Glossary extracted starting with manual seeds, with PTM for the domain hel and language EN
| acetyl group | A small molecule made of two carbon, three hydrogen, and one oxygen atoms |
| agent study | In cancer prevention, a clinical trial that studies whether taking certain medicines, vitamins, minerals, or food supplements can prevent cancer |
| antisocial | Describes behavior that ignores the rights of others and the practices and laws of society. |
| gamete | Term for either a sperm or egg |
| radiologist | A doctor who specializes in creating and interpreting pictures of areas inside the body |
| abx-egf | A human monoclonal antibody that is being used to treat colorectal cancer that has spread to other parts of the body |
| arousal | The state of being alert and ready to respond, or waking from sleep. |
| ae-941 | A substance made from shark cartilage that is being studied for its ability to prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow |
| aromatic | Having an odor, which often is pleasant or spicy. |
| ancestim | A substance that causes blood stem cells (cells from which other types of cells develop) to change into different types of blood cells and increases the number and actions of these cells in the blood |
| azq | An anticancer drug that is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and kill cancer cells in the central nervous system |
| alcar | A form of the natural substance carnitine that is being studied as a way to prevent tissue damage caused by chemotherapy |
| anll | An aggressive (fast-growing) disease in which too many myeloblasts (immature white blood cells that are not lymphoblasts) are found in the bone marrow and blood |
| asc-us | Abnormal cells from the outer walls of the cervix (the lower, narrow end of the uterus) |
| autoimmune disease | A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. |
| adenosis | A disease or abnormal change in a gland |
| aspergillosis | An infectious fungal disease that occurs most often in the skin, ears, nasal sinuses, and lungs of people with suppressed immune systems. |
| spinal cancer | Cancer that begins in the spinal column (backbone) or spinal cord |
| anesthesia | A loss of feeling or awareness caused by drugs or other substances |
| anesthesiologist | A doctor who specializes in giving drugs or other agents to prevent or relieve pain during surgery or other procedures being done in the hospital. |
| aerobic respiration | A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars) |
| anterior mediastinotomy | A procedure in which a tube is inserted into the chest to view the tissues and organs in the area between the lungs and between the breastbone and heart |
| ag337 | A substance that is being studied in the treatment of liver cancer |
| armd | A condition in which there is a slow breakdown of cells in the center of the retina (the light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye) |
| antisense dna | Small pieces of DNA that can bind to specific molecules of RNA and block the cell's ability to use the RNA to make a protein or work in other ways |
| actos | A drug that is used to treat type 2 diabetes and is being studied in the prevention of head and neck cancer |
| malignant | Cancerous |
| actinex | A drug put on the skin to treat growths caused by sun exposure |
| allelic heterogeneity | Different mutations in the same gene that cause different phenotypic manifestations or severity of disease. |
| anti-cd22 immunotoxin | A monoclonal antibody linked to a toxic substance |
| sperm motility | The ability of sperm to swim |
| agnogenic myeloid metaplasia | A progressive, chronic disease in which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue and blood is made in organs such as the liver and the spleen, instead of in the bone marrow |
| avodart | A drug used to treat symptoms of an enlarged prostate gland |
| adrenal medulla | The inner part of the adrenal gland (a small organ on top of each kidney) |
| aldara | A drug used to treat early basal cell skin cancer and certain other skin conditions |
| amitriptyline hydrochloride | A drug that is used to treat depression and may be given to treat anxiety, sleep disorders, and pain |
| aqueous | Having to do with water. |
| aminoglycoside antibiotic | A substance that works against many types of bacteria and includes streptomycin, gentamicin, and neomycin |
| agglutinin | A substance that makes particles (such as bacteria or cells) stick together to form a clump or a mass. |
| analgesic | A drug that reduces pain |
| amelanotic melanoma | A type of skin cancer in which the cells do not make the pigment melanin |
| follow-up | Monitoring a person's health over time after treatment |
| afp | A protein normally produced by a fetus |
| anticonvulsant | A drug or other substance used to prevent or stop seizures or convulsions |
| lymphedema | Refers to swelling that generally occurs in one of your arms or legs |
| accelerated radiation therapy | Radiation treatment in which the total dose of radiation is given over a shorter period of time (fewer days) compared to standard radiation therapy. |
| acupuncturist | A person trained in acupuncture (therapy that uses thin needles inserted through the skin at specific points on the body to control pain and other symptoms) |
| acute myelogenous leukemia | An aggressive (fast-growing) disease in which too many myeloblasts (immature white blood cells that are not lymphoblasts) are found in the bone marrow and blood |
| altretamine | An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. |
| allogenic | Taken from different individuals of the same species |
| acetaminophen | A drug that reduces pain and fever (but not inflammation) |
| ascus | Abnormal cells from the outer walls of the cervix (the lower, narrow end of the uterus) |
| atypia | State of being not typical or normal |
| asbestos | A group of minerals that take the form of tiny fibers |
| aromatherapy | A type of complementary and alternative medicine that uses plant oils that give off strong pleasant aromas (smells) to promote relaxation, a sense of well-being, and healing. |
| antifungal | A drug that treats infections caused by fungi. |
| clinician | A health professional who takes care of patients |
| aspirin | A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting |
| adenine | A chemical compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA |
| apc | A type of immune cell that boosts immune responses by showing antigens on its surface to other cells of the immune system |
| antibody | A protein made by plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) in response to an antigen (a substance that causes the body to make a specific immune response) |
| argon beam coagulator ablation | A procedure that destroys tissue with an electrical current passed through a stream of argon gas to the tissue |
| affinity reagent | In chemistry and biology, a compound that binds specific substances, such as proteins or nucleic acids |
| assisted reproductive technology | A term used to describe collectively a number of noncoital methods of conception that are used to treat infertility with donor or nondonor eggs and sperm including in vitro fertilization (IVF), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), and zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) |
| alvocidib | A substance being studied in the treatment of several types of cancer |
| antineoplastic antibiotic | A type of anticancer drug that blocks cell growth by interfering with DNA, the genetic material in cells |
| antiandrogen therapy | A substance that prevents cells from making or using androgens (hormones that play a role in the formation of male sex characteristics) |
| autosomal recessive | Autosomal recessive inheritance refers to genetic conditions that occur only when mutations are present in both copies of a given gene (i.e., the person is homozygous for a mutation, or carries two different mutations of the same gene, a state referred to as compound heterozygosity). |
| angioplasty | A procedure to enlarge the opening in a blood vessel that has become narrowed or blocked by plaque (a buildup of fat and cholesterol on the inner wall of the blood vessel) |
| x-ray | A type of high-energy radiation |
| aerobic metabolism | A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars) |
| anagrelide | A drug that is used to decrease the number of platelets in the blood in order to prevent blood clotting. |
| alh | A benign (not cancer) condition in which there are more cells than normal in the breast lobules and the cells look abnormal under a microscope |
| antisense agent | Small pieces of DNA or RNA that can bind to specific molecules of RNA |
| arthralgia | Joint pain. |
| agus | A term that has been used to describe abnormal cells that come from glands in the walls of the cervix (the lower, narrow end of the uterus) |
| agonist | A drug that triggers an action from a cell or another drug. |
| avage | A drug used on the skin to treat several skin conditions |
| abnormal | Not normal |
| dna | The molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the next |
| aldesleukin | A drug used to treat some types of cancer |
| autophagy | A normal process in which a cell destroys proteins and other substances in its cytoplasm (the fluid inside the cell membrane but outside the nucleus), which may lead to cell death |
| alopecia | The lack or loss of hair from areas of the body where hair is usually found |
| acetyl-l-carnitine | A form of the natural substance carnitine that is being studied as a way to prevent tissue damage caused by chemotherapy |
| antiepileptic | A drug or other substance used to prevent or stop seizures or convulsions |
| alkalinization | A chemical that can dissolve in water, combine with acids to form salts, and make acids less acidic |
| addiction | Uncontrollable craving, seeking, and use of a substance such as a drug or alcohol. |
| aha | One of a group of substances that are found in several types of fruit and in milk |
| arms | A soft tissue tumor that is most common in older children and teenagers |
| aerobic | In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. |
| alanine transferase | An enzyme found in the liver and other tissues |
| artery | A blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to tissues and organs in the body. |
| antiangiogenic | Having to do with reducing the growth of new blood vessels. |
| acute pain | Pain that comes on quickly, can be severe, but lasts a relatively short time. |
| anemia | A condition in which the number of red blood cells is below normal. |
| adrenal cancer | Cancer that forms in the tissues of the adrenal glands (two glands located just above the kidneys) |
| auricular | Having to do with the ear. |
| aldehyde | A type of chemical substance made from alcohol |
| acute myeloblastic leukemia | An aggressive (fast-growing) disease in which too many myeloblasts (immature white blood cells that are not lymphoblasts) are found in the bone marrow and blood |
| antianxiety agent | A drug used to treat symptoms of anxiety, such as feelings of fear, dread, uneasiness, and muscle tightness, that may occur as a reaction to stress |
| at/rt | An aggressive cancer of the central nervous system, kidney, or liver that occurs in very young children |
| androgen receptor positive | Describes cells that have a protein that binds to androgens (male hormones) |
| antibiotic | A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. |
| antidepressant | A drug used to treat depression. |
| achlorhydria | A lack of hydrochloric acid in the digestive juices in the stomach |
| androgen suppression | Treatment to suppress or block the production or action of male hormones |
| tumor | An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should |
| antiparasitic | A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and parasites |
| accolate | A drug used to prevent and treat symptoms of asthma |
| anxiolytic | A drug used to treat symptoms of anxiety, such as feelings of fear, dread, uneasiness, and muscle tightness, that may occur as a reaction to stress |
| att/rht | An aggressive cancer of the central nervous system, kidney, or liver that occurs in very young children |
| abo blood group system | A system used to group human blood into different types, based on the presence or absence of certain markers on the surface of red blood cells |
| anabolic steroid | A type of steroid that is used in medicine to repair body tissues and to increase appetite and the growth of muscles |
| atypical lobular hyperplasia | A benign (not cancer) condition in which there are more cells than normal in the breast lobules and the cells look abnormal under a microscope |
| anus | The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. |
| anatomic | Having to do with anatomy (the study of the structure of a plant or animal). |
| aromatherapy infusion | The process of heating (without boiling) a mixture of water and an essential oil (scented liquid taken from a plant) to release a pleasant aroma |
| alveoli | Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. |
| accelerated-fraction radiation therapy | Radiation treatment in which the total dose of radiation is divided into small doses and the treatments are given more than once a day |
| antiprogestin | A substance that prevents cells from making or using progesterone (a hormone that plays a role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy) |
| anterior pelvic exenteration | Surgery to remove the urethra, lower part of the ureters, uterus, cervix, vagina, and bladder. |
| aloxi | A drug used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by cancer treatment |
| acidity | Refers to the amount of acid in a substance |
| antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity | A type of immune reaction in which a target cell or microbe is coated with antibodies and killed by certain types of white blood cells |
| antagonist | In medicine, a substance that stops the action or effect of another substance |
| allergic response | A hypersensitive immune reaction to a substance that normally is harmless or would not cause an immune response in most people |
| anorexia nervosa | An abnormal loss of the appetite for food |
| attenuated | Weakened or thinned |
| antifolate | A substance that blocks the activity of folic acid |
| trigeminal neuralgia | A nerve disorder that causes a stabbing or electric-shock-like pain in parts of the face |
| adderall | A combination of drugs used as a treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy (a sleep disorder) |
| avn944 | A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer |
| amanita phalloides | A type of poisonous mushroom that has harmful effects on the kidneys and liver |
| definitive treatment | The treatment plan for a disease or disorder that has been chosen as the best one for a patient after all other choices have been considered |
| adverse effect | An unexpected medical problem that happens during treatment with a drug or other therapy |
| alpha-blocker | A substance that relaxes muscle tissue in blood vessels and in the prostate gland, which improves the flow of urine and blood |
| artificial pacemaker | An electronic device that is implanted in the body to monitor heart rate and rhythm |
| atelectasis | Failure of the lung to expand (inflate) completely |
| arsenic | A poisonous chemical used to kill weeds and pests |
| anatomist | A person who specializes in anatomy (the study of the structures of animals or plants). |
| ampulla | A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. |
| a33 | A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy |
| arctiin | A substance found in certain plants, including burdock |
| amphotericin b | A drug used in the treatment of infections caused by fungi |
| apo-2l | A cell protein that can attach to certain molecules in some cancer cells and may kill the cells |
| ar+ | Describes cells that have a protein that binds to androgens (male hormones) |
| abdomen | The area of the body that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. |
| acapha | A mixture of six herbs that has been used in China to prevent and treat diseases such as lung and esophageal cancers |
| antidiarrheal | A substance used to treat diarrhea (frequent and watery bowel movements). |
| anesthetic | A drug or other substance that causes a loss of feeling or awareness |
| adjuvant therapy | Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure |
| androgen ablation | A type of hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. |
| adverse event | An unexpected medical problem that happens during treatment with a drug or other therapy |
| antiretroviral therapy | Treatment with drugs that inhibit the ability of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or other types of retroviruses to multiply in the body. |
| 3-dimensional | A graphic display of depth, width, and height |
| acromegaly | A condition in which the pituitary gland makes too much growth hormone after normal growth of the skeleton is finished |
| adrenocortical | Having to do with or made by the outer layer of the adrenal gland, which produces steroid hormones |
| amygdalin | A substance found in the pits of many fruits such as apricots and papayas, and in other foods |
| abvd | An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat Hodgkin lymphoma |
| allograft | The transplant of an organ, tissue, or cells from one individual to another individual of the same species who is not an identical twin. |
| adenoma | A noncancerous tumor that starts in gland-like cells of the epithelial tissue (thin layer of tissue that covers organs, glands, and other structures within the body). |
| alteration | A change resulting in something that is different from the original. |
| angelica root | The root of any of a group of herbs called Angelica |
| attributable risk | Proportion of a disease in exposed individuals that can be attributed to an exposure |
| anaphylactic shock | A severe and sometimes life-threatening immune system reaction to an antigen that a person has been previously exposed to |
| assistive device | A tool that helps a person with a disability to do a certain task |
| alkaloid | A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them |
| anti-inflammatory | Having to do with reducing inflammation. |
| acetic acid | An acid found in vinegar |
| electron beam | A stream of electrons (small negatively charged particles found in atoms) that can be used for radiation therapy |
| adjustment disorder | A condition in which a person responds to a stressful event (such as an illness, job loss, or divorce) with extreme emotions and actions that cause problems at work and home. |
| aberrant crypt foci | Clusters of abnormal tube-like glands in the lining of the colon and rectum |
| adenoid cystic carcinoma | A rare type of cancer that usually begins in the salivary glands. |
| alanine aminopeptidase | An enzyme that is used as a biomarker to detect damage to the kidneys, and that may be used to help diagnose certain kidney disorders |
| avoidance | The act of staying away from people, places, and thoughts that may cause anxiety, pain, or unpleasant feelings |
| autologous stem cell transplantation | A procedure in which blood-forming stem cells (cells from which all blood cells develop) are removed, stored, and later given back to the same person. |
| amitriptyline | A drug that is used to treat depression and may be given to treat anxiety, sleep disorders, and pain |
| aldrich syndrome | An inherited immune disorder that occurs in young boys |
| high-dose radiation | Also called HDR |
| adjunct agent | In cancer therapy, a drug or substance used in addition to the primary therapy. |
| avandia | A drug that helps control the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood and is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer |
| appendix | A small, fingerlike pouch that sticks out from the cecum (the first part of the large intestine near the end of the small intestine). |
| asymptomatic | Having no signs or symptoms of disease. |
| ashkenazi jews | One of two major ancestral groups of Jewish individuals, comprised of those whose ancestors lived in Eastern Europe (Germany, Poland, Russia) |
| animal-assisted therapy | A type of therapy that uses dogs or other pets to improve the physical and mental health of patients with certain acute or chronic diseases |
| assay | A laboratory test to find and measure the amount of a specific substance. |
| acid | A chemical that gives off hydrogen ions in water and forms salts by combining with certain metals |
| anxiolytic agent | A drug used to treat symptoms of anxiety, such as feelings of fear, dread, uneasiness, and muscle tightness, that may occur as a reaction to stress |
| agitation | A condition in which a person is unable to relax and be still |
| antibacterial | A substance that kills bacteria or stops them from growing and causing disease. |
| alkalinity | Refers to the amount of alkali |
| apheresis | A procedure in which blood is collected, part of the blood such as platelets or white blood cells is taken out, and the rest of the blood is returned to the donor |
| asbestosis | A lung disease caused by breathing in particles of asbestos (a group of minerals that take the form of tiny fibers) |
| anastrozole | An anticancer drug that is used to decrease estrogen production and suppress the growth of tumors that need estrogen to grow |
| antimicrobial | A substance that kills microorganisms such as bacteria or mold, or stops them from growing and causing disease. |
| amsacrine | An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. |
| actinic keratosis | A thick, scaly patch of skin that may become cancer |
| annamycin | A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer |
| affected | Individuals in a pedigree who exhibit the specific phenotype under study. |
| amifostine | A drug used as a chemoprotective drug to control some of the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. |
| asymmetry | Lack or absence of balanced proportions between parts of a thing. |
| aspiration | Removal of fluid or tissue through a needle |
| alzheimer disease | A brain disorder that usually starts in late middle age or old age and gets worse over time |
| albumin | A type of protein found in blood, egg white, milk, and other substances. |
| avelox | A drug used to treat bacterial infections |
| ascites | Abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen that may cause swelling |
| aminocamptothecin | An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. |
| acute bacterial prostatitis | Inflammation of the prostate gland that begins suddenly and gets worse quickly |
| antiemetic | A drug that prevents or reduces nausea and vomiting. |
| antiviral | A drug used to treat infections caused by viruses. |
| augmentin | A drug used to treat bacterial infections |
| radiation | Energy released in the form of particle or electromagnetic waves |
| anticancer antibiotic | A type of anticancer drug that blocks cell growth by interfering with DNA, the genetic material in cells |
| amylase | An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. |
| atn-161 | A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer |
| aurotherapy | A procedure that uses gold salts (a salt form of the metal element gold) to treat diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis |
| antiestrogen | A substance that keeps cells from making or using estrogen (a hormone that plays a role in female sex characteristics, the menstrual cycle, and pregnancy) |
| antisense rna | Small pieces of RNA that can bind to specific molecules of RNA and block the cell's ability to use the RNA to make a protein or work in other ways |
| alcohol dependence | A chemical substance found in beer, wine, and liquor |
| acetylation | A chemical reaction in which a small molecule called an acetyl group is added to other molecules |
| absorption | The process of taking nutrients from the digestive system into the blood so they can be used in the body. |
| ag014699 | A substance being studied in the treatment of breast cancers caused by mutations (changes) in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes |
| acidification | The process of making or becoming an acid |
| alzheimer dementia | A brain disorder that usually starts in late middle age or old age and gets worse over time |
| animal study | A laboratory experiment using animals to study the development and progression of diseases |
| atypical ductal breast hyperplasia | A benign (not cancer) condition in which there are more cells than normal in the lining of breast ducts and the cells look abnormal under a microscope |
| autologous bone marrow transplantation | A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person after intensive treatment. |
| atorvastatin calcium | A drug used to lower the amount of cholesterol in the blood and to prevent stroke, heart attack, and angina (chest pain) |
| amd 3100 | A condition in which there is a slow breakdown of cells in the center of the retina (the light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye) |
| aneuploidy | The occurrence of one or more extra or missing chromosomes leading to an unbalanced chromosome complement, or any chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number (which is 46). |
| acupressure | The application of pressure or localized massage to specific sites on the body to control symptoms such as pain or nausea |
| anhydrovinblastine | An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. |
| agc | A term used to describe abnormal cells that come from inside the cervix or from the lining of the uterus |
| antihormone therapy | Treatment with drugs, surgery, or radiation in order to block the production or action of a hormone |
| antimitotic agent | A type of drug that blocks cell growth by stopping mitosis (cell division) |
| adult t-cell leukemia/lymphoma | An aggressive (fast-growing) type of T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma caused by the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) |
| atrasentan | A nutrient that that body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy |
| abegrin | A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer and other conditions |
| anticachexia | Describes a drug or effect that works against cachexia (loss of body weight and muscle mass). |
| appendectomy | Surgery to remove the appendix (small finger-shaped pouch at the end of the first part of the large intestine). |
| aap | An enzyme that is used as a biomarker to detect damage to the kidneys, and that may be used to help diagnose certain kidney disorders |
| acf | Clusters of abnormal tube-like glands in the lining of the colon and rectum |
| acne | A disorder of the skin in which oil glands and hair glands become inflamed. |
| ap23573 | A substance being studied in the treatment of soft tissue and bone cancers |
| atp | A substance present in all living cells that provides energy for many metabolic processes and is involved in making RNA |
| anatomy | The study of the structure of a plant or animal. |
| aminoglutethimide | An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors |
| at9283 | A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer |
| aminopterin | An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. |
| allegra | A drug used to treat certain allergy symptoms |