of a membrane and the resting transmembrane potential.
gangliaPlural form of ganglion.
molean Avogadro's number of objects
aniona negatively charged ion.
candidiasisa disease of man and animals caused by species of Candida, esp
chemical symbolone- or two-letter abbreviation for an element
blue geneA massively parallel supercomputer with 1 million processors that is under construction and will be capable of 1 petaflop floating point operations/sec
tay-sachs diseasean inherited disease of infancy characterized by profound mental retardation and early death; it is caused by a recessive gene mutation.
langmuir-blodgett filmA lipid bilayer on the surface of water.
antigenic determinantsThe portion of an antigen that interacts with an immunoglobulin or T cell receptor.
cri du chat syndromeA group of symptoms that result from missing a piece of chromosome 5
membranaceousthin, skin-like, semi-transparent, like parchment: of a thin, pliable texture.
saprophyteAn organism that feeds on decomposing organic material.
subordera division of an order higher than a family, based on a character common to a large series of species; e.g
diffusion/də-FYOO-shən, diff-/ n
trisomy 18Presence of three copies of chromosome 18; in humans, results in Edward syndrome.
punctulatuswith small punctures.
prostaglandinsA class of lipid-soluble, hormonelike regulatory molecules derived from arachidonate and other polyunsaturated fatty acids.
geometric isomersIsomers related by rotation about a double bond; also called cis and trans isomers.
hamilton's ruleA general model that details the conditions under which altruistic behavior should evolve.
androconiaspecialized, usually small scales of peculiar form, found localized on some male butterflies.
ketogenicDescribing amino acids that are metabolized to acetoacetate and acetate.
contact chemoreceptorA chemo-sensory cell (of a terrestrial animal) that is normally stimulated by chemicals that contact it in a liquid
proteinThe major macromolecular constituent of cells
glycomeThe total carbohydrate complement of a cell.
paranal forkstwo lateral, bristle-like structures in some caterpillars, used to throw frass pellets to a distance.
microcirculatory bedIn a closed circulatory system, one of the systems of microscopically fine blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, weaving among ordinary tissue cells
antigenA macromolecule that elicits an immune response by lymphocytes.
vulgarcommon; not conspicuous: obscure in appearance and abundant in number.
holopneustichaving many pairs of open stigmata.
sibsAn abbreviation for siblings.
coenzymeA low-molecular-weight organic molecules that work together with enzymes to catalyze biological reactions.
macromoleculesmolecules of high molecular mass that have characteristic properties because of their large size
target organismthe organism against which a treatment is directed (cf
rodinian
heat shock responseA global regulatory response resulting in increased or decreased expression of a number of genes in response to injury by heat, osmotic change and certain other forms of stress.
energetic war of attritionA model that assumes that each individual does not have access to information on its opponent.s RHP
flexiblepliable; with elastic properties.
post-behind or after.
photoautotrophAn organism able to use light as its sole source of energy and carbon dioxide as sole carbon source.
phenylketonuriaGenetic disease characterized by mental retardation, light skin, and eczema; caused by mutations in the gene that encodes phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), a liver enzyme that normally metabolizes the amino acid phenylalanine
suspension-feederAn aquatic animal, such as a clam or a baleen whale, that sifts small food particles from the water.
exodermthe outer skin or crust.
half-lifeThe time that it takes for half of the activity of a molecule to decay.
cohesion-tension theoryA theory accounting for the upward movement of water in plants
obligateRequired
cryopreservationA process for storing biological material at very low temperatures for lengthy periods of time
signate -us= with marks or spots; see notate.
bilayerSee phospholipid bilayer.
response regulatorA regulatory protein that responds to sensor protein of a "two-component" regulatory system
tracerMolecule or atom that has been labeled either chemically or radioactively so that it can be followed in a biochemical process or readily located in a cell or tissue.
bacteriostaticA condition which prevents the growth of bacteria without killing them.
nucleotideA nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups linked via an ester bond to the sugar moiety
f1 crossA cross between two pure-breeding or homozygous lines
regionalA collection of smaller habitats.
monounsaturatedproperty of fats in which only one double bond exists between carbon atoms per molecule
aurantiacusorange colored; a mixture of yellow and red [chrome orange].
implantationThe attachment of the embryo to the uterine wall.
cervixThe lower neck of the uterus
respirationbreathing or taking breath: union of oxygen with tissues and liberation of carbon dioxide from same.
stressThe effects of psychosocial and environmental factors on physical and mental well-being.
optical biosensorA sensor that uses light to detect the effect of a chemical on a biological system.
long terminal repeat(LTR)
chemotrophsOrganisms (usually bacteria) that derive energy
meristemGroup of undifferentiated cells from which new tissues are produced
teluma spear, or spear-shaped process.
chlorophyllGreen pigment required for photosynthesis.
blastomycosisAn acute or chronic mycosis which usually affects man and animals (e.g
methanotrophAn organism capable of oxidizing methane.
disperseswith scattered markings, punctures or other small sculptures.
segmentatemade up of rings or segments.
analysis of varianceStatistical technique for testing for differences among the means of several groups with respect to a continuous variable.
tilln
exogenousOriginating outside of the organism.
tube feetExtensions of the water-vascular system of echinoderms, protruding from the body and often ending in suckers
arousal thresholdIn the study of sleep, a measure of the difficulty of waking a sleeping individual at a particular time; a low threshold signifies that sleep terminates relatively easily.
salting inThe increase in solubility that is displayed by typical globular proteins upon the addition of small amounts of certain salts, such as ammonium sulfate.
ethologysee ecology.
lysosomeA eukaryotic organelle containing hydrolases active at pH 5
single chain antibodyA synthetic antibody based on a single chain.
yeast artificial chromosomeA cloning vector which contains sequences from a yeast chromosome required for DNA replication and segregration
provincialityThe degree to which the taxonomic composition of a biota is differentiated among major geographic regions.
thermophileA microorganism that grows optimally in high-temperature environments.
calorieA unit of energy equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C, from 14.5°C to 15.5°C
cleavage furrowThe first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.
linoleic acidAn essential fatty acid
caenorhabditis elegansA nematode widely used in cell lineage studies.
hivHuman Immunodeficiency Virus.
dormant sprayssprays used when plants are dormant, to control overwintering pathogens.
d-loopThe structure formed when ssDNA pairs with a dsDNA molecule, disrupting the pairing of the original duplex DNA to form a hybrid between the ssDNA and one of the strands of the duplex DNA, and displacing the other strand from the duplex.
hydrophilic"water loving"
cnidocystThe "stinging cell" of a cnidarian.
banda transverse marking broader than a line.
electronegativityThe tendency for an atom to pull electrons toward itself.
meiosisIn eukaryotes, reduction division, the process by which the change from diploid to haploid occurs.
monotremesEgg-laying mammals, presently restricted to Australasia; the platypus (Ornithorhyncus) and echidna spiny anteater (Tachyglossus, Zaglossus).
sporozoaNonmotile parasitic protozoa.
hydrophobicA property meaning "water fearing," describing molecules that are repelled by water.
htlv-1Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus (type 1)
chromophoreA functional group that absorbs light, giving rise to color.
green world hypothesisThe conjecture that terrestrial herbivores consume relatively little plant biomass because they are held in check by a variety of factors, including predators, parasites, and disease.
bacteriophageA virus that infects a bacterium or prokaryotes.
protonpositively charged subatomic particle having the same mass as a neutron
stretch-gated channelA channel protein that opens and closes in response to stretching or pulling forces that alter the physical tension on a membrane.
negative feedbackA process by which the deviations of a property from a specific set-point level are opposed, thereby tending to keep the property at the set-point level.
pustulated hairin Mallophaga those arising from unchitinized spaces.
ventilationForced flow (convection) of air or water into and out of structures used for external respiration or over body surfaces used for external respiration.
phylogenyEvolutionary history of an organism or group of organisms, often presented in chart form as a phylogenetic tree.
systematicsAlthough defined by Simpson as the study of the diversity of organisms and all their comparative and evolutionary relationships, it is often used interchangeably with the terms classification and taxonomy.
coenzymesChemicals required by a number of
dinosaurs & pterosaursMost wiped out by end of Cretaceous period.
omnivoresAnimals that feed on both plants and animals.
oxygenchemical element essential for efficient release of energy from food during aerobic respiration.
magismore.
specific epithetThe label (or designation) of a particular species in the binomial nomenclature system
chronicLong term or frequently recurring
capSee catabolite gene activator protein.
adapAIDS Drug Assistance Programs
dimorphisma difference in form, color, etc, between individuals of the same species, characterizing two distinct types: may be seasonal, sexual or geographic.
gel retardationA technique that identifies a DNA fragment that has a bound protein by virtue of its decreased mobility during gel electrophoresis.
trimeric gtp-binding proteinsee GTP-binding protein
insight learningThe ability of an animal to perform a correct or appropriate behavior on the first attempt in a situation with which it has had no prior experience.
ex ovafrom or out of the egg: applied to specimens that have been bred from the egg stage.
pleurococcustype of unicellular plant that grows in damp, shady habitats.
electron donorA substance that donates electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction.
sandstoneSedimentary rock composed of sand-sized clasts.
conotoxinskoh-no-TAWKS-uhns/ Toxins produced by snails of the genus Conus.
genetic engineeringManipulating genetic material of organisms in order to produce desired effects.
isomersAny two molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of molecular groups.
densa tooth or tooth-like process.
lipidAny organic molecule that is insoluble in water but is soluble in nonpolar organic solvents
leachingThe dissolving of minerals and other elements in soil or rocks by the downward movement of water.
benzimidazolessystemic fungicides, including Benomyl (q.v.).
deletionLoss of a segment of a chromosome.
pm10particulate matter with an average diameter of 10 µm or less (on the order of 0.0004 in)
pheneticReferring to phenotypic characters that can be described or measured
nonpolarPossessing hydrophobic (water repelling) characteristics and not easily dissolved in water.
cryptohidden, concealed.
basic researchResearch driven by scientists' interest in questions pertaining to the biology behind a process or disease.
auto-A prefix that indicates self-origin.
alcohol fermentationThe conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.
subthalamic nucleusan oval mass of grey matter located in the caudal part of the subthalamus; associated with the striate body
secondary protein structureThe arrangement of the amino acids within subregions of a protein molecule into highly regular geometric shapes
estrusThe interval during which female mammals exhibit maximum sexual receptivity, usually coinciding with the release of eggs from the ovary.
dimerStructure resulting from the association of two subunits.
platelet-activating factorA compound that reduces inflammation by increasing permeability of blood vessels and contracting various involuntary muscles such as those in airways.
conspicuousstriking: easily seen at a glance.
photoautotrophsOrganisms that are able to synthesize their own food from collected light energy through photosynthesis.
strigatehaving striga: applied to a surface on which the striga are impressed as in the elytra of some beetles, or to an ornamentation composed of fine, short lines
learningLearning is the ability of an organism to modify its behavior based on past experience
biosensorA device that uses a biological element, such as an immobilized enzyme or cell, as a sensor.
igsee immunoglobulin
chemical energytype of energy present in food before respiration takes place.
hypertonicDescribes any medium with a sufficiently high concentration of solutes to cause water to move out of a cell due to osmosis.
roche moutoneen
recycled-content productproduct made from materials that otherwise would have been in the waste stream
faunaAll animals of a particular region or time period.
evidenteasily seen or recognized.
temperate virusA virus which upon infection of a host does not necessarily cause lysis but whose genome may replicate in synchrony with that of the host
polar groupA hydrophilic (water-loving) group.
plateletsSmall, enucleated cells that initiate blood clotting; they arise from cells called megakaryocytes in the bone marrow
cofactorInorganic ion or coenzyme that is required for an enzyme’s activity.
hexanephricwith six kidneys, or structures serving as such.
genomeThe total genetic content of a cell or a virus.
prokaryoteAn organism lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bounded compartments.
liverThe largest organ in the vertebrate body
avogadro's numbernumber of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12
chitinA
dsdnaDouble-stranded DNA.
daltonn
holliday junctionThe cruciform structure formed as an intermediate in homologous genetic recombination.
antibioticA natural product that inhibits bacterial growth (is bacteriostatic) and sometimes results in bacterial death (is bacteriocidal).
antiserumA serum containing antibodies.
reuptakeThe process by which a presynaptic nerve cell takes neurotransmitter out of the synapse and recycles it to prevent too much signaling.
lysogenic pathwayA complex pattern of virus reproduction in which viral genetic material inserts itself into the host cell’s genetic material
dttpThymidine triphosphate.
antimicrobialharmful to microorganisms by either killing or inhibiting growth.
peptide mapCharacteristic two-dimensional pattern (on paper or gel) formed by the separation of the mixture of peptides produced by the partial digestion of a protein.
carrying capacityThe maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, symbolized as K.
common intermediateA chemical compound common to two chemical reactions, as a product of one and a reactant in the other.
reticulatelike net-work.
free energyA quantity of energy that interrelates entropy (S) and the system's total energy (H); symbolized by G
subtusbeneath; at the under surface.
paracentric inversionInversion which does not include the centromere in the inverted segment.
beta sheetThe protein configuration resulting from the alignment of multiple adjacent beta strands and the formation of hydrogen bonds between them.
nuclideA single isotope.
alutaceousrather pale leather brown [burnt sienna]: covered with minute cracks, like the human skin.
coneA type of photoreceptor in the vertebrate retina
tandem repeatsMultiple adjacent copies of the same sequence.
assayA chemical analysis of a substance to determine its components.
cuticleKYOOT-uh-kuhl/ (1) outermost layer or investment of an organism, particularly the exoskeleton an arthropod; usually made up of fibrous materials such as collagen or chitin, and in some cases strengthened by the addition of minerals (e.g., calcium carbonate) (2) a waxy external layer, that prevents drying; found on the outer surface of many plants.
assortative matingMating among individuals on the basis of their phenotypic or genotypic similarities (positive assortative) or differences (negative assortative) rather than mating among all individuals on a random basis.
mrnaAbbreviation for messenger RNA.
expression systemA cell-based protein synthesis system programmed by an expression vector.
integrationThe coordination of input signals, as by summing, to provide a harmonious control of output
predatory= predaceous: q.v.
cartilaginousof the consistency of cartilage or gristle.
aceous or aceussuffix; similar to, or of the nature of.
autoradiographyTechnique in which a radioactive object produces an image of itself on a photographic film
ketogenic amino acidsAmino acids with carbon skeletons that can serve as precursors of the ketone bodies.
transpirationPassage of water from the roots of a plant to the atmosphere via the vascular system and the stomata of the leaves.
replicative cell senescencePhenomenon observed in primary cell cultures as they age, in which cell proliferation slows down and finally halts.
ampThe abbreviation for adenosine monophosphate; also written as 5' AMP, since the phosphate is attached to ribose moiety at position 5.
immunizationThe process of generating a state of immunity by artifical means
acute urethral syndromeLower urinary tract infection that may be difficult to differentiate from cystitis; seen most commonly in younger, sexually active females and caused by Escherichia coli (counts as low as 100 per milliliter may be significant in this situation), Chlamydia, and other organisms.
maricultureThe culture of marine organisms.
subunitComponent of a multicomponent complex—for example, one protein component of a protein complex or one polypeptide chain of a multichain protein.
gnathochilariuma plate formed by the labial structures.
ectopicOccuring in an unusual place or form.
infant mortalityThe number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.
atomThe smallest existing particle of a pure element that can exist and still maintain the properties (or chemical characteristics) of that element
acetyl coaA two carbon energy rich residue attached to a coenzyme called Coenzyme A
centrolecithalapplied to eggs in which the food yolk is central.
chemotrophsOrganisms (usually bacteria) that derive
amorphousshapeless, formless.
inoculumMaterial used to initiate a microbial culture.
exciteTo raise a molecule from the ground state to the excited state.
mesophyllThe photosynthetic tissue of a leaf that is internal to the epidermis, and contains both palisade and spongy cell types.
phytoalexinA type of compound produced by some plants in response to fungal infection or injury
ppbparts per billion; a measure of concentration.
antibodyA defense protein synthesized by the immune system of vertebrates
chemoautotrophAn organism that needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source but that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances.
ectothermic"Cold-blooded": a body temperature primarily determined by the ambient (environmental) temperature.
gram-positiveDescribing the group of bacteria with a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan than that of gram-negative bacteria
nicatinamide adenine dinucleotideAn important electron and hydrogen ion acceptor in cellular respiration
hydrothermal ventn
ammoniten
sequencethe order in which things follow; e.g
unstable equilibriumAn equilibrium to which a system does not return if disturbed
pulse-chaseTechnique for following the movement of a substance through a biochemical or cellular pathway, by briefly adding the radioactively labeled substance (the pulse) followed by the unlabeled substance (the chase).
amphitrophicCapable of photosynthetic or chemotrophic growth.
foveolatewith shallow cavities like a honey-comb.
calvin cycleMajor metabolic pathway by which CO2 is incorporated into carbohydrate during the second stage of photosynthesis (carbon fixation) in plants
polar stratospheric cloudsthin stratospheric clouds composed of a small amount of frozen water vapor
kilocaloriesUnits of 1,000 calories
asymmetric carbonA carbon atom covalently bonded to four different atoms or groups of atoms.
phospholipidsA molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
suffusiona clouding, or a spreading of one shade over another.
knuckle-walkingQuadrupedal gait of chimpanzees and gorillas, performed by curling the fingers toward the palm of the hand and using the backs (dorsal surfaces) of the knuckles to support the weight of the front part of the body.
sexual selectionSelection that acts directly on mating success through direct competition between members of one sex for mates (intrasexual selection), or through choices made between them by the opposite sex (epigamic selection), or through a combination of both selective modes
catalytic siteSee active site.
conformationThe spatial arrangement of atoms in three dimensions in a macromolecule such as a protein or nucleic acid.
crop rotationThe alternation of planting a nonlegume one year and a legume the next year to restore concentration of fixed nitrogen in the soil.
calcareousadj
ubiquitinA small, highly conserved protein that becomes covalently linked to lysine residues in other intracellular proteins
pacemakerThe cell or set of cells that spontaneously initiates a rhythm
bivalve molluscA clam, mussel, scallop, oyster, or related animal.
lipidsOrganic compounds such as fats, waxes, and steroids that tend to be more soluble in organic solvents of low polarity (for example, ether, chloroform) than in more polar solvents (for example, water).
centrosomea spherical body that appears outside the nucleus of a cell.
critical concentrationConcentration of a protein monomer, such as actin or tubulin, that is in equilibrium with the assembled form of the protein (i.e
templateA single-stranded polynucleotide (or region of a polynuceotide) that can be copied to produce a complementary polynucleotide.
polymerA molecule composed of many repeating subunits (monomers) linked together by covalent bonds.
amphotericSee Ampholyte
limbthe circumference: the area surrounding the disc.
atpAn adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed
dna topoisomeraseAn enzyme that changes the superhelix density of supercoiled DNA.
circumgenital glandssmall circular glands with an excretory orifice at tip, disposed in groups about the genital orifice in Diaspinae.
sinistradtoward the left.
knockoutAn alteration of a gene that results in loss of function; a transgenic organism in which a gene has been inactivated.
phthalimidesthe protectant fungicides: Captan, Captafol/Difolatan, Folpet/Phaltan.
ginkgo bilobaA plant that has been shown to have certain antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties
positional cloningIsolation and cloning of the normal form of a mutation-defined gene (i.e., a gene identified by genetic analysis of mutants).
systematicin definite order, or arranged according to a system.
shootUsually, the above ground portion of a plant, bearing the leaves
projection formulasA method for representing molecules to show the configuration of groups around chiral centers; also known as Fischer projection formulas.
beta waveA type of brain wave; occurs during times of active thinking.
prototrophA microorganism that is able to grow on minimal medium containing only a carbon source and inorganic salts.
delayed implantationEmbronic diapause in placental mammals
restriction enzymesProteins produced by bacteria that break foreign DNA molecules at very specific sites; Enzymes that cut DNA
pendulousdrooping: hanging free, attached to one end only.
dextrosen
antibioticA substance usually produced by a fungus or bacteria that can kill other microorganisms
derived characterA character (or character state) that has evolved from an antecedent (ancestral) character or state.
opposable thumbAn arrangement of the fingers such that the thumb can touch the ventral surface of the fingertips of all four fingers.
sh2 domainSrc homology region 2, a protein domain present in many signaling proteins; it binds a short amino acid sequence containing a phosphotyrosine.
micromanipulatorInstrument used with a microscope for manipulating small instruments and specimens.
solutea substance that is dissolved in a solution
gustatoryHaving to do with taste.
substrate feederAn organism that lives in or on its food source, eating its way through the food.
logistic population growthA model describing population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity.
homogenoussimilar in structure due to a community of descent.
immune deficiency diseaseA disorder characterized by the suppression of the immune reaction.
micelleAn aggregate of lipids in which the polar head groups face outward and the hydrophobic tails face inward; no solvent is trapped in the center.
canopyThe uppermost layer of vegetation in a terrestrial biome.
topsoilA mixture of particles derived from rock, living organisms, and humus.
pedatefoot-bearing, or having feet.
epidemiologyThe study of the spread of diseases within and between populations.
phytochromeA plant chromoprotein involved in the regulation of light-dependent growth processes.
burrowing animalIn aquatic forms, a bottom-dweller that moves through soft benthic sediments.
t cellA T-lymphocyte.
radioimmunometrica measurement using radioimmunology, a system for testing antigen antibody reactions using radioactive labelling of antigen or antibody to detect the extent of the reaction
trophic structureThe different feeding relationships in an ecosystem, which determine the route of energy flow and the pattern of chemical cycling.
compoundmade up of many similar or dissimilar parts.
active siteThe region of an enzyme molecule that contains the substrate binding site and the catalytic site for converting the substrate(s) into product(s).
simulationAn emulation of biological systems with predictive value for research; a virtual biological system.
cancellatecross-barred: latticed: with longitudinal lines decussate by transverse lines.
carbohydratemember of the group of energy-rich foods that includes sugar and starch.
calvin cycleThe cyclic pathway used by plants to fix carbon dioxide and produce triose phosphates.
cam photosynthesisSee Crassulacean acid metabolism.
energy transferThe transfer of energy from one chromophore to another by a process dependent on the distance between the two molecules
differential mediumA medium which is used to differentiate different types of microorganisms based on their different e.g
dntpAbbreviation for a deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate when the exact deoxynucleotide (typically dATP, dTTP, dGTP, or dCTP) is unspecified or unknown.
electronNegatively charged subatomic particle that generally occupies orbitals surrounding the nucleus in an atom.
autotrophic nitrificationOxidation of ammonium to nitrate through the combined action of two chemoautotrophic organisms, one forming nitrite from ammonium and the other oxidizing nitrite to nitrate.
segregationSee Mendel's first law.
chlorophyllsA group of light-absorbing porphyrin pigments that are critical in photosynthesis
drill coren
modifierA gene that alters the effect of another.
x-ray crystallographyA technique that depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of the molecule.
accessoryadded, or in addition to.
calcium channelA channel in the membrane of a neuron that allows calcium to pass through; essential in sending information through and between neurons.
red blood cellA hemoglobin-containing cell in the blood of an animal
cingula -uma colored band or bands.
gartGenotypic Antiretroviral Resistance Test
osmoconformitySee osmotic conformity.
5-lipoxygenaseAn enzyme that leads to the production of leukotrienes, which are chemicals that contribute significantly to inflammation.
reductive dechlorinationRemoval of Cl as Cl- from an organic compound by reducing the carbon atom from C-Cl to C-H.
pfgeSee Pulsed field gel electrophoresis.
cystamineA TGase inhibitor shown to be a potential treatment for HD.
polyploidDescribes a cell or an organism that contains more than two sets of homologous chromosomes.
prochlorophyteA prokaryotic oxygenic phototroph that contains chlorophylls a and b but which lack phycobilins.
hormoneGeneral term for any extracellular substance that induces specific responses in target cells
cell theoryunderstanding that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from preexisting cells.
physiologyThe study of the functions of an organism.
fast track productA potential drug in development that is believed to meet an unfulfilled medical need and is required urgently, so that the process of testing in clinical trials and FDA evaluation of the results is sped up.
crustaceoushard, like the shell of a crab.
diffraction patternPattern set up by wave interference between radiation transmitted or scattered by different parts of an object.
dengueThe rate or speed of transmission of viral infections depends on factors that include population density, the number of susceptible individuals, (i.e., those not immune),
cerebellumPart of the vertebrate hindbrain located dorsally; functions in unconscious coordination of movement and balance.
sticky endsTwo DNA ends in the same DNA molecule, or in different molecules, with short overhanging single-stranded segments that are complementary to one another, facilitating ligation of the ends; also known as cohesive ends.
jouleA unit of work or energy equal to 10,000,000 ergs; 1000 joules equals 1 kilojoule (kJ).
moderatormaterial that slows the neutrons in a nuclear reactor, making them more effective in producing fission
heterotrophAn organism that requires complex nutrient molecules, such as glucose, as a source of energy and carbon.
urethraThe duct that carries nitrogenous waste from the bladder to the outside.
glycogenA substance made up of sugars
siphonophora= Coccinellidae; the term is preoccupied in the Coelenterates.
amino acidany of a class of 20 molecules that combine to form proteins in living things.
chiral resolutionThe resolution of a mixture of D- and L-enantiomers of a chiral compound.
adenineA purine base in DNA and RNA.
larynxThe voice box, containing the vocal cords.
electron-transport chainSeries of electron carrier molecules along which electrons move from a higher to a lower energy level to a final acceptor molecule
allometric equationTwo variables, X and Y, are related in an allometric manner when Y = aXb (b ¬ 1)
ingestionThe intake of water or food particles by "swallowing" them, taking them into the body cavity or into a vacuole
mutantAn organism with an altered base sequence in one or several genes
ketone bodiesAcetoacetate, D-βhydroxybutyrate, and acetone; watersoluble fuels normally exported by the liver but overproduced during fasting or in untreated diabetes mellitus.
melanocyteCell that produces the dark pigment melanin
griseuslight gray; a mixture of white and black [gray].
neuronCell with long processes specialized to receive, conduct, and transmit signals in the nervous system.
classA taxonomic grouping of related, similar orders; category above order and below phylum.
biogeochemistryStudy of microbially mediated chemical transformations of geochemical interest, e.g
lipLymphoid Interstitial Pneumonitis
x chromosomeThe name given in various groups to a sex chromosome usually present twice in the homogametic sex (XX) and only once in the heterogametic sex (XY or XO).
plutonn
dynamic stability hypothesisThe idea that long food chains are less stable than short chains.
acetylcholineNeurotransmitter that functions at a class of chemical synapses known as cholinergic synapses
whitlows= paronychia; q.v.
biosphereZone incorporating all forms of life on earth
macromoleculeMolecule such as a protein, nucleic acid, or polysaccharide with a molecular mass greater than a few thousand daltons.
cox-2 inhibitorsDrugs that selectively inhibit the COX-2 enzymes and have minimal or no effects on the activities of the COX-1 enzymes.
att siteSee attachment site.
sagittal planethe longitudinal vertical plane which divides an animal into right and left halves.
taqman assayAlso known as 5'-nuclease assay
mesophyllThe ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis.
purpureous -euspurple [mauve].
adaptive radiationA common biogeographical pattern seen on remote islands in which a particular group of organisms is found in a wide variety of niches including many not normally inhabited by the group
major histocompatibility complexComplex of highly polymorphic genes in vertebrates
retinaa light-sensitive area, as in the subsporangial vesicle of Pilobolus.
leukemiaCancer of white blood cells.
sequencingDetermination of the order of 
pr toxina toxin produced by Penicillium roquefortii fortunately not during the ripening of blue cheeses.
anaerobic respirationAn electron transport system in which substances other than oxygen serve as the terminal electron acceptor (for example, sulfates, nitrates, methane).
cascadeA sequence of successive activation reactions.
polarity(1) In chemistry, the nonuniform distribution of electrons in a molecule; polar molecules are usually soluble in water
photoaffinity labelA label with a photoactivatable group that forms a covalent link with an adjacent protein upon illumination.
heuristic algorithmA programming strategy based on trial-and-error methods and feedback evaluation.
myxamoebaamoeboid stage of Myxostelida, feeds phagotrophically and later becomes a plasmodium.
hydrocarbonCompound that has only carbon and hydrogen atoms
chlorofluorocarbonsChemical substances used in refrigerators, air conditioners, and solvents that drift to the upper stratosphere and dissociate
fossilA preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past
isolateto separate out from others; occurring alone.
sinuato-convexsinuate and convex.
outcrossingMating between unrelated individuals that is more frequent than would be expected on the basis of chance.
n terminussee amino terminus
ferreous -eusthe metallic gray of polished iron.
dose responseA relationship in which a change in the amount, intensity, or duration of an exposure is associated with either an increase or decrease in risk of a specified health outcome.
mast cellA type of connective tissue cell adjoining blood vessels throughout the body
hydrogen ionA single proton with a charge of 1+
nucleophilic groupAn electron-rich group that tends to attack an electron-deficient nucleus.
replicationThe process by which DNA copies itself before cell division
iptgAn abbreviation for isopropyl-ß-D-thiogalactoside
nsaidsAbbreviation for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
clathrinA fibrous protein that with the aid of assembly proteins polymerizes into a lattice-like network at specific regions on the cytosolic side of a membrane, thereby forming a clathrin-coated pit, which buds off to form a vesicle
exclusive eventsEvents for which the occurrence of one precludes the occurrence of the other.
buffer reactionA chemical reaction in a solution that tends to stabilize the pH of the solution by removing H+ from the solution when H+ is added by some external process and by adding H+ to the solution when H+ is removed by an external process.
desmosomeA “spot weld” type of junction between two adjacent cells in which protein filaments intermingle across the space between the cells, thereby strengthening and stabilizing the morphological arrangement of the cells.
laurasiaThe supercontinent in the Northern Hemisphere (comprising what is now North America, Greenland, Europe, and parts of Asia) formed from the breakup of Pangaea about 180 million years ago.
dibasic cleavage siteA site within proteins specifically recognized and cleaved by endopeptidases.
guttaa light spot on a dark ground.
selectively permeablethe characteristic of allowing only certain substances from the outside environment to enter the cell
quiescentReferring to a cell that has exited the cell cycle and is in the G0 state.
embryo splittingDividing an embryo microsurgically into equal halves to produce identical twins.
hypermorphosisAn evolutionary increase in the duration of ontogenetic development, resulting in features that are exaggerated compared to those of the ancestor.
gastrointestinalRelating to the stomach and intestines.
zootypeA proposed stage in development characterized by the expression of a particular set of genes, that governs spatial development in multicellular animals.
nuclear inclusionsAnother term for neuronal inclusions.
transcription terminatorA nucleotide sequence that acts as a signal for termination of transcription
equilibriumState in which gene and genotypic frequencies remain constant in a population from one generation to the next.
atomoxetineThe first non-stimulant drug approved for the treatment of ADHD
enzymeA protein that triggers or "catalyzes" a biochemical reaction.
density-independent factorsAny factor influencing population regulation that acts to reduce population by the same percentage, regardless of size.
rectangularin the form of a right or rectangle.
lipidA small water-insoluble biomolecule generally containing fatty acids, sterols, or isoprenoid compounds.
false trufflea hypogeous, ectomycorrhizal gasteromycete, e.g., Rhizopogon.
neotropicalthat part of the earth's surface embraced in the greater part of Mexico, West Indies and South America.
drug dispositionDrug disposition refers to all processes involved in the absorption, distribution metabolism and excretion of drugs in a living organism.
stratigraphyn
poiseuille equationAn equation that describes the quantitative relation between the rate of flow of fluid through a horizontal tube and factors such as pressure, luminal radius, and length
celecoxibA drug that selectively inhibits COX-2 enzymes.
genicular arcOrthoptera; a curved dark marking on the posterior knee-joint.
binding energyThe energy derived from noncovalent interactions between enzyme and substrate or receptor and ligand.
uncoupling of oxidative phosphoryl-ationThe state of making little or no ATP from the energy that is released by the transport of electrons through the electron-transport chain.
carotenoidsMajor group of accessory pigments in plants; includes beta carotene
processivityThe ability of an enzyme to continue to act on a polynucleotide for a long distance without dissociating.
aerotolerantAbility of an anaerobic microorganism to grow in air, usually poorly, especially after initial anaerobic isolation.
zootypeA hypothetical pattern of gene expression shared across all animal phyla.
filter feederAn animal that obtains its food by filtering suspended food particles from water.
dominantDescribing an allele whose phenotype is expressed regardless of whether the organism is homozygous or heterozygous for that allele.
activation energyThe energy required to raise a molecule to its transition state to undergo a chemical reaction.
fluviatileinhabiting the margins of running streams.
stablizing selectionNatural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes.
areolatewith small defined areas, like a network.
dna-only transposonType of transposable element that exists as DNA throughout its life cycle
melaninabsorbs ultraviolet light and protects the skin from damage
zona pellucidaAn extracellular layer of glycoproteins secreted by a primary oocyte.
amyloid fibrilsAnother term for beta-amyloid fibrils.
chromosome bandingA chromosome identification method based on the production of a band pattern by staining.
isoprenoidMember of a large family of lipid molecules with a carbon skeleton based on multiple five-carbon isoprene units
free energyA measure of the potential energy of a system, which is a function of the enthalpy (H) and entropy (S).
wheyThe fluid protion of milk that separates from curd.
aldehydeA molecule containing a doubly bonded oxygen and a hydrogen attached to the same carbon atom.
agarose gelA gel, made of an uncharged agarose polymer, that is typically used to separate nucleic acids and other biomolecules by size via electrophoresis.
virulence geneSlang for a gene encoding a virulence factor.
familytaxonomic group above genus, but below order; suffix is -aceae.
computational chemistryComputer-based modeling and prediction of the structure of chemical compounds most likely to bind a protein drug target
substrateMolecule on which an enzyme acts.
procaryoteAn organism lacking a nuclear membrane and certain organelles such as mitochondria
replicationThe process of duplicating a DNA molecule.
upper-critical temperatureIn a homeotherm, the ambient temperature that represents the upper limit of the thermoneutral zone
intertidalThe coastal zone measuring from the lowest to the highest tide mark
semi-conservative replicationModel of DNA replication in which one of two original strands of DNA is retained in the parent cell, while the other is incorporated into the daughter cell.
phanerozoicn
specimenobject being viewed through a microscope.
erythropoiesisProduction of red blood cells.
staminateReferring to the stamen
temperature-sensitive alleleExpressed only at certain temperatures.
catarrhine primatesKAT-uh-rine/ Old World monkeys, apes, and human beings.
coiled coilThe form of the DNA helix in vivo, in which DNA structures are twisted around each other.
blastocystA hollow sphere of cells formed in early mammalian development that implants in the uterus
circadian rhythmAn endogenous rhythm with a period of about a day (ca
renal systemPart of the metabolic system; responsible for the regulation of bodily fluids and the elimination of wastes.
annulusa ring encircling a joint, segment, spot or mark; sometimes applied to the inner ring encircling the mouth opening.
densethickly crowded together.
baseA compound, usually containing nitrogen, that can accept a proton (H+)
oceanic crustn
cheminformaticsInformatics technologies that integrate chemical data with analytic and molecular design tools
molecular weightSee Gram molecular weight.
directional selectionSelection favoring one extreme phenotype.
cohesionThe force that holds molecules of the same substance together
metabolismn
metabolic pathwayA sequence of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert a precursor substance to one or more end products.
clonesThe descendants of a single cell.
continental driftThe movement, over time, of large landmasses—tectonic plates—on the earth's surface relative to each other
habitatThe natural environment/area/location in which where an organism normally grows.
epidemiologyThe study of the incidence and prevalence of disease in populations.
cristulatewith little crescent-like ridges or crests.
spider cellA type of neuroglial cell in the central nervous system that helps support other nerve cells
positive feedbackA physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change.ex
mushroomA filamentous fungus that produces large, sometimes edible structure, called fruiting body.
hormesisconcept that low doses of a harmful substance (such as radiation) may actually be benefi- cial
optical fiberA glass or plastic fiber surrounded by a material with a lower index of refraction
glycosidic linkageA covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
secondary structureperiodic, localized arrangement of the backbone segments of a protein chain
eurypteridAn extinct carnivorous cheliceriform also called a water scorpion
spongy mesophyllLoosely arranged photosynthetic cells located below the palisade mesophyll cells in a leaf.
triacylglycerolA fat or oil; a lipid composed of glycerol esterified with three fatty acids
cervixThe lower neck of the
vaccineMaterial used to induce specific protective immunity against a pathogen.
geneRegion of DNA that controls a discrete hereditary characteristic, usually corresponding to a single protein or RNA
adenosine diphosphateThe nucleotide formed by adding a pyrophosphate group to the 5'-OH group of adenosine.
stigmaThe part of the pistil that receives the pollen grain.
climateThe long-term prevailing weather in an area that is largely determined by temperature and precipitation.
t-snaresee SNAREs
bacAn acronym for Bacterial Artifical Chromosome
ciliaPleural of cillium.
substrate"Supporting surface" on which an organism grows
net metabolic water productionThe production of metabolic water by a process minus the losses of water that are obligatory for that process to take place.
septicemiaInfection of the bloodstream by microorganisms.
ki'the affinity of the inhibitor for the enzyme-substrate complex.
shii-takeLentinus edodes; a domesticated edible agaric used in Japanese and Chinese cuisine; the fungus is grown on logs of Fagaceae (oak, beech).
centrifugal selectionSee Disruptive selection.
catadromousRelating to an aquatic animal that undergoes most of its growth in freshwater but enters seawater to breed.
active siteThe specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds.
virescent or viridescentgreenish or becoming green.
dietary supplementvitamins, minerals, amino acids, enzymes, herbs, and other botanicals
phototropismThe bending of a plant toward or away from light
tumorAn abnormal mass of undifferentiated cells within a multicellular organism
aliquotA representative sample of a larger quantity.
epizootican unnecessary coining meaning an EPIDEMIC among animals.
polypeptideA linear polymer of amino acids held together by peptide linkages
unsaturatedIn lipid chemistry, characterized by one or more double bonds between carbon atoms in a carbon chain.
gene testingexamining a sample of blood or other body fluid or tissue for biochemical, chromosomal, or genetic markers that indicate the presence or absence of genetic disease.
luciferaseA mono-oxygenase enzyme that catalyzes bioluminescent reactions
antigenic determinantThe portion of an antigen that interacts with an immunoglobulin or T cell receptor.
filtrateSee ultrafiltrate.
monolayerA single layer of oriented lipid molecules.
rudiment -anythe beginning of any structure or part before it has developed.
adipose tissueA connective tissue that insulates the body and serves as a fuel reserve; contains fat -storing cells called adipose cells.
colligative propertiesProperties of solutions that depend on the number of solute particles per unit volume; for example, freezing-point depression.
proteolytic enzymesee protease
cellulosecomplex carbohydrate of which plant cell walls are made.
auxillary chromosomeFormer name for an unpaired sex chromosome
acid anhydrideliterally "an acid without water"
virulence factorAny gene product which enhances the ability of an organism to cause disease.
reverse transcriptaseEnzyme similar to DNA polymerase, but which uses an RNA strand as a template.
glycolysisReactions of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway in which glucose is oxidized to pyruvate.
caspaseEnzyme that cleaves other proteins and regulates apoptosis
mutualistic associatonsRelationships where one organism shelters another, two organisms exchange resources, or tighter dependencies evolve, such as coevolved relationships between specialized pollinators and flowers
channelleda surface, with deep grooves or channels.
moleculea very small particle of a substance made of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
ideal gas lawSee universal gas law.
peptidoglycanThe structural component of most bacterial cell walls.
cervicalrelating or belonging to the neck.
sub-sellatenearly like or approaching the form of a saddle.
convergenceThe endpoint of an iterative or recursive algorithm
hermaphroditeAn individual that possesses both ovaries and testes
carotenoidsLipid-soluble pigments that are made from isoprene units.
incomplete dominanceA type of inheritance in which F1 hybrids have an appearance that is intermediate between the phenotypes of the parental varieties
fungusKingdom of eucaryotic organisms that includes the yeasts, molds, and mushrooms
cretaceous western interior seawayn
oralpertaining to the mouth.
substituentatom or functional group substituted for a hydrogen atom
suspension feederAn aquatic animal, such as a clam or a baleen whale, that sifts small food particles from the water.
convergenceComing together
luminalRelated to the lumen.
protomerA subunit of an oligomeric protein.
glans penisThe head end of the penis.
simulation modelA model in which the relationships among the variables are programmed into a computer for analysis.
cladisticsA mode of classification based principally on grouping taxa by their shared possession of similar ("derived") characters that differ from the ancestral condition.
light reactionsThe reactions of photosynthesis in which solar energy drives the synthesis of ATP and NADPH.
plexusesPlural form of plexus.
eusteleWhen a plant's vascular tissue develops in discrete bundles, it is said to have a eustele
fuliginous -osussooty or smoky brown [Van Dyke brown + a little black].
chemolithotrophOrganism that obtains energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and uses inorganic compounds as electron donors.
snrnpAbbreviation for Small Ribonuclear Particle.
selection indexProcedure used to find appropriate weights for records (one or more traits) of an individual and its relatives and to combine information into a single value to rank individuals for selection.
stachybotryotoxina mycotoxin produced by the hyphomycete, Stachybotrys, growing on hay; implicated in serious poisoning of horses.
osmosisthe passive transport of water; diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane; the direction of osmosis is determined only by a difference in total solute concentration ; the kind of solutes in the solution do not matter
stress responseA set of nerve cell and endocrine responses that are elicited in response to a stressor to help restore homeostasis.
hypothesisA concept or idea that can be falsified by various scientific methods.
lectotypea co-type chosen, subsequently to the original description, to take the place which in other cases a holotype occupies.
homologous structuresHomologous structures are structures in different species that may have different functions and yet the structures have a common and deep developmental origin
thigmotropismAn orientation toward or away from a touch stimulus
data cleaningComputational processing to remove noise and artifacts from digital data prior to storage.
low-density lipoproteinA cholesterolcarrying particle in the blood, made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded
bilateral symmetryInstances in which the left and right sides of a longitudinal (sagittal) plane that runs through an organism's midline are approximately mirror images of each other.
knowledge miningThe extraction of useful knowledge from data patterns that have been rendered meaningful by the integration of information derived from external sources.
dejectamentathe excrement or excretion.
decaliter/DEK-ə-LEET-er/ n
abo blood groupsGenetically determined classes of human blood that are based on the presence or absence of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red blood cells
diffractionThe bending of light caused by the presence of an object.
clavateclubbed: thickening gradually toward the tip.
desertA terrestrial biome characterized by very low precipitation.
climaxMost advanced successional community of plants capable of development under, and in dynamic equilibrium with, the prevailing environment.
transcription factorTerm loosely applied to any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription in eucaryotes
redox reactionA chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.
normalizerUsed in both absolute and relative quantification studies to normalize quantitative results of test samples in such a way that the data becomes biologically meaningful.
apical meristemEmbryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.
circadian oscillatorThe biological clock that times a circadian rhythm.
nitrifying bacteriaMicroorganisms that restock nitrogenous minerals in the soil by converting nitrogen to ammonia
glyoxylate cycleA variant of the citric acid cycle, for the net conversion of acetate into succinate and, eventually, new some
anadromousRelating to an aquatic animal that undergoes most of its growth in seawater but enters freshwater to breed.
peri-round about
leaky mutationA nucleotide substitution that changes the amino acid sequence of a protein that results in partial loss of its activity.
backcrossA mating between an F1 or F1' individual to one of its parents (P1 or P2) or to another individual that is genetically identical to one of its parents
scaphiformboat-shaped.
nucleationCritical stage in the assembly of a polymeric structure, such as a microtubule, at which a small cluster of monomers aggregates in the correct arrangement to initiate rapid polymerization
ecosytemsInteracting systems of organisms living in a particular area and the physical environment with which they interact such as air, soil, water and sunlight.
bottleneck effectGenetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.
reclivatecurved into a convex, then into a concave line.
tertiary structureIrregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges.
sodium seleniteA chemical form of selenium used for its antioxidant effects.
micropyleThe part of the ovule where the pollen tube accesses the embryo sac.
in vitroLatin phrase for "in glass"; in a test tube or other artificial environment, as opposed to inside a living organism.
eubacteriaAn old term for the Bacteria
hepatocyteLiver cell.
bacterial artificial chromosomeCloning vector that can accommodate large pieces of DNA up to 1 million base pairs.
species-area curvesThe result of plotting the species richness of a particular sample against that area of that sample which reveals that as the size of a natural area increases, the number of species in that area increases as well.
hydrophobicNot interacting effectively with water; in general, poorly soluble or insoluble in water
ovipositionthe act of depositing the eggs.
primary immune responseAdaptive immune response to an antigen that is made on first encounter with that antigen.
distychusbipartite: separated into two parts.
nuclear envelopedouble membrane perforated by pores which regulate entry and exit of certain macromolecules and particles
integumentThe skin or outer surface of an animal
cerebral hemisphereThe right or left side of the vertebrate brain.
mesonthe middle plane of the body.
correlationStandardized measure of the degree of association between two characteristics.
resectionsurgical removal
eskern
pre-clinical developmentThe testing of a lead compound before clinical trials start
western blotSee immunoblot.
address-message conceptAddress-message concept refers to compounds in which part of the molecule is required for binding (address) and part for the biological action (message).
fattriglyceride that is solid at room temperature
independent variableIn an experiment, when one factor is manipulated, a second factor responds
coenzymeAn organic molecule that associates with enzymes and affects their activity.
germ lineA group of cells that contain the organism's genome and give rise to the reproductive cells.
cell adhesion moleculeProtein on the surface of an animal cell that mediates cell–cell binding or cell–matrix binding.
quaternary structureThe fourth level of protein structure
icosahedral symmetryThe symmetry displayed by a regular polyhedron that is composed of 20 equilateral triangular faces with 12 corners.
mid-intestine= mid-gut.
electrophoresisA method of separating DNA fragments of different lengths by placing them in agarose gel and running electric current through the gel.
glycolipidA lipid containing a carbohydrate group.
coupled reactionsTwo chemical reactions that have a common intermediate and thus a means of energy transfer from one to the other.
panduriformviolin shaped: oblong, with rounded ends, medially constricted.
biomoleculeAn organic compound normally present as an essential component of living organisms.
continental crustThe Earth's crust that includes both the continents and the continental shelves.
antagonistic selectionA source of natural selection that opposes another source of selection on a trait.
basicA compound that produces an excess of hydroxyl (OH ) ions when dissolved in water
hemopoiesisGeneration of blood cells, mainly in the bone marrow.
myocardiumThe muscle tissue of a heart.
helocerouswith clavate antennae.
cascadethe order of events that are hypthothsized to occur in a disease process, each step involving a certain set of molecules that regulate the molecules in the next step.
specific heatthe amount of heat that must be absorbed lost for one gram of a substance to change its temperature by one degree
missense mutationThe most common type of mutation, a base-pair substitution in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid.
clonal selection theoryTheory that explains how the adaptive immune system can respond to millions of different antigens in a highly specific way
avidinA protein that binds biotin with a very high affinity
polymerA large molecule formed by polymerization of monomeric units.
phospholipidA compound consisting of two fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol molecule
stratifiedarranged or made up in layers.
genomeall the genetic material in the chromosomes of a particular organism.
monotremesA group of primitive mammals restricted to the Australian region that are characterized by laying eggs
iteroparityA type of reproductive life history in which individuals are physiologically capable of two or more separate bouts of reproduction during their lives
protein chaperonesMolecules that discriminate between slowly-folding and misfolded proteins and localize with aggregates to inhibit their formation.
moleculeA particle made up of two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds or ionic attractions.
gradientChanges in the amount of a substance as it is displaced from its source.
deliquesce/del-lə-KWESS/ v
c-terminusThe end of the amino acid chain that makes up a protein that is terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH).
weatherThe state of the atmosphere including temperature, rain, cloud cover, wind and humidity.
neritic zoneThe shallow region of the ocean overlying the continental shelf.
lipidA biological molecule that is soluble in organic solvents
oxidationThe process by which a molecule or atom loses an electron
p-type semiconductorsemiconductor that contains freely moving positive charges, or "holes"
anagenesisThe evolution of new species that takes place progressively over time within a single lineage (branch), as opposed to cladogenesis where a group diverges into two or more branches
pre-ocularsee prae-ocular.
active transportthe pumping of a substance across a cellular membrane from a point of lower concentration to one of higher concentration; requires energy.
permeaseA protein that catalyzes the transport of a specific small molecule across a membrane.
autotrophAny organism that is able to manufacture its own food
productAn ending material in a chemical reaction.
fadThe coenzyme of some oxidation-reduction enzymes; it contains riboflavin.
drug***A drug is any substance presented for treating, curing or preventing disease in human beings or in animals
ecotourismTravel with the desire to view, sustain, and support natural ecosystems and local cultures.
insertionthe point or place where a part is inserted: a part that is inserted: the act of inserting.
circadian rhythmsregular rhythms of growth and activity, which occur in an approximately 24-hour cycle.
hepatic portal veinA large circulatory channel that conveys nutrient-laden blood from the small intestine to the liver, which regulates the blood's nutrient content.
primateA member of the order of mammals that includes anthropoids and prosimians.
aerial hyphaeHyphae above agar surface.
nucleaseAn enzyme which cleaves phosphate-deoxyribose bonds within (endonuclease) or at the end (exonuclease) of a nucleotide sequence
kringleA conserved protein domain whose 2-D representation resembles a Scandinavian pastry known as a kringle.
bundle of hisIn the vertebrate heart, a group of muscle fibers that carry impulses from the atrioventricular node to the walls of the ventricles; the only electrical bridge between the atria and the ventricles.
conjugationIn prokaryotes, transfer of genetic information from a donor cell to a recipient cell by cell-to-cell contact.
caspase-3A specific type of caspase that is involved in causing cells to undergo apoptosis
continental shelfn
conjunctivaA mucous membrane that helps keep the eye moist; lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the front of the eyeball, except the cornea.
cushing´s syndromeA glandular disorder caused by excessive cortisol (glucocorticoids).
bilobalideA component of the terpenoids that has been shown to have neuroprotective properties though its role in motor nerve cell regeneration.
law of segregationGenetic factors appear in pairs within an individual
mucopolysaccharideAn older name for a glycosaminoglycan.
pyranoseA simple sugar containing the six-membered pyran ring.
evanescentshort-lived, soon disappearing.
synclineA fold of rock layers that is convex downwards
biomimicryThe study of natural products that provide solutions to human needs
hydrocortisoneA drug that has much more mineralocorticoid activity than common glucocorticoid drugs and is therefore not suitable for long-term use
anti-terminatorA protein that allows RN polymerase to read through a terminator.
upregulationAn upward shift in the catalytic activity of an enzyme, the rate of functioning of a biochemical pathway, or the rate of some other similar process brought about in a controlled manner by a regulatory system.
homotypeis a specimen named by another than the author after comparison with the type.
spiculiformlike a slender, needle-like process.
cognitionThe ability of an animal to separate itself from the immediacy of its environment and to reflect on the past in order to solve future problems
action spectrumA graph that depicts the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process.
acidA substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
osmotic pressureHydrostatic pressure that must be applied to the more concentrated solution to stop the net flow of water across a semipermeable membrane separating solutions of different concentrations
kilojouleunit of energy used to measure energy (4.2kJ is the quantity of energy required to raise the temperature of 1000g of water by 1oC)
adult stem cell plasticityThe ability of an adult stem cell from one tissue to generate specialized cells of another tissue (e.g., a blood stem cell that could produce a nerve cell).
affinityThe strength of an interaction between two molecules, such as the binding of an antigen to an antibody.
subcellular membraneSee intracellular membrane.
2d-pageThis gel separates proteins on a two-dimensional sheet of gel, first in one direction based on the isoelectric point, then in the other direction based on the molecular weight of the proteins under investigation.
rapid-start complexThe complex that RNA polymerase forms at the promoter site just before initiation.
clonePopulation of cells or organisms formed by repeated (asexual) division from a common cell or organism
short cellscells of a dimorphic plant root exodermis which remain unsuberized long enough to permit ingress by VAM fungi.
sulphureous -eusbright, sulphur yellow [chrome lemon].
histoplasmosisdeep-seated mycosis of humans caused by Histoplasma capsulatum (Hyphomycetes); common in the Mississippi Valley.
saprophyteOrganism which feeds on dead and decaying organisms, allowing the nutrients to be recycled into the ecosystem
ionophoreA compound that binds one or more metal ions and is capable of dif fusing across a membrane, carrying the bound ion.
radioactivityEmission of radiation by certain elements as their atomic nuclei undergo changes.
genotypingDetermining the genetic makeup of an organism.
van der waals attractionType of (individually weak) noncovalent bond that is formed at close range between nonpolar atoms.
calciteKAL-sight/ A form of calcium carbonate.
antagonismA type of influence of one substance (such as a hormone) in relation to another in which one opposes the action of the other on a target tissue.
rhizoidLong tubular single cell or filament of cells that anchors bryophytes to the ground
dilationan expansion or widening.
open systemA system that exchanges matter and energy with its surroundings
templateA single strand of DNA or RNA whose nucleotide sequence acts as a guide for the synthesis of a complementary strand.
hotspotn
psychiatricrelated to a set of mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders
secondary immune responseAdaptive immune response to an antigen that is made on a second or subsequent encounter with a given antigen
enzymecomplex protein which helps to speed biochemical reactions
split geneAn interrupted gene.
indelA region of DNA that is present on the chromosome of an organism (Insertion) but absent from closely related organisms (Deletion).
binding siteA region on the surface of one molecule (usually a protein or nucleic acid) that can interact with another molecule through noncovalent bonding.
adaptationThe change in the response of a system over time; functional or structural changes that allow an organism to respond to changes in the environment.
2-dg 2-deoxy-d-glucose.A substance that helps induce autophagy and thus decrease huntingtin protein aggregation
allochthonousRefers to something formed elswhere than its present location
metastasisSpread of tumor cells from their site of origin and establishment of areas of secondary growth.
ppmparts per million; a measure of concentration.
pathogenA microorganism or other agent that causes disease.
filamentousIn the form of very long rods, many times longer than wide.
genetic distanceA measure of the divergence among populations based on their differences in frequencies of given alleles.
glanda cellular sac which separates or secretes from the blood specific portions to produce characteristic products - e.g
scrapieA common transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) in sheep and goats.
free radicalsAtoms or molecules that are highly reactive with other cellular structures because they contain unpaired electrons; free radicals can be very harmful to cells.
epididymisA duct from each testicle, with parts called the head, body, and tail, that stores and transports sperm to the vas deferens.
reproductive tableAn age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population
double-blind studyA double-blind study is a clinical study of potential and marketed drugs, where neither the investigators nor the subjects know which subjects will be treated with the active principle and which ones will receive a placebo.
calcaneuskal-KANE-ee-uhs/ A bone of the tarsus, which in human beings underlies the heel; the heel bone
superoxide anionA harmful derivative of oxygen capable of oxidative destruction of cell components.
bilateral symmetryCharacterizing a body form with a central longitudinal plane that divides the body into two equal but opposite halves.
mdr-tbMulti Drug Resistant Tuberculosis
enzymea protein that facilitates a specific chemical reaction.
consensus sequenceA nucleic acid sequence in which the base present in a given position is that base most commonly found when many experimentally determined sequences are compared.
back mutationA reversion event which restores the original DNA sequence.
backcrossA genetic cross between an offspring and one of its parents or an organism genetically identical to one of its parents.
karstn
oblonglonger than broad.
mutualismsymbiotic relationship in which BOTH organisms benefit
oxidizing agentThe acceptor of electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction.
phycoerythrinRed pigment found in cyanobacteria and red algae.
penetranceDefined as the ratio of individuals who have a disease-causing allele and manifest the disease versus those who have this disease causing allele but do not manifest the associated disease
infumatedclouded.
evolutionarily significant unitsPopulations of threatened or endangered organisms that need to be saved from extinction.
conidiasee CONIDIUM.
pathogensParasites that cause disease or death to their host organism.
gene cloningThe production of multiple copies of a gene.
radionuclidean unstable form of a chemical element that radioactively decays, resulting in the emission of nuclear radiation
serotoninA biogenic amine synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan.
fire regimeThe characteristic pattern of fire in a particular place.
a prioriDeduced from first principles; without prior knowledge.
monocyteA leukocyte found in bone marrow and in the circulatory system
glutathioneA water-soluble antioxidant, antitoxin, and enzyme co-factor found in animals, plants, and microorganisms
photolysisThe process by which water is split during the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis
aerobicLiterally means “with air.” generally refers to cellular respiration that requires oxygen
bidirectional replicationTwo replication forks proceed in opposite directions from the same origin of replication
cydariformglobose, but truncated at two opposite sides.
horizontal cellA neuron of the retina that helps integrate information before it is sent to the brain.
evolutionprocess by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms; any change in the relative frequencies of alleles in the gene pool of a population.
glycosylationThe post-translational addition of carbohydrate groups to a molecule
emery's ruleSocial parasites and their hosts share common ancestry and hence are closely related to each other.
odoriferousdiffusing an odor; applied to glands or secreting organs.
vital capacityThe maximum volume of air that a respiratory system can inhale and exhale.
cathodeThe negative electrode of an electrophoretic system toward which cations migrate.
acclimatizationThe adaptation of an organism to new environmental conditions.
chemotaxisDirected movement of a cell or organism towards or away from a diffusible chemical.
transition stateStructure that forms transiently in the course of a chemical reaction and has the highest free energy of any reaction intermediate
cofactorAn inorganic ion or a coenzyme required for enzyme activity.
thymine dimerSee pyrimidine dimer.
antisepticCompound that stops or inhibits growth of bacteria without necessarily killing them.
primary productionThe amount of light energy converted to chemical energy (organic compounds) by autotrophs in an ecosystem during a given time period.
restriction-modification systemA pair of enzymes found in most bacteria (but not eukaryotic cells)
static linesLines or wrinkles that remain unchanged, even with dynamic muscle movement.
antimicrobialChemical substance, either produced by a microorganism or by synthetic means, that is capable of killing or suppressing growth of microorganisms.
protein modulesee module
cytokineA small soluble protein from human cells in response to bacterial infection; directly or indirectly may induce fever, pain, or T-cell proliferatio; produced by cells other than lymphocytes, usually phagocytic cells.
portfolio effectIf the abundance of different species fluctuates independently, or at least out of phase with one another, then these fluctuations will average each other out, leading to less variation over time in a diverse assemblage.
complementary nucleotidesThe bonding preferences of nucleotides, Adenine
telomereA cap structure at the ends of chromosomes consisting of short repeated sequences with strand asymmetry in GC content, resulting in one G-rich strand and one C-rich strand.
aeroscepsyThe faculty of observing atmospheric changes: supposed to be located in the antenna.
physiotherapyAnother term for physical therapy.
dissect/də-SECT or DIE-sect/ v
breathing control centerA brain center that directs the activity of organs involved in breathing.
hairpin-mediated polymerase slippage modelA possible explanation for why expansions occur
aquaticliving wholly in water.
conglomerateA coarse-grained sedimentary rock, with clasts larger than 2 mm.
sickle-cell anemiaA human disease characterized by defective hemoglobin molecules; caused by a homozygous allele coding for the β chain of hemoglobin.
subductionn
heterodontAn organism with structural and functional differences among its teeth.
decubital/də-KYOOB-ə-təl/ adj
simple proteinA protein yielding only amino acids on hydrolysis.
strangulateconstricted, as if by bands or cords.
continental risen
facial wastingsee Wasting.
biogeochemistryStudy of microbially mediated chemical transformations of geochemical interest, such as nitrogen or sulfur cycling.
cost benefit ratioThe ratio of the cost of an act to its benefit, measured in terms of evolutionary fitness.
terrestrialliving on or in the land; opposed to aquatic.
respiratory chainThe electron transfer chain; a sequence of electron-carrying proteins that transfer electrons from substrates to molecular oxygen in aerobic cells.
antibodyImmunoglobulin molecule which as been coupled with a fluorescent molecule so that it exhibits fluorescence.
clottingThe process of forming lumps in a liquid.
haemolymphthe watery blood or lymph-like nutritive fluid of the lower invertebrates.
analogoussimilar in function; but differing in origin and structure: e.g
local signaling moleculesMolecules a released by cells not in a gland that generally travel through the interstitial fluid and have their effect locally
nutrient agarThe solid version of nutrient broth supplemented with agar.
cation exchangeA process in which positively charged minerals are made available to a plant when hydrogen ions in the soil displace mineral ions from the clay particles.
evaporationThe removal of heat energy from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules
nucleic acid hybridizationFormation of a double-stranded molecule by base pairing between complementary or homologous polynucleotides.
mutarotationThe change in specific rotation of a pyranose or furanose sugar or glycoside accompanying the equilibration of its α- and β-anomeric forms.
optic tractFibers of the optic nerve which project visual information mainly to the lateral geniculate body.
memantineA well-tolerated drug that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist, preventing glutamate toxicity
calichen
exteroreceptorA sensory receptor that detects stimuli outside the body, such as heat, light, pressure, and chemicals
coniferous forestA terrestrial biome characterized by long, cold winters and dominated by cone-bearing trees.
lactemilk-white.
systeman order of arrangement.
hepatocyteThe major cell type of liver tissue.
quantum evolutionA rapid increase in the rate of evolution over a relatively short period of time.
correlateto bring together into relation or correspondence.
adherenceRefers to the ability of bacteria to adhere (stick) to host surfaces.
biomorphoticathose neuropterous insects in which the pupa is active.
osmotic pressurethe potential pressure developed by a solution separated from pure water by a selectively permeable membrane that permits the passage of water, but not the dissolved substance.
futile cycleA metabolic cycle that converts energy to heat.
quaternary structureIn a protein, the way in which the different folded subunits interact to form the multisubunit protein.
selection plateauA phenomenon in which a population ceases to respond to artificial selection.
biological speciesA population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed.
local extinctionWhen a species no longer resides in an area of habitat due to suboptimal conditions.
compound leavesn
continuous variationOccurs when the
coprozoicKAWP-ruh-ZOH-ik/ Living in excrement.
controlDescribes the measures taken in a scientific experiment to account for unsuspected effects of anything other than the thing being tested
caspase [6A member of the caspase family, a groups of enzymes, involved in apoptosis.
dissection/die-SEX-shən, də-/ n
conditional lethal mutantA mutant that can grow under one set (permissive) of environmental conditions but dies under different (restrictive or nonpermissive) conditions.
vasocongestionThe filling of a tissue with blood, caused by increased blood flow through the arteries of that tissue.
heteropterouswith wings of different texture in different parts.
fretFluorescence resonance energy transfer
lyophilizationfreeze-drying, a technique used to preserve fungal cultures in a state of suspended animation.
aerobicRequiring O2.
immunoglobulinAny protein that functions as an antibody
oxidationThe process by which electrons are removed from a chemical
evaporative coolingThe property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state.
indInvestigational New Drug
cataractA clouding of the eye, making it difficult to see.
sievertinternational unit equal to 100 rem
adsperse -uswith markings of closely crowded small spots.
lysozymeAn enzyme in sweat, tears, and saliva that attacks bacterial cell walls.
epidermisThe outermost layer of cells or skin
obligateinvariably found in a particular situation; usually used in reference to organisms that must live in intimate association with a living host (cf
antigenSubstance that can incite the production of a specific antibody and that can combine with that antibody.
fungiThe kingdom Fungi are generally multicellular heterotrophs
catenulatelike catenate; but the links are smaller.
dna loopingThe interaction of proteins bound at distant sites on a DNA molecule so that the intervening DNA forms a loop.
evolutionA change in gene frequencies over time in a population
biological magnificationA trophic process in which retained substances become more concentrated with each link in the food
parenchymatouscomposed of soft cellular and connective tissue.
ligasesA series of enzymes that tie or connect pieces of DNA together based on complementary ends of the DNA strands
prototrophThe parent from which an auxotrophic mutant has been derived
nanotubesthin, singlewalled tubes that may be synthetic or partially synthetic (bionanotubes)
chalybeousmetallic steel blue.
low-energy phosphate compoundA phosphorylated compound with a relatively small standard free energy of hydrolysis.
x-ray diffractionThe scattering of x-rays from a crystal, resulting in an interference pattern used to determine the structure of the crystal.
founder effectA cause of genetic drift attributable to colonization by a limited number of individuals from a parent population.
argenteoussilvery.
urethraA tube that releases urine from the body near the vagina in females and through the penis in males; also serves in males as the exit tube for the reproductive system.
serial dilutionSeries of stepwise dilutions (usually in sterile water) performed to reduce the populations of microorganisms in a sample to manageable numbers.
populationOrganisms of the same species that occupy the same area.
heme proteinA protein containing a heme as a prosthetic group.
osmolarityA term used to describe the concentration of a solute in terms of the osmotic pressure it can exert.
nonpolarHydrophobic; describing molecules or groups that are poorly soluble in water.
adnateadjoining; adhering or growing together: closely connected.
aspergillomaa `fungus ball' composed principally of hyphae of Aspergillus, found in a pre-existing cavity (esp
energyThe capacity to do work (to move matter against an opposing force).
coevolutionThe mutual evolutionary influence between two different species interacting with each other and reciprocally influencing each other's adaptations.
cambrian periodThe interval between about 545 and 505 million years before the present, marking the plentiful appearance of fossilized organisms with hardened skeletons
additive effectThe magnitude of the effect of an allele on a character, measured as half the phenotypic difference between homozygotes for that allele compared with homozygotes for a different allele.
cell cycleThe orderly sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides into two
hydrogen bondA weak chemical bond between a hydrogen atom and a second, more electronegative element, usually an oxygen or nitrogen atom.
cycleA recurring sequence of events; e
abioticPertaining to nonliving properties, including light, air, water, nutrients and other physical and chemical properties of an environment.
silvicolousliving in moist, shady woods.
strand-directed mismatch repairsee mismatch repair
ergotaminea 3-amino acid cyclopeptide derivative of lysergic acid from Claviceps purpurea sclerotia; ergotamine tartrate is used to manage migraine by causing vasoconstriction of cranial arterioles, thereby reducing the pulsation pressure and attendant headache.
castType of fossil preservation where the original material of the fossil has decayed and been replaced later by another material, much the way a plaster cast is made in a mold
glandularhaving the character or function of a gland: used as descriptive of specialized hairs, spines or other processes.
directed molecular evolutionA laboratory version of evolution at the molecular level that can produce "designer molecules." A large starting population of molecules (typically nucleic acids) that varies randomly in base sequence and shape is subjected to replication with variation, followed by selection
transposable elementSegment of DNA that can move from one position in a genome to another
independent eventsEvents for which the probability of one event occurring is not influence by the occurrence of the other event.
aerogenicgas producing, e.g., aerogenic fermentation.
fadA coenzyme that participates in oxidation reactions by accepting two electrons from a donor molecule and two H+ from the solution
odonatebearing toothed mouth parts, like those of dragon flies.
gapdhGlyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase
formulationWhen a drug is made up of multiple compounds, the formulation describes the specific recipe for the drug, including which compounds are included and in what proportions.
proteina) type of organic chemical of which enzymes are composed; b) body-building foodstuff which is digested by pepsin.
zwitterionA dipolar ion, with spatially separated positive and negative charges.
biophysicsThe application of the techniques of physics to biological processes.
dentate gyrusA part of the hippocampal formation.
checkpointA critical control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.
impermeableterm used to refer to a structure that does not allow molecules in solution to pass through it.
chimerakigh-MIR-uh, kuh-/ (1) an organism combining cells from two or more different genetic sources
nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotideA coenzyme that functions as an electron carrier in oxidation/reduction reactions.
noncovalent bondAny relatively weak chemical bond that does not involve an intimate sharing of electrons
metaphase iStage of meiosis I
eukaryoten
stratumA layer of sedimentary rock; plural is strata.
induction(i)The switching on of transcription in a repressed system due to the interaction between the inducer and a regulatory protein
phenylketonuriaA human disease caused by a genetic deficiency in the enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine
paleoherbAny member of a group of basal flowering herbs which may be the closest relatives of the monocots
homogeneity chi-squareChi-square test used to individually test several data sets for fit to an expected ratio or to determine whether different sets of data are homogeneous (give the same results) so that the data sets may be pooled.
acid mine drainageThe process to draw off acidic water from natural mine rich of sulfid e minerals which has been oxidized to sulfuric acid by microbial actions.
perpendicularupright: at right angles to horizontal.
tubercule -uluma small tubercle.
deaminationThe enzymatic removal of an amine group, as in the deamination of an amino acid to an alpha keto acid.
endemicAn organism found only in one particular location.
esterMolecule formed by the condensation reaction of an alcohol group with an acidic group
clavolasee clava.
specialistOrganism which has adopted a lifestyle specific to a particular set of conditions
organismAn individual living thing.
contrastIn relation to microscopes, the ability to distinguish different densities of structures
allosyndesisPairing of homologous chromosomes in a allopolyploid which results in chromosomes derived from one parent pairing with chromosomes derived from the other parent.
interferonsA class of glycoproteins with antiviral activities.
polygenyMost diseases are polygenic, i.e
ontologyA hierarchical organization of concepts, typically used to denote 'more-general-than' and/or 'part-of' relationships.
molecular chaperonesSubstances inside the cell that bind and stabilize proteins at intermediate stages of folding, assembly, movement across membranes, and degradation.
primary transcriptThe immediate RNA product of transcription before any posttranscriptional processing reactions.
paedogeneticreproducing in the sexually immature or larval stage.
ribonucleic acidA chemical found in the 
antibioticA substance that interfers with a particular step of cellular metabolism, causing either bactericidal or bacteriostatic inhibition; sometimes restricted to those having a natural biological origin.
liganda molecule that binds to the target
carrierSee transporter.
astrocytomaA tumor arising from astrocytes, glial cells found in the brain.
dark reactionsSee carbon fixation reactions.
submitochondrial particleAn inside-out particle formed by the sonication of mitochondria
polyribosomeA complex of an mRNA and two or more ribosomes actively engaged in protein synthesis.
anteroposteriorDescribes the axis running from the head to the tail of the animal body.
discretedistinctly separated.
central nervous systemThe division of the
respiratory mediumThe source of oxygen
end-product inhibitionSee feedback inhibition.
functional groupsA specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.
corridorsRelatively narrow, linear strips of habitat between otherwise isolated habitat patches.
biotinA vitamin; an enzymatic cofactor involved in carboxylation reactions.
gene libraryA collection of cloned DNA fragments that contains all the genetic information of a particular organism.
tethys oceann
halophileA microorganism that grows optimally in a highly saline environment.
reca proteinThe protein encoded by the recA gene which is essential for homologous recombination
chi-square testStatistical procedure used to test degree of association or agreement between observed results and those results expected based on the hypothesis being tested.
compoundA substance formed by two or more elements
sub-as a prefix, means that the main term is not entirely applicable, but must be understood as modified in some way; e.g
random genetic driftThe random change in frequency of alleles in a population
cometabolismTransformation of a substrate by a microorganism without deriving energy, carbon, or nutrients from the substrate
monotypicala genus described from a single species, no other being known; or described from a single specified species with which are associated others believed to be identical in structure: see isotypical and heterotypical.
restrictedheld back: confined to a limited area.
metapopulation theoryThe theory that local populations of organisms undergo periodic colonization and extinction, but that these local populations are linked to other populations nearby by migration.
hydrogen peroxideA waste product of the cell that is a dangerous free radical.
unsaturatedDescribes a molecule that contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds, such as isoprene or benzene.
klenow fragmentA proteolytic fragment of DNA polymerase I that contains the DNA polymerase activity and the 3' to 5' proofreading activity but lacks the 5' to 3' exonuclease activity
morgan100 map units.
equilibrium constantRatio of forward and reverse rate constants for a reaction and equal to the association constant
autoclaveInstrument consisting of a double-walled, sealable enclosure in which steam heat at greater than atmospheric pressure is used to sterilize biologically contaminated material.
nuclear localization signalA short amino acid sequence that functions as a nuclear localization signal.
parkinson's diseaseA neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects one's ability to perform smooth movements
gram stainA staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls.
parasiteAn organism that benefits by living in or on another organism at the expense of the host.
innate immune responseImmune response (of both vertebrates and invertebrates) to a pathogen that involves the pre-existing defenses of the body—the innate immune system—such as barriers formed by skin and mucosa, antimicrobial molecules and phagocytes
activation energyExtra energy that must be possessed by atoms or molecules in addition to their ground-state energy in order to undergo a particular chemical reaction
arcuatecurved like a bow: = arcuate.
membrane proteinA protein that is associated with a membrane, rather than found free in the cell
active restorationAccelerating the process or attempting to change the trajectory of succession
turgidterm used to describe a plant cell swollen with water taken in by osmosis.
coccineouscochineal red; dark red [carmine].
eugenicsThe control of individual reproductive choices to achieve a social goal.
cd4A surface protein, present on most helper T cells, that binds to class II MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells, enhancing the interaction between the T cell and the antigen-presenting cell.
tryptophan hydroxylaseThe rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin
igneous rockAny rock solidified from molten or partly molten material.
stringent responseThe ability of a bacterium to limit the synthesis of tRNA and rRNA during amino acid starvation
down syndromeA human genetic disease resulting from having an extra chromosome 21, characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects.
compound chromosomeFusion of two separate chromosomes.
hairycovered or clothed with hair.
terpenoidsA constituent of Ginkgo biloba extract that includes the ginkgolides and the bilobalides.
breeding valueValue of an individual in a breeding program
membrane transportMovement of molecules across a membrane mediated by a membrane transport protein.
secondary pollutantpollutant produced from chemical reactions among two or more other pollutants
globular proteinAny protein with an approximately rounded shape
messenger rnaRNA molecule that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein
fidelityThe degree to which output reflects input
b cellOne of the major types of cells in the immune system
tegumenta covering surface or skin.
chemoautotrophsOrganisms that obtain energy through chemical reactions and build biomass directly from inorganic carbon.
correlativeof a correlated nature; see correlated.
beta sheetA three-dimensional structure of a protein that takes on a flat, pleated appearance.
porterA membrane protein that functions to transport substances into and out of the cell.
lysozymeEnzyme that catalyzes the cutting of polysaccharide chains in the cell walls of bacteria.
multipartitedivided into many parts.
5'-terminusThe end of a polynucleotide which carries the phosphate group attached to the 5' position of the sugar.
immunosuppressantA drug that suppresses the action of the immune system and is often used after organ transplant surgery to prevent the body from rejecting the organ.
sumo-1A protein that is responsible for making the mutated huntingtin protein significantly more toxic to nerve cells in the brain.
δg°'See standard free-energy change.
polyadenylation siteA processing signal at the 3' end of an RNA that specifies the addition of a stretch of adenines.
heat shock proteinProteins that are synthesized in organisms in response to various environmental stressors (such as extremes in temperature)
myceliumIn fungi, the mass of food absorbing cellular fibers(Hyphae) that make up the main part of the fungus
substrateThe molecule undergoing reaction with an enzyme.
dihybrid crossA breeding experiment in which parental varieties differing in two traits are mated.
monomerSmall molecular building block that can serve as a subunit, being linked to others of the same type to form a larger molecule (a polymer).
hypnodylethargy; a condition similar to or identical with hibernation.
primary metabolismsee METABOLISM.
ethicsThe science or discipline involving the principles of right versus wrong
permeabilityIn reference to a cell membrane or epithelium, the ease with which a particular solute can move through it by diffusion, or the ease with which water can move through it by osmosis.
vitaminAn organic molecule that cannot be produced by the body but is needed by the body in trace amounts
intramolecularWithin the same molecule
phase iii clinical trialThe third in a series of studies that test the safety and efficacy of a new drug or treatment in human participants and is only performed once the drug has successfully passed the phase II clinical trial
determinate cleavagea type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early
chromosomesThe self-replicating genetic structures of cells containing the cellular DNA that bears in its 
estuaryn
gibbuswhen the whole surface forms a hump or obtuse cone.
tautomerA nucleic acid base in which a hydrogen atom has moved from one position to another leading to a change in its pairing relationships.
periphytonDense strands of algal growth that cover the water surface between the emergant aquatic plants
density shift labelingThe addition of either a heavy or a light isotope to the growth medium which changes the density of the newly synthesized nucleic acids
genetic engineeringTechnology used to alter the genetic material of living cells in a way that the cells are capable of producing new substances or performing new functions.
diauxic growthBiphasic growth on a mixture of two carbon sources in which one carbon source is used up before the other one
polymerase slippage modelA possible model for how expansions occur
anucleateLacking a nucleus.
testesPrimary sex organs of the male, producing sperm cells and hormones, particularly testosterone.
photovoltaic cella device that converts radiant energy directly to electrical energy
guanineOne of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA; pairs with the base cytosine; often abbreviated as the letter "G"; see Figure B-3.
mendel's first lawSee law of segregation.
terrestrialLiving on land, as opposed to marine or aquatic.
riparianalong the river or along shore.
hypertrophyThe enlargement or overgrowth of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation
hybridizationPairing of two partly or fully complementary single-stranded nucleotide chains
p53Tumor suppressor gene found mutated in about half of human cancers
autotrophAn organism that can obtain the energy it needs to stay alive from sources other than the chemical bonds of organic compounds
primary metaboliteA metabolite excreted during the growth phase.
voltagedifference in electrochemical potential between the two electrodes
prokaryoteMicroorganism lacking a membrane-bound nucleus to contain its chromosomes.
rubiscoprotein which fixes carbon in photosynthetic organisms
genolectotypethe one species of a series selected as the type of the genus in which the describer of the genus placed it, subsequent to the description.
nitrogenase complexA system of enzymes capable of reducing atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia in the presence of ATP.
screening assayA test for potential drugs that are available from biotechnology companies and academic laboratories under contract
bioticPertaining to living organisms in an environment.
perennating organTissues that give rise to new growth the following season, and are therefore sensitive to climatic conditions.
electrochemical gradientThe sum of the gradients of concentration and of electric charge of an ion across a membrane; the driving force for oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation.
active siteregion on an enzyme that can bind with a specific substrate or substrates.
biological speciesA population or group of populations within which genes are actually or potentially exchanged by interbreeding, and which are reproductively isolated from other such groups
reductionThe addition of electrons and often hydrogen ions to a substance
afferent arterioleThe blood vessel supplying a nephron.
lymphThe colorless fluid, derived from interstitial fluid, in the lymphatic system of vertebrate animals.
ampicillinAn antibiotic widely used in clinical treatment and rDNA research
homologySimilarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry
nitrifying bacteriaChemolithotrophs capable of carrying out the transformations from NH3 to NO2- or NO2- to NO3-.
endergonic reactionA chemical reaction that requires a net energy input and converts more stable reactants into less stable products; not spontaneous.
hepatic portal vesselA large circulatory channel that conveys nutrient-laden blood from the small intestine to the liver, which regulates the blood's nutrient content.
sympatric speciationSpeciation that occurs between populations occupying the same geographic range.
trisomy 21Presence of three copies of chromosome 21; in humans, results in Down syndrome.
polymeraseAn enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a polymer by linking together its component monomers.
psychosocialA term used to describe the interaction between psychological and social aspects of one's life.
exaptationA structure that evolves and functions in one environmental context but that can perform additional functions when placed in some new environment.
segmentationAn animal body plan in which the organism is subdivided into serially arranged units
two-dimensional gel electrophoresisType of electrophoresis in which the protein mixture is run first in one direction and then in a direction at right angles to the first
antiphagocyticInhibiting the ability of the phagocyte to ingest bacteria, foreign materials, or other cellular debris.
infundibuliformfunnel-shaped.
discsthe abdominal motor processes of coleopterous larve.
amino terminusThe end of a polypeptide chain that carries a free α-amino group.
recurrencethe reappearance of disease; this can be manifested clinically as findings on the physical examination (e.g
conglobategathered together in a ball or sphere.
hemeAn iron-porphyrin compound that occurs as a prosthetic group in hemoproteins.
retro-(prefix) toward back, behind
afebrileRelating to the absence of fever.
gossypolA compound that is believed to decrease the presence of beta-amyloid fibrils, but has little or no success in inhibiting huntingtin protein aggregation.
constitutiveProduced in constant amount; opposite of regulated.
ketoneOrganic molecule containing a carbonyl group linked to two alkyl groups.
ahcprAgency for Health Care Policy and Research
cristaeInfoldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
cloneA clone is a population of genetically identical cells produced from a common ancestor
hydrophilicLiterally means water loving and refers to the fact that hydrophilic molecules are attracted to water
gliomaA non-metastatic brain tumor of glial origin.
melanocyteA skin cell that produces and stores the pigment melanin.
peritubular capillariesThe network of tiny blood vessels that surrounds the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney.
phyllophagousfeeding upon leaf tissue.
yolkthe nutritive matter of an egg as distinguished from the living, formative material; = deutoplasm.
cross reacting materialSee CRM.
foundation speciesSpecies that exert influence on a community not through their trophic interactions, but by causing physical changes in the environment
toxigenicityThe degree to which an organisms is able to elicit toxic symptoms.
fuel cellgalvanic cell that produces electricity by converting the chemical energy of a fuel directly into electricity without burning the fuel
minimum viable populationAbbreviated MVP
adrenalineHormone released by chromaffin cells (in the adrenal gland) and by some neurons in response to stress
saturation deficitIn air of a particular temperature, the difference between the saturation water vapor pressure characteristic of that temperature and the existing water vapor pressure.
rangeThe geographical limits of the region habitually traversed by an individual or occupied by a population or species.
ecological nicheThe sum total of an organism's utilization of the biotic and abiotic resources of its environment.
borealfrom or belonging to the north: is that faunal region that extends from the polar sea southward to near the northern boundary of the United States and farther south occupies a narrow strip along the Pacific Coast and the higher parts of the Sierra-Cascade, Rocky and Alleghany Mountain ranges; divided into Arctic, Hudsonian and Canadian: see austral and tropical.
transpirationThe evaporative loss of water from a plant.
hlaHuman leukocyte antigen; the HLA system is very complex and characterised by extreme polymorphism
malignant tumorA cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs.
strikeThe direction or trend of a bedding plane or fault, as it intersects the horizontal.
oxygen regulationA response in which an animal exposed to a decreasing O2 concentration in its environment maintains a stable rate of O2 consumption.
g1 phaseThe first growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.
filter matingA method where conjugation between donor and recipient bacteria is done on a millipore filter
declinate -usa part somewhat bent, the apex downward.
koffthe off-rate associated with the release of inhibitor from an enzyme-inhibitor complex.
human immunodeficiency virusThe retrovirus that causes AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
epitokeIn polychaete annelid worms, a specialized reproductive stage that is formed by either transformation of an ordinary individual or budding from an ordinary individual.
primary transcriptAn unprocessed RNA molecule which is the direct product of transcription.
double blindA study in which neither the investigator nor the participant are aware of which treatment a participant is receiving (ie experimental or control)
controlA standard of comparison by which experimental results are evaluated
biomarkerA molecular marker associated with a biological function.
cognateDescribing two biomolecules that normally interact; for example, an enzyme and its normal substrate, or a receptor and its normal ligand.
antagonistic interactionAn interaction between two organisms that benefits one to the detriment of the other.
lysogenA prokaryote containing a prophage
activity coefficientThe factor by which the numerical value of the concentration of a solute must be multiplied to give its true thermodynamic activity.
tectonic platesThe fairly rigid plates composing the earth's crust whose boundaries are marked by earthquake belts and volcanic chains
ion-exchange resinA polymeric resinous substance, usually in bead form, that contains fixed groups with positive or negative charge
oesophageal lobesform posterior portion of brain or tritocerebrum.
electron transport chainA series of carriers through which electrons are transported from a higher to a lower energy state.
ultrastructureThe detailed structure of a specimen, such as a cell, tissue, or organ, that can be observed only by electron microscopy
reproductionThe manufacture of offspring as part of an organism's life cycle
diplococcusA pair of cocci.
primary productionThe production of organic matter from inorganic chemical precursors
lymphocyteA type of white blood cell that mediates acquired immunity
hydrocarbonAny chemical compound containing only carbon and hydrogen elements
creberclosely set.
intestinal caecumthat point of the large intestine in front of the junction with the small intestine.
chromosomal rearrangementAnother term for a chromosomal mutation.
coniferA gymnosperm whose reproductive structure is the cone
repressionThe process by which the synthesis of an enzyme is inhibited by the presence of an external substance, the repressor.
interspecific competitionCompetition for resources between plants, between animals, or between decomposers when resources are in short supply.
biomesRegions of similar climate and dominant plant types.
enterotoxinA toxin affecting the intestine.
n-terminusThe end of a polypeptide chain that has a free amino acid (-NH2) group.
cytotoxic t cellA type of lymphocyte that, when activated, kills infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted cells.
phosphorylationFormation of a phosphate derivative of a biomolecule, usually 6y enzymatic transfer of a phosphate group from ATP.
isocortexAnother term for neocortex.
acidSubstance that releases protons when dissolved in water, forming a hydronium ion (H3O+).
chelaThe claw of an arthropod.
bacteremiaThe transient appearance of bacteria in the blood.
c-terminusThe end of a polypeptide chain that has a free carboxylic acid (-COOH) group.
nucleoporinAny of a number of different proteins that make up nuclear pore complexes.
obsoletenearly or entirely lost: inconspicuous.
dorsal bristlessee dorso-central.
dose [response relationshipThe relationship between the dose of the drug and the changes of symptoms and responses of the body
combinatorial chemistryA technique for systematically assembling molecular building blocks in many combinations to create thousands of diverse compounds.
malthusian parameterSee Intrinsic rate of natural increase.
choroidKORE-oid, KORE-ee-oid/ One of the eye's coats
migrationThe movement of a cell over a surface.
binding energyEnergy released as weak bonds form between a substrate, enzyme, and cofactor.
nutritionThe study of the chemical components of animal bodies and how animals are able to synthesize those chemical components from the chemical materials they collect from their environments.
duskysomewhat darkened; pale fuscous.
informational macromoleculesBiomolecules containing information in the form of specific sequences of different monomers; for example, many proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids.
homingThe ability of an animal to return to its home site after being displaced.
structural formulaA type of molecular notation in which the constituent atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds.
avidityTotal binding strength of a polyvalent antibody with a polyvalent antigen.
nephridiatubular structures functioning as kidneys in Annelids, Mollusks, etc
lipidA family of compounds that cannot be dissolved or mixed in water
venationThe arrangement and pattern of veins in a leaf.
thyrsusa cluster.
hamabiosissee symbiosis.
glycocalyxGeneral term for polysaccharide components outside the bacterial cell wall
chemosyntheticThe synthesis of organic compounds within an organism, with chemical reactions providing the energy source.
ibuprofenA compound that is effective for relief of pain, fever and inflammation
enzymeprotein that acts as a biochemical catalyst, influencing the rate of a chemical reaction
paleontologyThe study of extinct fossil organisms.
sickle-cell anemiaan inherited, potentially lethal disease in which a defect in hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying pigment in the blood, causes distortion (sickling) and loss of red blood cells, producing damage to organs throughout the body.
cleidoic eggkligh-DOE-ik/ A shelled egg permeable only to gases.
transducerA structure, mechanical or biological that translates one form of energy into electrical energy
anaerobeAn organism which has the ability to grow in the absence of oxygen
signal transductionThe process by which an extracellular signal (chemical, mechanical, or electrical) is amplified and converted to a cellular response.
nitric oxideGaseous signal molecule in both animals and plants
sub-fossoriallegs used in digging: yet not greatly modified.
distadtoward the distal end.
multilocularwith many large cells, spaces or cavities.
bioconversionThe conversion of one chemical to another by a living system, such as a bacterial cell.
vibrissaecurved bristles or hairs in some Diptera, situated between the mystax and the antenna: whiskers.
retracteddrawn back; opposed to prominent.
molecular electronicsElectronic devices based on components consisting of individual molecules.
microtubuleCytoplasmic structure consisting of the protein tubulin and involved in cellular structure and movement.
niacinA precursor of nicotinamide
homologyPossession by two or more species of a character state derived, with or without modification, from their common ancestor
heredityTransmission of characters through genetic material from one generation to the next.
plantibodyAntibody produced by genetically engineered plants.
prolongedextended or lengthened beyond ordinary limits.
antigen-presenting cellCell that displays foreign antigen complexed with MHC molecules on its surface.
ab initio gene predictionThe prediction of exon structure within a gene using computational algorithms
ovatein outline, egg-shaped or oval.
central cellThe female gametophytic cell that develops as the endosperm after fertilization
reproductive varianceDescribes the degree of divergence from the mean.
lineageAn evolutionary sequence, arranged in linear order from an ancestral group or species to a descendant group or species (or vice versa).
setiparousproducing hair or sets.
cretaceous periodkruh-TAY-shuhs/ A geologic period that lasted from approximately 145.5 to 65.5 mya
longitudinalin the direction of the long axis.
t cellSee T lymphocyte.
stipeA stemlike structure of a seaweed.
correlationThe degree to which two measured characters tend to vary in the same quantitative direction (positive correlation) or in opposite directions (negative correlation).
acyl-coa synthetaseAn enzyme that converts a fatty acid to acyl-coA for subsequent beta oxidation.
r-selectionSelection in populations subject to rapidly changing environments with highly fluctuating food resources
plasmaSee blood plasma.
myometriumIn the mammalian uterus, the outer tissue layer, consisting of smooth muscle.
kidneyAn organ that regulates the composition and volume of the blood and other extracellular body fluids by producing and eliminating from the body an aqueous solution (urine) derived from the blood or other extracellular fluids.
ringentgaping.
scriptuslettered or marked with characters resembling letters.
selective mediumA medium which allows the growth of certain types of microorganisms in preference to others
congener**A congener is a substance literally con- (with) generated or synthesized by essentially the same synthetic chemical reactions and the same procedures
general acid-base catalysisCatalysis involving proton transfer(s) to or from a molecule other than water.
biocytinThe conjugate amino acid residue arising from covalent attachment of biotin, through an amide linkage, to a Lys residue.
eutrophic lakeA highly productive lake, having a high rate of biological productivity supported by a high rate of nutrient cycling.
pyrophosphateA molecule formed by two phosphates in anhydride linkage.
covalent bondA chemical bond created by the sharing of
reproductive isolationThe existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile hybrids.
contortedtwisted: obliquely incumbent upon each other.
japanese knotweedA plant that contains resveratrol, an antioxidant compound in red wine.
preyOrganism hunted and eaten by a predator.
non-refinedrefers to breads and cereals in which the whole grain (including its bran and germ) are included in the food product
anomersThe sugar isomers that differ in configuration about the carbonyl carbon atom
inclusive fitnessThe relative number of an individual's alleles that are passed on from generation to generation, either as a result of his or her own reproductive success, or that of related individuals.
mendel's second lawSee law of independent assortment.
palearcticrelating to that part of the earth's surface including Europe, Africa north of Sahara, and Asia as far south as the southern edge of the Yang-tse-Kiang watershed and the Himalayas, and west to the Indus River.
extinctionThe disappearance of a species or higher taxon.
essentialRequired for the normal growth of an organism but not synthesized by the organism.
temporal comparisonRefers to comparing the same community at different times.
biomimeticsThe development of synthetic systems based on information from biological systems.
cyanobacteriumA prokaryotic oxygenic phototrophic bacterium containing chlorophyll a and phycobilins.
repeat regionThe part of DNA where a certain codon is repeated many times
uniformitarianismAn important assumption in science that says that the physical laws that operate today have operated in the same manner in earlier times, back to close to the beginning of the universe
antibioticA chemical compound produced by one microorganism (especially fungi) which can inhibit the growth of (or kill) other microorganisms
replicationProcess by which something is duplicated by following a template.
ketjapan Oriental fermented food; Indonesian soy sauce; black soybeans are fermented for 2-3 days by Aspergillus oryzae; the root of the words Ketchup and Catsup.
vesicularbladder-like; beset with spherical prominences.
polyclonal antiserumA mixture of antibodies to a variety of antigens or to a variety of determinants on a single antigen.
organismAn individual living thing, such as a bacterium, fungus, protist, plant or animal.
notatemarked by spots: with a series of depressed marks as a sculpture.
polymorphismThe presence of two or more genetic or phenotypic variants in a population
escherichia coliA Gram negative bacterium commonly found in the vertebrate intestine
diploidPossessing a full complement of paired chromosomes.
abioticA+biotic
trnaA group of small RNA molecules that function as amino acid donors during protein synthesis
"enhanced greenhouse effect"process in which atmospheric gases trap and return more than 80% of the heat energy radiated by the Earth
uniplicatewith a single fold or line of folding.
bioequivalentA pharmaceutical compound that equals another in bioavailability and potency.
solar radiationThe visible and near-visible (ultraviolet and near-infrared) radiation emitted from the sun.
altricialadj
osteonThe repeating organizational unit forming the microscopic structure of hard mammalian bone.
demeA local population of a species (in sexual forms, a local interbreeding group).
acetylationAn enzymatic reaction that results in the addition of an acetyl group to a biochemical.
congener***A congener is a substance literally con- (with) generated or synthesized by essentially the same synthetic chemical reactions and the same procedures
inbreedingMating between genetically related individuals often resulting in increased homozygosity in their offspring.
dimorphismDisplaying two separate growth forms.
reptiles & waterAppearance of shelled egg, developed lungs, resistance to desiccation allows tetrapods to move away from water.
scalingThe study of the relations between physiological (or morphological) features and body size within sets of phylogenetically related species, e.g., the study of metabolism-weight relations.
ink-jet technologyA non-contact method for delivering biomolecules to substrate surfaces
total functional capacityA standardized scale used to assess capacity to work, handle finances, perform domestic chores and self-care tasks, and live independently
radial symmetryA body plan in which the body parts originate from the central of the organism like spokes in a wheel
haploidContaining one set of chromosomes
remediationSee bioremediation.
angulateforming an angle; when two margins meet in an angle.
exuviationthe act of molting: the cast-off skin or exuvium.
patch-clamp recordingA method of measuring single-channel currents by sealing a glass capillary microelectrode to a patch of cell membrane
crypticA function that is silent
phosphataseEnzyme that removes phosphate groups from a molecule.
coenzyme aSmall molecule used in the enzymatic transfer of acyl groups in the cell
anastomoseTo form an interconnected network of tubules, vessels, or similar structures by patterns of branching, reconnection, and rebranching.
i5-lipoxygenaseAn enzyme that leads to the production of leukotrienes, which are chemicals that contribute significantly to inflammation.
glomeratecongregated or massed together.
productsA substance remaining at the end of a reaction
environmental grainAn ecological term for the effect of spatial variation, or patchiness, relative to the size and behavior of an organism.
ventral hornAnother term for anterior horn.
thyridiateapplied to a wing vein that at one point seems broken so as to permit of a folding or bending; either to pack into a small compass or to enfold the body.
corniformlike the horn of an ox: a long, mucronate or pointed process.
free energyThe component of the total energy of a system that can do work at constant temperature and pressure.
toxicokineticsThe rate of uptake and transformation of potentially toxic substances within a living system.
cryptogama plant, fungus, or chromistan that propagates by spores rather than by seeds (fungi, algae, bryophytes, ferns).
reverse two hybrid systemA method for studying protein-protein interactions in which interactions result in the increased transcription of a toxic marker causing growth inhibition
ontjoman Indonesian fermented food, prepared from peanut press cake, which has been surface inoculated with the Monilia anamorph of Neurospora sitophila (Sordariales: Ascomycetes).
sequencerDevice for determining the sequence of monomeric residues of a polymeric molecule.
crystal structureA structure obtained by x-ray diffraction analysis of a crystal consisting of an ordered array of biomacromolecules.
transcriptSee primary transcript.
spindleFiber formed during nuclear division that aligns chromosomes and pulls them to the opposite poles.
eutherian mammalsPlacental mammals; those whose young complete their embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta.
pseudogeneStretch of DNA related in sequence to a funtional gene; it is however inactive as a result of the changes it has accumulated during evolution.
colinearityCorrespondence between the location of mutant sites in bacterial DNA and the location of amino acid substitutions in the finished polypeptide or protein.
side effectsProblems that occur when treatment causes undesired effects, too much of the desired effect, or other problems occuring in addition to the desired therapeutic effect.
annotationIn the study of genomics, the process of adding interpretive information to gene identities
homeostaticOf or relating to homeostasis.
radioactive isotopeForm of an atom with an unstable nucleus that emits radiation as it decays.
α helixA helical conformation of a polypeptide chain, usually right-handed, with maximal intrachain hydrogen bonding; one of the most common secondary structures in proteins.
carbohydratesOrganic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that serve as energy sources and structural materials for cells of all organisms
parthenogenesisProduction of a new individual from an egg cell in the absence of fertilization by sperm.
electronA particle with a single negative charge; one or more electrons orbit the nucleus of the atom.
cladogenesisAn adaptive evolutionary process that leads to the development of a greater variety of organisms.
three-point crossTest designed to determine the order of three linked genes on a chromosome based on observations of the recombinants occurring from crossovers.
acicularneedle-shaped; with a long, slender point.
stelethe central cylinder of conductive tissue in roots.
permineralizationFossilization process that occurs when minerals, carried by ground water, enter and harden in the pores of an organism's structures.
geldanamycina naturally-occurring drug produced by microorganisms
chiral compoundA compound that can exist in two forms that are non-superimposable images of one another.
myotomeSegment of the body formed by a region of muscle
humoral immunityTwo types of antibodies are important
contrastIn relation to microscopes, the ability to distinguish different densities of structures.
small intestineThe longest section of the alimentary canal; the principal site of the enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and the absorption of nutrients.
dnp2,4-dinitrophenol.
ligaseAn enzyme that repairs single-stranded discontinuities in double-stranded DNA molecules in the cell
ecogeographical rulesGeneralizations that correlate adaptational tendencies of species with environmental factors such as climate
epimersTwo stereoisomers with more than one chiral center that differ in configuration at one of their chiral centers.
uniformitarianismA concept, popularized by Lyell in geology, that none of the forces active in past Earth history were different from those active today.
paedogenesisreproduction in the sexually immature or larval stage.
footprintingTechnique for identifying protein-binding regions of DNA or RNA
canadian shieldn
enantiomersStereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other.
vascularPertaining to or made up of blood vessels.
processivityFor any enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a biological polymer, the property of adding multiple subunits to the polymer without dissociating from the substrate.
disaccharidesCarbohydrate molecules in which 2 monosaccharide molecules are joined together
enzymeA protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions
neutronA neutron is a negatively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
chaetophorousapplied to bristle-bearing flies.
anchor locusA well mapped locus that serves as a marker for a particular chromosome segment.
geniculuma little knee or bend.
correlationkor-uh-LAY-shun/ The degree to which two statistical variables vary together; usually measured in terms of the correlation coefficient.
thresholdIn real-time PCR, the level of fluorescence that is considered to be significantly above the baseline level measured in the early cycles
cohesive endsThe single-stranded extensions generated in double-stranded DNA by staggered cuts by restriction endonucleases
fast pcrPCR that runs in less time than standard PCR protocols
fatty acidA class of compounds that contain a long chain composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms
detritus/deh-TRITE-əs/ n
tryptophanOne of the amino acids found in our bodies
porphyrinComplex nitrogenous compound containing four substituted pyrroles covalently joined into a ring; often complexed with a central metal atom.
alpha helixCommon folding pattern in proteins in which a linear sequence of amino acids folds into a right-handed helix stabilized by internal hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms.
interoperabilityAbility of different types of databases, applications, operating systems, and platforms to function in an integrated manner.
igneous rockA rock such as basalt (fine-grained) and granite (coarse-grained), formed by the cooling ofmolti material from the earth's interior.
meiosisProcess during gametogenesis by which the number of chromosomes per cell is reduced to the haploid number (one-half the full complement of chromosomes).
van der waals forcesWeak, long-range forces between nonpolar molecules.
viroidA plant pathogen composed of molecules of naked circular RNA only several hundred nucleotides long.
antigenic driftIn influenza virus, minor changes in viral proteins (antigens) due to gene mutation.
immigrationThe movement of individuals into a population or population area.
frequencyProportion of observations occurring for an event.
maternal effectEffect on progeny performance associated with the maternal environment provided by the maternal parent.
flangea projecting rim or edge.
zinc fingerA specialized protein motif involved in DNA recognition by some DNA-binding proteins; characterized by a single atom of zinc coordinated to four Lys residues or to two His and two Lys residues.
reducing endThe end of a polysaccharide having a terminal sugar with a free anomeric carbon; the terminal residue can act as a reducing sugar.
cointegrateAn intermediate in the migration of certain DNA transposons in which the donor DNA and target DNA are covalently attached.
thrumType of distylic flower possessing a short style and long anthers.
hemolysinBacterial toxins capable of lyzing red blood cells.
catervatumby heaps.
habitatn
phylogenetic evolutionEvolutionary changes that produce two or more lineages that diverge from a single ancestral lineage
rotatewheel-shaped.
castsFossils formed when water containing minerals leaks into a mold
hipaaA U.S
nucleatewith, or having a nucleus.
conjugationMechanism by which genetic material may be exchanged between bacterial cells
electron transferMovement of electrons from substrates to oxygen via the carriers of the respiratory (electron transfer) chain.
biprefix, means two.
feedback inhibitionInhibition of an allosteric enzyme at the beginning of a metabolic sequence by the end product of the sequence; also known as end-product inhibition.
gnotobioticA system to which only preselected components, organisms and nutrients are introduced.
immunoglobulinAny of the class of proteins that function as antibodies
hydroponic cultureA method in which plants are grown without soil by using mineral solutions.
carpelPart of a flower that encloses the ovules and extends into a compound pistil.
ethanol fermentationSee alcohol fermentation.
ecotypeA subdivision of a species that survives as a distinct population through environmental selection and reproductive isolation.
coevolutionEvolutionary changes in one or more species in response to changes in other species in the same community.
glucocorticoid degenerative cascadeThe process that occurs when excess glucocorticoids cause hippocampal nerve cells to die, which then leads to the release of even more glucocorticoids, which then leads to further death of hippocampal nerve cells.
loessn
turbidity currentn
ecological footprintA method of using multiple constraints to estimate the human carrying capacity of Earth by calculating the aggregate land and water area in various ecosystem categories appropriated by a nation to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb all the waste it generates.
transpositionThe movement of a DNA sequence from one site to another within the genome
cellular microbiologyA new discipline emerging at the interface between cell biology and microbiology
tolerance succession modelDriven by life-history characteristics whereby later succession species grow more slowly and eventually replace early succession species.
lyaseAn enzyme that catalyzes the removal of a group to form a double bond, or the reverse reaction.
facilitated diffusionDiffusion of a polar substance across a biological membrane through a protein transporter; also called passive diffusion or passive transport.
tritiumAn isotope of hydrogen that has three times the mass of an ordinary hydrogen atom.
dideoxy methodThe standard method of DNA sequencing.
tetrahedronfour-cornered figure with four equal triangular sides
cosmopolitanspecies that occur throughout most of the world.
y chromosomeOne of the two sex chromosomes (the other is the X chromosome)
disjunctureSeparation of chromosomes during meiosis.
adpressedlaid or pressed to; contiguous.
recombination frequencyThe number of recombinants divided by the total number of progeny
commodity chemicalChemicals such as ethanol that have low monetary value and are thus sold primarily in bulk.
programmed cell deathsee apoptosis
biosemioticsThe study of the exchange of information between organisms.
redox-bufferActs to protect against oxidative damage.
dioeciousOrganisms in which the male and female sex are in separate individuals.
src familyFamily of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases (pronounced “sark”) that associate with the cytoplasmic domains of some enzyme-linked receptors (for example, the T cell antigen receptor) that lack intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
gap penaltyA penalty subtracted from a sequence alignment score due to the introduction of a gap or the elongation of a gap.
faksee focal adhesion kinase
sporeA resistant single cell
morphospeciesA species defined by its anatomical features.
ventradextending or directed toward the under side.
irradiationexposure to some form of radiant energy.
coliformGram-negative, nonspore-forming facultative rod that ferments lactose with gas formation with 48 hours at 35¼C
gamma rayA high-frequency, highly penetrating radiation emitted in nuclear reactions.
sterilenot capable of reproducing its kind.
catenationThe linking of molecules without any direct covalent bonding between them, as when two circular DNA molecules interlock like the links in a chain.
st14a cell lineCells that exhibit quite accurately many of the properties of striatal nerve cells and can be engineered to express either normal or mutant huntingtin.
exothermicReferring to a chemical reaction that releases heat (i.e., has a negative change in enthalpy).
villusa short, hair-like or papillate process on the surface of certain absorbent and sensory organs.
noncompetitive inhibitorAn inhibitor of enzyme activity whose effect is not reversed by increasing the concentration of substrate molecule.
tetrahydrobiopterinThe reduced coenzyme form of biopterin.
dihybridIndividual heterozygous at two loci.
immunocytochemistryA method of staining cells with antibodies to pinpoint the location of the huntingtin protein under a microscope.
dehydration reactionA chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to one another with the removal of a water molecule.
scavengerAn organism that habitually feeds on animals who died naturally or accidentally or were killed by another carnivore.
kmA parameter that describes the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate and equals the substrate concentration that yields the half-maximal reaction rate; also called the Michaelis constant
granulocyteCategory of white blood cell distinguished by conspicuous cytoplasmic granules
primary productivityThe rate at which light energy or inorganic chemical energy is converted to the chemical energy of organic compounds by autotrophs in an ecosystem.
planula hypothesisThe concept that metazoans evolved from small primitive organisms that consisted of solid balls of cells (planulae) similar to embryonic stages of sponges and Cnidaria.
inner compartment of mitochondrionThe central area of the mitochondrion, sometimes called the matrix and where the Kreb’s cycle happens.
polarThe uneven distribution of postive and negative charges in small molecules, resulting in an electric dipole moment.
phototrophAn organism that can use the energy of light to synthesize its own fuels from simple molecules such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water; as distinct from a chemotroph.
rational drug designThe design of a drug molecule based on knowledge of the pharmacologically relevant characteristics of the target protein structure, as obtained by x-ray crystallographic methods.
dataRecorded observations.
heterostylySpecific flower morphology in which stamens and styles are of unequal lengths, thereby promoting cross-pollination.
ova glebataeggs laid or concealed in lumps of dung.
protein glycosylationPosttranslational addition of oligosaccharide side chains to a protein.
δg°see standard free-energy change
temperature-sensitive mutantOrganism or cell carrying a genetically altered protein (or RNA molecule) that performs normally at one temperature but is abnormal at another (usually higher) temperature.
colonial1
clonalA population of cells derived from a single cell and thus expected to be genetically identical
positive controlA system that is turned on by the presence of a regulatory protein.
cistronA genetic unit that encodes a single polypeptide chain.
paleontologyThe scientific study of fossils.
protein affinity chromatographyA method for the direct characterization of protein-protein interactions.
absorptionIn the study of nutritional physiology, the entry of organic molecules into the living tissues of an animal from outside those tissues
hrsaHealth Resources and Services Administration
cuspsElevations on the crowns of premolars and molars
combinatorial controlDescribes the control of a step in a cellular process, such as the initiation of DNA transcription, by a combination of proteins rather than by any individual one.
coenzymesAn organic molecule that is a necessary participant in some enzymatic reactions;helps catalysis by donating or accepting electrons or functional groups; e.g.a vitamin, ATP, NAD+
hemoglobinA substance found within red blood cells that binds to oxygen and carries it from the lungs to the tissues.
kairomoneA chemical signal released by a member of one species in the course of its activities that is detected and exploited by a member of another species
nodulose -us -atewith small nodes or nodules: a surface sculpture of knots or links, connected by an undulating line.
calvin cycleThe biochemical route of carbon dioxide fixation in many autotrophic organisms.
actinA globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming micro filaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.
pulverulentpowdery or dusty in appearance.
culture mediumA liquid or gel-like substance containing nutrients in which tissues are cultivated for scientific purposes; used in tissue culture.
immunityThe ability of a (human or animal) body to resist infection by microorganisms or their harmful products such as toxin
3d-qsarSee Three-dimensional Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship.
catabolicUsed to describe a destructive process that breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules.
autotrophOrganism which uses carbon dioxide as the sole carbon source.
substituentA molecular group that replaces another in a chemical reaction.
rain shadowAn arid region on the leeward side of a mountain range that experiences low levels of precipitation.
fusainFossilized charcoal.
g-matrixA square matrix with additive genetic variances for the traits on the diagonal and additive genetic covariances on the off-diagonal.
building blockA reagent used in combinatorial library synthesis.
thermoregulationThe maintenance of internal body temperature within a tolerable range.
filamentous phageA group of phage with the nucleic acid surrounded by a long, tubular protein coat
highly unsaturated fatty acidsFatty acids that contain more than one double bond
sembling= assembling; q.v.
noble rota condition in which the mould Botrytis grows on overripe grapes
flavo-vixensgreen verging upon yellow [apple green + chrome yellow].
phosphodiester bondThe covalent bond joining the 3' hydroxyl of the sugar moiety of one (deoxy)ribonucleotide to the 5' hydroxyl of the adjacent sugar.
sarcopeniaThe loss of skeletal muscle mass as a result of aging
entropyThe extent of randomness or disorder in a system.
versicoloredwith several colors, indeterminately restricted.
screeningSee profiling.
microtubulesCytoskeletal fibers (24 nm in diameter) that are formed by polymerization of α,β-tubulin monomers and exhibit structural and functional polarity
primary structureSequence of monomer units in a linear polymer, such as the amino acid sequence of a protein.
immigrantOne who moves into a new habitat.
mesophyll cellA loosely arranged photosynthetic cell located between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface.
polysaccharideA polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.
recombinant dnaA DNA molecule containing DNA originating from two or more sources.
siberian
peptideTwo or more amino acids covalently joined by peptide bonds.
xylemWater-conducting tissue of vascular plants.
polycistronic messenger rnaIn prokaryotes, an RNA that contains two or more cistrons; note that only in prokaryotic mRNAs can more than one cistron be utilized by the translation system to generate individual proteins.
ingroupIn a cladistic analysis, the set of taxa which are hypothesized to be more closely related to each other than any are to the outgroup.
sikoroOne of the poorest towns located in Bamako, Mali.  There is no electricity or running water.  GAIA VF's Chez Rosalie clinic is located in Sikoro.
hydrophobicLiterally water fearing
aerobic respirationAn electron transport system in which oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor.
adhesionThe attraction between different kinds of molecules.
glomerulusThe first section of the kidney’s nephron where filtration takes place
nitrogenaseThe enzyme complex catalyzing the reaction of nitrogen fixation.
mendelian populationGroup of interbreeding, sexually reproducing individuals.
icosahedronA geometrical shape occurring in many virus particles, with 20 triangular faces and 12 corners.
abbreviatedcut short; not of usual length.
landscapeSeveral different, primarily terrestrial ecosystems linked by exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms.
anemiaA reduced number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter, reduction in amount of hemoglobin, or reduction in volume of packed red cells per 100ml of blood (malaria; hookworm and Diphyllobothrium latum infections).
saxicolousspecies that frequent rocky or stony areas.
peptideTwo or more amino acids are joined by a so-called peptide-bond.
molecular chaperonesProteins that use energy from ATP to guide the folding of other proteins into correct three-dimensional configurations
morphological convergenceStructures in unrelated organisms that have a similar appearance due to common evolutionary pressures
heat-shock proteinsAn evolutionarily related group of proteins that are principally inducible—being expressed in the aftermath of heat stress or other stress—and that function as molecular chaperones
triglycerideA lipid synthesized from one glycerol and three fatty acid molecules
turnover numberThe number of product molecules produced per minute by an enzyme catalyzing a reaction at the maximum rate.
digestionchemical breakdown of large complex molecules to simpler ones.
ligaseAn enzyme that catalyzes the joining of two molecules together
entropyA measure of disorder or uncertainty of a system
mutation-selection balanceA process in which removal of variation by selection is balanced by the input of new variation into the population by mutation.
mycorrhizaeMutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi
common-source epidemicAn epidemic resulting from infection of a large number of people from a single contaminated source.
van der waals interactionsWeak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that are brought about by localized charge fluctuations.
integrinsA large family of heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that promote adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix or to the surface of other cells.
hybridizationInterbreeding of different strains.
neuriteLong process growing from a nerve cell in culture
dna methylationThe inactivation of genes by the addition of methyl (-CH3) groups to cytosine.
electrophoresisMovement of charged solutes in response to an electrical field; often used to separate mixtures of ions, proteins, or nucleic acids.
permeasesSee transporters
linea narrow streak or stripe: as a term of measurement, one- twelfth of an inch; commonly used by English and early American authors.
heteromorphicHomologous chromosomes that differ in morphology.
catabolismThe phase of intermediary metabolism concerned with the energyyielding degradation of nutrient molecules.
solventThe dissolving agent of a solution
gssee stimulatory G protein
crurathe legs or, more specifically, the thighs.
concatamerAn end-to-end (tandem) array of identical DNA rnolecules; a repeated polymer of DNA.
biodegradableSubstance capable of being decomposed by biological processes.
nitrogenous baseOne of the molecular components of a nucleotide; a class of ringed molecules with carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
air-tubea respiratory siphon.
metamorphismn
puffinga phenomenon in which thousands of asci in an apothecial ascoma discharge their ascospores simultaneously, producing a visible cloud of spores.
organismAny living thing.
polyunsaturated hydrocarbonfatty acids that contain more than one double bond between carbon atoms per molecule
cytogenetic mapChart of a chromosome that locates genes with respect to chromosomal features.
chlorofluorocarbonscompounds composed only of the elements chlorine, fluorine, and carbon
germinationThe process by which a seedling emerges and develops from a seed, or by which a sporeling emerges and develops from a spore.
class ii mhc moleculeOne of the two classes of MHC molecule
leaky mutantA mutant gene that gives rise to a product with a detectable Ievel of biological activity.
transposonA type of transposable element which, in addition to genes involved in transposition, carries other genes; often conferring selectable phenotypes such as antibiotic resistance.
blister rustsserious diseases of pines, caused by species of Cronartium (Uredinales: Teliomycetes).
nodulea little knot, lump or node.
anchylosedgrown together at a joint.
donorThe source of DNA in a genetic cross
mutagenA chemical or physical agent that induces mutations.
plasmodesmataChannels through the cell walls of a plant cell that allow movement of chemicals between adjacent plant cells
microgramA measurement of mass; commonly used in measuring dietary supplements (1 mcg= 10^-6 grams).
amygdaliformalmond-shaped.
cryptococcosisa systemic mycosis caused by a basidiomycetous yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans (teleomorph in Filobasidiella neoformans).
zooplanktonTiny, free-floating organisms in aquatic systems
antitegulasee antisquama.
eventOccurrence of whatever it is stated to be.
metabolic waterWater that is formed by chemical reaction within the body
anomalousunusual; departing widely from the usual type.
dtdpThymidine diphosphate.
macroscopicObjects or organisms that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye.
metabolismAll biochemical reactions in a cell, both anabolic and catabolic.
continental marginn
genetic driftUnpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next because of a population's finite size.
heat shockstress upon the cell resulting from temperatures outside its tolerable range
homeothermicRefers to the ability to maintain a constant body temperature.
paleaThe smaller of the two bracts (the other being the lemma) that encloses the stamens and pistil in a grass floret.
ibotenic acida metabolite of Amanita muscaria; changes to muscimol, a hallucinogen, when the basidiomata are dried.
pyrogenicFever-inducing.
passivediffusionNet movement of a molecule across a membrane down its concentration gradient at a rate proportional to the gradient and the permeability of the membrane.
barachoisn
abifAvidin-biotin immunofluorescence.
brachiopodA marine lophophorate with a shell divided into dorsal and ventral halves
volumetric flasktype of glassware that contains a precise amount of solution when filled to the mark on its neck
bacteriocinAgents produced by certain bacteria that inhibit or kill closedly related species.
white adipose tissueThe ordinary fat-storage tissue of vertebrates, exemplified by the “fat” we speak of in poultry or beef prepared for food
planelevel, flat; applied to a surface.
unicolorousof one color throughout.
polygynyA polygamous mating system involving one male and many females.
uv absorbance spectroscopyA method for measuring the concentration of a compound by determining the amount of ultraviolet radiation absorbed by a sample.
lactationThe continued production of milk.
constitutiveUsed to describe compounds or molecules whose concentration in the body remains stable
chemotaxisOriented movement of a motile organism with reference to a chemical agent
phosphatean ion consisting of a phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms
oligonucleotideA short polymer of nucleotides (usually less than 50).
b-cellParticular type of lymphocyte that produces humoral immunity; matures in the bone marrow and produces antibodies.
luciferouslight giving.
nociceptorA class of naked dendrites in the epidermis of the skin.
endogenousArising from internal structures or functional causes.
speciesA group whose members possess similar anatomical characteristics and have the ability to interbreed.
dna compactionThe reduction in the volume occupied by a DNA molecule caused by the addition of multivalent cations such as polyamine to the DNA.
methylationThe addition of a methyl group (-CH3) to a molecule
uncithick, hooked processes, forming the borders of the anal opening.
torporIn animals, a physiological state that conserves energy by slowing down the heart and respiratory systems.
polypeptideA chain of multiple amino acids.
haploid life cycleOccurs when the only multicellular stage in an organism's life cycle is haploid.
lipoproteinsCompounds such as HDL and LDL that carry cholesterol through the bloodstream; made from a fat (lipid) and a protein.
-iussuffix; having the power or ability to.
rich mediumA growth medium in which not all the components have been identified
meniscusThe curved top surface of a column of liquid.
microtransponderCube-shaped (~100µm), miniature radio-frequency transmitters out of silicon
habitatThe place and conditions in which an organism normally lives
inhibitor of apoptosis familysee IAP family
gfpsee green fluorescent protein
osmosisBulk flow of water through a semipermeable membrane into another aqueous compartment containing solute at a higher concentration.
peroxisomeSmall organelle in eukaryotic cells whose functions include degradation of fatty acids and amino acids by means of reactions that generate hydrogen peroxide, which is converted to water and oxygen by catalase.
macroaggregateA visible aggregrate of macromolecules.
oligomerA short polymer, usually of amino acids, sugars, or nucleotides; the definition of "short" is somewhat arbitrary, but usually less than 50 subunits.
multicellularterm used to describe an organism that consists of more than one cell.
systemic tissuesAll tissues other than those of the breathing organs.
splitting evolutionSee Cladogenesis.
intermembrane spaceThe subcompartment formed between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.
aureolea ring of color which is usually diffuse outwardly.
poreany small, round opening on the surface.
basinn
biological augmentationAn approach to restoration ecology that uses organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem.
query sequenceThe nucleic acid or protein sequence used to search sequence databases in order to identify similar sequences from which function may be deduced.
amber codonThe UAG nonsense codon
known carrierIndividual who is known to carry a recessive gene at a particular locus
hexoseA six-carbon monosaccharide.
stabilityOften used to mean constancy; the propensity to return to a condition (a stable equilibrium) after displacement from that condition.
conservative replicationModel of DNA replication in which both original strands of DNA are retained in the parent cell, while both newly synthesized strands are incorporated into the daughter cell.
whole-genome shotgun sequencingMethod of sequencing a genome in which sequenced fragments are assembled into the correct sequence in contigs by using only the overlaps in sequence.
asymptomaticA term used to describe an individual who does not currently show symptoms of the disease being discussed
deciduousthat which may be cast off or shed.
ladder of natureA concept based on Aristotle's view (the Scale of Nature) that nature can be represented as a succession of stages or ranks that leads from inanimate matter through plants, lower animals, higher animals, and finally to the level of humans
cultureThe ideas, customs, skills, rituals, and similar activities of a people or group that are passed along to succeeding generations.
polymorphismDifference in DNA sequence among individuals
plesiomorphyA primitive character state for the taxa under consideration.
copolymerpolymer built from two or more different monomers
intermediate disturbance hypothesisThe concept that moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater species diversity than low or high levels of disturbance.
transition zoneis the transcontinental belt in which the austral and boreal elements overlap: it is divided into a humid or Alleghanian area; a western arid area; and a Pacific Coast humid area: all of which see.
merdivorousfeeding upon dung or excrement: see scatophagous.
pkThe negative logarithm of an equilibrium constant.
gradient of transferIn an Hfr mating, the decrease in the inheritance of donor markers the farther they are from the origin of transfer.
scalpriformchisel-shaped.
genesThe basic unit of heredity consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).
phragmobasidiomycetesBasidiomycetes in which the basidia are subdivided by primary septa (Orders: Tremellales, Auriculariales) (cf
inclusion bodiesAnother term for neuronal inclusions.
exertional dyspneaExcessive shortness of breath after exercise.
phenotypeThe observable properties of an organism
consanguinityRelation by descent from a common ancestor.
atomic weightThe average weight of an atom of an element, i.e
anion exchange capacitySum total of exchangeable anions that a soil can adsorb
stercoralrelating or pertaining to excrement.
normal distributionA bell-shaped frequency distribution of a variable; the expected distribution if many factors with independent, small effects determine the value of a variable; the basis for many statistical formulations.
accuracyThe reliability of a procedure; freedom from making mistakes.
bioleachingThe recovery of precious metals from ore by biological processes.
amyloid plaquesAnother term for beta-amyloid plaques.
bipolar disorderDepressive mental illness characterized by swings of mood from high to low; also called manic-depressive disorder.
abc transporter proteinsLarge superfamily of membrane transport proteins that use the energy of hydrolysis of ATP to transfer peptides and a variety of small molecules across membranes.
d-A configurational prefix that designates one of two chiral configurations (see L-).
epicenterPoint on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
monomera simple molecule that can form polymers by combining with identical or similar molecules.
coupled reactionLinked pair of chemical reactions in which the free energy released by one of the reactions serves to drive the other.
insurance hypothesisIf more species are present (i.e., diversity is higher), then there is a greater chance that at least one of the species will maintain functioning during disturbance or stress, compensating for other species that experience declines.
activation energyEnergy required to make substrate molecules active enough for a reaction to occur
genetic contributionThe contribution of genetic material by a parent to progeny, usually measured in animal breeding as a specified improvement in the population for a particular trait such as milk production.
reading-frame shiftSee frameshift.
polymerLarge molecule made by covalently linking multiple identical or similar units (monomers) together.
placentaA structure in the pregnant uterus for nourishing a viviparous fetus with the mother's blood supply; formed from the uterine lining and embryonic membranes.
anhydrideThe product of the condensation of two carboxyl or phosphate groups in which the elements of water are eliminated to form a compound with the general structure , where X is either carbon or phosphorus.
carbon sourceA nutrient which provides the carbon required for cellular biosynthesis.
amorphous regionin a polymer, a region in which the long polymer molecules are in a random, disordered arrangement
tortilistwisted.
pentoseA simple sugar with a backbone containing five carbon atoms.
paleosolSoil horizon from the geologic past.
homology(i) Sequence identity between two nucleotide sequences
free energyThat part of the energy of a system that is available to do useful work.
vmaxParameter that describes the maximal velocity of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction or other process such as protein-mediated transport of molecules across a membrane
partial agonistA ligand that when bound to a receptor results in a submaximal response
q10 factorThe factor by which the reaction increases when you raise temperature by 10 degrees centigrade (or Kelvin).
genetic driftChanges in the gene pool of a small population due to chance.
induced fitA change in the conformation of an enzyme in response to substrate binding that renders the enzyme catalytically active; also used to denote changes in the conformation of any macromolecule in response to ligand binding such that the binding site of the macromolecule better conforms to the shape of the ligand.
selectionProcess which favors one feature of organisms in a population over another feature found in the population
preadaptationPossession of the necessary properties to permit a shift to a new niche, habitat, or function
aquaporinA chemically defined type of water channel, often highly specific for water as opposed to solutes
cnidarianigh-DAR-ee-uh/ The phylum containing jellyfishes, sea anemones, corals, and hydroids
nanometera billionth (10-9) of a meter (m)
fermentationAnaerobic energy-yielding metabolic pathway in which pyruvate produced by glycolysis is converted, for example, into lactate or ethanol, with the conversion of NADH to NAD+.
ileo-colonthe anterior portion of the hind-gut, extending from the mid-gut to the rectum, when not distinctly differentiated into ileum and colon.
contigA set of DNA fragments that overlap to yield a continuous sequence without gaps.
femaleIn organisms with separate sexes, the one which produces eggs.
henderson-hasselbalch equationAn equation that relates the pKa, to the pH and the ratio of the proton acceptor (A-) and the proton donor (HA) species of a conjugate acid base pair.
shoot systemThe aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and flowers.
protonA subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom.
chimeric dnaRecombinant DNA whose components originate from two or more different sources.
filamenta thread: a long slender process of equal diameter throughout: an elongated appendage.
covalent bondStable chemical force that holds the atoms in molecules together by sharing of one or more pairs of electrons
dirty bomb" device that employs a conventional explosive to disperse a radioactive substance
allopolyploidAn organism or species that has more than two sets (2n) of chromosomes (that is, 3n, 4n, and so on) that derive from two or more different ancestral groups.
minus endThe end of a microtubule or actin filament at which the addition of monomers occurs least readily; the “slow-growing” end of the microtubule or actin filament
breed1
blastomycosisa disease in man caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis (teleomorph in Ajellomyces dermatitidis).
gene knockoutSee knockout animal.
scanning electron microscopeType of electron microscope that produces an image of the surface of an object.
erosionn
papillaCellular outgrowths
steroidA type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.
phosphorothioateA phosphate with one oxygen replaced with a sulfur; this can also refer to an oligo with phosphorothioate linkages.
compound eyeA type of multifaceted eye in insects and crustaceans consisting of up to several thousand light-detecting, focusing ommatidia; especially good at detecting movement.
green glandSee antennal gland.
deaeDiethylaminoethyl cellulose.
chromosome complementdefinite and characteristic number of chromosomes possessed by the cells of a species of plant or animal.
substrateA molecule that is acted upon, and chemically changed, by an enzyme.
immune responseResponse made by the immune system when a foreign substance or microorganism enters its body
obliqueany direction between perpendicular and horizontal.
sequenatorDevice for determining the sequence of monomeric residues of a polymeric molecule.
ketoneA functional group of an organic compound in which a carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen
schizophreniaSevere mental disturbance characterized by psychotic episodes in which patients lose the ability to distinguish reality from hallucination.
amino groupA functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.
2nd law of thermodynamicsThe principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
lethargyA state of tiredness or inactivity.
noble gaseselements that are inert and do not readily undergo chemical reactions
gtpaseEnzyme activity that converts GTP to GDP
puniceuscarmine red [carmine].
gause's principleSee Competitive exclusion principle.
chelateOrganic chemical that forms ring compound in which a metal is held between two or more atoms strongly enough to diminish the rate at which it becomes fixed by soil, thereby making it more available for plant and microbial uptake.
stereoisomersTwo compounds with identical molecular formulas whose atoms are linked in the same order but in different spatial arrangements
positive pressure breathingA breathing system in which air is forced into the lungs.
reye's syndromeA rare and serious brain and liver disorder that is associated with the use of aspirin in children.
calcium carbonateChemical that also occurs in limestone and marble
back-mutationA mutation that causes a mutant gene to regain its wild-type base sequence.
periodicalrecurring at regular intervals.
centradtoward the centre or interior.
humoral immunityAn immune response involving antibodies.
genetic driftChanges in gene frequencies within a population over time resulting primarily from chance.
caddSee Computer-assisted drug design.
dendritesShort projections on the neuron that receive signals from other neurons
salinityThe sum total concentration of inorganic dissolved matter in water, usually expressed as grams of dissolved matter per kilogram of water.
selective permeabilityThe state of having a high permeability to some solutes but a low permeability to others
palisade mesophyllOne or more layers of elongated photosynthetic cells on the upper pan of a leaf; also called palisade parenchyma.
cell cycleReproductive cycle of a cell: the orderly sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides into two.
molecular seive chromatographySee Gel filtration chromatography.
peatExtensive deposits of undecayed organic material formed primarily from the wetland moss Sphagnum.
tibetan buddhismA branch of Buddhism, which traveled to Tibet from India sometime after Buddhism had traveled to eastern China from India
flexile -iscapable of being bent at an angle without breaking: flexible.
regulator geneGene which controls expression of other genes through synthesis of repressor proteins.
amino group-NH2
adhesionthe attraction between different kinds of molecules
osmosismovement of water molecules along a concentration gradient from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
osteoporosisA disease in which the bones are weakened by reduced calcium absorption
lophophoreComplex ring of hollow tentacles used as a feeding organ
acid hydrolaseAny of a group of diverse hydrolytic enzymes (including proteases, nucleases, glycosidases, etc.) that have their optimal activity at acid pH (around 5.0) and are found in lysosomes.
eraA division of geological time that stands between the eon and the period: the Phanerozoic eon is divided into Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras; and each era is divided into two or more periods.
mannose 6-phosphateUnique marker attached to the oligosaccharides on some glycoproteins destined for lysosomes.
cyanobacteriumProkaryotic, oxygenic phototrophic bacterium containing chlorophyll a and phycobilins, formerly the "blue-green algae."
nucleosomeBasic unit of organization of a mammalian chromosome, consisting of DNA wound around an octamer of histone proteins.
pm2.5particulate matter with an average diameter less than 2.5 µm, also called fine particles
ingestionA heterotrophic mode of nutrition in which other organisms or detritus are eaten whole or in pieces.
antagonistBiological agent that reduces the number or disease-producing activities of a pathogen.
inflammatory responseSee inflammation.
caching behaviorThe storage of food or other material for later use.
standard free-energy changeThe free-energy change for a reaction occurring under a set of standard conditions : temperature, 298 K; pressure, 1 atm or 101.3 kPa; and all solutes at 1 ni concentration
plant storage proteinsProteins stored in seeds that are utilized as a source of amino acids during germination.
adrenocorticotropic hormoneA tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the production and secretion of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex.
apical dominanceConcentration of growth at the tip of a plant shoot, where a terminal bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth.
cursorialformed for running.
chemotrophAn organism that obtains energy by metabolizing organic compounds derived from other organisms.
structural isomerOne of several organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
omnivoreA heterotrophic animal that consumes both meat and plant material.
respirationThe catabolic process in which electrons are removed from nutrient molecules and passed through a chain of carriers to oxygen.
deciduous/də-SID-joo-əs/ adj
dinosteranes/dinosteroidschemicals found in dinoflagellates, which have been useful in documenting their existence early in the fossil record.
interspersed repeat sequencesRepeated sequences at multiple locations throughout the genome.
conspecificsBelonging to the same species.
rosette-shapedin the form of a double rose: clustered round a centre.
catabolism**Catabolism consists of reactions involving endogenous organic substrates to provide chemically available energy (e.g., ATP) and/or to generate metabolic intermediates used in subsequent anabolic reactions.
metastasisRefers to cells that separate from malignant tumors and travel to other sites, where they establish secondary tumors.
chorioceleKORE-ee-oh-seel/ Bulging of the choroid coat through a ruptured sclera.
mass numberThe mass number of an atom is the mass of the atom’s protons plus neutrons plus electrons.
hereditaryCapable of being passed, through genetic material, from one generation to the next.
microfluidicsHandling of volumes of liquids as small as 0.1 nanoliter.
corticosteroidsSteroids released from the adrenal cortex
plasmidA circular DNA duplex that replicates autonomously in bacteria
avogadro’s number6 × 1023
ecological niche/nicheThe particular range of conditions that species
passive transportThe diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane.
logistic growthA type of population growth in which the population starts out growing exponentially but as resources become limiting, growth rate becomes zero and the population is at a long term equilibrium
negative assortative matingMating between unlike individuals that is more frequent than would be expected on the basis of chance.
ammonotelicExcreting excess nitrogen in the form of ammonia.
gradualismA view of Earth's history that attributes profound change to the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes.
rapamycinA drug that has been shown to promote the breakdown of huntingtin aggregates by inhibiting the protein mTOR and inducing autophagy.
tumor suppressorA protein that inhibits the uncontrolled cell growth that leads to formation of tumors.
de novo pathwayA biochemical pathway that starts from elementary substrates and ends in the synthesis of a biochemical.
obsessive-compulsive disorderA disorder characterized by recurrent thoughts or behaviors (e.g., excessive hand washing or repeated doubt about having locked a door) that are severe enough to be time consuming or cause significant impairment in social functioning.
peripheral activationConversion of a hormone after secretion to a more physiologically potent form.
ground stateThe lowest electronic energy state of an atom or a molecule.
polymerA long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
inhibitionWhen one species, or a group of species colonizes a disturbed area, and subsequently alters the environment of that area (by altering soil nutrients, light accessibility, or water availability), making it less habitable for later successional species.
monosaccharideThe simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides
colloidA mixture made up of a liquid and pa ticles that (because of their large size) remain suspended in that liquid.
cystic fibrosisAn
mismatch repairA mechanism that corrects mismatched base pairs that have escaped correction by the proofreading activities of the DNA polymerases.
ionic bondA chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
disomyDescribes the state of cell that has two members of a pair of homologous chromosomes.
floppy baby" syndromeAn abnormal condition of newborns and infants where there is extremely low tone of the muscles; frequently a sign of Pompe disease in infants.
epiglottisA cartilaginous flap that blocks the top of the windpipe, the glottis, during swallowing, which prevents the entry of food or fluid into the respiratory system.
bacillusA bacterial genus in which members are rod-shaped, gram-positive, endospore-forming, and, depending on species, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic
deductive reasoningA type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.
glomerulusA minute anastomosing cluster of blood capillaries associated with a nephron in the kidney of a vertebrate, serving as the site of formation of primary urine by ultrafiltration
single-strand dna-binding proteinProtein that binds to the single strands of the opened-up DNA double helix, preventing helical structures from reforming while the DNA is being replicated.
inclusion bodiesBodies formed within bacterial cells for the storage of various materials
effective population sizeAn estimate of the size of a population based on the numbers of females and males that successfully breed;
globular proteinsSoluble proteins with a globular (somewhat rounded) shape.
dose-dependentRefers to findings in which the effects of a drug change when people consume a higher or lower amount of the drug.
economic threshholdThe population density of the potential pest below which the damage to the crop is insignificant (i.e
carbon fixationSee Calvin cycle.
decubitus/də-KYOOB-ə-təs/ n
energy flowIn an ecological context, the flow of energy through trophic levels or major functional groups of organisms in an ecosystem; typically includes production, consumption, assimilation, non-assimilation losses (feces), and respiration (maintenance costs).
chromatographya separation technique which uses the differential rates of diffusion of different sizes of molecules in gas (GC), liquid (HPLC), on paper, and in thin layers of silicate on glass, aluminum or plastic plates (TLC)
modulatorA metabolite that, when bound to the allosteric site of an enzyme, alters its kinetic characteristics.
mutualismA symbiotic relation in which each of two species benefits by their interaction.
acida substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
mineralnaturally occurring element or compound that usually has a definite chemical composition, a crystalline structure, and is formed as a result of geological processes
electrochemicalHaving to do with the interchanges between electrical and chemical energy, especially those taking place in the body.
biontA single organism.
reverse electron transportThe energy-dependent movement of electrons against the thermodynamic gradient to form a strong reductant from a weaker electron donor.
feedback inhibitionA type of allosteric regulation in which the product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the activity of an enzyme involved in its synthesis.
gmoGenetically modified organism
detritusrubbed off; a surface partly denuded.
ecologyStudy of the interrelationships between organisms and their environments.
signalwhen one protein in a molecular pathway can activate or deactivate another protein, it is a signal to the affected protein.
halophilousspecies living in salt marshes, or near the sea.
invasive speciesNon-native species that increase rapidly in numbers and that have negative impacts on native species.
continuous cultureThe culture of microorganisms in liquid medium under controlled conditions, with regular additions of depleted nutrients and removal of excreted metabolites from the medium over a lengthy period of time.
non-lethal effect/non-consumptive effectEffect within a community that occur when prey react to predators by altering their behavior, morphology, and/or habitat selection.
illegitimate recombinationAn aberrant recombination event between non-homologous sequences that occurs in the absence of a known site-specific recombination system.
ecotropicA retrovirus that can replicate only in the host of the species in which it originated.
drug candidatesChemical compounds that have potential to be developed into a therapeutic drug
laminarina beta-glucan polysaccharide produced by many chromists through photosynthesis.
decurvedbowed downward.
check pointThe point in the eukaryotic cell division cycle where progress can be halted until conditions are suitable for progression to the next stage.
biosphereThat part of the earth containing all living organisms.
unidirectional replicationSee bidirectional replication.
primary electron acceptorA specialized molecule sharing the reaction center with the chlorophyll a molecule; it accepts an electron from the chlorophyll a molecule.
cloneGenetically identical cells or individuals originating from a common anscestrial cell or individual.
panspermiaThe concept that life was introduced on earth from elsewhere in the universe.
graniteHighly felsic igneous plutonic rock, typically light in color; rough plutonic equivalent of rhyolite
blastema nucleated protoplasmic layer preceding the blastoderm.
paginathe surface of a wing: P
deoxyadenosineA nucleoside form of adenine.
conservative changeAn alteration of the amino acid sequence of a protein with no effect on the function of the protein.
catabolismBiochemical processes involved in the breakdown of organic compounds, usually leading to the production of energy.
r2See coefficient of determination.
alkaloidSmall but chemically complex nitrogen-containing metabolite produced by plants as a defense against herbivores
extrafusal muscle fiberIn vertebrate skeletal muscle, an “ordinary” muscle fiber that is not associated with a muscle-spindle stretch receptor.
reciprocal altruismA mutually beneficial exchange of altruistic behavioral acts between individuals
immunoprecipitationThe precipitation of a multivalent antigen by a bivalent antibody.
ventralRelating to the front of an animal or lower surface of a structure (e.g., wing or leaf).
suberoylanilide hydroxamic acidAn HDAC inhibitor.
osmosisThe diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
cambrian explosionA burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geological history; recorded in the fossil record about 545 to 525 million years ago.
nitrogen cycleThe cycling of various forms of biologically available nitrogen through the plant, animal, and microbial worlds, and through the atmosphere and geosphere.
syncyticsee Hexactinellida
neutronelectrically neutral subatomic particle with the same mass as a proton
satellite dnaRegions of highly repetitive DNA from a eucaryotic chromosome, usually identifiable by its unusual nucleotide composition
insectivoreAn animal that feeds primarily on insects.
larvaAmong invertebrates, an immature stage in the life cycle which usually is much smaller than, and morphologically different from, the adult
visualizationThe graphic representation of data, patterns within data, or knowledge based on analysis of data patterns.
metabolic pathwayA series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway).
ltpsee long-term potentiation
mark-recapture methodA sampling technique used to estimate wildlife populations.
annealingThe process of formation of double-stranded DNA from single-stranded DNA; compare with hybridization.
quinoneSmall, lipid soluble, mobile electron carrier molecule found in the respiratory and photosynthetic electron-transport chains
free ribosomessuspended in cytosol which will function in cytosol (ex:enzymes)
para-next to; near by; at the side of.
prosthetic groupA small molecule bound to a protein.
duplex dnaA double-stranded DNA molecule.
fibrilA small filament or fiber.
natural serviceActual mating between males and females in contrast to artificial insemination.
electron donorSubstance that donates or gives up electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction, becoming oxidized in the process.
biomineralizationThe deposition of minerals by microorganisms and plant and animal cells.
t lymphocyteCells that form the basis of the cell mediated part of the immune system
condensationSee Dehydration synthesis.
modelA theoretical abstraction of the real world.
mutic -usunarmed: lacking processes where such usually occur.
abductionMovement of an appendage or body structure in a direction away from the midline (median sagittal) plane (for example, extending an arm laterally).
seldiSurface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionisation invented by T
autoclaveA chamber for sterilizing filters or equipment with saturated steam by using constant high temperature and pressure (121 °C, 15 psi)
oncogeneDominant-acting gene that stimulates cell division, leading to the formation of tumors and contributing to cancer; arises from mutated copies of a normal cellular gene (protooncogene).
expanded polyglutamine chainwhen a normal protein that has a certain number of glutamines in a chain is mutated, so that the number of glutamines in the chain increases, it is an expanded chain
barrier methodContraception that relies on a physical barrier to block the passage of sperm
apoptosisProgrammed cell death, in which a cell degrades its own DNA, the nucleus and cytoplasm shrink, and the cell undergoes phagocytosis by other cells without leakage of its contents.
dna linkerAn oligonucleotide containing a sequence that forms a restriction site in the presence of complementary sequence.
squamiformhaving a scale-like form.
synthesisbuilding-up of large complex molecules from simpler ones by an enzyme- controlled reaction.
chromatographyThe separation of a mixture of substances by charge, size, or other property by allowing the mixture to partition between a moving phase and a stationary phase.
daltonUnit of molecular mass
fetusThe prenatal human after the eighth week of development, when structures grow and specialize.
radiationEvent of rapid cladogenesis, believed to occur under conditions where a new feature permits a lineage to move into a new niche or new habitat, and is then called an adaptive radiation.
mass spectrometerAn instrument that determines the exact mass of charged particles or ions by measuring the flight path through a set of magnetic and electric fields
antineoplasticA drug that reduces or prevents the growth of a neoplasm.
cholecystokininA hormone
asepsisEssentially a germ-free environment.
adenosine diphosphateSee ADP.
haplotypeA set of genes on a single chromosome.
anergyA deficient immune response due to inactivated B- and T-lymphocytes.
brachialrelating to an arm; arm-like.
consensus sequenceA idealized nucleotide sequence that represents a sequence that serves some particular function (e.g
ecosystem servicesResources and processes provided to humankind by natural ecosystems.
discordantRefers to a pair of twins of whom one twin has the trait under consideration and the other does not.
anaerobic bacteriabacteria that can function without the use of molecular oxygen
pfuStands for plaque-forming unit.
metabolismThe sum total of the enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in a living organism.
decrepitanscrackling.
intervalthe space or time between two structures, sculptures or periods of development.
nomenclaturethe naming of Fungi is governed by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature as adopted by each International Botanical Congress; any proposals to change the Code are published, debated, and voted on at such Congresses
tumescencea swelling or tumid enlargement: a puffed up area.
festivusvariegated with bright colors.
excentricnot in the centre; revolving or arranged about a point that is not central.
ground stateThe normal, stable form of an atom or molecule; as distinct from the excited state.
proteoglycanMolecule consisting of one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains attached to a core protein.
aldehydeAn organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton.
situin its natural place or position.
messenger rnaThe transcript of a segment of chromosomal DNA which is a template for protein synthesis.
ligaseAn enzyme that ligates (joins) two molecules in an energy-dependent process.
biuncinnatewith two hooks.
valence electronAn electron in the outermost electron shell.
mutasesEnzymes that catalyze the transposition of functional groups.
fermentationOne process by which carbon-containing compounds are broken down in an energy yielding process
agarA gelatinous material prepared from certain red algae that is used to solidify nutrient media for growing microorganisms.
hominoidsA group (superfamily Hominoidea) that includes hominids (Hominidae), gibbons (Hylobatidae), and anes CPongidae).
acetyl coaSmall water-soluble molecule that carries acetyl groups in cells
anaerobiosisLife in the absence of molecular oxygen.
anaerobicLiterally, "life without air." This term is applied to organisms which do not require oxygen to grow and for which oxygen is toxic
centimorganUnit of measure for distance on genetic maps
full sibBrother or sister having both parents in common.
diffusionNet drift of molecules in the direction of lower concentration due to random thermal movement.
adhdAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder, is a neurological disorder initially appearing in childhood with symptoms such as hyperactivity, forgetfulness, poor impulse control, and distractibility.
nucleosideMolecule composed of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar
artificial selectionSet of human-imposed rules designed to govern the probability that an individual, chosen on the basis of one or more traits, survives and reproduces.
radio sensitivitythe degree to which a type of cancer responds to radiation therapy
aerobeAn organism that lives in air and uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor in respiration.
electron transfer chainsArray of enzymes and other molecules in a cell membrane that accept and give up electrons in sequence; operation of chain releases the energy of the electrons in small, usable increments.
synergismInteractions between two or more agents (e.g., hormones) whereby they have a greater effect acting together than the simple sum of their individual effects.
bibleHoly book of Christianity
volumes percentMilliliters (at STP) of gas dissolved or chemically combined within a fluid per 100 milliliters of the fluid.
milli-Prefix denoting 10–3.
dryasA common plant along the successional chain of species for forests.
cholecystokininA
microgliaA type of glial cell that is activated in the inflammatory response
hematologic growth factorA colony stimulating factor that stimulates the production of some types of white and red blood cells.
ferredoxinAn electron carrier of low reduction potential; small protien containing iron-sulfur clusters.
interoreceptorA sensory receptor that detects stimuli within the body, such as blood pressure and body position.
immigrationThe influx of new individuals from other areas.
forcingsfactors that affect the annual global mean surface temperature
papillaa nipple-like extension, as on the auxiliary cells of some VAM fungi.
secondary sexual charactersfeatures possessed by one sex but not the other, other than the differences of the reproductive organs themselves; e.g
dextrorotatory isomerA stereoisomer that rotates the plane of plane-polarized light clockwise.
smile linesThe lines or wrinkles that appear on the cheeks.
opal mutationA change in a codon to create the nonsense codon UGA (the opal codon).
strict aerobeAn organism that can survive only in an atmosphere of oxygen, which is used in aerobic respiration.
acyl phosphateAny molecule with the general chemical form .
isotopesStable or radioactive forms of an element that differ in atomic weight but are otherwise chemically identical to the naturally abundant form of the element; used as tracers.
cisternaFlattened membrane-bounded compartment, as found in the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus.
decompression sicknessA pathological state that arises after diving when bubbles are formed within body fluids because the reduction in pressure during surfacing allows gases (especially N2) present at high dissolved partial pressures to come out of solution
snowball earth hypothesisThe hypothesis that glaciers covered the planet's landmasses from pole to pole 750-570 million years ago, confining life to very limited areas.
massThe amount of matter in an object; often used interchangeably with weight
β sheetsee beta sheet
drug discoveryProcesses for the the identification and development of drugs
aleurioconidiumA terminal or lateral conidium developed by expansion of the end of a conidiophore or hypha, and detaches by lysis or fracture of the wall.
tumor suppressor geneGene that appears to prevent formation of a cancer
polysaccharideA linear or branched chain structure containing many sugar molecules linked by glycosidic bonds.
simulated annealingA molecular dynamics method that simulates the heating and cooling of a system in order to describe the most stable state.
double circulatory systemA blood circulation in which the pulmonary circulation is separate from the systemic circulation (as in mammals, birds, and crocodilians).
reticular formationA system of neurons, containing over 90 separate nuclei, that passes through the core of the brainstem.
species selectionA form of group selection in which species with different characteristics increase (by speciation) or decrease (by extinction) in number at different rates because of a difference in their characteristics.
merodiploidA partially diploid bacterium, carrying both its own chromosome and a chromosome fragment introduced by conjugation, transformation or transduction.
bulk flowThe movement of water due to a difference in pressure between two locations.
lipidA lipid is any number of diverse organic compounds all of which are characterized by having long hydrocarbon skeletons and by being generally nonpolar
alternative rna splicingThe production of different proteins from the same RNA transcript by splicing it in different ways.
biodegradablecapable of being broken down by microorganisms (bacteria and/or fungi).
masticateto chew.
anti-inflammatoryReducing inflammation
compressionFossil formed when an organism is flattened (compressed) and a thin film of organic material from its body is left in the rock.
dmsoDimethyl sulfoxide.
carcinogenA molecule that can transform normal cells into cancer cells.
acidicAdjective used to describe a substance or solution that has an abundance of positive hydrogen ions.
dibasic/die-BASE-ick/ adj
cytometersigh-TOM-uh-tur/ An instrument for counting the number of cells in a sample.
archaeaOne of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Bacteria.
episomeOne of a class of genetic elements that, after insertion into a host cell, may replicate autonomously in the cytoplasm of the host, or become integrated into the chromosome of the host cell, and be replicated along with it.
endochoriumthe layer of the allantois that lines the chorium; the inner layer of the chorium.
blue staina blue-grey colouration of worked wood paradoxically caused by the growth of brown fungal hyphae, often those of Ophiostoma) inside the wood cells.
biological magnificationA trophic process in which retained substances become more concentrated with each link in the food chain.
simple sequence repeatsSee microsatellites.
teonanacatl`the Flesh of the Gods,' magic mushrooms used in Central American curing and divining ceremonies.
iap familyIntracellular protein inhibitors of apoptosis.
myoepithelial cellType of unstriated muscle cell found in epithelia, e.g
hdsa center of excellenceClinics recognized by HDSA for providing high quality, comprehensive care for HD patients and their families and for offering clinical trial opportunities and running outreach and educational programs.
allometric growthThe variation in the relative rates of growth of various parts of the body, which helps shape the organism.
euglenaA motile unicellular freshwater autotrophic organism traditionally classified as a plant-like member of the kingdom Protista (algae).
evapotranspirationThe evaporation of water from soil plus the transpiration of water from plants
absolute riskThe probability that an individual will develop a particular condition, based on family history and/or test results.
chemical chaperonesSynonym for counteracting solutes.
snpsee single-nucleotide polymorphism
biological clockA physiological mechanism that gives an organism an endogenous capability to keep track of the passage of time.
tim complexesProtein translocators in the mitochondrial inner membrane
macroclimateLarge-scale variations in climate; the climate of an entire region.
cladogenesisThe development of a new clade; the splitting of a single lineage into two distinct lineages; speciation.
rock cycleThe process through which one type of rock (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) is converted into another.
dentatetoothed: with acute teeth, the sides of which are equal and the tip is above the middle of base.
registered dieticianA professional who has obtained training and credentials related to the use of specialized diets to address a variety of problems.
unwinding proteinsProteins that help to unwind double-stranded DNA during DNA replication.
totipotencyThe ability of embryonic cells to retain the potential to form all parts of the animal.
suturiforman articulation soldered together so that only a slight impressed line is visible.
müllerian mimicrySharing of a common warning coloration or pattern among a number of species that are all dangerous or toxic to predators; resemblances maintained because of common selective advantage.
weigle reactivationThe increased survival of phage after UV irradiation if they infect cells that have previously been exposed to a lose dose of UV
fermentationThe energy-generating breakdown of glucose or related molecules by a process that does not require molecular oxygen.
selectivity filterThat part of an ion channel structure that determines which ions it can transport.
natural selectionChanges in the occurrence of alleles within a population over time due to differential reproductive success of individual genotypes.
cholemesiskole-EM-uh-suhs/ Presence of bile in the vomitus.
intracellular fluidsThe aqueous solutions inside cells
antisense rnaAn RNA molecule that can hybridize to an mRNA molecule
inoculumThe initial sample of a microorganism added to a medium used to start a new culture.
enzymeAn enzyme is a protein molecule that behaves as a catalyst.
manometerinstrument used to measure differences in pressure by comparing the height of liquid in the two arms of a U-tube.
homologueThe term homologue is used to describe a compound belonging to a series of compounds differing from each other by a repeating unit, such as a methylene group, a peptide residue, etc.
posticushinder.
anal footapplied to the tip of the body in larval Chironomids, which is modified to serve as a hold-fast.
toxicityThe degree to which a substance is able to damage an organism exposed to that substance
allosteric transitionChange in the tertiary and/or quaternary structure of a protein induced by binding of a small molecule to a specific regulatory site, causing a change in the protein’s activity
tri-articulatecomposed of three joints or articles.
biseriatelyarranged in double rows or series.
zeptomoleOne-sextillionth mole; 10-21 mole.
epigamic selectionSelection for mating success based on appearance or behavior during courtship.
obtusenot pointed: an angle greater than a right angle: opposed to acute
angstromA unit of measurement that was widely used until recently to describe molecular dimensions, but the unit nanometer (nm) is now more commonly used
α helixsee alpha helix
rnaisee RNA interference
recombinationProcess in which DNA molecules are broken and the fragments are rejoined in new combinations
l3One of three hybrid crosses used to detect linkage
neurotoxinpoison which interferes with nerve function, usually by affecting the flow of ions through the cell membrane.
equilibriumThe state of a chemical reaction in which the amounts on each side of the reaction have stabilized.
map-and-compass navigationNavigation in which an animal has information about where it is in the world (the “map”) and about the direction it should take to reach a destination (the “compass”).
gibbaa rounded protuberance or prominence.
glassytransparent; glass-like in appearance.
association analysisA genetic variant is genotyped in a population for which phenotypic information is available (such as disease occurrence, or a range of different trait values)
punctuated equilibriumA model of evolution in which change occurs in relatively rapid bursts, followed by longer periods of stasis.
gene probeA labelled sequence of single-stranded nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) which can be used to detect the complementary nucleic acid sequence by a hybridization techniques.
corallinea pale pinkish red [salmon].
overexploitationHarvesting by humans of wild plants or animals at rates exceeding the ability of populations of those species to rebound.
methanogenA microorganism that obtains energy by using carbon dioxide to oxidize hydrogen, producing methane as a waste product.
centrifugemachine used to separate materials of differing density by spinning samples rapidly.
photosynthesisbiochemical process in which light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, and is used to fuel the building of sugar molecules.
bullateblistered.
choreaGreek word for "dance." Chorea refers to an uncontrollable dance-like motion of twisting and turning that affects many persons with HD.
q10See temperature coefficient.
transgression(n) A rise in sea level relative to the land.
metatheriaSee Marsupials.
foldingThe process by which a chain of amino acids is modified to reach the final shape of the protein.
photosynthesisThe process by which organisms capture energy from the sun, convert it to chemical energy, and either store the energy in chemical bonds or use the energy to build biomass.
configurationThe spatial arrangement in which atoms are covalently linked in a molecule.
molecular geneticsThe study of the chemical nature of genetic information and how it is encoded, replicated, and expressed.
ssdnaSingle-stranded DNA.
comparative methodA method of analysis that seeks to identify adaptive traits or adaptive evolutionary trends by comparing how a particular function is carried out by related and unrelated species in similar and dissimilar environments.
crepuscularA lifestyle characterized by activity mostly during the hours around dawn and dusk.
caudate nucleusA brain structure within the basal ganglia; responsible for regulating and organizing information being sent to the frontal lobes from other areas of the brain.
dependent variableIn an experiment, the dependent variable is the factor that responds when another factor is manipulated.
es cellsee embryonic stem cell
inbreeding depressionDecrease in the average value of a character, or in growth, vigor, fertility, and survival, as a result of inbreeding.
hyphaIn fungi, a thread like structure consisting of cells one after the other
taxonA named taxonomic unit consisting of a distinctive group of organisms placed in a taxonomic category, whether the unit is that of a species, genus, family, order, and so on.
streamA flowing body of water that is generally small, cold, and clear.
taxonThe named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification.
oradtoward the mouth.
endorphinsThe brain's natural chemicals that are thought to elevate mood and/or kill pain.
bacteriochlorophyllLight-absorbing pigment found in green sulfur and purple sulfur bacteria.
viabilityCapacity for survival; often refers to the fraction of individuals surviving to a given age, and is contrasted with inviability due to deleterious genes.
ovulationThe release of an egg from ovaries
genomicsComparative analysis of the complete genomic sequences from different organisms; used to assess evolutionary relations between species and to predict the number and general types of proteins produced by an organism.
signal transductionConversion of a signal from one physical or chemical form into another
long-day plantA plant that flowers, usually in late spring or early summer, only when the light period is longer than a critical length.
stromatolitesLaminated rocks produced by layered accretions of benthic microorganisms (mainly filamentous cyanobacteria) that trap or precipitate sediments.
pathogenAn organism able to inflict damage on a host it infects.
bivalve -edapplied to mouth parts consisting of two parts or valves united to form a tube.
autotrophsAn organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms
demoid/DEM-oid/ adj
social darwinismThe concept that social and cultural differences in human societies (political, economic, military, religious, and so on) arise through processes of natural selection, similar to those that account for biological differences among populations and species.
suspensionA mixture of a liquid and small particles that stay in the liquid rather than settling out because of kinetic energy of the solvent’s molecules
cavity -asa hollow space or opening.
cytochromesA group of colored, heme-containing proteins that transfer electrons during cellular respiration and photosynthesis
immature secretory vesicleSecretory vesicle that appears to have just pinched off the Golgi stack
ericeticolousliving in poor, sandy or gravelly places.
erythropoietinGrowth factor that stimulates the production of red blood cells
living fossilAn existing species whose similarity to ancient ancestral species indicates that very few morphological changes have occurred over a long period of geological time.
actinomycetesGram-positive bacteria that can form branching filaments
curvatecurved.
explanatespread out and flattened; applied to a margin.
humidityA general term referring loosely to the concentration of gaseous water in a gas
identical daughter cellsend products of mitosis each containing a complete set of chromosomes.
unsaturated hydrocarbonhydrocarbon molecule that contains one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms
exsertiona protrusion: an extension of a line or other ornamentation beyond its ordinary course.
chromatidone of two identical replicas of a chromosome
functional complementationThe restoration of function by the introduction of exogenous DNA.
elongata -atedrawn out; lengthened; much longer than wide.
episomeA genetic element that can exist either as an autonomous replicating plasmid or can insert into the bacterial chromosome
bronzethe color of old brass.
photoperiodDay length; the number of hours of daylight in a 24-hour day.
centrumthe structures inside an ascoma, which are concerned with development of the asci.
uterine cycleThe changes that occur in the uterus during the reproductive cycle of the human female; also called the menstrual cycle.
translocationmovement of nutrients or other substances within an organism.
codon*A codon is the sequence of three consecutive nucleotides that occurs in mRNA which directs the incorporation of a specific amino acid into a protein or represents the starting or termination signals of protein synthesis.
mucilaginouscomposed of mucilage.
chlorophyllLight-absorbing green pigment that plays a central part in photosynthesis in bacteria, plants, and algae.
iridicolorany color so broken up as to reflect the prismatic hues.
confluentrunning together; as of two macula when united in one outline.
sympathetic nervous systemA subdivision of the body's nervous system that is automatic (not consciously controlled) and is involved in preparing the body for physical activity.
moleculeThe result of two or more atoms combining by chemical bonding.
cacheStores of food made by many species of animals for future consumption.
positive supercoilingAdditional coiling of the circular duplex DNA molecule in the same direction as the winding of the double helix.
alluviumn
cfuStands for colony-forming unit.
viableAlive; able to reproduce.
mispairingImproper alignment of two nucleic acid strands.
catabolism***Catabolism consists of reactions involving endogenous organic substrates to provide chemically available energy (e.g., ATP) and/or to generate metabolic intermediates used in subsequent anabolic reactions.
sporulationFormation from vegetative cells of metabolically inactive cells that can resist extreme environmental conditions.
chiral synthesisThe production of one enantiomer of a chiral compound, often by stereospecific synthesis by an enzyme.
furanoseA sugar that contains a five-membered ring as a result of intramolecular hemiacetal formation.
nonreciprocal translocationMovement of a chromosome segment to a nonhomologous chromosome or region without any (or with unequal) reciprocal exchange of segments.
autoantibodyAntibodies that react to self antigens.
mesiallyat or to the middle.
coreThat portion of the interior of the Earth that lies beneath the mantle, and goes all of the way to the center
ethologyThe study of animal behavior in natural conditions
sericterium -iesthe silk producing gland or glands in caterpillars: the spinning structures.
papilionaceousbutterfly-like.
chain reactionterm that generally refers to any reaction in which one of the products becomes a reactant
commensalismAn ecological relationship between species in which one is benefited but the other is little affected.
gastrulaThe three-layered, cupshaped embryonic stage.
ovumThe mature female gamete often called the egg.
isotypesMacromolecules with common structural and functional features, such as the IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE antibody isotypes.
translocationType of mutation in which a portion of one chromosome is broken off and attached to another.
pattern formationClumped dispersal patterns.
mitoribosomeA mitochondrial ribosome
ligament A type of fibrous connective tissue that joins bones together at Joints.
watson-crick rulesThe normal base pairing rules for DNA and RNA: A pairs with T or U, and G pairs with C.
differentiationProcess usually involving changes in gene expression by which a precursor cell becomes a distinct specialized cell type.
levigate -uswith a smooth, somewhat shiny surface.
non-hd alleleA version of the Huntington gene that contains a normal number of CAG repeats and codes for the normally functioning form of the huntingtin protein
inosAbbreviation for inducible nitric oxide synthetase.
abyssal plainThe ocean floor offshore from the continental margin, usually very flat with a slight slope.
monosaccharideAny simple sugar with the formula (CH2O)n where n = 3 – 7.
bohr shiftA lowering of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, caused by a drop in pH; facilitates the release of oxygen from hemoglobin in the vicinity of active tissues.
atrovelutinusvelvety black.
bufferA substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.
actin filamentHelical protein filament formed by the polymerization of globular actin molecules
residueGeneral term for the unit of a polymer
suppressionthe non-development of a part normally present.
delta sequenceLong terminal repeat in Ty elements of yeast.
predationWhen one organism kills and consumes another.
tandem duplicationA duplication in which the repeated regions are immediately adjacent to one another.
pantingAn increase in the rate of breathing; often serves to increase the rate of evaporative cooling by increasing air flow over moist surfaces of the airways of the breathing system.
pseudidolum= nymph: q.v.
headThat part of the body at the "front" end, where the brain, mouth, and most sensory organs are located.
cyclic ampAn adenosine monophosphate molecule with the phosphate covalently attached to both the 3' and 5' carbons of the ribose.
decremental spreadSpread of a signal in such a way that signal strength decreases with distance
vesicantblistering: able to produce a blister.
vectormodified plasmid used to carry DNA back into the bacterial "host"
super-familya division of classification less than an order, including a series of family groups more closely related to each other than to similar groups within the order: opinionative and ending in oidea: sometimes hardly different from suborder; but lower than suborder when both terms are employed.
anoxicLack of oxygen
badiusliver-brown; clearer and lighter than castaneus [dragon's blood].
ellipticaloblong-oval, the ends equally rounded, together forming an even ellipsoid.
analytic reagentGrade of chemical.
reciprocal crossCross in which females of genotype A are mated to males of genotype B and males of genotype A are mated to females of genotype B; useful in detecting sex-linkage, maternal effects, and cytoplasmic inheritance.
entericsThe common name for bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae.
substantia nigraA group of nerve cells at the base of the midbrain that receives input from a number of nerve cells
tropicalRegion in which the climate undergoes little seasonal change in either temperature or rainfall
fibrea thread-like structure of any tissue.
dideoxynucleotideA nucleotide lacking the 3'-hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose sugar
biogeochemical cycleAny of the various nutrient circuits, which involve both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems.
ancipitalwith two opposite edges or angles.
hypotonicReferring to an external solution whose solute concentration is low enough to cause water to move into cells due to osmosis.
genetic codeThe set of triplet code words in DNA (or mRNA) coding for the amino acids of proteins.
nuclear envelopeDouble membrane surrounding the nucleus
genetic markerA locus that has a useful phenotype which can be used for genetic selections or screens.
hydrophobicity**Hydrophobicity is the association of non-polar groups or molecules in an aqueous environment which arises from the tendency of water to exclude non polar molecules
peripodal membranethe cell layer surrounding the peripodal cavities
electric potentialThe difference in the amount of electric charge between a region of positive charge and a region of negative charge
n-acetylglucosamine and n-acetylmuramic acidSugar derivatives in the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
transposonA segment of DNA capable of shifting from one position in the eukaryote genome to another
statistically significantA result that is unlikely to be due to chance alone.
hierarchyA term used in some evolutionary and developmental studies to designate increasing levels of complexity or organization.
essential amino acidsThe amino acids that an animal cannot synthesize itself and must obtain from food
pasteurizationA process using mild heat to reduce the microbial level in heat-sensitive materials.
soilUnconsolidated materials above bedrock.
omnivoreAn animal that feeds on animals, but also on either live plants or dead ones (detritus).
screeninglooking for evidence of a particular disease such as cancer in persons with no symptoms of disease.
glycosidaseAn enzyme that removes sugar residues from its substrate.
free radicalspreventing them from reacting with other molecules.
semicircular canalsA three-part chamber of the inner ear that functions in maintaining equilibrium.
short-day plantA plant that flowers (usually in late summer, fall, or winter) only when the light period is shorter than a critical length.
leukotrieneA type of prostaglandin produced by various white blood cells involved in the inflammatory and immune responses and in allergic reactions.
thigmotacticcontact-loving: applied to species that tend to live close together or in touch, one with the other.
duplexSame as double helix.
dacryelcosis/dack-ree-el-KOH-səs/ n
antigenA substance, usually macromolecular , that induces a specific immune response.
proton acceptorA functional group capable of accepting a proton from a proton donor molecule.
gene cloningSee DNA cloning.
templateA macromolecular mold or pattern for the synthesis of an informational macromolecule.
systematicsField of biology that deals with the diversity of life
release factorsSee termination factors.
accessioningReceipt and recording of specimens delivered to laboratory.
mamlMicroarray Markup Language - adopted from "XML, Extensible Markup Language" - that provides a framework for describing experiments done on all kinds of DNA arrays
phoneticsound producing; applied to stridulating structures.
parsimonyEconomy in the use of means to an end; the principle of accounting for observations by that hypothesis requiring the fewest or simplest assumptions that lack evidence; in systematics, the principle of invoking the minimal number of evolutionary changes to infer phylogenetic relationships.
bulk solutionSolution that is not immediately next to a membrane or other surface.
cardiac muscleMuscle that forms the wall of the heart
prophylacticTreatment, usually immunologic or chemotherapeutic, designed to protect an individual from a future attack by a pathogen.
coalescenceA statistical term used to describe relationships among different gene sequences that are all descended from a common ancestral sequence (the "coalescent")
steroidsCompounds that are derivatives of a tetracyclic structure composed of a cyclopentane ring fused to a substituted phenanthrene nucleus.
outer electronselectrons that help account for many of the observed trends in chemical properties
affinisrelated to: similar in structure or development.
muscimola hallucinogenic derivative of ibotenic acid; formed in Amanita muscaria when basidiomata are dried.
migrationAs related to injections, the movement of material away from the injection site.
neocortexPart of the cerebral cortex; constitutes about 85% of the human brain's total mass
potential energyThe energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement.
pupillatespots or marks that have an eye-like centre.
messenger cascadeA process in which an initial message is greatly amplified in a cascade of ensuing messages, resulting in cellular change.
amino acidAny one of the monomer units that are polymerized to form proteins.
dicot/DIE-cawt/ n
stefan-boltzmann equationAn equation that relates the temperature of a surface and the rate at which the surface emits electromagnetic energy.
electron donorA substance that donates electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction
electrochemical proton gradientThe result of a combined pH gradient (proton gradient) and the membrane potential.
bootstrapRecalculation of results with randomly rearranged datasets to exclude the possibility of artefacts in data clustering.
inferiorbeneath, below or behind: a term of position.
depressedflattened down vertically; opposed to compressed.
fadAbbreviation for Flavin-adenine dinucleotide.
dendrogramA tree-form diagram that is a graphic depiction of hierarchical relationships between sequences or organisms.
electron carrierA molecule that conveys electrons; one of several membrane proteins in electron transport chains in cells
nitrificationThe oxidation of ammonia or ammonium to nitrites and nitrates, as by nitrifying bacteria.
muricate -usarmed with sharp, rigid points.
ion channelAny transmembrane protein complex that forms a water-filled channel across the phospholipid bilayer allowing selective ion transport down its electrochemical gradient
density dependentThe dependence of population growth and size on factors directly related to the numbers of individuals in a particular locality (for example, competition for food, accumulation of waste products).
map distanceThe distance between two markers on the same chromosome based on recombination frequency, usually measured in centimorgans (cM).
eukaryoteOrganism which possess a membrane bound nucleus that contains the organism's chromosomes.
dna tumor virusA general term for a variety of different DNA viruses that can cause tumors.
de-etiolationThe changes a plant shoot undergoes in response to sunlight; also known informally as greening.
chromatographyA process in which complex mixtures of molecules are separated by many repeated partitionings between a flowing (mobile) phase and a stationary phase.
catalystA substance that promotes a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy without itself being changed in the end
nmsee nanometer
proenzymeAn inactive enzyme precursor that is activated by proteolysis; a zymogen.
leprouswith loose, irregular scales.
white piedraA fungal infection (tinea albigena) caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii that forms light-colored nodules on the beard and mustache.
hydrogen bondA weak, noncovalent bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom such as oxygen.
randomizedIn the context of a clinical trial, randomized refers to how the different treatments (either the potential drug or the standard treatment) are allocated to the trial subjects
integrated hypothesisThe concept, put forth by E E
clinical trialThe evaluation in humans of the effectiveness of a new drug therapy
orderA taxonomic category between class and family: a class may contain a number of orders, each of which contains a number of families.
phytophilousplant loving: species that live on plants.
linkageThe co-inheritance of two DNA loci that are near each other on the same chromosome.
transposonSequence of DNA which is capable of replicating itself independent of replication of the nuclear genome, of excising itself from its current location in the genome, and of inserting itself elsewhere in the genome.
antibiogramDistinctive pattern of susceptibility of an organism to a battery of antimicrobial agents.
progestinOne of a family of steroid hormones, including progesterone, that prepare the uterus for pregnancy.
monomersThe subunits linked together to form a polymer (for example, nucleotides in nucleic acids, amino acids in proteins, sugars in polysaccharides).
pineal glandA small gland on the dorsal surface of the vertebrate forebrain that secretes the hormone melatonin.
externo-median nervethe humeral and discoidal veins together.
lemniscateribbon-like: in the form of an 8.
sporangiophoreA stalk to which sporangia are attached.
variationa departure in color or form, from the normal: the sum of the departures from a mean type of any species: it is continuous when there is no break between the extremes; discontinuous when there are gaps without intermediate forms.
coacervateAn aggregation of colloidal particles in liquid phase that persists for a period of time as suspended membranous droplets.
capillariesSmall, thin-walled blood vessels that allow oxygen to diffuse from the blood into the cells and carbon dioxide to diffuse from the cells into the blood.
asoAntistreptolysin.
chapman cycleset of natural steadystate reactions for stratospheric ozone
induced fitA change in the shape of an enzyme that results from the binding of substrate.
productivityThe amount of carbon and energy fixed in photosynthesis by plants and other producers.
estrusA period of sexual activity associated with ovulation
furanoseA simple sugar containing the five-membered furan ring.
standard deviationMeasure of variability, obtained as the square root of the variance
oligomeric proteinA multisubunit protein having two or more identical polypeptide chains.
beta-amyloidA compound that tends to accumulate in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease
stinkhornbasidioma of some members of the order Phallales (Gasteromycetes).
deoxyribonucleotideSee: nucleotide.
lymphocytesA subclass of leukocytes involved in the immune response
aniona negatively charged ion
endonucleaseAn enzyme that hydrolyzes the interior phosphodiester bonds of a nucleic acid; that is, it acts at points other than the terminal bonds.
benignDescribes tumors that are self-limiting in their growth and noninvasive.
modalityThe subjective sensation of a particular sense, such as sight, taste, or hearing.
indeterminate growthA type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives.
cation exchangeA process in which positively charged minerals are made available to a plant when hydrogen ions in the soil displace mineral ions from the clay particles
polymerAny large molecule composed of multiple identical or similar units (monomers) linked by covalent bonds.
organizersee Spemann’s Organizer
reductionThe gain of electrons by a compound or ion.
antigenAny substance, usually foreign, that binds specifically to an antibody.
microvilliThin fingerlike protrusions from the surface of a cell, often used to increase absorptive capacity or to trap food particles
batteninThe key protein involved in Batten disease.
terpenesOrganic hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon derivatives constructed from recurring isoprene units
contractionThe condition in which a muscle is activated to produce force
metacentric chromosomeChromosome in which the two chromosome arms are approximately the same length.
perceptionThe interpretation of sensations by the brain.
adenosine triphosphateA compound with high energy phosphate bonds that provide the energy for many cellular processes.
bradycardiaA heart rate that is unusually low.
allosteric regulationAllosteric regulation is the regulation of the activity of allosteric enzymes
c4 plantsA plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into four-carbon compounds, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.
dolabriformhatchet-shaped: compressed, with a prominent dilated keel and cylindrical base.
dimethyl sulfoxideA colorless liquid that dissolves both polar and nonpolar compounds
edman degradationA systematic method of sequencing proteins, proceeding by stepwise removal of single amino acids from the amino terminus of a polypeptide chain.
mitosisA type of cell(nuclear) division in eukaryotes characterized by the production of identical daughter nuclei
adaptive radiationThe emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced into an environment, presenting a diversity of new opportunities and problems.
differential centrifugationSeparation of cell organelles or other particles of different size by their different rates of sedimentation in a centrifugal field.
ribozymesRibonucleic acid molecules with catalytic activities; RNA enzymes.
hydrogen bondA weak electrostatic bond which arises from the attraction between the slight positive charge on a hydrogen atom and a slight negative charge on a nearby oxygen or nitrogen atom.
monomethyl hydrazinesee GYROMITRIN.
fistularlike a slender, cylindrical tube.
holoenzymeA catalytically active enzyme including all necessary subunits, prosthetic groups, and cofactors.
sexual reproductionA type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited through the gametes of the two parents
passive transportThe transport of a material by a mechanism that is capable of carrying the material only in the direction of equilibrium.
expected heterozygosityProportion of individuals that are expected to be heterozygous at a locus when the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions are met.
atherosclerosisThe clogging, narrowing, and hardening of the blood vessels that can lead to stroke, heart attack, and kidney problems.
femtomoleOne quadrillionth mole; 1015.
hydrogen bondNoncovalent bond in which an electropositive hydrogen atom is partially shared by two electronegative atoms.
flowerCollection of reproductive structures found in flowering plants
ultramarinean intense deep blue [cobalt blue].
viraemiaThe presence of viruses in the blood.
colony-stimulating factorGeneral name for the numerous signal molecules that control the differentiation of blood cells.
coarctatecontracted: compacted: applied to that form of pupa in which all the members of the future adult are concealed by a thickened, usually cylindric case or covering, which is often the hardened skin of the larva: beginning with a narrow base, then dilated and thickened.
carbon nanotubesnano-sized tubes of pure carbon with wall thicknesses as thin as a single atom
arcAIDS-related complex; Anomalous retinal correspondence.
direct measurementA measurement procedure that quantifies a property by measuring exactly what the definition of the property specifies
genealogyRecord of descent tracing genetic relationships of individuals.
moldsFossils formed when the sediment surrounding a buried organism hardens
mutarotationThe change in optical rotation of a sugar that is observed immediately after it is dissolved in aqueous solution, as the result of the slow approach of equilibrium of a pyranose or a furanose in its alpha and beta forms.
rubpRibulose bi phosphate
french paradoxThe finding that the rate of heart disease in France is lower than observed in other industrialized countries, despite the fact that the country's diet is rich in saturated fats.
s-adenosylmethionineAn enzymatic cofactor involved in methyl group transfers.
cyanobacteriabacteria that are aquatic and photosynthetic
melt curveA plot of fluorescence vs
glycogenA very long, branched polysaccharide, composed exclusively of glucose units, that is the primary storage carbohydrate in animal cells
16s rrnaA large polynucleotide (about 1500 bases) which functions as a part of the small subunit of the ribosome of prokaryotes and from whose sequence evolutionary information can be obtained; the eukaryotic counterpart is 18S rRNA.
michaelis-menten kineticsA kinetic pattern in which the initial rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction exhibits a hyperbolic dependence on substrate concentration.
neutral solutiona solution that is neither acidic nor basic; that is, one that has equal concentrations of H+ and OH-
class i mhc moleculeOne of the two classes of MHC molecule
regulonA group of genes or operons that are coordinately regulated even though some, or all, may be spatially distant within the chromosome or genome.
pesticide rotationSystematic change in the pesticide used to control a pest.
sample sizeNumber of individuals drawn from a larger pool of individuals.
b formThe most common form of duplex DNA, containing a right-handed helix and about 10 (10.5 exactly) base pairs per turn of the helix axis.
tectonicadj
cross-beddingn
trichomycetesan inconspicuous Class of Zygomycota, found attached to the gut walls of insects.
epitopeAntigenic determinant.
antiparallelDescribes the relative orientation of the two strands in a DNA double helix; the polarity of one strand is oriented in the opposite direction to that of the other.
radiationThe emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero.
redox coupleAn electron donor and its corresponding oxidized form.
coalescentunited or grown together.
diploid/DIP-loid/ adj
amorphAn allele that does not produce a product or an effect on the phenotype.
tracheaThe windpipe; that portion of the respiratory tube that has C-shaped cartilagenous rings and passes from the larynx to two bronchi.
nystatinan antifungal antibiotic derived from Streptomyces noursei, used to treat candidiasis.
rabA family of small GTP-binding proteins that play key roles in vesicular transport.
ureaThe water soluble nitrogenous waste product of mammals and some other vertebrates that is formed by a combination of carbon dioxide and ammonia
polar moleculeA molecule (such as water) with opposite charges on opposite sides.
malignantReferring to a tumor or tumor cells that can invade surrounding normal tissue and/or undergo metastasis
rtSee reverse transcription.
fluoresceinDye that fluoresces green when exposed to blue or ultraviolet light.
temperate virusA virus that can reproduce without killing the host.
plate tectonicsThe concept that the earth's crust is divided into a number of fairly rigid plates, whose movements (tectonics) relative to each other are responsible for continental drift and many crustal features
gamete intrafallopian transferAn infertility treatment in which sperm and oocytes are placed in a woman's uterine tube.
auxotrophic requirementA nutritional supplement required for growth of an auxotrophic strain.
phyletic evolutionEvolutionary changes within a single nonbranching lineage
zinc fingerA DNA-binding protein motif that contains residues that coordinate a zinc ion which creates a finger-like loop.
bionicsThe use of information derived from living systems to build electromechanical systems.
minimum recognition unitThe complementarity determining region of an antibody.
oxidative phosphorylationThe formation of ATP as the result of the transfer of electrons to oxygen.
protein targetingThe process by which newly synthesized proteins are sorted and transported to their proper locations in the cell.
spent nuclear fuelradioactive material remaining in fuel rods after they have been used to generate power in a nuclear reactor
proterotypesprimary types, including all the material upon which the original description is based.
chirotypea specimen upon which a manuscript name is based.
dehydrate/də-HIGH-drate, dee-/ v
seasonal polyphenismA phenomenon seen in some insects that go through two or more generations per year, in which genetically identical individuals can assume two or more discrete, highly distinct body forms depending on the season during which they develop.
dactyloid/DAKT-əl-oid/ adj
brown rotwood rot produced by a basidiomycete that can degrade cellulose but not lignin.
immunoconjugateAn antibody conjugated to a molecule, such as a fluorescent label or an enzyme, that produces a colorimetric product.
coliformGram-negative, nonsporing, facultative rods that ferment lactose with gas formation within 48 hours at 35 °C
corrugatedwrinkled; with alternate ridges and channels.
oceanic trenchDeep steep-sided depression in the ocean floor caused by the subduction of oceanic crust beneath either other oceanic crust or continental crust.
lepisa scale.
constitutive enzymesEnzymes required at all times by a cell and present at some constant level; for example, many enzymes of the central metabolic pathways
nucleosomeSpherical bodies formed by coils of chromatin
broad spectrum(of fungicides) active against a wide range of organisms.
daltonA measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles.
sea floor spreadingExpansion of oceanic crust through the deposition of mantle material along oceanic ridges
kinetic energyenergy of motion
homologuous recombinationExchange of sequence information between two homologous DNA molecules
ammonotelicIncorporating most nitrogen from the catabolism of nitrogenous compounds into ammonia
heartA muscular pump that uses metabolic energy to elevate hydrostatic pressure of the blood
pg2A class of prostaglandins that is known to have pro-inflammatory effects such as increasing pain, decreasing oxygen flow, constricting airways, and increasing inflammation.
conducting systemA system of specialized muscle cells by which depolarization spreads throughout the vertebrate heart.
oxygenAn element with eight protons and eight electrons and with an atomic mass averaging a bit over 16
eucoelomatesSee Coelom.
irisedwith rainbow colors.
bioluminescencethe production of light by a chemical reaction within an organism
phosphoanhydride bondA type of high-energy bond formed between two phosphate groups, such as the γ and β phosphates and the β and α phosphates in ATP
inductive reasoningReasonong from a series of specific observations to a set of one or more general principles.For example, Darwin used sets of observations of the fossil record, the distribution of organisms, and the structure of organisms to infer natural selection that natural selection is a general concept helping to explain the diversity of life on Earth.
svedbergA unit of measure of the rate at which a particle sediments in a centrifugal field.
activated complexThe highest free energy state of a complex in going from reactants to products.
cladogenesisklad-uh-JEN-uh-suhs/ Evolutionary change that produces a clade
electrosprayA method for generating a fine spray of highly charged droplets.
natural logarithmThe logarithm (log) to base e where e ≈ 2.718
archeaMembers of one of the two major divisions of procaryotes (the Archea), the other being the Bacteria.
nitrogenous baseAn aromatic nitrogen-containing molecule with basic properties
epidermisEpithelial layer covering the outer surface of the body
regulationThe maintenance of internal conditions at an approximately constant level while external conditions vary.
phA measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter: pH=−log [H+]
radunit of radiation that indicates absorption of 0.01 J of radiant energy per kilogram of tissue
dorsi-mesonthe middle of the upper surface.
estrogenA steroid hormone produced by the ovaries.
stressorAny agent that causes stress to an organism.
sucessionThe predictable change that occurs to assemblages in the context of a natural disturbance regimen.
krebs cycleA series of chemical reactions involved in aerobic respiration that occur naturally in animals
exponential growthGrowth of a microorganism where the cell number doubles within a fixed time period.
consumerAny organism which must consume other organisms (living or dead) to satisfy its energy needs
lytic cycleSeries of events in which a virus enters and replicates within a host cell to produce new viral particles eventually causing lysis of the cell
inquiryThe search for information and explanation, often focused by specific questions.
ligulatestrap-shaped; linear, much longer than broad.
red bedn
placeboAny intentionally ineffective medical treatment, such as a sugar pill, used to replace medication
dna helicaseEnzyme that is involved in opening the DNA helix into its single strands for DNA replication.
infringingencroaching upon.
acidophileOrganism that grows best under acid conditions (down to a pH of 1).
locusIn genetics, the position of a gene on a chromosome
dentes caninaesee canine teeth.
radicalAn atom or group of atoms possessing an unpaired electron; also called a free radical.
arbuscular mycorrhizaMycorrhizal type that forms highly branched arbuscules within root cortical cells.
ligaseAn enzyme that links together the 3′ end of one nucleic acid strand with the 5′ end of another, forming a continuous strand.
bipolar disorderalso known as manic-depression, this disorder is characterized by alternating periods of extreme moods
baldwithout hair or other surface vestiture: see bare.
misoan Oriental food product, used for soups and as flavouring agent, composed of rice and cereals + soybeans fermented by Aspergillus oryzae and Saccharomyces rouxii.
parts per million1 part out of a million parts, unit of concentration
oosporethick-walled resting spore developing from a fertilized egg of the Oomycetes.
multiple-hypothesis testingTesting more than one hypothesis within an experiment
exudeto ooze or flow slowly through minute openings.
rimosefull of cracks.
radioisotopea type of atom (or a chemical which is made with a type of atom) that emits radioactivity
trans fatA highly damaging type of fat which is produced when unsaturated fat is subjected to the process of hydrogenation.
oscillationa vibrating or swinging from side to side.
infra-genitalbelow the genital opening or process.
apoptosisRegulated process leading to cell death via a series of well-defined morphological changes; also called programmed cell death
graniteA coarse-grained igneous rock commonly intruded into continental crust.
coprolitesFossilized feces.
archetypeThe concept of an ideal primitive plan ("Bauplan") on which organisms, such as vertebrates, are presumably based
non-coding regionA segment of DNA that does not comprise a gene and thus does not code for a protein
farinosedotted with many single, flour-like spots: mealy.
secondary immune responseThe acquired immune response elicited on second or subsequent exposures to a particular antigen
ionAn atom or molecule carrying a positive or negative electrostatic charge.
gynandromorphicwhen an individual of one sex exhibits on one lateral half the organic characters of the other, more or less completely.
somatic nervous systemThat part of the peripheral nervous system which is under voluntary control..ok more or less under voluntary control
peripheral nervous systemThe part of the nervous system consisting of everything but the brain and spinal cord
panorpatae= Mecoptera; q.v
protandrythe appearance of males earlier in the season than females.
hypertonicReferring to an external solution whose solute concentration is high enough to cause water to move out of cells due to osmosis.
diffusionSee simple diffusion.
bloodThe fluid (including suspended cells) that is circulated within the circulatory system.
yolkNutrients stored in an egg.
source habitatA habitat where reproduction exceeds mortality and from which excess individuals disperse.
toxoidA toxin modified so that it is no longer toxic but is still able to induce antibody formation.
enthalpy changeFor a reaction, is approximately equal to the difference between the energy used to break bonds and the energy gained by the formation of new ones.
rootUsually the below ground portion of a plant
heterozygousRefers to an individual organism that possesses two different alleles at a locus.
sex chromosomesThe X and Y 
carcinogenA physical or chemical agent that causes cancer.
markSee epigenetic mark.
asepticfree or freed from contaminating organism(s); (of microbiological technique) pertains to working under sterile conditions and using sterile techniques, e.g., working in a laminar flow bench, using flame sterilized inoculating loops and instruments.
excimerAn adduct between a molecule that has been excited by a photon and a second molecule.
peripheral membrane proteinProtein that is attached to one face of a membrane by noncovalent interactions with other membrane proteins, and which can be removed by relatively gentle treatments that leave the lipid bilayer intact.
molalA unit of measure of chemical concentration; specifically, the molal concentration is the number of moles mixed with a kilogram of water to make a solution.
segmentationIn many animals, the body is divided into repeated subunits called segments, such as those in centipedes, insects, and annelids
dysplasia/dis-PLAYZ-yə/ n
electron carrierAny molecule or atom that accepts electrons from donor molecules and transfers them to acceptor molecules
ataxiaLoss of motor coordination.
second maxillary segmentthe seventh or labial segment of head.
purple sulfur bacteriaA group of phototrophic prokaryotes containing bacteriochlorophylls a or b and characterized by the ability to oxideze hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and store elemental sulfur inside the cells.
synaptic terminalA bulb at the end of an axon in which neurotransmitter molecules are stored and released.
planktonMostly microscopic organisms that drift passively or swim weakly near the surface of oceans, ponds, and lakes.
gram stainA differential stain that divides bacteria into two groups, gram-positive and gram-negative based on the ability to retain crystal violet when decolorized with an organic solvent such as ethanol.
ninhydrin reaetionA color reaction given by amino acids and peptides on heating with ninhydrin; widely used for their detection and estimation.
oxicContaining oxygen; aerobic
oligomerShort polymer, usually consisting (in a cell) of amino acids (oligopeptides), sugars (oligosaccharides), or nucleotides (oligonucleotides)
cytochrome oxidase complexAnother term for Complex IV.
indeterminatenot defined nor well marked; obscure: of no constant form or shape.
prototrophA microorganism strain that requires the same nutrients as the wild-type strain.
cdc genesee cell-division-cycle gene
aminoacyl-trnaActivated form of an amino acid, used in protein synthesis, consisting of an amino acid linked via a highenergy ester bond to the 3′-hydroxyl group of a tRNA molecule
vertebrateAn animal whose nerve cord is surrounded by a backbone
immunosuppressionSuppression of the immune response.
autotrophIn reference to carbon source - an organism which uses carbon dioxide (CO2) as the sole carbon source
apomorphicHaving a derived character or state, with reference to another character or state
terpenesA diverse group of lipids made from isoprene precursors.
dna polymerase/pə-LIM-er-aze/ n
slow block to polyspermyThe formation of the fertilization envelope and other changes in the egg's surface that prevent fusion of the egg with more than one sperm.
heterochronyan irregular development in point of time, a later stage becoming evident before one that is earlier in ordinary course.
dark reactionsReactions that can occur in the dark, in a process that is usually associated with light, such as the dark reactions of photosynthesis.
lumenThe open central cavity or core of a “hollow” organ or tissue; for example, the open central core of a blood vessel.
solitary-ariusoccurring singly or in pairs; not in colonies.
trochusthat part of an articulated body inserted between the joints.
auroreous -eusred, like the aurora borealis [crimson lake].
imprintingImprinting is a kind of learning that takes place during certain critical periods of an organism’s life during which rapid and often irreversible fixation on presented stimuli happens
background radiationthe radiation, on average, that exists at a particular location, usually due to natural sources
truncationTo shorten
macromolecular crystalA crystal whose lattice structure is based on macromolecules.
motor proteinProtein that uses energy derived from nucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis to propel itself along a protein filament or another polymeric molecule.
substratumSolid surface to which a cell adheres.
heterozygosityIn a population, the proportion of loci at which a randomly chosen individual is heterozygous, on average.
decomposersSaprotrophic fungi and bacteria that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms, and convert them into inorganic forms.
dryopithecine/DRY-oh-PITH-ə-seen/ n
catabolic reactionsReactions in cells in which existing chemical bonds are broken and molecules are broken down; generally produce
beta configurationA protein configuration in which two beta strands are hydrogen bonded to each another.
heteroduplexA double-stranded DNA molecule containing one or more mispaired bases.
hemoglobinA heme protein in erythrocytes; functions in oxygen transport.
cymbiformboat-shaped: a concave disc with elevated margin; navicular.
aureliana lepidopterist.
microspheresMicroscopic membrane-bound spheres formed when proteinoids are boiled in water and allowed to cool
autologousDerived from the same organism.
fission yeastCommon name often given to the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a common experimental organism
major depressionDepressive mental illness characterized by experiencing a low mood most of the time.
false morelGyromitra esculenta (Ascomycetes), which is poisonous; see GYROMITRIN.
atmosphereA unit of measure for pressure
r group(1) Formally, an abbreviation denoting any alkyl group
gene therapytreating disease by replacing, manipulating, or supplementing nonfunctional genes.
crocus=croceous.
hydrophobic interactionThe attractive force between molecules due to the close positioning of nonhydrophilic portions of the two molecules.
auxinA plant growth hormone.
supra-over; above.
adenosine triphosphatesee ATP
mass spectrometryTechnique uesed to measure and analyse a substance in terms of the ratios of mass to charge of its components.
phagolysosomeA lysosome that has fused with a phagosome or autophagosome.
mutationA change in the make-up of the genetic material of an organism
transposonA transposable genetic element that moves as a unit and inserts at new locations.
gross primary productionThe total primary production of an ecosystem.
ihsIndian Health Services
maficTerm used to describe the amount of dark-colored iron and magnesium minerals in an igneous rock
rhodopsinG-protein-linked light-sensitive receptor protein in the rod photoreceptor cells of the retina.
consperseirregularly dotted or sprinkled.
ochre codonThe UAA stop codon.
perfoliatedivided into leaf-like plates: applied to antennae with disc-like expansions connected by a stalk passing nearly through their centres: also to any part possessing a well-developed leaf-like or plate-like expansion.
genomicsThe systematic and comprehensive analysis of the structure and function of the genome with the aim to identify and understand the role of genes.
alzheimer's diseasea disease that causes memory loss, personality changes, dementia and, ultimately, death
excited stateAn energy-rich state of an atom or a molecule, produced by the absorption of radiant energy.
quaternary structureIn proteins, the number and arrangement of individual polypeptides in the final protein molecule.
sonoran faunal areassee upper and lower Sonoran.
restriction analysisDetermination of the number and sizes of the DNA fragments produced when a particular DNA molecule is cut with a particular restriction endonuclease.
imponderablethat which cannot be weighed.
aureous -eusgold-colored.
cuspidateprickly pointed; ending in a sharp point; with an acuminated point ending in a bristle.
intrusionIgneous rock that is inserted within or between geological strata rather than on the earth's surface.
anaphylactic shockAn acute, whole-body, life-threatening, allergic response.
prednisoloneSimilar to prednisone in its high glucocorticoid activity
superciliuman arched line over an ocellate spot.
gene flowThe movement of alleles from one population to another via migration and interbreeding of migrant individuals.
halophileOrganism which lives in areas of high salt concentration
mitosisThe normal process of nuclear division in a eukaryote, whereby nuclear division occurs on a spindle structure without reduction in the chromosome number in the daughter nuclei.
sulfhydryl groupA functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-SH).
allosteric siteThe specific site on the surface of an allosteric enzyme molecule to which the modulator or effector molecule is bound.
bowman's capsuleA cup-shaped receptacle in the vertebrate kidney that is the initial, expanded segment of the nephron where filtrate enters from the blood.
nucleic acid probeA strand of nucleic acid which can be labeled and used to hybridize to a complementary molecule from a mixture of other nucleic acids
chaos theoryThe study of iterative non-linear systems in which arbitrarily small variations in initial conditions become magnified over time
metazoaMulticellular animals.
involucrate= involute.
culicifugeany preparation for driving away gnats or mosquitoes.
polynucleotideA chain structure containing nucleotides linked together by phosphodiester (5'-3') bonds
biosorptionThe sequestering of chemicals by a biological system.
freezing-point depressionThe difference (sign ignored) between the freezing point of a solution and the freezing point of pure water
glucocorticoidA steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that influences glucose metabolism and immune function.
cloning vectorA small DNA molecule, usually derived from a bacteriophage or plasmid, which is used to carry the fragment of DNA to be cloned into the recipient cell, and which enables the DNA fragment to be replicated.
rhyoliteHighly felsic igneous volcanic rock, typically light in color; rough volcanic equivalent of granite.
detrivoreAny organism which obtains most of its nutrients from the detritus in an ecosystem.
translationThe process in which the genetic information present in an mRNA molecule specifies the sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis.
operatorA region of DNA that interacts with a repressor protein to control the expression of a gene or group of genes.
heterotrophsAnimals — including herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores — that feed on other living organisms.
mycorrhizaeSymbiotic association between a fungus and the roots or rhizoids of a plant
redox potentialThe affinity of a redox pair for electrons, generally measured as the voltage difference between an equimolar mixture of the pair and a standard reference
estrous cycleThe reproductive cycle of a female characterized by ovulation and acceptance of the male at regular intervals.
sepalThe outermost structures of a flower
precipitationA reaction between antibody and soluble antigen resulting in a visible mass of antibody-antigen complexes.
saxitoxinneurotoxin found in a variety of dinoflagellates
hydrophobicity*Hydrophobicity is the association of non-polar groups or molecules in an aqueous environment which arises from the tendency of water to exclude non polar molecules
evaporative coolingThe property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state
tropicalis that faunal region which covers the southern part of the peninsula of Florida, the greater part of Central America, the lowlands of southern Mexico south of the table land, and a narrow strip on each side of Mexico which follows the coast northward into the United States.
phylogenetic treeA branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships.
essentialismThe philosophical view that all members of a class of objects (such as a species) share certain invariant, unchanging properties that distinguish them from other classes.
characterA feature or trait.
halotolerantAn organism capable of growing in the presence of NaCl but not requiring it.
negative regulatorOne molecule that controls the effects of another (or itself) by repressing or inactivating it.
umberThe codon UGA
desaturasesEnzymes that catalyze the introduction of double bonds into the hydrocarbon portion of fatty acids.
immobilized enzymeAn enzyme attached to a solid support over which substrate is passed and is converted into product.
exasperate -usrough with irregular elevations.
coenzymeA coenzyme is a dissociable, low-molecular weight, non-proteinaceous organic compound (often nucleotide) participating in enzymatic reactions as acceptor or donor of chemical groups or electrons.
ethanol precipitationPrecipitation of nucleic acid molecules by ethanol plus salt
reporterIn real-time PCR, a molecule whose fluorescence is proportional to the amount of amplified product in a sample.
peptide bonda chemical bond linking two amino acid residues within a polypeptide; during protein synthesis, the peptide bond forms between two amino acids which are held side by side on the ribosome.
glycosidic bondThe bond between a sugar and an alcohol
grp-78A protein chaperone that, along with HSP-70, can help regulate protein folding and degradation, as well as help balance calcium levels in cells.
extrachromosomalExternal to the chromosome.
ultraviolet radiationThe part of the invivible electromagnetic spectrum (just below violet) with wavelengths between about 100-400 nm.
passive transportTransport of a solute across a membrane down its concentration gradient or its electrochemical gradient, using only the energy stored in the gradient.
neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosesA group of rare, inherited degenerative disorders of the nervous system; associated with the accumulation of an abnormal pigment in the brain called lipofuscin
s-cdkComplex formed in vertebrate cells by an S-cyclin and the corresponding cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk).
ionan atom or small molecule which carries a positive or negative charge.
bloodA type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which blood cells are suspended
dominantIn genetics, refers to the member of a pair of alleles that is expressed in the phenotype of the organism while the other allele is not, even though both alleles are present
cinnabarine[vermilion red].
homoeologous chromosomesChromosomes which are similar in that they carry most of the same loci but are not fully homologous since they are derived from different, though related, species.
oogenesisThe process in the ovary that results in the production of female gametes.
chromatidOne of the two sister products of a eukaryotic chromosome replication, marked by an attachment between the sister chromatids at the centromere region
cytoskeletonA three-dimensional network of
long-term memoryThe ability to hold, associate, and recall information over one's life.
morbidityIncidence of disease in a population, including both fatal and nonfatal cases.
biocideA compound that is toxic to living systems.
bidactylatewith two fingers or finger-like processes.
gliaAnother term for neuroglia.
aerobeAn organism that utilizes oxygen for growth.
occlusorapplied to muscles which close an opening; e.g
confidence intervalA statistical range with a given probability associated with it
plaitedlongitudinally folded or laid in pleats.
source of errorlimitation in an experimental procedure that produces unreliable results.
fatty acidA long carbon chain carboxylic acid
active sitesSpecific regions of an enzyme that bind substrates on which the enzyme acts.
defined mediumA medium whose exact chemical composition is quantitatively known
transpirational water lossWater loss across the integument of an animal that occurs without sweating or any other active mechanism of transporting water across the integument; passive water loss across the integument.
capacitorTwo conducting plates separated by an insulating layer
paint fungiwood-inhabiting basidiomycetes with thin, spread out, indefinite basidiomata; many Corticiaceae and Thelephoraceae: Aphyllophorales.
amino acidOrganic molecule containing both an amino group and a carboxyl group
acutangulateforming, or meeting in an acute angle.
gene copy numbersee copy number.
hydrogenationprocess in which hydrogen gas, in the presence of a metal catalyst, is added to a double bond and converts it to a single bond
temperatureproperty of matter that determines the direction of heat flow
inositol phospholipidsA lipid family characterized by phosphorylated inositol derivatives
taxonThe named taxonomic unit (e.g., Homo sapiens, Hominidae, or Mammalia) to which individuals, or sets of species, are assigned.
calcareouskal-KARE-ee-uhs/ Containing, or composed of, calcium carbonate.
sugarAny monosaccharide or disaccharide.
glycosidic bondA type of covalent bond that links sugar units together in a polysaccharide.
arrhythmiasmyocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction.
actinomycetesGram-positive bacteria that can for m branching filaments
ionAn atom or molecule with a positive or negative electrical charge
signatureAn alternative term for motif or pattern.
detergentAn agent that reduces the surface tension of a liquid
peptide bondCovalent bond that links adjacent amino acid residues in proteins; formed by a condensation reaction between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another with release of a water molecule
pangean
substrateSubstance on which an enzyme acts in biochemical reactions; or, in hybridisation arrays, the particular material onto which the biomolecules are deposited
replica platingA technique for transferring an identical pattern of bacterial colonies from one petrie plate (the master plate) to a series of other plates containing different media
trisomicA chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has an extra copy of one chromosome, instead of the normal two; the cell is said to be trisomic for that chromosome.
inflorescencesA group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches.
massively parallel computingHigh-performance computing based on the development of parallel processing algorithms and applications that can be executed simultaneously by many separate processors.
vitaminorganic molecule with a wide range of physiological functions
complex iiOne of the electron transport chain proteins
perennialA flowering plant that lives for many years.
light reactionsThe reactions of photosynthesis that require light and cannot occur in the dark; also known as the light-dependent reactions.
dehydrogenase/də-high-DRAW-jən-aze, dee-/ n
secondary metaboliteA product excreted by a microorganism near the end of the growth phase or during stationary phase.
axonLong nerve cell process that is capable of rapidly conducting nerve impulses over long distances so as to deliver signals to other cells.
macrophageLiterally a “big eater”
ylidA compound in which adjacent, covalently-bonded atoms, both having an electronic octet, have opposite charges.
xicsee X-inactivation center
polysaccharideLinear or branched polymer of monosaccharides
heatA transfer of thermal energy.
tri-undulatewith three waves or undulations.
wild-typeNormal, nonmutant form of an organism; the form found in nature (in the wild).
spatulaterounded and broad at top, attenuate at base.
traitsPhysical characteristics.
protoplasmA general term referring to the entire contents of a living cell.
anaerogenicNon-gas-producing.
trisomy 8Presence of three copies of chromosome 8; in humans, results in mental retardation, contracted fingers and toes, low-set malformed ears, and a prominent forehead.
canidaeKAN-uh-DEE/ The mammalian family that contains dogs and other doglike animals.
ppar-gammaProteins that inhibit the expression of genes that code for proteins involved in inflammation.
facultative aerobeAn organism that can use molecular oxygen in its metabolism but that also can live anaerobically.
metabolismThe process of cells burning food to produce energy
mass selectionSelection based on individuals (their own phenotypic performance).
ig superfamilyLarge family of proteins that contain immunoglobulin domains or immunoglobulin-like domains
exteinA protein-splicing product formed after the excision of an intein.
cladogramA diagram depicting patterns of shared characteristics among species.
chloroplastsAn organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.
ichthyologistBiologists who specialize in the study of fish behavior, anatomy, physiology, and evolution.
iris-pigment= iris tapetum.
reproductive effortThe proportion of energy or materials that an organism allocates to reproduction rather than to growth and maintenance.
transcribeTo undergo transcription
independent variableA variable that influences the measure of a second characteristic (the dependent variable).
magnetic resonance imagingAn imaging technique that produces cross-sectional images for medical research
genomic epidemiologyThe genome-wide study of the relation between genetic variation and disease.
psychrophileAn organism that grows optimally at low temperatures.
pathogenicOrganism which causes a disease within another organism.
3' endThe end of a nucleic acid that lacks a nucleotide bound at the 3' position of the terminal residue.
polar covalent bondsa type of covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity
segregrateSee segregration below.
isomersmolecules with the same chemical formula (same number and kinds of atoms), but with different structures and properties
glycoproteinA protein containing a carbohydrate group.
early-onset hdAnother term for juvenile HD.
malariaPotentially fatal human disease caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium, which is transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito.
c.i.See confidence interval.
hydrophobicDescribes a nonpolar molecule or part of a molecule that cannot form energetically favorable interactions with water molecules and therefore does not dissolve in water
hydrolysisA chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water; an essential process in digestion.
diseaseOrganisms suffer from disease when their normal function is impaired by some genetic disorder, or more often from the activity of a parasite or other organism living within them
genetic counselingEducational process that attempts to help patients and family members deal with all aspects of a genetic condition.
radical prostatectomyan operation to remove the entire prostate gland and seminal vesicles – see our paper: Radical Prostatectomy.
hermaphroditicPossessing both male and female reproductive organs.
common gardenA place in which (usually conspecific) organisms, perhaps from different geographic populations, are reared together, enabling the investigator to ascribe variation among them to genetic rather than environmental differences
asymmetric carbon atomA carbon atom bonded to four different atoms; also called chiral carbon atom
selective mediaGrowth media that only allow growth of mutant or recombinant cells with a particular phenotype grow
anionA negatively charged ion.
dipoleA molecule having both positive and negative charges.
soil water potential-Amount of work that must be done per unit quantity of pure water in order to transport reversibly and isothermically an infinitesimal quantity of water from a pool of pure water, at a specified elevation and at atmospheric pressure, to the soil water (at the point under consideration)
amiAntibody-mediated immune response.
first filial generationFirst generation of progeny produced from the mating of different purebreeding strains
efficiency of energy transformationIn any process that transforms high-grade energy from one form to another, the output of high-grade energy expressed as a ratio of the input of high-grade energy
frequency-dependent selectionA decline in the reproductive success of a morph resulting from the morph's phenotype becoming too common in a population; a cause of balanced polymorphism in populations.
mutesilent: without power to produce audible sound.
volcanic arcn
controlled experimentAn experiment in which an experimental group is compared to a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.
acthAbbreviation of adrenocorticotropic hormone.
lifeThe capability of performing various organismic functions such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction of genetic material.
dmsDimethyl sulfate.
huntington study group"A non-profit group of physicians and other health care providers from medical centers in the U.S., Canada, Europe and Australia, experienced in the care of Huntington patients and dedicated to clinical research of Huntington's disease."
k-selectionThe concept that in certain (K-selected) populations, life history is centered around producing relatively few offspring that have a good chance of survival.
self-renewalThe ability of a self to divide continuously to produce more copies of itself.
bipedaladj
immonologyThe study of immunity and immune system.
transpositionThe movement of a piece of DNA around the chromosome, usually through the function of a transposable element.
simplexAutotetraploid possessing only one copy of a reference allele
coding regionThe genomic sequence between start and stop codons.
acetylChemical group derived from acetic acid
transcellular transportTransport of solutes, such as nutrients, across an epithelium, by means of membrane transport proteins in the apical and basal faces of the epithelial cells.
cell cycle control systemA cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.
faultn
earth ballsthe non-ostiolate basidiomata of the Sclerodermatales.
hemagglutinationAgglutination of red blood cells.
grain(1) The texture of wood, produced by the kinds of xylem cells present
ultraviolet radiationElectromagnetic radiation at wavelengths between about 4 and 400 nanometers, shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays
meroblastic cleavageA type of cleavage in which there is incomplete division of yolk-rich egg, characteristic of avian development.
sampling errorDeviations from expected ratios due to chance occurrences when the number of events is small.
ventralSituated toward the belly surface of an animal, or towards the underside of a wing or leaf.
mitogen-activated protein kinasesee MAP-kinase
primary structureThe level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids.
conformerA characterization of an animal in regard to environmental variables
polyphenic developmentA developmental phenomenon in which one individual—or a set of genetically identical individuals—can assume two or more discrete, highly distinct body forms, induced by differences in the developmental environment
functional groupThe specific atom or group of atoms that confers a particular chemical property on a biomolecule.
competitive immunoassayAn assay based on the competition of labeled antigen and unlabeled antigen (from the sample) for antibody binding sites.
beta-amyloid fibrilsA group primarily composed of proteins that lay flatly upon one another like sheets of paper
smooth muscleMuscle that consists of small, spindle-shaped, uninucleate cells without striations
fluoresceinFluorescent dye that fluoresces green when illuminated with blue light or ultraviolet light.
food chainThe pathway along which food is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers.
convectionThe mass movement of warmed air or liquid to or from the surface of a body or object.
atropurpureusdark purplish, nearly black [an admixture of mauve and black].
ribonucleaseA nuclease that catalyzes the hydrolysis of certain internucleotide linkages of RNA.
permissivenessA type of relationship between hormones in which one hormone must be present to allow another hormone to exert its effect.
sclerophyllousHard, leathery, thick, and usually evergreen leaves
allosteric sitea site on the target, distinct from the active site, where binding events produce an effect on activity through a protein conformational change
meniscoidalwith one side concave the other convex, like a round segment from a hollow sphere.
endothermicReferring to a chemical reaction that absorbs heat (i.e., has a positive change in enthalpy).
tachytelicA relatively rapid evolutionary rate.
therapsidsAn order of synapsid mammal-like reptiles, composed mainly of fairly large herbivorous and carnivorous forms, which were dominant reptilian stocks during the Permian and Triassic periods
maximevery much or very large.
compass directionNorth, south, east, west, or a combination of these; the direction of a movement or orientation as it could be described using a compass.
phagosomeA cellular inclusion formed by the engulfment of cells or tissue debris during phagocytosis.
cis dominanceProperty of a sequence or a gene that exerts a dominant effect on a gene to which it is linked.
abdominal painCrampy abdominal pain that may be seen in amebic colitis; right upper quadrant pain in amebic abscess; severe duodenitis or jejunitis with Strongyloides organisms penetrating the mucosa; pain suggestive of gastric ulcer or appendicitis with anisakid larvae (penetration of gut wall).
paurometabolousmetamorphosis in which the changes of form are gradual and inconspicuous: e.g
lipasesEnzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols.
trifidcleft into three parts or ends.
sensory receptorA specialized structure that responds to specific stimuli from an animal's external or internal environment; transmits the information of an environmental stimulus to the animal's nervous system by converting stimulus energy to the electrochemical energy of action potentials.
entropyA quantitative measure of disorder or randomness, symbolized by S.
actinomyceteNontaxonomic term applied to a group of high G + C base composition, Gram-positive bacteria that have a superficial resemblance to fungi
mutagenA chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.
psychopathyA condition characterized by the inability to connect to other people normally
reciprocal recombinationA precise exchange of genetic information like that expected for a simple cut, exchange, and rejoin mechanism
tempehan Oriental food made by fermenting soybeans with Rhizopus oligosporus.
concentration gradientTechnically, the difference in the concentration of a solute between two places divided by the distance separating those two places
cytologyThe study of cells—their structures, functions, components, and life histories.
theory of island biogeographyPredicts that larger, less isolated islands will contain more species than smaller, more isolated islands; that the number of species on any island reflects a balance between the rate at which new species colonize it and the rate at which populations of established species become extinct
ubiquitinA small molecule that latches onto damaged or mutated proteins in the cell
regulatory geneA gene that gives rise to a product involved in the regulation of the expression of another gene; for example, a gene coding for a repressor protein.
carcinogencompound capable of causing cancer
srpsee signal-recognition particle
retrovirustype of virus that contains RNA as its genetic information.
persistentremaining constantly; always present.
rhizosphereThe region immediately adjacent to plant roots.
somatic cellsAll body cells except the germ-line cells.
ostiathe slit-like openings of the heart.
non-functional dnaSegments of DNA with no known biological function or importance.
dentate-serratetoothed, with the dentations themselves serrated on their edges.
laca mixture of resin, wax and other substances produced by certain scale insects as a protective covering.
respiratory quotientThe moles of CO2 produced by a cell expressed as a ratio of the moles of O2 simultaneously consumed
phosphogluconate pathwayAnother name for the pentose phosphate pathway
gene repressor proteinA gene regulatory protein that prevents the initiation of transcription.
orbitalAn orbital is the shape of the probability clouds that electrons are found in at a certain energy level or shell
monomerOne of the component units of a polymeric molecule.
polygenic characterA character whose variation is based wholly or in part on allelic variation at more than a few loci.
soluble proteinSee globular protein.
clinical researchResearch that involves administering drugs to patients in government-approved clinical trials.
herd immunityResistance of a group to a pathogen due to immunity of a large proportion of the group to that pathogen.
in situin its natural place or normal position.
adiscotainsects that develop into adults without forming imaginal discs; see discota.
extenuateto make or to become weak, thin or slender.
pool therapyA type of physiotherapy in which the individual does exercises while submerged in warm water
thermogenic tissue or processIn the context of thermal relations, a tissue or process that specifically increases production of heat when activated.
drug leadCompound that has shown evidence of pharmacological activity on a drug target serving as a leading structure.
enzymeA biological macromolecule that acts as a catalyst
bilayerA double layer of oriented amphipathic lipid molecules, forming the basic structure of biological membranes
symbiosisA long-term association of different species that provides mutual benefit.
kasee affinity constant
absorptionTransport of the products of digestion from the intestinal tract into the blood.
retrotransposonType of transposable element in eukaryotic cells that possesses some characteristics of retroviruses and transposes through an RNA intermediate.
signal transductionRelaying of a signal by conversion from one physical or chemical form to another
dhaAbbreviation for docosahexaenoic acid.
coral fungiHymenomycetes with highly branched, upright basidiomata, usually arising from the ground; some members of the family Clavariaceae (Aphyllophorales, Holobasidiomycetes).
hawk-dove gameThis particular model pits a Hawk strategy (i.e., always try to injure your opponent and only withdraw from the contest if an injury is received) against a Dove strategy (i.e., always use a non-injurious display if the rival is another Dove and always withdraw if the rival is a Hawk).
agarComplex polysaccharide derived from certain marine algae that is a gelling agent for solid or semisolid microbiological media
conductionThe direct transfer of thermal motion (heat) between molecules of objects in direct contact with each other.
dipThe angle that a bedding plane or fault makes with the horizontal when measured perpendicular to the strike of the bedding plane or fault.
sustainable developmentThe long-term prosperity of human societies and the ecosystems that support them.
polymorphicDescribing a protein for which amino acid sequence variants exist in a population of organisms, but the variations do not destroy the protein's function.
domainA compact structural region within a protein with a distinct function.
activation energyThe amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start.
parabiosissee symbiosis.
plc-βsee phospholipase C-β
nucleic acidAny one of several polymers of nucleotides
catalytic converterdevice installed in the exhaust stream of an engine to reduce emissions
piceous -euspitchy black.
pha number, usually between 0 and 14, that indicates the acidity of a solution
drug targetingDrug targeting is a strategy aiming at the delivery of a compound to a particular tissue of the body.
vermianworm-like.
glyoxylate cycleA pathway that uses some of the enzymes of the TCA cycle and some enzymes whereby acetate can be converted into succinate and carbohydrates.
umbilicatenavel-shaped, or resembling a navel.
tnfTumor Necrosis Factor
aldehydeOrganic compound that contains the group
eutrophicationA process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae
dna footprintingTechnique used to determine which DNA sequences are bound by a protein.
centrifugatesen-TRIF-yuh-guht/ A product of centrifugation.
euploidPolyploid individual whose chromosome complement is comprised of a whole number of its basic chromosome set.
anticipationA genetic phenomenon where a disease increases in severity in successive generations, and children can have a more severe form of a disease than their parents
action spectrumA profile of the relative performance of different wavelengths of light.
zetta-A prefix indicating 1021; a sextillion.
amoeboidHaving no definite shape to the cell, able to change shape.
plumatelike a feather.
ecologyThe study of how organisms interact with their environment.
dopaL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine.
organCollection of tissues which performs a particular function or set of functions in an animal or plant's body
cornute -ushaving horns or horn-like processes.
sense strandThe strand of DNA that has the same nucleotide sequence as the mRNA (except the DNA has T where the RNA has U residues)
electroporationA technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief a electrical pulse to a solution containing cells
epimersTwo stereoisomers differing in configuration at one asymmetric center, in a compound having two or more asymmetric ceuters.
enzyme–substrate affinityThe proclivity of an enzyme to form a complex with its substrate when the enzyme and substrate meet.
caprificationis that method or process through which the Smyrna figs are fertilized by Blastophaga throughthe medium of wild, inedible or "caprifigs."
new chemical entityA compound capable of being patented.
inducible enzymeAn enzyme (or other protein) that is expressed only when “induced” by the presence of a molecule or condition that serves as an inducing agent
adenovirusA group of non-enveloped icosahedral viruses
dilutionThe process of making something weaker or less concentrated.
negative feedbackA primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.
tundraA biome at the extreme limits of plant growth
nucleusA membrane-enclosed structure containing the genetic material (DNA) organized in chromosomes.
osculumThe main opening through which filtered water is discharged
de-orphaning receptorsDetermining the ligands that bind orphan receptors.
condensation reactionA reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water; also called a dehydration reaction.
jubate -usfringed with long pendent hairs.
sea-floor spreadingn
nod-like receptorOne of a family of proteins that serve as pattern recognition receptors, in that they sense microbial motifs in the cell cytoplasm.
phase i clinical trialThe first in a series of studies that test the safety and efficacy of a new drug or treatment in human participants
cell-free systemFractionated cell homogenate that retains a particular biological function of the intact cell, and in which biochemical reactions and cell processes can be more easily studied.
calibration graphgraph made by carefully measuring the absorbencies of several solutions of known concentration for the species being analyzed
basilarof or pertaining to the base.
half-lifeThe half-life of a substance is the amount of times it takes for half of the original molecule to be chemically degraded or eliminated in some other way (for example, in the urine)
adrenal medullaThe inner portion of the adrenal gland
krebs cycleThe cyclic series of reactions in the mitochondrion in which pyruvate is degraded to carbon dioxide and hydrogen protons and electrons
osmoregulatorAn animal whose body fluids have a different osmolarity than the environment, and that must either discharge excess water if it lives in a hypotonic environment or take in water if it inhabits a hypertonic environment.
prominentraised or produced beyond the level or margin: standing out in relief by color or otherwise: conspicuous.
atrophyA decrease in the mass of a tissue or organ by the loss of cells or of intracellular components of cells
equilibriumA state of balance in which there is no net change.
r groupShorthand for the side chain of an amino acid.
trichotomousdivided by threes.
radio-carbon datingMethod for determining the age of an organic substance by measuring the amount of the carbon isotope, carbon-14, remaining in the substance; useful for determining ages in the range of 500 to 70,000 years.
crustaceansA large
virulentA term describing a pathogen against which a plant has little specific defense.
eluateThe fluid that has passed through (eluted from) a chromatographic column.
aerobiologythe study of fungal (and other) propagules in the atmosphere
digestionEnzymatic hydrolysis of major nutrients in the gastrointestinal system to yield their simpler components.
myoblasta cell that produces muscular tissue.
post-replication repairA DNA repair process which occurs after DNA replication.
lineageAny continuous line of descent; any series of organisms connected by reproduction by parent of offspring.
light-dependent reactionsThe reactions of the first stage of photosynthesis, in which light energy is captured by chlorophyll molecules and converted to chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH molecules.
pyrenolichenslichens in which the mycobiont produces perithecial or pseudothecial ascomata.
lipidOrganic molecule that is insoluble in water but tends to dissolve in nonpolar organic solvents
metamerismDivision of the body, or a major portion of the body, into a series of similar segments along the anterior-posterior axis
resonant frequencyIn any elastic system, the frequency at which the system oscillates when left alone following activation by a pulse of energy; the natural frequency
concurrentSee cocurrent.
cladeA monophyletic taxon; a group of organisms which includes the most recent common ancestor of all of its members and all of the descendants of that most recent common ancestor
natNucleic Acid Test
membrane channelTransmembrane protein complex that allows inorganic ions or other small molecules to diffuse passively across the lipid bilayer.
nad+A widely used coenzyme that participates in oxidation reactions by accepting two electrons from a donor molecule and one H+ from the solution
myopathyAny disorder or disease of muscle tissue or muscles.
5' endThe end of a nucleic acid that lacks a nucleotide bound at the 5' position of the terminal residue.
adenovirusA DNA-virus that replicates in the nucleus in an extra-chromosomal form.
crAbbreviation for creatine.
polarimeterAn instrument for determining the rotation of polarization of light as the light passes through a solution containing an optically-active substance.
movement corridorA series of small clumps or a narrow strip of quality habitat (usable by organisms) that connects otherwise isolated patches of quality habitat.
sa nodeThe pacemaker of the heart, located in the wall of the right atrium
exothermic reactionA chemical reaction that releases heat (that is, for which ΔH is negative).
monophyletic cladeDescendants from a single ancestral line.
defloration/dehf-lə-RAY-shən/ n
isomerasesEnzymes that catalyze the transformation of compounds into their positional isomers.
inverted repeatsIdentical copies of a sequence of double-stranded DNA repeated in inverse order.
polymerase chain reaetionA repetitive procedure that results in a geometric amplification of a specific DNA sequence.
wavelengthFor light or sound, or other wave, the distance between one crest of the wave to the next crest
aqueous solutiona solution in which water is the solvent
hydrolysisthe chemical decomposition of a compound by water, causing formation of a new compound.
gap junctionA type of intercellular junction in animal cells that allows the passage of material or current between cells.
sheath of penisin Odonata, a median, hood-like piece between the hamules, under which the penis is folded when not in use.
compoundpure substance made up of two or more elements in a fixed, characteristic chemical combination
hamule -usfurnished with hooks, or bent like a hook.
bijugumin two pairs.
hypersensitivityAn immune reaction, usually harmful to the animal, caused either by antigen-antibody reactions or cellular immune processes
cyanobacteriaPhotosynthetic prokaryotes possessing chlorophyll a but not chlorophyll b
coenzyme aA pantothenic acidcontaining coenzyme serving as an acyl group carrier in certain enzymatic reactions.
feedback inhibitionInhibition by an end product of the biosynthetic pathway involved in its synthesis.
catabolismCellular processes whereby complex molecules are degraded to simpler ones and energy is released
climate changeChanges in intensity and distribution of solar radiation reaching Earth.s surface.
punnett squareDiagrammatic representation of the union of gametes in all possible combinations.
lower water concentrationsregion to which net movement of water molecules occurs during osmosis.
ante-apicaljust before the apex.
translucidclear: transparent enough to be seen through.
macromoleculeA molecule having a molecular weight in the range of a few thousand to many millions.
industrial melanismThe increase in frequency of dark (melanic) pigmentation in insects as an adaptation to remain inconspicuous on surfaces darkened by soot from air pollution.
bacterial artificial chromosomeAn artificial version of a bacterial chromosome that can carry inserts of 100,000 to 500,000 base pairs.
inversionType of mutation in which a segment of chromosome is inverted.
energythe capacity to do work or supply heat
clintheriformshaped like a plate
bivalentRefers to a synapsed pair of homologous chromosomes.
macrophageA cell characterized by prominent lysosomes and the ability to phagocytose foreign material
hydrophilicInteracting effectively with water
steady state kineticsThe analysis of an enzyme reaction during the interval when the concentration of intermediates is steady.
iristhe circle which, in an ocellate spot surrounds the pupil.
single-cell proteinProtein derived from microbial cells for use as food or a food supplement.
zygote intrafallopian transferAn assisted reproductive technology in which an ovum fertilized in vitro is placed in a woman's uterine tube.
odds ratioA measure of relative risk that is usually estimated from case-control studies. 
electrophoresisA technique that separates dissolved particles subjected to an electrical field according to their mobility
speciationThe evolutionary processes by which new kinds of organisms evolve from preexisting kinds or evolve from currently existing kinds.
intrusionn
ketosisA condition in which the concentration of ketone bodies in the blood or urine is unusually high.
stipitatesupported on a stalk or pedicle.
septumPartition which divides up a larger region into smaller ones, such as in the central body cavity of some anthozoa.
ames testA genetic test for the identification of carcinogens based upon their mutagenic activity initially developed by Bruce Ames
integrative levels of organizationThe idea that matter is arrayed in orders of increasing complexity, and that at each level, there are emergent properties such that the higher level cannot be reduced to the lower.
teleologyThe belief that natural events and objects have purposes and can be explained by their purposes.
protonPositively charged subatomic particle that forms part of an atomic nucleus
autolysisSpontaneous lysis.
adaptive evolutionThe adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness.
epimerasesEnzymes that catalyze the reversible interconversion of two epimers.
chemotherapyThe treatment of cancer using specific chemicals or drugs that are selectively destructive to malignant (cancerous) cells and tissues.
transmission electron microscopeA microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections; primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells.
antibioticAny of a group of substances which has the ability to kill or weaken bacteria.
macerationA process, such as chewing, that physically breaks down food into pieces.
pdc kinasesA group of molecules that add a phosphate onto one of the enzymes in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), effectively turning the entire PDC off
high field nmrA high-resolution NMR method based on higher field magnets that enables the analysis of large molecules.
dormancyA period of suspended growth and metabolic activity
molecular imprintingProcess by which functinal monomers can self-assemble around a template molecule
catabolicdescribes metabolic chemical reactions resulting in the breakdown of complex materials and the release of energy in the metabolic process (cf
evolutionary reversalThe evolution of a character from a derived state back toward a condition that resembles an earlier state.
buller dropthe tiny droplet of liquid which appears at the base of a basidiospore just before it is discharged.
autocatalysisReaction that is catalyzed by one of its products, creating a positive feedback (self-amplifying) effect on the reaction rate.
messenger rnaSee mRNA.
plantaeOne of the five recognized kingdoms
activation energyThe minimal amount of energy a molecule must gain to enter its transition state during a chemical reaction
electron acceptorA substance that receives electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction.
canineKAY-nine/ (1) of, pertaining to, or like dogs; (2) a pointed tooth between the incisors and premolars; in mammalian predators the canines are usually elongated and function in seizing and piercing prey.
conflectcrowded; clustered; opposed to sparse.
kinaseA molecule that phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group onto, other molecules in the cell in order to turn them on or off
signal sequenceA (usually N-terminal) sequence of a protein that directs its processing or localization within the cell.
striatal nerve cellssee striatal neurons.
electron carrierA molecule that can accept electrons from and donate electrons to various enzymes.
genomeThe complete genetic constitution of a cell or an individual.
biochemical pathwayA series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that results in the conversion of a precursor molecule into a product molecule.
prochiral moleculeA symmetric molecule that can react asymmetrically with an enzyme having an asymmetric active site, generating a chiral product.
blade(1) The broad, expanded part of a leaf
parsingThe use of algorithms to analyze data into components.
ubiquitin-proteasome systemA cellular quality control system that tags misfolded proteins for refolding or degradation.
epochOne of the categories into which geological time is divided; a subdivision of a geological period
brackishWater whose salt content (salinity) is intermediate between fresh water and sea water; usually at the mouths of rivers that empty into the ocean (estuaries).
resource partitioningThe division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of all coexisting species.
epimerizationReaction that alters the steric arrangement around one atom, as in a sugar molecule.
essential fatty acidsThe group of polyunsaturated fatty acids produced by plants, but not by humans; required in the human diet.
specularmirror-like: transparent.
ecdysisthe process of casting the skin; moulting.
autoantibodiesAntibodies that attack the body's own cells.
extrusiveIgneous
tetraploidyRefers to the possession of four haploid sets of chromosomes (4n).
nicatinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphateAn important electron and hydrogen ion acceptor involved in transporting electrons used in biosynthetic pathways, for instance in the Calvin Benson cycle of photosynthesis.
food calorimeterapparatus used to measure the energy content of a food.
hydrophobic moleculeA nonpolar compound that does not form favorable binding interactions with water, and is insoluble in water.
protein phosphatasesee phosphoprotein phosphatase
enzyme induction*Enzyme induction is the process whereby an (inducible) enzyme is synthesized in response to a specific inducer molecule
transpositionThe movement of a gene or set of genes from one site in the genome to another.
horna pointed chitinous process of the head: in the plural form applied to the antennae; q.v.
carbon-nitrogen ratioRatio of the mass of organic carbon to the mass of nitrogen in soil or organic material.
hypothesisA tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation.
plasticAble to be shaped or changed.
testosteroneA sex steroid hormone, produced by the Leydig cells of the testes, that is essential for male secondary sexual characteristics and reproduction
desiccationDrying
thoracotheca= cytotheca: q.v.
earth starsspecialized soil-inhabiting puffballs (Lycoperdales: Gasteromycetes) in which the outer peridium splits and curls back in segments, raising the basidiospore mass (gleba) above the dead leaves, etc.
working rangethe limits of a particular variable factor (e.g
modelsThere are many parallels between biological systems in many types of creatures, so this has led to the establishment of a number of "model organisms"
posttranslational modificationThe enzyme-catalyzed change to a protein made after it is synthesized
responsea decrease in disease that occurs because of  treatment; divided into complete response(remission) or partial response(remission)
physiologythe study of the activities and processes of living organisms.
ribosylationThe addition of a ribosyl residue.
phageSee bacteriophage.
resectoscopeinstrument inserted through the urethra and used by a urologist to cut out tissue (usually from the prostate) while the physician can actually see precisely where he is cutting
organelleA subcellular membrane-bounded body with a well-defined function.
adsorptionProcess by which atoms, molecules, or ions are taken up and retained on the surfaces of solids by chemical or physical binding.
detergentType of small amphipathic molecule that tends to coalesce in water, with its hydrophobic tails buried and its hydrophilic heads exposed
ceratheca or ceratothecathat portion of the pupal shell that envelops the antenna.
systemA more complex organization formed from a combination of components.
chromosomeIn eukaryotes, the structural unit of the genetic material consisting of a single, linear double-stranded DNA molecule and associated proteins
thermal crackingheating of starting materials to a high temperature
nematidthread-like.
nematocystOlder name for a cnidocyst.
cucullusa hood: see capillitium.
locusThe position on a 
performance testObtaining a phenotypic measure on an individual for the purpose of assessing its genetic merit.
acutepointed: terminating in or forming less than a right angle.
ribonucleoside triphosphateSubstrate of RNA synthesis; consists of a ribose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and three phosphates linked to the 5'-carbon atom of the sugar
irreversible inhibitorA synthetic molecule designed to bind the active site of an enzyme and form a covalent bond with the enzyme.
biosolidThe resides of wastewater treatment
institutional review boardAn IRB is an independent ethics committee for an institution that serves to approve, monitor, and review biomedical and behavioral research involving humans with the aim to protect the rights and welfare of the subjects.
hypothalamusSmall structure at the base of the brain that regulates many body functions, including appetite and body temperature.
thrombocytesSee platelets.
coarse-grained environmentA heterogeneous environment in which individuals in a population are exposed to conditions different from other individuals.
diploid cellsA cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.
reverse transcriptase pcrMethod for making many copies of part of a RNA sequence.
redox reactionsA chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction
protractorthat which extends or lengthens out: applied to muscles.
daltonA unit of mass equivalent to the mass of a hydrogen atom (1.66 x 10-24 g)
pyruvate oxidationThe process in cellular metabolism where pyruvate is turned into acetyl-coA.
chromosomesThe DNA in every cell of every organism is divided into chromosomes
poriferousclosely set with deep pittings or punctures.
x-ray crystallographyA technique for determining the 3-D structure of a molecule, based on the diffraction of x-rays by the crystallized form of the molecule
carbohydrateA polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone.
meterthe standard of length in the metric system = 39.37 inches: see centimeter and millimeter.
pratinicolousfrequenting or living in grassy meadows or bogs.
copalBrittle aromatic yellow to red resins of recent or fossil origin, obtained from tropical trees.
ß-lactam antibioticsAntibiotics taht contain a ß-lactam ring and act by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis
expansionA mutation involving the increase from one generation to the next (parent to child) in the number of copies of a certain codon
uplandn
hydrogen bondA noncovalent bond between an electronegative atom (commonly oxygen or nitrogen) and a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to another electronegative atom
aerobeAn organism that is capable of using oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, can tolerate a level of oxygen equivalent to or higher than that present in an air atmosphere (21% oxygen), and has a strictly respiratory type of metabolism
moleculeGroup of atoms joined together by covalent bonds.
fusedrun together: applied when two normally separated markings become confluent and have a common outline.
sex-limited characteristicEncoded by autosomal genes and expressed in only one sex
defective phageA phage that lacks one or more functions that are required for reproduction.
rosetteA series of whorls of leaves or leaf-like structure produced at the base of the stem, just above the ground.
activation energyThe amount of energy that must be added to the reactants(starting materials) in a chemical reaction in order for the chemical reaction to go to completion
tensionThe force produced by cross-bridge action in a contracting muscle.
pathogenA disease-causing agent.
diplogangliataapplied to the Arthropods.
colonialCondition in which many unicellular organisms live together in a somewhat coordinated group
microfilamentsMonomers of the protein actin polymerize to form long, thin fibers about 8 nm in diameter
aerosolA gaseous suspension of fine solid or liquid particles
agSilver, Antigen.
extremophileAn organism that grows optimally in extreme conditions, including extreme temperature, pressure, pH, ionic concentration, and pressure.
nomenclatureThe system of naming things (e.g
lamellaa thin plate or leaf-like process.
temperate broadleaf forestA biome located throughout midlatitude regions where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large, broadleaf deciduous trees.
pitchA function of a sound wave's frequency, or number of vibrations per second, expressed in hertz.
linkage disequilibriumDescribes a condition in which certain alleles at two linked loci are nonrandomly associated with each other
biotherapyTreatment with genetically engineered biological materials.
primary producerAn autotroph, which collectively make up the trophic level of an ecosystem that ultimately supports all other levels; usually a photosynthetic organism.
scala naturaeThe .scale of nature,
elongation factorA protein that facilitates protein synthesis.
redundancy modelThe concept, put forth by Henry Gleason and Brian Walker, that most of the species in a community are not tightly coupled with one another (that is, the web of life is very loose)
sidethe lateral margin of the body.
conformationThe precise shape of a protein or other macromolecule in three dimensions resulting from the spatial location of the atoms in the molecule
pretest counselingCounseling offered to help individuals make informed decisions as to whether or not they should be genetically tested for HD
arenicolousapplied to species frequenting sandy areas.
praeocularbefore the eyes.
non-coding rnasAn RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein.
xenobioticA synthetic chemical that affects living systems.
gill archesStiffenings which support the flesh between the gill slits of chordates
carbon cycleWorldwide circulation and reutilization of carbon atoms, chiefly due to metabolic processes of living organisms
defined mediumA bacterial growth medium in which all the components are known
hormoneA substance produced and released by certain parts of the body that can travel through the bloodstream and exert significant effects on other parts of the body (such as growth or changes in metabolism) over extended periods of time.
non-equilibrium viewWhether a system really tend toward steady state at all and emphasizes that disturbance in time and space constantly interact to influence the ecology and evolutionary trajectories in the ecosystems
binuspaired: doubled.
circularly permuted dnaA population of linear DNA molecules produced as if by breaking open circular molecules at different points.
metalloproteinA protein that includes one or more metal atoms in its structure.
ptilomotorRelated to the erection or compression of the feathers in the plumage of a bird under the control of muscles attached to the bases of the feathers.
akineteThick-walled resting cell of cyanobacteria and algae.
secondary successionSpecies survive in the soil during large, low intensity disturbances, such as plowing in conventional agriculture, and can quickly recolonize areas after the disturbance.
first law of thermodynamicsEnergy cannot be created or destroyed.
allometric equationsAn equation to aid in the calculation of the change in proportion of various parts of an organism as a consequence of growth.
hydrophilicPolar or charged; describing molecules or groups that associate with (dissolve easily in) water.
proton acceptorAn anionic compound capable of accepting a proton from a proton donor; that is, a base.
specificityThe ability of an enzyme or receptor to discriminate among competing substrates or ligands.
elasticity coefficientThe elasticity () describes the sensitivity of a reaction rate with respect to a given reactant, product or effector
autonomous elementTransposable element that is fully functional and able to transpose on its own
selectively permeable membranestructure that allows small molecules (e.g
gasteromycetesHolobasidiomycetes with basidioma closed at basidiospore maturity, hymenium present or absent, spore-shooting mechanism lost: basidiospores passively dispersed by a variety of interesting methods; a heterogeneous group.
limiting nutrientAn element that must be added for production to increase in a particular area.
sponginproteinacous compound of which the spicules in Demospongiae are composed.
heliophobicloving darkness: applied to species that shun the light, like, e.g
desiccationThe process of drying out
barrier islandn
chromatinThe nucleoprotein fibers of eukaryotic chromosomes.
plutonicApplies to igneous rocks formed beneath the surface of the Earth; typically with large crystals due to the slowness of cooling
tachycardiaA heart rate that is unusually high.
sporopolleninA duarable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophycean algae and forms walls of plant spores, preventing them from drying out.
polysaccharideLinear or branched polymer of monosaccharides, linked by glycosidic bonds, usually containing more than 15 residues
aerobicAble to grow in the presence of atmospheric oxygen.
amphibiaThe vertebrate class of amphibians, represented by frogs, salamanders, and caecilians.
admetabsorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, toxicology
semilunar valveA valve located at the two exits of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle.
incompatibility groupA number of different types of plasmid, often related to each other, that are unable to stably coexist in the same cell.
maximum contaminant levellegal limit for the concentration of a contaminant
recombinationProcesses in prokaryotes and eukaryotes that serve to produce new combinations of genetic material already existing in individuals
steady stateIn enzyme-kinetic analysis, the time interval when the rate of reaction is approximately constant with time
pacemakerA specialized region of the right atrium of the mammalian heart that sets the rate of contraction; also called the sinoatrial (SA) node
biolisticsA means of introducing DNA into cells that involves bombardment with high-velocity microprojectiles coated with DNA.
tracheaeInternal tubes through which air is taken for respiration
triple bondcovalent linkage made up of three pairs of shared electrons
rimaa crack or longitudinal opening with sharp edges.
tubercleAny small rounded protrusion
fitnessThe genetic contribution of an individual to succeeding generations relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population.
pulleywheel occlusionthe structure blocking the septal pore in hyphae of the rust fungi (Uredinales).
oxygen debtIn muscle, the cumulative deficit of oxygen that develops during strenuous exercise when the supply of oxygen is inadequate for the demand; ATP is produced anaerobically by glycolysis, and the resulting pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, which is subsequently metabolized when adequate oxygen is available.
blottingBiochemical technique in which macromolecules separated on an agarose or polyacrylamide gel are transferred to a nylon membrane or sheet of paper, thereby immobilizing them for further analysis
chagrinedsee shagreened.
topoisomerMacromolecular isomers that differ in topology.
nanomedicinethe union of nanoscale technology and medical treatment
directed molecular evolutionA protein engineering technique that uses genetic algorithms to evolve molecules with new functions.
ecotoneThe transition from one type of habitat or ecosystem to another, such as the transition from a forest to a grassland.
gram-negativeDescribing the group of bacteria with a cell wall that is structurally more complex and contains less peptidoglycan than that of gram-positive bacteria
arAbbreviation for androgen receptor.
jouleStandard unit of energy in the meter-kilogram system
regulatory siteSite on an enzyme, other than the active site, that binds a molecule that affects enzyme activity.
nitrogen saturationprocess by which an area is overloaded with "nitrogen"; that is, when the reactive forms of nitrogen entering an ecosystem exceed the system's capacity to absorb the nitrogen
adenosine triphosphateAn organic compound commonly involved in the transfer of phosphate bond energy, composed of adenosine (an adenine base + a D-ribose sugar) and three phosphate groups.
organicadj
mimicryThe tendency of two species to closely resemble each other because such resemblance confers an advantage with respect to predators of the species
oviparousFemales that lay eggs that develop outside the body.
k-selectionA form of selection that occurs in an environment at or near carrying capacity, favoring a reproductive strategy in which few offspring are produced.
carpalsThe bones that make up the wrist joint
investitusunclothed: a surface without scales or hair.
homeostasisThe maintenance of a dynamic steady state by regulatory mechanisms that compensate for changes in external circumstances.
triacylglycerolMolecule composed of three fatty acids esterified to glycerol
ribosomeA large complex comprising several different rRNA molecules and more than 50 proteins, organized into a large subunit and small subunit; the site of protein synthesis
baenopodathe thoracic legs.
fluorescentHaving the ability to emit light of a certain wavelength when activated by light of another wavelength.
asymmetrya state of unlikeness in lateral development; absence of symmetry in form or in the development of members.
exotokyis applied to that form of reproduction where the eggs are developed outside of the body of the insect and without care by the mother see endotoky.
multipolardescribes yeasts in which each successive blastic conidium arises from a different point on the mother cell.
free-energy changeThe amount of free energy released (negative ΔG) or absorbed (positive ΔG) in a reaction at constant temperature and pressure.
bottom up controlControl of a population by available nutrients or food.
pleated sheetThe side-by-side, hydrogen-bonded arrangement of polypeptide chains in the extended β conformation.
caspaseA type of protein that is involved in apoptosis
photosynthesisThe biosynthesis that directly harnesses the chemical energy resulting from the absorption of light
molar massmass of one Avogadro's number, or "mole," of whatever particles are specified
macromoleculeAny large, usually polymeric molecule (e.g., a protein, nucleic acid, polysaccharide) with a molecular mass greater than a few thousand daltons.
polymorphonuclear granulocytesA collective name for neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils.
restriction endonucleasesSite-specific endodeoxyribonucleases causing cleavage of both strands of DNA at points within or near the specific site recognized by the enzyme; important tools in genetic engineering.
trigoneutismwhere three broods occur in one season.
aAcid.
free radicalsreactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species) exceed the ability of antioxidant systems to neutralize them.
adipocyteA fat cell.
emarginatenotched: with an obtuse, rounded or quadrate section cut from a margin.
kinetic energyEnergy of motion.
dentinThe hard inner layer of a tooth that surrounds the tooth pulp
rugose -ouswrinkled: with irregular waved elevated lines.
hormoneA chemical substance, released by nonneural endocrine cells or by neurons, that is carried in the blood to distant target cells, where it exerts regulatory influences on their function
coenzymeSmall molecule tightly associated with an enzyme that participates in the reaction that the enzyme catalyzes, often by forming a covalent bond to the substrate
bottleneckA severe, temporary reduction in population size.
combinatorial synthesisCombinatorial synthesis is a process to prepare large sets of organic compounds by combining sets of building blocks.
dichromatismthe possession of two color varieties.
vectorsInfluenza viruses are spread by coughing and sneezing
clone(i) Population of cells all descended from a single cell
cystResting stage formed by some bacteria, nematodes, and protozoa in which the whole cell is surrounded by a protective layer; not the same as endospore.
human genome projectAn international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.
evolutionDarwin's definition: descent with modification
tropic hormoneA peptide hormone that stimulates a specific target gland to secrete its hormone; for example, thyrotropin produced by the pituitary stimulates secretion of thyroxine by the thyroid.
additive genetic variance-covariance matrixA square matrix with additive genetic variances for the traits on the diagonal and additive genetic covariances on the off-diagonal.
allosteryThe word allosteric is derived from the Greek {\em allos} and {\em stereos{, means other-solid
ribosomeCellular structure composed of RNA and protein that is responsible for protein synthesis.
recombineeringA term coined by Don Court to describe a method for vector construction based on homologous recombination in E
inorganic pyrophosphataseAn enzyme that hydrolyzes a molecule of inorganic pyrophosphate to yield two molecules of (ortho) phosphate; also known as pyrophosphatase.
nanotechnologyA miniaturization technology based on the development of nanometer-scale machines to operate in molecular environments.
platyspermicHaving seeds which are flattened and disc-like
rasorialformed for scratching; applied to leg structures.
genetic codeThe "code" in which information for the synthesis of proteins is contained in the nucleotide seuqence of a DNA molecule (or in certain viruses, of an RNA molecule).
nuclear magnetic resonancesee NMR
gene sequencingDetermining the complete sequence of a molecule or molecules of DNA, often through highly automated procedures.
macrophage-colony stimulating factorA growth factor that stimulates macrophage colonies.
leptiform= compodeiform; q.v.
plateletA noncellular disc-shaped structure containing protoplasm found in large numbers in blood and functioning in the blood clotting process.
biomaterialBiologically derived material that is utilized as a structural component.
ducta channel, tube or canal for carrying a secretion from a gland to the point of discharge.
proteinsas opposed to steroid hormones, which are made from cholesterol
quantalDescribes a biological system capable of only two responses.
chemical equilibriumThe state of a chemical reaction in which the concentration of all products and reactants is constant and the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.
rrs1Regulator of ribosome synthesis; a gene that directs the production of ribosomes that, in turn, direct the synthesis of nuclear proteins (proteins found in the nucleus of the cell).
chi siteAn 8-nucleotide DNA sequence (5' GCTGGTGG 3') which is a hot-spot for homologous recombination
thermotolerantcapable of growing at high temperatures (up to 60C, opt
m-cdksee M-phase Cdk
gregariousliving in societies or communities; but not social.
dhapDihydroxyacetone phosphate.
unilamellarConsisting of one layer, often used in reference to lipid monolayer structures.
diaphanoussemi-transparent; clear.
appliqueEarly ring form of Plasmodium falciparum found at the margin of red blood cells; accole.
half-reactiontype of chemical equation that shows the electrons either lost or gained
compoundA substance formed by two or more
inorganicadj
genetic complementationThe restoration of function by the introduction of exogenous DNA.
silln
krebs cyclesee citric acid cycle
reducing equivalentElectrons stored in reduced electron carriers such as NADH, NADPH and FADH2.
micrometera millionth (10-6) of a meter
carboxylic acidA molecule containing a carbon atom attached to a hydroxyl group and to an oxygen atom by a double bond.
allopatricSpecies or populations whose geographical distributions do not contact each other.
repliconA genetic element that behaves as an autonomous replicating unit
electrochemical gradientThe diffusion gradient of an ion, representing a type of potential energy that accounts for both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and its tendency to move relative to the membrane potential.
uphill transportSee active transport.
complex diseaseA pathological condition of the body that is the result of defects in a number of genetic and environmental factors
thigmotropismA directional growth of a plant in response to touch.
wiltingThe drooping of leaves and stems as a result of plant cells becoming flaccid.
proteasomeAn enzyme that destroys abnormal proteins (which are flagged by ubiquitin).
lungsThe invaginated respiratory surfaces of terrestrial vertebrates, land snails, and spiders that connect to the atmosphere by narrow tubes.
food infectionMicrobial infection resulting from ingestion of contaminated food.
trichroismthe condition when any given part exhibits three different colors in different individuals of the same species: e.g
accessory pigmentsVisible lightabsorbing pigments (carotenoids, xanthophyll, and phycobilins) in plants and photosynthetic bacteria that complement chlorophylls in trapping energy from sunlight.
stridulateto make a creaking noise by rubbing together two ridged or roughened surfaces.
limnetic zoneIn a lake, the well-lit, open surface waters farther from shore.
moleX grams of a substance, where X is its relative molecular mass (molecular weight)
black smokerThermal vent emitting very hot (270-380 °C) water and minerals.
gonococcusNeisseria gonorrhoeae, the gram-negative diplococcus that causes the disease gonorrhea.
gene splicingThe enzymatic attachment of one gene, or part of a gene, to another.
small ribosomal subunitThe smaller of the two subunits of a functional ribosome.
chemostatDevice for maintaining a bacterial population in the exponential growth phase by controlling nutrient input and cell removal.
primary successionThe loss of the entire soil complex due to large, extreme disturbances such as volcanic eruptions or glaciers that  result in very slow succession due to complete mortality of all living individuals in the system.
diurnaeday fliers: applied to butterflies.
amino acidOne of the building blocks of proteins; there are 20 common amino acids.
plasticityThe ability to develop or adapt in response to the environment.
kamen
sun compassA mechanism by which an animal can use the sun’s position and an internal clock to determine compass direction in navigation.
cortisolThe primary glucocorticoidhormone
microsequenatorA device for sequencing small amounts of sample.
uncinnatehooked at the end.
phytochemicalA biologically active molecule derived from herbs, vegetables, fruits, flowers, etc.
colonSee large intestine.
deflexedabruptly bent downward.
larvariuma tube or case made by a larva as a shelter or retreat.
heterochronyEvolutionary change in the timing or rate of an organism's development.
reactantstarting material that is transformed into a product during a chemical reaction
t-dnaThe segment of the Agrobacterium Ti plasmid which is transferred to plant cells.
inclinate -usleaning or inclining.
exogenousOriginating outside a cell, tissue, or organism.
developmentSuccession of changes that take place in an organism as a fertilized egg gives rise to an adult plant or animal.
amniocentesisA technique of prenatal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid, obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus, is analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.
hypotonicIn comparing two solutions, the one with a lower solute concentration.
coordinate gene expressionTranscription of a group of genes at the same time due to a common regulatory mechanism.
second law of thermodynamicsThe second law of thermodynamics comes in many forms but essentially expresses the observation that over time both matter and energy tend to disperse
instinctAn instinct is a simple or complex set of behaviors that are innate rather than learned.
cloneA cell, group of cells, or organism that is descended from and genetically identical to a single common ancestor.
zgeA Chinese Ginkgo biloba extract.
cenoten
delayed fluorescence immunoassay(DELFIA) A fluorescence technique based on the use of a molecule with a long fluorescence half-life.
marsupialsA group of mammals with young that leave the mother’s uterus at a very early stage and finish their development in a pouch
antigenA substance that interacts with an antibody.
free energyEnergy available to do useful work.
epicraniumthe upper part of the head from the front to the neck: often used to include front, vertex and genae:= calva.
myoclonic seizureA seizure characterized by myoclonus (sudden, brief muscle contractions).
cccAn abbreviation for "circular, covalently closed" DNA molecules.
expiratoryrelating to the act of expiration, when the abdomen is contracted and the air contained in the abdominal tracheae is presumably forced out of them.
revegetationThe establishment of vegetation on sites where it has been previously lost, often with erosion control as the primary goal
prevalenceThe proportion of individuals in a population having a disease.
peptide mappingThe characteristic two-dimensional pattern (on paper or gel) formed by the separation of a mixture of peptides resulting from partial hydrolysis of a protein; also known as peptide fingerprinting.
dna cloningThe propagation of individual segments of DNA as clones.
n-camsee neural cell adhesion molecule
dilution quenchingThe reduction of the luminescence of a sample by dilution.
founder effectThe effect caused by a sampling accident in which only a few "founders" derived from a large population begin a new colony
electronegativitythe attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond
seizureA convulsion caused by electrical activity in the brain
discolored -orousa different color from the surrounding, more or less contrasting; not concolorous.
fossiliferousadj
photochemical reaction centerThe part of a photosynthetic complex where the energy of an absorbed photon causes charge separation, initiating electron transfer.
adenosine triphosphateA nucleotide that releases energy upon hydrolysis of the phosphate bonds
alleleOne of the different versions of a gene
chloroplastAn organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.
active moleculeSome molecules must be chemically changed in the body to act on their targets
catalysisIncrease in rate of a chemical reaction.
white blood cellA blood cell that functions in defending the body against infections and cancer cells; also called a leukocyte.
filtrationThe extraction of water and small solutes, including metabolic wastes, from the body fluid into the excretory system
regression equationEquation using regression to predict the value of a dependent variable from a known value of the independent variable.
hydrocarbonAn organic compound consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen.
porphinA cyclic tetrapyrrole in which the four pyrrole groups are linked by their alpha-carbon atoms via methene (-CH=) bridges; porphin is the partial compund of porphyrins.
tbTuberculosis
protein aggregateA misfolded, rigid protein grouping
radiatedmarked with lines proceeding from a common centre.
collenchyma cellA flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth.
amino groupWeakly basic functional group derived from ammonia (NH3) in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by another atom
muscarinetoxic quaternary ammonium compound found in species of Clitocybe and Inocybe; causes perspiration-salivation-lacrymation syndrome.
paxillaa small stake or peg: a bundle of spicular processes.
golgi bodyA membranous organelle consisting of flattened sacs that serves as a way station and packaging site for materials synthesized by eukaryotic cells.
pendenthanging down.
absorptionThe taking in of water and dissolved minerals and nutrients across cell membranes
γ-tubulin ring complexProtein complex containing γ-tubulin and other proteins that is an efficient nucleator of microtubules.
relaxed formA quaternary protein structure that has higher affinity for a ligand than the taut form.
nicotine adenine dinucleotidesee NAD+
alizarinea transparent, orange red [alizar crimson].
oxidoreductaseA class of enzymes that catalyse oxidoreduction reactions which transfer electrons from a hydrogen donor to a hydrogen acceptor.
matterAnything that takes up space and has mass
bacteriochlorophyllThe light-absorbing pigment found in green sulfur and purple sulfur bacteria.
ponderablethat which may be weighed.
cell cycleOrdered sequence of events in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes and divides into two
ripicolousdwelling on river banks: riparian.
rna replicationProcess in some viruses by which RNA is synthesized from an RNA template.
cross-wallsSEPTA (q.v.)
phytanylA branched-chain hydrocarbon containing 20 carbon atoms, commonly found in the lipids of Archaea.
penitrem aa mycotoxin produced by various Penicillium spp., incl
kithe affinity of the inhibitor for free enzyme.
facultative cellsCells that can live in the presence or absence of oxygen.
lectinsAgglutinating proteins usually extracted from plants.
cladisticsThe analysis of how species may be grouped into clades.
heterozygoteIndividual having unlike alleles at a locus
sulfate-reudcing bacteriumA prokaryote which is able to reduce sulfate SO42- (as a terminal electron acceptor) using electrons donated from organic acids, fatty acids, alcohols or hydrogen (electron donors).
strigulatedwith numerous strigulae.
dimerTwo reversibly associated macromolecular structures; two covalently associated molecules.
secondary antibodyAn antibody that recognizes and binds a primary antibody
institutional review boardA specially constituted review body established or designated by an entity to protect the welfare of human subjects recruited to participate in biomedical or behavioral research.
avirulentMicroorganism with limited pathogenic potential.
hydrophilicA compound (for example, charged molecule) or part of a compound (for example, polar group) that has an affinity for water molecules.
anorexiaAbsence of appetite.
glucosesimple sugar, and the primary product of photosynthesis
secondary metabolismPathways that lead to specialized products not found in every living cell.
methylotrophAn organism capable of oxidizing organic compounds which do not contain carbon-carbon bonds; if able to oxidize methane, also a methanotroph.
cationpositively charged ion
primary structureIn proteins, the linear arrangement (sequence) of amino acids and the location of covalent (mostly disulfide) bonds within a polypeptide chain.
dry labRefers to experiments not performed at the lab bench.
orphan drugA drug that treats a rare disease.
bionucleonicsThe study of the application of isotopes to living systems.
aromaticOrganic compounds which contain a benzene ring, or a ring with similar chemical characteristics.
activation energyEnergy required to make substrate molec ules active enough for an reaction to occur
cytolyticsigh-toe-LIT-ick/ Causing cytolysis.
boneA type of connective tissue, consisting of living cells held in a rigid matrix of collagen fibers embedded in calcium salts.
post-subterminalfollowing the s
inhibitoryResulting in a decrease in activity or probability of activity
outcropn
dimethylformamide/DIE-meth-əl-FORM-ə-mide/ A common solvent; a colorless liquid, miscible with water and most organic liquids.
simple diffusionTransport of solutes, water, gases, or other materials that arises from the molecular agitation that exists in all systems above absolute zero and from the simple statistical tendency for such agitation to carry more molecules out of regions of relatively high concentration than into such regions.
replication forkThe region on a replicating doublestranded DNA molecule where synthesis of new DNA is taking place
chromogenic substrateA substrate that changes color when modified by a specific enzyme.
preformationismThe concept that an organism is preformed at conception in the form of a miniature adult and development consists of enlargement of the already preformed structures.
determinate growthA type of growth characteristic of animals, in which the organism stops growing after it reaches a certain size.
autopolyploidAn individual that has more than two chromosome sets, all derived from a single species.
hypertensionChronically high blood pressure within the arteries.
neutral equilibriumAn equilibrium in which a perturbed system attains a new state of equilibrium instead of returning to its original equilibrium state.
chanterelleedible species of Cantharellus (Aphyllophorales: Holobasidiomycetes).
local mediatorSecreted signal molecule that acts at short range on adjacent cells.
outer nuclear membraneThe outermost of the two nuclear membranes
oxidative phosphorylationProcess in bacteria and mitochondria in which ATP formation is driven by the transfer of electrons from food molecules to molecular oxygen
replicationThe synthesis of new deoxypolynucleotide strands.
nonredundant databaseA database in which redundant entries have been noted and merged.
messenger rnaAn RNA molecule transcribed from DNA which contains the information to direct the synthesis of a particular protein.
lpsLipopolysaccharide
parasiten
fischer projection formulasSee projection formulas.
embryoPlant or animal at an early stage of development.
kidney-shapedlike a kidney in outline; convex on one long side, concave on the other, the ends evenly and somewhat obtusely rounded: bean-shaped.
purineA nitrogenous heterocyclic base found in nucleotides and nucleic acids; containing fused pyrimidine and imidazole rings.
phosphodiesterMolecule containing R.O.P.O.R, in which R is a carbon-containing group, O is oxygen, and P is phosphorus.
carcinogenAny agent, such as a chemical or a form of radiation, that causes cancer.
ecosystemAll the organisms in a particular region and the environment in which they live
scaffoldThe molecular core common to all members of a combinatorial library; also proteins that are instrumental in the assembly of large 3-D structures.
mass numbersum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
interleukinSecreted peptide or protein that mainly mediates local interactions between white blood cells (leucocytes) during inflammation and immune responses.
albinismthat condition in which there is an absence of color or a whitening in a form usually colored.
asthmaA chronic inflammatory lung disorder characterized by obstruction of airways.
centrifugeSEN-truh-fyooj/ A machine used to separate the constituents of liquid mixtures by spinning them at high speeds.
hagfishScavengers, surround food item in a mucous bag.Many eelskin products are made from hagfish skin.
predationThe killing and consumption of one living organism (prey) by another (predator).
coenzymeAn organic cofactor required for the action of certain enzymes; often contains a vitamin as a component.
hard drugA hard drug is a nonmetabolizable compound, characterized either by high lipid solubility and accumulation in adipose tissues and organelles, or by high water solubility.
dhhsDepartment of Health and Human Services
m13A single-stranded bacteriophage vector that is used in the Sanger dideoxy sequencing method.
primer walkingSequencing method in which the sequence data of the sequenced section are exploited to synthesize the following primer
in vitro(to be defined later)
complementA complex of proteins in the blood serum that interacts sequentially with specific antibody in certain kinds of antigen-antibody reactions.
genetic isolationThe absence of genetic exchange between populations or species as a result of geographic separation or of premating or postmating mechanisms (behavioral, anatomical, or physiological) that prevent reproduction.
dendritesn
klenow fragmentThe large fragment of E
physiologyThe study of function; the study of “how organisms work.”
complementaryTwo polynucleotide chains that can base-pair to form a double-stranded molecule.
heteroduplexA double-stranded DNA in which one strand is from one source and the other strand from another, usually different but related, source.
luciferaseenzyme which activates luciferin to produce bioluminescence.
monocistronicAn mRNA that only encodes a single gene product.
urea cycleA metabolic pathway in vertebrates, for the synthesis of urea from amino groups and carbon dioxide; occurs in the liver.
endoparasiteParasite that lives inside the body of its host.
characterHeritable trait possessed by an organism; characters are usually described in terms of their states, for example: "hair present" vs
free-energy changeThe difference in the free energy of the product molecules and of the starting molecules (reactants) in a chemical reaction
promoterSee promoter region.
ribosomal rnaForms complexes with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomes.
peptide bondThe actual link between two amino acids
tumor progressionThe process by which an initial mildly disordered cell behavior gradually evolves into a full-blown cancer.
slaframinea mycotoxin produced by Rhizoctonia leguminicola; causing excessive salivation or slobbering in ruminants feeding on certain fungus infected legume forage crops.
carcinogenA substance that causes cancer.
cd28Cell-surface protein on T cells that binds the co-stimulatory B7 protein on “professional” antigen-presenting cells, providing an additional signal required for the activation of a naïve T cell by antigen.
monoprotic acidAn acid having only one dissociable proton.
recurrentrunning backward: applied to nerves it = stomatogastric.
nomographA graph that allows a third variable to be measured when the values of two related variables are known.
combinatorial chemistryA robotic system methodically synthesising large numbers of compounds, each having a composition slightly different from the previous one.
environmentComposite of all non-genetic factors influencing the phenotypic expression of a trait.
hypognathoushaving the mouth parts directed more or less vertically ventrad.
heat shock proteinA protein synthesized in response to cellular stress, including high temperature
inner membraneThe innermost of two membranes surrounding an organelle
dna fingerpritingUse of the techniques of genetic engineering to determine the origin of dDNA in a sample of tissue.
troposphereThe first layer of Earth's atmosphere; it contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of its water vapor.
lipoic acidA coenzyme that aids in energy production in the mitochondria
cis and trans isomersSee geometric isomers.
micrographPhotograph of an image seen through a microscope
self-incompatibilityIn plants, the rejection of their own pollen; promotes genetic variation and limits inbreeding.
complementary base sequenceFor a given sequence of nucleic acids, the nucleic acids that are related to them by the rules of base pairing.
cooperativityPhenomenon in which the binding of one ligand molecule to a target molecule promotes the binding of successive ligand molecules
drug latentiationDrug latentiation is the chemical modification of a biologically active compound to form a new compound, which in vivo will liberate the parent compound
cytidineSIGHT-uh-deen/ Cytosine attached to a ribose ring.
acid precipitationRain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.6.
photodynamic therapyA treatment based on the uptake by target cells of photoactivatable molecules that destroy the cells upon exposure to a specific light source.
phosphoinositidesA family of membrane-bound lipids containing phosphorylated inositol derivatives that are important in signal-transduction pathways in eukaryotic cells
cell cycle arrestThe halt of the cell cycle.
aqueous solutionsolution in which water is the solvent
leafletIn a compound leaf, the individual blades are called leaflets.
genetic fingerprintingA method of identification exploiting differences in the number of repetitions of certain DNA sequences between individuals
anamorphA somatic or reproductive structure without nuclear recombination in the asexual cycle.
suppressionThe restoration (or partial restoration) of a wild-type phenotype by a second mutation
fibrillarod or sliver-like nerve elements, often grouped like a bundle of short threads.
toxic soluble oligomersSmall, harmful molecules believed to trigger cell damage in HD and related diseases.
peroxisomeA microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.
tca cyclesee citric acid cycle
linearityA relationship between two variables that is best described by a straight line
metalloproteinA protein having a metal ion as its prosthetic group.
pulmonaryRelated to the lungs.
active siteThe region of an enzyme where substrate(s) bind(s) prior to the reaction occurs.
plasticizercompound added in small amounts to polymers to make them softer and more pliable
associative dinitrogen fixationClose interaction between a free-living diazotrophic organism and a higher plant that results in an enhanced rate of dinitrogen fixation.
absorption coefficientThe dissolved concentration of a gas when the partial pressure of that gas in solution is 1 atm
microscopescientific instrument used to view tiny objects such as cells.
nonessential amino acidAn amino acid that may be synthesized by a cell or organism from simple chemical precursors
exa-A prefix indicating 1018; a quintillion.
microstructuren
retentiondifficulty in initiation of urination or the inability to completely empty the bladder
stalingaccumulation of metabolites which slow or stop growth of the organism which produces them.
histocompatibilityThe ability of a host to tolerate a tissue graft.
pentose phosphate pathwayA pathway that serves to interconvert hexoses and pentoses and is a source of reducing equivalents and pentoses for biosynthetic processes; present in most organisms
dextrorotatory/decks-troh-ROTE-tə-tore-ee/ adj
dementiaA progressive decline in mental function.
protein linkage mapA protein-protein interaction network map.
replisomeA large multi-protein complex that performs DNA replication.
rhodopsinA visual pigment consisting of retinal and opsin
multifactorial diseasePolygenic disease, i.e
in vivoIn the body, in a living organism, as opposed to in vitro; when a study or an experiment is done in the living organism, it is said this is done in vivo.
analogA molecule that is structurally and functionally related to another molecule.
ubiquitin ligaseAny one of a large number of enzymes that attach ubiquitin to a protein, thus marking it for destruction in a proteasome
competition exclusion principlesPrinciple stating that no two species competing for the same resource can coexist indefinitely.
antepenultimatethe last but two.
phytoscopiccharacters of light or conditions of illumination that affect colors of caterpillars
bioticPertaining to the living organisms in the environment.
ultrasonographyProcedure for visualizing a fetus
sedimentary rockRock formed by the hardening of accumulated particles (sediments) that had been transported by agents such as wind and water
ontologyThe creation of a systematically ordered data structure that enhances exchange of information between computers and scientists
net productivityIn a trophic level, a community, or an ecosystem, the amount of energy (in calories) stored in chemical compounds or the increase in biomass (in grams or metric tons) in a particular period of time; it is the difference between gross productivity and the energy used by the organisms in respiration.
genetic driftThe loss of genes(alleles) from a population do to chance effects, specifically “sampling error” in small populations
denaturationIrreversible destruction of a macromolecule, as for example the destruction of a protein by heat.
phosphodiesterA molecule containing two alcohols esterified to a single molecule of phosphate
gaSee geldanamycin.
akathisiaA drug-induced side effect often caused by antipsychotic drugs
cryoelectron microscopyElectron microscopy technique in which the objects to be viewed, such as macromolecules and viruses, are rapidly frozen.
mating-type locusIn budding yeast, the locus that determines the mating type (α or a) of the haploid yeast cell.
tau pathologiesneurodegenerative diseases related to problems with the tau protein found in nerve cells
hydrophilicA property meaning "water loving," describing molecules that are attracted to water.
lirellatelong and thin, as in the ascomata of some lichens.
winogradsky columnA glass column with an anaerobic lower zone and an aerobic upper zone, which allows growth of microorgansims under conditions similar to those found in a nutrient-rich lake.
electromagnetic spectrumThe entire spectrum of radiation; ranges in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer.
smooth muscle cellType of long, spindle-shaped mononucleate muscle cell making up the muscular tissue found in the walls of arteries and of the intestine and other viscera, and in some other locations of the vertebrate body
luteous -eusclay yellow [pale clay yellow].
quencherA substance that deactivates excited molecules by processes such as resonance energy transfer (see FRET), electron transfer, or complex formation
tertiary structureIn proteins, overall three-dimensional form of a polypeptide chain, which is stabilized by multiple noncovalent interactions between side chains.
pioneer speciesSpecies that colonize early in a vegetational succession; pioneer species possess characteristics like rapid growth, the production of copious, small, easily dispersed seed, and the ability to germinate and establish themselves on open sites.
area effectThe larger a place is, the more species it can support.
embryoThe earliest stage of development in an animal or plant
neuroprotectionA process that involves protecting the nerve cells from deterioration due to neurodegenerative disease.
concentric muscle contractionAn isotonic muscle contraction in which the muscle shortens while generating force.
splendens -entshining: with a metallic glitter.
elementany substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance
photosynthesisThe conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes.
cellulosecarbohydrate polymer of the simple sugar glucose
amphipathicHaving both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, as in a phospholipid or a detergent molecule.
viscerathe internal organs of the body.
bilateral -eriterwith two equal or symmetrical sides.
infrabelow or beneath: opposed to supra.
transition stateA fleeting point when a chemical reaction can run to product or back to reactant.
immigrateTo enter into a new habitat.
pharmaceutical proteinsProteins manufactured for use as drugs.
metaphasesecond phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the equator of the cell.
vertebraA component of the vertebral column, or backbone, found in vertebrates.
alluvial fann
discoidal fieldsee discoidal area.
embryo sacThis is the mature female gametophyte
remacemideA drug that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist
nasutithat type of termite soldiers that have the head prolonged into a point.
hdj1A human protein that is known to exert protective effects against polyglutamine toxicity.
purineNitrogenous base consisting of a double ring structure
blastulaThe hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development.
mendelGregor Johann Mendel, Austrian Monk, 1822-1884
sympatryThe occurrence of species together in the same area.
freezing pointThe highest temperature at which a liquid can turn to a solid and freeze
anionAn ion with a negative charge
membrane potentialVoltage difference across a membrane due to a slight excess of positive ions on one side and of negative ions on the other
truncatecut off squarely at tip.
mucilageA gumlike material covering some bacteria (e.g
siphonosteleWhen a plant's vascular tissue develops as a central cylinder, it is said to have a siphonostele
omega-6 fatty acidEssential fatty acids that use the same enzymes as omega-3 fatty acids to produce their final products.
posteriorOf or pertaining to the rear, or tail, end.
nucleosidePurine or pyrimidine base attached to ribose or deoxyribose sugar.
miniate -usof the color of red lead [vermilion with a slight admixture of dragon's blood].
foldBent rock strata.
c. elegansKnown as Caenorhabditis elegans
pompe diseaseA genetic disorder affecting both children and adults that is characterized by progressive muscle weakness and breathing difficulty
catenatewith longitudinal connected elevations like links in a chain.
noradrenalineA hormone, produced by the medulla of the adrenal gland, that increases the concentration of glucose in the blood, raises blood pressure and heartbeat rate, and increases muscular power and resistance to fatigue; also one of the principal neurotransmitters; also called norepinephrine.
trimerathat series of Coleoptera, in which there are only three tarsal joints present.
reflected or reflexedangularly bent backward.
uracil-n-glycosylaseA repair enzyme that removes uracil from DNA by cleaving the bond between the base and the sugar backbone
glycolipidA molecule consisting of a short carbohydrate chain attached to a lipid.
dgsn-1,2-diacylglycerol.
foetid glandsglandular structures from which a foul smelling liquid may be ejected.
biogeographyThe study of the past and present distribution of species.
nopalrya plantation of cacti for raising cochineal insects.
componentone part of a combined whole.
gonadotropinA hormone that stimulates the activities of the testes and ovaries
lactoseThe major sugar in milk.
culturePopulation of microorganisms cultivated in an artificial growth medium
ground tissueIn plants one of the three main tissue types
fluorophoreA molecule that emits fluorescence.
sitStructured Intermittent Therapy
complexContaining multiple macromolecules in an organized structure
glycoproteinAny protein to which one or more oligosaccharide chains are covalently linked
iapetus oceann
ligaseEnzyme that joins together (ligates) two molecules in an energy-dependent process
cell bodyIn a
nanopore detectionA high-throughput technique for the detection of differences in single DNA strands based on the use of an ionic current to pull DNA through a pore created by a channel protein.
biomagnificationIncrease in the concentration of a chemical substance as it is progresses to higher trophic levels of a food chain.
chiralA compound that cannot be superimosed on its mirror image.
secundpointing one way: unilateral.
turgidFirm
iridescenta surface which reflects the prismatic hues.
mutualism/mutualismsThe way in which two organisms interact biologically so that each derives a fitness benefit.
biosynthesisProduction of needed cellular constituents from other, usually simpler, molecules.
sterilizationthe process whereby all microorganisms and their propagules are killed by exposure to heat (see AUTOCLAVING), radiation, or chemicals, or removed by filtration.
nonsense mutationA change in the base sequence that converts a sense codon (one that specifies an amino acid) to one that specifies a stop (a nonsense codon)
functional genomicsArea of genomics that studies the functions of genetic information contained within genomes.
syntrophyA nutritional situation in which two or more organisms combine their metabolic capabilities to catabolize a substance not capable of being catabolized by either one alone.
axostyleRodlike supporting structure in some flagellates that gives rigidity to the body (Trichomonas spp.).
elevational gradientAs one travels to higher elevations, the number of species peaks at mid-elevations or declines.
katsuobushia Japanese fermented food; cooked bonito fish is fermented by Aspergillus glaucus until dry; the product is shaved into ribbons and used for flavouring other foods.
lowlandn
low-level radioactive wastewaste that is contaminated with smaller quantities of radioactive materials than HLW and specifically excludes spent nuclear fuel
prototheriaSee Monotremes.
triglyceridean ester of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule
isothermalOccurring at constant temperature.
fungicidean agent designed to kill fungi; may be chemical or biological.
fluoxetineA member of the class of drugs known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
ketosisA condition in which the concentration of ketone bodies in the blood, tissues, and urine is abnormally high.
cork cambiumA cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells.
superposedplaced one above the other, as the frontal tufts in some moths.
t lymphocyteA type of immune cell responsible for many cell-mediated immune responses plus stimulation of differentiation of antibody-producing lymphocytes (i.e
metastasisthe spread of cancer to locations distant form original site
anal orificesee anus.
supra-cerebralapplied to that pair of salivary glands situated above the brain in bees.
arabidopsis thalianaA small plant used as a model organism for the study of plant genetics.
phenotypic fingerprintThe overall biochemical, physiological, and morphological profile of an organism.
lipaseEnzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of fatty acids from the glycerol moiety of a triglyceride.
dependenthanging down.
patrichome or country of origin.
hybrid cellA cell formed by fusion of two cells
determinationThe progressive restriction of developmental potential, causing the possible fate of each cell to become more limited as the embryo develops.
association constantsee affinity constant
molecular chaperonesee chaperone
ecological restoationEfforts to recreate, initiate, or accelerate the recovery of an ecosystem that has been disturbed.
senescenceThe process of aging.
appendicitisInflammation of the vermiform appendix (amebiasis; Ascaris, Trichuris, and Enterobius infections).
conservation biologyThe integrated study of ecology, evolutionary biology, physiology, molecular biology, genetics, and behavioral biology in an effort to sustain biological diversity at all levels.
cut-and-paste transpositionType of movement of a transposable element in which it is cut out of the DNA and inserted into a new site by a special transposase enzyme.
vertical transmissionSee horizontal transmission.
extentThe extended range of study, or the area included within the landscape boundary, such as a national park or state.
nutrientA substance taken by a cell from its environment and used in catabolic or anabolic ractions.
condensation polymerizationa type of polymerization in which a small molecule such as water is split out (eliminated) when the monomers join to form a polymer
cell theoryThe theory, developed in the nineteenth century, that organisms are composed of cells, which act as structural, functional, and developmental units of organization.
releaserA general term for a stimulus that triggers a fixed action pattern.
anaplasiaThe reversion of a cell to a simpler, undifferentiated form.
self-replicationSee self-renewal.
low copy repeatA term with variable meaning that is sometimes used synonymously with segmental duplication
in vivoIn an intact cell or organism.
concentration gradientdifference in concentration that exists between two regions resulting in diffusion.
reverse mutationMutation that changes a mutant phenotype back into the wild type.
salinityA measure of the salt concentration of water
dna repairCollective name for those biochemical processes that correct accidental changes in the DNA.
host-vector systemA system for the propagation of a DNA vector in a host cell.
molecular clockSee Evolutionary clock.
molarityA common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute in 1 L of solution.
'fungi imperfecti'an unfortunate and obsolete name for anamorphic fungi which are, or are suspected to be, the anamorphs of ascomycetes or basidiomycetes; better called `conidial fungi.' They are no less perfect than the teleomorphs some of them possess.
nosee nitric oxide
humidapplied to regions in which the normal rainfall is sufficient to produce ordinary farm crops without irrigation: see arid.
conduction(1) In the study of heat, the transfer of heat by intermolecular collisions through a material that is macroscopically motionless
batesian mimicryThe similarity in appearance of a harmless species (the mimic) to a species that is harmful or distasteful to predators (the model), maintained because of selective advantage to the relatively rare mimic.
genetic diversityThe number of different genetic combinations available in a given gene pool.
nadp+Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.
haploinsufficient geneMust be present in two copies for normal function
transformationMechanism by which DNA found in the medium is taken up by the cell
in vivoIn an intact cell or organism
catenaneAn interlocked pair of circular structures, such as covalently closed DNA molecules.
insecta member of the class Insecta strictly limited.
glochisa barbed point.
variegationIrregularity in pigmentation of plant or animal tissues due to variations in phenotype of different sectors of the tissue.
thioesterAn ester of a carboxylic acid with a thiol or mercaptan.
limnologyThe study of river system ecology and life.
heatenergy that flows from a hotter to a colder object
fraternal twinsNonidentical twins that arise when two different eggs are fertilized by two different sperm.
insertusa part that has its base set into another.
chlorophyllsA family of green pigments functioning as receptors of light energy in photosynthesis; magnesium-porphyrin complexes.
xylophagawood-eaters: applied in several orders.
fimbriaeThin, proteinaceous filaments that extend from the cell surface of microbial cells and facilate adhesion to solid surfaces or other cells.
superansexceeding in size and length.
ancepstwo-edged; similar to ensiform, q.v.
pterygodesthe patagia or tegtila: q.v.
animal physiologyThe study of the functional properties of animals; the study of “how animals work.”
barotolerantAn organism able to tolerate high hydrostatic pressure, although growing better at normal pressures.
neuroprotectant drugsDrugs that prevent harmful calcium ions from destroying the m\itochondria of the nerve cells, which leads to cell death
chondrichthyesThe vertebrate class of cartilaginous fishes, represented by sharks and their relatives.
vehicleNonliving source of pathogens which infect large numbers of individuals; common vehicles are food and water.
molecular weightThe sum of the atomic weights of the constituent atoms in a molecule.
dnaThe molecule that encodes genetic information
oxidationLoss of electrons from an atom or molecule as occurs when hydrogen is removed from a molecule or oxygen is added
open-circularThe non-supercoiled conformation taken up by a circular double-stranded DNA molecule when one or both polynucleotides carry nicks.
dyspepsia/dis-PEP-see-yə/ n
glycogenAn extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
salvage pathwaySynthesis of a biomolecule, such as a nucleotide, from intermediates in the degradative pathway for the biomolecule; a recycling pathway, as distinct from a de novo pathway.
anal appendagesgenerally; applied to the external genital parts.
dejecta/də-JEK-tə, dee-/ n
dorsal spacein slug-caterpillars is the area between the sub-dorsal ridges.
lipochromuswithout color.
cytosineOne of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA; pairs with the base guanine; often abbreviated as the letter "C"; see Figure B-3.
bottleneck effectA form of genetic drift that occurs when a population is reduced in size (population crash) and later expands in numbers (population flush)
immunoglobulinProteins (antibodies) produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to stimulation by antigen
methanogenesisThe biological production of methane.
hepatomegalyEnlargement of the liver.
comminuteto grind up fine: to reduce to minute particles.
wastingSee atrophy.
standard curveA quantitative research tool used to determine the concentration or copy number of an unknown substance
hydrolysisCleavage of a covalent bond with accompanying addition of water, –H being added to one product of the cleavage and –OH to the other.
grand malAnother term for generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
lubricate -ouscovered with a slippery mucus.
propedes= prolegs: q.v.
overnourishmentA diet that is chronically excessive in calories.
sucroseDisaccharide composed of one glucose unit and one fructose unit
bipinnateDescribing a pinnate leaf in which the leaflets themselves are further subdivided in a pinnate fashion.
eusocialHighly specialized sociality generally including individuals of one generation living together, cooperative care of young, division of individuals into nonreproductive or reproductive castes.
life expectancy at birthThe predicted average length of life at birth.
enzymatic biodegradationEnzyme-induced biological breakdown of materials.
ligaseEnzyme that forms a bond between one carbon and another, or between a carbon and a sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen via condensation reactions that use energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
protozoan pl. protozoaA protist that lives primarily by ingesting food, an animal-like mode of nutrition.
conjugationprocess in bacteria and protists that involves an exchange of genetic information.
dacryocystitis/dack-ree-oh-sist-TIGHT-əs/ n
nadh dehydrogenase complexFirst of the three electron-driven proton pumps in the mitochondrial respiratory chain
nonshivering thermogenesisThe increased production of heat in some mammals by the action of certain hormones that cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity and produce heat instead of ATP
racemic mixturemixture consisting of equal amounts of each optical isomer of a compound
lactic acidfermentation The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide.
calpainsa family of calcium dependent proteases
strataLayers of sedimentary rock that were deposited at different times.
carbon fixationConversion of carbon dioxide or other single-carbon compounds to organic forms such as carbohydrates.
maxillofacial surgeryThe surgical correction of or relating to the upper jaw and face.
translesion synthesisA mechanism that resumes stalled replication due to a damage on the template strand
electron transport chainAlso known as the respiratory chain
cloneAn identical copy of an organism
free radicalSee radical.
diving bradycardiaSlowing of the heart rate during diving.
clinical trialsA type of research study that is used to evaluate the effects of new drugs, medical devices, or other treatments on participants in scientifically controlled settings
faciesthe face: the general appearance or impression.
celluloseA structural polysaccharide made of glucose units linked together by β(1n4) glycosidic bonds
biotinLow-molecular-weight compound used as a coenzyme
take-alla cereal disease caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis (Diaporthales: Ascomycetes).
adenosine triphosphateSee ATP.
chertA sedimentary rock composed largely of tiny quartz crystals (SiO,) precipitated from aqueous solutions.
epithelial tissuesee epithelium
papillate -usa surface with small elevations which are porous at tip.
lambdoidA group of phage that are related to the E
adhesion plaquesee focal adhesion.
il-1Abbreviation for interleukin-1.
correlatedderived from the same ancestral form: said of two or more features or qualities which bear a direct or an inverse relation to each other, but without implying a relation of cause and effect.
florigenA flowering signal, not yet chemically identified, that may be a hormone or may be a change in relative concentrations of multiple hormones
lividyellowish gray with a violet tinge: greenish gray.
clusteringA bioinformatics technique for visualizing patterns in experimental data.
circadianA biological activity with a periodicity of 24 hrs that is independent of environmental variation.
positive supercoilingSuperhelical turns of a DNA double helix molecule.
pedipalpsThe second pair of appendages of cheliceromorphs
chondrocyteConnective-tissue cell that secretes the matrix of cartilage.
calorific valuenumber of kilojoules of energy released when 1g of a food is burned.
cation-exchange resinAn insoluble polymer with fixed negative charges; used in the chromatographic separation of cationic substances.
asymmetric carbonA carbon that is covalently bonded to four different groups.
virtual cellA computational simulation of a living cell.
extreme halophileA prokaryote that lives in a highly saline environment, such as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea
glutaraldehydeSmall reactive molecule with two aldehyde groups that is often used as a cross-linking fixative.
urinary bladderThe pouch where urine is stored prior to elimination.
luminophoreA luminescent substance.
non-composite transposonA transposible element that is NOT flanked by IS elements.
attingenttouching.
continental driftThe gradual movement of the Earth's continents that has occurred over hundreds of millions of years.
antibodyImmunoglobulin produced by lymphoid cells upon exposure to a specific antigen.
plaqueA localized area of clearing in a bacterial lawn on an agar plate
noduleA swelling on the root of a legume
solventA substance, usually a liquid or gas into which another substance will dissolve
adenosine tri-phosphateA nucleotide like compound containing three phosphate groups
active transportRefers to a series of energy requiring methods used by cells to get molecules, atoms or ions into or out of the cell
soil qualityContinued capacity of soil to function as a vital living system to sustain biological productivity, maintain the quality of the environment, and promote plant, animal, and human health.
centromereA specialized site within a chromosome, serving as the attachment point for the mitotic or meiotic spindle.
surface waterwater from lakes, rivers, and reservoirs
hominidA species on the human branch of the evolutionary tree; a member of the family Hominidae, including Homo sapiens and our ancestors.
alzheimer's diseaseAn age-related dementia (mental deterioration) characterized by confusion, memory loss, and other symptoms.
lamellateantennae with the club formed of closely opposed leaf-like surfaces, the concealed surfaces set with sensory pits.
motifA small portion of a protein (typically less than 20 amino acids) that is homologous to regions in other proteins that perform a similar function.
ontogeneticAllometry the relationship of x and y that are traits measured in the same individual through developmental time.
beardedfringed with hair: see barbated.
creodontsAn extinct order of early Cenozoic placental mammals that were the dominant carnivores until replaced by the modern order Carnivora during the Oligocene period.
alsAbbreviation for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
calmodulinUbiquitous calcium-binding protein whose binding to other proteins is governed by changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration
labelA fluorescent chemical group or radioactive atom incorporated into a molecule in order to spatially locate the molecule or follow it through a reaction or purification scheme
dental plaqueBacterial cells encased in a matrix of extracellular polymers and salivary products, found on the teeth.
ferrugino-testaeeousa rusty yellow brown: a mixture of rusty red with dull yellow brown.
agaroseA carbohydrate polymer used as a matrix for electrophoresis.
yoctomoleOne septillionth mole; 10-24 mole.
psychedelicmind-altering, hallucinogenic, psychoactive.
peptide bondAn amide bond formed between two amino acids by the linkage of the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of a second amino acid.
essential nutrientA substance that an organism must absorb in preassembled form because it cannot be synthesized from any other material
contigKAWN-tig/ A nucleotide sequence constructed by assembling overlapping cloned nucleotide sequences
nutrient cyclingAll the processes by which nutrients are transferred from one organism to another
hydronium ionWater molecule associated with an additional proton.
epidemic(of disease) prevalent and spreading rapidly among many individuals in an population at the same time.
concerted evolutionMaintenance of a homogeneous nucleotide sequence among the members of a gene family, which evolves over time.
taxonomicalsystematic: relating to classification.
thylakoidClosed cisterna, or disc, formed by the pigment-bearing internal membranes of chloroplasts.
complete dominanceThe type of inheritance in which both
aqueousSimilar to or resembling water
heterotrophAn organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.
invertebrateAn animal without a backbone; invertebrates make up 95% of animal species.
respiratory surfaceThe part of an animal where gases are exchanged with the environment.
electrophileAn electron-deficient group with a strong tendency to accept electrons from an electron-rich group (nucleophile).
nodeThe region of a stem between two internodes, where there is branching of the vascular tissue into leaves or other appendages.
ureotelicExcreting excess nitrogen in the form of urea.
lineatemarked with lines or streaks: lined.
virionA virus particle.
semi-lunarin the form of half a crescent.
axisIn the study of endocrinology, two or more hormone-secreting tissues that together form an hierarchical control system.
protosteleWhen a plant's vascular tissue develops in a solid central bundle, it is said to have a protostele
kappa chainOne of the two types of light chains that occur in antibodies.
wavelengthdistance between successive peaks of waves in the electromagnetic spectrum
pseudorevertantA revertant that retains the original mutation but has a second mutation at a different site that partially or fully restores the wild-type phenotype
partite -usdivided; e.g
benignReferring to a tumor containing cells that closely resemble normal cells
isomorphoushaving the same form, appearance or construction.
hypertonic/hypotonicHypertonic is a relative term referring to a solution with a greater concentration of solute(greater tonicity) than another solution
inter-clonalBetween clones.
molarDescribes a solution with a concentration of 1 mole of a substance dissolved in 1 liter of solution (abbreviated as 1 M).
phylogenyThe evolutionary relationships among organisms; the patterns of lineage branching produced by the true evolutionary history of the organisms being considered.
hair cellA type of mechanoreceptor that detects sound waves and other forms of movement in air or water.
one-step growth curveA plot of the production of lytic growth of a virus vs time
alkanea hydrocarbon with only single bonds between the carbon atoms
specificUnique; for example, the proteins in a given organism, the enzyme catalyzing a given reaction, or the antibody to a given antigen.
replicationConversion of one double-stranded DNA molecule into two identical double-stranded DNA molecules.
impulseThe signal that travels along the length of a nerve fiber and ends in the release of neurotransmitters
dna ligaseThe enzyme that joins the 5' and 3' ends of polynucleotide chains by the formation of a phosphodiester bond between them.
blue-green algaSee cyanobacterium.
tracheationthe arrangement or system of distribution of trachea.
focusThe initial point within the Earth that ruptures in an earthquake, directly below the epicenter.
cubital forksthe branching or points of separation of the branches of the cubits.
initial velocitythe initial linear portion of the enzyme reaction when less than 10% of the substrate has been depleted or 10% of the product has formed
blunt endsFlush DNA ends generated by restriction enzymes that cut both DNA strands at the same point.
topologyThe study of the deformability of intact structures.
toxic shock symdromeAcute shock resulting from host response to an exotoxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus.
inheritance of acquired characteristicsEarly notion of gene transmission proposing that acquired traits are passed to descendants.
lag phaseThe period after inoculation of a population before growth begins.
ap siteA molecule of single-stranded or double-stranded DNA missing a purine or pyrimidine base.
soil textureRelative proportions of the various soil separates in a soil
rami -usbranches: a branch.
amino groupThe -NH2 group, a weakly basic group found in organic molecules.
sedimentation coefficientA physical constant specifying the rate of sedimentation of a particle in a centrifugal field under specified conditions.
multigene familyA collection of genes with similar or identical sequences, presumably of common origin.
peptonea soluble proteid compound produced by the digestion of albummenoid food substances.
stenorhynchannarrow beaked or snouted.
hydrophobicNot dissolving readily in water (“water hating”); typically lipid-soluble.
polar covalent bondA covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity
active siteregion on an enzyme molecule to which substrate molecule becomes attached during he reaction.
buffer solutionchemical that keeps an experiment at required pH.
amino acid analogSee analog.
cyclin-cdk complexProtein complexes that are formed periodically during the eucaryotic cell cycle as the level of cyclin increases, and in which the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) becomes partially activated.
escrt-0Nomenclature for the HRS–STAM complex, which was proposed as a recent extension of the originally defined ESCRT-I, -II and -III.
quarternary structureThe folded structure of a protein including all of the polypeptides required for the intact, fuctional protein.
regulationProceses that control the rates of synthesis of proteins
arthroconidiumAn asexual spore formed by the breaking up of a hypha at the point of septation
nocturnalA lifestyle characterized by nighttime activity.
valgateenlarged at bottom: club-footed.
nodose -usknotted or with knots; a body with one or more knotted parts a sculpture with almost isolated knots.
green flourescent proteinAn intrinsically fluorescent protein from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria
epiphyteA plant which grows upon another plant
electrolyteconducting solute in solution
instinctAn inherited (innate), relatively inflexible behavior pattern that is often activated by one or several environmental factors (releasers).
hpvHuman Papilloma Virus
nonsulfur purple bacteriaA group of phototrophic prokaryotes containing bacteriachlorophylls a or b which grow best as photohetertrophs and have a relatively low tolerance for hydrogen sulfide (H2O).
fatty acid moleculemolecule with two structural features: a nonpolar long hydrocarbon chain generally containing an even number of carbon atoms (typically 12 to 24) and a polar carboxylic acid group at the end of the chain
ash-graya mixture of black and white, with a faint orange tinge: like ashes of anthracite coal.
dementiasevere impairment of mental functioning.
fractional  saturationThe fractional saturation refers to the degree of saturation of an oligmeric structure to ligand, that is:
oxygen equilibrium curveReferring to the O2-carrying properties of blood, a graph of the amount of O2 per unit of blood volume as a function of the O2 partial pressure of the blood
basicAdjective used to describe a substance or solution that contains a relatively low amount of positive hydrogen ions.
nucleoside analogSee analog.
folateThe naturally occurring version of folic acid.
protona subatomic particle with single positive charge found in nucleus of an atom
brca1a gene that normally helps to restrain cell growth.
normalizationA database refinement process that organizes a database so that results obtained from queries to the database are always unambiguous.
sulfhydryl groupA functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (—SH).
analogyThe deduction of the function of a new gene or protein by comparison with genes or proteins of known function using similarity searching and alignment.
bilamellardivided into two lamina or plates.
catalytic siteThe site of an enzyme involved in the catalytic process.
oocyteThe developing egg
nitric oxide synthasea family of enzymes responsible for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO)
anteriorSituated toward the head end of the body.
nonpolarLacking any asymmetric accumulation of positive and negative charge
mycosisThe general term for a fungal infection.
arthritisA disease characterized by joint inflammation
cooperationAn association in which all members benefit.
porinA rotein channel in the lipopolysaccharide layer of gram-negative bacteria.
puffballa gasteromycete basidioma in which the basidiospore mass (gleba) is enclosed by a papery peridium at maturity; an ostiole allows compression or wind suction to disperse basidiospores in the Lycoperdales and Tulostomatales; the basidiomata of the Sclerodermales have no ostiole.
basaltA fine-grained igneous rock found in oceanic crust and produced in lava flows.
penniformfeather-like in form.
parallel evolutionThe evolution of similar characters in related lineages whose common ancestor was phenotypically different
supercoiled dnaDouble-stranded circular DNA in which either overwinding or underwinding of the duplex makes the circle twist
hostAn organism capable of supporting the growth of a virus or other parasite.
trimerA molecule that is made of three monomers bound together.
avesThe vertebrate class of birds, characterized by feathers and other flight adaptations.
treadmillingThe process by which a polymeric protein filament is maintained at constant length by addition of protein subunits at one end and loss of subunits at the other
read-throughFailure to stop transcription at a normal termination signal.
biomesThe world's major communities, classified according to the predominant vegetation and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment
ediacaran strataGeological formations containing soft- bodied invertebrate fossils found in South Australia and other places, dating to a Precambrian period lasting about 60 or more million years.
homoplasyCharacter similarity that arose independently in different groups whether through parallelism or convergence.
mgsee MILLIGRAM.
diatomic moleculemolecule that contains two atoms
endemicA species or population that is specific (indigenous) to a particular geographic region.
chromogenA molecule with a chromophore that is colorless until the chromophore is modified chemically.
crateriformlike a shallow funnel or deep bowl.
water activityexpresses the available water in a substrate as a decimal fraction of the amount present when the substrate is in equilibrium with a saturated atmosphere (an equilibrium relative humidity of 70% around the substrate means that the substrate has a water activity of 0.70).
kin structureGenetic relationships within a social group.
isopreneThe hydrocarbon 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, a recurring structural unit of the terpenoid biomolecules.
coevolutionStrictly, the joint evolution of two (or more) ecologically interacting species, each of which evolves in response to selection imposed by the other
thermogenesisIn the context of thermal relations, production of heat for the specific function of warming tissues.
electrospray ionization-mass spectrometryA method for the solution ionization and mass analysis of macromolecules and small polar molecules.
agglutinationAggregation or clumping of particles, such as bacteria when exposed to specific antibody.
strokeThe death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head.
generalizedprimitive: containing in combination characters that are separated and specialized in other forms.
electrical gradientTechnically, the difference in electrical potential (voltage) between two places divided by the distance separating those two places
mitochondrial myopathiesA group of neuromuscular diseases caused by damage to the mitochondria in cells.
nucleoidIn bacteria, the nuclear zone that contains the chromosome but has no surrounding membrane.
homeostasisThe steady-state physiological condition of the body
actual evapotranspirationThe amount of water annually transpired by plants and evaporated from a landscape, usually measured in millimeters.
thighsee femur.
k-selectionSelection based on a population being maintained at or near the limit of its carrying capacity; selection is theoretically for improved competitive ability rather than for rapid numerical increase
stdSexually Transmitted Disease
diastoleThe period of relaxation during each beating cycle of a heart.
affinityInherent attraction and relationship.
anaerobicThe absence of oxygen
covalent bondA strong chemical bond that results from the sharing of electrons between two atoms.
dias a prefix, = two.
segregatingThe state of a population that has more than one relatively common allele present at a given locus (antonym: fixed).
virusA small, infectious, obligate intracellular parasite
isletA smaller genetic island that only encodes one or a few gene products.
nickA single-strand break, involving the absence of one or more nucleotides, in a double-stranded DNA molecule
heavy isotopesForms of atoms that contain greater numbers of neutrons than the most common form (e.g., 15N, l3C).
young earth creationistA believer in Young Earth Creationism
variantPhenotype that is different from the wild type or standard.
crusa leg or leg-like structure.
kojia `starter' consisting of Aspergillus oryzae cultured on roasted wheat or barley (for hamanatto) or A
conidiophoreAn aerial hypha bearing condiospores.
adequate stimulusThe kind of stimulus energy to which a receptor is most sensitive, or the kind of stimulus to which it normally responds.
endothermicterm applied to any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy
orthogenesisThe concept that evolution of a group of related species proceeds in a particular direction (for example, an increase in size) because of unknown internal or vitalistic causes rather than because of nonmystical factors such as selection.
gap repairThe repair of a gap (or nick) introduced into a DNA strand by the loss of one or more nucleotides.
bond energyamount of energy that must be absorbed to break a specific chemical bond
anaphylatoxinsThe C3a and C5a fractions during complement fixation
inositol phospholipidsOne of a family of lipids containing phosphorylated inositol derivatives
biosynthesisThe production of chemical compounds by living organisms.
probabilityFrequency of an event in an number of repetitions of an experiment.
capillariesSmall, thin-walled blood vessels that allow oxygen to diffuse from the blood into the cells and carbon dioxide to diffuse from the cells into the blood
homelogous proteinsProteins having sequences and functions similar in difierent species; for example, the hemoglobins
organic chemistrythe branch of chemistry devoted to the study of carbon compounds
merophytesGroup of cells which have all been produced from the same initial cell
spiniformin the form or shape of a spine.
transversewhen the longest diameter is across the body.
antheridiumMale gametangium.
consanguinityRelated through at least one common ancestor.
juvenile hdJuvenile Huntington's disease (juvenile HD) is a form of Huntington's disease with an onset before age 20
thioester bondHigh-energy bond formed by a condensation reaction between an acid (acyl) group and a thiol group (–SH); seen, for example, in acetyl CoA and in many enzyme-substrate complexes.
chloroplastsPlant cells that use energy from sunlight to create food.
clubbedsee clavate.
varianceMeasure of the degree of dispersion associated with a characteristic
chrysargyrussilvery gilt.
chemiosmotic couplingMechanism in which a gradient of hydrogen ions (a pH gradient) across a membrane is used to drive an energy-requiring process, such as ATP production or the rotation of bacterial flagella.
achiralA compound that may be superimposed on its mirror image
bohr shiftA lowering of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, caused by a drop in pHFacilitates the release of oxygen from hemoglobin in the vicinity of active tissues
foliarrelating to leaves.
catabolismThe biochemical processes involved in the breakdown of organic compounds, usually leading to the production of energy.
annelloconidiumA conidium formed from an annellide.
monoculturecondition in which one species is grown in an extensive pure stand; describes most agricultural situations.
haartHighly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
cascadeA series of events that result in transmission and usually amplification of a weak signal.
phosphorylationThe addition of a phosphate group to a molecule.
paraphyleticTerm applied to a group of organisms which includes the most recent common ancestor of all of its members, but not all of the descendants of that most recent common ancestor
nonessential amino acidsAmino acids that can be made by humans and other vertebrates from simpler precursors, and are thus not required in the diet.
lactateAn organic acid produced from fermentation by a wide range of bacteria and the skeletal muscles of our bodies under anaerobic conditions.
edentate -ulouswithout teeth.
bacteriaMembers of the Bacteria, one of the two major divisions of procaryotes, the other being the Archea
generalized seizureA seizure that involves the entire brain
hydroxyl groupA functional group consisting a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom
sustainable agricultureLong-term productive farming methods that are environmentally safe.
malignantInvasive, capable of metastasis.
phycocyaninblue, water-soluble pigment found in the cyanobacteria and the red algae.
crossing-overDuring the first
sythetic phenotypeA distinct phenotype that requires the presence of two mutations, and either of the mutations alone does not exhibit the same phenotype
electrona subatomic particle with a single negative charge; one or more electrons move around the nucleus
join point.The site where two DNA molecules are connected
species compositionThe species present in a community.
epidemesee articulatory epideme.
ligamentA type of fibrous connective tissue that joins bones together at joints.
transposonA transposable element that moves within a genome by means of a DNA intermediate.
derivativesNew cells that are displaced from an apical meristem and continue to divide until the cells they produce become specialized.
inquilineliving as guests in the homes of others; as in galls.
micromodificationPost-translational modification of a protein.
fluorophorA fluorescent molecule or group.
corpus luteumA structure formed from the ovulated follicle
autocatalytic reactionInstances in which the agent that promotes (catalyzes) a reaction is formed as a product of
bioprocessA method for preparing biological products, for commercial use.
carboxylic acidAn organic compound that has an acidic group consisting of a carbon with a double-bond attachment to an oxygen atom and a single-bond attachment to a hydroxyl group (0=C-OH).
tetraradiatedescribes the staurospores of some stream-inhabiting fungi; the four (sometimes more) arms ensure a stable three-point landing on the substrate.
activated carrierSmall diffusible molecule in cells that stores easily-exchangeable energy in the form of one or more energy-rich covalent bonds
cistronSegment of DNA which codes for a specific protein, and the start and stop signals of that segment.
vitelligenousproducing the vitellus or yolk: said of certain cells in the ovaries, believed to have that function.
alpha-linolenic acidAn essential fatty acid
hatchedclosely marked with numerous short, transverse lines.
costulaHymenoptera; a small ridge separating the externo-median meta-thoracic area into two parts.
vitamin b3Another term for nicotinamide.
photosynthesisComplex series of reactions occurring in some bacteria and plant chloroplasts whereby light energy is used to generate carbohydrates from CO2, usually with the consumption of H2O and evolution of O2.
atomic nucleusAn atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons.
nutantnodding; the tip bent toward the horizon.
magnetotaxisMovement toward the magnetic poles due to the presence of magnetosomes.
germ layersThree main layers that form the various tissues and organs of an animal body.
hydrolysissplitting of a molecule into two parts by adding hydrogen and hydroxyl ions derived from water.
sugarSmall carbohydrates with a monomer unit of general formula (CH2O)n
germicideA substance that inhibits or kills microorganisms.
alkylating agentSubstance that alters DNA by adding alkyl groups.
fluorescence probeMolecules that change in fluorescence upon interacting with another structure.
biophotonicsBiological applications of photonics, a technology that utilizes light and other forms of radiant energy in which a quantum unit is the photon.
ante-humeralrelating to the space just before origin of wings.
smith-watermanA sensitive algorithm for identifying sequence similarities.
orderA taxonomic grouping of related, similar families; the category below class and above family.
cavernousdivided into small spaces or little caverns.
endocraniumthe inner surface of the cranium.
rate-limiting step(1) Generally, the step in an enzymatic reaction with the greatest activation energy or the transition state of highest free energy
domainA segment of a folded protein structure showing conformational integrity
headful packagingThe packaging (filling) of a viral capsid with viral nucleic acid until the capsid is full
recombinationGenetic exchange resulting from a cross-over between two different DNA molecules or different regions of a DNA molecule
fenestrationsMinute, physical openings—pores—in the walls of blood capillaries
complementarityThe reverse structural correspondence of one molecule to another, such as an antibody to an antigen, an enzyme to a substrate, or the bases in a base pair.
heart attackThe death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from prolonged blockage of one or more coronary arteries.
memsMicroElectroMechanical Systems
dispersion forcesattractions between molecules that result from a distortion of the electron cloud that causes an uneven distribution of the negative charge
bergmann's ruleThe generalization that animals living in colder climates tend to be larger than those of the same group living in warmer climates.
nucleotideA monomeric unit of nucleic acid, consisting of a sugar (ribose), a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.
culture collectionsLarge repositories of microorganisms and cell lines, maintained by institutions and countries
complete compensationSee compensation.
phospholipidssee LIPIDS.
isomersTwo molecules that have the same molecular formula (e.g
oligotrophicDescribing a body of water in which nutrients are in low supply.
carminate -edmixed or tinged with carmine.
eukaryoteA cell or organism having a unit membrane-bound (true) nucleus and usually other organelles.
gangliosideAny glycolipid having one or more sialic acid residues in its structure
consortiumA two- (or more) membered bacterial culture (or natural assemblage) in which each organism benefits from the other.
flosculusa small, tubular lunulate anal organ with a central style, in certain Fulgorids.
repandwavy; with alternate segments of circles and intervening angles.
chromoproteinA protein that contains a chromophore, a molecule that absorbs light.
metabolismThe total of physical and chemical processes that occur in an organism to maintain life.
trioseA simple sugar with a backbone containing three carbon atoms.
dorsalRelating to the back of an animal or the upper surface of a structure (e.g., leaf, wing).
calvin cycleA series of reactions by which six molecules of CO2 are converted into glucose.
diffusionThe net movement of molecules in the direction of lower concentration.
flaccidfeeble: limber: lax.
bimaculatewith two spots or maculae.
heterologousConsisting of different elements.
sub-equalsimilar, but not quite equal in size, form or other characters.
turnoverThe mixing of waters as a result of changing water-temperature profiles in a lake.
sinistralextending to or at the left from the median line.
substrate(1) the food of a fungus; (2) substance acted on by an enzyme; (3) the material from which a fungus is fruiting - e.g
s phaseSee cell cycle.
proximadtoward the proximal end.
terminal inverted repeatsSequences found at both ends of a transposable element that are inverted complements of one another.
ionic compoundA compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called a salt.
rectilinearin the form of a straight line.
marburg virusesThe Marburg virus attracted widespread press attention in April 2005 for an outbreak in Angola
viable countMeasurement of the concentration of live cells in a microbial population.
nucleating agentSee ice-nucleating agent.
recombinantsFraction of new combinations appearing in each generation.
endosymbiosisWhen one organism takes up permanent residence within another, such that the two become a single functional organism
autophagyA pathway for the recycling of cellular contents, in which materials inside the cell are packaged into vesicles and are then targeted to the vacuole or lysosome for bulk turnover.
arrayFor life sciences, an array is usually a series of spots of a collection of molecules that are arranged on a membrane in a very specific pattern
ecto-parasiteone that is attached to the external surface of the host.
centimorgansee genetic map distance
metamorphic rockAny rock derived from other rocks by chemical, mineralogical and structural changes resulting from pressure, temperature or shearing stress.
eutrophicationA process in which an aquatic environment accumulates high nutrient levels due to factors such as industrial or urban pollution or run-off of fertilizers from nearby agricultural lands
bioreactorA container used for fermentation or enzymatic reactions
chimeric proteinA hybrid protein produced by recombinant DNA technology from a chimeric DNA molecule.
rigidinflexible: holding a direct course.
dna methylaseAn enzyme that catalyzes the addition of methyl groups to DNA.
biopterinAn enzymatic cofactor derived from pterin and involved in certain oxidation-reduction reactions.
image processingComputer treatment of images gained from microscopy that reveal information not immediately visible to the eye.
mutagenSomething in the environment that causes mutations.
stenothoraxa supposed ring between pro- and meso-thorax.
atomic numbernumber of protons in an atom of that element
newton’s law of coolingA common, although not necessarily historically defensible, synonym for the linear heat transfer equation.
sociobiologyThe branch of biology that studies the evolutionary basis of social behavior.
circulationThe pressure-driven mass flow of blood through a system of tubular vessels or other passages that brings the blood to all parts of the body.
biostratinomyThe study of what happens between the death of an organism and burial
subtile -isslightly; feebly; small; pretty; graceful.
gagsee glycosaminoglycan
abAntibody.
tidal volumeIn an animal that exhibits tidal breathing, the amount of air inhaled and exhaled per breath.
mudA defective derivative of phage Mu
deoxyriboside/dee-AWKS-ee-RIGH-boh-side/ See: nucleoside.
entropyrandomness in position or energy level
quantum mechanicsA theory that explains the behavior of elementary particles, atoms, and energy in terms of probabilities.
glycosyltransferaseAn enzyme that adds sugar residues to its substrate.
soil biochemistryBranch of soil science concerned with enzymes and the reactions, activities, and products of soil microorganisms.
disulfide bondCovalent linkage formed between two sulfhydryl groups on cysteines
heterocaryonCell with two or more genetically different nuclei; produced by the fusion of two or more different cells.
closed systemA system that exchanges neither matter nor energy with the surroundings
phylotypeA proposed stage in embryonic development that characterizes some basic features in the body plan of a phylum (for example, see Fig
landmarkA point of reference for orientation during navigation.
immunoprecipitationUse of a specific antibody to draw the corresponding protein antigen out of solution
daltonA unit of molecular mass approximately equal to the mass of a hydrogen atom.
shellWith reference to electrons the shell is an energy level
gabbroHighly mafic igneous plutonic rock, typically dark in color; rough plutonic equivalent of basalt.
trnaSee transfer RNA.
daltonUnit of molecular mass approximately equal to the mass of a hydrogen atom (1.66 × 10−24 g).
anoxicLiterally "without oxygen." An adjective describing a microbial habitat devoid of oxygen.
ccctc binding factorA transcriptional regulator that plays important roles in epigenetic control of gene expression
sericeoussilky: clothed with very dense minute hair which gives a silky lustre.
adcAIDS Dementia Complex
murinusmouse colored [gray with some yellow].
caudula -aea little tail.
cd8Co-receptor protein found on cytotoxic T cells that binds to class I MHC molecules outside the antigen-binding site.
mid-ocean gyresLarge areas in the center of the oceans where nutrients are scarce, resulting in "marine deserts."
sphingolipidAn amphipathic lipid with a sphingosine backbone to which are attached a long-chain fatty acid and a polar alcohol.
dextradextending or directed toward the right.
substrateA chemical recognized by an enzyme.
subuliformformed like an awl: = subulate.
categoryIn taxonomy, one of the ranks of classification (e.g., genus, family).
mutonSmallest unit of DNA in which a change can result in a mutation.
replicon fusionThe integration of one replicon into another to form a single replicon
dyne/DINE/ n
molecular beaconA single-stranded DNA molecule with a fluorescent reporter group on one end and fluorescence quencher on the other
social cognitionThe ability of an animal to forecast how its own actions will affect its future relationships within a social group
pyramid of energyA diagram of the energy flow between the trophic levels of an ecosystem; plants or other autotrophs (at the base of the pyramid) represent the greatest amount of energy, herbivores next, then primary carnivores, secondary carnivores, etc.
urosternitethe sternal or under piece of the uromeres.
countertransporterA transporter protein that obligatorily carries two different solutes in opposite directions simultaneously
progoneatewith the genital opening on an anterior body segment.
recyclable productproduct that can be recycled
cofactorA metal ion or a coenzyme that assists an enzyme in catalysis by acceoting or donating electrons or functional groups.
culture dishThe plastic dishes used in laboratories on which animal and human cell lines are allowed to grow.
transition stateAn activated form of a molecule in which the molecule has undergone a partial chemical reaction; the highest point on the reaction coordinate.
potable waterwater that is fit for human consumption
gene splicingThe cutting and rejoining of DNA sequences.
molecular replacementA method for solving biomacromolecular structure based on the use of a model derived from a related, previously solved structure.
dilutethinned out: applied to color means weak or pale.
infra-oesophagealsituated below oesophagus; see sub-oesophageal.
red queen hypothesisNamed for Lewis Carroll.s character who runs continually in order to stay in the same place
density-gradient centrifugationSeparation of molecules and particles on the basis of buoyant density, by centrifugation in a concentrated sucrose or caesium chloride solution.
cheek teethMammalian premolar and molar teeth.
soil organic matterOrganic fraction of the soil exclusive of undecayed plant and animal residues
total homocysteineThe sum of all forms of homocysteine, usually measured from blood plasma.
reduction half-reactiontype of chemical equation that shows the reactant that gains electrons
monochromaticof one color throughout.
cell membranethe part of the cell which separates the external environment from the cytoplasm; cell membranes have hydrophilic external surfaces and hydrophobic interiors.
nonpolar covalent bondA type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity.
hepaticolorliver-brown [dragon's blood].
red blood cellsee erythrocyte
downstreamIn the direction of the 3' end of a DNA strand.
anabolismUsed to describe a process that builds up larger molecules from smaller molecules
f+ cellA cell that carries a F-factor as an autonomous plasmid, which enables the cell acting as a donor (male) to transfer the F-factor to a recipient (female) cell.
transductantA genetic recombinant formed by transduction.
hypotoniaA condition of diminished tone of the skeletal muscles, and the reduced resistance of muscles to passive stretching.
multilocularwith several to many internal spore-producing cavities or chambers.
organellesOne of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
lysosomeEukaryotic organelle which carries digestive enzymes
iterationA single round of data processing
hydrophobicCompounds such as lipids that do not readily interact with water but tend to dissolve in organic solvents.
unicellularterm used to describe an organism that consists of one cell.
curationThe process of verifying and enhancing data submitted to bioinformatics databases
giga-Prefix denoting 109
bidentatetwo-toothed.
trinucleotide repeatAnother term for triplet repeat.
plastidomeThe total plastid complement of a cell.
thermoclineA narrow stratum of rapid temperature change in the ocean and in many temperate-zone lakes.
microaerophilicRequiring oxygen but at a level lower than atmospheric.
fermenterAn organism which carries out the process of fermentation.
flavinsA group of molecules with a unique ring structure
ecosystem ecologyThe study of all organisms living in a particular area as well as the nonliving, physical components with which they interact such as air, soil, water and sunlight.
inteinThe internal protein sequence that is excised during protein splicing.
heatThe energy that matter possesses by virtue of the ceaseless, random motions that all of the atoms and molecules of which it is composed undergo on an atomic-molecular scale of distance
neanicreferring to the pupal stage.
extraembryonic membranesFour membranes (yolk sac, amnion, chorion, allantois) that support the developing embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals.
association studyA case-control study in which genetic variation, often measured as single-nucleotide polymorphisms that form haplotypes, is compared between people with a particular condition and unaffected individuals.
ingested energyThe energy present in the chemical bonds of an animal’s food.
zoned reserveAn extensive region of land that includes one or more areas undisturbed by humans surrounded by lands that have been changed by human activity and are used for economic gain.
western blottingProcess by which protein is transferred from a gel to a solid support such as a nitrocellulose or nylon filter.
systematicsBiological classification and nomenclature.
denticles/DENT-ə-kəls/ n
porphyrinA porphin derivatives in which the pyrrole beta-carbons are variously substitued
nucleinMixture of nucleic acids and protein, originally isolated from white blood cells.
cooperativityProperty exhibited by some proteins with multiple ligand-binding sites whereby binding of one ligand molecule increases (positive cooperativity) or decreases (negative cooperativity) the binding affinity of successive ligand molecules.
euplexopterawith beautifully folded wings: an ordinal term applied to the ear-wigs.
amphotericDescribes a molecule that reacts as an acid with bases, and as a base with acids.
species isolating mechanisms(Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms) Diverging behaviors, physical attributes, or habitat preferences found in closely related species that have the effect of preventing mating and or the production of offspring
founder effectThe principle that the founders of a new population carry only a fraction of the total genetic variation in the source population.
autoradiographyA technique for imaging an object which has been radiolabeled, by exposing a photographic film to the object itself
dermalrelating to the skin or outer covering.
minocyclineAn antibiotic commonly used to treat arthritis and acne
substrateMolecule that undergoes a change in a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme.
insertion mutationA mutation caused by insertion of one or more extra bases, or a mutagen, between two successive bases in DNA.
confocal microscopyA light microscope technique that constructs an image from information derived from point-by-point scanning of a field.
drosophilaThe common fruit-fly, whose full name is Drosophila Melanogaster, is often used as an animal model in scientific experiments.
degrees of freedomNumber of independent parameters required to describe some component
anaerogenicwithout forming gas, e.g., anaerogenic 4fermentation.
pioneer communityA community composed of the initial inhabitants (early seral stage).
populationA group of individuals of one species that live in a particular geographic area.
visible lightThat portion of the electromagnetic spectrum detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm.
haworth perspective formulasA method for representing cyclic chemical structures so as to define the configuration of each substituent group; the method commonly used for representing sugars.
fossuletan elongated, shallow groove.
carcinogenA substance which causes the initiation of tumor formation
latent heatHeat that is stored by a particular substance
nitrogen cycleWorldwide circulation and reutilization of nitrogen atoms, chiefly due to metabolic processes of living organisms; plants take up inorganic nitrogen and convert it into organic compounds (chiefly proteins), which are assimilated into the bodies of one or more animals; bacterial and fungal action on nitrogenous waste products and dead organisms return nitrogen atoms to the inorganic state.
phage displayTechnique for detecting proteins that interact with each other by screening a protein against a library of genetically modified phage, each displaying a potential binding protein on their surface.
antibioticOne of many different organic compounds that are formed and secreted by various species of microorganisms and plants, are toxic to other species, and presumably have a defensive function.
lymphatic systemA system of vessels and lymph nodes, separate from the circulatory system, that returns fluid, proteins, and cells to the blood.
nomenclatureThe system of having two names (genus and specific epithet, also called Latin binomial) for each organism.
heterologous(i) DNA regions coding for the same function but with differences in their nucleotide sequences; (ii) DNAs which originate from different species.
phospholipidsThe major class of lipids present in biomembranes, usually composed of two fatty acid chains esterified to two of the carbons of glycerol phosphate, with the phosphate esterified to one of various polar groups
monosaccharidesThe simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides
dugong/DOO-gawng/ n
megapascalA unit of pressure equivalent to 10 atmospheres of pressure.
pachyteneThird stage of division I of meiosis, in which synapsis is complete.
short-term memoryThe ability to hold information, anticipations, or goals for a time and then release them if they become irrelevant.
protein kinasesEnzymes that phosphorylate certain amino acid residues in specific proteins.
accommodationThe automatic adjustment of an eye to focus on near objects.
surfactantan agent which reduces the surface tension of a liquid, e.g., detergents.
thiolsee sulfhydryl
chalceousbrassy in color or appearance.
thigmomorphogenesisA response in plants to chronic mechanical stimulation, resulting from increased ethylene production; an example is thickening stems in response to strong winds.
environmentThe complex of external conditions, abiotic and biotic, that affects organisms or populations
dna transpositionSee transposition.
antimetabolite***An antimetabolite is a structural analog of an intermediate (substrate or coenzyme) in a physiologically occurring metabolic pathway that acts by replacing the natural substrate thus blocking or diverting the biosynthesis of physiologically important substances.
dilatedwidened, expanded.
synthetasesEnzymes that catalyze candensation reactions using ATP or another nucleoside triphosphate as an energy source.
abscessLocalized collection of pus in cavity formed by dissolution of tissue.
gillAn evagination of an animal’s body that serves as a respiratory surface.
reformingprocess using heat, pressure, and catalysts to rearrange the atoms within molecules
sculptureda surface, when marked with elevations or depressions or both, arranged in some definite manner.
dsdnaA double-stranded DNA molecule.
feelerstactile organs: the term is usually applied to the antennae but sometimes to the palpi, as mouth-feelers.
messenger rnaA class of RNA molecules, each of which is complementary to one strand of DNA; carries the genetic message from the chromosome to the ribosomes.
fdaFood and Drug Administration
b lymphocyteA type of lymphocyte that develops to maturity in the bone marrow
progeny testMating of an individual to obtain progeny for observation for the purpose of obtaining information about that individual's genotype or genetic merit.
carpelsThe female reproductive structures of a
phytomelanina papery "sooty" black layer over the seed of plants in the Asparagales, which includes agaves, aloes, onions and hyacinths
blood pressureThe extent to which the pressure of the blood exceeds the ambient pressure.
clypeus posteriorsee post-clypeus.
triglycerideA fat-like substance found in the blood.
tertiary consumerA member of a trophic level of an ecosystem consisting of carnivores that eat mainly other carnivores.
mutation rateThe rate at which observable changes occur in a DNA sequence.
halophileAn organism requiring salt (NaCl) for growth.
parameciumunicellular pond animal with 'slipper-like' shape.
dropsy/DRAWP-see/ n
endophyteA microorganism living within plant vascular tissue.
mass actionThe inherent tendency for the reactants and products of a chemical reaction to shift in their concentrations, by way of the reaction, until an equilibrium state—defined by particular concentration ratios—is achieved
spontaneous generationAn early concept that complex organisms can appear spontaneously from inert materials without biological parentage.
stochasticRandom.
generation timeThe time it takes for a cell to double its mass under specified conditions.
maximal exerciseExercise that requires an individual’s maximal rate of O2 consumption.
rnaseAn enzyme that hydrolyses RNA molecules.
photoreactivationDNA repair in which the damaged region is repaired with the help of light and an enzyme
perlatebeaded: bearing relieved, rounded points in series.
membrane potentialVoltage difference across a membrane due to the slight excess of positive ions (cations) on one side and negative ions (anions) on the other.
organismUsually used to refer to an individual member of a species.
geologic provincen
cambiumKAM-bee-uhm/ The cylinder of undifferentiated embryonic tissue (meristem) that allows the stem of a plant to grow in diameter.
chemokineAny of about 50 different proteins, secreted by many cell types near a site of injury or infection, that help direct migration of white blood cells to an injury site and induces other changes central to inflammation.
physical mapThe linear order of genes and distance between them (usually expressed in base pairs or kilobases)
gene transcriptionAnother term for transcription.
permissive conditionsA particular environmental condition which allows the growth of an organism with a conditional mutation
hptnHIV Prevention Trials Network
renaturationThe process of returning a denatured structure to its original native structure, as when two single strands of DNA are reunited to form a regular duplex, or an unfolded polypeptide chain is returned to its normal folded three-dimensional structure.
amplification plotThe graphical representation of changes in relative fluorescence units (RFU) per real-time PCR cycle.
hybrid vehiclevehicle that combines conventional gasoline engines with battery technology
penicilliformpencil-like or shaped.
citalopramA drug used to treat depression associated with mood disorders
chondrosarcomaKON-droh-sar-KOH-muh/ A sarcoma forming in bone cartilage (except "extraskeletal chondrosarcoma", which forms, not in bone cartilage, but in the soft tissues of the upper arms or legs)
laminar flowFlow of a fluid without turbulence
fatty acidCompound such as palmitic acid that has a carboxylic acid attached to a long hydrocarbon chain
heartA discrete, localized structure specialized for pumping blood
passive restorationAllowing natural succession to occur in an ecosystem after removing a source of disturbance. The recovery of the deciduous forests in the eastern United States after the abandonment of agriculture is a classic.
in vitroExperiment performed in a test tube/laboratory apparatus
integral membrane proteinsProteins firmly bound to a membrane by hydrophobic interactions; as distinct from peripheral proteins.
helix-turn-helixA DNA-binding motif found in most bacterial DNA-binding proteins.
glycogenicDescribing amino acids whose metabolism may lead to gluconeogenesis.
resistance transfer factorThe component of an R-plasmid that encodes the ability to conjugate and to transfer DNA.
mega-Prefix denoting 106
huntington geneThe section of DNA that codes for the huntingtin protein
wortThe filtrate of malted grains used as the substrate for the production of beer and ale by fermentation.
ethylHydrophobic chemical group derived from ethane (CH3CH3).
swim bladderAn adaptation, derived from a lung, that enables bony fishes to adjust their density and thereby control their buoyancy.
correlation coefficientStatistic that measures the degree of association between two or more variables
moniliformbeaded like a necklace.
optical tweezersA laser-based technique that utilizes minute forces exerted by light waves to measure and to manipulate biomolecules.
specialized(1) Of cells, having particular functions in a multicellular organism
lightElectromagnetic radiation, typically that which is visible to either our eyes or the eyes of other animals
antigenA substance that triggers an immune response.
composite transposonType of transposable element in bacteria that consists of two insertion sequences flanking a segment of DNA.
leader sequenceAn N-terminal signal sequence that directs secretion and processing of proteins.
catalystchemical substance that participates in a chemical reaction and influences its rate or speed without undergoing permanent change
armillatewith a ring or annulus of raised or different tissue.
herbivoresAnimals that feed mainly on plants.
phenotypeThe observable appearance of a trait or the overall appearance of an individual.
orcsee origin recognition complex
pallescentbecoming pale or light in color or tint.
fumate -ussmoky gray [gray].
sampleA collection of individuals or measurements obtained from a larger aggregate
homolactic fermentationA type of lactic acid fermentation in which sugars (e.g
a formA duplex DNA structure with right-handed twisting in which the planes of the base pairs are tilted about 70° with respect to the helix axis.
transArrangement of two noncarbon atoms, each bound to one of the carbons in a carbon-carbon double bond, where the two noncarbon atoms are on opposite sides relative to the double bond.
acid mine drainageThe process to draw off acidic water from natural mine rich of sulfide minerals which has been oxidized to sulfuric acid by microbial actions.
nucleolusA densely staining structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; involved in rRNA synthesis and ribosome formation.
pericardial cavitythe space between the diaphragm and dorsal body wall, which contains the heart.
cotyledonKOT-uh-LEE-duhn/ An embryonic seed leaf
transport proteinsProteins found in the membranes of cells and organelles that are responsible for the movement of many substances into the cell or to the outside of the cell
signal patchA recognition determinant formed by the three-dimensional folding of a polypeptide chain.
baenomerea leg-bearing (thoracic) segment.
molecular structureThe size and shape of a molecule, determined by the atoms that make up the molecule
adductThe covalent complex formed when a chemical binds a biomolecule, such as DNA or a protein.
upper median areasee areola.
population densityThe number of individuals of a population per unit area or volume of living space.
habitat patchinessLandscape spatial heterogeneity caused by spatial and temporal variation in the distribution and abundance of vital resources, as well as in geological and ecological processes.
maximum reaction velocityThe greatest rate at which an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can convert substrate to product with the number of active enzyme molecules that are present.
x-ray crystallographyTechnique for determining the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule based on the diffraction pattern of X-rays passing through a crystal of the molecule.
producerAny organism which brings energy into an ecosystem from inorganic sources
antigenMolecule that is able to provoke an immune response.
benthicInhabiting the bottom, or substrate, of a body of water.
stomataOpenings in the epidermis of a stem or leaf of a plant which permit gas exchange with the air
zinc fingerSeveral types of conserved DNA-binding motifs composed of protein domains folded around a zinc ion; present in several types of eukaryotic transcription factors
mutualismA relationship among different species in which the participants benefit.
pandemicA worldwide epidemic.
ontogenyIndividual development.
data loggerA small microcomputer with a large amount of memory that can be placed in or on an animal to collect and store time-labeled information on physiological or behavioral variables
alpha-hemolysisReduction of hemoglobin to methemoglobin.
cephaladtoward the head, along the central line of the body.
emigrationThe movement of individuals out of a population.
proteinA linear biomacromolecule synthesized by ribosomes and consisting of a chain of amino acids in peptide linkage
granuloseroughened with granules or made up of distinct grains.
fastaAn algorithm for identifying sequence similarities.
rdaAI, UL, EAR), each with a specific use in defining recommended dietary intake levels for individual nutrients in the U.S
huntington's diseaseA hereditary neurological disorder characterized by movement, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms.
anti-hypertensive drugsDrugs that reduce blood pressure.
percurrentrunning through the entire length.
cerebral spinal tapA medical procedure to insert a needle into the spinal cord and collect spinal fluid
model organismA species, such as Drosophila melanogaster or Escherichia coli, that has been studied intensively over a long period and thus serves as a “model” of the biology of a particular type of organism.
first law of thermodynamicsThe first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy is a closed system is fixed
monocultureCultivation of large land areas with a single plant variety.
hft lysateA lysate from a lysogenic phage that includes a substantial proportion of transducing fragments
dispersal/də-SPER-səl/ n
biotechnologyThe industrial use of living organisms or their components to improve human health and food production.
preconsumer contentwaste left over from the manufacturing process itself, such as scraps and clipping
suppressor mutationA mutation that totally or partially restores a function lost by a primary mutation; located at a site different from the site of the primary mutation.
base analogCompound similar enough to bases in DNA that it can be used in synthesis of DNA.
electron shellAn energy level represented as the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.
riverA flowing body of water.
dna ligaseEnzyme which catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 3'-OH end and the 5'-P end of a DNA molecule.
anomersTwo stereoisomers of a given sugar that differ only in the configuration about the carbonyl (anomeric) carbon atom.
osculantintermediate in character between two groups or series.
chiral compoundA compound that contains an asymmetric center (chiral atom or chiral center) and thus can occur in two nonsuperimposable mirror-image forms (enantiomers).
lotka-volterra modelsSimple model that tells us that predator and prey interactions have the potential to cause population cycles, and is useful in understanding and predicting predator-prey population cycles
all-or-noneA reaction or response that occurs fully or not at all.
aerobicRequiring or occurring in the presence of oxygen.
toxinsProteins produced by some organisms and toxic to certain other species.
upwellingThe raising of benthic nutrients to the surface waters
membrane transport proteinMembrane protein that mediates the passage of ions or molecules across a membrane
drug targetA molecule that can be expected to enhance or inhibit a disease.
phase ii clinical trialThe second in a series of studies that test the safety and efficacy of a new drug or treatment in human participants and is only performed once the drug has successfully passed the phase I clinical trial
hormoneIn multicellular organisms, one of many types of circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells to change their functioning
electronA negatively charged particle; one of the three basic kinds of particles that make up an atom
sensimgradually.
sub-clavatesomewhat thickened toward tip; but not quite club- shaped.
nutrient cyclingThe cycling of nutrients between organisms and the physical environment.
dihommogamma-linoleic acidAn omega-6 fatty acid that can be converted into arachidonic acid (AA).
genotypeThe genetic makeup of an organism
calathiformshaped like a deep bowl.
family selectionSelection scheme in which whole families are selected.
araneiformspider-like in appearance.
sagittateshaped like an arrow head: elongate triangular.
compoundA substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.
trochiformiscylindro-conic.
point mutationA mutation in which a single base pair in the DNA strand is replaced by a different base pair.
accoleEarly ring form of Plasmodium falciparum found at margin of red cell.
synapseThe chemical connection for communication between two nerve cells or between a nerve cell and a target cell such as a muscle cell.
secondary metabolismsee METABOLISM.
lutose -usapparently or really covered with dirt.
middle lamellapectin-rich layer between the walls of adjacent plant cells; this layer is attacked and dissolved by damping-off fungi.
transfer spores(of rust fungi) see AECIOSPORES.
complementaryHaving a molecular surface with chemical groups arranged to interact specifically with chemical groups on another molecule.
patchinessLocalized variation in environmental conditions within an ecosystem, arranged spatially into a complex of discrete areas that may be characterized by distinctive groups of species or ecosystem processes.
chargaff's rulesobservation that in every species, the percent of adenine almost exactly equals the percent of thymine
modelA representation of a theory or process.
salt lickn
environmental deviationThe difference between the phenotypic and genotypic values caused by the environment.
acritarchsSingle-celled eukaryote-type microfossils of Precambrian age whose biological relationships are uncertain.
asepticRefers to an operation performed in a sterile environment or using appropriate precautions (such as flaming pipettes) designed to prevent contamination through introduction of bacteria.
calvin cycleBiochemical route of carbon dioxide fixation in many autotrophic organisms.
agaroseAn uncharged polysaccharide purified from agar
alkeneHydrocarbon with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
sequence profileA sequence pattern representation emerging from comparison of multiple aligned sequences.
oxidative damageThe harmful condition that occurs when there is an excess of free radicals, a decrease in antioxidant levels, or both.
luciferincompound whose activated form emits light.
ionAn atom that has either gained or lost electrons to acquire a charge; for example Na+ and Cl–.
bioinformaticsScience dealing with the classification, storage, retrieval and analysis of genomic and proteomic information; molecular modelling.
molecularity of a reactionThe number of molecules involved in a specific reaction step.
heatA kind of kinetic energy carried by atoms or molecules in constant random motion
laminiformlayer-like: having the appearance or made up of lamina.
grasslandRegion in which the climate is dry for long periods of the summer, and freezes in the winter
calorieformerly defined as the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of exactly 1 g of water by 1°C
marker rescueRepair of a mutational defect by recombination
moduleIn proteins or nucleic acids, a unit of structure or function that is found in a variety of different contexts in different molecules.
white blood cellGeneral name for all the nucleated blood cells lacking hemoglobin
pluri-dentatewith many teeth.
mobilemovable: having the power of motion.
pyramidal nerve cellsNerve cells projecting from the motor cortex to other parts of the brain and spinal cord
ionizing radiationA type of radiation, such as x rays, that causes loss of electrons from some organic molecules, thus making them more reactive.
wax-pincer= wax cutter.
uric acidA white, insoluble nitrogenous compound used to store or eliminate nitrogenous waste in birds and other egg laying organisms.
blue cheesescheeses ripened and flavoured by Penicillium roquefortii (Hyphomycetes), e.g., Roquefort, Stilton, Gorgonzola, Danish Blue.
ontogenyn
retrospectiverelating to a study (as of a disease) that starts with the present condition of a population of individuals and collects data about their past history to explain their present condition – compare to prospective
autocrine signalingType of cell signaling in which a cell secretes signal molecules that act on itself or on other adjacent cells of the same type.
allergic reactionAn inflammatory response triggered by a weak antigen (an allergen) to which most individuals do not react; involves the release of large amounts of histamine from mast cells.
transverse incision= transverse sulci.
gustatoryelating to the sense of taste.
curieunit of radioactivity, equal to 3.7 ×1010 disintegrations/s and roughly equivalent to the level of radioactivity from 1 g of radium
homologous chromosomeOne of the two copies of a particular chromosome in a diploid cell, each copy being derived from a different parent.
micronA unit of length equal to 10-6 meter.
evolutionary constraintAny biological factor that slows the rate of adaptive evolution.
lineageA series of ancestral and descendant populations through time; usually refers to a single evolving species, but may include several species descended from a common ancestor.
adult-onsetReferring to when the symptoms of the disease strike (onset) in adulthood (contrast with congenital)
herbGenerally any plant which does not produce wood, and is therefore not as large as a tree or shrub, is considered to be an herb.
signal patchProtein sorting signal that consists of a specific three-dimensional arrangement of atoms on the folded protein’s surface.
assisted reproductive technologyFertilization procedures that generally involve the surgical removal of eggs (secondary oocytes) from a woman's ovaries after hormonal stimulation, fertilizing the eggs, and returning them to the woman's body
selective sweepReduction or elimination of DNA sequence variation in the vicinity of a mutation that has been fixed by natural selection relatively recently.
sinistro-caudadextending obliquely from the left toward the tail.
aglyconThe non-carbohydrate component of a glycoside.
ultraviolet radiationElectromagnetic radiation in the region of 200 to 400 nm.
hip-1huntingtin-interacting protein-1
vector transmissionMovement of a parasite from one host to another through an intermediate organism, the vector.
electricityflow of electrons from one region to another that is driven by a difference in potential energy
citrine -uslemon yellow [chrome yellow].
desolvationIn aqueous solution, the release of bound water surrounding a solute.
lignivorousfeeding upon wood or woody tissues.
manual spotting systemMicroarrays can also be produced by manually spotting biomolecules onto glass slides
quantitative characterA character whose phenotype can be numerically measured or evaluated; a character displaying continuous variation.
wavenumbersnumbers often expressed in units of cm-1 and used on the x-axis of an infrared spectrum; inversely proportional to wavelength
glycosaminoglycanA long, linear, highly charged polymer of a repeating disaccharide in which one member of the pair usually is a sugar acid (uronic acid) and the other is an amino sugar and many residues are sulfated
resistance exerciseExercise that consists of relatively short periods of high-intensity muscular actions against a large load, often repeated with intervening interruptions
vitrificationprocess in which the spent fuel elements or other mixed waste from a nuclear reactor are encased in ceramic or glass
brackishadj
phagocytosisProcess by which particulate material is endocytosed (“eaten”) by a cell
moleThe number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules.
habituationA decline in organism’s response to a stimulus with repeated applications of the stimulus.
tryptic peptide mappingThe technique of generating a chromatographic profile characteristic of the fragments resulting from trypsin enzyme cleavage of the protein.
proculiform or poculiformhollow, cylindrical, with a hemispherical base, the sides at top straight goblet-shaped.
genomeThe term describes the total genetic information of a specific unit of inheritance such as e.g., the nucleus or the mitochondria.
atherosclerosisA cardiovascular disease in which growths called plaques develop in the inner walls of the arteries, narrowing their inner diameters.
phosphataseAn enzyme that removes a phosphate group from a substrate by hydrolysis
amino groupAn --NH2 group attached to a carbon skeleton as in the amines and amino acids.
genomeTotal genetic information carried by a cell or organism.
activation energyMinimum amount of energy required to start a reaction; enzyme action lowers this energy barrier
postmortemPertaining to the period after death
vector-borne diseasesDiseases in which the pathogenic microorganism is transmitted from an infected individual to another individual by an arthropod or other agent, sometimes with other animals serving as intermediary hosts
active immunityProduction of antibodies by the body's own im mune system due to the exposure to antigen
ginglymusa hinge joint that permits flexion in one plane.
degenerate codeA code in which a single element in one language is specified by more than one element in a second language.
autotrophA microorganism that synthesizes all organic molecules from inorganic sources.
recombinant dnaA molecule of DNA in which a DNA fragment from a different source has been inserted.
pepsinogenThe inactive form of pepsin that is first secreted by specialized (chiel) cells located in gastric pits of the stomach.
angiospermsFlowering seed plants.
carbohydrateGeneral term for certain polyhydroxyaldehydes, polyhydroxyketones, or compounds derived from these usually having the formula (CH2O)n
induced fitThe change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate.
solutionA homogenous mixture of two or more substances.
parasitoidLarval stage of an insect that consumes and eventually kills its host.
interneuronA neuron that transmits information from at least one neuron to at least one other neuron
cellFundamental unit of living matter.
oilstriglycerides that are liquid at room temperature
host(1) An organism on or in which a parasite lives
cosmologyStudy of the structure and evolution of the universe.
caliciformshaped like a cup or calyx.
aquifergreat pool of water trapped in sand and gravel 50–500 ft below the surface
pathogenicDisease-causing.
second clypeussee anteclypeus.
genetic research cycleThe process of learning about and developing treatments for genetic diseases
haploidHaving only one set of chromosomes, as in a sperm cell or a bacterium, as distinct from diploid (having two sets of chromosomes).
alkylating agentAn organic compound able to transfer an alkyl group to nucleotides.
metabolismA network of enzyme-catalyzed reactions used by living organisms to maintain themselves.
glucoseA six carbon simple sugar(C6H12O6) commonly used as a source of energy by the organism
bicarbonate indicatorchemical that changes from red to yellow in the presence of relatively high concentration of carbon dioxide.
co-transportMembrane transport process in which the transfer of one molecule depends on the simultaneous or sequential transfer of a second molecule.
cognitiverelated to the mental processes of knowing, thinking, learning, and judging.
hartig netthe intercellular hyphal network formed by an ectomycorrhizal fungus in the surface layers of a root; the effective interface between the symboints.
cylindricalin the form of a cylinder or tube; round, elongate, of equal diameter throughout.
pedigree indexEvaluation of an individuals genetic merit based solely on the genetic evaluations of its parents ( the average of parent evaluations).
semi-saggitatelike the longitudinal half of an arrow head.
linkerA synthetic, double-stranded oligonucleotide used to attach sticky ends to a blunt-ended molecule.
chargaff's rulesRules developed by Erwin Chargaff and his colleagues concerning the ratios of bases in DNA.
analogAn analog is a drug whose structure is related to that of another drug but whose chemical and biological properties may be quite different
cell fusionThe formation of a single hybrid cell from two cells in response to treatment with a fusogen.
rifampicinA compound that is believed to decrease the presence of beta-amyloid fibrils, but has little or no success in inhibiting huntingtin protein aggregation.
protaminesHighly basic, arginine-rich proteins found complexed to DNA in the sperm of many invertebrates and fish.
bioluminescenceProduction of light by a chemical reaction within an organism
saturated fatA type of fat found mainly in meats, butter, and dairy products which, due to its chemical structure, tends to pack very tightly and raise levels of unhealthy cholesterol.
compostOrganic residues which have been mixed, piled, and moistened, with or without addition of fertilizer and lime, and generally allowed to undergo thermophilic decomposition until the original organic materials are substantially altered or decomposed.
mismatchA defect in the pairing of two complementary DNA sequences where a base in one strand is different from that expected according to complementarity with the other.
species selectionA theory maintaining that species living the longest and generating the greatest number of species determine the direction of major evolutionary trends.
anamnestic responseMore rapid production of antibodies in response to exposure to an antigen previously encountered.
endoplasmic reticulumAn extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.
extensive propertyAn extensive property is one where the property is proportional to the size of the system
dispersive replicationModel of DNA replication in which the original and newly synthesized strands are distributed randomly between the parental and daughter cells.
systemicAffecting the entire body rather than a single part.
basal metabolic rateThe rate of oxygen consumption by an animal's body at complete rest, long after a meal.
monomerA building block of a polymer.
synoecythe relation that exists between ants and those guests that are indifferent to and tolerated by them:= metochy, and see symphily and synecthry.
bara short, straight band of equal width.
pigmentany coloring matter or material that gives a color appearance
second law of thermodynamicsThe law stating that in any chemical or physical process, the entropy of the universe tends to increase.
one hybrid systemA method for detecting protein-DNA interactions.
frozen accidentThe concept that an accidental event in the distant past was responsible for the presence of a universal feature in living organisms
agaroseNonsulfated linear polymer consisting of alternating residues of D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose
cleistogamykligh-STAW-guh-mee/ Self-pollination that occurs before the flower opens.
primary hostthe principal host of heteroecious rust fungi, which bears the sexual phase (the teliospores); see ALTERNATE HOST.
green fluorescent proteinFluorescent protein isolated from a jellyfish
teliomycetesClass of basidiomycetes including the orders Uredinales and Ustilaginales
condensationA change in the physical state of a compound from a gas to a liquid.
jak-stat signaling pathwayRapid signaling pathway by which some extracellular signals (for example interferon) activate gene expression
ionatom or group of atoms that has acquired a net electrical charge as a result of gaining or losing one or more electrons
saponificationAlkaline hydrolysis of triacylglycerols to yield fatty acids as soaps.
organA body structure composed of two or more tissues.
substrateOne of the initial reactants of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
ctSee threshold cycle.
rhizoidRootlike structure that helps to hold an organism to a substrate.
hansch analysis**Hansch analysis is the investigation of the quantitative relationship between the biological activity of a series of compounds and their physicochemical substituent or global parameters representing hydrophobic, electronic, steric and other effects using multiple regression correlation methodology.
auditoryrelating to the sense of hearing.
bulbA modified bud with thickened leaves adapted for underground food storage.
embiopteraan ordinal term proposed for the Neuropterous family Embidae.
outgroupA species or group of species that is closely related to the group of species being studied, but clearly not as closely related as any study-group members are to each other.
heteroduplex dnaDuplex DNA containing complementary strands derived
assayAnalytical procedure to determine purity, concentration, or biological activity of a specific substance in a mixture
characterA heritable feature.
zinc fingerDNA-binding structural motif present in many gene regulatory proteins
hormonesusually peptides or steroids, which are produced in one part of an organism and trigger specific rections in cells elsewhere.
hemoglobinAn iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
genesection of a chromosome which codes for a protein or RNA product.
chemoautotrophAn organism that can obtain the energy it needs to stay alive from energy-yielding inorganic chemical reactions.
liposomeArtificial phospholipid bilayer vesicle formed from an aqueous suspension of phospholipid molecules.
aminoacyl-trnaAn aminoacyl ester of a tRNA.
glycolysisThis process occurs in all organisms, and is responsible for converting glucose to pyruvate and generating ATP in the process
deposition/DEP-ə-ZISH-shən/ Accumulation by sedimentation, chemical precipitation, or evaporation of a suspending solute.
secondary antibody responseAntibody made upon second (subsequent) exposure to antigen; mostly of the class IgG.
azygosunpaired; a structure without a fellow; sometimes applied to an unpaired oviduct specifically the enlarged portion of the vagina at the junction of the oviducts and thus = uterus.
fluorescenceThe emission of light by an excited molecule in the process of making the transition from the excited state to the ground state.
helix breakerAn amino acid residue that interrupts alpha helical structure.
rhizobiaBacteria capable of living symbiotically in roots of leguminous plants, from which they receive energy and often fix molecular dinitrogen
diurnalA lifestyle characterized by activity during the dayrather than at night (nocturnal).
vocal cordOne of a pair of stringlike tissues in the larynx
research and developmentThe process involves the scientific discovery of a mutation, or a pathway or biological target responsible for the disease all the way through to the creation of a therapeutic treatment, such as a drug
phosphorolysisCleavage of a compound with phosphate as the attacking group; analogous to hydrolysis.
facial lipoatrophysee Lipoatrophy.
in vitro"In glass"; that is, in the test tube.
maternal half sibBrother or sister having the same dam but different sires.
cambrian periodKAM-bree-uhn/ The most ancient (~543 to 488 mya) period of the Paleozoic Era
analytical modelA model in which the relationships among variables are defined using equations.
fatEnergy-storage lipid in cells
subsidencen
ciliatefringed: set with even, parallel hairs or soft bristles.
culture mediumSee medium.
mineralcorticoidsSteroids released from the adrenal cortex that maintain salt and fluid balance in the body.
baltican
aseptic techniqueManipulating sterile instruments or culture media in such a way as to maintain sterility.
carbonaceous chondritesMeteorites containing carbon compounds.
rodA type of photoreceptor in the vertebrate retina
phenotypeThe appearance or other observable characteristics of an organism
chemotaxisA cell's sensing of and movement toward, or away from, a specific chemical agent.
schizophreniaa psychiatric disorder that usually involves problems with perceptions or expressions of reality, significant social or occupational problems, disorganized thinking, and delusions or hallucinations.
biomassgeneral term for plant matter such as trees, grasses, agricultural crops or other biological material
trisomicDiploid organism possessing an extra (third) copy of a chromosome.
enrichment cultureUse of selective culture media and incubation conditions to isolate microorganisms directly from nature.
ovulationRelease of an egg from the ovary.
sodium butyrateAn HDAC inhibitor.
mitogen-activated protein kinaseAn enzyme that is involved in numerous aspects of signal transduction.
eusocialGroups that display each of the following three traits: cooperative care of young; non-reproducing worker castes; and an overlap of at least two generations of life stages capable of contributing to colony labor.
synapsidn
campodeiformapplied to larval forms which, in their early stages at least, resemble Campodea: = leptitorm.
basalat or pertaining to the base or point of attachment to or nearest the main body.
purinesA class of nitrogenous compounds containing two fused heterocyclic rings
x-rayAn energy beam of very short wavelengths (0.1 to 1000 Å) produced by the bombardment of various materials with high velocity electrons.
blooma fine violet dusting similar to that on plums
beta oxidationThe process by which fats, in the form of Acyl-CoA molecules, are broken down in the mitochondria to generate Acetyl-CoA, the entry molecule for the Krebs Cycle.
biochipMiniaturised substrates onto which a large number of biomolecules are attached with high density and in a defined microarray.
apomixisThe asexual production of seeds.
doubly labeled water methodA method used to measure the metabolic rate of a free-living animal in which water labeled with unusual isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen is injected into the animal
distomerA distomer is the enantiomer of a chiral compound that is the less potent for a particular action
law of mass actionThe finding that the rate of a chemical reaction is a function of the product of the concentrations of the reacting species.
histonesProteins that play a part in the regulation of gene transcription by helping to condense DNA into its compact form as chromosomes.
heritabilityIn a general sense, the degree to which — - variations in the phenotype of a character are caused by genetic differences; traits with high heritabilities can be more easily modified by selection than traits with low heritabilities
crassulacean acid metabolismA process by which some species of plants in hot, dry climates take in carbon dioxide during the night, fixing it in organic acids; the carbon dioxide is released during the day and used immediately in the Calvin cycle.
heatThe total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter
maculaIn the vertebrate ear, a sensory area in the vestibular organs containing hair cells that monitor tilt and acceleration of the head.
alpha particlepositively charged (2+) particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons (the nucleus of a helium atom)
familyA taxonomic category that stands between order and genus; an order may comprise a number of families, each of which contains a number of genera.
dna polymeraseEnzyme that catalyzes the production of DNA.
ksee equilibrium constant
site-specific recombinationType of recombination that does not require extensive similarity in the two DNA sequences undergoing recombination
basal metabolic rateThe BMR is the number of calories a person needs to perform normal bodily functions all day long.
acidosisA state in which the pH of the body fluids is excessively acid.
hydroxyl groupsA functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond
allosteric proteinProtein that changes from one conformation to another when it binds another molecule or when it is covalently modified
critical massamount of fissionable fuel required to sustain an atomic chain reaction
organa fully differentiated structural and functional unit in an animal that is specialized for some particular function
theta-replicationReplication of a circular molecule of double-stranded DNA by initiation at a unique origin and proceeding in one or both directions around the molecule
coprolitesFossilized feces
molecular mimicsChemical compounds that resemble biomolecules and recognize and bind their targets.
taxonomyThe classification of organisms.
epistatic effectSum of effects due to combinations of alleles at different loci interacting to influence the trait of interest.
aerotolerantUsed to describe an anaerobe which will not be inhibited by oxygen and can still grow at sub-optimal rates.
anaerobicReferring to a cell, organism, or metabolic process that functions in the absence of O2.
colonoscopyexamination of the colon through a flexible, lighted instrument called a colonoscope.
chemiluminescenceThe production of light by a chemical reaction.
dsmbData Safety and Monitoring Board
nocturnalspecies that fly or are active at night.
covalent bonda chemical bond in which two electrons are shared by the atoms involved
rnaPolymer formed from covalently linked ribonucleotide monomers
silent mutationA point mutation that has no effect on the organism involved.
epstein-barr virusA herpes virus that causes mononucleosis.
fdcFollicular Dendritic Cells
aposematicColoration or other features that advertise noxious properties; warning coloration.
lacunaeirregular impressions or cavities: specifically the non-walled cavities of the body.
inducersMolecules that cause an increase in a protein activity when added to cells.
steady stateA nonequilibrium state of a system through which matter is flowing and in which all components remain at a constant concentration.
covalent modulationModulation of the catalytic properties of an enzyme, or the functional properties of another type of protein, by chemical reactions that make or break covalent bonds between a modulator and the enzyme or other modulated protein
confoundAn extraneous variable that may influence the results of an experiment.
ingroupIn a cladistic study of evolutionary relationships among taxa of organisms, the group of taxa that is actually being analyzed.
amplification efficiencyA measure of how closely the majority of PCR cycles in a given run approximate perfect doubling of product
lagging strandThe DNA strand that, during replication, must be synthesized in the direction opposite to that in which the replication fork moves.
confocal microscopeA high-powered microscope used for visualizing extremely small cellular components with beams of fluorescent light.
futile cycleSee pseudocycle.
compositionThe relative proportion of habitat types in the landscape, regardless of spatial distribution.
spermatophyteA seed plant.
fertilityThe number of live births per parent; the capacity to conceive and generate live offspring.
dehiscentopen or standing open: separating toward the tip.
defective virusA virus that can reproduce only in the presence of another, so-called helper virus, that carries the genes necessary for the replication of the defective virus.
polycystic kidney diseaseA kidney disorder passed down through families in which multiple cysts form on the kidneys, causing them to become enlarged.
sarcomaa type of cancer that starts in bone or muscle.
krebs cycleSee citric acid cycle.
reservoira case or cavity for the storage of any fluid or secretion.
aspiration pneumoniaoccurs when a person inhales food into their respiratory tract
linkageTendency for some parental alleles to be inherited together (opp
upstreamIn the 5' direction from a given transcription start point.
diploblastic/DIP-loe-BLAST-ik/ adj
o-linked glycosylationAddition of an oligosaccharide chain to a protein through the OH group of a serine or threonine side chain.
antagonistA term that is commonly used to refer broadly to neutral antagonists, weak partial agonists and inverse agonists.
monomerIn protein biochemistry, a monomer is a single folded polypeptide chain
interspecies hydrogen transferThe process in which organic matter is degraded anaerobically by the interaction of several groups of microorganisms in which hydrogen production and hydrogen consumption are closely coupled among species.
spontaneous mutationMutation which occurs naturally, as a result of damage to DNA.
symbiont hypothesisThe concept that mitochondria are the descendants of bacteria that once lived as symbionts within eukaryotic cells.
red blood cellsCells specialized for oxygen transport, having a high concentration of hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying protein) in the cytoplasm.
nonautonomous elementTransposable element that cannot transpose on its own but can transpose in the presence of an autonomous element of the same family.
cultrate -iformshaped like a pruning knife.
orogenyn
primary productionelaboration of complex, energy-rich organic compounds by photosynthetic organisms
turbidity flown
metamorphosisA change of form, especially the conversion of a larval form to an adult form.
bioassayAn assay that uses a living system, such as an intact cell, as a component.
unconformityAny interruption of the continuity of a depositional sequence.
protologthe original description by words.
biomanipulationA technique for restoring eutrophic lakes that reduces populations of algae by manipulating the higher-level consumers in the community rather than by changing nutrient levels or adding chemical treatments.
inflatedblown up; distended bladder-like.
coccusSpherical bacterial cells.
trans fatsfats that have been transformed by the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated vegetable oils
toxinA microbial substance able to induce host damage.
symbiosisn
pkcsee protein kinase C
protein domainRegion of a protein that has a specific shape or function.
waxA lipid consisting of long chain fatty acids
amplebroad; large; sufficient in size.
stoichiometryThe rate at which many organisms use energy by respiration can be measured by the rate at which they consume oxygen.
plasmidAn extrachromosomal, independently replicating, small circular DNA molecule; commonly employed in genetic engineering.
angulosehaving angles.
hsp 40The mouse analog of HDJ1.
x chromosomeThe sex chromosome that exists in paired form in females.
hyperglycemiaHigh glucose levels in the blood.
geneticsStudy of heredity.
lineoleta delicate fine line.
motilityThe property of movement of a cell under its own power.
palindromeA segment of duplex DNA in which the base sequences of the two strands exhibit twofold rotational symmetry about an axis.
stylusa small, pointed, non-articulated process.
fda 510 premarket notificationA premarket submission made to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to demonstrate that a device is at least as safe and effective (substantially equivalent) as a legally marketed device that is not the subject of a Premarket Approval (PMA).
ecologyThe study of the relations between organisms and their environment, in terms of their numbers, distributions, and life cycles.
unique-sequence dnaSequence present only once or a few times in a genome.
crossopterygiansA type of lobe-finned fish with lungs that were ancestral to
choanocyteA flagellated feeding cell found in sponges
lavaAny molten material that is extrusive or volcanic, or the rock that forms from a molten extrusive.
bioluminescenceFluorescent light formed when certain organisms convert chemical bond energy to photon energy,
antibodyA protein complex that specifically interacts with an antigen.
concentratedgathered together at one point; intensified or strengthened by evaporation.
immersed -usinserted, imbedded or hidden in.
preformed waterWater that enters the body in the form of H2O
familya division of classification including a number of genera agreeing in one or a set of characters and so closely related that they are apparently descended from one stem: opinionative and indicated by the termination idae.
lftLiver Function Test
polycythemiaA state of having an unusually high concentration of red blood cells in the blood; seen, for example, in humans and some other lowland mammals when they acclimatize to high altitudes.
truncaturethe truncation or point squarely cut off.
fibrillar collagenType of collagen molecule which assembles into rope-like structures
van der waals forcesRefers to the combined effect of two types of interactions, one attractive and one repulsive
multicellularAny organism which is composed of many cells is termed multicellular.
mineralIn nutrition, a chemical element other than hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen that an organism requires for proper body functioning.
admeAbbreviation for Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
monsoonn
phosphateAn important functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom and three oxygen’s.
terminusThe region of DNA sequences where DNA replication terminates.
diagenesisn
rotulethe trochantine.
pharmingThe production of large quantities of useful proteins by transgenic animals or plants.
methanogenA methane-producing prokaryote; member of the Archaea.
wings of the heartthe series of diagonal and other muscular fibres above the diaphragm in the pericardial cavity: see pericardial diaphragm.
arteriosclerosisAny of a group of diseases leading to the thickening and loss of elasticity in arterial walls.
mutationThe genetically inheritable alteration of a gene or group of genes.
permeableThe property of allowing material to pass through, as a permeable membrane.
dna supercoilingAdditional twisting of the DNA helix that occurs in response to the superhelical tension created when, for example, a circular DNA is partly unwound (See Figure 6–20.)
optical activityThe property of a molecule that leads to rotation of the plane of polarization of plane-polarized light when the latter is transmitted through the substance
per-as a prefix, means very: extremely: through.
cotransportThe coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient.
aerobicPertaining to the presence of free oxygen
amphotericCapable of donating and accepting protons, thus able to serve as an acid or a base.
pepsinAn enzyme in the stomach that digests proteins down to the level of small polypeptides
freely permeableterm used to describe a structure (e.g
termination factorOne of several proteins that acts to terminate protein synthesis by recognizing a stop codon in mRNA and causing release of the ribosomal subunits
fissionDivision of single-celled organisms, especially prokaryotes, in which mitosis does not occur
porphyrinA complex planar structure containing four substituted pyrroles covalently joined in a ring and frequently containing a central metal atom
feedback inhibitionSee end-product inhibition.
cell lineageThe ancestry of a cell.
ambulatorialfitted for walking or making progress on the surface.
o-antigenThe arrangement of polysaccharide side chains on the LPS of Gram-negative bacteria
microreactorA minitiarized reaction system used for chemical synthesis.
standardsA group of reference points with known properties
creationCreationist term for the beginning when God created the earth and the universe
charge-transition-state analoguesA structural mimic of the transition state between reactant(s) and product(s) for a given reaction
annotationAnalysis and commentary added to sequence data in databases
polyploidyVariations in which the number of chromosome sets (n) is greater than the diploid number (2n)
tauroursodeoxycholic acidAn acid found in large quantities in bear bile and small amounts in human bile
puromycinAn antibiotic that inhibits polypeptide synthesis by being incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain, causing its premature termination.
infectionGrowth of an organism within the body.
polylinkerA short, often synthetic, fragment of DNA containing recognition sequences for several restriction endonucleases.
sterileFree of living organisms and viruses.
free radicalunstable chemical species with one or more unpaired electrons
metric characterCharacteristics that are measures not counts (e.g., height of an individual)
r&d pipelineSee research and development
bile saltA type of emulsifying compound, produced by the biliary system in the liver of a vertebrate, that plays a key role in lipid digestion and absorption because of its ability to emulsify lipids within the gut lumen.
resolutionThe minimum distance that can be distinguished by an optical apparatus; also called resolving power.
law of mass actionThe law stating that the rate of any given chemical reaction is proportional to the product of the activities (or concentrations) of the reactants.
ethologistsScientists who study animal behavior.
laciniatedjagged; cut into irregular fragments.
preadaptationA character that was adaptive under a prior set of conditions and later provides the initial stage (is "co-opted") for the evolution of a new adaptation under a different set of conditions.
lytic infectionA virus infection that leads to the Iysis of the host cell, yielding progeny virus particles.
optic chiasmThe arrangement of the nerve tracts of the eye such that the visual sensations from the left visual field of both eyes are transmitted to the right side of the brain and the sensations from the right visual field of both eyes are transmitted to the left side of the brain.
celastrolA natural molecule derived from the celastracaeae plant
supercoiled dnaSupertwisted, covalently-closed duplex DNA.
haldane relationshipWhen considering reversible enzyme catalyzed reactions, the Haldane relationship describes the relation between the equilibrium constant of the reaction and the forward and reverse kinetic constants, and .For a single substrate, single product reversible reaction, the Haldane relationship is given by:
sanitizationElimination of pathogenic or deleterious organisms, insect larvae, intestinal parasites, and weed seeds.
decomposersSee: saprophyte.
composite transposonA transposible element flanked by two copies of an IS element.
bipedalA term used mostly to describe terrestrial tetrapod locomotion that is restricted to the hind limbs when these two limbs move alternately (for example, human walking) rather than together (for example, kangaroo jumping).
morphogenA molecule that specifies cell identity during development as a function of its concentration.
lysosomeMembrane delimited cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells containing acid hydrolases maintained at a pH of about 5.0.
surface tensionThe tendency of water to behave is if it is covered by a semi-rigid film.
masticatoryformed for chewing or grinding; applied to the mouth parts and to the grinding structures in the gizzard.
standard free-energy changeFree-energy change of two reacting molecules at standard temperature and pressure when all components are present at a concentration of 1 mole per liter.
neogeicbelonging to the Western Hemisphere or New World: see gerontogeic.
geomorphologyThe study of landforms and the geological processes that shape them.
g2/m checkpointImportant point in the cell cycle near the end of G2
deer truffleElaphomyces (Elaphomycetales, Ascomycetes).
clonusKLONE-uhs/ Involuntary, sudden, and alternating contraction and relaxation of a muscle or group of muscles.
autoregulationSee autogenous regulation.
anemophilySeed plants which are pollinated by wind are said to be anemophilous.
electron microscopeType of microscope that uses a beam of electrons to create the image.
halophyteA plant that roots in saline soils, often characterized by high salt concentrations in its tissue fluids.
adductionMovement of an appendage or body part toward the midline (median sagittal) plane, for example, bringing a laterally extended arm to the side of the body.
pathogenA pathogen is a disease causing organism or virus
peroxisomesgenerate and degrade H2O2 in performing various metabolic functions transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen and they produce H2O2
indirect developmentA life history consisting of a larval stage between embryo and adult stages.
glycoformA glycoprotein variant that differs in the oligosaccharide moiety.
vitamin b11Another name for folic acid.
modificationThe specific addition of secondary residues (methyl, hydroxymethyl, glucosyl) to deoxyribonucleotides by an organism to differentiate its own DNA from other DNA or for regulatory purposes.
leukemiacancer that begins in developing blood cells in the bone marrow.
negative stainingStaining technique for use in the electron electron microscope in which a reverse, or negative, image of the object is created.
equitantlaminated: folding one upon the other.
secondary productivityhe rate at which all the heterotrophs in an ecosystem incorporate organic material into new biomass, which can be equated to chemical energy.
site-specific recombinationGenetic exchange that occurs between particular, short DNA sequences
bileA mixture of substances that is produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and acts as a detergent to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats.
genomic microarrayTechnology that allows the assessment of multiple gene targets for the identification of gene amplifications or deletions in a different samples.
samhsaSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
ascorbateA negatively charged form of ascorbic acid, or vitamin C
dichotomousforked: dividing by pairs.
molar solutionOne mole of solute dissolved in water to give a total volume of 1,000 mL.
celluloseA polysaccharide
cbpAbbreviation for CREB-binding protein.
difference spectraPlots comparing the absorption spectra of a molecule or an assembly of molecules in different states, for example, those of mitochondria under oxidizing or reducing conditions.
zymogenAn inactive enzyme precursor that is activated by proteolysis; a proenzyme.
bacillusBacterium with an elongated, rod shape.
coagulateto congeal; to change from a fluid to a jelly.
gradualist modelThe idea that species arise from pre-existing species by means of a set of slow evolutionary transitions from one form to another.
duplicate -usdouble.
acquired immunological toleranceUnresponsiveness of the immune system to a given foreign antigen that can develop in some circumstances.
ribosomeAn RNA-protein complex responsible for the correct positioning of mRNA and charged tRNAs allowing proper alignment of amino acids during protein synthesis.
conjugateA related substance, differing only slightly.
disinfectantAn agent that kills microorganisms, but may be harmful to human tissue.
diotic/die-AWT-ick/ adj
groupvertical column in the periodic table
climateThe prevailing weather conditions at a locality
creb-binding proteinA transcriptional co-activator of phosphorylated CREB (Cyclic AMP Response Element Binding Factor).
phosphoprotein phosphataseEnzyme that removes a phosphate group from a protein by hydrolysis.
wild-typeA strain used as a standard reference to compare any mutant derivatives
disequilibriumState where genotypic frequencies at two or more loci considered jointly deviate from expected frequencies based on products of gene frequencies.
protamphibiona name applied by P
turbiditen
electrolytic celldevice in which electrical energy is converted to chemical energy
proteinA protein is a compound made from smaller molecules called amino acids
arp complexComplex of proteins that nucleates actin filament growth from the minus end.
cooperative bindingA situation in which the binding of one ligand to a macromolecule favors the binding of another
resorption(to resorb) – loss of bone through increased breakdown via osteoclasts or other mechanism causing a reduction in bone mass
bronchioleOne of the fine branches of the bronchus that transport air to alveoli.
cellFundamental structural unit of all life
spiralrolled up like a watch spring, or twisted like a cork-screw
peritrachealsurrounding the trachea.
allostericUsed to describe some protein, especially enzymes, in which a compound combine with a site on the protein other than the active site
gloger's ruleThe generalization that warm-blooded (endothermic) animals tend to have more pigmentation in warm, humid areas than in cool, dry areas.
line-angle drawingsimplified version of a structural formula that is most useful for representing larger molecules
carboxyl group-COOH
hydrophobichaving aversion to water tend to coalesce and form droplets of water
dna footprintingTechnique for determining the DNA sequence to which a DNA-binding protein binds.
cup fungusa `discomycete' - any ascomycete with an open, shallow, cupulate apothecial ascoma; a hetergeneous grouping because the asci may be unitunicate operculate, unitunicate inoperculate, or in many lichens, bitunicate.
dolomiteA carbonate sedimentary rock composed of more than 50 percent of the mineral calcium-magnesium carbonate (CaMg(CO3)2).
gametic arrayA method of describing in mathematical terms that the sum of the proportion of gametes that carries a specific allele is equal to 1
mitoplastThe mitochondrial inner membrane and matrix.
paleozoicThe first era of the Phanerozoic eon, extending from 545 to about 250 million years ago.
microarraySee DNA microarray.
hypothesisA tentative answer to a well-framed question.
resilientelastic; having the property of springing back.
circadian rhythmsBiorhythms that occur on a daily cycle.
adenine triphosphatecompound that stores energy in cells.
bioinformaticsUsing computing power, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.
horismologysee orismology.
fluorescenceEmission of light by excited molecules as they revert to the ground state.
transport proteinsMembrane protein that passively or actively assists specific ions or molecules into or out of a cell
corneousof a horny or chitinous substance; resembling horn in texture.
retinoidderivatives of vitamin A used clinically in the treatment of severe acne and psoriasis; under investigation for treating cancer
dacryorrhea/dack-ree-oh-REE-ə/ n
rock triperock-inhabiting lichens of the genus Umbilicaria.
ligationThe formation of a phosphodiester bond between two adjacent bases separated by a single-strand break
cleistotheciumClosed ascocarp of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota.
avidinAKA streptavidin
flabelliformfan-shaped.
amitriptylineAmitriptyline hydrochloride is an antidepressant drug
polymerA large molecule made up of repeating subunits, called monomers
physiologicalPertaining to physiology, the science of how living organisms function
blood-brain barrierA specialized capillary arrangement in the brain that restricts the passage of most substances into the brain, thereby preventing dramatic fluctuations in the brain's environment.
functionThe way in which a character contributes to the fitness of an organism.
limestoneA carbonate sedimentary rock composed of more than 50 percent of the mineral calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
gluconeogenesisThe production of sugars from nonsugar precursors such as lactate or amino acids
porose -uswith little round openings on the surface.
poly polymeraseAn enzyme involved in a number of cellular processes including DNA repair and apoptosis.
transloconMultiprotein complex in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum through which a nascent secretory protein enters the ER lumen as it is being synthesized
mitochondrial creatine kinaseA protein found in the mitochondria that exists in two forms
genotypeThe genetic characteristics of an organism (distinguished from its observable characteristics, or phenotype).
diplotene/DIP-low-teen/ n
wet labRefers to experiments performed at the lab bench.
dysmorphologyAltered development.
trace elementAn element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts.
allometric coeffient(a) in the linear equation, log y = a log x + log b, the slope of the line.
transpositionMovement of a transposable genetic element from one site to another
reverse osmosispurification process that uses pressure to force the movement of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a region of high solute concentration to a region of lower solute concentration
supercoolingCooling of a solution to below its freezing point without freezing.
pregnancy rateThe percentage of females exposed (inseminated or receiving an embryo) that sustain the development of a fetus.
humoralContained in a bodily fluid.
evaporationA change in the physical state of a compound from a liquid to a gas; most commonly used to refer to water
dermal tissue systemThe protective covering of plants; generally a single layer of tightly packed epidermal cells covering young plant organs formed by primary growth.
phaleratedbeaded.
neutral mutationChanges the amino acid sequence of a protein but does not alter the function of the protein.
mutation frequencyNumber of mutations within a group of individual organisms.
squamose -ousscaly or covered with scales.
glucocorticoidsA group of steroids that have metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects
osmosisThe diffusion of water(or some other solvent) across a semipermeable(selectively permeable) membrane.
chromatographyAny technique which is used to separates different species of molecules (or ions) by subjecting them to two different carrier phases: mobile and stionary phases
isotopestwo or more atoms of the same element
epaAbbreviation for eicosapentaenoic acid.
tetrapodaapplied to those butterflies in which the anterior legs are atrophied in whole or in part.
syntenic genesDetermined to be on the same chromosome by physical-mapping techniques.
anapsidn
lateritiusyellowish-red; yellowish brick color [pale clay yellow with a little red].
phosphogluconate pathwayAn oxidative pathway beginning with glucose-6phosphate and leading, via 6-phosphogluconate, to pentose phosphates and yielding NADPH
albicansformed or made of white.
blast cellAn undifferentiated embryonic cell.
electrophoresisThe movement of charged particles through a fluid following the application of an electric field.
false positivesAlso known as Type 1 errors, occur when we observe a difference that in truth is not actually there
antigenAny material (usually foreign) that elicits production of and is specifically bound by an antibody.
ionAn atom or group of atoms that bears a net negative or positive charge.
antimutagenAn agent that decreases the rate of mutation.
streptophytesThe clade consisting of the plants plus their closest relatives, the charophytes.
conductanceA measure of how easily electrical current will flow through a conductive pathway
dnathe substance of heredity; a large molecule that carries the genetic information that cells need to replicate and to produce proteins.
protogoniathe apical angle of the primaries.
mesophyllThe ground tissue found in the middle of the leaf, between the upper and the lower epidermis
lusitropicRelates to the relaxation and filling of the heart
spinal cordPart of the vertebrate central nervous system; consists of a thick, dorsal, longitudinal bundle of nerve fibers extending posteriorly from the brain.
ph domainsee pleckstrin homology domain
cecidiuma gall.
obtusilinguesshort-tongued bees with the tip obtuse or bifid: see acutilingues.
confocal microscopeType of light microscope that produces a clear image of a given plane within a solid object
centripetal selectionSee Stabilizing selection.
threatened speciesSpecies that are likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of their range.
eonA major division of the geological time scale, often divided into two eons beginning from the origin of the earth 4.5 billion years ago: the Precambrian or Cryptozoic (rarity of life forms) and the Phanerozoic (abundance of life forms).
ichnologyThe study of trace fossils.
optimumterm used to describe the particular condition of a variable factor at which an enzyme is most active.
rhizosphereZone of soil immediately adjacent to plant roots in which the kinds, numbers, or activities of microorganisms differ from that of the bulk soil.
cyanobacteriaBlue-green bacteria;
autooxidationwhen oxidation occurs spontaneously
denatured proteinA protein that has lost its native conformation by exposure to a destabilizing agent such as heat or detergent.
red queen hypothesisThe view that adaptive evolution in one species of a community causes a deterioration of the environment of other species
modioliformglobular, truncated at both ends; like the hub of a wheel.
ascorbic acidAnother name for vitamin C, a compound with antioxidant properties that may help protect nerve cells from free radical damage and glutamate toxicity.
vibranthaving a rapid motion to and fro.
vitaminAn organic molecule required in the diet in very small amounts
habit -usthe port or aspect: used to express a resemblance in general appearance.
incubateto brood: to cause to develop; as an egg.
stratosphereregion of the atmosphere above the troposphere; includes the ozone layer
testudinate -usresembling the shell of a tortoise.
chemical bondsan attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atom; the bonded atoms gain compounds outer electron shells
photosynthesisThe synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water through a process that begins with the capture of light energy by chlorophyll.
facial quadranglein bees; the quadrangle bounded laterally by the eyes, above by a line between their summits and below by a similar line between their lowest points.
inorganic ionA non-carbon atom (e.g., Na+) or group of atoms (e.g., SO42–) that bears a net negative or positive charge.
cardiac valvulesee oesophageal valve.
pedigreeBiological relationship among members of a family.
leucinea white crystalline compound, the product of animal decomposition, found in the malpighian tubes: as a color, cheesy white.
electromagnetic spectrumThe entire spectrum of radiation ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer.
crypticinconspicuous or hidden.
atollA region of DNA that is absent on the chromosome of an organism but absent from closely related organisms (i.e., the opposite of a genetic island)
freezingTo preserve an organism without any significant alteration to its chemical composition by subjecting it to freezing temperatures.
rangeA set of values that a number can have
trivialapplied to a name, means specific as opposed to generic, or popular as opposed to technical.
oppositeplaced over against, or opposed to.
anuriaAbsence of urine secretion (scorpion sting).
oligosaccharideA molecule containing a small number of sugar residues joined in a linear or a branched structure by glycosidic bonds.
phototrophIn reference to energy source - an organism which uses light as the energy source to drive the electron flow from the elctron donors (e.g
verbal modelA logical model with the relationships between variables expressed in words rather than mathematical equations.
zwitterionA dipolar ion containing ionic groups of opposite charge.
aerosolAtomized particles suspended in air; in context of this book, microorganisms suspended in air.
cell-cycle control systemA cyclically operating set of proteins that triggers and coordinates events in the eukaryotic cell cycle.
rod photoreceptorPhotoreceptor cell type in the retina that is responsible for noncolor vision in dim light.
flow field effectA technology utilized in the design of microfluidics systems that utilizes field effects to control flow.
cytolysissigh-TAWL-luh-suhs/ Cell lysis.
optimumThe value of some variable or set of variables at which some process works best at
biological/biotic factorsLiving factors such as decomposers, scavengers and predators.
disturbanceAny process that removes biomass from the community; an abiotic event, natural or human-caused such as fires and storms, that kills or damages some organisms and thereby creates opportunities for other organisms to grow and reproduce.
doppler effectThe shift in wavelength of light or sound that is perceived as the emitting body moves toward us (shorter wavelengths, for example, blue-shifted) or away from us (longer wavelengths, for example, red-shifted).
accumulatorsPlants containing intermediate concentrations of certain chemical elements (frequently metals or metallic compounds).
light-independent reactionsThe carbon-fixing reactions of the second stage of photosynthesis; energy stored in ATP and NADPH by the light-dependent reactions is used to reduce carbon from carbon dioxide to simple sugars; light is not required for these reactions.
translationProcess by which the sequence of nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule directs the incorporation of amino acids into protein
half-lifeThe time required for the disappearance or decay of one-half of a given component in a system.
vasa rectaThe capillary system that serves the loop of Henle.
hybridsOffspring of a cross between genetically different parents or groups.
dysplasiaA change in cell growth and behavior in a tissue in which the structure becomes disordered.
generic drugA copy of a drug that is introduced after the patent expires.
electrogenicContributing to an electrical potential across a membrane.
probandThe first person to be studied, from whom genetic descent may be traced.
regulatory enzymeAn enzyme having a regulatory function through its capacity to undergo a change in catalytic activity by allosteric mechanisms or by covalent modification.
familial dysautonomiaAn inherited disorder that primarily causes dysfunction of the autonomic and sensory nervous systems as a result of an incomplete development of the nerve cells of these systems
allelopathyBiochemical production by a plant which alters growth and survival of other plants or itself.
specific epithetThe second part of a binomial, referring to one species within a genus.
alkaneStraight chain or branched organic structure that lacks double bonds.
partial hepatectomyRemoval of two-thirds of the liver, which stimulates liver cell division resulting in the removal of almost all unintergrated DNA from the liver.
tuffn
greenhouse gasesthose gases capable of absorbing and re-emitting infrared radiation
condensation reactionChemical reaction in which two molecules are covalently linked through –OH groups with the removal of a molecule of water.
nitrificationThe conversion of ammonia (NH3) to nitrate (NO3-).
bileA yellow secretion of the vertebrate liver, temporarily stored in the gallbladder and composed of organic salts that emulsify fats in the small intestine.
vmSee Maximal Velocity
axillusArmpit; the area between the upper arm and chest wall where the two join.
inflammatory bowel diseaseA chronic inflammatory disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract but most commonly affects a part of the small intestine.
olfactoryhaving to do with the sense of smell.
denticulatedset with little teeth or notches.
fluorescenceA phenomenon associated with bioluminescence in which preexisting light (e.g., from a bioluminescent mechanism) is absorbed and re-emitted at longer wavelengths
esophagusA channel that conducts food, by peristalsis, from the pharynx to the stomach
catabolite activator proteinProtein that functions in catabolite repression
cam-kinase iiMultifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase found in all animal cells that undergoes autophosphorylation when activated
ruminantsMammals — such as cattle, sheep, and goats — that can break down and digest cellulose.
dentiformformed or appearing like a tooth.
catalytic crackingcatalysts used to promote molecular breakdown at lower temperatures than thermal cracking
alkalophileOrganism that grows best under alkaline conditions (up to a pH of 10.5).
iteroparousPertaining to a life history in which individuals reproduce more than once.
heat of vaporizationThe quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.
adenosine triphosphateAn adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed
independentThe probability of the an event occurring is not influenced by the occurrence of another event
smootha surface without elevations or indentations.
moleculeA chemical entity consisting of two or more atoms of the same or different elements chemically bonded together with covalent bonds.
condylarthsA mammalian order that became extinct during the Miocene period of the Cenozoic era but whose first occurrences are in the late Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic
columellaa little rod, pillar or central axis.
heteroimmune phageA phage that is not sensitive to the repression of lytic development by another prophage in the infected cell.
spp.abbreviation for more than one species.
litterThe undecomposed plant and animal material found on the forest floor.
hydrocarbonsAn organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.
radioimmunoassayAn immunological assay employing radioactive antibody or antigen for the detection of certain substances in body fluids.
spectroscopyThe study of molecular or atomic structure of a substance by observation of its interaction with electromagnetic radiation.
vulvaCollective term for the female external genitalia.
semelparityLife histories characterized by death after first reproduction.
mesalpertaining to, situated on or in the median plane of the body.
classificationthe systematic arrangement of organisms, based on everything we know about them.
diversityTerm used to describe numbers of taxa, or variation in morphology.
isotopeDifferent form of the same element containing the same number of protons and electrons, but differing in the number of neutrons.
sereThe stages in a successional sequence.
ultracentrifugeA high-speed centrifuge that can attain speeds up to 60,000 rpm and centrifugal fields of 500,000 times gravity
acifAnticomplement immunofluorescence.
ecosystemA community of organisms and their natural environment.
domain1
positive assortative matingMating of Individuals with like phenotypes.
abioticSubstances that are of nonbiological origin, or environments characterized by the absence of organisms.
ionic bondCohesion between two atoms, one with a positive charge, the other with a negative charge
intermediate filamentFibrous protein filament (about 10 nm in diameter) that forms ropelike networks in animal cells
catalystA compound that lowers the activation energy of a reaction without itself being consumed.
plasmodesmataThis process requires movement proteins, which are virus-encoded proteins probably originally derived from plant proteins, which interact with the plasmodesmatal transport machinery
aridApplied to regions in which the normal rainfall is insufficient to produce ordinary farm crops without irrigation, and in which desert conditions prevail: see humid.
ventoseinflated; puffed out.
photolithographySelective masking generates light patterns that direct chemical transformations to specific areas of photosensitive surfaces
conditional mutantA mutant that can grow under one set (permissive) of environmental conditions but cannot grow under different (restrictive or nonpermissive) conditions
dissociation curveA chart showing the relative amounts of oxygen bound to hemoglobin when the pigment is exposed to solutions varying in their partial pressure of dissolved oxygen, pH, and other characteristics
anaerobicGrowth (energy obtained from the oxidative breakdown of food molecules) in the absence of molecular oxygen,
structural formulachemical representation that shows the atoms and their arrangement with respect to one another in a molecule
parasitismAn association between species in which individuals of one species (the parasite) obtain their nutrients by living on or in the tissues of another species (the host), often with harmful effects to the host.
maculaa colored mark larger than a spot; of indeterminate figure.
conjugateto bring together in pairs: consisting of a single pair
determinationProcess by which a cell becomes committed to developing into a particular cell type.
siltSoil particle with a diameter between 0.002 and0.05 mm.
stable isotopeAn isotope that does not undergo radioactive decay.
isometric contractionA contraction in which a muscle does not shorten significantly as it exerts force (tension) against a load it cannot move.
primary immune responseThe initial acquired immune response to an antigen, which appears after a lag of about 10 to 17 days.
autotrophAn organism that used inorganic compounds as nutrients and carbon dioxide as the sole source of carbon
multipotentThe ability to give rise to a number of limited cell types.
dysneuria/dis-NUHR-ee-yə/ n
setigenousthe hypodermal cells that give rise to setae.
unsaturated fatty acidA fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail
amylaseenzyme made by plant and animal cells that promotes the breakdown of starch to maltose.
asexualReproduction in an organism by division or redistribution of nuclei, but without nuclear fusion, i.e., not by the union of two nuclei
stationary phaseThe period during the growth cycle of a population in which growth ceases.
dtmpThymidine monophosphate.
centrosome cycleDuplication of the centrosome (during interphase) and separation of the two new centrosomes (at the beginning of mitosis), which provides two centrosomes to form the poles of the mitotic spindle.
iontophoresisThe transfer of ions across cell membranes due to the application of an electrical potential.
sordiddirty; dull.
deoxyribose sugarFive-carbon sugar in DNA; lacks a hydroxyl group on the 2'-carbon atom.
pure cultureA culture containing a single kind of microorganism.
food webThe elaborate, interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
aggregateSee soil aggregate
platen
hydrolysisCleavage of a bond, such as an anhydride or peptide bond, by the addition of the elements of water, yielding two or more products.
holdfastAnchoring base of an alga.
evaporiten
cost of resistanceThe fitness effects of an allele that confers resistance (often denoted by R) to a pesticide or antibiotic in the absence of the pesticide or antibiotic.
lobate -usdivided by deep, undulating and successive incisions.
antigenic driftA process by which circulating influenza viruses are constantly changing, which allows the viruses to cause annual epidemics of illness
isogamyfusion of morphologically identical gametes.
endonucleaseAn enzyme that makes breaks in a molecule of DNA by hydrolyzing internal phosphodiester bonds
stereoisomersIsomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other.
cerebellumMajor region of the brain concerned with coordinating movements
gpi anchorsee glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor
hydrochlorofluorocarbonscompounds of hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, and carbon
normal huntingtinSee huntingtin protein
hydrolysisThe rupture of a chemical bond by a reaction that involves water.
operculatwo plates covering the vocal structure of Cicada, beneath.
glycosaminoglycanA polysaccharide containing aminomonosaccharide residues.
helicasesProteins that unwind the DNA double helix.
helixA spiral structure with a repeating pattern.
photonA discrete packet or quantum of light energy
tandem repeatsMultiple copies of the same base sequence on a chromosome.
self-renewThe idea that an ecosystem could form a stable climax community after a disturbance.
sebaceousfatty or oily; applied to glands secreting such substances.
insulin-like growth factorA hormone produced by the liver whose secretion is stimulated by growth hormone
laemodipodiformlike a laemodipod; similar to the larva of a walking stick.
adAbbreviation for Alzheimer's disease.
cometabolismThe metabolic transformation of a substance while a second substance serves as primary energy or carbon source.
in vitro mutagenesisA method for mutating DNA outside of a host cell
cultureA particular strain or kind of organism growing in a laboratory medium.
dna transcriptionsee transcription
intermediate filamentsCytoplasmic fibers averaging 10 nm in diameter (and thus are "intermediate" in size between actin filaments (8 nm) and microtubules (25 nm)
dimidiusof half length.
hemoglobinAn iron-containing protein in red cells that reversibly binds oxygen
carbonaceousPossessing organic (carbon) compounds.
leukocyteWhite blood cell.
melanomaa cancer that begins in skin cells called melanocytes and spreads to internal organs.
temperateRegion in which the climate undergoes seasonal change in temperature and moisture
enzyme electrodeAn enzyme-linked electrode that senses a substrate or product of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme.
cursorialAdapted for running on land.
nmrResonant absorption of electromagnetic radiation at a specific frequency by atomic nuclei in a magnetic field, due to flipping of the orientation of their magnetic dipole moments
hemicryptophytesPlants with their perennating buds at or near the soil surface (e.g
ecological levelsThe organizational levels at which ecologists study the interactions between organisms and their environment
phosphorylationThe formation of a phosphate derivative of a biomolecule.
long-term potentiationLong-lasting increase (days to weeks) in the sensitivity of certain synapses in the hippocampus
puromycinAn antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis
crackingchemical process by which large molecules are broken into smaller ones, such as those suitable for use in gasoline
hdacAbbreviation for histone deacetylase.
biosphereAll the living matter on or in the earth, the seas, and the atmosphere.
alu sequenceA 3-5% component of the human genome, consisting of 300-bp repetitive DNA sequences containing an Alu 1 restriction site.
half-lifeThe average time required for the disappearance or decay of one-half of any amount of a given substance.
cell cycleComplete sequence of steps which must be performed by a cell in order to replicate itself, as seen from mitotic event to mitotic event
ecological successionThe process by which biological community composition (the number and proportion of different species in an ecosystem) recover over time following a disturbance event. 
neurologistA specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system.
carboxyl groupA --COOH group attached to a carbon skeleton as in the carboxylic acids and fatty acids.
mismatch repair enzymeAn enzyme that recognizes and repairs incorrect pairings of nitrogenous bases in DNA
microenvironmentThe immediate physical and chemical surroundings of a microorganism.
cloneA new individual, produced by asexual reproduction, that is genetically identical to its parent, or a group of such individuals
homoplasticimplies that organs, similar in situation and purpose, are not structurally the same, or have not the same origin.
adaptionThe ability to physiologically adjust to a new environment while exposed to that particular environment
polyploidyA situation where the cells of an organism have more than two of each kind of homologous chromosome
disaccharideA carbohydrate consisting of two covalently joined monosaccharide units.
bufferA conjugate acid-base pair that is capable of resisting changes in pH when acid or base is added to the system
learningThe process that leads to modification in individual behavior as the result of experience.
disaccharidesn
proteinoidsSynthetic polymers produced by heating a mixture of amino acids
atomic massThe total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of one mole of the atom.
thivoflavine tA compound that is believed to decrease the presence of beta-amyloid fibrils, but has little or no success in inhibiting huntingtin protein aggregation.
brachiationApelike locomotion through trees: hanging from branches and swinging alternate arms (left, right, left,...) from branch to branch, accompanied by a rotation of the body during each swing.
anthropogenicDerived from human activities.
variationDifference among individuals in a population.
acetylene-block assayEstimates denitrification by determining release of nitrous oxide (N2O) from acetylene-treated soil.
workform of energy describing movement against a restraining force
obligate aerobeAn organism which can grow only in the presence of oxygen (O2).
nonheme iron proteinsProteins, usually acting in oxidation-reduction reactions, containing iron but no porphyrin groups.
radical(in a surgical sense) directed at the cause of a disease; thus, radical prostatectomy is the surgical removal of the prostate with the intent to cure the problem believed to be caused by or within the prostate
nalidixic acidAn antibiotic that inhibits DNA gyrase.
bioconversionIn industrial microbiology, use of microorganisms to convert an added chemical to a chemically modified form.
saltationThe concept that new species or higher taxa originate abruptly because of macromutations, or because of sudden unknown causes.
enzymeA protein that speeds up a chemical reaction
matrixThe majority of the landscape surrounding the patches (i.e., not the patches).
aerobicThe presence of oxygen
fluoresceinSee fluorescent staining.
gulf stripsee semitropical or gulf strip.
solutiona homogeneous mixture of two or more substance (liquid)
glycogenA polymer of glucose residues in 1,4 linkage, with 1,6 linkages at branchpoints.
wine vinegarVinegar produced by the oxidation of alcohol in wine by members of the genus Acetobacter.
scanning electron microscopeA microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to study details of its topography
swokedsmoky, suffused with gray or blackish.
amino acidunit molecule from which proteins are constructed by polymerization.
dehydrogenasesEnzymes catalyzing the removal of pairs of hydrogen atoms from their substrates.
middle lamellaA thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young plant cells.
gene expressionThe process by which a 
polyisoprenoid–see isoprenoid
heat of vaporizationThe amount of heat required to change a given amount of a liquid into a gas; 540 calories are required to change 1 gram of liquid water into vapor.
congenitalExisting from birth.
palmatelike the palm of the hand, with finger-like processes.
amyotrophic lateral sclerosisan inherited, fatal degenerative nerve disorder; also known as Lou Gehrig's disease.
fluorescenceThe emission of electromagnetic radiation following absorption of shorter wave length light.
vestibuleThe cavity enclosed by the labia minora; the space into which the vagina and urethral opening empty.
chemical markup languageA computional language for the management of chemical data.
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugsCompounds that significantly reduce the inflammatory response by interfering with the cyclooxygenase pathway, reducing the level of compounds that mediate inflammation.
macromoleculeA large molecule formed from the connection of a number of small molecules.
astrocyteA type of glial cell (non-neuronal cell) of the vertebrate central nervous system that regulates extracellular ion concentrations and metabolically supports neurons
synapsisPairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
piSee isoelectric point.
bifariouspointing in opposite directions.
denitrificationConversion of nitrate into nitrogen gases under anaerobic conditions, resulting in loss of nitrogen from ecosystems.
papillose -uspimply; a surface covered with raised dots or pimples.
phospholipid bilayerA symmetrical two-layer structure, found in all biomembranes, in which the polar head groups of phospholipids are exposed to the aqueous medium, while the nonpolar hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids are in the center
dermographia/DERM-ə-GRAF-ee-yə/ n
iron-sulfur centerElectron-transporting group consisting of either two or four iron atoms bound to an equal number of sulfur atoms, found in a class of electron-transport proteins.
soil microbiologyBranch of soil science concerned with soil-inhabiting microorganisms and their functions and activities.
fixity of speciesA concept held by Linnaeus and others that members of a species could only produce progeny like themselves, and therefore each species was fixed in its particular form(s) at the time of its creation.
eukaryoteA cell or organism that has a membrane-bound nucleus.
primary successionA type of ecological succession that occurs in an area where there were originally no organisms.
osteoclastA mononucleate macrophage that breaks down the bone matrix and plays a role in bone remodeling.
electrical energyEnergy that a system possesses by virtue of the separation of positive and negative electrical charges.
hydroxylamineNH2OH
ap endonucleaseAn endonuclease which recognizes an AP site and cuts the defective strand on the 5' side of the missing base.
mass extinctionA highly elevated rate of extinction of species, extending over an interval that is relatively short on a geological time scale (although still very long on a human time scale).
mm.= Millimeter: .001 meter = .039 of an inch: roughly 25 mm
damn
haptonemaPeg-like structure unique to the Prymnesiophyta; its function is not known.
deletion mappingThe use of overlapping deletions to determine the location of a gene on a chromosome.
ampAbbreviation of adenosine monophosphate.
atomic massaverage mass of an atom of an element compared with an atomic mass of exactly 12 amu for carbon-12 121; mass (in grams) of the same number of atoms found in exactly 12 g of carbon-12
laurentian
transduction(1) Generally, the conversion of energy or information from one form to another
foldingThe acquisition of 3-D structure by a protein; the pattern of the 3-D structure that is the result of the folding process.
synangiumA cluster of sporangia which have become fused in development.
kermesinusdark red, with much blue [purple lake].
iodine solutionred-brown liquid used for two different purposes: a) to stain the nucleus of a cell yellow-brown; b) to set for the presence of starch.
fucoxanthinyellowish-brown pigment found in some members of the Chromista, including kelps and diatoms.
condensation reactionA reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water; also called dehydration reaction.
rectusright or straight.
organicCarbon-containing compounds
solutionhomogeneous mixture of uniform composition
correlationDegree of association between two or more variables.
oxygenated gasolinesblends of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons with added oxygen-containing compounds such as MTBE, ethanol, or methanol (CH3OH)
photosynthetic capabilityHow much energy an organism is able to capture from the sun to, through a series of chemical steps, synthesize sugars; how much energy an organism is able to convert from light energy to chemical energy.
soil population(i) All the organisms living in the soil, including plants and animals
sticky endsThe two complementary single-stranded ends of a DNA duplex
lymphokineSubstance secreted from T lymphocytes which stimulates the activity of other cells.
hydrophobicHaving an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.
hydrocarbonAn organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.
zoonosisA disease that may be transmitted to humans from animals.
upsAbbreviation for ubiquitin-proteasome system.
aceAngiotensin-converting enzyme.
distal/DIS-təl/ adj
developmental physiologyThe study of functional properties in successive stages of the development of an individual animal
caesius -eousa pale dull blue-gray [blue-gray].
atpaseOne of a large group of enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of ATP to yield ADP and inorganic phosphate with release of free energy.
atpSee adenosine triphosphate.
kinetic energyThe energy of motion, which is directly related to the speed of that motion
placentan
neutronAn electrically neutral particle (a particle having no electrical charge), found in the nucleus of an atom.
determinationIn embryogenesis, a change in a cell that commits the cell to a particular developmental pathway.
envelopeA lipoprotein outer layer of enveloped viruses that is derived from the plasma membrane of the host cell.
coorperativityFor DNA binding proteins, cooperativity generally refers to the increased binding of a protein to a DNA site due to the prior binding of another protein nearby
cardiovascularRelating to or involving the heart and blood vessels.
constituenta part or element of a whole.
microvilliProjections from the cell surfaces of an embryo involved in the exchange of gases and nutrients.
amphipathicReferring to a molecule or structure that has both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic part.
nucleoside diphosphate kinaseAn enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the terminal phosphate of a nucleoside 5'-triphosphate to a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate.
embossedornamented with raised figures.
discusa disc; a somewhat flat circular part or area.
gene therapyEastern European scientists have used phage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics for some time, and interest in this approach is increasing, because of the high level of antibiotic resistance now found in some pathogenic bacteria.
immunological memoryLong-lived state that follows a primary immune response to many antigens, in which subsequent encounter with that antigen will provoke a rapid secondary immune response.
pdcSee pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
microfilamentsCytoskeletal fibers (≈7 nm in diameter) that are formed by polymerization of monomeric globular (G) actin; also called actin filaments
saturated hydrocarbonhydrocarbon chain containing only single bonds between the carbon atoms
cancerA group of disorders resulting from a loss of cell cycle control.
molarityA common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
bile saltsA product produced in the liver from cholesterol
commensalismapplied to this manner of living and eating together.
photosynthesisA two step process by which plants and other organisms that take light energy, transfer it to electrons and use the electrons plus hydrogen ions to reduce carbon dioxide to produce sugars
x-inactivation centerSite in an X chromosome at which inactivation is initiated and spreads outwards.
sanguineous -eusred like arterial blood [crimson lake].
dglaAbbreviation for Dihommogamma-Linoleic Acid.
gymnospermn
enthalpyThe heat content of a system.
oligonucleotideA short sequence of polynucleotide
vacuolelarge organelle in plant cells that contains water, often having dissolved pigments, waste materials, or other substances
necrophagousliving in or on carrion.
boosterA secondary immunization used to increase a weak immune response to a primary immunization.
apiculisan erect, fleshy short point.
biosynthesisThe production of needed cellular constituents from other (usually simpler) molecules.
linkage mapA map of the relative positions of genetic markers, based on how often they are inherited together.
data warehouseA collection of databases combined with a flexible data extraction system.
biodiversity hotspotA relatively small area with an exceptional concentration of species.
phosphate groupA phosphorus atom attached to four oxygen atoms; one of the three components of a nucleotide.
tumescenta little swollen or puffed up.
peltateshield- or target-shaped.
phosphodiester linkageSet of covalent chemical bonds formed when two hydroxyl groups are linked in ester linkage to the same phosphate group
intercalating agentSubstance which inserts itself into DNA in spaces between bases.
gameteA haploid cell for use in reproduction to produce a diploid zygote upon fusing with another such haploid cell.
gametogenesisThe formation of haploid eggs or sperm (gametes) through the process of meiosis
trapeziformin the form or shape of a trapezium.
pannotian
branch migrationMovement of the branch point in branched DNA formed from two DNA molecules with identical sequences
traffickingThe movement of protein molecules between active and inactive locations in a cell, thereby controlling the functional activity of the protein molecules
expressionProduction of an observable phenotype by a gene—usually by directing the synthesis of a protein.
pyloric valvulea circular projection of the stomach behind which is an enlargement of the intestine.
endurance exerciseExercise that consists of many repetitions of relatively low-intensity muscular actions over long periods of time
nad+a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism
parametersUser-derived values used to set the boundaries of an algorithm.
antisepticAgent that kills or inhibits microbial growth but is not harmful to human tissue.
van der waals interactionA weak noncovalent attraction due to small, transient asymmetric electron distributions around atoms (dipoles).
replacementFossilization process in which the original material in an organism is broken down and replaced by different minerals.
capsomereAn individual protein subunit of the virus capsid.
corpus luteumA secreting tissue in the ovary that forms from the collapsed follicle after ovulation and produces progesterone.
rho factorProtein found in E
photonsindividual bundles of energy
keystone speciesSpecies that have effects on communities that far exceed their abundance.
capsuleThe polysaccharide outer layer of some bacteria
winter spores(of rust fungi) see TELIOSPORES.
carbonyl groupkar-buh-NEEL/ A functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom
concatenatelinked together in a chain-like series.
morphological species conceptThe idea that species are defined by measurable anatomical criteria.
resource ratio theoryCompetitive interactions are based on species
simple diffusionThe movement of solute molecules across a membrane to a region of lower concentration, unassisted by a protein transporter.
perturbagenA molecule or peptide that disrupts intracellular processes, providing information about the operation of pathways and networks within the cell.
caudo-cephalicin a line from the head to the tail.
ecological efficiencyThe ratio of net productivity at one trophic level to net productivity at the next lower level.
reductionGain of electrons by an atom or molecule as occurs when hydrogen is added to a molecule or oxygen is removed
feculathe excrement of insects.
fine-grained environmentA heterogeneous environment whose varied conditions can normally be experienced by a single individual during its lifetime.
electroencephalogramA record of gross electrical activity in the brain, usually recorded using multiple electrodes placed on the skin of the head or on the brain surface
shared primitive characterA character displayed in species outside a particular taxon.
rhizosphere competenceAbility of an organism to colonize the rhizosphere.
polysaccharideA linear or branched polymer of monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.
inverted terminal repeatsRepeat sequences in reverse orientation that serve as the viral origins of replication
dihybridAn organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest
antigenA foreign substance that triggers antibody formation and is bound by the corresponding antibody.
micro chemical systemA miniature system for the synthesis and analysis of chemicals.
uvrabcAn enzyme complex that functions as an endonuclease, cutting the DNA on both sides of DNA lesions that distort the double-helix (for example, T-T dimers)
electron carrierMolecule such as cytochrome c, which transfers an electron from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule.
disturbance eventsVariation in climate, variation in flooding frequency or drought frequency, or frequencies of storm events characterized by their frequency and impact.
chemolithotrophAn organism which obtains its energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds.
endonucleaseAn enzyme that breaks a phosphodiester linkage at some point within a polynucleotide chain.
second law of thermodynamicsthe statement that the entropy of the universe is constantly increasing
directional selectionNatural selection that favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range.
contagiousOf a disease, transmissible.
rhombusa quadrangular figure having its four sides equal and its opposite lines parallel, with two opposite angles acute and two obtuse.
excalcaratewithout spurs.
configurationRefers to almost limitless aspects of landscape heterogeneity, especially the physical and spatial distribution of landscape elements
vomitoxin4-Deoxynivalenol, a trichothecene; a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum (Hyphomycetes); esp
moldA filamentous fungus.
patulina mycotoxin from Aspergillus clavatus, Penicillium patulum, P
allopatric speciationSpeciation between populations that are geographically separated.
avidityFirmness of union of two substances; used commonly to describe union of antibody to antigen.
age-specific survivorshipProportion of individuals which survive from birth to the beginning of a specific age class.
nuclear receptor superfamilyIntracellular receptors for hydrophobic signal molecules such as steroids and retinoic acid
villose -oussoft-haired or clothed with soft, short hair.
ionic compoundcompound composed of electrically charged ions that are present in fixed proportions and are arranged in a regular, geometric pattern
auxotrophDiffering from the wild strain (prototroph) by an additional nutritional requirement.
monomerOne unit of a protein or other structure.
microfluidics chipsThe chips contain very tiny channels in which the movement of fluids can be controlled
genital armatureall the processes concerned in copulation.
higher water concentrationregion from which net movement of water molecules occurs during osmosis.
taxonomyThe science of naming and classifying organisms.
reductionProcess by which a compound accepts electrons.
darwinismThe concept, proposed by Charles Darwin, that biological evolution has led to the many different highly adapted species through natural selection acting on hereditary variations in populations.
molecular modelingComputational analysis and modeling of the physicochemical properties of a molecule or biomacromolecule.
postgenomicReferring to the study of an animal species or other organism after its full genome is known.
codonIn a messenger RNA molecule, a sequence of three bases that represents a particular amino acid.
allosteric enzymeA regulatory enzyme, with catalytic activity modulated by the noncovalent binding of a specific metabolite at a site other than the active site.
wild typeA strain of microorganism isolated from nature
glycosyl transferaseAn enzyme that forms a glycosidic bond between a sugar residue (monosaccharide) and an amino acid side chain of a protein or a residue in an existing carbohydrate chain.
protein aggregationthe process of forming protein aggregates.
pharmacogenomicsThe evaluation of individual genomic variation in relation to the delivery and effectiveness of drugs
lipoproteinA lipid-protein aggregate that serves to carry water-insoluble lipids in the blood
high throughput machinesA system which enables researchers can rapidly and efficiently search through chemical compound libraries, each with thousands of different samples, testing each of them for positive interactions with the biological target
auxinsplant growth hormones; some are produced by ectomycorrhizal fungi.
cotylathe articular pan; the cup or socket of a ball and socket joint.
norepinephrineA molecule that acts as a neurotransmitter and as a hormone to increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of physical or mental stress
multangulatewith many angles.
soil salinityAmount of soluble salts in a soil
jack-in-a-box ascisee BITUNICATE.
plaque assayTechnique for determining the number of infectious viral particles in a sample by culturing a diluted sample on a layer of susceptible host cells and then counting the clear areas of lysed cells (plaques) that develop
photosynthesisThe use of light energy to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and a reducing agent such as water.
pyloric sphincterIn the vertebrate digestive tract, a muscular ring that regulates the passage of food out of the stomach and into the small intestine.
symporterCarrier protein that transports two types of solute across the membrane in the same direction.
brown fatA tissue in some mammals, located in the neck and between the shoulders, that is specialized for rapid heat production.
trochlearispulley-shaped; like a cylinder contracted medially.
lanuginose -uswith long, curled hair dispersed over the surface: see crinitus.
mycosisAn infection caused by fungi.
antigenSubstance that is recognized by the immune system and elicits an immune response.
cohesionThe force that holds molecules of the same substance together.
multiplication ruleStates that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together is calculated by multiplying the probabilities of each of the individual events.
secondary successionA type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been severely cleared by some disturbance.
ozone layerA layer of ozone around the earth protects the life on earth from the sun.s harmful ultraviolet rays
polypeptide backboneThe chain of repeating carbon and nitrogen atoms, linked by peptide bonds, in a polypeptide or protein
posterior pituitaryThe neuroendocrine portion of the vertebrate pituitary gland in which neurohormones are released from axon terminals
oxidation-reduction reactionA reaction in which electrons are transferred from a donor to an acceptor molecule; also called a redox reaction.
polypeptideLinear polymer of amino acids connected by peptide bonds
moneraOne of the five “traditional” Kingdoms of life
tetradactylewith four fingers or finger-like processes.
virtual screeningA combinatorial chemistry technique for the computational screening of compounds.
respirationGeneral term for any cellular process involving the uptake of O2 coupled to production of CO2.
hydrostatic pressureThe sort of pressure that is developed in a fluid (gas or liquid) when forces are applied that tend to increase the amount of matter per unit of volume
eutelegenesisThe use of artificial insemination to improve genetic endowment.
strainIndividuals kept in a closed breeding group in order to maintain particular characteristics.
immunomodulationActivation or suppression of the immune response.
lesionA piece of tissue that is either missing or so damaged that it cannot perform its normal function.
vicarianceSpeciation which occurs as a result of the separation and subsequent isolation of portions of an orginal population.
local regulatorA chemical messenger that influences cells in the vicinity.
islandA large region of DNA that is present on the chromosome of an organism but absent from closely related organisms.
receptive hyphaespecial hyphae arising from spermagonia of rust fungi; the spermatia from other spermagonia fuse with them and initiate the dikaryon.
torsionA characteristic of gastropods in which the visceral mass rotates during development.
cloneAn exact copy of a
phagocytosisThe uptake of large particles, such as bacteria, by a cell.
crustn
malnutritioncondition caused by a diet lacking in the proper mix of nutrients, even though the energy content of the food eaten may be adequate
horseradish peroxidaseAn enzyme that can be complexed to DNA for use in some non-radioactive DNA labeling procedures.
uritean abdominal segment and, specifically, its ventral portion.
adenomatous polyposis coliTumor suppressor protein that forms part of a protein complex that recruits free cytoplasmic β-catenin and degrades it.
random sampleSample of individuals drawn without regard to any specific criteria e.g., phenotype, genotype or relationship to other individuals.
membrane resistanceThe electrical resistance of a membrane per unit of area
gastrolithsn
p53(See Tumor-suppressor genes.)
parcidentatewith few teeth.
motifElement of structure or pattern that recurs in many contexts
pharmacodynamicsexplain at what the drug does to the body
processiveThe activity of an enzyme that progressively synthesizes or breaks down a polymeric molecule using successive cyclic reactions but does not dissociate from the template between cycles.
inflexus= inflected.
polyamineA hydrocarbon containing more than two amino groups.
glycoproteinAny protein with one or more oligosaccharide chains covalently linked to amino-acid side chains
deletion/də-LEE-shən, dee-/ n
footprintingA technique for identifying the nucleic acid sequence bound by a DNA- or RNA-binding protein.
pipettingUsing a pipette (a syringe-like instrument) to measure and transfer liquids from one container to another.
functional proteomicsThe large-scale study of protein function, especially protein-protein interaction networks, biochemical pathways, and post-translational modifications.
half-lifeThe number of years it takes for 50% of a sample of an isotope to decay.
black-body temperatureSee radiant temperature.
astAsparate aminotransferase (formerly SGOT).
linkersShort oligonucleotides that can be ligated (connected) to larger DNA fragments, then cleaved (cut) to yield overlapping cohesive (sticky) ends, suitable for ligation to other DNAs that contain comparable cohesive ends.
jointa segment or part between two incisures: an articulation.
ecological driftRandom change in species abundance over time.
cross-feeding(i) Specific type of syntrophy where two populations cooperate to metabolize a compound
rubenred, approaching carmine [alizar crimson].
oligotrophic lakeA nutrient-poor, clear, deep lake with minimum phytoplankton.
septate junctionMain type of occluding cell junction in invertebrates; their structure is distinct from that of vertebrate tight junctions.
endomycorrhizal fungusA fungus that forms endomycorrhizae with plant roots.
nutraceuticalA nutrient that confers beneficial effects.
fuscescentbecoming brown; with a brown shading.
homologOne of two or more genes that are similar in sequence as a result of derivation from the same ancestral gene
thyroid-stimulating hormoneA hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that regulates the release of thyroid hormones.
chitinn
coenzymeSmall organic molecule that associates with an enzyme and participates in the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme; also called cofactor
ligand-gated ion channelA protein pore in the plasma membrane that opens or closes in response to a chemical signal, allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions.
vis formatrixthe creative or formative force.
ß-lactamaseAn enzyme that cleaves the ß-lactam ring of ß-lactam antibiotics, thus inactivating the antibiotics
heterotrophAn organism that requires preformed organic compounds for growth.
marmorate -usspots and lines irregularly disposed, as in marble: marbled
fat transferA procedure, also known as "fat grafting," where fat is harvested from one part of the patient's body and then reinjected into the face
mycoparasitea fungus which attacks other fungi (sometimes called HYPERPARASITE).
marionette linesAlso known as "oral commissures," marionette lines run downward from the corners of the mouth.
pleiotropyThe ability of a single gene to have multiple effects.
lactate / lactic acidA chemical that is formed when sugars are broken down for energy in the absence of adequate oxygen
xenopus laevisAn African clawed toad used to study developmental biology.
variable regionRegion of an immunoglobulin light or heavy chain that differs from molecule to molecule; it comprises the antigen-binding site.
limbatewhen a disc is surrounded by a margin of different color.
precambrian eonA major division of the geological time scale that includes all eras from the origin of the earth about 4.5 billion years ago to the beginning of the Phanerozoic eon, about 545 million years ago
monoecySystem of sexual expression in plant species in which individual plants bear staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers that are physically seperated on the same plant..
cathodeelectrode where reduction takes place
tidal volumeThe volume of air an animal inhales and exhales with each breath.
pheromoneA hormone-like substance that acts as an attractant.
diastolic pressureThe pressure in an artery during the ventricular relaxation phase of the heart cycle.
kmthe concentration of substrate at ½ Vmax, according to the Henri-Michaelis-Menten kinetic model (QB manual, Section IV, pg9)
citric acid cycleSee tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
pelagicRefers to an entire body of water and the organisms within it, excluding the bottom (benthic) zone.
exergonicA reaction that releases energy.
cognitive mapA representation within the nervous system of spatial relations between objects in an animal's environment.
genetic variationGenetic heterogeneity in a population.
ossificationn
nonelectrolytenonconducting solute in solutions
terminal spacethe area between the s
nonadditive genetic varianceThe sum of the dominance and epistatic variance.
intestinesThe part of the gastrointestinal tract through which food passes after passing through the stomach
population viability analysisA method of predicting whether or not a species will persist in a particular environment.
ingensunusually large or disproportionate in size.
communalapplied to life or dwelling in colonies like ants and bees.
sirtuinsA group of enzymes that may play a role in lifespan extension.
amobeaunicellular pond animal lacking definite shape.
toroseswelling into knots or protuberances.
frontal lunuleDiptera; an oval or crescentic space above the base of antennae in Cyclorrhapha, bounded by the frontal suture.
leukotrienesA family of molecules derived from arachidonate; muscle contractants that constrict air passages in the lungs and are involved in asthma.
tertileThis term is often used in explaining the distribution of scores on a test
signal transductionRelaying a signal by conversion from one form to another
repeatabilityMeasure of the degree of association between repeated measurements for the same trait obtained on the same individual
cathaysian terranesn
plus-strand nucleic acidAn RNA or DNA strand which has the same sense as the mRNA of a virus.
phanerophytesPlants with their perennating organs greater than 0.5 meters above the ground (normally woody perennials).
sedimentAny solid material that has settled out of a state of suspension in liquid.
protozoaFree-living or parasitic, nonphotosynthetic, single-celled, motile eucaryotic organisms, such as Paramecium and Amoeba
trace mineralsminerals in the diet that are usually required in micrograms
reclinatedirected backward; e.g
transport epitheliumOne or more layers of specialized epithelial cells that regulate solute movements.
c3 plantsA plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.
phenotypeThe visible characteristics (e.g
juvenile hormoneIn insects, a lipid-soluble hormone secreted by the nonneural endocrine cells of the corpora allata that stimulates its target tissues to maintain immature characteristics.
osmotic potentialA component of water potential that is proportional to the number of dissolved solute molecules in a solution and measures the effect of solutes on the direction of water movement; also called solUte potential, it can be either zero or negative.
productA compound formed as a result of an enzymatic reaction.
microcellvery tiny fuel cell
apicomplexanA parasitic protozoan
dermal/DERM-əl/ adj
densitythe ratio of mass per unit volume
mechano growth factorA locally acting peptide, produced by muscle fibers when they are stimulated to produce mechanical activity, that stimulates muscle satellite cells to proliferate and become incorporated into the muscle fibers.
computer-assisted drug designComputational techniques to design and optimize biologically active compounds with desired structure and properties.
glycolysisThe catabolic pathway by which a molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate.
fluid mosaic modelA model describing biological membranes as a fluid lipid bilayer with embedded proteins; the bilayer exhibits both structural and functional asymmetry.
optimal foraging theoryRelates the costs of moving among different habitat patches to habitat quality and the distances separating patches.
intramatrical sporesanother name for the vesicles produced in host roots by most endomycorrhizal fungi.
consortiumTwo or more members of a natural assemblage in which each organism benefits from the other
initiatorA eukaryotic promoter sequence for RNA polymerase II that specifies transcription initiation within the sequence.
exolomathe apical margin of the wings.
recombinaseAn enzyme that catalyzes genetic recombination.
genotypeGenetic constitution of an organism.
galvanized ironiron coated with zinc
site-directed mutagenesisA set of methods used to create specific alterations in the sequence of a gene.
anaerobicPertaining to the absence of free oxygen
pg1 and pg3Classes of prostaglandins that are known to have anti-inflammatory effects such as decreasing pain, increasing oxygen flow, dilating airways, and decreasing inflammation.
citric acid cycleA cyclic system of enzymatic reactions for the oxidation of acetyl residues to carbon dioxide, in which formation of citrate is the first step; also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle.
recursionThe repetition of a data-processing algorithm until a pre-set threshold is reached.
feedback systemsControl mechanisms whereby an increase or decrease in the level of a particular factor inhibits or stimulates the production, utilization, or release of that factor; important in the regulation of enzyme and hormone levels, ion concentrations, temperature, and many other factors.
lab-on-the-chipMicrofabricated system for performing biochemical assays such as e.g
fmnRiboflavin phosphate, a coenzyme of certain oxidation-reduction enzymes.
cyclocreatineAn analog of creatine
vaporizationA change in the physical state of a material from a liquid to a gas.
synergistAn agent that increases the effectiveness of a ligand or other agent.
saturated fatty acidA fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.
golgi complexAn eukaryotic organelle involved in the secretion of certain proteins.
polarity of charactersThe states of characters used in a cladistic analysis, either original or derived.Original characters are those acquired by an ancestor deeper in the phylogeny than the most recent common ancestor of the taxa under consideration
hydropathy indexA scale that expresses the relative hydrophobic and hydrophilic tendencies of a chemical group.
functional groupA group within a molecule that confers characteristic properties.
pyriteA common iron ore
sickle-cell traitA human condition recognized by the sickling of erythrocytes when exposed to low oxygen tension; occurs in individuals heterozygous for the allele responsible for sickle-cell anemia.
autopolyploidyPolyploid in which all of the chromosome sets are derived from the same parent species.
anti-tumor drugA drug that is capable of either stopping or slowing the abnormal growth of tissue
covalent bondkoh-VALE-unht/ A strong chemical bond where two atoms share a single pair of electrons.
mitigationLegally mandated remediation for loss of protected species or ecosystems.
bond energyStrength of the chemical linkage between two atoms, measured by the energy in kilocalories or kilojoules needed to break it.
trace elementsan element indispensable for life but required in extremely minimum amounts
endothoraxthe internal framework or processes of the thorax.
artAutomated reagin test for syphilis.
hydrothermal ventA warm or hot water emitting springs associated with crustal spreading centers on the sea floor.
association constantThe measure of the degree of association of a complex
dithiocarbamatesorganic fungicides; dimethyl- (DMDC): thiram, ferbam, ziram; ethylene-bis- (EBDC): nabam, maneb, mancozeb, zineb.
metadataInformation about data that facilitates access and use of the data.
pectoralisrelating to the breast.
biotechnologyUse of living organisms to carry out defined physiochemical processes having industrial or other practical application.
incomplete dominanceA mode of inheritance in which the heterozygote has a phenotype that is intermediate between the phenotypes of either homozygotes
linear regressionA statistical technique of finding the best fitting straight line through a set of points representing joint values for two variables.
basal metabolism rateminimum amount of energy required daily to support basic body functions
monotremen
lilacinouslilac-colored [lilac].
neotenyHeterochronic evolution whereby development of some or all somatic features is retarded relative to sexual maturation, resulting in sexually mature individuals with juvenile features.
adherentattached or clinging to.
calcium phosphateKAL-see-uhm FOSS-fate/ The compound making up 85 percent of the mineral content of bone
complementA large group of proteins activated in sequence when cells are exposed to a foreign substance
polyribosomeSee polysome.
hsf-1Abbreviation for heat shock factor 1.
tooth fungimembers of the family Hydnaceae (Aphyllophorales: Basidiomycetes) in which the hymenium covers downwardly directed teeth.
community ecologyThe study of how interactions between species affect community structure and organization.
antiretroviral therapyThe treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – or other types of retroviruses that multiply in the body – using drugs.
game theoryAn approach to evaluating alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends not only on each individual's strategy but also on the strategies of other individuals; a way of thinking about behavioral evolution in situations where the fitness of a particular behavioral phenotype is influenced by other behavioral phenotypes in the population.
felsicTerm used to describe the amount of light-colored feldspar and silica minerals in an igneous rock
cytokinesPeptide regulatory molecules that are involved in cell development and differentiation and in immune responses.
lipid peroxidationThe process by which free radicals "steal" electrons from the lipids in our cell membranes, resulting in cell damage and increased production of free radicals.
cellLife's fundamental unit of structure and function.
molecular kinetic energySee heat.
native structureThe 3-D structure of a protein in a living system.
homologous antigenAn antigen reacting with the antibody it had induced.
terminatorA DNA sequence that results in termination of transcription
cardiac hypertrophyRefers to enlargement of the walls of the heart
braided rivern
antioxidantA compound that inhibits oxidation, often because it is preferentially oxidized
laserA device that emits an intense coherent monochromatic light beam.
flowerIn an angiosperm, a short stem with up to four sets of modified leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction
frugivoreAnimal which primarily eats fruit
sessileAttached to a substrate
pulmonary circuitThe branch of the circulatory system that supplies the lungs.
dorsolumthe mesoscutum.
lactic acid bacteriaA group of gram-positive, non-sporing bacteria which carry out a lactic acid fermentation of sugars
neoclassical crossesThe F2, F2 B1 and B2 are "classical" hybrid crosses
aenescentbecoming or appearing bronzed or brassy.
aetcAIDS Education and Training Centers
nanotechnologytechnology at the atomic and molecular (nanometer) scale: 1 nanometer (nm) =1 ×10-9 m
proteasomeLarge protein complex in the cytosol with proteolytic activity that is responsible for degrading proteins that have been marked for destruction by ubiquitylation or by some other means.
second law of thermodynamicsEnergy tends to flow from concentrated to less concentrated forms.
red muscleIn general, a loose term referring to a vertebrate muscle that is rich in myoglobin and thus reddish in color
competitionInteraction between members of the same population or of two or more populations using the same resource, often present in limited supply.
enrichmentA condition which increases the proportion of a particular organism or mutant strain from a mixed population
leatheryhaving the appearance or texture of leather.
extremitythe point most remote from base.
spiculeCrystalline or mineral deposits found in sponges, sea cucumbers, or urochordates
chronicLonger-term infection.
peptidaseAn enzyme that hydrolyzes a peptide bond.
deficiencyAbsence of a chromosome or chromosomal segment.
decompositionThe breakdown of dead organic material by detrivores or saprophytes.
receptacleThe base of a flower; the part of the stem that is the site of attachment of the floral organs.
vesicleA membrane-bound structure used to shuttle molecules within the membrane.
thermal gradientSee temperature gradient.
alpha helixA three-dimensional structure of a protein that takes on a coiled, cylindrical shape.
meta-analysisA statistical technique for jointly analyzing the results of many studies on the same topic.
riffle habitateA stream location with change in height of the stream bottom.
apcsee adenomatous polyposis coli; anaphase-promoting complex
meta-analysisA method for the statistical re-analysis of experimental and correlational results from independent studies that address related research questions.
dendrobatidae/den-droh-BAT-ə-die, -dee/ n
protolomathe anterior margin of primaries.
ketoneAn organic compound with a carbonyl group of which the carbon atom is bonded to two other carbons.
irregularunequal, curved, bent or otherwise twisted or modified without order or symmetry, e.g
benthicOrganisms that live on the bottom of the ocean are called benthic organisms
allele frequencyDescribes the commonness of an allele in a given population, i.e
affinityGenerally refers to the ability that two molecules have to bind to each other
communityAll the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.
consensus sequenceA sequence pattern derived from the alignment of multiple sequences that represents the nucleotide or amino acid most likely to occur at each position in a sequence.
second law of thermodynamicsThe second law says that no process is 100% efficient because heat is always produced
homeostasisThe processes used by the body to constantly achieve and maintain balance.
fat-solubleCapable of being dissolved in fat.
mediumA nutrient-rich liquid used in tissue cultures.
day-neutral plantA plant whose flowering is not affected by photoperiod.
inborn errors of metabolisminherited diseases resulting from alterations in genes that code for enzymes.
collateral relativeRelated through a common ancestor, not by a direct line of descent
temperatureA measure of the speed or intensity of the ceaseless random motions that all the atoms and molecules of any substance undergo on an atomic-molecular scale
adenosine triphosphateThe nucleotide formed by adding yet another phosphate group to the pyrophosphate group on ADP.
deaminationLoss of an amino group (NH2) from a base.
ap-1A transcription factor that enhances the production of inflammatory mediators
seriatimplaced in longitudinal rows.
blood plasmaThe part of the blood that remains after blood cells are removed; the part of the blood other than cells.
producersOrganisms that can produce their own food either by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
endothelial cellFlattened cell type that forms a sheet (the endothelium) lining all blood vessels.
lunulea lunate mark or crescent.
pulse-chaseAn experiment in which a short labeling period is followed by the addition of an excess of the same, unlabeled compound to dilute out the labeled material
heat of combustionquantity of heat energy given off when a specified amount of a substance burns in oxygen
model organismA relatively simple organism that duplicates some critical aspect of a more complex system that would be difficult to manipulate experimentally
submolecularA chemical component that exists at a lower level of complexity than individual molecules (electrons, ions, free radicals).
algaPhototrophic eukaryotic microorganisms
lipodystrophyThe relocation of subcutaneous fat, commonly occurring in the extremities.
uv reactivationA phenomenon in which survival of an ultraviolet-irradiated phage is greater upon infecting a host that has also been irradiated with UV than upon infecting a host that has not been irradiated with UV
eversiblecapable of being turned inside out.
developmentThe recurrent sequence of progressive changes in organisms from inception to maturity.
daDalton unit.
demographyThe study of statistics relating to births and deaths in populations.
calyculateapplied to antennae, whose cup-shaped joints are so arranged as to fit one into the other.
gram-positiveTo describe a prokaryotic cell whose cell wall stains purple (positive) in Gram stain
flexuous -osealmost zig-zag, without acute angles but more acute at angles than undulating: differs from sinuate in being alternately bent and nearly straight.
phosphorylationThe process of adding on a phosphate group to a molecule
adaptive radiationThe emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced into an environment that presents a diversity of new opportunities and problems.
preflight warm-upIn an insect, warming of the flight muscles prior to flight
quencherA substance that deactivates excited molecules by processes such as resonance energy transfer and complex formation.
carrying capacityThe theoretical maximum number of organisms in a population, usually designated by K, that can be sustained in a given environment.
cox-2One form of the cyclooxygenase enzyme
disulfide bridgeA covalent linkage formed by oxidation between two cysteine SH groups either in the same polypeptide chain or in different polypeptide chains
branch migrationMovement of a cross bridge along two DNA molecules.
combustionchemical process in which a fuel combines rapidly with oxygen to release energy and form products
reference geneA gene whose expression level is used for normalization in relative quantification
moleculetwo or more atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement
heterotrophsAn organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.
nanometerUnit of length commonly used to measure molecules and cell organelles
drugA substance that is used in the treatment of disease.
restriction-modificationThe modification of host DNA to prevent cutting by a restriction endonuclease (see restriction endonuclease)
water moldA common term for a member of the division Oomycota.
myosinA protein found in muscle cells that interacts with actin to bring about muscle contraction.
heterozygousHaving two different alleles for a given genetic character
a bandIn striated muscle, the region of a sarcomere that spans the length of the thick filaments
dipeptidea compound formed from two amino acids
geminatearranged in pairs composed of two similar parts: doubled.
excretory systemThe organ system that disposes of nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes.
facilitated diffusionThe spontaneous passage of molecules and ions, bound to specific carrier proteins, across a biological membrane down their concentration gradients.
chelateCombine reversibly, usually with high affinity, with a metal ion such as iron, calcium, or magnesium.
replicatilecapable of being folded back.
retrovirusA family of RNA viruses that replicate by reverse transcription and then integrate into the host genome.
intracellularoccurring within the cell or in a cell.
radiant energythe entire collection of different wavelengths, each with its own energy
parkinson's diseaseA motor disorder caused by a progressive brain disease and characterized by difficulty in initiating movements, slowness of movement, and rigidity.
stop-transfer signalHydrophobic amino acid sequence that halts translocation of a polypeptide chain through the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, thus anchoring the protein chain in the membrane (See Figure 12–49).
squarrousscurfy: clothed with rough scales differing in direction, standing upright, or not parallel to the surface.
logistic equationAn equation describing the idealized growth of a population subject to a density-dependent limiting factor
metalloidselements between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table that do not fall cleanly into either group
stable equilibriumA perturbed system returns to the same equilibrium state.
genetic bankingThe deposit of an individual's genetic information to a database that enables the individual to control access.
phCommon measure of the acidity of a solution: “p” refers to power of 10, “H” to hydrogen
fulgidusshining.
bdelloplastSee Bdellovibrio
aerobicContaining oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen.
caconymKAK-uh-nim/ A taxonomic name considered bad for linguistic reasons.
proteoglycanOne or more glycosaminoglycans attached to a core protein.
eutheriaSee Placentals.
histostructuren
non-target organismsorganisms found with or near those being treated with a chemical or biological control agent; it is important that these agents have as little effect as possible on non-target organisms.
g2 phaseThat period of the cell cycle between S phase and mitosis (M phase).
angustatusnarrowed; narrowly drawn out.
two-hybrid systemTechnique for identifying interacting proteins using genetically engineered yeast cells.
mycetophagousfeeding upon fungi.
autoclavingsterilization by steam under pressure (15 lb./in2) for prescribed time periods; better than dry heat, as sterilization is achieved at lower temperatures (121C).
precocialadj
dual organismsorganisms which invariably consist of two interdependent symbionts, e.g
denaturationPartial or complete unfolding of the specific native conformation of a polypeptide chain, protein, or nucleic acid.
pallidpale or very pale.
ribosomeA tiny organelle in the cytoplasm of the cell that directs protein synthesis.
cadherinsAn important class of cell-to-cell adhesion molecules.
testosteroneThe most abundant androgen hormone in the male body.
reciprocal crossesPairs of genetic crosses which in one case DNA from strain #1 is transferred into strain #2 and in the second case the strain #2 is used as a donor to transfer the same region into strain #1
docking proteinA synonym for signal recognition particle receptor.
r loopA triple-stranded structure in which RNA displaces a DNA strand by DNA-RNA hybrid formation in a region of the DNA.
campestralapplied to species inhabiting open fields.
beta sheetCommon structural motif in proteins in which different sections of the polypeptide chain run alongside each other, joined together by hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone
outer membraneThe lipopolysaccharide (LPS) containing layer, containing some proteins, which surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane and forms the outermost layer of most Gram-negative bacteria
dissociation constantMeasure of the tendency of a complex to dissociate
dermal glandshypodermal unicellular glands which secrete wax, setae, spines, etc.
inductive reasoningA type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.
phenocopyResult of an environmental influence which mimics the effect of a specific allele not possessed by the individual; not transmissible.
spinal reflexA reflex mediated by neural circuits of the vertebrate spinal cord.
epigenotypeA phenotype derived by mapping epigenetic parameters, such as DNA methylation.
high-level radioactive wasteproducts of nuclear reactions that have high levels of radioactivity and, because of the long half-lives of the radioisotopes involved, require essentially permanent isolation from the biosphere
multiplicity of infectionThe ratio of virus particles to cells in a system.
glossatefurnished with a spiral tongue.
plateau phaseThe nonexponential phase of PCR that occurs after many cycles, when the rate of amplification decreases.
desalinationany process that removes ions from salty water
addition polymerizationtype of polymerization in which the monomers add to the growing chain in such a way that the polymer contains all the atoms of the monomer
aminoacyl—trna synthetasesA family of enzymes, at least one for each amino acid, that catalyze the attachment of an amino acid to its specific tRNA molecule.
valence shellThe outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom.
sedentarynot active: settled or remaining in one place.
aldosteroneA steroid (mineralocorticoid) released from the adrenal cortex that maintains salt and fluid balance in the body
scientific notationsystem for writing numbers as the product of a number and 10 raised to the appropriate power
luciferinA compound capable of light emission during bioluminescence
sodium channelsGated ion channels that are necessary for glutamate release
parietal lobesSections of the brain that are involved with cognition, information processing, spatial orientation, and the perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature and pain.
transfer rnaAny of a family of low-molecular weight RNAs that transfer amino acids from the cytoplasm to the template for protein synthesis on the ribosome.
folic acidA B vitamin essential for production of new cells and important for the metabolism of homocysteine.
multiplex assayA procedure for the parallel analysis of pooled samples.
synanamorphone of two or more different anamorphs which develop simultaneously, or are otherwise known to be associated with a single teleomorph.
decumbent -oussloping gradually downward.
dendrimerA branching polymer
terminal electron acceptorThe molecule that is the final acceptor of electrons in a metabolic pathway (for example, in aerobic respiration, oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor).
meristem cultureSterile growth of meristem of angiosperm
inner nuclear membraneThe innermost of the two nuclear membranes
homotropic enzymeAn allosteric enzyme that uses its substrate as a modulator.
peptideTwo or more amino acids joined by a peptide bond.
electronegativitymeasure of an atom's attraction for the electrons it shares in a covalent bond
activated complexThe molecular assembly that corresponds to the transition state of a chemical reaction.
autoimmune diseaseCharacterized by an abnormal immune response to a person's own (self) antigen.
chromosomeA threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus
trehaloseA disaccharide made out of two glucose molecules that has been shown to stabilize proteins
anthropoidA member of a primate group made up of the apes
oxygenAn element active in physiological processes and crucial to brain functioning.
mutagenA substance or agent that causes genetic mutations.
dyad symmetryProperty of a structure that can be rotated by 180° to produce the same structure.
toadstoolsee MUSHROOM, AGARIC; toadstool is a confused term -- it is assumed to refer to poisonous agarics, but many so-called toadstools are harmless; use `agaric' instead, and join the cognoscenti.
complement fixationThe consumption of complement by an antibody-antigen reaction.
n-formyl methionineStarting amino acid in the synthesis of all bacterial polypeptides.
inosital hexaniacinateA variation of niacin
autotrophAn organism which does not require any organic carbon for its energy source or for its growth.
visking tubingsynthetic material containing tiny pores.
articlea joint or segment.
metabolonA supramolecular assembly of sequential metabolic enzymes.
peta-A prefix indicating 1015; a quadrillion.
bryophyteMosses and liverworts, small "primitive" land plants.
anatomical dead spaceIn the lungs of an animal, the sum total of the conducting airways; that is, that portion of the lungs that does not participate in the exchange of respiratory gases between air and blood.
coprinea rare amino acid found in the agaric, Coprinus atramentarius; its effects mimic those of antabuse (q.v.)
oxidative phosphorylationThe enzymatic phosphorylation of ADP to ATP coupled to electron transfer from a substrate to molecular oxygen.
ardAcute respiratory disease.
bioluminescenceBiochemical production of light by cells.
evaporative coolingRemoval of heat by the evaporation of water
trans golgi networkThe Golgi compartment within which proteins are sorted and packaged to exit the Golgi apparatus.
insertionThe movement of channel or transporter proteins from inactive intracellular locations into the membrane where they are active.
moleculeThe smallest unit of matter of a substance that retains all the physical and chemical properties of that substance, consisting of a single atom or a group of atoms bonded together
iodine solutionred-brown liquid used to test for the presence of starch.
tertiary structureIn a protein or nucleic acid, the final folded form of the polymer chain.
salivary amylaseA salivary gland enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen.
lymphocyteA type of white blood cell that is a crucial part of the immune system.
meanStatistic that describes the center of a distribution of measurements; calculated by dividing the sum of all measurements by the number of measurements; also called the average.
lysinAn antibody that induces lysis.
euploidyVariations that involve changes in the number of entire chromosome sets (n) (for example, 3n, 4n, 5n).
faculative anaerobesAn organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions.
hierarchyA series in which each element is categorized into successive ranks or grades with each level subordinate to the one above.
decimorgan/DES-ə-MORE-gən/ See: Morgan unit.
mitotic spindleSee mitotic apparatus.
acidA compound that can donate a proton (H+)
organismA living entity
proteolysisDegradation of a protein by hydrolysis at one or more of its peptide bonds.
pregnancyThe condition of carrying one or more embryos in the uterus.
substitution mutationA mutation caused by the replacement of one base by another.
fossil recordThe chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata
glucoseThe major sugar in the body and a key molecule in energy metabolism.
post-translational modificationCovalent modification of proteins following translation, including glycosylation, phosphorylation, sulfation, acetylation, and ribosylation.
genetic markerAn observable characteristic useful for genetic analysis.
basal gangliaIn the vertebrate brain, a collection of cell groups in the ventral forebrain that organize motor behavior
game theoryA branch of economic theory devoted to modeling interactions between competing individuals or organizations
stomachAn organ of the digestive system that stores food and performs preliminary steps of digestion.
crepuscularactive or flying at dusk.
starchA very long, branched polysaccharide, composed exclusively of glucose units, that is the primary storage carbohydrate in plant cells.
hyperthermophileA prokaryote having a growth temperature optimum of 80 °C or higher.
leukotrieneA powerful inflammatory mediator
inbreedingThe mating of individuals that are closely related genetically.
recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosaA blistering skin condition in which the filaments that anchor the epidermis to the underlying dermis are either absent or do not function
n-terminusThe end of the amino acid chain that makes up a protein that is terminated by an amino group (-NH2).
amino-terminal residueThe only amino acid residue in a polypeptide chain with a free a-amino group; defmes the amino terminus of the polypeptide.
indirectapplied to metamorphosis = complete.
ribonucleic acidPolymer of nucleotides connected via a phosphate-ribose backbone, involved in protein synthesis.
moldA rapidly growing fungus that reproduces asexually by producing spores.
enriched uraniumuranium that has a higher percent of U-235 than its natural abundance of about 0.7%
small intracellular mediatorsee second messenger
parallelalong the same line and nearly equidistant.
irbInstitutional Review Board
nonsense mutationA mutation that changes a sense codon into one which does not code for an amino acid.
chlamydosporeThick-walled resting structure that forms from the cell wall of a fungal hypha; usually formed under conditions where the hypha is no longer able to function optimally.
aerobicReferring to a cell, organism, or metabolic process that utilizes O2 or that can grow in the presence of O2.
chemical groupSet of covalently linked atoms, such as a hydroxyl group (–OH) or an amino group (–NH2), the chemical behavior of which is well characterized.
transpirationWater loss by evaporation from a plant, especially through the stomates on the leaves.
microarrayArrangement of miniaturised test sites on a small surface; spot sizes are usually less than 250µm
microarraysOrdered sets of DNA fragments fixed to solid surfaces
pneumoniaAn inflammation of the lungs that can be caused by infection or other environmental irritants.
calvin cycleThe second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving atmospheric CO2 fixation and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.
dorsoventralDescribes the axis running from the back to the belly of an animal or from the upper side to the underside of a structure.
intercostal musclesSheetlike muscles that run between adjacent ribs, the contraction of which expands or contracts the volume of the rib cage.
exergonic reactionA spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy
fissionThe separation of a parent into two or more individuals of approximately equal size
radioactivityspontaneous emission of radiation by certain elements
compatibleable to undergo sexual fusion: of opposite mating types.
heterogenythe alternation of sexual and parthenogenetic generations.
biochemical oxygen demandAmount of dissolved oxygen consumed in five days by biological processes breaking down organic matter.
thalloidPlants which have no roots, stems, or leaves are called thalloid, such as liverworts and hornworts.
bacteriostaticCapable of inhibiting bacterial growth without killing.
fixationEvent defined by an allele at a particular locus reaching a frequency of one in the population
chloramphenicolAn antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50s ribosomal subunit and blocking the peptidyltransferase reaction
oviformegg-shaped.
atrophiedwasted away; unfit for use.
parallelIn reference to the arrangement of parts in an electrical circuit, vascular system, or other analogous system in which substances flow from place to place, the parts of the system are in parallel if one path of flow branches to give rise to two or more paths in which the parts reside, so that only a fraction of the total flow passes through any one of the parts
discoideous=discoidal.
prophageThe state of the genome of a temperate virus when it is replicating in synchrony with that of the host, typically integrated into the host genome.
archaebacteriaAn older term for the Archaea.
capsularin the form of a capsule or little cup-like container.
histogramA graphic representation of a frequency distribution.
krebs cycleSee tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
parapatricGeographically adjacent species or populations whose distributions do not overlap but are in contact at one or more of their mutual boundaries.
negative controlRepression of biological activity by the presence of a specific molecule.
leukemiaCancer of white blood cells and their precursors.
oxidationA process by which a compound gives up electrons, acting as an electron donor, and becomes oxidized.
gsee free energy
diagnoseTo determine the nature of a pathological condition; to recognize a disease.
organA specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.
ecological nicheThe environmental habitat of a population or species, including the resources it uses and its interactions with other organisms
biological controlsee BIOCONTROL.
edge effectsImpacts of one habitat on an adjacent habitat.
cell theoryOne of the four (or five) unifying concepts in biology
tissue cultureA technique used to grow body tissue outside the body on a culture medium.
glucagonA hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates the break down of glycogen and the release of glucose into the blood stream.
tgnsee trans Golgi network (TGN)
flavin-linked dehydrogenasesDehydrogenases requiring one of the riboflavin coenzymes, FMN or FAD.
cationan ion with a positive charge produced by the loss of one or more electrons
narrow-sense heritabilityProportion of the phenotypic variance that can be attributed to additive genetic variance.
hydroxyl groupA functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond
raceA poorly defined term for a set of populations occupying a particular region that differ in one or more characteristics from populations elsewhere; equivalent to subspecies
glycolysisThe catabolic conversion of glucose to pyruvate with the production of ATP.
organic moleculeA molecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen and often oxygen and other elements
calciumAn essential element that is obtained through food
consumersThe higher levels in a food pyramid
exponential population growthThe geometric increase of a population as it grows in an ideal, unlimited environment
transforming principleSubstance responsible for transformation
fluorescenceLight of a specific range of wavelengths that is emitted from a molecule previously excited by energy of a different range of wavelengths
avidityA measure of the affinity of the binding of an antibody to an antigen.
parthenogeneticsee asexual.
polar covalent bondA bond involving atoms that have a relatively strong tendency to grab electrons and atoms with a tendency to give up electrons
pistillatePertaining to the pistil
acid rainrain that is more acidic than "normal" rain and that has a lower pH
monomerAny small molecule that can be linked with others of the same type to form a polymer
aidsAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
cruciately-septatedescribes the basidia of order Tremellales (Phragmobasidiomycetes) which are divided into four more or less equal parts by vertical cross-walls.
glycanAnother term for polysaccharide; a polymer of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds.
terranen
competitive inhibitionA type of enzyme inhibition reversed by increasing the substrate concentration; a competitive inhibitor generally competes with the normal substrate or ligand for a protein's binding site.
scabriculousregularly and finely wrinkled.
eutrophicationThe process in which an aquatic system becomes overloaded with nutrients, thereby increasing its organic productivity and causing an accumulation of debris.
countercurrentReferring to two fluids flowing in opposite directions.
tubal ligationA means of sterilization in which a woman's two oviducts (Fallopian tubes) are tied closed to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus
jointedWhen stiff body parts are connected by a soft flexible region, the body is said to be jointed.
directed mutagenesis/myoot-ə-JEN-ə-səs/ Alteration of DNA at a specific site in order to study the change's effects.
brackish waterWater that is intermediate in salinity between seawater and freshwater
translocationAberration caused by the change in location of a segment of a chromosome.
hypopharyngealrelating to the hypopharynx.
nitric oxideA gas where each molecule is made of one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom; it is found in many brain and body tissues, and plays a part in many bodily functions.
cladisticsA classification method that constructs phylogenies using characteristics unique to each taxonomic group.
energetic hypothesisThe concept that the length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain.
hair follicletubelike pocket of epidermal cells that extends into the dermis and produces hair.
suicide ideationThoughts about fatally harming one's self
competitive exclusion principleThe concept that when the populations of two species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other population.
vermicularworm-like, tortuous: resembling the tracks of a worm.
glucogenic amino acidsAmino acids with carbon chains that can be metabolically converted into glucose or glycogen via gluconeogenesis.
solA mixture involving a solvent such as water and very large molecules or groups of molecules that are mixed into the solvent
gelAn inert polymer, usually made of agarose or polyacrylamide, used for separating macromolecules such as nucleic acids or proteins by electrophoresis.
sequestration enabling reagentA reagent that sequesters starting materials or reaction by-products, in order to simplify removal from a reaction mixture.
pseudothecial ascomaascoma containing bitunicate asci; often resembling a perithecial ascoma, though developing differently.
anaerobicAble to grow in the absence of free or atmospheric oxygen.
dorsalRelating to the back of an animal
mutagenesisA process that leads to a change in the genetic material that is inherited in later generations.
splitterone who splits or describes species or genera upon minute characters which the "Lumper" (q.v.) deems insufficient to authorize them.
nitrogen-fixing bacteriaMicroorganisms that restock nitrogenous minerals in the soil by converting nitrogen to ammonia.
celsius scaleA temperature scale (°C) equal to 5/9 (°F – 32) that measures the freezing point of water at 0°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C.
bacteriaOne of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Archaea.
parabronchiThe smallest-diameter tubes in the lungs of a bird
granulocyteA white blood cell containing large granules.
? stereoisomersCompounds that have the same composition and the same order of atomic connections, but different molecular arrangements.
regenerationThe regrowth of body parts from pieces of an organism.
leaderA short sequence near the amino terminus of a protein or the 5' end of an RNA that has a specialized targeting or regulatory function.
antagonist***An antagonist is a drug or a compound that opposes the physiological effects of another
chromatographyA procedure for separating chemically similar molecules
convergenceSimilarities which have arisen independently in two or more organisms that are not closely related
self assemblyThe concept that certain molecules can organize themselves spontaneously into more complex forms
radixbase of wings, and their point of insertion; see pteropega.
accessory glandsany glands opening into the ducts of the reproductive system.
chemical reactionA process leading to chemical changes in matter; involves the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds.
swarmingthe concerted departure from a hive of a large number of worker bees, accompanied by a queen; this forming the nucleus of a new colony.
facultativeOrganisms that can grow under different conditions
plasma cellAn antibody-secreting B-lymphocyte.
transition stateA high energy state through which substrates must pass during the course of an enzymatic reaction.
biogenesisthe production of life from antecedent life.
stereoisomerA mirror image form of a molecule
molecular weightNumerically, the same as the relative molecular mass of a molecule expressed in daltons
nervibelonging or referring to the nerves.
gisee inhibitory G protein
conductivity meteran apparatus that produces a signal to indicate that electricity is being conducted
coalescenceDerivation of the gene copies in one or more populations from a single ancestral copy, viewed retrospectively (from the present back into the past).
magic mushroomstypically, hallucinogen-containing species of Psilocybe, but also spp
translational controlThe regulation of a protein's synthesis by regulation of the rate of its translation on the ribosome.
intermediatelying between others in position or possessing characters between two other forms.
posteriortail end
smooth endoplasmic reticuluma system of membranous tubes and sacs that functions in lipid synthesis.
eubacteriaClass of prokaryotes that constitutes one of the three distinct evolutionary lineages of modern-day organisms; also called the true bacteria or simply bacteria
f-pilusA filamentous appendage encoded by the F-plasmid
volcanismn
mycoinsecticidea preparation of entomopathogenic fungi used to kill insects.
cohesionthe bringing together of two molecules
clearanceSee plasma clearance.
cofactorInorganic ion or coenzyme necessary for the activity of an enzyme.
trichomeA trichome is a row of cells which have remained attached to one another following successive cell divisions
neurodegenerationThe deterioration or loss of function of nerve cells.
diversifying selectionSelection favoring both extremes or two or more diverse phenotypes.
stereoisomerA molecule that is a mirror image of another molecule with the same molecular formula.
cultureThe learned behaviors and practices common to a social group.
apiculatecovered with fleshy, short points.
chemotaxisMovement toward or away from a chemical.
ddDideoxy-.
translationThe process by which the protein molecule is formed from the mRNA blueprint.
compact boneThe outer dense layer that forms the shaft of the long bones; made up of concentric layers of mineral deposits surrounding a central opening.
li 1379A Ginkgo biloba extract.
endemicoccurring normally where found: native, not introduced.
promoter regionA DNA sequence that is recognized and bound by an RNA polymerase (enzyme) during the initiation of transcription.
blood pressureThe hydrostatic force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel.
alligate -usfastened or suspended by a thread; like the chrysalis of Papilio, etc.
partial pressure(1) The pressure exerted by a particular gas within a mixture of gases
cenozoic eraThe period of geologic time beginning after the end of the Mesozoic Era
ca2+See "calcium ions".
dilutionmuch thinned out or diluted.
vectorA vector is a self-replicating DNA molecule (DNA vector, lambda cloning vector, plasmid cloning vector) that transfers a DNA segment between host cells; sometimes it is also called a "vehicle"
etiolated(of plants) excessively tall and lacking chlorophyll.
undernourishmentA diet that is chronically deficient in calories.
new indication studiesNew phase II and III trials required when a drug seems promising as a new treatment for a different condition than it was originally approved for.
cocurrentReferring to two fluids flowing in the same direction
altruismBehavior that benefits the reproductive success of other individuals because of an actual or potential sacrifice of reproductive success by the altruist.
androgen receptorReceptors that have binding sites for the steroid androgen
nucleusa part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
antioxidantcompound added to foods, drugs, and cosmetics to minimize the oxidation of unsaturated oils and fats that can cause rancidity, color loss, and flavor changes
congenitalExisting at birth, referring to certain mental or physical traits, malformations, or diseases, which may be hereditary or due to an influence occurring during gestation (in utero).
incurved -atebowed or curved inwards.
cysteineA semi-essential amino acid.
algorithmAn explicit computational procedure that uses a precise sequence of simple operations to perform a complex operation
rolling circle replicationA mechanism for the replication of circular DNA
progenyThe offspring of parents or often offspring of a sire or dam.
energyA capacity to do work.
kearns-sayre syndromeA rare mitochondrial disorder that usually has an onset before the age of 20
cercussee cerci.
oxidation-reductionReactions in which electrons are transferred from one atom or molecule (the reducing agent that is oxidized by the loss of electrons) to another (the oxidizing agent that is reduced by the gain of electrons)
dystoniaProlonged muscle contractions.
tissue cultureProcess of growing some part of a plant or animal on an artificial medium.
lanugoslender single hairs.
apophysisThe swelling of a sporangiophore immediately below the columella.
collarettethe often flaring wall of a phialide distal to the conidiogenous locus.
genesTiny biochemical structures inside each cell that determine particular hereditary traits, such as eye color and blood type
cellular respirationthe intracellular, energy-producing process by which a cell obtains oxygen, distributes it to the mitochondria, uses it for oxidation of 6-carbon sugar and gives off carbon dioxide
polyethylene glycolA water-soluble polymer used to solubilize proteins, and as a cell fusogen.
phosphatidylinositolAn inositol phospholipid
tissueA group of similar cells organized into a functional unit.
communityA group of interacting species that inhabit a particular location at a particular time.
osmoregulationHow organisms regulate solute concentrations and balance the gain and loss of water.
deoxyribonucleic acidSee DNA.
biodiversityGenetic and phenotypic variation both within and among species, plus the variety of ecosystems created by these species.
syndromeA pattern of recognizable symptoms or signs characteristic of a disease.
rfuRelative fluorescence units; a unit of fluorescence intensity measured by a real-time PCR detection system.
physical therapistA specialist trained in the treatment of diseases and injury through exercise and physical activities.
crmCross reacting material
polymeraseAn enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a polymer from monomers.
apical ectodermal ridgeA limb-bud organizer region consisting of a thickened area of ectoderm at the tip of a limb bud.
solutionA homogeneous, liquid mixture of two or more substances.solvent The dissolving agent of a solution
positive selectionSelection for an allele that increases fitness.
crura cerebritwo large cords that connect the supra- with the sub-oesophageal ganglion.
volatile fatty acidsSee short-chain fatty acids.
nano-Prefix denoting 10–9.
taxisA taxis is behavior consisting of a directed movement of the whole organism toward or away from a stimulus.
primerA structure that serves as a growing point for polymerization
dupledouble, or twice.
anticonvulsantPreventing or relieving convulsions
bicaudatehaving two tails or anal processes.
herpes virusA virus group that includes the Epstein-Barr Virus and Herpes Simplex.
edible vaccineA vaccine based on the engineered expression of an antigenic protein by an edible plant
contact-dependent signalingCell–cell communication in which the signal molecule remains bound to the signaling cell and only influences cells that physically contact it.
biomassLiving material.
intercalationInsertion between two stacked aromatic or planar rings; for example, the insertion of a planar molecule between two successive bases in a nucleic acid.
ribozymeAn RNA molecule that can catalyze a chemical reaction.
fluorescent proteinAn autofluorescent protein that is used as a reporter molecule, for example, green fluorescent protein (GFP).
chlorophyllThe major photosynthetic pigment of plant cells.
binomial nomenclaturen
essential charactersee specific character.
alveoliOne of the dead-end, muliolobed air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs
first law of thermodynamicsthe statement that energy is neither created nor destroyed, also called the law of conservation of energy
allelopathyA form of interference competition in which individuals of one species release toxins that harm individuals of other species.
saltA synonym for inorganic ion, or a compound formed by inorganic ions.
partition coefficientA constant that expresses the ratio in which a given solute will be partitioned or distributed between two given immiscible liquids at equilibrium.
rorulentumdusty: =pulverulent: q.v.
carbonic anhydraseAn enzyme that accelerates the conversion of CO2 and H2O into HCO3– and H+, or the reverse reaction.
excision repairDNA repair in which a damaged region is replaced.
3'-terminusThe end of a polynucleotide which carries the hydroxyl group attached to the 3' position of the sugar.
multiplicatewith many longitudinal folds or lines of plication.
alpha diversityWithin-habitat diversity.
hypersalineadj
trans golgi networkNetwork of interconnected cisternae and tubules at the trans face of the Golgi apparatus, through which material is transferred out of the Golgi.
morainen
intra-within: between.
substrateA molecule that an enzyme binds and acts upon.
native conformationThe biologically active conformation of a macromolecule.
aspectindicates the direction to which a surface faces or in which it is viewed; it may be dorsal, ventral, caudal, cephalic or lateral.
fSee Inbreeding coefficient.
double helixDNA model discovered by Watson and Crick consisting of antiparallel strands of DNA wound into a right-handed spiral and held together by hydrogen bonds.
nonreplicative transpositionType of transposition in which a transposable element excises from an old site and moves to a new site, resulting in no net increase in the number of copies of the transposable element.
nanomoleOne billionth mole; 10-9 mole.
cryptobiosisLatent life
notchedindented, cut or nicked; usually a margin.
nicotinic acidAlso known as niacin.
siphonOpening in molluscs or in urochordates which draws water into the body cavity
alkalineTerm pertaining to a highly basic, as opposed to acidic, subtance
dendroidtree or shrub-like: branching like a tree or shrub.
osmoregulationThe control of water balance in organisms living in hypertonic, hypotonic, or terrestrial environments.
transductionGenetic exchange in bacteria that is mediated via phage.
troposphereregion of the atmosphere that lies directly above the surface of the Earth
neutralizationchemical reaction in which the hydrogen ions from an acid combine with the hydroxide ions from a base to form molecules of water
cartilageA type of flexible connective tissue with an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate.
v1/v2 loopThe gp120 protein has eleven defined loop segments, five of which are termed variable (designated V1–V5)
alien's ruleThe generalization that warm-blooded animals (mammals) tend to have shorter extremities (for example, ears and tail) in colder climates than they have in warmer climates.
metalselements that are shiny and conduct electricity and heat well
active transportenergy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference.
detrivore/DET-trə-vore/ n
chemical bondAn attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell elctrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms; the bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.
vestigial organA structure of marginal, if any, importance to an organism
excitotoxinsVariants of common proteins that are found in most living things
nonenveloped virusVirus consisting of a nucleic acid core and protein capsid only.
acuminateTapering to a narrow tip.
follicle cellOne of the cell types that surround a developing oocyte or egg.
recurrent mutationMutational event with characteristic mutation rates.
aromataseThe enzyme that converts androgens such as testosterone to estrogens such as estradiol.
cytochromeColored, heme-containing protein that transfers electrons during cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
antigenSubstance capable of inducing the production of antibodies.
casparian stripIn plants, an impermeable waxy layer between the cells of the
lipoateA vitamin for some microorganisms; an intermediate carrier of hydrogen atoms and acyl groups in α-keto acid dehydrogenases.
alkaliphilicGrowing best under alkaline conditions.
nitric acidA chemical that increases blood flow; also used to make organic compounds in the body.
photobiologyThe study of the effects of light on living systems.
yotta-A prefix indicating 1024; a septillion.
nearctictemperate and arctic North America, including Greenland.
demographic transitionA shift from zero population growth in which birth rates and death rates are high to zero population growth characterized instead by low birth and death rates.
binomialConsisting of or pertaining to two terms.
lophotrichousHaving a tuft of polar flagella.
afferentGoing toward
ontogenyThe unfolding of development in an individual organism.
polymerA long molecule consisting of many simi1ar or identical monomers linked together.
disciformformed or shaped like a disc.
mrnaSee messenger RNA.
metamorphosisn
panmixisRandom mating.
protuberantrising or produced above the surface or general level.
enzymeA protein that catalyzes chemical reactions.
extensionMovement of an appendage so that the angle of the joint increases.
plasma membraneThe membrane that holds fluid within animal cells
acid depositiondeposition of either wet forms or dry forms such as rain, snow, fog, and cloud-like suspensions of microscopic water droplets often more acidic and damaging than acid rain
strainAn organism that is geneticaly different from others of the same species
anaerobicAn adjective used to describe an environment or a condition which is free of oxygen or to describe a microorganism which can grow in the absence of oxygen.
cytostaticInhibiting or suppressing cellular growth and multiplication.
desiccation/deh-sick-KAY-shən/ n
fermatefeathered or bearing feather-like processes.
htsHigh throughput screening
combichemInformal term for combinatorial chemistry.
wartAn epidermal tumor of viral origin
proteolysisThe degradation of proteins to peptides or amino acids catalyzed by proteases.
species-area curveThe biodiversity pattern, first noted by Alexander von Humboldt, that illustrates that the larger the geographic area of a community, the greater the number of species.
superciliaryplaced above the eyes.
viableThe ability of an organism to grow and divide.
equilibrium constantAn expression of chemical equilibrium under defined conditions
resupinateupside down; horizontally reversed.
heattype of energy released during respiration
polyspermy blockThe process that prevents the egg cell or the central cell from being fertilized by more than one sperm cell
tumor-suppressor genesgenes that normally restrain cell growth but, when missing or inactivated by mutation, allow cells to grow uncontrolled.
guttatewith light spots or drops on a dark ground.
bufferA substance that consists of acid and base forms in solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.
detritusAccumulated organic debris from dead organisms, often an important source of nutrients in a food web.
planatewith a flattened surface.
cognitive ethologyThe scientific study of cognition; the study of the connection between data processing by nervous systems and animal behavior.
pre-b cellIimmediate precursor of a B cell.
rufousbrick-red [chronic yellow + dragon's blood].
conglomeratecongregated; massed together.
d(1) aspartic acid; (2) Devonian Period.
phospholipidAn important constituent of cell membranes that is composed mainly of fatty acids.
concordancePercentage of twin pairs in which both twins have a particular trait.
self-formThe idea that an ecosystem could form a stable climax community.
homeoboxA conserved DNA sequence of 180 base pairs encoding a protein domain found in many proteins that play a regulatory role in development.
tentoriuma chitinous frame-work within the head, upon which the brain rests.
domainA distinot structural unit of a polypeptide; domains may have separate functions and may fold as independent, compact units.
luteo -testaceousdark clay yellow.
inter-articularthe membranous tissue between joints or segments.
anchorage dependenceDependence of cell growth on attachment to a substratum.
striatal neuronsNerve cells that make up the striatum
destitutuswanting; being without.
lectinAny protein that binds tightly to specific sugars
multiplexingIn PCR, the process of amplifying more than one target sequence in a single reaction tube.
monoclonal antibodyAny of a preparation of antibodies that have been produced by a single clone of cultured cells and thus are all specific for the same epitope.
acidophilicGrowing best under acidic conditions.
speciationThe origin of new species in evolution.
carboxyl terminusThe end of a polypeptide chain that carries a free α-carbonyl group.
catabolite repressionTranscription-level inhibition of a variety of inducible enzymes by glucose or other readily used carbon source.
electroelutionThe transfer of biomolecules from an electrophoresis gel to a membrane surface.
half sibBrother or sister having one parent in common
intracellularInside a cell.
nk cellsNatural Killer Cells
energyThe capacity to do work by moving matter against an opposing force.
adenineOne of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA; pairs with the base thymine; often abbreviated as the letter "A"; see Figure B-3.
myotoniaIncreased muscle tension.
micropylesminute openings in the egg, through which spermatozoa enter.
metamorphosis dimidioan incomplete transformation.
matterAnything that takes up space and has mass.
pollinigerous= polliniferous: q.v.
armatusset with spines, claws or other chitinous processes.
adsorptionRetention of gas, liquid, solid or a dissolved substance on a surface due to positive interaction (attraction) between the surface and the molecules of the adsorbed material
rofecoxibA COX-2 inhibitor.
griscentashen gray.
coenzymean organic molecule, which plays an accessory role in enzyme-catalyzed processes, often by acting as a donor or acceptor of a substance involved in the reaction; ATP and NAD are common coenzymes.
flavin nucleotidesNucleotide coenzymes (FMN and FAD) containing riboflavin.
sub-aduncatesomewhat hooked or curved.
trans-sulfuration pathwayA two-reaction pathway which degrades homocysteine.
precursora substance that precedes and is the source of another substance.
planktonn
temporary vacuolesmall changeable cavity containing food or water found in some types of animal cell.
extracellular digestionThe breakdown of food outside cells
derived characterA character whose structure or form differs (apomorphic) from that of the ancestral stock.
enzymeA protein or RNA that catalyzes a biological reaction.
cubital nerve or veinsee cubits.
fallopian tubeSee Oviduct.
sandSoil particle between 0.05 and 2.0 mm in diameter.
old earth creationistA believer in OEC
nematocera= nemocera; q
oxidationThe loss of electrons from a compound.
emergent propertiesNew properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.
heavy chainThe heavier of the two types of immunoglogulin chains.
homeodomainThe protein domain encoded by the homeobox.
lamarckian inheritanceThe concept that the phenotype of an organism is itself hereditary: that characters acquired or lost during the life experience of an organism, as well as characters that organisms attempt to acquire in order to meet environmental needs, can be transmitted to offspring
poly-l lactic acidA synthetic polymer made from "natural components" used to replace volume
exponentialReferring to a type of relationship between two variables in which the dependent variable goes up in multiplicative steps as the independent variable goes up in additive steps
coaguluma clotted mass, as of blood.
generationCohort of individuals born and living at the same time.
pulvinatusmoderately convex.
notchReceptor protein involved in many instances of choice of cell fate in animal development, for example in the specification of nerve cells from ectodermal epithelium
wild-type alleleAny of the normal alleles of a gene present in a natural population.
autochthonousIndigenous or normally found in a particular area.
helix destabilizing proteinA protein that binds single-stranded DNA.
lipoxygenaseAn enzyme that plays a pivotal role in the synthesis of inflammatory mediators known as leukotrienes.
conditional mutationExpressed only under certain conditions.
endergonicA chemical reaction requiring input of energy to proceed.
pericarpThe thickened wall of a fruit.
osmosisNet movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane driven by a difference in concentration of solute on either side
x-overAn abbreviation for cross-over.
pinnately compoundLeaves which are divided up like a feather are said to be pinnately compound.
excretionthe act of getting rid of waste products: any material or substance produced by any secretory glands or structures and which is voided or otherwise sent out from them.
ascus(pl
acid-neutralizing capacitycapacity of a lake or other body of water to resist a decrease in pH
melatoninA compound that is believed to decrease the presence of beta-amyloid fibrils, but has little or no success in inhibiting huntingtin protein aggregation.
acetyl coaSmall, water-soluble metabolite comprising an acetyl group linked to coenzyme A (CoA); formed during oxidation of pyruvate, fatty acids, and amino acids
incumbentlying one over another: wings when they cover the dorsal horizontally.
latent heat of vaporizationThe heat that must be provided to convert a material from a liquid to a gas at constant temperature (called latent because although heat is provided, the temperature of the material does not rise)
laminsee nuclear lamin
m6psee mannose 6-phosphate
cocoon-breakerstructures or processes of the pupa, often on the head, by means of which it works its way out of the cocoon.
maximum tolerated doseThe highest daily dose of a drug that the average human body can tolerate before passing a threshold level of excessive toxicity
reinforcementEvolution of enhanced reproductive isolation between populations due to natural selection for greater isolation.
dimeroushaving only two tarsal joints.
typologyThe study of organic diversity based on the principle that all members of a taxonomic group conform to a basic plan, and variation among them is of little or no significance
alpha-tocotrienolOne of the eight different forms of vitamin E
antigenSubstances that can elicit an adaptive immune response and that can react specifically with the corresponding antibodies or T cell receptors.
neuroprotectiveThe property of preventing damage and degeneration to nerve cells.
conjugate acid-base pairA proton donor and its corresponding deprotonated species; for example, acetic acid (donor) and acetate (acceptor).
induced fit modelThe induced fit model says that the sites on enzymes or receptor molecules where substrate molecules will alter their shape slightly to accommodate the substrate molecules
monarsenousthat kind of union where one male suffices for many females.
somaticRefers to body
inverted repeatsSequences on the same strand that are inverted and complementary.
ccd cameraA camera that uses CCD (charge coupled device) chips to convert photons to electrical or digital information.
radioactive datingThe dating of rocks by measuring the proportions of a radioactive element in an igneous intrusion and the isotopes produced by its radioactive decay
colligative propertiesThe properties of an aqueous solution that depend simply on the number of dissolved entities per unit of volume, rather than on the chemical nature of the dissolved entities
micelleThe structure formed by amphipathic molecules in solution that places the polar group toward the solution and the hydrophobic group toward the interior.
chylomicronOne of the small intracellular globules composed of fats that are mixed with cholesterol and coated with special proteins.
shadea cloudy, ill-defined streak or band.
reducing sugarA sugar in which the carbonyl (anomeric) carbon is not involved in a glycosidic bond and can therefore undergo oxidation.
plasma membraneThe lipid bilayer membrane that forms the boundary of a cell.
vestigialOccurring in a rudimentary condition as a result of evolutionary reduction from a more elaborated, functional character state in an ancestor.
ferrobacteriaBacteria that utilize iron as an energy source.
feverA rise of body temperature above the normal.
nucleuscellular structure that divides during mitosis; controls cell activities.
fas proteinMembrane-bound receptor that initiates apoptosis in the receptor-bearing cell after binding to its ligand (Fas ligand).
glycerolAn alcohol with three hydroxyl groups
binary fissionprokaryotes cell division
aspleniaAbsence of the spleen, either congenitally (at birth) or later, often seen in persons with long-standing sickling disease
proteinAny of a number of naturally occurring complex substances (such as enzymes or antibodies) involved in essential life functions.
environmentalSee ambient.
antitoxinAn antibody that specifically interacts with and neutralizes a toxin
inconspicuousnot attracting attention or quickly noticeable.
endangered speciesA species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
chromatographyA process used for separating mixtures by virtue of different affinities of substances for various media, such as paper, gas, or gelatin.
disulfide bridgeA covalent cross link between two polypeptide chains formed by a cystine residue (two Cys residues).
density-dependent factorAny factor influencing population regulation that has a greater impact as population density increases.
bioprecursor prodrugA bioprecursor prodrug is a prodrug that does not imply the linkage to a carrier group, but results from a molecular modification of the active principle itself
cathodoluminescencen
controlcopy of an experiment in which all factors are kept exactly the same except the one being investigated in the original experiment.
cell strainA population of cultured cells, of plant or animal origin, that has a finite life span, in contrast to a cell line
auxotrophA mutant that will only grow when a particular nutritional requirement (e.g
okazaki fragmentA short segment of single-stranded DNA that is an intermediate in DNA synthesis
chaperoninA protein that aids in the correct folding of other proteins and the assembly of multisubunit structures.
cerebrosideSphingolipid containing one sugar residue as a head group.
ion-exchange resinA polymeric resin that contains fixed charged groups; used in chromatographic columns to separate ionic compounds.
x-ray diffractioncrystallography technique that generates a pattern of deflected X-rays passing through a crystal to reveal the nature of the crystal lattice
nucleus(1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons
isotopeAn atom with a different number of neutrons but the same number of protons than another atom
lipidOne of a family of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that are insoluble in water.
homozygosityThe frequency of homozygous genotypes, often symbolized as P or Q.
herbivoreLiterally, an organism that eats plants or other autotrophic organisms
annellideA cell that produces and extrudes conidia; the tip tapers, lengthens, and acquires a ring of cell wall material as each conidium is released; oil immersion magnification may be required to see the rings.
trace elementA chemical element required by an organism in only trace amounts.
neural networkA computational method for optimizing for a desired property based on previous learning cycles (training).
diffusionthe tendency of molecules of any substance to spread out in the available space it is driven by intrinsic kinetic energy (thermal motion or heat) of molecules
continuous variationVariation where characters are divided by small differences in metric or quantitative values across a continuum, not by counts in broadly specified classifications such as coat colors.
rarefactionMonte Carlo resampling approach to develop a curve to identify and allow comparisons among samples using the minimum sample size of all the collections.
density independentThe dependence of population growth on factors (climatic changes, meteorite impacts, and so on) unrelated to the numbers of individuals in a particular locality.
carboxyl-terminal residueThe only amino acid residue in a polypeptide chain with a free α-carboxyl group; defines the carboxyl terminus of the polypeptide.
metamorphic rockRock that has been subjected to high but nonmelting temperatures and pressures, causing chemical and physical changes.
supra-orbitalsituated above the eye.
hyperaccumulatorsPlants containing extremely large amounts of certain chemical elements (frequently metals or metallic compounds).
dark reactionsThe series of reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates during photosynthesis
elasmobranch fishSharks, skates, and rays.
divided attentionthe ability to split one's attention between more than one task
cohesion-adhesion theoryDescribes the properties of water that help move it through a plant
virulenceThe relative ability of an organism to cause disease.
aerobic(i) Having molecular oxygen as a part of the environment
receptaclethe head of the stinkhorns (Phallales), bearing the slimy gleba.
indigotea very deep indigo blue.
amyloidProteins with beta sheet structure that form extracellular aggregates.
venulesthe branches of the main veins.
map kinaseProtein kinase that is activated in response to cell stimulation by many different growth factors and that mediates cellular responses by phosphorylating specific target proteins.
geometric isomerOne of several organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms.
assurgentdown-curved at base, then upcurved to an erect position.
continental islandsIslands which have broken off from a mainland.
snpSingle nucleotide polymorphism
photosynthetic phosphorylationSee photophosphorylation.
plumpwith full, rounded outlines; not obese.
hydroxyapatiteA calcium phosphate gel used, in the case of nucleic acids, to selectively absorb duplex DNA-RNA from a mixture of single-stranded and duplex nucleic acids.
primerA short oligomer (of sugars or nucleotides, for example) to which an enzyme adds additional monomeric subunits.
supra-analsituated above the anus.
"doping"process of intentionally adding small amounts of other elements to pure silicon
estuaryThe area where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean
oogenesisFormation and maturation of oocytes in the ovary.
nucleic acidA polymer of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds
systemic acquired resistance(SAR)
alkaloidsNitrogen-containing organic compounds of plant origin; often basic, and having intense biological activity.
branch migrationA "zipper-like" pairing of two homologous DNA strands during genetic recombination.
hydrophobicNonpolar; describing molecules or groups that are insoluble in water.
escarpmentn
fingerprintAny technique that enables the identification of substances by the comparison of patterns
ramificationthe branching out in every direction.
three-factor crossA method for determining the genetic map position of three linked loci based upon relative frequency of coinheritance of each locus during a cross between two strains with different allelic forms in each gene.
metaboliteA chemical intermediate in the enzyme-catalyzed reactions of metabolism.
acetyl coaAcetyl-coenzyme A, a high-energy ester of acetic acid that is important both in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and in fatty acid biosynthesis.
cytokininsA group of
peatn
respiratory enzyme complexAny of the major protein complexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain that act as electron-driven proton pumps to generate the proton gradient across the inner membrane.
zymogenAn inactive precursor of an enzyme
brush borderAn apical epithelial surface bearing microvilli.
peptide bondChemical bond that connects amino acids in a protein.
lipidclass of compounds that includes not only the edible fats and oils but also diverse materials such as cholesterol and other steroids
plasmid curingThe treatment of cells with a substance that interferes with plasmid replication.
virionA mature infectious virus particle.
solid-phase synthesisA combinatorial chemical synthesis technique for the creation of libraries of diverse compounds that utilizes solid supports to separate compounds during synthesis, thus simplifying the identification of the resulting compounds.
epitheliumCoherent sheet comprising one or more layers of cells that covers an external body surface or lines an internal cavity
effective stratospheric chlorinechlorine- and bromine-containing gases in the stratosphere
foveatewith foveae or pit-like depressions.
visual cortexThe part of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information
mitosisnuclear division resulting in the formation of two identical daughter nuclei.
ejaculatory ductsee ductus ejaculatorius.
biodiversity hot spotA relatively small area with an exceptional concentration of endemic species and a large number of endangered and threatened species.
array synthesisA form of parallel synthesis used in combinatorial chemistry in which the reactions take place in a spatially organized array.
heteroas a prefix, unequal; different from.
conservative substitutionReplacement of an amino acid residue in a polypeptide by another residue with similar properties; for example, substitution of Glu by Asp.
lichenA fungus and an alga (or a cyanobacterium) living in symbiotic association.
mineralizationThe process of replacing any organism's original material with a mineral.
d218o methodSee doubly labeled water method.
micronutrientAn element that an organism needs in very small amounts and that functions as a component or cofactor of enzymes
crypticA feature that is normally not visible.
mycoplasmaA group of bacteria without cell wall
carboxyl groupThe acidic -COOH functional group found in organic molecules.
enzymeA protein functioning as a catalyst in living organisms, which promotes specific reactions or groups of reactions.
biodiversityThe genetic diversity of natural organisms
crocodilianskrock-uh-DILL-ee-uhns/ Alligators, crocodiles, and gharials
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresisSee PAGE.
trophic levelThe approximate feeding level in an ecosystem
nasticUndirected(usually) and reversible responses of plants to being touched
hela cellLine of human epithelial cells that grows vigorously in culture
elate -ussee elevatus.
original typeis the actual specimen from which a published description is prepared.
percipientwith the power of perceiving.
branchiaeair tubes or gill-like processes of aquatic larva;.
acoustic nerveconnects the auditory pits or other organs of hearing with special ganglia.
competitive inhibitorA substance, similar in structure to an enzyme's substrate, that binds to the active site and inhibits (prevents) a reaction.
aerotolerance testingA procedure used to determine the atmospheric requirements of an isolate suspected of being an anaerobe.
horizontal gene exchangeTransfer of genes from one organism to another by a mechanism other than reproduction.
facultativeOptional.
lcmLaser Capture Microdissection conceived and first developed as a prototype research tool at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
auxanographic techniqueA method for determination of carbon or nitrogen utilization by placing the substrate onto the surface of a basal agar medium seeded with a test organism such as a yeast.
recalcitrantResistant to microbial attack.
allochthonous floraOrganisms that are not indigenous to the soil but that enter soil by precipitation, diseased tissues, manure, and sewage
mutagenA chemical or physical agent that increases the frequency of mutation, usually by directly damaging the DNA.
tgaseAn abbreviation for transglutaminase.
constitutive enzymesee ENZYME (cf
replisomeThe multiprotein complex that promotes DNA synthesis at the replication fork.
ribosomeA structure consisting of small and large ribonucleoprotein units that is the site of intracellular protein biosynthesis.
respiratory controlRegulatory mechanism that controls the rate of electron transport in the respiratory chain according to need via a direct influence of the electrochemical proton gradient.
prohormoneAn peptide hormone that is inactive until proteolytic cleavage.
vertebral columnSurrounds & protects nerve cord.Provides structural support:Large body size, fast movement.
myeloid cellAny white blood cell other than lymphocytes.
pigmentany colorful compound, used by living things to absorb or block sunlight, and in sexual displays
use and disuseA concept used by Lamarck to explain evolution as resulting from the transmission of characters that became enhanced or diminished because of their use or disuse, respectively, during the life experience of individuals
landraceDomesticated crop plant or livestock that has adaptations specific to the local environment in which it evolved.
emmetan ant.
continuous variationCharacter variations (such as height in humans) whose distribution follows a series of small nondiscrete quantitative steps from one extreme to the other
malignantDescribes tumors and tumor cells that are invasive and/or able to undergo metasis
autochthonousRefers to something formed in its present location
bacteriophageVirus that infects bacteria, often with destruction or lysis of the host cell.
anaphase-promoting complexUbiquitin ligase that promotes the destruction of a set of proteins, some of which initiate the separation of sister chromatids during the metaphase-to-anaphase transition during mitosis.
demographyThe study of statistics relating to birth and deaths in populations.
crossbreedingMating of individuals from different breeds
flavo-testaceouslight yellow-brown: almost luteous.
behavioral homeostasisPerceptions of need that usually link directly to physiological control systems.
coleoptilekoh-lee-AWP-tuhl/ The first leaf of a monocotyledon.
sejunctusseparated.
anionnegatively charged ion
buddingAn asexual means of propagation in which outgrowths from the parent form and pinch off to live independently or else remain attached to eventually form extensive colonies.
bipupillatean ocellate spot with two pupils, of the same or different in color.
valence electronsthe electrons in the outermost electron shell
nigerblack.
mycorrhizaeFungal mutualists associated with plant roots.
habitatThe places where organisms of a species tend to live(e.g
t-2 toxina mycotoxin of the trichothecene group, produced by several Fusarium spp.; the cause of alimentary toxic aleukia.
biosphereThe entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.
carbonyl groupA functional group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.
banded iron formationAn iron-containing laminated sedimentary rock, often composed of layers of tiny quarts crystals (chert).
half-siteThe DNA sequence recognized by a dimeric protein is composed of two half-sites, with each half-site bound by a monomer
climax communityThe stage in
extra-ocularremote from or beyond the eyes.
rankIn traditional taxonomy, taxa are ranked according to their level of inclusiveness
power equationSee allometric equation.
survivorshipThe proportion of individuals born at a given time (cohort) who survive to a given age.
hcsusHIV Cost and Services Utilization Study
colloid fractionOrganic and inorganic matter with very small particle size and a correspondingly large surface area per unit of mass.
tropical rain forestThe most complex of all communities, located near the equator where rainfall is abundant; harbors more species of plants and animals than all other terrestrial biomes combined.
niAbbreviation for neuronal inclusions.
fasciaa transverse band or broad line; it is common when it crosses both wings or wing covers.
raceA population or group of populations in a species that share a geographically and/or ecologically identifiable origin and have unique gene frequencies and phenotypic characters that distinguish them from other races
krebs cyclethe series of reactions that results in the oxidation of pyruvic acid to hydrogen atoms, electrons, and carbon dioxide; the electrons, passed along electron-carrier molecules, then go through the phosphorylation and terminal oxidation processes; also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle or TCA.
negative pressure breathingA breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs.
isomerizationRearrangement of atomic groups within the same molecule without any loss or gain of atoms.
tetrahydrofolateThe reduced, active coenzyme form of the vitamin folate.
dna cloningSee cloning.
upanishadsSacred texts of Hinduism that deal with broad philosophical and theological questions.
dissociation constantAn equilibrium constant for the dissociation of a molecule into two parts (e.g., dissociation of acetic acid into acetate anion and a proton); Kd.
pre-analabove or before the anal opening.
acidophileAn organism that grows optimally at acidic (low) pH values (usually b elow 6, sometimes as low as 1) and grows poorly or not at all under highe r pH conditions (i.e
idealismThe philosophy that the universe is constituted of nonmaterial ideas.
corpus striatumAnother term for striatum.
binomial expansionDescribes a statistical method of examining characteristics in a population
oxygen conformityA response in which an animal exposed to a decreasing O2 concentration in its environment allows its rate of O2 consumption to decrease in parallel.
multicopy plasmidA plasmid with a high copy number.
coronary arteriesrestenosis refers to the reocclusion of a coronary artery after it has been dilated using coronary angioplasty.
mesozoic eraThe middle era of the Phanerozoic eon, covering the approximately 180-million-year interval between the Paleozoic (ending about 245 million years ago) and Cenozoic (beginning about 65 million years ago)
interbetween; among.
membrane fusionThis is often called viral entry
inaurate -usgolden yellow [pale cadmium yellow].
electrochemical gradientThe combined influence of a difference in the concentration of an ion on the two sides of the membrane and the electrical charge difference across the membrane (membrane potential)
replica platingThe production of identical bacterial colony patterns on a series of agar plates.
camp3',5' cyclic adenosine monophosphate
sedentaryLiving in a fixed location, as with most plants, tunicates, sponges, etc
intertidal zoneThe shallow zone of the ocean where land meets water.
nitrogen fixationThe conversion of gaseous nitrogen into a form usable by plants
prophylactic surgerysurgery to remove tissue that is in danger of becoming cancerous, before cancer has the chance to develop
uniqueone only: unlike any other.
centrifugationsen-truh-f(y)oo-GAY-shun/ Processing with a centrifuge.
kineticsThe study of reaction rates.
chemo-autotrophA microorganism that obtains energy from light-independent inorganic reactions.
camsee cell adhesion molecule
diaphragm/DIE-ə-fram/ n
radiation oncologista physician who has received special training regarding the treatment of cancers with different types of radiation
glycoproteinA protein linked to an oligosaccharide or a polysaccharide
upliftn
deme/DEEM/ n
promiscuous plasmidA plasmid with a broad host-range.
proton pumpin plants bacteria and fungi it is the major electrogenic pump actively transporting H+ out of the cell
ungulateA hoofed mammal.
bering land bridgen
bulk flowthe movement of water due to a difference in pressure between two locations
atomariuswith minute dots or points.
unarticulatenot jointed nor segmented.
trehaloseA disaccharide found in microorganisms that is used to stabilize protein structure.
proteomeThe dynamic protein complement of an organism, including all post-translational modifications and protein interactions.
phospholipidA lipid containing one or more phosphate groups.
httAbbreviation sometimes used by researchers for the altered huntingtin protein.
omnivorousa general feeder upon animal or vegetable food, or both.
renal cell cancera type of kidney cancer.
mycoherbicidea prepartion of phytopathogenic fungi used to kill weeds.
lax-101A purified form of eicopentaenoic acid (EPA) that has shown some efficacy in slowing the progression of HD in a phase III clinical trial.
apoplastIn plants, the continuum of cell walls plus the extracellular spaces
broad host rangeThe ability to infect and reproduce in a wide variety of different organisms
dissilientbursting open elastically.
neuroplasticityThe brain's natural ability to form new connections in order to compensate for injury or changes in the environment
modern synthesisSee Neo-Darwinism.
statocystA sense organ that can detect acceleration and the direction of gravitational force.
detonansexploding: a sudden noise or a puff like an explosion.
alveolusa cell, like that of a honeycomb.
species-specificCharacteristic of (and limited to) a particular species.
archaeaAn evolutionarily distinct group (domain) of prokaryotes consisting of the methanogens, most extreme halophiles and hyperthermophiles, and Thermoplasma.
antitoxinAn antibody that specifically interacts with and neutralizes a toxin.
amphipathicContaining both polar and nonpolar domains.
mutagenSubstance that increases mutation rate.
top down forceForces within a community that influence the community at the top of the food chain and cascade downward to lower trophic levels.
hippocampalOf or relating to the hippocampus.
rootAn organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
wobble theoryTheory explaining how one transfer RNA molecule may recognize two different codons; the first two bases in messenger RNA pair according to base pairing rules, but the third has leeway (wobble) that allows it to pair with a variety of bases.
developmentThe process by which a multicellular organism is produced from a single cell.
scatter cachingWhen an animal stores food in various spots for future consumption.
dermatology/derm-ə-TAWL-ə-jee/ n
surface tensionA measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
beta particlehigh-speed electron emitted from a nucleus
molaritynumber of moles of solute present in 1 L of solution
canopyLayer of vegetation elevated above the ground, usually of tree braches and epiphytes
saturatedeeply or strongly marked; in a color, means intense.
glycosideA compound in which a glycosyl group has been substituted for a hydroxyl group.
anti-müllerian hormoneSee Müllerian inhibitory substance.
sum of squaresThe sum of squared deviations from the mean for a set of observations; it is the numerator of the variance.
cephalothecathe head covering in the pupal stage.
endergonic reaetionA chemical reaction that consumes energy (that is, for which ,ΔG is positive).
auscultationA method based on sounds or sound changes, used during a physical examination to gather data on internal organs like the heart, lungs, liver, etc., the most common method involves the use of a stethoscope.
polysaccharideA carbohydrate molecule that consists of many simple-sugar (monosaccharide) molecules polymerized together
gastnilaA cuplike embryonic stage in multicellular animals that follows the blastula stage
n-linked oligosaccharideChain of sugars attached to a protein through the NH2 group of the side chain of an asparagine residue.
furredcovered with dense hair resembling fur.
monosaccharideThe component unit of an oligosaccharide or polysaccharide.
bilayerA double layer of lipid molecules with the hydrophilic ends oriented outward, in contact with water, and the hydrophobic parts oriented inward.
flavescentsomewhat yellow.
lipoatrophyThe loss of fat stored under the skin, causing small indentations, especially in the face (see: hollowed eyes and sunken cheeks)
trapezoid -ala four-sided plane of which two sides are parallel and two are not.
diageotropismthe tendency to grow in a direction horizontal to the surface of the earth.
binomialthe unique double name given to each known species: composed of generic epithet and a species, or `trivial', epithet.
criteria pollutantsair pollutants for which EPA has set permissible levels based on their effects on human health and on the environment
exothermicterm applied to any chemical or physical change accompanied by the release of heat
uromereany of the abdominal segments of an arthropod.
rotatorused for turning; applied to muscles.
pharmacophorethree-dimensional arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms responsible for the biological activity of a drug molecule
oocyteDeveloping egg cell.
assimilatory nitrate reductionConversion of nitrate to reduced forms of nitrogen, generally ammonium, for the synthesis of amino acids and proteins.
anoxygenicNot able to produce oxygen
bufferA solution of the acid (HA) and base (A−) form of a compound that undergoes little change in pH when small quantities of strong acid or base are added.
meltingThe thermal denaturation of a macromolecule.
erythrocyteSee red blood cell.
socialliving in communities: more especially those species in which undeveloped or worker forms occur and where the colony has a single female head.
dehydrogenaseAn enzyme that catalyzes the removal of a pair of electrons (and usually one or two protons) from a substrate molecule.
karyotypeA display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.
bloodFluid which circulates throughout the body of an animal, distributing nutrients, and often oxygen as well.
choroidA thin, pigmented inner layer of the vertebrate eye.
cci-779A more water-soluble and possibly more effective form of the drug rapamycin
transcriptionRNA formation from a DNA template by complementary base pairing.
analogIn drug discovery, it is a molecule that is able to bind to the same site as another molecule
allometryDifferential growth rates of different body parts; during development one feature may change at a rate different from that of another feature, resulting in achange of shape
archaebacteriaOlder term for the Archaea.
hepatocarcinomaA cancer of the liver that is derived from hepatocytes.
eutrophic lakeA nutrient-rich and oxygenpoor lake, having a high rate of biological productivity
fermentationThe anaerobic degradation of glucose (glycolysis) or related molecules, yielding energy and organic end products.
adaptive immune responseResponse of the vertebrate immune system to a specific antigen that typically generates immunological memory.
sporidesminhepatotoxic mycotoxin formed by Pithomyces, causes facial eczema in sheep.
purebredParent, that when inter se mated to members of the same breed or strain produces progeny with a consistent phenotype, which is also that phenotype of the parent.
anodeelectrode where oxidation takes place
natriureticPromoting loss of sodium in the urine.
coriaceousleather-like: thick, tough and somewhat rigid.
non-darwinian evolutionSee Neutral theory of molecular evolution.
weatheringn
actinAbundant structural protein in eukaryotic cells that interacts with many other proteins
homoeonomousof the same substance or texture.
phylogeneticsField of biology that deals with the relationships between organisms
penal sheaththe horny outer covering of the penis.
case-control studyAn epidemiological method in which people with a particular condition are compared to individuals as much like them as possible, but without the disease.
aeroscepsinan indefinite sense of perception supposed to be located in the antenna.
bioremediationUse of microorganisms to remove or detoxify toxic or unwanted chemicals from an environment.
enucleationRemoval of the nucleus from a cell.
periodic tablean orderly arrangement of all the elements based on similarities in their properties
poreAny opening into or through a tissue or body structure.
leukocidinA substance able to destroy phagocytes.
immune responseThe specific reactions induced in the human or animal body due to the contact with foreign material
carnivoreLiterally, an organism that eats meat
selectionThe process by which the forms of organisms in a population that are better adapted to the environmental conditions increase in frequency relative to less well-adapted forms over a number of generations.
biomassThe dry weight of organic matter com: prising a group of organisms in a particular habitat.
transmembrane proteinMembrane protein that extends through the lipid bilayer, with part of its mass on either side of the membrane.
nicheSee Ecological niche.
apoptosisCell death due to a intracellular developmental program or induced by other cells.
net primary productivityThe gross primary productivity minus the energy used by the producers for cellular respiration; represents the storage of chemical energy in an ecosystem available to consumers.
anergicAbsence of sensitivity to an antigen or the condition resulting from desensitization (cutaneous leishmaniasis).
isoformsMultiple related proteins that differ in sequence due to alternate splicing of exons within a single primary RNA transcript or due to derivation from two related genes.
dispersionThe distribution of individuals within geographical population boundaries.
saline soilSoil containing sufficient soluble salt to adversely affect the growth of most crop plants.
hymena thin plane membrane serving as a partition.
phospholipidTwo fatty acids linked via glycerol phosphate to one of several polar groups.
aromaticDescribes a molecule that contains carbon atoms in a ring, commonly drawn as linked through alternating single and double bonds
high-performance liquid chromatographyType of chromatography that uses columns packed with tiny beads of matrix; the solution to be separated is pushed through under high pressure.
auxinA plant growth hormone usually concentrated in the apical bud.
limyadj
open systemA defined part of the material universe that is not isolated, meaning that it is capable of exchanging matter, energy, or both with its surroundings.
meixner testfor amatoxins: (1) express fluid from agaric onto newsprint, (2) dry, (3) add a drop of concentrated hydrochloric acid, (4) blue colour developing in 1-20 mins
leucine zipperA protein structural motif involved in protein-protein interactions in many eukaryotic regulatory proteins; consists of two interacting α helices in which Leu residues in every seventh position are a prominent feature of the interacting surfaces.
person to person epidemicAn epidemic resulting from person to person contact, characterized by a gradual rise and fall in number of cases.
steroidHydrophobic lipid molecule with a characteristic four-ringed structure
glutathione peroxidaseAn enzyme known for its antioxidant effects against peroxides
global atmospheric lifetimetime required for a gas added to the atmosphere to be removed
monosaccharidesCarbohydrate molecules in which simple sugars consist of three to seven carbon atoms.
successionSee Ecological succession.
carcinogenAny chemical or physical agent that can cause cancer when cells or organisms are exposed to it.
phenotypeThe physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.
interferenceDegree to which one crossover interferes with additional crossovers.
er retention signalShort amino acid sequence on a protein that prevents it moving out of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
biotaAll organisms, including animals (fauna) and plants (flora) of a given region or time period.
equilibriumThe point at which the concentrations of two compounds are such that the interconversion of one compound into the other compound does not result in any change in free energy.
young earth creationismThe belief that the earth is only some thousands of years old and that the geology and geography of the modern earth can be explained in terms of a world-wide flood
drug targetA gene or protein that plays a role in a disease process and is the intended site of drug activity.
missense mutationA change in which a codon for one amino acid is replaced by a codon for another amino acid.
specific heatquantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1°C
notumthe dorsal or upper part of a segment: = tergum.
diprotic acidAn acid having two dissociable protons.
trivittatewith three stripes or vitta.
radioimmunoassayA sensitive and quantitative method for detecting trace amounts of a biomolecule, based on its capacity to displace a radioactive form of the molecule from combination with its specific antibody.
desensitizationsee adaptation
flagelliformwhip-like; applied to a process.
energy chargeThe fractional degree to which the AMP-ADP-ATP system is filled with high-energy phosphates (phosphoryl groups).
bioisostereA bioisostere is a compound resulting from the exchange of an atom or of a group of atoms with another, broadly similar, atom or group of atoms
nad+Activated carrier that participates in an oxidation reaction by accepting a hydride ion (H–) from a donor molecule
semisterilityCondition which results when there is an absence of interstitial crossover, 50% of the assortments are alternate, 25% are adjacent-1, and 25% are adjacent-2, producing 50% viable gametes and 50% non-viable gametes.
atp"adenosine triphosphate"
lianasAny of various long-stemmed, woody vines that are rooted in the soil at ground level and use trees, as well as other means of vertical support, to climb up to the canopy in order to get access to well-lit areas of the forest.
scavengerAn organism that feeds upon dead and dying organisms.
sugarOne of the molecular components of a nucleotide; sugars are a class of molecules made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen arranged in a ringed structure.
v•o2maxAn animal’s maximal rate of O2 consumption
estrogenAny steroid hormone, such as estradiol, that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics
discoplacental/DISK-oh-plu-SENT-əl/ adj
picomoleOne trillionth mole; 10-12 mole.
ventri-mesonthe middle line of the ventral surface of the body.
continental slopen
mutualismA symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit.
habitThe general growth pattern of a plant
primateAny member of the order of animals including monkeys, apes, and humans.
monomerA single molecule or molecular unit that has the potential to be chemically bound to more molecules or units.
lower respiratory tractTrachea, bronchi, and lungs.
essentialA substance that cannot be produced from the body, and therefore must be obtained from the diet.
fatty acidA long-chain aliphatic acid that is found in natural fats.
pathogenesisThe origination and development of a disease.
multienzyme systemA group of related enzymes participating in a given metabolic pathway.
saturated fatty acidA fatty acid in which all the bonds between carbon atoms in the carbon-chain backbone of the molecule are single bonds
homologous structuresStructures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
lipophilicSee hydrophobic.
gap junctionProtein-lined channel between adjacent cells that allows passage of ions and small molecules between the cells
minimal mediumUsed to culture bacteria or some other microorganism; contains only the nutrients required by prototrophic (wild-type) cells.typically, a carbon source, essential elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus, certain vitamins, and other required ions and nutrients.
deciliter/DES-ə-LEET-er/ n
thallusA seaweed body that is plantlike but lacks true roots, stems, and leaves.
superoxide anionA type of free radical.
punnett squareThe checkerboard diagram used for analysis of allele segregation.
energy couplingThe transfer of energy from one process to another.
acropetalProduced in succession toward the apex (youngest conidium at the tip).
enzymea protein which can catalyze (increase the rate of) a chemical reaction inside of the cell.
svedberg unitThe unit used to express the sedimentation constant (S = 10-l3 sec)
reductionThe addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.
dmfDimethylformamide.
amenorrheaThe absence or abnormal stoppage of menstrual periods; a risk factor for osteoporosis.
substrateIn biochemistry, the substances being acted up by an enzyme.
mosaic evolutionThe evolution of different features of organisms at different rates.
radicleThe end of a plant embryo which gives rise to the first root.
resolvaseAn enzyme which resolves a co-integrate molecule into its two component replicons.
cation exchange capacitySum of exchangeable cations that a soil can adsorb at a specific pH
marln
petaflopA theoretical measure of computer speed that corresponds to a thousand trillion (1015) floating point operations per second.
chlorocruorinA type of respiratory pigment found in certain marine annelid worms, formed by the combination of hemelike structures with protein
covalent bondA chemical bond in which atoms fully share electrons
dodecandrousadj
carbohydrateGeneral term for sugars and related compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually with the empirical formula (CH2O)n.
sybr green iA fluorescent molecule that binds nonspecifically to dsDNA
protuberanceany elevation above the surface.
sellatesaddle-shaped.
cell membraneThe outer membrane of a cell, which separates it from the environment
gamma rayhigh-energy, shortwavelength photon emitted from the nucleus with no charge or mass
b cellType of lymphocyte that makes antibodies.
aerobicDescribes a process that requires, or occurs in the presence of, gaseous oxygen (O2).
budding yeastCommon name often given to the baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a common experimental organism, which divides by budding off a smaller cell.
parallel analysisSimultaneous analysis of thousands of samples.
steric hindranceHindrance of an enzymatic reaction by structural features of the substrate or the enzyme.
classa division of the animal kingdom lower than a sub-kingdom and higher than an order: e.g
sampling variationChance differences in statistics describing a set of observations that occurs when repeating the experiment with a new sets of observations.
isotopeOne of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass.
site-specific recombinationA type of genetic recombination that occurs only at specific ssquences.
transportAn entirely general term referring to any and all movements of solutes, water, gases, or other materials from place to place, regardless of the mechanisms of movement.
regulatorA characterization of an animal in regard to environmental variables
carneous -eusflesh-colored [salmon with a little carmine].
trna-modifying enzymeCreates a modified base in RNA by catalyzing a chemical change in the standard base.
volatilerefers to a substance that readily passes into the vapor phase
variolaa deep, rounded impression with defined edges.
eluateThe effluent from a chromatographic column.
radiant heat transferTransfer of heat by electromagnetic radiation between two surfaces that are not in contact
bottom-up modelA model of community organization in which mineral nutrients control community organization because nutrients control plant numbers, which in turn control herbivore numbers, which in turn control predator numbers.
osmotic pressurePressure generated by the osmotic flow of water through a semipermeable membrane into an aqueous compartment containing solute at a higher concentration.
lipocortinAn enzyme that inhibits the activity of phospholipase A2
ellipsoidalsee elliptical.
autonomously replicating sequenceSequence that permits a DNA molecule to replicate in yeast; a yeast DNA replication origin
densityThe number of individuals per unit area or volume.
minimum dynamic areaThe amount of suitable habitat needed to sustain a viable population.
anabolismRefers to those metabolic processs involved in the synthesis of cell constituents from simpler molecules, such as org anic and/or inorganic precursors
lamotrigineAn anticonvulsant drug normally used to control seizures or stabilize mood
abdomenRegion of the body furthest from the mouth
freebasenitrogen-containing molecule in which the nitrogen is in possession of its lone pair of electrons
cavernicolouscave-inhabiting.
oligopeptideSeveral amino acids linked together.
moleculeThe smallest particle of a substance that retains all the properties of the substance and is composed of one or more atoms.
lensThe structure in an eye that focuses light rays onto the retina.
residueA single unit within a polymer; for example, an amino acid within a polypeptide chain
alternation of generationsLife cycle in which haploid and diploid generations alternate with each other.
chromatA DNA sequencer output data file consisting of fluorescent traces for each base and the DNA sequence.
nested paternal half-sibling designA quantitative genetic design that is well-suited for estimating additive genetic variance, additive genetic correlation, and thus the G matrix
aminotransferaseIncreases in concentration of this enzyme sometimes result in the elevation of toxic ammonia levels
multiplicative theoremThe joint probability for two or more independent events is the product of the individual probabilities of the individual events.
archaicancient; no longer dominant; of the olden time.
hiansgaping.
somatic mutations(See Acquired mutations.)
nicheThe particular range of conditions that species
distantremote from: standing considerably apart.
wild typeThe most commonly observed phenotype or genotype for a particular character
electron acceptorA substance that accepts electrons during an oxidation-reduction reaction
huntingtin proteinA key protein in Huntington's disease
lambda bacteriophageVirus that infects E
isotopeOne of a number of forms of an atom that differ in atomic weight but have the same number of protons and electrons, and therefore the same chemistry
emergentDescribes a property of a system that is not predictable from the starting conditions.
fluorescence microscopeMicroscope designed to view material stained with fluorescent dyes
oligosaccharideSeveral monosaccharide groups joined by glycosidic bonds.
red nucleusA small part of the brain involved in the control of movement.
secondary successionA type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact.
gamma-carbolinesA type of small molecule whose derivatives have recently been associated with antipsychotic, antibiotic and antitumor activity.
isoelectric pointThe pH at which a charged molecule in solution has no net electric charge and therefore does not move in an electric field.
diuresisThe production of urine at a high rate
germinal choiceSee Eutelegenesis.
systemic fungal infectionAn infection of the bloodstream or organs of the body caused by the presence of a fungus
concatamerA DNA molecule consisting of two or more separate molecules linked end-to-end to form a long linear structure.
phase-contrast microscopeType of light microscope that exploits the interference effects that occur when light passes through material of different refractive indexes
ruminantAn animal, such as a cow or a sheep, with an elaborate, multicompartmentalized stomach specialized for an herbivorous diet.
antisepticAn agent that kills or inhibits microbial growth but is not harmful t o human tissue.
bicoloredwith two colors that contrast to some extent.
z formA duplex DNA structure in which there is the usual type of hydrogen bonding between the base pairs but in which the helix formed by the two polynucleotide chains is left-handed rather than right-handed.
burst sizeThe average number of phage released from a single infected bacterium during lytic growth
entomosisa disease caused by a parasitic insect.
karyogamyFusion of the nuclei of the male and female gametes.
exergonic reactionA chemical reaction that takes place with a negative change in standard free energy.
chronic bronchitistwo chronic lung diseases that are characterized by airway obstruction.
scannerAlso referred to as "reader"; after fluorescent labelling and hybridisation, the scanner or reader scans the microarrays into a computer for subsequent analysis.
degradeto break something down
carboxyl groupA functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.
tonic-clonicSeizures that involve both tonic and clonic phases
half-lifetime required for half the nuclei in a sample of a radioisotope to undergo radioactive decay
endonucleaseEnzyme that breaks the phosphodiester bonds in a DNA molecule.
x chromosomeOne of the two sex chromosomes (the other is the Y chromosome)
complementaryNucleic acid sequences that can base pair with each other.
levatora muscle that raises an organ or a part.
chlorophyllKLORE-uh-fill/ The green coloring matter found inside chloroplasts; in photosynthesis it catalyzes the combination of carbon dioxide with water to form carbohydrates.
in vitroOccurring outside an organism, in culture, or in an extract.
mhcsee major histocompatibility complex
podothecathat part of pupa that covers the legs of future adult.
cimmerian terranesn
energy metabolismThe set of processes by which energy is acquired, transformed, channeled into useful functions, and dissipated by cells or organisms.
gentamicinA type of aminoglycoside antibiotic
configurationThe spatial arrangement of an organic molecule that is conferred by the presence of either (1) double bonds, about which there is no freedom of rotation, or (2) chiral centers, around which substituent groups are arranged in a specific sequence
high-performance liquid chromatographyChromatographic procedures, often conducted at relatively high pressures, using automated equipment that permits refined and highly reproducible profiles.
concolorousof the same general color.
threshold cycleIn real-time PCR, the cycle number (in the exponential phase) at which enough amplified product has accumulated to yield a detectable fluorescent signal (i.e., to cross the threshold fluorescence level)
covalentA nonionic chemical bond formed by a sharing of electrons between two atoms.
cohesionForce holding a solid or liquid together, owing to attraction between like molecules.
serovarsDifferent strains of the same species of bacterium that can be distinguished by different reactions to certain antibodies (anti-sera)
catkinsSmall inconspicuous strings of reproductive parts.
absorption spectrumThe absorption of electromagnetic energy by a molecule or other object as a function of the wavelength of the energy.
merrfMyoclonus epilepsy with ragged-red fibers; a common type of mitochondrial myopathy (MM).
crescentriclunulate.
electrochemical potentialThe energy required to maintain a separation of charge and of concentration across a membrane.
respirationGeneral term for a process in a cell involving the oxidative breakdown of sugars or other organic molecules, and requiring the uptake of O2 while producing CO2 and H2O as waste products.
unsaturated fatty acidA fatty acid containing one or more double bonds.
regression(n) A drop in sea level that causes an area of the land to be uncovered by seawater.
myoblastMononucleated, undifferentiated muscle precursor cell
tissue cultureMethod by which cells derived from multicellular organisms are grown in liquid media.
barophileAn organism able to live optimally at high hydrostatic pressure.
discodactylous/DISK-oh-DAK-təl-əs/ adj
enationsFlaps of tissue such as those found on psilophytes.
carcinogeniccapable of causing cancer
amino acidmonomer from which our body builds proteins
conformationThe three-dimensional arrangement adopted by a molecule, usually a complex macromolecule
pre-symptomaticThe state of health prior to the clinical appearance of the signs and symptoms of a disease.
endorphinAny of several hormones produced in the brain and anterior pituitary that inhibits pain perception.
phallus=penis: q.v.
endothermic reactionA chemical reaction that takes up heat (that is, for which ΔH is positive).
necrotrophan organism that kills tissues of living hosts by releasing toxins, then lives saprobically on the dead tissues.
vegetative growthGrowth of a plant by division of cells, without sexual reproduction.
micrometerOne-millionth of a meter, or ten to the minus sixth meter (abbreviated um), the unit used for measuring microorganisms.
extendedspread out: not lying one upon the other.
enzymeone of a number of special protein catalysts contained in living organisms.
lodiculeOne of a pair of tiny scales in a grass floret, between the lemma and the fertile parts of the flower.
maldi-tof msThe abbreviation for Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry, a high-throughput protein sequencing method based on embedding samples in a matrix from which they are desorbed by laser light.
bond energyThe quantity of energy that must be absorbed to break a particular kind of chemical bond; equal to the quantity of energy the bond releases when it forms.
phycoerythrinred, water-soluble pigment found in the cyanobacteria and red algae.
cohortIndividuals of a population that are all the same age.
psychostimulantsA group of drugs that lead to increased motor activity and decreased fatigue as well as an induced euphoric state.
optimum phThe characteristic pH at which an enzyme has maximal catalytic activity.
genetic recombinationThe process by which a fragment of DNA from one molecule (chromosome, plasmid, phage genome) is exchanged with or integrated into another molecule to produce a recombinant molecule(s).
peptide bondBond between two amino acids, linking the amino group of one with the carboxyl group of another.
in vitroLiterally means "in glass", away from a living organism; it is used to describe whatever happens in a test tube or other receptacle, as opposed to in vivo
imbricatearranged or appearing like the scales on a fish or the shingles on a roof.
degenerateNot a moral judgment but an adjective that describes multiple states that amount to the same thing: different triplet combinations of nucleotide bases (codons) that code for the same amino acid, for example.
archaeasceous(of asci) essentially bitunicate, splitting at the tip; part of the inner wall may protrude; common in lichens, esp
steroidsA type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.
resveratrolA phytoalexin found mainly in red wine that exhibits both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities.
silaceous= ochraceous.
radioisotopeUnstable form of an atom that emits radiation as it decays
relaxed dnaCircular DNA that has an unwound loop
transfer rnaSet of small RNA molecules used in protein synthesis as an interface (adaptor) between messenger RNA and amino acids
probeIn molecular biology, an oligonucleotide with a specific sequence that is used to detect the complementary sequence by hybridization
gestationPregnancy; the state of carrying developing young within the female reproductive tract.
plectonemic coilingThe intertwining of the two strands of a double helix such that separation of the strands requires uncoiling.
redoxSee oxidation-reduction reaction.
cytokinesisThe division of the
data miningThe automated or semi-automated search for relationships and global patterning within data
radioactive decay seriescharacteristic pathway of radioactive decay that begins with a radioisotope and progresses through a series of steps to eventually produce a stable isotope
alpha-tocopherolThe form of vitamin E most commonly found in the human body
green bacteriaAnoxygenic phototrophs containing chlorosomes and bacteriochlorophyll c, cs, d or e and light harvesting chlorophyll.
conformationThe spatial determinants of the atoms within a molecule, for example, the 3-D shape of a protein.
capillary actionThe movement of water or any liquid along a surface; results from the combined effect of cohesion and adhesion.
profilingA research strategy in which investigators look as comprehensively as possible at a class of compounds of interest, such as messenger RNAs (transcription profiling) or proteins (protein profiling, proteomics)
secondary coolantwater in the steam generators of a nuclear reactor core that does not come in contact with the core
capacitationThe final maturation of sperm that takes place in the female reproductive tract to make the sperm capable of rapid forward swimming and fertilization.
dominance varianceThe magnitude of the phenotypic (and genotypic) variance that is due to dominance, that is, the interaction between alleles at the same locus.
genetic engineeringManipulation of genetic material from different sources to produce new combinations that are then introduced into organisms in which such genetic material does not normally occur.
asymmetricalnot alike on the two sides; not symmetrical.
dipeptideA two-residue peptide.
comparative genomic hybridizationA molecular cytogenetic method of screening cells for DNA gains and losses at a chromosomal level
combinatorial chemistrysystematic creation of large numbers of molecules in "libraries" that can be rapidly screened in the lab for biological activity and the potential for becoming new drugs
monsoonaladj
hypographousshaded; applied to a fascia that becomes gradually darker.
autotrophAn organism capable of synthesizing complex organic compounds needed for growth from simple inorganic environmental substrates: photoautotroph, an organism that can use light as an energy source and carbon dioxide as a carbon source; chemoautotroph (chemolithotroph), an organism that obtains energy for growth by oxidizing inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide.
free energy of activationThe initial investment of energy necessary to start a chemical reaction; also called activation energy.
colony blotsSee Colony hybridization.
frenatehaving a frenulum.
genomicsThe comparative analysis of genomic DNA sequences from different organisms
epidemicsIf outbreaks spread worldwide they are called pandemics.
radiobiology adj. radiobiologicalthe study of the effects of radiation on living organisms
workForce x DistanceEnergy transfer that occurs as a mass is moved through a distance against an opposing force
ecosystemAll the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; a community and its physical environment.
partial compensationSee compensation.
antibodiesAntibodies are proteins (immunoglobulins) synthesized by the immune system in response to an antigen
stramineous -eusstraw yellow [pale clay yellow].
polyamidecondensation polymer that contains the amide functional group
traitA physical characteristic, such as hair color
excurrentattenuate, narrowly prolonged.
transitorylasting for a short time only.
symbiontsTwo or more organisms that are mutually interdependent; usually Iiving in physical association.
nucleophileAn electron-rich group with a strong tendency to donate electrons to an electron-deficient nucleus (electrophile); the entering reactant in a bimolecular substitution reaction.
bauplanStructural body plan that characterizes a group of organisms
elaterthe spring or forked tail of Podurids.
three-domain systemA system of taxonomic classification based on three "superkingdoms": Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
chemical equilibriumThe condition when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal and the concentrations of the products remain constant
teleost fishThe principal group of fish having bony skeletons.
signature sequenceShort oligonucleotides of unique sequence found in 16S ribosomal RNA of a particular group of prokaryotes.
lithotrophIn reference to energy source (electron donor) - An organism which uses an inorganic substrate (such as ammonia, hydrogen) as an electron donor in energy metabolism
reductionismReducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manage
oxidative phosphorylationThe phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP driven by the transfer of electrons to oxygen (O2) in bacteria and mitochondria
metabolomeThe total small molecule complement of whole cells.
expansethe distance between the apices or other widest point of the wings when fully spread.
deconvoluteTo simplify or render less complex.
thermal energySee heat.
splice siteThe base sequence at each end of an intron that determines the splice point
red blood cellA blood cell containing hemoglobin, which transports O2; also called an erythrocyte.
discal patchin some male Hesperidae the oblique streak of specialized black scales on the disc of the primaries.
catalystA substance that lowers the energy necessary to activate a reaction but is not itself consumed or altered in the reaction.
adjuvantA substance that enhances or diversifies the immune response; a drug that modulates the actions of other drugs.
ear fungithe gelatinous, edible basidiomata of the Auriculariales.
substratesubstance upon which an enzyme acts resulting in the formation of an end product.
prasinusgrass-green [apple green].
global climate changeA change in the statistical distribution of weather over periods of time that can range from decades to millions of years.
coxal glandseversible glandular structures at base of legs; well developed in some Thysanurans, modified variously in higher orders.
hormone**A hormone is a substance produced by endocrine glands, released in very low concentration into the bloodstream, and which exerts regulatory effects on specific organs or tissues distant from the site of secretion.
cofactorA small molecule required for enzyme activity
zero sumThe limit to the number of individuals in the local community, where a gains are balanced by losses.
crossMating between genetically different individuals.
glassA non-crystaline rock that results from very rapid cooling of magma.
genealogyA record of familial ties and ancestral connections among members of a group.
thromboxanesA class of molecules derived from arachidonate and involved in platelet aggregation during blood clotting.
chemical potentialQualitatively speaking, the strength of the tendency of a chemical substance to undergo a physical or chemical change
midbodyStructure formed at the end of cleavage that can persist for some time as a tether between the two daughter cells in animals.
depositionAny accumulation of material, by mechanical settling from water or air, chemical precipitation, evaporation from solution, etc.
chorionthe shell or covering membrane of an insect egg.
auxotrophA microorganism strain that requires nutrients not required by the wild-type strain.
arthralgiaSevere joint pain, usually characterized as noninflammatory.
bifurcatedivided, not over half its length, into two dull points; forked.
telomereSpecialized nucleic acid structure found at the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes.
community assemblyHow species are added to and lost from communities, and how communities change over time.
colonyClone of bacterial cells on a solid medium that is visible to the naked eye.
characterAn observable heritable feature.
biocidea substance which kills living organisms.
cyclosporinAn immunosupressant used in transplant surgery to prevent rejection of transplants.
atpaseAn enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP to yield ADP and phosphate; usually coupled to some process requiring energy.
ß-galactosidaseAn enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of lactose into glucose + galactose
zone of elongationThe zone of primary growth in roots where new cells elongate, sometimes up to ten times their original length.
inducerA chemical or physical agent that turns on gene expression
hemoglobinAn iron-containing molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen around the body.
covalentNonionic chemical bond formed by a sharing of electrons between two atoms.
phytoremediationAn emerging nondestructive technology that seeks to cheaply reclaim contaminated areas by taking advantage of the remarkabJe ability of some plant species to extract heavy metals and other pollutants from the soil and to concentrate them in easily harvested portions of the plant.
ionic bondchemical bond formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions
synergisma condition in which two substances, e.g
granularityThe degree to which a system contains separate components
lyasesEnzymes that catalyze the removal of a group from a molecule to form a double bond, or the addition of a group to a double bond.
congo redA compound that is believed to both decrease the presence of beta-amyloid fibrils and decrease huntingtin protein aggregation.
hydrolysisHydrolysis is the process by which a molecule is split in two by the addition of a water molecule, which has the chemical formula H2O
biophysiologicalReferring to the internal biological processes that occur in the body.
rhizomen
magnetoreceptorsReceptors in an organism that allow it to respond to the earth.s magnetic field.
solid supportAn insoluble material to which reagents may be attached so that they may be readily separated from reaction by-products and solvents by filtration.
bioluminescenceThe production of light by a biochemical system.
exponential growthIn populations, the increasingly accelerated rate of growth due to the increasing number of individuals being added to the reproductive base
extracellular matrixA usually insoluble network consisting of polysaccharides, fibrous proteins, and adhesive proteins that are secreted by animal cells
energyThe ability to maintain or increase order in a system.
chromosome theory of heredityStates that genes are located on chromosomes.
activation energyThe input of energy required to (overcome the barrier to) initiate a chemical reaction
v-snaresee SNAREs
rhizoidn
alpha helixCommon secondary structure of proteins in which the linear sequence of amino acids is folded into a right-handed spiral stabilized by hydrogen bonds between carboxyl and amide groups in the backbone
globoseformed like a globe or sphere.
motileAble to move oneself about, capable of self-locomotion.
nonequilibrium modelThe model of communities that emphasizes that they are not stable in time but constantly changing after being buffeted by disturbances.
goffereda surface with regular impressions, closely set, and separated by narrow ridges: reticulated.
floraAll plants of a particular region or time period.
peptideAn organic molecule composed of a sequence of amino acids covalently linked by peptide bonds (a bond formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another through the elimination of a water molecule).
smaltinusa dull grayish blue.
self incompatibilityA system that prevents the production of viable offspring by self-fertilization.
institiastria or furrows of equal width throughout.
jouleA unit of energy: 1 J = 0.239 cal; 1 cal = 4.184 J
externalbelonging to or on the outside.
chromosome setKROME-uh-soam/ (1) in an organism that lacks sex chromosomes: a set of chromosomes that includes one and only one of each of the different types of chromosomes characteristic of that organism; (2) in an organism having sex chromosomes: a set of chromosomes that includes one and only one of each of the different types of autosomes characteristic of that organism, plus either one of the sex chromosomes.
flaccidLimp
glycosaminoglycanA heteropolysaccharide of two alternating units: one is either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine; the other is a uronic acid (usually glucuronic acid)
hypervariable regionAny of three small regions within the variable region of an immunoglobulin light or heavy chain that show the highest variability from molecule to molecule
amino group-NH2.
cyclospora cayetanensisCyclospora cayetanensis is an acid-fast, coccidian-like, parasitic protozoa with the size of 8-10 micrometer in diameter
pitch lengthThe number of base pairs per turn of a duplex helix.
caged moleculeOrganic molecule designed to change into an active form when irradiated with light of a specific wavelength
benzeneMolecule composed of a six-membered ring of carbon atoms, commonly drawn containing three alternating double bonds
heterothermyThe property of exhibiting different thermal relations from time to time or place to place
double-strand breakA cut through both strands of the DNA backbone, resulting in two exposed double-stranded ends.
inhibitorany compound that reduces the velocity of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction measured in a biochemical assay, as represented by percent inhibition or IC50.
distributed generationplacing powergenerating modules of 30 megawatts or less near the end user
hemidesmosomeSpecialized anchoring cell junction between an epithelial cell and the underlying basal lamina.
fingerprintingA common term for methods that allow the rapid identification of particular types of bacteria (also known as "typing")
abradedscraped or rubbed.
avalonian
sanger sequencingA method used to determine a DNA sequence based upon the incorporation of dideoxynucleotides.
cofactorAny nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme
electron donorMolecule that easily gives up an electron, becoming oxidized in the process.
f- cellA cell which does not contain the F-factor, and hence able to act as a recipient (female) in a conjugative DNA transfer in matings with F+ or Hfr strains.
immune responseThe total immunological reaction of an organism
centromereThe region of a eukaryotic chromosome responsible for attachment to the mitotic or meiotic spindle leading to controlled partitioning of chromosomes during nuclear division.
alcoholPolar organic molecule that contains a functional hydroxyl group (–OH) bound to a carbon atom that is not in an aromatic ring
sub-ocellatean ocellate spot that is blind or without a pupil.
aposematicConspicuous warning coloration in potential prey species that advertises their toxicity or distastefulness to predators
leader sequenceA short amino acid sequence that determines the localization of a protein within the cell.
lab-on-a-chipA microfabricated fluidics system designed to perform high-resolution biochemical analyses.
autoradiographyDetection of radioactivity in a sample, for example a cell or gel, by placing it in contact with a photographic film (e.g
mhc markerA protein found on the surface of the cells of our bodied that enables or cells to be recognized by the immune system as belonging to the body….or at least ignored by the immune system
albumenthe white of egg or the substances in the tissues which have the same characteristics.
nucleic acidChain of nucleotides.
allergyA harmful immune reaction, either immediat e-type or delayed-type hypersensitivity caused by a foreign antigen (i.e
hspAbbreviation for heat shock protein.
atrial natriuretic peptideA member of a family of peptide hormones secreted by specialized cells in the atria of the heart that stimulate the excretion of water and sodium.
sympathetic divisionOne of two divisions of the autonomic nervous system of vertebrates; generally increases energy expenditure and prepares the body for action.
diurnalActive in the daytime.
testatecovered; concealed: also used as = tectiform.
free radicalAn unbound molecular fragment with an unpaired electron.
posttranslationalDescribes any process involving a protein that occurs after protein synthesis is completed.
organellesmembrane-bound structures found inside the cell cytoplasm.
arteryA macroscopic blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.
coriaceo-reticulatewith impressed reticulations giving a leather-like appearance.
anergyAbsence of reaction to antigens or allergens.
footprintingA method for identification of a protein-binding site on a DNA molecule
plaqueA circular clearing on a lawn (continuous layer) of bacterial or culture cells, resulting from cell Iysis and production of phage or animal virus progeny.
e. coliA small, simple bacteria used in many biology laboratories.
growth rateThe rate at which growth occurs, usually expressed as the generation time.
baseA general term referring to the subunits of DNA or RNA
heat-shock proteinProduced by many cells in response to extreme heat and other stresses; helps cells prevent damage from such stressing agents.
abioticThe absence of living systems.
gangliosidesSphingolipids, containing complex oligosaccharides as head groups; especially common in nervous tissue.
tstTberculin Skin Test
sporotrichosisa lymphatic mycosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii (Hyphomycetes).
hydrogen bondA weak electrostatic attraction between one electronegative atom (such as oxygen or nitrogen) and a hydrogen atom covalently linked to a second electronegative atom.
setose -ousbristly or set with bristles.
triglycerideSee triacylglycerol.
fetusIn human beings, the unborn young from the eighth week of pregnancy to birth; an organism in the stage of development that follows the embryonic stage.
dendrochronology/den-droh-krə-NAWL-ə-jee/ n
vernalizationThe use of cold treatment to induce a plant to flower.
presymptomatic genetic testingTesting people to determine whether they have inherited a disease-causing gene before the symptoms of the disease have appeared.
covalent bondA chemical bond that involves sharing of electron pairs.
cristaeStructures formed by the folding of the inner membrane of a
oocyteThe most mature cell type of a female germ cell which, if fertilized by a sperm cell can form a new individual.
diploid cellA cell that contains two chromosomes (2N) of each type.
cdksee cyclin-dependent kinase
escherichia coliSee E
checkpointAny of several points in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which progression of a cell to the next stage can be halted until conditions are suitable
parasitismA type of symbiosis where one partner benefits and the other one is harmed.
time constantThe time required for an exponential process to reach 63% of completion
local communityA geographically defined community of place, a group of species living and interacting together.
pentaploidyRefers to the possession of five haploid sets of chromosomes (5n).
vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizasendomycorrhizas; plant roots colonized by mutualistic fungi of the Glomales (some of which do not produce vesicles, suggesting that these mycorrhizas should simply be described as ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAS).
active siteThe region of an enzyme that binds substrates and catalyzes an enzymatic reaction.
isotopeOne of several forms of an element, with a distinctive mass based on the number of neutrons in the atomic nucleus
net growth efficiencyIn a growing animal, the chemical-bond energy of new biomass added by growth expressed as a ratio of the animal’s absorbed energy over the same time period.
rt-pcr psareverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction; a blood test that detects micrometastatic cells circulating in the blood stream; may be useful as a screening tool to help avoid unnecessary invasive treatments (RP, RT, etc.) on patients with metastasized PC
adult-onset hdThe form of Huntington's disease which has an age of onset at or after age 20
carbon sinknatural reservoir that removes CO2 from the atmosphere
duodenum/doo-AWD-ə-nəm/ n
reproductive rateThe number of progeny produced by a parent per unit of time as per year.
microtubulenano-sized hollow cylinder with outer diameter between 20 nm and 30 nm
marine benthic zoneThe ocean floor.
magnetotactic bacteriaBacteria that can orient themselves in the earth's magnetic field due to the presence of magnetosomes.
sedimentary rockRock formed from sand and mud that once settled in layers on the bottom of seas, lakes, and marshes
entropyThermodynamic quantity that measures the degree of disorder in a system; the higher the entropy, the greater the disorder.
carcinogenSubstance which causes the initiation of tumor formation
omega-3 fatty acidA type of fatty acid that our body derives from food
cell-mediated immunityImmune reaction directed against body cells that have been infected by viruses
temperatureTemperature is really a way of measuring the average kinetic energy of all the molecules or atoms of the substance being studied
adipose tissueConnective tissue specialized for the storage of large amounts of triacylglycerols.
lysosomean organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells (especially in leukocytes and liver and kidney cells)
homonymouswhere the same name is applied to different conceptions.
chemoheterotrophOrganism that obtains energy and carbon from the oxidation of organic compounds.
resource ratio hypothesisA proposal by David Tilman (1985) which models successional shifts in plant communities based on the assumption that succession is driven by a tradeoff in competition for nutrients in early succession, and for light in late succession.
ames testTest in which special strains of bacteria are used to evaluate the potential of chemicals to cause cancer.
remissionthe real or apparent disappearance of some or all or the signs and symptoms of cancer; the period (temporary or permanent) during which a disease remains under control, without progressing; even complete remission does not necessarily indicate cure
inverted repeatA chromosome segment that is identical to another segment on the same chromosome except that it is oriented in the opposite direction.
cell sapsolution of sugar and salts.
chromosome aberrationA change in the gene sequence of a chromosome caused by deletion, duplication, inversion, or translocation.
mixturephysical combination of two or more substances present in variable amounts
cariose -usof a soft, fleshy substance.
pre-scutellar callus= post-alar callus: q.v.
frequencynumber of waves passing a fixed point in one second
stoichiometryThe existence of fixed ratios in chemical reactions
intromittentused for throwing within.
retractilecapable of being drawn in or retracted.
b cellA B-lymphocyte.
margaritaceousshining, like mother of pearl = nacreous; q.v.
logistic growth curvePopulation growth that follows a sigmoid (S-shaped) curve in which numbers increase slowly at first, then rapidly, and finally level off as the population reaches its maximum size or carrying capacity for a particular environment.
aplysiaA small marine organism widely used for neurobiological studies.
ventro-dorsadextending from belly to back.
heat capacityThe heat required to raise the temperature of a substance one degree Celsius.
cotyledonn
mycorrhizaA symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant.
osmotic pressureThe property of a solution that allows one to predict whether the solution will gain or lose water by osmosis when it undergoes exchange with another solution; osmosis is always from lower osmotic pressure to higher osmotic pressure
binotatewith two rounded spots.
nucleasesEnzymes that hydrolyze the internucleotide (phosphodiester) linkages of nucleic acids.
segregational genetic loadSee Balanced genetic load.
central canalThe narrow cavity in the center of the spinal cord that is continuous with the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain.
metabolismis transformation: the whole process or series of changes of food into tissue and cell-substance and of these latter into waste products the first of these changes being anabolic, the second katabolic.
leaving groupThe departing or displaced molecular group in a unimolecular elimination or a bimolecular substitution reaction.
heteropolymerA polymer containing more than one type of monomeric unit.
radiographyproducing an image by radiation other than visible light, e.g., x-rays of one's teeth is done by radiography.
fossil recordAll of the fossils that have existed throughout life's history, whether they have been found or not.
contiguousso near together as to touch.
specific activityThe number of micromoles (μmol) of a substrate transformed by an enzyme preparation per minute per milligram of protein at 25°C; a measure of enzyme purity.
nuclear membraneThe envelope that surrounds and delimits the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
h+see proton
cancerAny malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.
bioelectronicsThe study of intermolecular electron transfer in biological processes
blastogenicrelating to or inherent in the germ or blast.
cephalothecathe united head and thorax of arachnids and crustacea {Scanner's note: nowadays this term is used little if at all
osmoconformerAn animal that does not actively adjust its internal osmolarity because it is isotonic with its environment.
vegetative reproductionAsexual reproduction
parts per billion1 part out of a billion parts, unit of concentration
histoneOne of a group of small abundant proteins, rich in arginine and lysine, four of which form the nucleosome on the DNA in eucaryotic chromosomes.
shine-dalgarno sequenceA sequence in an mRNA required for binding prokaryotic ribosomes.
exonsThe 
biotaAll the organisms that are part of an ecosystem.
renalRelated to kidneys.
thermoregulationThe maintenance of a relatively constant body temperature.
ionophoreSmall hydrophobic molecule that dissolves in lipid bilayers and increases their permeability to specific inorganic ions.
striolate -uswith finely impressed parallel lines.
low complexityA region of protein sequence enriched for a single amino acid.
apterouswithout wings.
electrotaxisThe movement of organisms in response to an electric field.
inhibitionPrevention of growth or function.
species coexistenceThe long term co-occurrence of species in the same general location.
endergonic reactionA reaction with a positive standard free energy change.
signal sequenceShort continuous sequence of amino acids that determines the eventual location of a protein in the cell
interactionStrictly, the dependence of an outcome on a combination of causal factors, such that the outcome is not predictable from the average effects of the factors taken separately
campSee cyclic AMP.
antibodyProduced by a B cell, a protein that circulates in the blood and other body fluids
blood-brain barrierA semipermeable membrane that controls diffusion of molecules into the cerebrospinal fluid.
camera eyeAn eye that optically resembles a camera, with a lens that focuses an image on a retina of light-sensitive cells.
secondary structureFor proteins refers to that aspect of a proteins three dimensional structure which is due to the geometry of amino acid bonding between adjacent amino acids and short range hydrogen bonding
postconsumer contentused material that would otherwise have been discarded as waste
inductionThe process by which an enzyme is synthesized (induced) in response to the presence of an external substance, the inducer.
ångstromUnit of length used to measure atoms and molecules
classical conditioningA type of associative learning; the association of a normally irrelevant stimulus with a fixed behavioral response.
hybridisationBinding of two single stranded nucleic acid strands by complementary base pairing.
antigenic determinantSpecific region of an antigenic molecule that binds to an antibody or a T cell receptor.
benedict's reagentchemical reagent used to test for simple (reducing) sugar; brick-red colour indicates positive results.
amino groupA functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of I + .
beta diversityBetween-habitat diversity.
functional groupA specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.
blastodermic cellsare those forming the blastoderm.
affinity chromatographyType of chromatography in which the protein mixture to be purified is passed over a matrix to which specific ligands for the required protein are attached, so that the protein is retained on the matrix.
anaerobicLacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it.
mesozoicthe geological era comprising the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous period (225-65 million years before present).
polymerase chain reactionSee PCR.
cardinal temperaturesthe minimum, maximum and optimum temperatures of growth of an organism.
centimorganA unit of measure of 
fruitIn flowering plants, the structure which encloses the seeds
paleo-tethys oceann
herbivoryAn interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga.
correlation coefficientA statistical measure of the degree of linear relationship between two variables that indicates the strength of that relationship
cell-mediated immune responseThe branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted cells.
quaternary structureThe number and relative positions of the polypeptide chains in multisubunit proteins.
prehensionstructures fitted for grasping or holding.
serrato-dentatetoothed, the edges themselves saw-toothed.
permeableAble to let other substances pass through
antagonist**An antagonist is a drug or a compound that opposes the physiological effects of another
megakaryocyteLarge myeloid cell with a multilobed nucleus that remains in the bone marrow when mature
metabolic pathwaysA stepwise sequence of enzyme- mediated reaction
countercurrent multiplier systemA countercurrent system in which energy is expended in active transport to facilitate exchange of materials and create concentration gradients
mannoxylicWood in which there is a great deal of parenchyma tissue among the xylem is called mannoxylic
electronsubatomic particle with a much smaller mass than a proton or neutron and a negative electrical charge equal in magnitude to that of a proton, but opposite in sign
domainn
circulate -ushaving a cingulum or collar: see also cinetus.
synonymouswords of different derivation applied to the same conception.
intronsA noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.
phage tailProteins that extend from a phage head and mediate adsorption to receptors on the host cell.
ovalegg-shaped, with both ends similar.
tom complexMultisubunit protein complex that transports proteins across the mitochondrial outer membrane.
pyruvic acidA three carbon organic acid that is a product of glycolysis.
diploid life cycleOccurs when the only multicellular stage in an organism's life cycle is diploid.
abzymeAn antibody engineered to carry out an enzymatic reaction;a catalytic antibody
cleavageA series of rapid mitotic cell divisions after fertilization.
sirolimusAnother name for the drug rapamycin, which has been shown to promote breakdown of huntingtin aggregates by inducing autophagy.
isotypicala genus described from more than one species, all of which are congeneric.
cervixThe neck of the uterus, which opens into the vagina.
stomaIn plants, the small pores located usually on the lower surface of leaves through which gas exchange and transpiration takes place.
optimal foraging theoryThe basis for analyzing behavior as a compromise of feeding costs versus feeding benefits.
subtriangular space= internal triangle: see triangle.
proteinA polymeric molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides
aerobicThis term is applied to organisms which grow in the presence of oxygen
cespitosematted together.
anticlineA fold of rock layers that is convex upwards
diffusespreading out; without distinct edge or margin.
precautionary principleA guiding principle in making decisions about the environment, cautioning to consider carefully the potential consequences of actions.
fermentationEnzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur without O2, such as reactions that accomplish the anaerobic breakdown of compounds to liberate energy for metabolic use.
micro-evolutionA change in the genetic make-up of a population through time due to one of the agents of evolution
marginalof, belonging to, or near the margin.
up promoter mutationA mutation that increasses expression from a promoter.
tmMelting temperature
specific heatThe amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature 1°C.
colonyA group of organisms of the same species living together in close association.
na+-k+ pumpTransmembrane carrier protein found in the plasma membrane of most animal cells that pumps Na+ out of and K+ into the cell, using energy derived from ATP hydrolysis.
granulea little grain or grain-like elevation.
aspergillosisany disease in man or animals caused by Aspergillus (esp
radiopharmaceuticala drug containing a radioactive substance that is used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and in pain management of bone metastases
polar covalent bondA type of covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity
mass-to-charge ratioThe ratio of the mass of an ion being analyzed to its charge.
fixed action patternA highly stereotypical behavior that is innate and must be carried to completion once initiated.
creatine kinaseCreatine kinase (CK) is an enzyme found in muscle, brain, and other tissues
interocularbetween the eyes.
sedimentary rockAny rock resulting from the consolidation of sediment.
vertexaloccurring on or near the vertex, or directed toward it.
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systemA part of a complex feedback circuit that helps regulate blood pressure and blood volume.
fuseo-testaceousdull reddish brown [brown ocher].
tendonA type of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
rectumThe terminal portion of the large intestine where the feces are stored until they are eliminated.
osmotic pressureA measure of the tendency of a solution to take up water when separated from pure water by a selectively permeable membrane.
bicornutewith two horns or cephalic processes.
ionAn atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or negative electric charge as a result of having lost or gained one or more electrons (negatively-charged particles)
ommateumthe compound eye.
ubiquinoneAnother term for coenzyme Q10.
pentagon -uma five-sided figure with five equal or unequal angles.
bactericidalCapable of killing bacteria.
erythrocytesred blood cells.
interstitial cellsSee Leydig cells.
universal genetic codeThe use of the same genetic code in all living organisms
complicatelongitudinally laid in folds: intricate as opposed to simple.
transcriptional controlThe regulation of a protein's synthesis by regulation of the formation of its mRNA.
obcordateinversely heart-shaped, with the point applied to the base of another object or part.
feedback inhibitionType of regulation of metabolism in which an enzyme acting early in a reaction pathway is inhibited by a late product of that pathway.
digitiformformed, shaped like or having the function of a finger.
hygroscopicdescribes a substance that readily absorbs water from the atmosphere and retains it
trigonatethree-cornered; approximately triangular.
phospholipidA lipid compound in which a phosphate group or groups occur
pharmacokineticsThe study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs.
crystalline regionin a polymer, a region in which the long polymer molecules are arranged neatly and tightly in a regular pattern
compact boneThe outer dense layer that forms the shaft of the long bones; made up of concentric layers of mineral deposits surrounding a central opening
pentoseA sugar with five carbon atoms.
antidiuretic hormoneA hormone that promotes antidiuresis
dialysisRemoval of small molecules from a macromolecule preparation by allowing them to pass across a semipermeable membrane.
deltan
northern blottingSee Southern blotting.
incidenceThe number of new events (such as being born with HD) in a population during a specified period.
specificterm used to describe the unique relationships between an enzyme and its substrate where the enzyme is only able to act on that one type of substrate and their molecules fit together like a lock and key.
biochemistrythe study of those molecules used and manufactured by living things.
light independent reactionsThe Calvin cycle and other related reactions in photosynthesis where by carbon dioxide is fixed from the atmosphere and hydrogen ions and electrons are added to produce sugars, specifically PGAL.
deorsumdownward.
co-chaperoneThe role that one molecular chaperone plays in assisting another; for example, heat-shock protein 40 is a co-chaperone for heat-shock protein 70 because it assists in making direct links between heat-shock protein 70 and its target protein.
unequal crossing overThe result of improper pairing between chrornatids, causing their crossover products to differ from each other in the amounts of genetic material.
entropyThe randomness of a system.
porcatemarked with raised longitudinal lines.
micrometreunit of length equal to one thousandth of a millimetre
multiplicity of infection(MOI)
methyltetrahydrofolateAlong with methionoine synthase, methyltetrahydrofolate is an enzyme responsible for the addition of a methyl group to the sulfur atom of homocysteine to form methionine.
speciesIn biology a species generally taken to be either the lowest level of taxonomic classification or a group of interbreeding individuals that are reproductively isolated from other organisms
food poisoningDisease resulting from ingestion of food contaminated with a toxin produced by a microorganism.
dentate-sinuatetoothed and indented.
target validationVerifying that a DNA, RNA, or protein is involved in a disease process and is a suitable target for therapeutic compound development.
relevantA protein or molecule is relevant to a disease if it contributes to the disease mechanism or its symptoms in some manner.
heparanA glycosaminoglycan.
transposon tagUse of a transposon insertion in a gene to follow the inheritance of the gene
astrocyteAnother term for a spider cell.
neurogliaThe supporting tissue of the nervous system; made up of neuroglial cells
disaccharide"double sugar" formed by joining two monosaccharide units
selective mediumsee MEDIUM.
reductionismThe concept that explanations for events at one level of complexity can or should be reduced to explanations at a more basic level
paradigmIn biochemistry, an experimental model or example.
anaerobeAny microorganism that grows in the absence of molecular oxygen.
negative dominanceA gene product that inhibits the function of another gene product.
phosphodiester linkageA chemical grouping that contains two alcohols esterified to one molecule of phosphoric acid, which thus serves as a bridge between them.
map unitA unit of genetic length derived from recombination frequency
thermodynamic equilibriumA chemical reaction is in thermodynamic equilibrium when the forward and reverse rates of the reaction are equal, that is the net reaction rate is zero.
circadian rhythmsBiorhythms that occur on a daily cycle
detritusDead organic matter.
deaurateof the color of gold; golden.
osteoblastCell that secretes matrix of bone.
excurvedcurved outwards.
induced enzymeAn enzyme subject to induction.
reticuloendothelialthe widely diffused bodily system constituting all phagocytic cells except certain white blood cells
instinctiveGenetically determined.
fetal cell sortingSeparation of fetal cells from maternal blood
collagen fibrilExtracellular structure formed by self-assembly of secreted fibrillar collagen subunits
amniotic eggA shelled, water-retaining egg that enables reptiles, birds, and egg-laying mammals to complete their life cycles on dry land.
morphologyStudy of the anatomical form and structure of organisms.
intermediate filamentsCytoskeletal fibers (10 nm in diameter) formed by polymerization of several classes of cell-specific subunit proteins including keratins, lamins, and vimentin
relaxationThe self-adjustment of a molecular system to a new minimum free energy state after the perturbation of the system.
apfAssigned protection factor.
equilibriumState where there is no net change in a system
quantizednoncontinuous energy distribution that consists of many individual steps
gtpase superfamilyGroup of GTP-binding proteins that cycle between an inactive state with bound GDP and an active state with bound GTP
copulateto unite in sexual intercourse.
b cellSee B lymphocyte.
leachingRemoval of valuable metals form ores by microbial action.
real-time pcrAlso called quantitative PCR or qPCR, a technique that uses fluorescently labeled molecules to track the accumulation of amplified products with each cycle of PCR.
housekeeping geneGene serving a function required in all the cell types of an organism, regardless of their specialized role.
diauxic growthA biphasic growth curve, typically resulting from the sequential use of multiple nutrients (e.g
eclipse periodThe period of time after infection with a virus during which new virions are formed, but not released (contrast with latent period).
photosynthetic pigmentA molecule that captures energy from sunlight by absorbing photons.
nitrogenase complexComplex of enzymes in nitrogen-fixing bacteria that catalyzes the reduction of atmospheric N2 to ammonia.
complex mediumA medium whose precise chemical composition is unknown
membrane transportMovement of a polar solute across a membrane via a specific membrane protein (a transporter).
viroidAn autonomously replicating plant pathogen.
proton donorThe donor of a proton in an acid-base reaction; that is, an acid.
dehydration reactionA chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
dehydrogenaseAn enzyme that catalyzes the removal of hydrogen from a molecule (oxidation).
negative cooperativityA phenomenon of some multisubunit enzymes or proteins in which binding of a ligand or substrate to one subunit impairs binding to another subunit.
isotonicHaving the same solute concentration as another solution.
free energyThe energy that can be extracted from a system to drive reactions
swim bladderIn aquatic osteichthyans, an air sac that enables the animal to control its buoyancy in the water.
sigma factorA protein that functions as a subunit of bacterial RNA polymerases and is responsible for specificity of recognition of promoters
hydrolasesEnzymes (proteases, lipases, phosphatases, nucleases, for example) that catalyze hydrolysis reactions.
nephridiumA simple excretory system found in many invertebrates which often relies on diffusion combined with current flow set up be a series of ciliated cells called flame cells.
sporopolleninA secondary product, a polymer synthesized by a side branch of a major metabolic pathway of plants that is resistant to almost all kinds of environmental damage; especially important in the evolutionary move of plants onto land.
second law of thermodynamicsThe principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
in-vitro fertilizationThe process by which eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory setting outside of the body.
steroidA group of four-ring hydrocarbons including cholesterol and related compounds
subpopulationSubgroup of individuals isolated from other member of the larger or total population.
conjunctivakuhn-juhnk-TIGH-vuh/ Clear mucous membrane that lines the sclera and the interior of the eyelids.
stem cellsidentical, undifferentiated cells that, by successive divisions, can give rise to specialized ones like blood cells
hydrogen bondA hydrogen bond is an electrostatic attraction between hydroxyl(OH) parts of a molecule and other charged parts of the same or different molecules
prosthetic groupSynonymous with coenzyme except that a prosthetic group is usually more firmly attached to the enzyme it serves.
pre-oralin front of the mouth: the embryonic head segments before those bearing the mouth parts.
dentatorubro-pallidoluysian atrophyA CAG trinucleotide repeat disorder that is characterized by abrupt muscle jerking, involuntary movements, and eventual dementia
topoisomersDifferent forms of a covalently closed, circular DNA molecule that differ only in their linking number.
dna polymerase iiiBacterial DNA polymerase that synthesizes new nucleotide strands off the primers.
glandular epitheliumAn epithelium that absorbs or secretes chemical solutions.
isotopesDifferent forms of an element that have the same number of protons and electrons but differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
ultra-high-throughput systemA high-throughput system capable of processing 100,000 samples a day.
methionine cycleThe cycling of methionine to SAM, homocysteine, and back to methionine.
cataboliteA catabolite is a naturally occurring metabolite.
cretaceouschalky white: the third, uppermost and latest of the three great divisions of the mesozoic or secondary rocks.
f-factorAn E
hydroxylChemical group consisting of a hydrogen atom linked to an oxygen, as in an alcohol.
uncoupling agentA substance that uncouples phosphorylation of ADP from electron transfer; for example, 2,4-dinitrophenol.
invasivenessDegree to which an organism is able to spread through the body from a focus of infection.
pfuAbbreviation for plaque forming unit.
adult formAnother term for adult-onset HD.
pilusExtension of the surface of some bacteria that allows conjugation to take place
muscleBundle of contractile cells which allow animals to move
stylopizedinfested by a member of the Stylopidae.
evanescentdisappearing; becoming gradually less.
enzymeProtein that catalyzes a specific chemical reaction.
ex vivoThe external alteration of tissue taken from an organism and subsequently returned to the organism.
morphotypen
innervateto supply with nerves.
homeosisEvolutionary alteration in the placement of different body parts.
computational chemistry**Computational chemistry is a discipline using mathematical methods for the calculation of molecular properties or for the simulation of molecular behaviour.
hydrogen bondelectrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom bearing a partial positive charge in one molecule and an O, N, or F atom bearing a partial negative charge in a neighboring molecule
autotrophAn organism that can form its organic constituents from CO2.
glycolysisThe reactions that convert glucose to pyruvic acid.
symmetrythat regular arrangement of organs or parts which is capable of division into similar halves or similar radii.
centimeterabb
cnidariannigh-DAR-ee-uhn/ (1) of or relating to Phylum Cnidaria; (2) a member of Phylum Cnidaria.
amino acid activationATP-dependent enzymatic esterification of the carboxyl group of an amino acid to the 3'-hydroxyl group of its corresponding tRNA.
lithium chlorideA chemical that is injected below the skin and works with quinolinic acid to reduce the loss of nerve cells and promote neurogenesis in the striatum of the brain.
sporophyllAny leaf which bears sporangia is called a sporophyll.
anion-exchange resinA polymeric resin with fixed cationic groups; used in the chromatographic separation of anions.
spotted arrayArray generated by microspotting nucleic acids on a glass, plastic, or filter substrate.
orismologia -ythe defining of scientific or technical terms.
fixativeChemical reagent such as formaldehyde or osmium tetroxide used to preserve cells for microscropy
rectoprostaticthe area between the prostate and its neighboring rectal wall
solid phase extractionA sample purification method based on the affinity of either the desired or undesired components of a reaction mixture for a solid material and subsequent filtration of the solid material from the reaction.
kinasesEnzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of certain molecules by ATP.
somnolenceSleepiness; drowsiness.
serine proteaseType of protease that has a reactive serine in the active site.
ham/tspHTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis
f factorA large bacterial plasmid, known as the sex-factor plasmid because it permits mating between F+ and F- bacteria.
excitatoryReferring to the effect that a substance has on a nerve cell
law of independent assortmentGenetic factors that influence one trait segregate independently from those that influence a second trait.
vaccineA harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host's immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen.
base pairsSee Complementary base pairs.
laminaAny broad and flattened region of a plant or alga, which allows for increased photosynthetic surface area.
xenotropic virusA virus that can be grown in a species different from the normal host species.
tight junctionCell–cell junction that seals adjacent epithelial cells together, preventing the passage of most dissolved molecules from one side of the epithelial sheet to the other.
abductorapplied to muscles that open out or extend an appendage or draw it away from the body: see adductor.
funiculea small, cord-like structure; especially when sheathed.
double digestionCleavage of a DNA molecule with two different restriction endonucleases, either concurrently or consecutively.
animal poleThe portion of the egg where the least yolk is concentrated; opposite of vegetal pole.
planarianA free-living flatworm found in unpolluted ponds and streams.
tropico-politanoccurring in all tropical regions.
inter seAmong themselves.
catenaneA circular DNA molecule with two or more interlinked rings.
chordaten
acneA skin inflammation affecting approximately 80% of those between the ages of 12 and 24
δgsee free-energy change
conidiosporeAn asexual spore produced in a chain from a condiophore.
scabrose -ousrough like a file, with small raised points.
food chain/food webAll the interactions of predator and prey, included along with the exchange of nutrients into and out of the soil
redox potentialThe relative tendency of a pair of molecules to release or accept an electron
rna processing controlControl of gene expression by controlling how the RNA transcript is spliced or otherwise processed.
loamThe most fertile of all soils, made up of roughly equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay.
mitosomathe middle piece of a developing spermatozoon.
artificial selectionSelection process in which humans are the selective agents.
sebificoily; sebaceous; somewhat sticky.
l-A configurational prefix that designates one of two chiral configurations (see D-).
fluorescence polarizationThe partial polarization of light emitted from fluorescent molecules.
blunt endThe end of a DNA molecule at which both strands terminate at the same nucleotide position with no single-stranded extension.
kettle lakesn
secretory vesicleSmall membrane-bound organelle containing molecules destined to be released from the cell.
intricateirregular: confused; applied to markings and sculpture.
porinA trimeric transmembrane protein that forms channels in the bacterial outer membrane
equilibrium conceptEspecially with regard to models of ecosystems, the concept attaches fundamental significance to the idea that there is a steady state toward which populations return when disturbed or toward which communities evolve, even when disturbed
contractile vacuolesA membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell.
glycogenA polysaccharide produced by animals for short term energy storage
dermad/DERM-ad/ adv
commensalismInteraction between organisms where one organism benefits from the association while the second organism remains unaffected.
colonizationMultiplication of a microorganism after it has attached to host tissues or other surfaces.
peptide bondcovalent bond that forms when the —COOH group of one amino acid reacts with the —NH2 group of another, thus joining the two amino acids
cofactorAny nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.
homosporousProducing only one size or kind of spore
hexapodal -ousprovided with six feet.
rain shadown
monoamine oxidaseAn enzyme found primarily in the liver and nervous system that generates free radicals.
diastasis/die-AST-ə-səs/ n
linearstraight; in the form of a right line.
prevalenceThe proportion of individuals in a population having a given disease.
monogamousa union where a female is fertilized by one male only.
costA reduction in fitness caused by a correlated effect of a feature that provides an increment in fitness (i.e., a benefit).
renal veinThe blood vessel draining the kidney
imidazole groupA type of chemical group, found on the amino acid histidine and some other compounds, that is often extremely important in buffering body fluids because of its particular chemical buffering properties.
protonA positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
association constantSee equilibrium constant.
pentoseA five-carbon monosaccharide
hypotonicDescribes any medium with a sufficiently low concentration of solutes to cause water to move into a cell due to osmosis.
prednisoneMost commonly used glucocorticoid because of its high glucocorticoid activity, which reduces the risk of dangerous side effects caused by mineralocorticoids
celluloseA form of carbohydrate that has a structural role in living organisms (animals and plants).
telemetrySee radiotelemetry.
agamic -ousreproducing without union with a male.
inductionIn developmental biology, a change in the developmental fate of one tissue caused by an interaction with another tissue
false negativeA test result that wrongly shows an effect to be absent.
impressionsPrints or marks made when an organism's body has been compressed (flattened)
biomassThe mass of material produced by living micoorganisms, plants, or animals.
heterotypicala genus, described from more than one species, these differing in structure,
chloroplastOrganelle in green algae and plants that contains chlorophyll and carries out photosynthesis
t-dnaThe portion of the Ti plasmid transferred from Agrobacterium to the plant DNA.
arrayerRobot for making microarrays
apoenzymeThe protein portion of an enzyme, exclusive of any organic or inorganic cofactors or prosthetic groups that might be required for catalytic activity.
greenhouse effectThe warming of planet Earth due to the atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide, which absorbs reflected infrared radiation and re-refJects some of it back toward Earth.
introse -umdirected inward, toward the body.
deciduousTeeth that are replaced during development by permanent teeth.
ambient airthe outside air, that is, the air surrounding or encircling us
lewis structurerepresentation of an atom or molecule that shows its outer electrons
paleobiologyn
ginkgolideA component of the terpenoids that have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects
yeast extractA water soluble preparation extracted from common yeast
stress-induced proteinsMolecules, including heat-shock proteins, that are produced within cells in response to exposure to marked increases in temperature and to other forms of severe stress, such as toxins, rapid pH changes, and viral infections.
decomposerAny of the saprobic fungi and prokaryotes that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms, and convert them into inorganic forms.
dactyl/DAKT-əl/ n
secondary structureSpecific configuration, caused by hydrogen bonds along its length, of a polypeptide within a protein; it may take on an alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheet, or a mixed configuration.
comparative methodA procedure for inferring the adaptive function of a character by correlating its states in various taxa with one or more variables, such as ecological factors hypothesized to affect its evolution.
ascitesAn accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
dominance deviationDeviation of the genetic value from the additive genetic value (breeding value) for genotypes at a single locus.
photorespirationOxygen consumption occurring in illuminated temperate-zone plants, largely due to oxidation of phosphoglycolate.
connective tissueAny supporting tissue that lies between other tissues and consists of cells embedded in a relatively large amount of extracellular matrix
conservationThe retention of sequence and 3-D structure by biomolecules under varying environmental and genetic conditions.
absorption(gen.) The taking in, incorporation or reception of gases, liquids, light or heat.(phys/chem) Penetration of one substance into the inner structure of another (cf
probeIn general, probe refers to any biochemical/nucleic acid/oligo etc
power densityenergy capacity per unit of fuel cell mass
glutamateAn amino acid precursor
backupThe optimized drug that is selected as the next most likely to be successfully developed as a therapy in further experiments and trials, and will be used if the lead compound is not successful.
developmental biologyThe study of the processes by which an organism changes from a single cell into a mature, multicellular individual.
phThe negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration of an aqueous solution.
basal mediumA(n) (unsupplemented) medium which allows the growth of many types of microorganisms which do not require any special nutrient supplements, e.g
coccoidSphere-shaped.
active siteRegion of an enzyme surface to which a substrate molecule binds in order to undergo a catalyzed reaction.
ersee endoplasmic reticulum
utricleA chamber behind the oval window that opens into the three semicircular canals.
dexamethasoneA glucocorticoid drug with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity that is therefore relatively safe to use in high doses.
gradualismA model of evolution that assumes slow, steady rates of change
in vivoProcesses that occur in the living organism, in contrast to those performed in the laboratory (latter is in vitro, i.e
virulenceDegree of pathogenicity of a parasite.
rotatoryan articulation that permits a rotating motion, e.g
phenotypeThe observable characteristics of an organism.
dna methylationAddition of a methyl group to DNA
agglomerateheaped or massed together.
genusA taxonomic category above the species level, designated by the first word of a species' two-part scientific name.
pseudopodA transient protrusion or retractile process associated with cell movement and feeding.
in situ oligonucleotide synthesisOn-chip synthesis of oligonucleotides or peptide nucleic acids.
synergyWhen effects of two factors (such as toxicity of two chemicals) combine so that their effect together is significantly greater than the sum of the effects of each factor by itself.
excited stateAn energy-rich state of an atom or molecule; produced by the absorption of light energy.
r-selectionA type of selection that favors organisms with a high biotic potential and are able to colonize a habitat rapidly, utilizing the food and other resources before other organisms are established and begin to compete.
agrobacterium tumefaciensA bacterium that is used for plant genetic engineering.
stop codonsSee termination codons.
currentrate of electron flow
encephalomyopathy lactic acidosisAnother term for MELAS.
escherichia coliRodlike bacterium normally found in the colon of humans and other mammals and widely used in biomedical research.
coenzymeA molecule required for the activity of another enzyme.
glycoproteinA molecule that consists of a sugar bonded to a protein.
allelic discriminationA type of PCR assay used to detect polymorphisms, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in a target sequence.
contraceptiveKAWN-truh-SEP-tiv/ Any device or drug preventing pregnancy.
poly-many, much.
analogA drug whose physical structure is related to that of another drug
gel electrophoresisThe process of separating charged species by subjecting them to a voltage gradient
surface tensiona measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
malonateAn inhibitor of complex II of the electron transport chain.
single-gene disorderHereditary disorder caused by a 
enzymeA type of protein that speeds the rate of a specific biochemical reaction, making it fast enough to be compatible with life.
reading frameThe phase in which nucleotides are read in sets of three to encode a protein
rna interferenceA technique to silence the expression of selected genes in nonmammalian organisms
malignant tumorConsists of cells that are capable of invading other tissues.
probabilityLikelihood of a particular event occurring; more formally, the number of times a particular event occurs divided by the number of all possible outcomes
secondary productionThe amount of chemical energy in consumers' food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given time period.
disaccharideCarbohydrate molecule consisting of two covalently joined monosaccharide units
huntingtin aggregatesRigid clumps of protein that form when a cell produces the altered form of huntingtin that causes HD
anoxygenic photosynthesisType of photosynthesis in green and purple bacteria in which oxygen is not produced.
genomeThe full set of genetic material of an organism.
aminoacyl-trna synthetasesEnzymes that catalyze synthesis of an aminoacyltRNA at the expense of ATP energy.
decubation/deck-you-BAY-shən/ n
pronucleusthe nucleus of male and female elements, spermatozoa and ova, the union of which forms the nucleus of a fertilized ovum.
cerebral lupusA chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation in the brain.
germ layerthree main layers that form the various tissues and organs of an animal body
geneHereditary unit that occupies a specific locus within the genome or chromosome and which can have one or more specific effects on the phenotype of the organism
negative feedbackRegulation of a biochemical pathway achieved when a reaction product inhibits an earlier step in the pathway.
apomorphyA character that has been derived from, yet differs from, the ancestral condition
orthologousA gene present in multiple species that descended from a unique ancestral gene, when the relative divergence in different species is comparable to the overall difference between the species
chlorophyll aA type of blue-green photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions.
sub-frontalclose to the front; immediately behind the front margin.
temporary environmental effectEffect which influences only a single observation on an individual.
dna binding domainA general term for a single- or double-stranded region of DNA for which a specific protein has an affinity to bind.
competitionOne of the biological interactions that can limit population growth; occurs when two species vie with each other for the same resource
bedrockn
sibBrother or sister
osmoregulationHow organisms regulate solute concentrations and balance the gain and loss of water
dehiscence zoneThe region of a pod or capsule that breaks open to release the seeds.
panmixisSee Random mating.
amideMolecule containing a carbonyl group linked to an amine.
reboundv
eotransportThe simultaneous transport, by a single transporter, of two solutes across a membrane
geological time scaleThe correlation between rocks (or the fossils contained in them) and time periods of the past.
intramolecular forceforce that exists within a molecule
latescentbecoming obscure or hidden.
pelagicinhabiting the sea, far from land.
derivedadj
dicotyledon/die-cawt-əl-EE-dən/ n
el niã‘southern oscillationA climate pattern that occurs across the tropical Pacific Ocean on average every three to seven years and affects trade winds and ocean currents due to a redistribution of heat.
phagocyticCellular engulfment of external material
proteomicsThe simultaneous detection and measurement of large suites of proteins being synthesized by cells or tissues
connateunited at base, or along the whole length.
allelesAlternative forms of a gene.
food irradiationprocess of subjecting food to high-energy ionizing radiation to kill or reduce the levels of undesirable contaminants such as bacteria, spores, and insects
baseA substance that can accept a proton in solution
base pairingattraction between complemetary nitrogenous bases that produces a force that holds the two strands of the DNA double helix together.
neoantigenA cellular antigen acquired after transformation by an oncogenic virus.
sequencingDetermination of a DNA sequence by either of two methods: The chemical cleavage method, developed by Maxam and Gilbert, is today hardly used, or the controlled interruption of enzymatic replication (Sanger et al.)
gametesReproductive cells with a haploid gene content; sperm or egg cells.
hemizygousGene present in a single dose as is found, for example, at sex linked loci in the heterogametic sex.
complex carbohydratespolysaccharides such as starch, cellulose, and glycogen
oligosaccharideA molecule consisting of a small number of monosaccharide units.
generalized transductionThe transfer of any region of the host chromosome into a recipient cell packaged in phage particles
aldoseA simple sugar in which the carbonyl carbon atom is an aldehyde; that is, the carbonyl carbon is at one end of the carbon chain.
secondary immune responseClone of cells generated when a memory cell encounters an antigen; provides long-lasting immunity.
downy mildewsserious plant diseases caused by obligately parasitic fungi, such as Peronospora and Plasmopara (Peronosporales: Oomycota).
brewingThe manufacture of alcoholic beverages such as beer from the fermentation of malted grains.
krebs cycleA method of describing the steps involved in the chemical process of respiration.
toxicityintrinsic health hazard of a substance
antigenic variationThe ability to change the antigens displayed on the cell surface; a property of some pathogenic microorganisms that enables them to evade attack by the immune system.
high-mannose oligosaccharideChain of sugars attached to a glycoprotein which contains many mannose residues
water-solubleCapable of being dissolved in water.
cbctCommunity-Based Clinical Trials
amyotrophic lateral sclerosisA progressive and fatal disorder affecting nerve cells that involves overactivation of glutamate receptors.
micelleAn aggregate of amphipathic molecules in water, with the nonpolar portions in the interior and the polar portions at the exterior surface, exposed to water.
lysosomeA cell organelle containing digestive enzymes.
critical loadThe amount of added nutrient, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, that can be absorbed by plants without damaging ecosystem integrity.
lactic acid fermentationA type of fermentation carried out by lactic acid bafcteria in which sugar (e.g
hypoptere= tegula; q.v..
half-lifeThe time required for the disappearance of one half of a substance.
rna splicingProcess in which intron sequences are excised from RNA transcripts in the nucleus during formation of messenger and other RNAs.
insertion elementA transposable nucleotide sequence that only encodes the functions required for its own transposition
ribosomeParticle composed of ribosomal RNAs and ribosomal proteins that associates with messenger RNA and catalyzes the synthesis of protein.
saltA compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called an ionic compound.
dyskinesiaAn impairment in voluntary movement ability.
integral membrane proteinAny membrane-bound protein all or part of which interacts with the hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer and can be removed from the membrane only by extraction with detergent; also called intrinsic membrane protein
circularround like a circle.
litterLeaf litter, or forest litter, is the detritus of fallen leaves and bark which accumulate in forests.
heterocercalFish tail in which the vertebral axis is curved (usually upward)
antennal lobesof brain, see deuto-cerebrum.
light microscopeAn optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens.
clinical trialThe process by which new drugs are tested in humans in hopes of winning Food and Drug Administration approval so that the drugs can be sold in the United States.
ribonucleic acidA polymer of nucleotides connected via a phosphate-ribose backbone, involved in protein synthesis.
electrochemical gradientdrive the diffusion of ions across a membrane 1
hydrostatic pressureThe pressure exerted by a liquid
renaturationRefolding of an unfolded (denatured) globular protein so as to restore native structure and protein function.
transaminasesSee aminotransferases.
repeat sequencesThe length of a nucleotide sequence that is repeated in a tandem cluster.
eicosanoidAny fatty acid with 20 carbons.
enzyme*An enzyme is a macromolecule, usually a protein, that functions as a (bio) catalyst by increasing the reaction rate.
remediationImproving an existing ecosystem or creating a new one with the aim of replacing another that has deteriorated or been destroyed.
fusco-ferruginousbrownish rust red.
floodplainn
body planIn animals, the set of morphological and developmental traits that define a grade (level of organizational complexity).
capthe spreading, often umbrella-like, gill- or tube-bearing part of an agaric, more technically known as the pileus.
alkaneCompound of carbon and hydrogen that has only single covalent bonds
compressedflattened laterally.
high-energy compoundA compound that undergoes hydrolysis with a high negative standard free energy change.
distillationseparation process in which a solution is heated to its boiling point and the vapors of the various components are condensed and collected
homeostasisA state of balance in the body maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate to offset disruptive changes.
cauliculusthe larger of the two stalks supporting the calyx of the mushroom body.
taeniaa broad longitudinal stripe.
hamanattoan Oriental food obtained by fermenting whole soybeans with Aspergillus oryzae; tao-cho (Malaysia); tao-si (Philippines); tu su (China).
phylumIn classification, the taxonomic category above class.
iona charged atom or group of atoms.
mushroom bodiestwo stalked, mushroom-like bodies arising from procerebral lobes; supposed to be the seat of insect intelligence.
alopeciaBaldness.
pancreasA gland located near the stomach of vertebrates that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine and releases insulin into the bloodstream.
autosomal dominantThe inheritance pattern of a dominant allele on an autosome
amniocentesisProcedure used for prenatal genetic testing to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman
prismaticformed like a prism: a play of colors similar to that produced through a prism.
polyacrylamide gelA matrix of acrylamide polymers cross-linked using bis-acrylamide
bifurcationa forking or division into two: the point at which a forking occurs.
epigenesisA cartilaginous flap that blocks the top of the windpipe, the glottis, during swallowing, which prevents the entry of food or fluid into the respiratory system.
ambulacraRow of tube feet of an echinoderm.
speciesViruses were grouped according to their shared properties (not those of their hosts) and the type of nucleic acid forming their genomes.
universal indicatorchemical which indicates pH.
eburneousivory white.
cftrsee cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator.
vitreousglassy; transparent.
catalystA compound that facilitates a chemical reaction—in which covalent bonds are made or broken—without, in the end, being modified by the reaction
uridineA nucleoside form of uracil.
oligomenorrheaInfrequent or very light menstruation; risk factor for osteoporosis.
apolipoproteinThe protein component of a lipoprotein.
attenuation1Reduction in the virulence of a pathogen; usually an attenuated pathogen is still capable of immunizing.
cystn
semiconductormaterial that does not normally conduct electricity or heat well, but that can do so under certain conditions, such as exposure to sunlight
sexual conflictBoth sexes seek to optimize their reproductive success, but their genetic interests are not aligned.
upper respiratory tractThe nasopharynx, oral cavity, and throat.
dendriticapplied to the branched nerve cells in the mushroom bodies of the pro-cerebrum.
coenzyme q10Also called ubiquinone, or CoQ10
amplificatusdilated; enlarged.
morphologyn
chemical genomicsThe large-scale study of biological processes based on small-molecule intervention.
redox reactionSee oxidation-reduction reaction.
normalof the usual form or type: not out of the ordinary.
retinathat portion of the eye upon which the image is formed.
propupaa semi-pupa: q.v.
net primary productionThe gross primary production of an ecosystem minus the energy used by the producers for respiration.
two-hybrid systemA method for studying protein-protein interactions
chemotherapyTreatment of infectious disease with chemicals or antibiotics.
fingerprintingSee peptide mapping.
moiSee Multipilicity Of Infection.
chemical equilibriumNo new change in concentraion of reactants and products in a reversible chemical reaction.
cardiac muscleThe type of muscle that is found in the walls of the heart
fossorialformed for or with the habit of digging or burrowing.
intestineThe portion of the digestive tract between the stomach and anus; it is the region where most of the nutrients and absorbed.
propagationSpatial transmission of a signal such as an action potential without any decrease in amplitude with distance.
municipal solid wastegarbage, that is, everything you discard or throw into your trash, including food scraps, grass clippings, and old appliances
altAlanine aminotransferase.
organic compoundA chemical comound containing the element carbon and usually synthesized by cells.
sahaAbbreviation for suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid.
dialysisRemoval of small molecules from a solution of a macromolecule, by allowing them to diffuse through a semipermeable membrane into water.
orbitalThe three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time.
generalistOrganism which can survive under a wide variety of conditions, and does not specialize to live under any particular set of circumstances.
deciduousfalling off, as leaves that are shed in the autumn; used to describe the sporangia of downy mildew fungi (Peronosporales: Oomycota).
lipid bilayerThin bimolecular sheet of mainly phospholipid molecules that forms the core structure of all cell membranes
cdna arraysDeveloped at Stanford University; the microarrays are glass slides on which cDNA has been deposited by high-speed robotic printing and suited for expression analysis of up to 10,000 cDNA clones per array from EST sequencing projects
law of segregationMendel's first law, stating that allele pairs separate during gamete formation, and then randomly re-form pairs during the fusion of gametes at fertilization.
vitelline membranethe delicate tissue surrounding the yolk of an egg.
spermatozoön-zoathe male cell or cells which, by uniting with the ova, fertilize them.
alzheimer's diseaseA neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive memory loss and severe dementia in advanced cases
bradytelicA relatively slow evolutionary rate.
basement rockn
salicylatesA group of drugs to which aspirin belongs.
alaAbbreviation for alpha-linolenic acid.
arthrodermthe outer skin or covering of articulates.
carbohydratesclass of biochemical compounds which includes sugars, starch, chitin, and steroids.
epistasis  A mode of genetic inheritance where a homozygous recessive gene pair prevents the expression of a gene pair at another locus.
coniferousa surface which bears cone-like processes.
target siteA specific sequence of amino acids in a protein that serve as the point at which the protein interacts with other specific proteins.
electromagnetic spectrumcontinuum of waves ranging from very long and low-energy radio waves to very short and high-energy X-rays and gamma rays
etiologythe cause or origin of a disease.
peptide bondThe covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction
paleomagnetismThe magnetic fields of ferrous (iron- containing) materials in ancient rocks
reducing agentThe electron donor in a redox reaction.
congo cratonn
phA measure of how acidic or basic a solution is
optimizationThe process by which a chemical compound is modified by chemical or biological means to make it interact more effectively with the biological target.
columellaA small column of tissue which runs up through the center of a spore capsule
fatA biological compound consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
procaryoteSingle-celled microorganism whose cells lack a well-defined, membrane-enclosed nucleus
hyphaeMulticellular filaments formed during the vegetative reproduction of fungi or actinomycetes.
amineChemical group containing nitrogen and hydrogen
body mass indexThe BMI is the result of a formula that uses your weight and height to determine whether you need to lose weight.
erythropoietinA hormone produced in the kidney when tissues of the body do not receive enough oxygen
mid-oceanic ridgesElongated rises on the ocean floor where basalt periodically erupts, forming new oceanic crust; similar to continental rift zones.
community assembly theoryTheory suggesting that similar sites can develop different biological communities depending on order of arrival of different species. 
positive feedbackA physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change.
proof-readingAn enzymatic mechanism that corrects errors in DNA synthesis.
patentA property right granted by the government of the United States of America to an inventor .to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling the invention throughout the United States or importing the invention into the United States
divergenceSpreading apart
microfossiln
carbanionA negatively charged carbon atom.
gene signatureThe genes that are consistently expressed in samples of a given tissue type.
exergonic reactionA chemical reaction that proceeds with the liberation of energy.
dna ligaseEnzyme that joins the ends of two strands of DNA together with a covalent bond to make a continuous DNA strand.
species diversityThe number and relative abundance of species in a biological community.
plicateFolded like a paper fan, as in the leaves of palms, cyclanthoids, and some orchids.
bioticRelating to or produced by biological organisms.
intradomainWithin a single protein domain.
markovian modelAlternate name for a Markovian chain in which a sequence of random events where the current state solely depends on the previous state.
a siteThe binding site for the aminoacyl-tRNA on the ribosome.
attenuatorA provisional transcription stop signal.
optical activityThe capacity of a substance to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light.
tandem msA mass spectroscopic method used for high-throughput analysis of protein sequence
dendrology/den-DRAWL-ə-jee/ n
octet rulethe generalization that electrons in many molecules are arranged so that every atom (except hydrogen) shares in eight electrons
taeniate -uswith broad longitudinal markings.
posterior pereionthe meta-notum.
phaeismapplied to a duskiness of butterflies occurring in a limited region.
breeder reactora nuclear reactor that can produce more fissionable fuel (usually Pu-239) than it consumes (usually U-235)
phycobilinAlso phycobiliprotein or biliprotein
complex oligosaccharideChain of sugars attached to a glycoprotein that is generated by trimming of the original oligosaccharide attached in the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequent addition of further sugars
antigenA molecule capable of eliciting the synthesis of a specific antibody in vertebrates.
tolerabilityThe potential of a drug to be endured
actin-binding proteinProtein that associates with either actin monomers or actin filaments in cells and modifies their properties
egb 761A particular extract of Gingko biloba used in Europe to alleviate symptoms associated with several cognitive disorders.
tocopherolsForms of vitamin E.
endergonic reactionA nonspontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings
hepaticconcerning the liver, as in HEPATOMA (liver cancer).
clinical trialsStudies in humans to establish the efficacy or safety of medical products.
pedigreePictorial representation of a family history outlining the inheritance of one or more traits or diseases.
pyrogeographyThe geography of fire, at various scales.
hyperparasitean organism that parasitizes either another parasite, or an organism closely related to itself.
ecological nicheThe sum total of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment.
mphaseSee cell cycle.
corpusclea small cell; usually applied to blood cells.
ineanushoary.
abiogenesisspontaneous generation.
diapauseA programmed state of suspended development or suspended animation in the life history of an animal
campSee cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
tick-borne diseaseThe diseases transmitted by ticks such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Q fever, and Lyme disease.
cataphractedinvested with a hard callous skin, or with scales closely united
mptpA toxic molecule that causes damage to the nervous system, resulting in Parkinson's Disease.
burst exerciseSudden, intense exercise.
superspeciesA group of semispecies.
in vitroTerm used by biochemists to describe a process taking place in an isolated cell-free extract
parataxonomyn
etherA molecule containing two carbons linked by an oxygen atom.
neutronUncharged subatomic particle that forms part of an atomic nucleus.
hydrophilichaving an affinity to water
non-specificA type of response that is not specific to any particular body organ or location
isotonicTwo aqueous solutions are considered isotonic is they have the same concentration of solutes
vultusface: that part of head below front and between the eyes.
oögenesisthe process of egg-formation.
helix-loop-helixDNA-binding structural motif present in many gene regulatory proteins
infraredheat radiation; the region of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths longer than those of red visible light
quiescentSilent or inactive.
energy levelAny of several different states of potential energy for electrons in an atom.
chytridFungus with flagellated stage; possible evolutionary link between fungi and protists.
catabolite repressionRepression of a variety of unrelated enzymes when cells are grown in a medium containing glucose.
homopolymerA polymer composed of only one type of monomeric building block.
amplification1Increase of copy number of a plasmid by inhibiting the replication of chromosome while allowing plasmid replication to continue.
endotoxinMicrobial toxin, such as a cell-surface polysaccharide, that is not easily separated from the cell.
fossilsThe geological remains, impressions, or traces of organisms that existed in the past.
phototaxisMovement toward light.
myoclonusTwitching or contraction of a muscle or group of muscles.
siphonophoraThese creatures are a group of organisms related to jellyfish, coral and sea anemones
cyclinAny of several related proteins whose concentrations rise and fall during the course of the eukaryotic cell cycle
disaccharidesA double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
gas vacuoleA subcellular organelle, found only in prokaryotes, which consists of clusters of hollow, cylindrical, gas-filled vesicles (gas vesicles).
salientprojecting; jutting out.
prae-subterminalpreceding the s.t
exhabitationalOrganisms who are relatively independent physically, but interact directly.
fixedA population in which all members are homozygous for the same allele at a given locus (antonyms: segregating, polymorphic).
ribosome(ribosomal RNA)
hidden markov modelA probabilistic model used to align and analyze sequence datasets by generalization from a sequence profile.
particulate theoryTheory proposed by Mendel that genetic material is comprised of distinct units (genes) and these units maintains their integrity over generations.
ageingThe decline in organismal fitness that occurs with increasing age.
predictive gene teststests to identify gene abnormalities that may make a person susceptible to certain diseases or disorders.
ischemiaAn inadequate flow of oxygen (hypoxia) due to insufficient blood supply.
cloned animalsMultiple genetically identical animals generated by reproductive cloning techniques.
glycerophospholipidAn amphipathic lipid with a glycerol backbone; fatty acids are ester-linked to Gl and C-2 of glycerol, and a polar alcohol is attached through a phosphodiester linkage to C-3.
remotefurther removed than distant.
regressionIn geology, withdrawal of sea from land, accompanying lowering of sea level; in statistics, a function that best predicts a dependent from an independent variable.
hemorrhageA copious discharge of blood from the blood vessels.
adventitious rootsA root that grows from somewhere other than the primary root, for example, roots that arise from stems or leaves.
e. coliA common bacterium found in the small intestine of vertehrates; the most well-studied organism.
polysaccharidesA polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.
radiotelemetryThe use of a radio transmitter placed in or on an animal to transmit data on physiological or behavioral variables.
rhizobacteriaBacteria that aggressively colonize roots.
basea substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
chemoreceptorA receptor that transmits information about the total solute concentration in a solution or about individual kinds of molecules.
family systems theoryA recent theory that attributes the weakening of a couple and/or family relationship to the mounting tension during the waiting period before receiving predictive testing results.
releasing factorsHypothalamic hormones that stimulate release of other hormones by the pituitary gland.
hostOrganism which serves as the habitat for a parasite, or possibly for a symbiont
isogenicGenotypically identical.
homogeneousof the same kind or nature: similar in texture or parts.
reduction potentialThe voltage change when an atom or molecule gains an electron.
adiposefat or fatty: see fat-body.
double bondcovalent bond consisting of two pairs of shared electrons
primary immune responseThe initial immune response to an antigen, which appears after a lag of several days.
dnaPolynucleotide formed from covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide units
hybrid zoneA region where two related populations that diverged after becoming geographically isolated make secondary contact and interbreed where their geographical ranges overlap.
eicosanoidsAny product derived from arachidonic acid
rapaciouspredatory; capturing and eating prey.
botryoidalclustered like a bunch of grapes.
aerotolerant anaerobesMicrobes that grow under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, but do not shift from one mode of metabolism to another as conditions change
capsule1
solutesubstance that dissolves in a solvent
arachidonic acidAn omega-6 fatty acid
stabilizing selectionSelection against phenotypes that deviate in either direction from an optimal value of a character.
fermentationEnergy-yielding anaerobic breakdown of a nutrient molecule, such as glucose, without net oxidation; yields lactate, ethanol, or some other simple product.
variolate -osewith large, rounded impressions like pock-marks.
active transportThe movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins.
biological accumulationthe acccumulation of toxic substances, e.g., DDT, in higher levels of the food web by consumption of organisms of the same or lower levels which have acquired the substance but which have not been affected by it.
occult -ushidden; concealed from superficial view.
coxAbbreviation for cyclooxygenase.
calcium pumpTransport protein in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells (and elsewhere) that pumps Ca2+ out of the cytoplasm into the sarcoplasmic reticulum using the energy of ATP hydrolysis.
induced- fit modelExplanation of how come enzymes work; their shape changes and fits a bound substrate more closely, and the tension destabilizes substrate bonds so that they can break.
facultative anaerobeAn organism which is normally aerobic but can also grow without oxygen.
pollen tube guidanceIn order to deliver immotile sperm cells to the female gametophyte in flowering plants, the pollen tube carrying the sperm cells grows towards the unfertilized female gametophyte
mass spectrometryA method for identifying molecules based on the detection of the mass-to-charge ratio of ions generated from the molecule by vaporization and electron bombardment
meiotic driveSee Segregation distortion.
necrosisDamage of living tissues due to infection or injury.
robisomal rnaTypes of RNA found in the ribosome; some participate actively in the process of protein synthesis.
mushrooma fleshy basidioma, usually stalked and with a cap (pileus) beneath which gills or fleshy tubes are covered with or lined with the hymenium; edible or poisonous; see AGARIC, BOLETE.
somatothecathat part of pupa covering abdominal rings:= gasterotheca.
polysaccharidepolymer made up of thousands of glucose units
polymerlarge molecule built from monomers consisting of a long chain or chains of atoms covalently bonded together
old earth creationismThe belief that the earth and universe are ancient, but that God played an active role in their history
cyclic-nucleotide-gated channel(CNGC)
recumbentlying down; reclining.
mean squareThe sums of squares divided by the degrees of freedom (n
phenotypeThe physical characteristics displayed by an organism; results from interaction between the genotype and the environment.
biometricsThe statistical study of biological events.
cboCommunity-Based Organization
cytochrome oxidase complexThird of the three electron-driven proton pumps in the respiratory chain
microbiologyThe study of microbioorganisms.
affinity maturationProgressive increase in the affinity of antibodies for the immunizing antigen with the passage of time after immunization.
co-repressorA small molecule that binds to an aporepressor protein, producing a conformational change that causes it to function as a transcriptional repressor.
low-density lipoproteinLarge complex composed of a single protein molecule and many esterified cholesterol molecules, together with other lipids
isoelectric phThe pH at which a solute has no net electric charge and thus does not move in an electric field.
catastrophismThe hypothesis by Georges Cuvier that each boundary between strata corresponded in time to a catastrophe, such as a flood or drought, that had destroyed many of the species living there at that time.
adhAbbreviation of antidiuretic hormone.
peptidoglycanA polymer that contains equal amounts of peptide and polysaccharide.
deletion map/də-LEE-shən, dee-/ A description of a chromosome that uses deletions as markers for specific areas of that chromosome.
oxidation half-reactiontype of chemical equation that shows the reactant that loses electrons
papillaeSmall colonies that appear within or at the edge of a colony
ribosomal proteinAny protein component of a ribosomal subunit
animal poleIn yolky eggs, that end free of yolk that cleaves more rapidly than the vegetal pole.
cadherinA member of a family of proteins that mediates Ca2+-dependent cell–cell adhesion in animal tissues.
atomic weightMass of an atom relative to the mass of a hydrogen atom
semipermeableThe characteristic of allowing only some molecules, usually smaller or uncharged ones, to pass through.
secondary compoundA chemical compound synthesized through the diversion of products of major metabolic pathways for use in defense by prey species.
recombinant dnaDNA molecule that forms from the combination of portions of two different DNA molecules.
similaritySequence identity between two nucleotide sequences
polymera compound made by linking many identical smaller molecules (monomers).
calciteA common crystalline form of natural calcium carbonate, CaCO3, that is the basic constituent of limestone, marble, and chalk
androgenA masculinizing hormone such as testosterone.
cloningFormation of exact genetic replicas.
cleidocostalkligh-doh-KOST-uhl/ Pertaining to both clavicle and rib.
molecular pathwaysA system where one molecule affects another, either by activating it or deactivating it
clypeateshield-like in form.
nitrificationprocess of converting ammonia, typically in soil, to nitrate ions
dimer/DIE-mer/ n
melliferoushoney-producing, or producers of honey.
fermentationchemical changes in organic substrates caused by enzymes of living microorganisms.