Glossary extracted starting with manual seeds, with PTM for the domain his and language EN

bowbutt	a measure of distance of around 30 yards; derived from the distance apart of butts used in archery practice.
shalom aleichem	from Hebrew
green revolution	Introduction of improved seed strains, fertilizers, and irrigation as a means of producing higher yields in crops such as rice, wheat, and corn; particularly important in the densely populated countries of Asia, 1960s ff
curmudgeon	a crusty irascible cantankerous person, usually old, full of stubborn ideas
hapu	Primary social unit of Maori society in New Zealand; divisions of tribes consisting of extended families; land allotted to extended families in common
isna	Islamic Society of North America.
spouse	a husband or wife.
nguyen family	Rival Vietnamese dynasty that arose in southern Vietnam to challenge traditional dynasty of Trinh in north at Hanoi; kingdom centered on Red and Mekong rivers; capital at Hue
overshot	a water wheel which is turned by the weight of water falling on it
zen	Stressed meditation and appreciated of natural and artistic beauty
vesica	a pointed oval shape used for some ecclesiastical seals or an aureole in medieval sculpture or painting.
legate	an official emissary, especially an official representative of the Pope.
jutland	Peninsula extending into the North Sea, of which the northern part is owned by Denmark and the southern part by Germany
shi'is	Political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali
masjid of the rock	The mosque built by Omar in Jerusalem
sauchen	also 'Sauch-tree'
st. bernard of clairvaux	[bûr närd uhv klâr vO] Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities
shona people	shona dictionary
buddha	Creator of major Indian and Asian religion; born in 6th century b.c.e
vitreography	In printmaking, a fine art technique that uses glass printing matrices.
columbarius	a full time keeper of a flock of pigeons.[11]
translate english to shona	shona culture
kay fallahukum	"how are you?/what's up?" [Thanks to TiGrBaLm on the AoD forums for the explanation.]
thul‑noorain	Uthman, because he was twice married to the Prophet's daughters
carucate	a unit of assessment for tax found in most of the Danelaw counties of England
wodwo	See 'Wodehouse.'
baibars	[bI bars] Commander of Mamluk forces at Ain Jalut; originally enslaved by Mongols and sold to Egyptians
the holocaust	Italy occupied Libya in 1911
gentleman	a man who did not need to work, and the term was particularly used of those who could not claim nobility or even the rank of esquire.
gallipoli	Peninsula in NW Turkey between the Dardanelles and the Aegean Sea
abuilyement	also 'Abuilement'
muwatta	the Al-Muwatta is an early collection of hadith of Muhammad that form the basis for the jurisprudence of Islam
dhimmi	Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus
pension record	a file of documents pertaining to a veteran's claim for compensation as the result of military service; may also be filed by a veteran's surviving kin; often genealogically rich in information.
international genealogical index®	a database of over 600 million names, mostly extracted from vital records from throughout the world and available for searching at local family history centers and at http://www.familysearch.org/Search/searchigi.asp
junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula
haciendas	Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy
nezhualcoyotl	[nez wät l coiOt l] Leading Aztec king of the 15th century
bookmark	an Internet browser option that permits the saving of web site addresses, making it easy to repeatedly access favorite sites.
edo	Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa shogunate
cartography	the art and field of map making
mahayana buddhism	Chinese version of Buddhism; placed considerable emphasis on Buddha as god or savior
pasture	grassland grown for grazing by stock.
archaic cultures	Hunting-and-gathering groups dispersed over the American continents by 9000 b.c.e
indefinite loan	a term used to refer to FHL microfilms which have been borrowed for three weeks at a local family history center, subsequently extended to a six month loan, and then extended again to be on hand indefinitely; occasionally used by patrons for records that require extensive searching or that they find themselves using repeatedly.
corpus delicti	the actual subject of inquiry in a criminal trial - such as the body of the person murdered; without which a trial could not take place.
protestantism	General wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief
oceanography	the exploration and scientific study of the ocean and its phenomena
stateless societies	African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states
inspissate	to undergo thickening or cause to thicken, as by boiling or evaporation; condense.
appurtenance	a thing that belongs to another, a 'belonging'; a minor property, right, or privilege, belonging to another more important, and passing in possession with it; an appendage.
technocrat	New type of bureaucrat; intensely trained in engineering or economics and devoted to the power of national planning; came to fore in offices of governments following World War II
paul	One of the first Christian missionaries; moved away from insistence that adherents of the new religion follow Jewish law; use of Greek as language of Church
palsy	used in 1611 Bible
compiled military service record	an envelope (sometimes referred to as "jacket") containing abstracts of an individual's service records, as well as some original documents; most often pertain to attendance, enlistment and discharge, hospital and prison stays, and payroll.
benedict of nursia	Founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire
spain	was elected pope after eighty days in the conclave
marwan	A conniving person who caused great trouble in giving Uthman bad advice
xunzi	[hsun tzu, shUn] Follower of Confucius; stressed need for authoritarian government
siege of stalingrad	Turning point in Germany's assault on Soviet Union in 1942; despite massive losses, Russians successfully defended the city; over one-third of German army surrendered
tron	a Scottish measure for the sale of goods used until 1618
ague	an acute fever
five pillars	The Five Pillars of Islam indicate the main values and practices of Islam
indentured servant	a person who is bound into the service of another person for a specified period, usually seven years in the 18th and 19th centuries to pay for passage to another country.
al-fatiha	"the Opening". The first chapter of the Quran
pygmies	One of few pure hunting societies left in Africa following Bantu migration
ideology	a framework of beliefs that guides actions
vide	in a UK legal context this term means "see".
obtemperate	to obey.
tatu	Mongol capital of Yuan dynasty; present-day Beijing
archangel	Port in NW Russia, on the Dvina river; Russian name: Arkhangelsk
chromolithography	a method of printing in colours by the process of 'lithography'.
cd/cd-rom	compact disks capable of storing large amounts of information; frequently used by marketers of commercial databases (such as census indexes) and by individual genealogists for sharing large files (such as photos).
batu	Ruler of Golden Horde; one of Chinggis Khan's grandsons; responsible for invasion of Russia beginning in 1236
errata	mistakes or errors ina publication; generally recorded as an 'errata slip' laid into a book by a publisher who has discovered errors just prior to publication.
eclaircissement	the clearing up of anything which is obscure or not easily understood; an explanation.
solander	a closed box for a book made in two parts which fit into one another.
zenith	the highest point in one's fortune; a time of great prosperity, etc.
wire lines	the closely spaced horizontal lines in 'laid' paper.
dinshawai incident	[din shä wAY] Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement
aedicule	the framing of a window or opening by columns topped with a pediment so that it resembles a temple facade in miniature.
bukhari	see Sahih Bukhari.
globalisation	the process of bringing together all of the world's economies for the purposes of trade and a common culture
celerity	swiftness of action or motion; speed
tale of genji	Written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor; evidence for mannered style of Japanese society
new france	French colonies in North America; extended from St
probate petition	a petition that asks for authority to settle or wind up an estate; usually contains a list of all heirs and their addresses.
commission of justiciary	strong powers granted to local lords to hold justice courts for particular events or periods of time (Scots).
timbuktu	Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River; population of 50,000; contained a library and university
bolshevik revolution	After initial revolution in March 1917 had set up a liberal regime in Russia, the well-organized Bolshevik faction of the communist party, under Lenin, seized power in November (October by the Russian calendar, hence often called the October Revolution); the Bolsheviks capitalized on worker strikes and widespread discontent with Russia's continued participation in World War I; quickly moved to set up a new political and social regime
abadan	Port in SW Iran, on an island in Shatt-al-Arab delta
kufi	a short rounded cap, traditionally worn by Muslims
convention	(diplomacy) an international agreement
investiture	Practice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV
seneschal	an officer in the household of important nobles in the Middle Ages
bicket	a pocket, as in place names, e.g
oracle at delphi	Person representing the god Apollo; allegedly received cryptic messages from the god that had predictive value if the seeker could correctly interpret the communication
stigma	developed from a Greek word for "to prick", a stigma was a brand or cut inflicted on the skin as a mark of disgrace
sati	Ritual in India of immolating surviving widows with the bodies of their deceased husbands
attached files/attachment	electronic files that can be linked to E-mail messages and sent via the Internet; a useful means to share family database, photo, and other files.
effendi	Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence
secret army organization	Organization of French settlers in Algeria; led guerrilla war following independence during the 1960s; assaults directed against Arabs, Berbers, and French who advocated independence
carding	the processing of brushing raw or washed fibers to prepare them as textiles.
small capitals	whose histories can be traced back to the root
marginalia	handwritten notes in the margins of a page around the text
middle passage	Slave voyage from Africa to the Americas (16th18th centuries); generally a traumatic experience for black slaves, although it failed to strip Africans of their culture
legalists	Chinese school of political thought; served Qin dynasty and subsequent dynasties; stressed need for the absolute power of the emperor; power enforced through strict application of laws
hushes	gullies in which erosion has been artificially encouraged to expose ores for mining.
trysting day	an arranged day of meeting or assembling, as of soldiers, friends, lovers and the like.
vellum	a thin sheet of specially prepared skin of calf, lamb, or kid used for writing or printing, or for the cover of a book or legal document.
id mubarak	Id blessings ! Greeting exchanged during Islamic celebrations.
quit rent	a form of tax or land tax imposed on freehold or leased land by a higher landowning authority
tillage	the cultivation of land; land that has been tilled.
faggot	a bundle of twigs, sticks, or branches from the underwood bound together; a bundle of pieces of iron or steel to be welded or hammered into bars
radical	Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes
lierne vaulting	these are 'tie' ribs between any ribs springing from a supporting rib and are purely decorative.
obeisance	gesture or movement of the body, such as a curtsy, that expresses deference or homage.
jahiliya	Times of ignorance (before Islam)
judex	a dempster; a judge; judicial power, or the court; a juror.
red guard	Student brigades utilized by Mao Zedong and his political allies during the Cultural Revolution to discredit Mao's political enemies
heligoland bight	Small island in the North Sea off the coast of NW Germany
sake	a lawsuit; the right to hold a court
dripstone	in architecture a projection or moulding which prevents water from dripping onto stone or other vertical surfaces.
invincible	One of three British battle cruisers sunk by the German naval fleet at the Battle of Jutland (31 May-1 June 1916).
maid	a female domestic servant.
amritsar	City in NW Punjab and centre of Sikh religion
haram	"forbidden".
totalitarianism	system of government where the state seeks to gain complete control over its citizens and does not recognise or tolerate parties of differing opinion
diocletian	Roman emperor from 284 to 305 c.e.; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection
druids' cord	a device used for measuring, laying out a right angle and making the seventh part of a circle using geometry
chevalier	a member of certain male orders of knighthood or merit, such as the Legion of Honor in France
braided	streams flowing in an interconnected network of channels that divide and reunite.
orthostat	a large stone set upright
taba	it means "to correspond (with someone)"; with in- prefixed, it is a passive, inkataba, "it was written"; and with
zenith	and
id	Recurring happiness
safavid dynasty	Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722
diurnal	a diurnal was the term for a newspaper.
septentrio	pertaining to or of the 'north'.
hiroshima	One of two Japanese cities on which the United States dropped atomic bombs in 1945; devastation of these cities caused Japanese surrender without invasion of home islands
nationalism	Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe in the 19th century; often allied with one of other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin
shiva	The Brahman, later Hindu, god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change
minh mang	[min mäng] Second emperor of a united Vietnam; successor of Nguyen Anh; ruled from 1820 to 1841; sponsored emphasis of Confucianism; persecuted Catholics
factory system	Not to be confused with the fortified ports of the commercial revolution; intensification of processes of production at single sites during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and firmer discipline
dulcify	to make agreeable or gentle; to sweeten.
totalitarian state	A new kind of government in the 20th century that exercised massive, direct control over virtually all the activities of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union
muniment chest	a strongbox used to safely store deeds, wedding certificates and other written items of value.
khaniqahi nimatullahi	the word 'khaniqah' refers to the gathering place of the Sufis
naturalization record	the documents, including the declaration of intent(ion) and the petition for naturalization, of an individual of foreign birth wishing to become a citizen of another country.
civilization	Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses; and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups
niyyah	Intention
shahadah	"to testify, to bear witness"
core study	the compulsory study undertaken by all students in Stage 6, by which Higher School Certificate performance scales are measured
militarism	the belief that strong armed forces, discipline and obedience will solve political and social problems
viet minh	Communist-dominated Vietnamese nationalist movement; operated out of base in southern China during World War II; employed guerrilla tactics similar to the Maoists in China
five-year plans	Stalin's plans to hasten industrialization of USSR; constructed massive factories in metallurgy, mining and electric power; led to massive state-planned industrialization at cost of availability of consumer products
socialist realism	Attempt within the USSR to relate formal culture to the masses in order to avoid the adoption of Western European cultural forms; begun under Joseph Stalin; fundamental method of Soviet fiction, art, and literary criticism
stoics	Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery
augustus caesar	Name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome
beltane	an ancient Gaelic holiday celebrated around May 1
nagasaki	Long a port open to Dutch traders; one of two Japanese cities on which the United States dropped atomic bombs in 1945; devastation of these cities caused Japanese surrender without invasion of home islands
takbir	an Arabic name for the phrase Allahu Akbar "God is (the) greatest"
nomads	Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies
sunnis	Political and theological division within Islam; followers of the Umayyads
indian army	From a pre-war strength of 155,000, the Indian Army rose in size to 573,000 men by November 1918
barbary pirates	Tripoli becomes one of the main centrers for the Barbary pirates preying on Christian shipping and raiding Christian coastal settlements (16th century)
encomium	a formal or high-flown expression of praise
dilligrout	a watery porridge made with plums in it
german	having the same parents or the same grandparents on either the mother's or the father's side
shari'ah	Islamic law based upon the Qur'an and Sunnah.
zoroastrianism	Religion that glorifies light, was practiced in Persia (Duality of the Deities)
habsburg empire	Multinational empire in central and eastern Europe, based on the territories of Austria and Hungary
surah	Division of the Qur'an (114 in all).
certiorari	a writ or a form of judicial review whereby a court is asked to consider a legal decision of an administrative tribunal, judicial office or organization (eg
canticle	a song or chant, especially a non-metrical hymn with words taken from a biblical text other than from the Book of Psalms.
du'a	"call out, to summon"
ya allah	"my dear God".
culdee	the Celi De or 'Clients of God'
local history	Local history is the study of the history of a relatively small geographic area; typically a specific settlement, parish or county.
disavow	to disclaim knowledge of, responsibility for, or association with.
vigiles	a night watchman, especially in a castle
paulistas	Backwoodsmen from São Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during 17th century
attainder	a criminal condemned for a serious crime, whether treason or felony, could be declared "attainted", his civil rights being nullified
solecism	a non-standard usage or grammatical construction; a violation of etiquette or an impropriety, mistake, or incongruity.
boyars	Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe
submarine warfare	Use of the relatively new sea weapon was a major aspect of the German naval effort against the Western Allies in World War I; unrestricted submarine warfare was major factor in bringing the United States into active participation
small beer	a drink for children made from a second brewing after the strong beer had been drawn off.
de jure	in principle as opposed to de facto, in fact.
puna	High valleys and steppes lying between the two major chains of the Andes mountains; site of South American agricultural origins, also only location of pastoralism in Americas
salat	prayer.
kif	is a dialectal variant of classical Arabic kayf, a form of the Arabic root k-y-f with the pattern XaXX
footbinding	Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household
photography	the art, practice or occupation of taking and printing photographs.
fourteen points	See Peace programme.
prithee	from the phrase (I) pray thee.
moa	Large, wingless birds native to New Zealand; hunted to extinction by early settlers; extinction established need to develop new sources of protein
middle ages	The period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century
gazetteer	dictionary of geographic locations and place names; useful for locating former names of towns and villages.
atavism	a science word, coined from Latin for "beyond one's grandfather", meaning a reversion of animals (including humans) or plants to an ancestral type
quidam	somebody; unknown person.
tashahud	what every moslem says during his/her last session of praying:
respond	the 'column' portion of a door jamb.
coronel	Area of Atlantic coastline off Chile
pique	arouse anger or resentment in or to excite or arouse especially by a provocation, challenge, or rebuff.
grain	a seed of a cereal, such as wheat, maize, rye, oats, and barley
flush	a wet place with moving water.
cant	a compartment in a coppiced wood.
french revolution of 1830	Second rebellion against Bourbon monarchy; essentially a liberal movement resulting in the creation of a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy
yangshao culture	[yäng shou] One of formative Chinese cultures located at Ordos bend c
microfilm	a widely used means of preserving records of genealogical value, microfilm is a very durable media with an estimated lifespan of more than 500 years when stored in the proper environment
luddites	Workers in Britain (18101820) who responded to replacement of human labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy the machines; named after a mythical leader, Ned Ludd
palfrey	a saddle horse, especially one for a woman to ride.
aureole	a halo or circle of light or enclosed area, especially around the head or body of a portrayed religious figure.
great depression	International economic crisis following the First World War; began with collapse of American stock market in 1929; actual causes included collapse of agricultural prices in 1920s; included collapse of banking houses in the United States and Western Europe, massive unemployment; contradicted optimistic assumptions of 19th century
javad nurbaksh	head of the Nimatullahi Sufi Order and current or past head of the Department of Psychology at Tehran University
patrician	someone who is noble or aristocratic.
friday mosque	On Friday, moslems are expected to gather in community prayer at noon
snail mail	a slang expression used to refer to letters or other materials sent by traditional postal methods.
laver	an archaic term for a vessel, stone basin, or trough used for washing.
jute	Jute is a long, soft, shiny plant fibre that can be spun into coarse, strong threads
land patent	a document giving the possessor ownership and permanent claim to a piece of land.
pediment	a wide, low-pitched gable surmounting the façade of a building in the Grecian style; a triangular element, similar to or derivative of a Grecian pediment, used widely in architecture and decoration.
bordland	also 'Borlum' or 'Bowland'
jurchens	Founders of the Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to south
mutaween	the government-authorized or -recognized religious police (or clerical police or public order police) who enforce varied interpretations of Sharia Law within Islamist theocracies.
vaticination	the act of prophesying; a prediction; a prophecy.
probate packet	all of the loose papers that have been submitted throughout the course of the probate process, bound together and archived chronologically and by case number; alternatively called a case file, estate file, or probate estate papers.
software	in a genealogical sense, usually a lineage link computer program that allows the user to enter and print out information on individuals and their relationships to others in the database; other specialty software packages provide additional functionality such as scrapbooking, source citation, reunion planning, etc.
indictment	a formal accusation charging someone of a crime
isonomia	a word meaning limited political equality under the law, this was the ideal used by wealthy Corinths to govern.
pew	a bench in a church etc
anatolia	Asian part of Turkey, occupying the peninsula between the Black Sea, the Mediterranean and the Aegean; known historically as Asia Minor.
holocaust	Term for Hitler's attempted genocide of European Jews during World War II; resulted in deaths of 6 million Jews
chams	Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south
allahu akbar	"God is greatest".
muslim brotherhood	Egyptian nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; committed to fundamentalist movement in Islam; fostered strikes and urban riots against the khedival government
stile	an arrangement which permits people through an entrance but which blocks the passage of animals.
ergastula	a Roman building used to hold in chains dangerous slaves, or to punish other slaves
pearl harbor	American naval base in Hawaii; attack by Japanese on this facility in December 1941 crippled American fleet in the Pacific and caused entry of United States into World War II
bolter	a device in a mill used for separating the flour or meal from impurities (Scots).
fard	an Islamic term which denotes a religious duty.
unit history	see military history.
tegument	a natural outer covering.
indicted	a person accused by a bill of indictment preferred by a grand jury.
necrology file	obituary index.
council of nicaea	Christian council that met in 325 c.e
polis	generally interpreted as city-state, it is the basic political and institutional unit of Greece.
mere	a small lake, pond, or marsh.
choson	Earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han emperor in 109 b.c.e.
treaty of westphalia	Ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religioneither Protestant or Catholic
caste system	Rigid system of social classification first introduced into Indian subcontinent by Aryans
baxter	a baker.
internet	the global information highway that allows access to staggering amounts of information and quick and easy communication with people around the world.
deism	Concept of God current during the scientific revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun
breviary	a book, also called a 'portitorium', containing the hymns, offices, and prayers for the canonical hours.
cornice	a horizontal ornamental moulded projection around the top of a building
nahawand	A military engagement between the Muslims and the Persian Empire
caudillos	[kou thEE lyos, -thEE yos] Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America
belorussia	Baltic province of the Russian empire in 1914; known today as Belarus
gempei wars	[gem pe] Waged for five years from 1180, on Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Taira
uterine	ancestry of an individual is a person's pure female ancestry, i.e
manilla	a horse-shoe shaped bracelet, made of copper or brass, used as a form of money in West Africa until around 1949.
jizya	[jiz yuh] Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories
magnanimous	courageously noble in mind and heart
hangzhou	[häng jO] Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded one million
abjure	to renounce under oath; to recant solemnly; repudiate: abjure one's beliefs; to give up an action or practice.
khalid ibnil waleed	A military genius of the time, who was successful in all operations then turned against him; was removed by Khalifa Omar after Yarmuk Battle
reindeer-herding nomads	Nomadic pastoralists dependent on domesticated reindeer; common to tundra of northern Europe; generally isolated from civilizations
rack rent	an extortionate rent.
fall	a traditional unit of area equal to one square fall
deodand	a thing forfeited or given to God, specifically, in law, an object or instrument which becomes forfeit because it has caused a person's death.
british west indies regiment	Volunteer regiment, founded in 1915, consisting of troops from the British colonies of the West Indies, which served on the Western Front and in the Middle East during the First World War.
marius	Successful Roman general during the last century b.c.e.; introduced the concept of using paid volunteers in his army rather than citizen conscripts; created military force with personal loyalties to commander
garamantian empire	The Garamantian Empire appears in what is now Fezzan (5th century).
torc	a body ornament worn on the arms or neck in the shape of a curved rod with identical free ends that face one another, almost touching
copts	Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule
sponsor	a sponsor is an individual other than the parents of a child that takes responsibility for the child's religious education
palladium	a safeguard, especially one viewed as a guarantee of the integrity of social institutions: the Bill of Rights, palladium of American civil liberties
karakorum	Capital of the Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan
bapaume	Town in northern France
mullah	a title given to some Islamic clergy.
renaissance	the period of revival of art and literature under the influence of classical models in the 14th to 16th-centuries.
fiat	an arbitrary order or decree; an authorization or sanction.
box bed	a bed which is boxed in; as found in cot-houses.
curia	in the Roman Catholic Church, the central administration governing the Church.
bailey	the courtyard or courtyards that existed around a motte.
mulct	a fine imposed for an offence.
plenipotentiary	from the Latin, plenus + potens, full + power; it refers to a person who has "full powers"
arabic numerals	Actually an Indian system of numerical notation transported by Arabs to West; central to two scientific revolutions
kaba	A rectangular structure (about 20 feet by 30 feet and about 50 feet high) which is build with a special holy stone as its cornerstone
shirk	Association
sujdah-e-sahw	the prostration of forgetfulness
zeitgeist	the spirit of the times or the trend of thought and feeling in a period.
fhl catalog	descriptive list of the contents of the FHL, including more than two million rolls of microfilm and hundreds of thousands of books and maps
civil registration	the recording of births, marriages, deaths and divorces by government agencies; a term frequently used outside the United States in lieu of "vital records".
abditory	a place for hiding or preserving articles of value.
portico	a porch supported by columns
reversion	an agreement such that one party (grantee) takes ownership of a piece of property from another (grantor) under the understanding that the ownership will "revert" back to the grantor at the expiration of the grantee's interest
fold	an enclosure in which animals were kept, often sheep.
sanskrit	The sacred and classical Indian language
american exceptionalism	Historical argument that the development of the United States was largely distinctive; contact with Western Europe was incidental to the larger development of the United States on its own terms
zina	adultery, fornication
advowson	the right of a patron to present a person to a church living or benefice.
parliaments	Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France
boxer rebellion	Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials.(p
muhammad ibn abu bakr	The son of Abu Bakr, was on Ali's side during the Jamal Battle
ordinance	an authoritative command or order; a custom or practice established by long usage; a Christian rite, especially the Eucharist; a statute or regulation, especially one enacted by a city government.
huanghe river valley	River source in Tibetan plateau to mouth in China sea; site of early Chinese sedentary agricultural communities
winnowing	using wind to separate the chaff from the grain
harappa	Along with Mohenjo-daro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern
sallallaho alayhe wa salaam	"Allah honours him and supports his Mission".
mataram	Kingdom that controlled interior regions of Java in 17th century; Dutch East India Company paid tribute to the kingdom for rights of trade at Batavia; weakness of kingdom after 1670s allowed Dutch to exert control over all of Java
esquire	(abbreviated Esq.) is a title of honour and dignity ranked below a knight and above a gentleman, allowed, for example, to the sons of nobles and to the gentry who do not possess any other title
zoroastriansim	[zôr O as trEE uh niz uhm, zOr-] Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; chief religion of Persian Empire
muslin	any of various sturdy cotton fabrics of plain weave, used especially for sheets.
terrorism	the use and threat of violence for political purposes
eleemosynary	of or pertaining to alms, charity, or charitable donations; charitable
xystus	an ancient Greek portico.
ball games	Ritual elements of many American cultures; played on formal courts; religious significance required that losing teams pay penalty of forfeiture of goods or their lives
distraint	the seizure and holding of property as security for payment of a debt or satisfaction of a claim (Legal); Originally distress was a landlord's remedy against a tenant for unpaid rents or property damage, but now the landlord is given a landlord's lien.
preclassic	Period in Americas from 2000 to 300 b.c.e
young irelanders	a group of young Irish idealists who devoted themselves to plans of revolution around 1848, a time of revolution throughout Europe in general.
umma	The entire community of Moslems, those who have submitted themselves to Allah
sargon i	Ruler of city-state of Akkad; established the first empire in Mesopotamian civilization c
presbyterianism	a church governed by elders who are all of the same rank, therefore without Bishops, Deans and other such posts (Scots).
ambuscade	an ambush.
kebbuck	a cheese; also a portion or slice of cheese (Scots).
ikrama	A person who swore to fight unto death at the Yarmuk Battle
humanism	Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages
bespeak	to indicate; to engage, hire, or order in advance; to request: bespeak a favor; to speak to; address.
burin	the tool used by engravers for gouging lines on copper or steel printing plates.
stylobate	in architecture the immediate foundation of a row of classical columns
al-hamdulilahi rabbil'alameen	"Praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds".
dujaila	Town two miles south of Kut-al-Amara on the River Tigris in Mesopotamia, where the British relief force under General Fenton Aylmer was defeated on 7 March 1916.
jinshi	[chin shEE] Title granted to those students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office
proletariat	Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries
intervisibility	a term used to show the mutual visibility between sites, usually with the corresponding style of monument
chronology	the arrangement of events and dates according to their occurrence in a linear sequence of time.
western front	Front established in World War I; generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict
tipped-in	the plates, autograph, letter, photo, etc., glued into a book
kapp putsch	Failed right-wing coup in Berlin in March 1920, led by the nationalist politician and co-founder (in 1917) of the German Fatherland Party, Wolfgang Kapp.
dutch trading empire	Based on control of fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of limited number of productsparticularly spices
kamasutra	Written by Vatsayana during Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher caste males including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and instruction on love-making
lesotho	Southern African state that survived mfecane; not based on Zulu model; less emphasis on military organization, less authoritarian government
dur	also 'Der' - water (Gaelic).
franklin	in medieval times a person who was a landowner, but not a nobleman or aristocrat.
royal african company	Chartered in 1660s to establish a monopoly over the slave trade among British merchants; supplied African slaves to colonies in Barbados, Jamaica, and Virginia
ummah	Community
confucius	Also known as Kung Fuzi; major Chinese philosopher; born in 6th century b.c.e.; author of Analects; philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi
search engine	essentially an electronic version of the traditional card catalogue found in libraries; used to help genealogists and other users quickly find needed information from the millions of web sites now on the Internet.
calligraphy	the art of fine handwriting
rochet	a white ceremonial vestment made of linen or lawn, worn by bishops and other church dignitaries.
metes	a measurement of distance in feet, rods, poles, chains, etc.; pertains to measuring direction and distance.
pauper	(from Latin for poor) in the sense of a poor person or someone dependent on charity
quicken	a rowan tree (Sorbus aucuparia).
prelate	a member of the clergy who either has ordinary jurisdiction over a group of people or ranks in precedence with ordinaries
subhah	String of beads used to count recitations in worship.
untouchables	Lowest caste in Indian society; performed tasks that were considered pollutingstreet sweeping, removal of human waste, and tanning
stolypin reforms	Reforms introduced by the Russian minister Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry
ordos bulge	Located on Huanghe River; region of fertile soil; site of Yangshao and Longshan cultures
mortsafe	a structure placed on a grave to prevent the body being exhumed and stolen.
almoravids	[al muh räv udz] A puritanical reformist movement among the Islamic Berber tribes of northern Africa; controlled gold trade across Sahara; conquered Ghana in 1076; moved southward against African kingdoms of the savanna and westward into Spain
orison	reverent petition to a deity; prayer.
shoora	The process of election recommended in the Quran
bakufu	military government established by minamoto in 1185
obrok	Labor obligations of Russian peasants to either their aristocratic landlords or to the state; typical of increased labor burdens placed on Russian peasantry during the 18th century
mass leisure culture	An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports
allenarly	only, solely or exclusively.
renaissance	Cultural and political movement in western Europe; began in Italy c
ecclesiastical	pertaining to the church or the clergy.
garitour	a day watchman, especially in a castle
stouthrief	a form of theft committed by force.
a pied	a French term neaning 'on foot'.
carl	also see 'Churl' - large stalks of hemp which bear the seed; - called also carl hemp; kind of food - Caring or carl are seeds steeped in water and fried the next day in butter or fat
cruck	curved timber, used in pairs to form a bowed A-frame which supports the roof of a building independently of the walls.
guillotine	[gil uh tEEn, gEE uh-, giluh tEEn, gEEuh-] Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror
tulchan	a calf's skin stretched on a wooden frame and laid beneath a cow to increase the milk yield (Scots).
athame	a ceremonial black-handled knife, one of several magical tools used in Wicca; other forms of modern witchcraft have since adopted the term for various ritual knives.
supporters	are human or animal figures placed on either side of a heraldic coat of arms as though supporting it
corporatism	Political ideology that emphasized the organic nature of society and made the state a mediator, adjusting the interests of different social groups; appealed to conservative groups in European and Latin American societies and to the military
siwak	a natural toothbrush made from the twigs of the Salvadora persica tree.
new youth	Marxist periodical in China; did much to spread the ideas of Marx and Lenin among the politically active youth of China's coastal cities
scale-and-platt stair	stairs that rise in straight flights (scales) with platforms (platts).
primary source	records that were created at the time of an event
locus amoenus	an earthy paradise
huacas	Sacred spirits and powers that resided or appeared in caves, mountains, rocks, rivers, and other natural phenomena; typical of Andean societies
dominions	Name given to the self-governing divisions of the British empire: Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa.
hojo	Warrior family closely allied with Minamoto; dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers; claimed to rule in name of emperor at Kyoto
damascus	Capital of Umayyad caliphate
barrio	from Arabic barr
evidence	the information that tends to prove or disprove a conclusion
ashadu anna muhammadu rasullullah	"I bear witness that Muhammad is God's messenger".
twill	a fabric so woven as to have a surface of diagonal parallel ridges.
casa de contratación	Spanish Board of Trade operated out of Seville; regularized commerce with New World; supplied colonial provisions (p
spelt cereal	cereal seeds, often wheat, which do not detach easily from the husk.
mailing list	a discussion forum where participants subscribe to a list and receive messages by E-mail; heavily used by genealogists to interact with others having similar research objectives or interests; almost the equivalent of an online genealogical society.
hollin	a woodland area where holly was cut for fodder.[23]
chernobyl	Massive meltdown in a Soviet nuclear reactor in 1986, causing widespread radiation damage
occidens	pertaining to or of the west.
bourlon wood	Stretch of woods near Cambrai
slash-and-burn farmers	A system of cultivation typical of shifting cultivators; forest floors cleared by fire are then planted
cautioner	in Scotland, one who acts as surety for another, thereby undertaking to be liable for the default of another, or for his appearance in court, payment of a fine, etc.
yangdi	Second member of Sui dynasty; murdered his father to get throne; restored Confucian examination system; responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; assassinated in 618
zaid ibn thabit	Famous scribe of the Holy Quran and the one who later wrote it
huancavelica	[wäng kuh vuh lEE kuh] Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosí
library of congress	the national library of the United States and research arm of Congress; home to an exceptional genealogical collection, particularly of compiled records
appellate	having the power to hear court appeals and to review court decisions (Legal).
receiver	a person appointed by court to hold property until a suit is settled (Legal).
st. petersburg	New capital of Russia established during the reign of Peter the Great
shaytan	Satan.
moss	equivalent to morass or bog in England, contains black or dark-coloured substance formed by stagnant water from rotting vegetation, sometimes in a fluid state (Scots).
banns	public announcement of an intended marriage before the time of the actual marriage to allow advance notice to those who might have reason to protest
maize	One of the staple crops of sedentary agriculturists in the Americas; domesticated by 4000 b.c.e
conference of the birds	in this work by Farid ud-Din Attar, he describes a group of birds (individual human souls) under the leadership of a hoopoe (spiritual master) who determine to search for the legendary Simurgh bird (God)
kamehameha i	[kä mAY hä mAY hä, kuh mAY uh mAY uh] Fought series of wars backed by British weapons and advisors resulting in unified Hawaiian kingdom by 1810; as king he promoted economic change encouraging Western merchants to establish export trade in Hawaiian goods
perestroika	[peruh stroi kuh] Policy of Mikhail Gorbachev calling for economic restructuring in the USSR in the late 1980s; more leeway for private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture
binding	in books terms, the cover of the book.
hundred years' war	Conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states
shang	First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bend
umrah	Lesser pilgrimage which can be performed at any time of the year.
pasquinade	a satire or lampoon, especially one that ridicules a specific person, traditionally written and posted in a public place.
karma	The sum of merits accumulated by a soul at any given point in time; determined the caste to which the soul would be assigned in the next life
shirk	the Islamic concept of the sin of polytheism specifically, but in a more general way refers to serving anything other than the One God; i.e
oversman	an overseer; a superintent; an umpire; a third arbiter, appointed when two arbiters, previously selected, disagree (Scots).
mu'awiya	A ambitious Governor of Syria who defied Ali and fought him at Siffin to the detriment of the Muslim Ummah
rakat	salat/prayer is performed in "units" of prayer called raka'ah
suez canal	Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment
letrados	University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions
consuls	Two chief executives or magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy
völkerwanderungen	[fôlk er van der Ungen] Movement of Germanic peoples southward into the Roman Empire; resulted from population growth, pressure of Asian groups on eastern flanks of Germanic regions
writ of attachment	a court order authorizing the seizure of property sufficient to cover debts and court costs for not appearing in court (Legal).
jointure-house	an arrangement by which a husband grants real property to his wife for her use after his death the property thus settled; widow's portion.
shona dictionary	shona name
amara	Town on the River Tigris in Mesopotamia
eid	"festival"
suborned	to induce (a person) to commit an unlawful or evil act; to induce (a person) to commit perjury.
ecclesiastical benefice	a church property.
habeas corpus	the legal right to a trial in a court before a judge and jury.
brandanes	also 'Brandini'
potence	device which allows a ladder to pivot around the inside of a Dovecot so that all the nest holes can be reached.
huanghe river basin	[hwäng] Also known as Yellow River basin; site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China
caporetto	Italian (now Slovenian) village; Slovenian name: Kobarid
ghiba	back-biting
manure	animal dung used for fertilising soil.
mesoamerica	Mexico and Central America; along with Peru, site of development of sedentary agriculture in Western hemisphere
cart	a strong vehicle with two or four wheels designed for carrying loads and drawn by a horse or horses.
commonty	a common; a piece of ground used by or belonging to more than one person.
linear b	the script of Mycenaean Greeks derived from Linear A
greeks	Greeks colonise Cyrenaica in the east which they call Libya.
bhaktic cults	[buk tEEk] Groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu
congé d'élire	permission to elect.
chagrin	a keen feeling of mental unease, as of annoyance or embarrassment, caused by failure, disappointment, or a disconcerting event.
hadith	traditions relating to the words and deeds of Muhammad
pounce	a fine powder formerly used to smooth and finish writing paper and soak up ink.
haybote	also 'Hedgebot'
kushanas	Dynasty that succeeded the Mauryas in northwestern India; sponsors of Buddhism; empire did not extend to Ganges River valley
bolshevism	an ideology advocating the seizure of power by a revolutionary elite in the name of the proletariat
sunna	"trodden path"
chan buddhism	Known as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society
shona art	translate english to shona
lymmares	villains or malefactors.
edict of nantes	Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions
uthman	Uthman was the third of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, and ruled from the death of Umar in 644 to 656
kivas	Circular pits in Anasazi communities used for religious meetings by the men in the society
romanticism	Artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection
iqamah	Call to stand up for salah.
british expeditionary force	British troops on active service overseas
denomination	a name, designation, or title used to denote a society of individuals, often those belonging to a particular religion.
fujiwara	Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power
souterrain	a name given by archaeologists to a type of underground structure associated with the Atlantic Iron Age
shona names	shona people
stelae	Large memorial pillars erected to commemorate triumphs and events in the lives of Maya rulers
khadija	Khadija was Mohammed's first wife and his first follower
compiled records	a record (usually in book or database form) consisting of information that may come from original sources, other compiled records, or verbal testimony (e.g., a book titled The History of the Wright Family or an online database such as the SSDI).
isnad	Chain of transmission of each Hadith.
historiography	the study of how history is constructed
holding ecological adaptation	Human adaptation to an environment in such a way that the original environment is drastically transformed and replaced with a new, human-oriented ecology; typical of sedentary agricultural communities
jamm also jamb	the projecting wing of a house.
source	the document, record, publication, manuscript, etc
rasul	Messenger of Allah.
dyke	in geology an intrusion or band of hard stone, usually igneous, often running for miles and eroded very slowly in relation to softer rocks (Scots).
chronology	a date-based approach to family history, addressing each event in a time sequence
baillie	a local official
lick of goodwill	also 'lock'
xenia	gifts to a guest or guests.
liao	founded by Khitan nomads in 907; became very much influenced by Chinese culture;
demography	the study of the characteristics of human populations, such as size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics
family records	the documents, photos, diaries, Bibles and other memorabilia that can be found at your own home or tucked away in your grandmother's attic.
saint anthony's cross	a cross in the form of a 'T'
smock mill	a type of tower windmill having a tower that is mainly constructed of wood.
partition of poland	Three separate divisions of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in Eastern Europe
benin	City-state formed in 14th century under Ewuare the Great (14001473); control extended from Niger River to coast near modern Lagos
stockman	a person in charge of livestock.
ogee	a feature showing in section a double continuous S-shaped curve
ursine	of or characteristic of bears or a bear.
city directories	predecessor to today's phone books, directories which usually listed residents (head of household or all those over 18), addresses, and occupations; often used in conjunction with census records to close the gaps in between census years.
per infortunium	a killing, per infortunium, or by misadventure, occurs when a person in doing a lawful act, without any intent to harm, unfortunately kills another.
khusrau ii	A Persian Emperor who mistreated Prophet Muhammad's envoy
halal	"permissible".
federalists	Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals
first papers	another term used for declaration of intent(ion) in the naturalization process.
bismillahir rahmanir rahim	this is a phrase from the Quran that is recited before reading the Quran
socialism in one country	Joseph Stalin's concept of Russian communism based solely on the Soviet Union rather than the Leninist concept of international revolution; by cutting off the Soviet Union from other economies, the USSR avoided worst consequences of the Great Depression
souk	a Middle Eastern market, is borrowed from Arabic s
triforium	an arcaded wall area above the nave and below the clerestory
mandates	Governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain occupied mandates in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after 1922
soffit	the underneath of an arch.
yang guifei	Young woman belonging to harem of Tang prince; raised to status of royal concubine during reign of Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into royal administration led to revolt
kharijis	A break away group from Ali's side who forced Ali into arbitration; played havoc in the region and some of them fought Ali at Nahrawan
tambos	Way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies on move; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages
ghazni empire	Dynasty and empire founded from Turks who were originally slaves; seized power in 962 in Afghanistan north of Indus valley; later invaded Indian subcontinent
obeah	African religious ideas and practices in the English and French Caribbean islands
cenotaph	Monument in Whitehall, London, honouring the dead of both world wars
perspective	a point of view or standpoint from which historical events, problems and issues can be analysed, eg a gender perspective (either masculine or feminine) on the past.
vignette	a decorative design placed at the beginning or end of a book or chapter of a book or along the border of a page; an unbordered picture, often a portrait, that shades off into the surrounding color at the edges; a short, usually descriptive literary sketch.
imperial war cabinet	Body created by the British prime minister David Lloyd George in the spring of 1917 to bring into the Allied policy-making process his counterparts in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa, as well as the secretary of state for India.
sty	a pen or enclosure for pigs.
dhul-hijjah	The month of the Hajj, last month of the Islamic year.
cientificos	Advisors of government of Porfirio Díaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted government to project image of modernization
subhana'allah	"glory be to Allah".
mauryas	Dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century b.c.e
satyagraha	[sut yuh gruhuh, suht yä gruh-] Literally, "truth-force"; Gandhi's policy of nonviolent opposition to British colonialism
haugh	also 'Hauch' - a piece of level ground, generally alluvial, on the banks of a river, river-meadow land.
collectivization	Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes
potsdam conference	Meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union just before the end of World War II in 1945; Allies agreed upon Soviet domination in Eastern Europe; Germany and Austria to be divided among victorious Allies
industrial revolution	Series of changes in economy of Western Europe between 1740 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution of 17th century, and development of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production
hegemony	a political ascendancy over other states.
madrassa	the Arabic word for any type of school, secular or religious (of any religion).
cinematography	the art of making lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for the cinema.
united nations	International organization formed in the aftermath of World War II; included all of the victorious Allies; its primary mission was to provide a forum for negotiating disputes
pahi	Double canoes used for long-distance voyaging; carried a platform between canoes for passengers or cargo
lombardic script	the national hand of Italy; a development of the uncial and was first used in northern Italy
confucius	Chinese sage who urged a system of morality and statecraft to bring about peace, stability, and just government in the midst of the warfare and tyranny
red guards	in Chinese history, politically active students of the Cultural Revolution 1966-1969), who organized units to carry out Mao Zedong's aim of rerevolutionizing Chinese society
set	Also 'Sett' - a cut stone block, often of granite.
kautilya	Political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; one of authors of Arthashastra; believed in scientific application of warfare
area	in architecture a basement level light well in front of Georgian period houses.
democracy	a type of Greek government in which all citizens, without regard to birth or wealth, administered the workings of government
enlightenment	Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior
marriage license	a document issued to a prospective bride and groom upon application at a local court house
religious revivalism	An approach to religious belief and practice that stresses the literal interpretation of texts sacred to the religion in question and the application of their precepts to all aspects of social life; has been increasingly associated in the late 20th century with revivalist movements in a number of world religions, including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism
centralists	Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives
buckram	a heavy linen cloth used in book binding
tack	a lease[15]
population revolution	Huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent
hand	the handwriting of a person
comunero revolt	One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels
chiang kai-shek	[chang kiy shek] A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Koumintang (Guomindung) or Nationalist Party in China in the mid-1920s; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s, but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the Com-munists after World War II
gorget	a piece of armor protecting the throat; an ornamental collar.
crock	an earthenware jar which was historically used for the storage of butter or other food items
cape of good hope	Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India
pakul	a soft, round-topped Afghan men's hat, typically of wool
romans	Byzantines, superpower of the old world at the time of Al-Khulafaa Al-Rashidoon
maghrib	[mug ruhb] The Arabic word for western North Africa
dawah	"summons, call, invite, invitation"
gentleman of the bedchamber	an office in a European royal household beginning from about the early in the 11th century
reredos	a carved screen backing the altar in some churches.
vergil	One of greatest of Roman poets during "Golden Age" of Latin literature; patronized by Augustus; author of Aeneid
mullahs	Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism
ayan	[ä yän] The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule
classic	Period in Americas from 150 to 900 c.e.; period of greatest cultural achievement
wench	a young woman; a female servant; a lewd woman
asian sea trading network	Prior to intervention of Europeans, consisted of three zones: Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; India based on cotton textiles; and China based on paper, porcelain, and silks
hieroglyphs	The form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform
aurangzeb	[ôr uhng zeb] Son and successor of Shah Jahan in Mughal India; determined to extend Mughal control over whole of subcontinent; wished to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare exhausted empire despite military successes; died in 1707
inhumation	burial of dead body (as opposed to exposure or cremation)
hayyal as-salat	"come to prayer".
tyranny	rule by a tyrant, a man who used his wealth to gain a political following that could take over the existing government.
arras	Town in NE France
greek revolution	Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans
shiah	a follower of the faction of Imam Ali according to the Shia ideology
quarter	a district of a town; usually where a particular minority live or a particular trade is carried out.
extant	in existence; often used to refer to whether the originals of certain records still exist.
michael	which comes from Hebrew mîk
barzakh	Partition or Barrier the divide between the life on earth and the life after
descry	to catch sight of (something difficult to discern) or to discover by careful observation or scrutiny.
electric fluid	archaic tem for the supposed matter of electricity; lightning.
jam'aat	"group".
secondary record	a record created some time after the event
parterre	a level space in a garden occupied by flower-beds arranged formally
cambrai	Town in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of N France
quot	the twentieth part of the moveable estate of a deceased person, which was originally the due of the bishop in whose diocese he had resided; it continued to be paid after the Reformation, but to the commissaries.
nave	the central part of a church from the west door to the chancel, excluding the side aisles.
muslims	Followers of Islam
clovis	Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c
ferule	an instrument, such as a cane, stick, or flat piece of wood, as once used in punishing children.
british grand fleet	Name by which the Royal Navy fleet was commonly known.
yare	nimble, brisk; ready.
soliton	a self-reinforcing solitary wave that maintains its shape while it travels at constant speed
asperity	roughness or harshness, as of surface, sound, manner or climate; severity or rigor
glacis	a defensive earthwork designed to deflect cannonballs.
franz ferdinand	(1863-1914) Heir to the Habsburg throne, assassinated by Bosnian-Serb terrorist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.
deed	a legal document transferring ownership of property; private land records generally maintained at the county level.
peace treaty	a treaty to cease hostilities
causeymaker	a street or lane maker; a layer of cobblestones.
adobe	which came into English from Spanish, came into Spanish from Arabic a
crusades	Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy
obturate	to block or obstruct
white racial supremacy	Belief in the inherent mental, moral, and cultural superiority of whites; peaked in acceptance in decades before World War I; supported by social science doctrines of social Darwinists such as Herbert Spencer
eld	a late time of life or a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises; "she was now of school age"; "tall for his eld", etc.
tomography	three dimensional imaging
geography	the study of spatial relationships on the Earth's surface
mindanao	Southern island of Philippines; a Muslim kingdom that was able to successfully resist Spanish conquest
fidus achates	a true friend.
bastard	an illegitimate child
wahabbi	describes a branch of Islam practiced by those who follow the teachings of Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, after whom the movement is named
imam siraj	Siraj Wahhaj (born as Jeffrey Kearse) is an African-American Muslim convert to Islam and public speaker in North America
hajj	Pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship at the Ka'ba
sufi	Sufism is a mystic tradition within Islam and encompasses a diverse range of beliefs and practices dedicated to divine love and the cultivation of the heart.
laigh	'low'; or by implication, lesser or less important.
dardanelles	Strait between the Aegean and the Sea of Marmara, separating European and Asian Turkey.
ifriqiya	[if ree ki uh] The Arabic term for eastern North Africa
comintern	International office of communism under USSR dominance established to encourage the formation of Communist parties in Europe and elsewhere
matrix	the small, usually copper, block stamped with a single letter which fits into the typefounder's mould in preparation for printing.[19] Also the latten, gold, ivory, lead or silver stamp from which a 'seal' was produced.
laird	the owner of an estate
ramadan	Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic year
great mahele	[mä hAY lAY Hawaiian edict issued in 1848; imposed Western concept of property on Hawaiian land previously shared by Hawaiians; much of private property sold off to Western commercial interests by Hawaiian monarchy
harem	while the pattern
maghrib	"of the setting (sun)"
solidarity	Polish labor movement formed in 1970s under Lech Walesa; challenged USSR-dominated government of Poland
hypothec	an understood security, right or claim which a creditor might have over something belonging to his actual or potential debtor, i.e
idries shah	(16 June 1924-23 November 1996) an author in the Naqshbandi sufist tradition on works ranging from psychology and spirituality to travelogues and culture studies
icons	Images of religious figures that became objects of veneration within Christianity of the Byzantine Empire; particularly prevalent in Eastern monasticism
interlocutor	a formal decree in Scots law as made by a judge.
entail	to entail is to restrict the inheritance of land to a specific group of heirs, such as an individual's sons
filmography	a selective list of movie titles that share a similar characteristic such as the same genre, the same director, the same actor, etc.\
forbidden city	Imperial precinct with the capital cities of China; only imperial family, advisors, and household were permitted to enter
burial record	written notation kept by a church official about the death, funeral and/or burial of a church member.
neanderthals	Species of genus Homo that disappeared at the end of the Paleolithic period
isa	the Arabic name for Jesus.
voussoir	a wedge-shaped element in an arch
cattle herders	Nomadic pastoralists dependent on domesticated cattle; common to region from upper reaches of Nile to southern Africa; little impact on civilizations until later date
hanna	Town on the River Tigris in Mesopotamia, south of Kut-al-Amara and Baghdad
coeval	originating or existing during the same period; lasting through the same era; One of the same era or period; a contemporary.
scoopwheel	a type of water-lifting waterwheel, used mainly for land drainage.
interlibrary loan program	a system found at most libraries allowing patrons to borrow holdings from other libraries; useful for genealogists seeking to view specialized books (e.g., on a particular surname, family, or locality) that are not widely or locally available.
haff	the sea
plato	Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled
minas gerais	[mEE nuhs zhi RIs] Region of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush
vambrace	tubular or gutter shaped armour defences for the forearm.
east african trading ports	Urbanized commercial centers sharing common Bantu-based and Arabic-influenced Swahili language and other cultural traits; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate, and Zanzibar
zanj	Arabic term for the East African coast
grimoire	a manual of black magic (for invoking spirits and demons).
helm wind	a strong wind which blows in special airflow conditions down the slopes of mountains
exculpate	to clear of guilt or blame.
islam	"submission (of one's self to God)".
ziggurats	Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes
varnas	Clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castesBrahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath four Aryan castes was group of socially untouchable Dasas
cognizance	in Heraldry, a crest or badge worn to distinguish the bearer.
informant	the individual who provides the information found on a death certificate
hide	a very old English unit of land area, dating from perhaps the 7th-century
khagan	Title of the supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes
fiqh	Understanding
aegean basin	The territory surrounding Greece proper including the Aegean Sea and Greek islands.
presentment	the act of presenting or laying before a court or person in authority a formal statement of some matter to be legally dealt with
baroque	only Francesco Borromini
unforisfamiliat	also 'Unforisfamiliate'
dutch studies	Group of Japanese scholars interested in implications of Western science and technology beginning in the 18th century; urged freer exchange with West; based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan
hittites	An Indo-European people who entered Mesopotamia c
prepositi / prepositus	agents of the Crown, such as sheriffs or bailies, responsible for collecting revenues due to the Crown.
ijma	General consensus of scholars, expressed or tacit, on matters of law and practice.
tippet	a covering for the shoulders, as of fur, with long ends that hang in front; a long stole worn by members of the Anglican clergy; a long hanging part, as of a sleeve, hood, or cape.
firmarius	a tenant.
fujiwara family	Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9 century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power
louis xvi	Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution (1792)
dependency theory	Belief that development and underdevelopment were not stages but part of the same process; that development and growth of some areas such as Western Europe were achieved at the expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions such as Latin America
signet ring of rakshasa	One of great dramas produced during the Gupta Empire; dramatized authority of Brahmans
vandals	With the collapse of the Western Empire, the Vandals seized Libya amd much of the rest of North Africa except Egypt (455 AD)
vendettas	Blood-feuds between families or clans of nomadic pastoralists; created a major barrier to interclan and tribal cooperation
trans-siberian railroad	Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role
choreography	the art of creating and arranging dances or ballets
ebrious	Inclined to drink to excess; intoxicated; tipsy
chaplet	a wreath or garland for the head; a rosary having beads for five decades of Hail Marys; a string of beads; in architecture A small molding carved to resemble a string of beads.
aristocracy	a type of Greek government in which only the top members of society exercise authority
carolingians	Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century
fusee	a friction match with a large head capable of burning in a wind
vassal retainers	Members of former ruling families granted control over the peasant and artisan populations of areas throughout Shang kingdom; indirectly exploited wealth of their territories
queen regnant	(plural "queens regnant") a female monarch who reigns in her own right, in contrast to a "queen consort", who is the wife of a reigning king.
dispensation	an exemption from a church law, a vow, or another similar obligation granted in a particular case by an ecclesiastical authority.
vennel	an alley or narrow lane.
songhay	Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali (14641492)
chinampas	Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture utilized by Aztecs
natural law	General principles of law applicable to all societies; a fundamental concept of the Roman legal system under the empire; related to Stoic ethical theory
easter rising	Armed insurrection by Irish nationalists in Dublin in April 1916 against British rule in Ireland
gainsay	to declare false or deny; to oppose, especially by contradiction.
hammurabi	The most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law
stewarton hive	a hectagonal hive, the first to allow for separation of the honey combs and brood combs, allowing for the removal of honey without the need to kill the bees.
lancet	windows which are tall and narrow and sometimes grouped under a single arch.
content	the substance or subject matter to be studied by students in Stage 6 Ancient History, eg 'Overview of significant events from Dynasty I to the death of Pepy II'
ya sin	a surah/chapter 36 of the Quran, known as the Heart of the Quran.
wasalaam	I presume this means "peace".
tourn	a court leet; from the tour, turn, or circuit made by the sheriff of a county twice in the year, in which he presided at the hundred-court in each hundred of the county, or the great court leet of the county, held by him on these occasions.
republic	The balanced constitution of Rome from c
azotic	an obsolete term in chemistry, referring to azote, or nitrogen; formed or consisting of azote; as, azotic gas; azotic acid
détente	easing the strained relations between the super powers during the Cold War
shia	The term "Shia" means "party" or "partisans," and refers to the followers of Ali who held that Mohammed had appointed Ali as his successor
seppuku	Ritual suicides committed by disgraced warriors
witchcraft persecution	Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas
hysteria	a state of uncontrolled excitement, anger, or panic believed to have been brought on by a disturbance in the womb (Greek hustera)
ings	a common name in the north of England, and in some other parts, for a meadow; esp
regrating	the crime of buying goods on the way to a market with the intention of selling them at an inflated price.
chichimecs	American hunting-and-gathering groups; largely responsible for the disruption of early civilizations in Mesoamerica
human rights	Certain universal rights many argue should be enjoyed by all people because they are justified by a moral standard that stands above the laws of any individual nation
flagstone	a type of flat stone, usually used for paving slabs, but also for making fences or roofing.
polyandry	[pol EE an drEE, pol EE an-] Marriage practice in which one woman had several husbands; recounted in Aryan epics
guilds	Sworn associations of people in the same business or trade in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities
n	he gave
communalism	a theory that a nation should be organised around different regional communities and that a nation is merely a federation of such states
oriflamme	an inspiring standard or symbol.
necromancy	the prediction of the future by the supposed communication with the dead
modernization theory	The belief that the more industrialized, urban, and modern a society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned or transformed; used as a blueprint for development in Latin America
oeuvre	a work of art or the sum of the lifework of an artist, writer, or composer.
jerusalem	The third most holy city in Islam
flux or flix	from French or Latin for flow
bevor	a piece of plate armour designed to protect the neck.
salaat	prayer.
petition for naturalization	the second document generated in the naturalization process whereby the immigrant formally requests a court decision on their request to become a citizen of a new country.
internationalization	Idea that peoples should unite across national boundaries; gained popularity during the mid-19th century; led to establishment of International Red Cross, Telegraphic Union, Postal Union, series of international fairs
german new guinea	Island in the western Pacific Ocean, north of Australia
tang dynasty	Dynasty that succeeded the Sui in 618 c.e.; more stable than previous dynasty
fazendas	Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil
yi dynasty	Korean dynasty that succeeded Koryo dynasty following period of Mongol invasions; established in 1392; ruled Korea to 1910; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence
patriarchal	[pAY trEE är k'l] Societies in which women defer to men; societies run by men and based on the assumption that men naturally directed political, economic, and cultural life
posthumous	a child born after the death of the father.
macaroni	also 'Maccaroni'
impanele	to enter in a list, or on a piece of parchment, called a panel; to form or enroll, as a list of jurors in a court of justice.
xi xia	Kingdom established southwest of Liao; Song paid them (?);
loess	[lO es, les, lus] Fine grained soil deposited in Ordos bend by winds from central Asia; created fertile soil for sedentary agricultural communities
megalithic yard	a unit of measurement used in the construction of megalithic structures
flying buttress	a buttress variant which allows a more delicate appearance whilst maintaining the strength of the supports to a wall.
amigos del país	[uh mEE gOs, ä mEE-, del päEEs] Clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform
babylonian empire	Unified all of Mesopotamia c
armiger	a person entitled to use a heraldic coat of arms
july crisis	Term used by historians to describe the period of escalating diplomatic and military tensions in Europe during the summer of 1914
apocryphal	a piece of work where the authenticity or authorship is in doubt.
umar ibn ul-khattab	Second Khalifah of Islam.
shah-nama	Written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests
noi	Nation of Islam.
red heads	Name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive red headgear
mad - wag	a crazy person in a jocular sense, from 'Wag-halter'.
pachacuti	Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca
thurible	a censer used in certain ecclesiastical ceremonies or liturgies.
census record	population survey conducted every ten years in the U.S
american civil war	Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South
facsimile	an exact reproduction, by photography or by typographic or manuscript imitation, of an original leaf or book
henge	late Neolithic British earth enclosures of bank and ditch (usually internal)
settlement colonies	Areas, such as North America and Australia, that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants
tide	an obsolete term for time, period or season.
harl	an external rough-cast coating on buildings made from lime, sand & gravel.
extended families	Consisted of several generations, including the family patriarch's sons and grandsons with their wives and children; typical of Shang China elites
timur-i lang	Leader of Turkic nomads; beginning in 1360s from base at Samarkand, launched series of attacks in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India, and southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405
military coup	Young officers influenced by Presidebnt Nasser in Egypt and led by Col
genogram	a medically-focused family tree construct for the purpose of understanding the health history of a family
alpacas	Along with llamas, domesticated animals of the Americas; basis for only form of nomadic pastoralism in the New World until European importation of larger animals in 15th century c.e
chiang ching-kuo	[jEE äng ching gwO] Son and successor of Chiang Kai-shek as ruler of Taiwanese government in 1978; continued authoritarian government; attempted to lessen gap between followers of his father and indigenous islanders
quod vide	or 'QV' - directs the reader to look in another part of the book for further information.
mujahid	"struggler", plural mujahideen
ridda wars	Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam
nguyen	[ngI en, ngu yen] Rival Vietnamese dynasty that arose in southern Vietnam to challenge traditional dynasty of Trinh in north at Hanoi; kingdom centered on Red and Mekong rivers; capital at Hue
consanguinity	the degree of relationship between persons who descend from a common ancestor
zealot	an uncompromising or extreme partisan; a fanatic.
popular front	Combination of Socialist and Communist political parties in France; won election in 1936; unable to take strong measures of social reform because of continuing strength of conservatives; fell from power in 1938
lake texcoco	Where the Aztec empire was established
fiqh	Islamic jurisprudence
cryptography	the art of disguising information
nirvana	The Buddhist state of enlightenment, a state of tranquility
apophthegm	a brief wise saying.
compiègne	City in northern France, on the River Oise
tlacaelel	[tlä ka elAYl] Advisor to Aztec rulers from 1427 to c
fallow	ploughed and harrowed land left uncultivated for a year.
amerce	to punish by a fine imposed arbitrarily at the discretion of the court; to punish by imposing an arbitrary penalty.
bosphorus	Strait between European and Asian Turkey, linking the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara.
sibling	a brother or sister, persons who share the same parents in common.
weir	an overflow-type dam commonly used to raise the level of a river or stream
independent kingdom	The British granted independence to Cyrenaica as emirate (1949)
vernacular	a local building style using local materials and traditional methods of construction and ornamentation, especially as distinguished from historical architectural styles
laud	praise; glorification.
cape helles	Series of beaches on the southern tip of Gallipoli; one of two sites for the Allied landings on the peninsula on 25 April 1915.
sorning	taking meat and drink by force or menaces, and without paying.
puddling	a process of making iron using coke as fuel
alienate	in the context of feudal superiors, this means where the baron alienates or ceases to be the feudal superior of the barony and the jurisdiction passes to a sheriff.
horace	Poet who adapted Greek poetic meters to the Latin language; author of lyrical poetry laudatory of the empire; patronized by Augustus
hellenistic period	That culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms
wair	to give or expend
feeble-minded	such people were neither idiots nor imbeciles, but if adults, their condition was so pronounced that they require care, supervision, and control for their own protection or the protection of others
connexus	a connecting structure.
nuclear families	Consisted of husband and wife, their children, and perhaps a grandmother or orphaned cousin; typical of Chinese peasantry
consuetude	a custom or usage that has acquired the force of law.
rood screen	in Christian centres of worship these are wooden or stone screens which run across the chancel and divide the priests from the congregation, thereby setting them apart
parish register	a term sometimes used for church records, denoting the recording of baptisms, marriages, and burials within a given church or parish.
ingeniator	literally an engineer, but usually used in the sense of a person who is an expert in the skill of fortifying a place.
mu'ta	A place of military operation between Muslims and the Byzantines, in which Muslims were about to be annihilated
mahmud of ghazni	Third ruler of dynasty; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression
merino	the Spanish name for a breed of sheep, and hence applied to a woolen fabric.
rill	a stream.
beehive	an artificial home for bees
cresset	a metal cup, often suspended on a pole, containing burning oil or pitch and used as a torch.
nathan	from n
progeniture	a direct ancestor.
sputnik	First unmanned spacecraft in 1957; sent up during Khrushchev's government; initiated space race with the United States
gable stone	carved and often colourfully painted stone tablets, which are set into the walls of buildings, usually at about 4 metres from the ground
communicants	those members of a church who are entitled to partake in Communion; often used to refer to church members in general.
british legion	Organisation founded in 1921 to provide services and assistance for former members of the British armed forces.
novodamus	a charter in Scots law containing a clause in which the superior of a property grants it "of new" because of a defect in the original title to the property or because either the vassal or superior wanted to get the conditions of the original grant altered.
narmer	First pharaoh of Egyptian Old Kingdom; ruled c
transept	a transverse arm off the nave of a church, abbey, etc.
olympic games	One of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations
devi	Mother goddess within Hinduism; widely spread following collapse of Guptas; encouraged new emotionalism in religious ritual
shona proverbs	shona translator
trung sisters	Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 c.e.; demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society
urban ii	Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims
operarii	lay brothers in the Celtic church who carried out manual work.
two grammatical genders	masculine and feminine
zhu xi	[tsU shEE, ju shEE] Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action
appendix	additional or supplementary material generally located at the end of a book or piece of work; article, etc.
abdul hamid	Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908
eunuchs	Castrated males used within the households of Chinese emperors, usually to guard the emperors' concubines; became political counterbalance to powerful marital relatives during Later Han
shoguns	Military leaders of the Bakufu
salic law	a law, thought to derive from the code of laws of the Salian Franks, prohibiting a woman from succeeding to a throne
pound	an enclosure for impounding stray or trespassing animals
biafra	Founded as an independent nation in eastern Nigeria, where the Ibo people were most numerous; suppressed as an independent state and reincorporated into Nigeria in 1970
mesopotamian	Literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys
ribbed vault	by bridging the diagonal corners with narrow arches, ribs, a lighter vault can be built
soviet	Council of workers formed to seize city government in Petrograd in 1917; basis for early political organization of Russian Revolution
abu	"father".
gothic	An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls
exegesis	a critical explanation or analysis, especially of a text.
janissaries	Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after 15th century
algebra	as well as other words where the article has been altered, such as
vaunt	an ostentatious display.
asr	the afternoon daily prayer recited by practising Muslims
quetzalcoatl	Toltec deity; Feathered Serpent; adopted by Aztecs as a major god
wit	blame or fault, from the Anglo-Saxon wit.[6]
sheik	from Arabic
ship passenger list	see passenger arrival list.
curling	a precision team sport similar to 'bowls' or 'bocce', played on a rectangular sheet of prepared ice by two teams of four players each, using heavy polished granite curling stones which players slide down the ice towards a target area called the house
bureau of land management	federal government office responsible for purchase, sale and development of all federally owned land; maintains extensive records on transactions transferring property from public to private possession (see http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/).
erection	royal favourites to whom the benefices which had belonged to Scottish monasteries were granted after the Reformation.
thermography	thermal imaging.
feudalism	The social organization created during the Middle Ages by exchanging grants of land or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of Zhou dynasty; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in return for military service
witr	an optional Muslim prayer yet that can be performed at night after Isha'a and before Fajr.
vital records index	an index of all the births, marriages, deaths or divorces within a state or local jurisdiction, making it easier to locate a specific document
marriage record	written notation kept by a church official about the marriage of a pair of individuals; sometimes also used to refer to civil marriage records.
apogee	the farthest or highest point; the apex.
racism	the belief in the superiority of one race of people over others
l	my well-being is God
band	A level of social organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis
pedigree	a person's ancestry, lineage, family tree.
bibliography	a list of writings used or considered by an author in preparing a particular work
qiyamah	Yawm al-Qiyamah ("Day of the Resurrection") is the Last Judgement in Islam
gabriel	The angel who served as a messenger between Allah and Mohammed to bring him the visions and the Koran
bid'ah	in Islam, any type of innovation
mahayana	Chinese version of Buddhism; placed considerable emphasis on Buddha as god or savior
aumbrey	also 'Aumbry'
capitalism	an economic system that encourages individuals to make profits through investments and the private ownership of goods, property and the means of production, distribution and exchange
namariq	Battle between Muslims under Thaqafi and the Persians under Jehan in which Jehan lost his life
tympanum	The basically semicircular area enclosed by the arch above the lintel of an arched entranceway, often filled with carvings or other ornamentation.
scion	a descendent; a younger member , often of a noble family.
united fruit company	Most important foreign economic concern in Guatemala during the 20th century; attempted land reform aimed at United Fruit caused U.S
sacryn bell	a bell rung at the elevation of the host in the mass.
trajan	Emperor from 101 to 106 c.e.; instituted more aggressive imperial foreign policy resulting in expansion of empire to its greatest limits
curlicue	also 'curlycue'
karbala	Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'i resistance to Umayyad caliphate
foxing	irregular brown spots or stains in paper caused by chemical or metallic impurities in the original stock of paper, often aggravated by poor storage, such as moist conditions.[17]
chinggis khan	[jeng guhs kän] Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world
bangladesh	Founded as an independent nation in 1972; formerly East Pakistan
staging	the structure for facilitating access to windmill sails and sometimes caps.
leech	a physician or healer, because doctors used leeches to draw blood from patients.
propone	to propose; to bring forward.
juula	[jUlä] Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali Empire; eventually spread throughout much of West Africa
falklands	British-owned islands in the South Atlantic
islam	Peace attained through willing obedience to Allah's divine guidance.
al-hamdulilah	"praise to God, all praise to God, thank God". Used to praise God but also in response to the question "how are you?" - "praise to God (I'm fine)".
'coupon election'	Term by which the first post-war election in Britain on 14 December 1918 is commonly known
scientific revolution	Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages
talha	A Companion who gave allegiance to Ali then reversed himself (Renouncer)
zubair	A Companion who renounced his allegiance to Ali, wanted to fight him, then changed his mind and did not participate in Jamal Confrontation
enumerator	census taker; the person who went from residence to residence to record census data.
aeschylus	Greek writer of tragedies
parlour	also 'Parlor' - a room in a private home set apart for the entertainment of visitors; a small lounge or sitting room affording limited privacy, as at an inn or tavern.
ismâ'il	Sufi commander who conquered city of Tabriz in 1501; first Safavid to be proclaimed shah or emperor
proletariat	a term used to identify a lower social class; a member of such a class is proletarian; from Latin proles, "offspring." Originally it was identified as those people who had no wealth other than their sons.
agnate seniority	a patrilineal principle of inheritance where the order of succession to the throne prefers the monarch's younger brother over the monarch's own sons
mana	Power of ali'i; emanated from their lineages and enabled them to extract labor or tribute from their subjects
cabriole	a form of furniture leg that curves outward and then narrows downward into an ornamental foot, characteristic of Queen Anne and Chippendale furniture.
porta del popolo	the Piazza del Popolo
german south west africa	German colony now known as Namibia
mass line	Economic policy of Mao Zedong; led to formation of agricultural cooperatives in 1955; cooperatives became farming collectives in 1956
dortour	a dormitory, especially in a monastery.
quadrate	in heraldry, a device within a coat of arms is described as quadrate when it has a square central boss.
feminist movements	Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s
muskeg	a swamp or bog formed by an accumulation of sphagnum moss, leaves, and decayed matter resembling peat.
chiefdom	Widely diffused pattern of social organization in the Americas; featured chieftains who ruled from central towns over a large territory including smaller towns or villages that paid tribute; predominant town often featured temples and priest class
b.c.	and Semitic languages continue to be spoken in the Middle East and in northeastern Africa today.
ilm	"knowledge/science".
secondary evidence	evidence that is inferior to primary evidence or the best evidence.
tambour	a drum or drummer; a small wooden embroidery frame consisting of two concentric hoops between which fabric is stretched; embroidery made on such a frame.
qin dynasty	[chin] Established in 221 b.c.e
turnegreis	also 'Turnpike' - a spiral stone stairway in a castle tower, church wall, etc.[49]
musailema	The chief imposter who fought the Muslims after the Prophet (pbuh)
leaf	two pages.
plaistow	an open space used for entertainment, akin to the village green
ellwand	a staff or measuring one ell in length
lithograph	literally 'drawing on stone' , but used for any print taken from a flat surface.
regionalism	movement that developed in Indonesia's provinces emphasising the need for each region to maintain its own identity and independence
aisle	a side extension to the nave of a church
holy roman emperors	Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c
world economy	Established by Europeans by the late 16th century; based on control of seas including the Atlantic and Pacific; created an international exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured products
emperor wuzong	Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840s; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology
hodge	a corruption of the personal name 'Roger', used in England by townsfolk to imply that someone was a rustic.[22]
hajj	The fifth of the Five Pillars of Islam
pochteca	Special merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items
mawali	Non-Arab converts to Islam
saint anne	the supposed mother of the Virgin Mary
airey	variant of "area".
mita	Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control
bodhisattvas	[bO duh sut vuhs] Buddhist holy men; built up spiritual merits during their lifetime; prayers even after death could aid people to achieve reflected holiness
moldboard	Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system
stalinism	a system of government originating in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin
andiron	one of a pair of metal supports used for holding up logs in a fireplace
family history	records that contain genealogical information, biographical sketches, or stories about members or branches of a family, or those having a common surname.
boers	Dutch settlers in Cape Colony
shifting cultivators	An intermediate form of ecological adaptation in which temporary forms of cultivation are carried out with little impact on the natural ecology; typical of rain forest cultivators
shona heritage	shona proverbs
nix	nothing.
al-aqsa	"the far place"; the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem is on the Temple Mount and is the third holiest mosque in Islam.
rio de janeiro	Brazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763
sicca	a seal; a coining die.
squinch	a structure, such as a section of vaulting or corbeling, set diagonally across the interior angle between two walls to provide a transition from a square to a polygonal or more nearly circular base on which to construct a dome.
lore	a body of tradition and knowledge on a subject or held by a particular group.
samurai	Mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor
alim	"(religious) scholar, learned man".
spavined	afflicted with spavin; marked by damage, deterioration, or ruin, e.g
online database	an electronic repository of information you can easily search, usually by surname, place or keyword (e.g., the SSDI).
greek fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back the Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople
contumely	insolently abusive and arrogantly humiliating
imam	"leader"
acha	"okay".
boule	Part of a larger legislative body (with the ecclesia), it is a council composed of five hundred members.
anthropodermic bibliopegy	the practice of binding books in human skin
five pillars	The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj
sase	self-addressed, stamped envelope
pyramids	Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs
han dynasty	Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Qin in 202 b.c.e.; ruled for next 400 years
suriname	Formerly a Dutch plantation colony on the coast of South America; location of runaway slave kingdom in 18th century; able to retain independence despite attempts to crush guerrilla resistance
fiars	prices of grain which were fixed for each county by its sheriff and a jury of locals every February.
belgian revolution of 1830	Produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a liberal constitutional monarchy
sahaaba	The Companions of the Prophet (pbuh), plural of Sahaabi
estate	the property - belongings and assets - left by an individual at the time of death, for dispersal among surviving heirs.
tiercon vaulting	these are intermediate ribs used in ceiling vaulting to give extra support and to make the panels smaller.
socialism	Political movement with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man
ameen	"please accept"
dhows	Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design
reprography	the reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means
antinomianism	the doctrine that faith in Christ frees the Christian from obligation to observe the moral law as set forth in the Old Testament.
isandhlwana	[EE sän dl wä nuh] Location of battle fought in 1879 between the British and Zulu armies in South Africa; resulted in defeat of British; one of few victories of African forces over Western Europeans
switzer	a Swiss; Swiss Guard.
lunar cycle	One of the principal means of establishing a calendar; based on cycles of moon; differed from solar cycles and failed to provide accurate guide to round of the seasons; required constant revision or intercalation
'beer hall putsch'	Name by which the failed Nazi attempt to seize power in Munich in November 1923 is commonly known.
ethnography	the study of cultures
final distribution	see settlement.
jesus of nazareth	Prophet and teacher among the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah; executed c
simon commission	In 1927 considered future Indian colonial government responses to nationalist demands; served to unify nationalist politicians on both right and left of independence movement and also to heal rift between Muslims and Hindus
narthex	A portico or lobby of an early Christian or Byzantine church or basilica, originally separated from the nave by a railing or screen; an entrance hall leading to the nave of a church
phoenicians	The first know human settlements in Libya are Phoenician colonies established along the coast, primarily in Tripolitania in western Libya (7th century BC).
wahshi	The one who killed Musailema
qari abdul-basit	(1927-1988) an Egyptian Quranic Recitor, considered to be one of the greatest, if not the greatest, of his era
third world	Nations outside the capitalist industrial nations of the first world and the industrialized Communist nations of the second world; generally less economically powerful, but with varied economies
afrikaner national party	Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid
as-salaam	I presume this means "peace".
spring	in a woodland this is an area recently coppiced and well fenced due to the vulnerability of young shoots.
kufr	"unbeliever".
catherine the great	German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry
shi	Probably originally priests; transformed into corps of professional bureaucrats because of knowledge of writing during Zhou dynasty in China
catholic reformation	Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs
song dynasty	960-1279; saw the restoration of the scholar-gentry and the Confucian order; a time of artistic, literary, and technological flourishing; Male dominance reached new heights;
topography	the study of Earth's surface shape and features or those of planets, moons and asteroids
tripartite pact	Alliance of Japan, Germany, and Italy signed in September 1940; created alliance system for World War II
kafr	"that which covers the truth"; any act of disbelief, heresy, or blasphemy.
empress wu	Patronized Buddhism; 690-705; endowed monasteries, commissioned colossal statues of Buddha, and sought to make Buddhism the state religion
masjid	"mosque".
li dazhao	[lEE dä jaU] Chinese intellectual who gave serious attention to Marxist philosophy; headed study circle at the University of Beijing; saw peasants as vanguard of revolutionary communism in China
insha'allah	"God willing" or "If it is God's will".
purdah	is the practice of preventing men from seeing women
flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency
mycenaean	a society created from a union between native inhabitants and the powerful group centered at Mycenae; it was named after the most famous site of this new culture.
khedives	[kuh dEEv] Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952
bismillah	In the name of Allah,
personal history	a writing that summarizes experiences and events that make up a person's life.
murad	Head of the coalition of Mamluk households in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core
stent	the 'poor tax' in Scotland at the time of Robert Burns.
consent papers	papers filed by the parent (or guardian) of a legally underage son or daughter, establishing that the parent has agreed to an intended marriage of the child.
sin-eating	a person who, through ritual means, would take on by means of food and drink the sins of a deceased person, thus absolving his or her soul and allowing that person to rest in peace
justiciar	a medieval royal judge.
oligarchy	the rule of a few, a type of Greek government in which a small group of wealthy citizens, not necessarily of aristocratic birth, ruled.
turf	a layer of grass etc
council of the indies	Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World
sundiata	The "Lion Prince"; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died about 1260
muezzin	a chosen person at the mosque who leads the call (adhan) to Friday service and the five daily prayers (also known as the salat) from one of the mosque's minarets.
shona sculpture	shona art
ministry of rites	Administered examinations to students from Chinese government schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars
hippocras	a cordial made from wine and flavored with spices, formerly used as a medicine.
damask	to decorate or weave with rich patterns.
chan	Known as Zen in Japan; Stressed meditation and appreciated of natural and artistic beauty;
gotha	German bomber plane, first used in air raids on England in May 1917.
curacas	Ayllu chiefs with privileges of dress and access to resources; community leaders among Andean societies
sociedad de castas	American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Indians at bottom, mixed races in middle
castas	People of mixed origin in Spanish colonial society; relegated to secondary status in social system; constituted potentially revolutionary group
feckless	feeble; ineffective.
knock	A small hill (Gaelic)
videography	the art and techniques of filming video.
accoutre	also accouter
gregory vii	Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free Church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture
merlon	a solid portion between two crenels in a battlement or crenelated wall.
weltering	to wallow, roll, or toss about, as in mud or high seas; to lie soaked in a liquid, such as blood; To roll and surge, as the sea.
king of arms	the senior rank of an officer of arms
seljuk turks	Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century
doctrine	a principle of political or religious belief.
estate	the Social Class of an individual, as in the 'Three Estates.'
taika reforms	[tI kä] Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army
buttery	a bottle store - a service room for liquid foodstuffs.
wag-halter	One who moves or wears a halter; one likely to be hanged.
kaaba	a large cuboidal building located inside the mosque known as al-Masjid al-Haram in Mecca
leper stone	a bowl shaped stone filled with sour wine or vinegar into which lepers could either leave offerings of money for the church or more likely take offerings left for them
questor	also 'Pardoner'
kufa	A town in southern Iraq which became the capital of the Islamic state at Ali's time
holography	the study and mapping of computer project imaged called Holograms for interactive and assisted computations.
cape colony	Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus
poke	a bag or sack.
calpulli	Seven clans in Aztec society, later expanded to more than sixty; divided into residential groupings that distributed land and provided labor and warriors
kitab	"book"
gig	a lightweight two-wheeled carriage designed to be drawn by one horse.
law	a small but prominent hill or burial mound
pease	peas.
metropolitan	Head of the Russian Orthodox church; located at Moscow
witness	a witness is an individual present at an event such as a marriage or the signing of a document who can vouch that the event took place (legal).
escalier d'honneur	a principal staircase in a castle or mansion house.
southern song dynasty	Rump state of Song dynasty from 1127 ro 1279; carved out of much larger domains ruled by the Tang and northern Song
influenza pandemic	Worldwide epidemic of the disease also known as 'Spanish flu'
broadside	a single sheet printed on one side and issued by itself, used for advertisements, ballads, propaganda, etc.[5]
yamamah	The Battle in which Khalid ibnil Waleed triumphed over Musailema the Liar
apothecary	a chemist licensed to dispense medicines and drugs.
jericho	Early walled urban culture site based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern Israeli-occupied West Bank near Jordan River
daimyos	Warlord rulers of 300 small states following Onin War and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded ministates
freedom	the 'share' or area of land held by a 'Freeman' of a burgh.
sahel	The extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara; a point of exchange between the forests to the south and North Africa
zaqqum	a tree that Muslims believe grows in Jahannam (hell)
gauchos	Bands of mounted rural workers in the region of the Rio de la Plata; aided local caudillos in splitting apart the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata after 1816
feu charter	a charter granted in the context of a barony by which the baron remains the superior and the grantee becomes his vassal.
quillon	on a sword or some knives, the crossguard is also known as the quillon; it is a bar of metal at right angles to the blade, placed between the blade and the hilt
ali'i	[ä lEE, ä luh EE] High chiefs of Hawaiian society who claimed descent from the gods and rested their claims on their ability to recite in great detail their lineages
tau	a cross in the form of a 'T'
colloquy	in law, a routine and highly formalized conversation, such as between the judge and lawyers
sharia	[shä rEE ä] Islamic law; defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance
nahjul balaaghah	The famous book containing collections of Imam Ali's speeches and orations, along with his sayings
cixi	[tsU shEE] Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners
welfare state	New activism of the West European state in economic policy and welfare issues after World War II; introduced programs to reduce the impact of economic inequality; typically included medical programs and economic planning
din-ul-fitrah	A description of Islam as the natural way of life.
demographic transition	Shift to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population; first emerged in Western Europe and U.S
partigeniture	the opposite from 'Primogeniture'
fatwa	The legal guidance of a pious, just, knowledgeable Muslim scholar and jurist, based on the Qur'an, Sunnah and Islamic Shari'ah
mufti	an Islamic scholar who is an interpreter or expounder of Islamic law (Sharia), capable of issuing fataawa.
sacrarium	also 'Chancel.' The part of a Christian church near the altar, reserved for the clergy, the choir, etc
cameroon	German colony in Central Africa, bordering Nigeria and French Equatorial Africa
wheelwright	someone who makes or repairs, especially wooden wheels.
jehennam	Gehenna, Inferno, Hell
normans	The Normans who conquered Sicily seizd Tripolitania and Cyrenaica (1146).
iron curtain	Phrase coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between free and communist societies taking shape in Europe after 1946
zemstvoes	[zemst vO, pl
battle of siffin	Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party
alterage	a salary paid to a priest for saying a certain number of masses, at regulated periods, for the souls of the some person or persons departed.
fabi-ayyi ala irabbikuma tukaziban	"Then which of the Blessings of Your Lord will You both [jinn and men] deny?"
galleons	Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion
julian calendar	the calendar named for Julius Caesar and used from 45 B.C
outfangthief	the right of a lord to pursue a thief outside the lord's own jurisdiction and bring him back within his jurisdiction to be punished.
zhou enlai	[jO en lI] After Mao Zedong, the most important leader of the Communist party in China from the 1930s until his death in 1976; premier of China from 1954; notable as perhaps the most cosmopolitan and moderate of the inner circle of Communist leaders
jumaa	Friday
hejab	"cover" (noun)
tojo hideki	Japanese general; put down attempted military coup in 1936; increasingly interfered with civilian cabinets to block appointment of liberal bureaucrats; helped create increasingly militaristic series of prime ministers after 1936
khutbah	is the Islamic sermon delivered before Friday prayers and after Eid prayers.
rag paper	paper made from a pulp of mashed rags.
forestalling	also 'Regrating' - the crime of buying goods on the way to a market with the intention of selling them at an inflated price.
proto-industrialization	Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution
iconoclasm	Religious controversy within the Byzantine Empire in the 8th century; emperor attempted to suppress veneration of icons; literally "breaking of images"; after long struggle, icon veneration was restored
wove paper	paper which has no chain lines or wire lines, usually made on a woven wire mesh.[50]
yalta conference	Meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1945; agreed to Soviet entry into the Pacific war in return for possessions in Manchuria, organization of the United Nations; disputed the division of political organization in the eastern European states to be reestablished after the war
apse	a usually semicircular or polygonal, often vaulted recess, especially the termination of the sanctuary end of a church.
hamlet	a small village.
meridies	pertaining to or of the 'south'.
long count	Mayan system of dating from a fixed date in the past-3114 b.c.e.; marked the beginning of a great cycle of 5200 years; allowed precision dating of events in Mayan history
communist party of vietnam	Originally a wing of nationalist movement; became primary nationalist party after decline of VNQDD in 1929; led in late 1920s by Nguyen Ai Quoc, alias Ho Chi Minh
vichy	French collaborationist government established in 1940 in southern France following defeat of French armies by the Germans
world war i	Fought from 1914 to 1918; involved almost all European nations and their respective colonies; arose over conflict in the Balkans; resulted in victory of allied countries of Britain, France, Italy, and the United States; ended with Treaty of Versailles
yawm	"day"
troth	a betrothal; one's pledged fidelity; Good faith; fidelity.
erastian	a person who would see the church placed entirely under the control of the State.
shona translator	shona tribe
multivallate hillfort	a hillfort defences formed by a series of banks and ditches.
pudding	The rule of kitchen economy is not to waste
hashishiyyun	"hashish taker".
bushi	Regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public work projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies
dean	a wooded hollow or valley (Anglo-Saxon).
albert	Town near the River Somme in NE France
stupas	Stone shrines built to house pieces of bone or hair and personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms
monsoons	Seasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia; during summer bring rains
sundial	an ancient clock that measures time by the position of the sun
futhorc	the Anglo-Saxon version of the runic alphabet.
sepukku	Ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor
umayyads	After initially opposing Mohammed, the Umayyad family became strong Moslems
jehan	A Persian military leader who was killed in battle
bishops	Headed Christian churches and regional centers and supervised the activities of other churches within the jurisdictional area
zimbabwe	shona names
third world	term used during the Cold War that referred to developing nations that did not identify themselves with either the USA or Soviet blocs
bedizen	to ornament or dress in a showy or gaudy manner.
zhu xi	Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principle to everyday life and action
oubliette	a dungeon with a trapdoor in the ceiling as its only means of entrance or exit.
yi	Korean dynasty that succeeded Koryo dynasty following period of Mongol invasions; established in 1392; ruled Korea to 1910; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence
flummery	meaningless or deceptive language; any of several soft, sweet, bland foods, such as custard; sweet gelatinous pudding made by straining boiled oatmeal or flour; soft dessert of stewed, thickened fruit, often mixed with a grain such as rice.
aristophanes	[ar uh stof uh nEEz] Greek writer of the comedies; author of The Frogs
terminus post quem	the starting point of a period, etc.
pastoral nomads	An intermediate form of ecological adaptation dependent on domesticated animal herds that feed on natural environment; typically more populous than shifting cultivation groups
oath of allegiance	the oath taken by an individual of foreign birth in which he or she renounces any allegiance to the government of their country of origin and pledges their allegiance to the country of which they intend to become a citizen.
abecedary	the full alphabet carved in stone in churches, on paper, etc
oxter	armpit.
julep	borrowed into Middle English from Old French, into Old French from Late Latin, and into Late Latin from Arabic jul
polis	City-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 b.c.e
multinational corporations	Powerful companies, mainly from the West or Pacific Rim, with production as well as distribution operations in many different countries
gran colombia	Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations
miscegenation	[mi sejuh nAY shuhn, misi juh-] Practice of interracial marriage or sexual contact; found in virtually all colonial ventures
shahadahtain	"declaration or witnessing of faith"
consignation money	money paid to the church prior to marriage to prevent ante-nuptial fornication
empathy	an understanding of events, beliefs, values and attitudes from the perspective of others.
posset	a spiced drink of hot sweetened milk curdled with wine or ale.
independent labour party	Founded in Bradford in 1893, the ILP was the largest political party in Britain to oppose the First World War
hauberk	a shirt of chain mail armour
will	a document stating how a person wants real and personal property divided after death.
web site	starting with the notion of the Internet as a massive, virtual library, these would be the books in that library; presently, there are more than two million web sites with genealogical content.
franco-prussian war	(1870-71) Conflict in which Prussia and its German allies defeated France and completed the process of German unification.
sand-glass	a timing device formed from two flasks sealed together with a waxed cord
magna carta	Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy
cogswounds	an expression meaning God's Wounds, now archaic
parvis	an enclosed courtyard or space at the entrance to a building, especially a cathedral, that is sometimes surrounded by porticoes or colonnades; one of the porticoes or colonnades surrounding such a space.
alembic	an apparatus consisting of two vessels connected by a tube, formerly used for distilling liquids; a device that purifies or alters by a process comparable to distillation.
primogeniture	insures the right of the eldest son to inherit the entire estate of his parents, to the exclusion of younger sons (Legal).
block book	a book printed from wooden blocks in which each page, both words and pictures, is carved from a single piece of wood and cannot be rearranged for subsequent use; a technique mainly employed in the mid-fifteenth century.[5]
nahrawan	The place where Ali pacified the Kharijis
outrecuidance	excessive presumption.
sahara	Desert running across northern Africa; separates the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa
poetaster	a writer of insignificant, meretricious, or shoddy poetry.
tayson rebellion	Peasant revolution in southern Victnam during the late 1770s; succeeded in toppling the Nguyen dynasty; subsequently unseated the Trinh dynasty of northern Vietnam
yu	A possible mythical Chinese ruler revered for the construction of an effective system of flood control along the Huanghe River valley; founder of the Xia kingdom
quit-claim deed	a document transferring the interest a seller (or sellers) had in a property; often filed when the multiple recipients of an inherited property are disposing of their shares or signing them over to one individual.
corinthian	Along with Doric and Ionian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the most ornate of the three styles
ward land	lands held in ward.
anarchists	Political groups that sought the abolition of all formal government; particularly prevalent in Russia; opposed tsarist autocracy; eventually became a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 1881
caudal	of, at, or near the tail or hind parts; posterior; situated beneath or on the underside; inferior.
leat	an open watercourse conducting water from a dam, weir or river to a mill wheel.
quatrefoil	in architecture and traditional Christian symbolism this is a symmetrical shape which forms the overall outline of four partially - overlapping circles of the same diameter.
sujdah	devotional prostration.
triangular trade	Commerce linking Africa, the New World colonies, and Europe; slaves carried to America for sugar and tobacco transported to Europe
caucasus	Mountain range in SW Russia, running along the northern border of present-day Georgia and Azerbaijan; between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.
yazdajird	Persian Emperor
moctezuma ii	Last independent Aztec emperor; killed during Hernan Cortes conquest of Tenochtitlan
lantern	also a 'Cupola' or 'Glover' - a cover which provides an entrance / exit, but keeps out the rain from a building or structure.
umar	Umar was the second of the Rightly Guided Caliphs
wapenshaw	literally a "show of weapons"; referring to the periodic muster of the able-bodied men of a barony or other area (in theory, twice a year), to prove the possession of suitable weapons and were (reasonably) competent in their use.
baluster	one of the upright, usually rounded or vase-shaped supports of a balustrade; an upright support, such as a furniture leg, having a similar shape; one of the supporting posts of a handrail.
affusion	a pouring on of liquid, as in baptism.
first estate	in feudal times this was the Church, i.e
scarcement	a ledge formed by the setting back of a wall, buttress or bank.
puyi	Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912
three cases	a nominative (for subjects of sentences and for predicates of verbless sentences), genitive (for possession and after all prepositions), and accusative (for the direct object of the verb and for sundry adverbial forms)
amiens	Town in NE France
fourth army	British army division that, under the command of Henry Rawlinson (1864-1925), led the main attack on the first day of the Battle of the Somme, 1 July 1916.
camlet	a durable, waterproof cloth, esp
asadun	"lion," to be omitted: a
alembic	from Old French, from Medieval Latin, from Arabic al-
qu-	often found in place of a 'w' or absent from the modern spelling
abbasids	The Abbasids--a dynasty of Sunni Moslems--took over the Caliphate from the Umayyads in 750 and held it until 1258
imperial war graves commission	Created by Royal Charter on 21 May 1917
khmers	Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; moved into Mekong River delta region at time of Vietnamese drive to the south
regimental history	see military history.
regnal year	a year of the reign of a sovereign
patchwork	a form of needlework or craft that involves sewing together small pieces of fabric and stitching them together into a larger design, which is then usually quilted, or else tied together with pieces of yarn at regular intervals, a practice known as tying
al-afghani	Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry
church record	generally refers to birth, marriage and burial registers maintained by most churches, but may also refer to other records such as minutes, confirmations, etc.
link	connections between web sites that allow a browser to easily travel from one site to other, generally related sites.
caliph	The political and religious successor to Muhammad
ar-rahman	the 55th sura of the Quran with 78 ayat
copernicus	Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe
berlin wall	Built in 1961 to halt the flow of immigration from East Berlin to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics
carbonarum	a medieval coal mine, particularly monastic sites.
fatihah	See al-Fatihah
quran	"the recitation"
moiety	half, one of two equal parts.
olmec culture	Cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico c
scandalam magnatum	a law by which any person who made a scandalous claim against a peer was fined or jailed.
viaduct	a viaduct is a bridge composed of several small spans
abraham	Called Ibrahim in Arabic, Abraham is considered to be the first Moslem, that is, the first person to submit himself to Allah
cockade	an ornament, such as a rosette or knot of ribbon, usually worn on the hat as a badge
jihad	There are two types of Jihad
catechism	a book giving a brief summary of the basic principles of Christianity in question-and-answer form; a manual giving basic instruction in a subject, usually by rote or repetition; a body of fundamental principles or beliefs, especially when accepted uncritically.
islam	Major world religion having its origins in 610 c.e
allah	Supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam
tatars	Mongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state in 1236; left Russian Orthodoxy and aristocracy intact
blitzkrieg	German term for lightning warfare; involved rapid movement of troops, tanks, and mechanized carriers; resulted in early German victories over Belgium, Holland, and France in World War II
lye	a preparation used together with animal fats in the pruduction of soap
british east india company	Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in India; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed
poleyn	a piece of armour for protecting the knee.
potter's wheel	A technological advance in pottery-making; invented c
da'wah	Call
democracy	society based on the idea of equality where the government is run by the people or their freely elected representatives
toltecs	Nomadic people from beyond the northern frontier of the sedentary agricultural area in Mesoamerica; established capital of Tula following migration into central Mesoamerica plateau; strongly militaristic ethic including cult of human sacrifice
delectus personae	the right of choice by a particular person
hagia sophia	[hä juh sä fEE uh] New church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian
brae	a steep or sloping bank of a river, lake or shore; a steep slope rising from a water (Scots).
babur	Founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530
suit of court	one of the feudal burdens upon land in which the tenant could be called upon to give his lord aid and counsel in administrative and judicial matters (Scots legal).
jazakullah khair	"May God reward you for the good".
dahomey	Kingdom developed among Fon or Aja peoples in 17th century; center at Abomey 70 miles from coast; under King Agaja expanded to control coastline and port of Whydah by 1727; accepted Western firearms and goods in return for African slaves
agnate	Related on or descended from the father's or male side.
moctezuma ii	[mokte sU mä] Last independent Aztec emperor; killed during Hernán Cortés' conquest of Tenochtitlan
demography	The study of population
shrove	is a past tense of the English verb 'shrive' which means to obtain absolution for one's sins by confessing and doing penance
weyve	a female outlaw; abandoned without the protection of the law.
boline	also 'Bolline'
baghdad	Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon
oxgate	a measure of land also known as a 'bovate'
fomalhaut	come from a word in the bound form.
beta	and the word
scholar-gentry	Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China
shurah'beel ibn hasna	One of the leaders dispatched to Syria by Abu Bakr
kern	a medieval Gaelic, Scottish or Irish foot soldier; a loutish person.
maulana	"our lord, our master"
laozi	Major Chinese philosopher; recommended retreat from society into nature; individual should seek to become attuned with Dao
fencible	capable of being defended, or of making or affording defense; A soldier enlisted for home service only.
lavatorium	a long trough in the cloisters of an abbey where the monks washed their hands before and after meals.
loosebox	an enclosure in a stable where the horse is not tide up and is therefore free to move around.
hadith	The stories about and sayings of Mohammed
burqa	an enveloping outer garment worn by women in some Islamic traditions for the purpose of cloaking the entire body.
aphorism	a tersely phrased statement of a truth or opinion; a brief statement of a principle.
ummah	Muslim society
transcription	a record compiled or copied from an original source or from a record which has been compiled previously.
apoplexy	used to describe any sudden death that began with a sudden loss of consciousness, especially one where the victim died within a matter of seconds after losing consciousness
vitiation	the alteration of a document without the consent of all the parties to the document; to reduce the value or impair the quality of; to corrupt morally; to make ineffective.
dysentery	formerly this disease was very prevalent in the UK, but in the present day it is practically confined to hot climates
suddenty	suddenness
wadset	a mortgage; a deed from a debtor to a creditor giving over the rents of land until a debt is paid; a pledge.
birlinn	a type of small galley with 12 to 18 oars, used especially in the Hebrides and West Highlands of Scotland in the Middle Ages
pornography	the practice, occupation and result of producing sexually arousing imagery or words.
muslim league	Founded in 1906 to better support demands of Muslims for separate electorates and legislative seats in Hindu-dominated India; represented division within Indian nationalist movement
ummi	"mother".
italian colonization	Italy next seized Libya after a brief war with the Ottomans (1912)
aliment	required by court order to aliment (to supply with sustenance, such as food) the abandoned family.
t	new town, from *
chase	Chiefly British
cristeros	Conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; most active in central Mexico; attempted to halt slide toward secularism; movement resulted in armed violence
radiography	use of x-rays to produce medical images
compilation ceremony	Chinese ceremony celebrated every 50 years for the purpose of honoring ancestors and updating a family's records.
quincunx	a geometric pattern consisting of five points, four of them forming a square or rectangle and a fifth at its centre.
neo-confucians	believed that the cultivation of personal morality was the highest human goal; emphasis on rank, obligation, deference, and performance of rituals reinforced class, gender, and age distinctions;
dolmen	also known as 'Cromlechs' or 'quoits', are a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of three or more upright stones (megaliths) supporting a large flat horizontal capstone
wuzong	Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840s; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology
privacy laws	laws which restrict access to selected records (usually birth or death records) for a specified period of time (often 50 or 72 years)
primary source	anything archaeological or written which comes from the same time as the person or event being studied
tor	masses of rock or boulders crowning a hill
jesuits	A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North American and Asia
ecclesia	an assembly of all citizens that serves as the other legislative body with the boule.
resurrectionist	a body snatcher
cofferer	a principal officer in the English royal court, next under the controller
new feminism	New wave of women's rights agitation dating from 1949; emphasized more literal equality that would play down domestic roles and qualities for women; promoted specific reforms and redefinition of what it meant to be female
bark house	a building used to store bark, mainly from oak trees, gathered for use in tanning.
nationalism	the promotion of the interests of one's own nation above all others
bin qarmat	"bin" means "son of"
mash'allah	"thanks be to God".
transmigration	The belief in the successive reincarnation of the soul in different bodies
kell	a spring, fountain, head-spring
hagiography	the study of saints
varlet	a knight's attendant, later a menial or rascal.
asadi	"the lion's tail."
rogation	in ecclesiastical terms a solemn prayer or supplication, especially as chanted during the rites of a Rogation Day; the formal proposal of a law in ancient Rome by a tribune or consul to the people for acceptance or rejection.
karl i	(1887-1922) Last Habsburg emperor; acceded to the throne after the death of his uncle Franz Joseph on 21 November 1916; abdicated in November 1918 and fled into exile in Switzerland in March 1919.
land records	documents containing information pertaining to transfers of ownership of land between parties.
taj mahal	Most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India; originally built as a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal
source	any written or non-written material that can be used to investigate the past
defalcate	to misuse funds; embezzle.
niqab	a veil which covers the face.
spectacle of death	a book which tells in graphic detail what death entails, what the stations of heaven and hell are, and what the conditions for the righteous and the sinful will be in the hereafter.
tasseography	the art of reading tea leaves
en talus	a military term for the sloping face of a bulwark.
intelligentsia	[in teli jent sEE uh, -gent-] Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; 19th century group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West
cyrus the great	Established massive Persian Empire by 550 b.c.e.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires
shinto	Religion of early Japanese culture; devotees worshipped numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world; offers of food and prayers made to gods and nature spirits
reform bill of 1832	Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain
writ of summons	a document ordering a person to appear in court (legal).
bittern	in sea salt manufacture, the fluid portion containing the other salts which have to be removed to prevent a bitter and unpalitable taste to the final product.
islamic conquest	Amr Ibnu l-As conqued northeastern Libya, known as Barka (643)
vexillology	the scholarly study of flags
uncut	a book in which the edges of the leaves have not been cut by a plough.
dimity	a sheer, crisp cotton fabric with raised woven stripes or checks, used chiefly for curtains and dresses.
nezhualcoyotl	Leading Aztec king of the 15 century
rustam	Commander-in-Chief of the Persian forces who was killed at Qadisiya Battle
post mill	a type of windmill where the whole box body is mounted about a central pivot post.
pure land buddhism	Emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among masses of Chinese society
cossacks	Peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements
photobase	a searchable database of photographs, frequently used online in genealogy for old family photos, tombstones, and the like.
biggin	a building
chi-rho	an early Christian symbol or monogram made from the first two Greek letters of Christ's name, X and P.
dhimmi	A non-Muslim living freely under the protection of an Islamic state.
zionism	Movement originating in Eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern Holy Land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine
chain lines	the vertical lines seen in a sheet of handmade paper, usually about 2cm apart, which hold the wires in place in paper moulds.
milner	archaic form of 'Miller'.
tailrace	the watercourse taking water away from a waterwheel or turbine.[20]
goa	Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on western India coast, 16th century ff.; sites for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network
brock	a badger
dharma	[där muh, dur-] The caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position and perform occupation to the best of one's ability in order to have a better situation in the next life
folly	a name given to any extravagant structure whose use is not apparent
eschatology	a part of theology and philosophy concerned with the final events in the history of the world, or the ultimate destiny of humanity, commonly referred to as the 'end of the world.'
calumny	a false statement maliciously made to injure another's reputation; maliciously false statements; slander (Legal).
jihad	Islamic holy war
yangdi	Second member of Sui dynasty; murdered his father to gain throne; restored Confucian examination system; responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; assassinated in 618
panama canal	An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean; completed 1914
fajr	"dawn"
commercial treaty	a treaty governing commerce between two or more nations
vedas	Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century b.c.e
hunting and gathering	Means of obtaining subsistence by human species prior to the adaptation of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of band social organization
selion	a short piece of land in arable ridges and furrows, of half an acre in extent and measuring one furlong by two perches (220 yards by 11 yards); also, a ridge of land lying between two furrows.
collop	a small portion of food or a slice, especially of meat; roll of fat flesh
anabun	"tail," and
postulant	a candidate, especially for admission into holy orders.
msa	Muslim Student Association.
divination	the attempt of ascertaining information by interpretation of omens or an alleged supernatural agencies.
piquet	a card game for two people, played with a deck from which all cards below the seven, aces being high, are omitted
mathaar	A town in which the Persians lost the battle and a good many battleships
cordon sanitaire	a guarded line between two areas, such as the border between Scotland and England prior to the Act on Union.
montaña	Located on eastern slopes of Andes mountains; location of cultivation and gathering of tropical fruits and coca leaf
loco tutoris	in the place of (i.e
tawhid	the Islamic concept of monotheism
cubist movement	20th-century art style; best represented by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso; rendered familiar objects as geometrical shapes
three estates	Typical social organization of Middle Ages after 10th century; included military nobility, clergy, and ordinary people
proselyte	a new convert to a doctrine or religion.
livestock	the animals on a farm.
subhana wa ta'ala	an expression that Muslims use whenever the name of Allah is pronounced or written
nestorians	A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions
aztecs	The Mexica; one of the nomadic tribes that used political anarchy after fall of Toltecs to penetrate into the sedentary agricultural zone of Mesoamerican plateau; established empire after 1325 around shores of Lake Texcoco
nafl	denotes supererogatory performance, or doing more than is required
autographed	any document carrying the signature of the person who wrote it.
mihrab	is a niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla, i.e
ayatollah	"sign of God"
hoar	ice crystals forming a white deposit (especially on objects outside); Hoarfrost.
declaration of intent	first step in naturalization process; sworn statement of an alien announcing intention to become a citizen.
patrimony	an inheritance from a father or other ancestor; an endowment or estate belonging to an institution, especially a church
sufis	Mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to southeastern Asia
lucam	an extension running outward from the wall of a building to allow materials to be lowered by a hoist into or taken out of boats, carts, etc
staff and baton	(fustum et baculum)
gaba tepe	Intended site of the second Allied landing (by Australian and New Zealand troops) at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915, on the NW coast of the peninsula opposite Maidos
terminus ad quem	the finishing point of a period, argument, policy, etc.
syndicalism	Economic and political system based on the organization of labor; imported in Latin America from European political movements; militant force in Latin American politics
pope	Bishop of Rome; head of the Christian Church in western Europe
wodehouse	also 'Woodwose' or 'Woodhouse' - the aboriginal Wild man or woman of medieval lore
chrism	a consecrated mixture of oil and balsam, used for anointing in church sacraments such as baptism and confirmation
executive officers	Specialist naval officers responsible (under the captain) for the routine running of a Royal Navy ship.
ether	a long flexible wood stake used in temporary hedging and woven in horizontally between vertical stakes.
gurus	Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas
german east africa	German colony consisting of Tanganyika and Rwanda-Urundi
soundex	a coded surname index (using the first letter of the last name and three digits) based on the way a name sounds rather than the way it's spelled
ayat	"signs/miracles", plural of ayah
nabobs	Name given to British representatives of the East India Company who went briefly to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation
litiscontestation	where both parties in a case have stated their respective pleas in a court, it being then understood that, by doing so, they have consented to abide by the decision of the judge in the case (Legal).
bid'a	see bid'ah.
chartulary	a collection of charters; a place where charters are stored.
karamanli dynasty	The Karamanli Dynasty seized control of Tripoli (1711)
qadisiya	The decisive battle that opened the way to Persia for the Muslims
rowlatt act	Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919
sui	Established by Wendi in 589; capital Loyang (?); ended 618 (?)
savages	Societies engaged in either hunting and gathering for subsistence or in migratory cultivation; not as stratified or specialized as civilized and nomadic societies
social question	Issues relating to repressed classes in Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution, particularly workers and women; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870
shrub	a drink made from rum and fruit juice
speaker	Ruler of city-state (each city-state had one); chosen from the nobility; Great Speaker first among supposed equals
castile	Along with Aragon, a regional kingdom of the Iberian peninsula; pressed reconquest of peninsula from Muslims; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda
safa and marwah	Two hills in Makkah, near the Ka'bah, now included within the grand mosque (see Sa'y)
mexico city	Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan
majuscule	the larger of two type faces in a script
betelgeuse	and
specie	in coin; in a similar manner; in kind or in legal terms - In the same kind or shape; as specified.
internationalism	the promotion of the belief in global cooperation rather than national rivalry
accouchement	a confinement during child birth; a lying in.
consumerism	an aspect of capitalism that encourages the consumption of goods and services
shaytan	Rebellious, proud
labyrinth	a structure with an unambiguous through-route to the centre and back and not designed to be difficult to navigate.
yakee	"bro" [Thanks to TiGrBaLm on the AoD forums.]
convoy system	Naval strategy based on a collection of ships travelling under armed protection
'enemy aliens'	Term used to classify citizens from enemy states (predominantly Germany and Austria-Hungary) residing in Britain during the First World War.
ulama	Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking
ancestral filet	a searchable database of over 35 million names organized into families and pedigrees available at http://www.familysearch.org/Search/searchaf.asp or through local family history centers
source	anything that has survived from the past
locus terribilis	a sacred place into which only a divine or sacred person could enter
parure	a set of matched jewelry or other ornaments.
ciborium	a vaulted canopy permanently placed over an altar or font; a covered receptacle for holding the consecrated wafers of the Eucharist.
shahada	The Shahada is the central Moslem statement of faith
devil's door	a door left open during church services in a church for the Devil to escape through
salaam-alaikum	see salaam-alaik.
lançados	Collection points for Portuguese trade in the interior of Africa; provided essential links between economies of African interior and factories on the coast
lustral	Of, relating to, or used in a rite of purification.
qad iqama tis-salaat	"stand for prayer".
homo sapiens	The human species man that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period
statewide registration	the centralized gathering of vital records data on a statewide basis in addition to, or instead of, local registration of this information
apprising	the sentence of a court affecting a debtor's heritable property, as a consequence of which that property would be sold to pay the debt.
composition	a payment made by an heir succeeding to land, to the superior of the land.
aedile	an office of the Roman Republic
ihs	'Iesus Hominem Salvator' or 'Jesus the Saviour of mankind' as carved on church lecterns, etc.[26]
heir apparent	by law a person whose right of inheritance is established, provided he or she outlives the ancestor, see also primogeniture (Legal).
sexton	the office of the person or persons who are in charge of the cemetery.
vital records	documents that record the major events of a person's life: birth, marriage, divorce, death.
phoenicians	Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean
common law	the traditional code of law in England, dating from the Middle Ages and supplemented by legal decisions over the centuries
probate	the legal process by which the property of a deceased intestate individual is dispersed.
slavs	Indo-European group; ultimately dominated much of eastern Europe from the Balkans northward; formed regional kingdoms by 5th century c.e
tumens	Basic fighting units of the Mongol forces; consisted of 10,000 cavalrymen; each unit was further divided into units of 1000, 100, and 10
kamehameha i	Hawaiian monarch who united all of the islands under his rule in 1810
iman	Faith.
matrilocal	A culture in which young men upon marriage go to live with the brides' families
parish	the ecclesiastical division or jurisdiction; the site of a church
wudhu	ablution
key ali	I presume this means "how are you?"
seven years' war	Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America
shrivijaya	[srEE wi jô yuh] Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion
black death	Plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure
immigration record	a term generally used to refer to ship passenger arrival lists and/or naturalization records.
cessio bonorum	surrender of a debtor's goods in favor of his creditors.
ethiopian kingdom	A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa
mahram	an unmarriageable kin with whom sexual intercourse would be considered incestuous, a punishable taboo
perspective	a point of view or standpoint from which historical events, problems and issues can be analysed, eg a gender perspective (either masculine or feminine) on the past
upanishads	[U pan i shad, U pä ni shäd] Later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority
mandalas	Cosmic diagrams of the Hindu natural and spiritual world; Hindu temple complexes during the Gupta Empire were laid out in this fashion
vikings	Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark and Norway that disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries
servi	a slave.
sophocles	Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex
taika reforms	Attempt to remakes Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army
dairy	where milk was made into butter and cheese
patrilinear succession	(a.k.a
revisionism	Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions
eastern front	Most mobile of the fronts established during World War I; lacked trench warfare because of length of front extending from the Baltic to southern Russia; after early successes, military defeats led to downfall of the tsarist government in Russia
hospice	the guest house of an abbey, monastery, etc.[24]
hong kong	British colony on Chinese mainland; major commercial center; agreement reached between Britain and People's Republic of China returned colony to China in 1997
span	chips of wood, as in 'Spick & span.'
pisastratus	Athenian tyrant of the 6th century b.c.e.; gained popular support against traditional aristocratic councils of Athenian government
shaheed	"witness"
diaper	a diamond-shaped pattern.
jack	and
uthman	Uthman ibn Affan (c
imams	According to Shi'ism, rulers who could trace descent from Ali
conservatism	opposition to radical change with a tendency to support existing institutions
shona tribe	zimbabwe
relicta	a widow.
bolshevik party	Russian Communist party led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, first formed in 1903 when the Russian Social Democratic Party split into 'majority' (Bolshevik) and 'minority' (Menshevik) wings.
marriage stone	a stone lintel carved with the initials, coat of arms, etc
mpac	Muslim Public Affairs Committee.
crimean war	Fought between 1854 and 1856; began as Russian attempt to attack Ottoman Empire; opposed by France and Britain as well; resulted in Russian defeat in the face of Western industrial technology; led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II
essoin	an excuse for not appearing in court at the return of process; the allegation of an excuse to the court; exemption.
selenography	the study and mapping of the physical features of the Moon
trung sisters	Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 c.e.; demonstrates importance of Vietnam women in indigenous society
suratul-hijr	the 15th sura of the Quran
county courthouse	the building at which the business and legal matters of the county are conducted; usually contains extensive local records such as probates and deeds.
isha	"night"
neolithic age	The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 b.c.e.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished
pentise	single-pitched roof attached to the side of a wall.
basra	Port in SE Iraq, on the Shatt-al-Arab delta
encomienda	Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies
remembrancer	an officer of the British judiciary responsible for collecting debts owed to the Crown.
francis i	King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against holy Roman emperor
teotihuacan	[tAY O tEE wä kän] Site of Classic culture in central Mexico; urban center with important religious functions; supported by intensive agriculture in surrounding regions; population of as much as 200,000
bushi	Regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies.( p
morganantic	a marriage between a man of exalted rank and a woman of lower rank in which the wife and her children do not share the rank or inherit the possessions of the husband.
serfs	Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages
oculi	decorative carved or painted patterns that appear to represent 'eyes'
samurai	Mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to the local lords, not the emperor
brocard	an elementary principle or maximum; a short, proverbial rule, in law, ethics, or metaphysics.
maoris	Residents of New Zealand; migrated to New Zealand from Society Islands as early as 8th century c.e
tangut	Rulers of Xi-Xia kingdom of northwest China; one of regional kingdoms during period of southern Song; conquered by Mongols in 1226
muhammad	Prophet of Islam; born c
hood-mould	a carved protruding ridge above a window designed to throw off the rain.
vassals	Members of the military elite in the Middle Ages who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty
obolary	possessing only small coins; impoverished.
doric	Along with Ionian and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the least ornate of the three styles
cilicia	Region of SE Asia Minor that formed part of the Ottoman empire in 1914; known today as the southern Turkish province of Adana.
hostelry	an inn; a hotel.
wang anshi	Confucian scholar and chief minister of a Song emperor in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalists; advocated greater state intervention in society
alembic	and
culverine	long barrelled artillery of the 16th century.
almohadis	[äl mO hädEEz] A reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Sahara Africa
hobbledehoy	a gawky adolescent boy.
muslimah	muslim woman.
qiblah	Direction which Muslims face when performing salah - towards the Ka'bah (see Mihrab)
foot-binding	Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household
total war	Warfare of the 20th century; vast resources and emotional commitments of belligerent nations were marshaled to support military effort; resulted from impact of industrialization on the military effort reflecting technological innovation and organizational capacity
indenture	a contract binding one party into the service of another for a specified term
indefatigable	One of three British battle cruisers sunk by the German naval fleet at the Battle of Jutland (31 May-1 June 1916).
mahabharata	[muh hä bär uh tuh] Indian epic; written down in the last centuries b.c.e.; previously handed down in oral form
hellenism	Culture derived from the Greek civilization that flourished between 800 and 400 b.c.e
oblation	the act of offering something, such as worship or thanks, to a deity; the act of offering the bread and wine of the Eucharist; a charitable offering or gift.
puisne	a chiefly British term meaning lower in rank or junior, especially an associate judge.
casque	a helmet or helmet-like process.
teins	a tenth of the income of a property, payable to the church.
stere	a unit of volume in the original metric system equal to one cubic metre, most commonly used to measure quantities of wood.
ploughbote	the right to collect wood for plough making in medieval times.
dogger bank	Extensive submerged sandbank in the North Sea between northern England and Denmark
allah	the standard Arabic word for "God", derived from al-ilah, "the God"
allocution	a formal and authoritative speech; an address.
helots	Conquered indigenous population of Spartan city-state; provided agricultural labor for Spartan landowners; only semi-free; largest population of Spartan city-state
ana bikail	"I'm fine, good"
seniores	elders in the Celtic church who were dedicated to prayer and teaching.
adhan	the Islamic call to prayer, recited by the muezzin.
passenger arrival list	Lists of (mostly) immigrant passengers generated by officers of the ships carrying them at the port of entry into the new country.
prophet's masjid	the Mosque of the Prophet, in Medina, is the second holiest mosque in Islam
icna	Islamic Circle of North America.
fisabilillah	"For the sake of (or in the path) of Allah (God)".
capital	the top, often ornately carved, of a column.
schlemiel	perhaps from the Hebrew personal name
aztecs	The Mexica; one of the nomadic tribes that used political anarchy after the fall of the Toltecs to penetrate into sedentary agricultural zone of Mesoamerican plateau; established empire after 1325 around shores of Lake Texcoco
hannibal	Great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; finally defeated at Battle of Zama
warith deen mohammed	(born 30 October 1933) an influential American Muslim leader
staghfir'allah	an expression used by a Muslim when he wants to ask Allah forgiveness
third rome	Russian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuity of Orthodox church in Russia following fall of Constantinople in 1453
jesus	In Islam, Jesus is considered an important prophet who came to deliver Allah's message to humanity
rabbit	originally the name for a baby rabbit
pinnacle	an ornamental pointed cap to a buttress, etc
kellogg-briand pact	A treaty coauthored by American and French leaders in 1928; in principle outlawed war forever; ratified subsequently by other nations
nolt	neat cattle.
thaqafi	A Muslim military leader who lost his life by being tramped upon by the elephant
transhumant	A form of pastoralism common to the Mediterranean basin and the Sahara; involves moving from one region to another according to the season
"flying money"	Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency
final papers	another term used for the petition for naturalization in the naturalization process.
totem	Most commonly an animal utilized by nomadic tribesmen as a representation of mythic ancestor of the group; venerated as a progenitor and protector
vega	which derive originally from Arabic words or phrases (see
saladin	Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam
garderobes	medieval toilets in large public buildings and castles.
guano	Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to Indian tribute and abolition of slavery
henry the navigator	Portuguese prince responsible for direction of series of expeditions along the African coast in the 15th century; marked beginning of Western European expansion
deshima	Island port in Nagasaki Bay; only port open to non-Japanese after closure of the islands in the 1640s; only Chinese and Dutch ships were permitted to enter
isonzo	River in SE Europe, rising in NW Slovenia and flowing into NE Italy
ormuz	Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located at southern end of Persian Gulf; site for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network
liberal	Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments
precognition	a written report of the evidence of witnesses to an alleged crime, upon which a decision to prosecute is made and used in the preparation of the case if it goes to trial.
dowager	a widow holding property or a title received from her deceased husband; title given in England to widows of princes, dukes, earls, and other noblemen.
cicerone	an old term for a guide, one who conducts visitors and sightseers to museums, galleries, etc.,
photogravure	a method of reproducing artwork or photographs from a photographically produced intaglio plate.
frontis	also 'Frontispiece.' An illustration at the beginning of a book, usually facing the title page
homelands	Under apartheid, areas in South Africa designated for ethnolinguistic groups within the black African population; such areas tend to be overpopulated and poverty-stricken
muhammad ibn qasim	Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of Umayyad Empire
wendi	Member of prominent northern Chinese family during period of Six Dynasties; proclaimed himself emperor; supported by nomadic people of northern China; established Sui dynasty
nafs	"self"
school of national learning	New ideology that laid emphasis on Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Chinese imports such as Confucianism; typical of Japan in 18th century
monroe doctrine	American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade
haf	a freshwater lagoon separated from the sea by a sandbar.
shona translation	shona heritage
treaty of versailles	[ver sI, vuhr-] Ended World War I (1919); provided for the League of Nations; also punished Germany with loss of territories and the payment of reparations as a result of their "war guilt"; Russia also lost territories with the reestablishment of Eastern European nations such as Poland
chemical weapons convention	a global treaty banning the production or acquisition or stockpiling or transfer or use of chemical weapons
al-ghazali	Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Quranic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama
diary/personal journal	a personal record kept by date, on a daily or regular basis, in which a person tells about his or her own experiences soon after they occur.
umma	Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity
modernisation	the process of becoming modern, accepting change and modern values
servitrice	also 'Servitrix'
khalifah	the Islamic form of government representing the political unity and leadership of the Muslim world
amerciate	subject to or punished by a fine.
du'a	Varying forms of personal prayer and supplication.
new deal	President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (19331939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in United States social and economic life
li bo	Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings
anglican church	Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death
taqwa	the Islamic concept of "God-consciousness"
sate	to satisfy an appetite fully; to satisfy to excess.
king's african rifles	The largest force of African troops in British Africa
hayyal al-falah	"come to success".
caribbean	First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda, system of colonial management, initiated here
boer republics	Transvaal and Orange Free State in southern Africa; established to assert independence of Boers from British colonial government in Cape Colony in 1850s; discovery of diamonds and precious metals caused British migration into the Boer areas in 1860s
xia	[shEE ä] China's first, possibly mythical, kingdom; no archeological sites have been connected to it; ruled by Yu
shredding	a kind of 'pollarding' in which all the side branche are removed and only a tuft at the top left
la ilaha illa allah	"there is nothing to worship except Allah".
absolute monarchy	Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies
brisure	a system of marks added to coats of arms in heraldry to distinguish between members of the same family.
fatimids	the Shia dynasty that ruled over varying areas of the Maghreb, Egypt, and the Levant from 5 January 910 to 1171
acropolis	An elevated point within a city on which stood temples, altars, public monuments and various dedications to the gods of the polis.
salina	medieval salt works, especially of monastic origins.
sabaton	armour plate that protects the foot; consists of mail with a solid toe and heel.
quetzalcoatl	[ket säl kO ät l] Toltec deity; Feathered Serpent; adopted by Aztecs as a major god
parvenu	a person who has suddenly risen to a higher social and economic class and has not yet gained social acceptance by others in that class.
anagoge	a mystical interpretation of a word, passage, or text, especially scriptural exegesis that detects allusions to heaven or the afterlife.
hanseatic league	An organization of cities in northern Germany for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance
germans	Resided outside the northern boundaries of the Roman Empire; featured mixed agricultural and pastoral economies; moved southward into Roman Empire in course of 4th and 5th centuries c.e
e-mail	a means of sending messages instantly and inexpensively via the Internet.
muhammad of ghur	Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control
fontainebleau memorandum	Memorandum written by the British prime minister David Lloyd George during the Paris peace conference on 25 March 1919, in which he argued in vain for a more lenient post-war settlement with Germany.
gogsnouns	possibly derived from the expletive 'Gods wounds' with the more or less deliberate loss of certain letters.
yayoi epoch	[ya yU] Last centuries b.c.e.; featured introduction of wet-rice cultivation, iron working; produced wheel-turned pottery and sophisticated bronzeware
sui	Dynasty that succeeded the Han in China; emerged from strong rulers in northern China; united all of northern China and reconquered southern China
demographic transition	The change from a high birth rate and high infant mortality to low rates, as in western Europe and U.S
ar-rahmanir raheem maliki yawmi-deen	"most gracious, most merciful, owner of the day of judgment".
plebeians	Ordinary citizens; originally those Roman families that could not trace their relationship to one of the major Roman clans
guild	a society of a particular trade, membership of which was gained through examination
amc	American Muslim Council.
commutation	exchange or substitution.
core nations	Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials
good wife	used formerly as a courtesy title before the surname of a married woman not of noble birth.
quipu	System of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records
scholasticism	Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems
written agreement	a legal document summarizing the agreement between parties
tacit	not spoken: indicated tacit approval by smiling and winking
augustine 354430 c.e.	Influential church father and theologian; born in Africa and ultimately Bishop of Hippo in Africa; champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies and very important in the long-term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination
land freedom army	Radical organization for independence in Kenya; frustrated by failure of nonviolent means, initiated campaign of terror in 1952; referred to by British as the Mau Mau
hindenburg programme	Programme of German economic mobilisation launched on 31 August 1916 and named after General Paul von Hindenburg
heraldry	pertaining to the study or use of armorial bearings.
brasses	memorials to the dead on tombs
baptismal record	written notation kept by a church official about the baptism or christening of an individual; generally includes the individual's name and the date of the baptism; for the baptism of an infant, the date of birth and names of parents are often also recorded.
solar	a private room for the owners of medieval houses and castles.
usary	the practice of lending money and charging the borrower interest, especially at an exorbitant or illegally high rate; an excessive or illegally high rate of interest charged on borrowed money; an archaic for interest charged or paid on a loan.
tian	Heaven; an abstract conception in early Chinese religion; possibly the combined spirits of all male ancestors; first appeared during Zhou dynasty
kangxi	[käng shEE] Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sintification among the Manchus
korekiyo takahashi	[täk ä hä shEE] Minister of finance in Japan during the 1930s; increased government spending to provide jobs; created export boom and elimination of military purchasing
primary products	Food or industrial crops for which there is a high demand in industrialized economies; prices of such products tend to fluctuate widely; typically the primary exports of Third World economies
najaf	one of the holiest cities of Shia Islam and the center of Shia political power in Iraq
anabu	"the tail," al-
peter i	Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of Western European models
melancholy	now called depression
letters testamentary	a court document allowing the executor named in a will to carry out his or her duties (Legal).
smiddy	a Blacksmith's workshop.
simony	the ecclesiastical crime of paying for offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church, named after Simon Magus, who appears in the Acts of the Apostles
caravels	Slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia
constantine	Roman emperor from 312 to 337 c.e.; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually
mullion	vertical framing member of an opening such as a window.
ibn batuta	Arabic traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records
hoplites	the heavily armed infantry which were the backbone of the Greek army.
makrooh	"hated, disliked".
ionic column	a Roman style column with an ornate head, but less embellished than a Corinthian column.
omar	The second great authentic Khalifa
billet	a piece of wood cut for use as fuel and often of a standard size.[4]
hyundai	Example of huge industrial groups that wield great power in modern Korea; virtually governed Korea's southeastern coast; vertical economic organization with ships, supertankers, factories, schools, and housing units
macedon	Kingdom located in northern Greece; originally loosely organized under kings, became centralized under Philip II; served as basis for unification of Greece and later Macedonian Empire
argentine republic	Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralists and federalists
manorialism	System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land
liberal democratic party	Monopolized Japanese government from its formation in 1955 into the 1990s; largely responsible for the economic reconstruction of Japan
solon	Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt
yuan shikai	[yU än shEE kI, yYän] Warlord in northern China after fall of Qing dynasty; hoped to seize imperial throne; president of China after 1912; resigned in the face of Japanese invasion in 1916
german democratic republic	Communist regime set up in the Soviet-occupied zone of Germany (East Germany) in 1949; became one of the most rigid members of the Soviet alliance system; regime collapsed from internal pressure in 1989, and was soon unified with West Germany (1990)
mensis	month.
communion	the part of a religious service in which the consecrated elements are partaken of.
fatima	The daughter of Mohammed and Khadija
packhorse	an animal used for carrying heavy roads, usually over rough terrain or on poorly surfaced roads.
balustrade	a rail and the row of balusters or posts that support it, as along the front of a gallery
tegular	relating to or resembling a tile.
encomendero	[AYn kO mAYn dAU rO] Holder of an encomienda; able to use Indians as workers or to tax them
kiev	Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century
aspersion	a sprinkling, especially with holy water.
malacca	Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands
tan	to give
assythement	a compensation paid to the relatives or friends of someone who had been killed, by the killer(s).
animism	A religious outlook that sees gods in many aspects of nature and propitiates them to help control and explain nature; typical of Mesopotamian religions
vladimir i	Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev from 980 to 1015; converted kingdom to Christianity
parricide	the murdering of one's father, mother, or other near relative
tenochtitlan	[tAY nôch tEE tlän] Founded c
ratiocinate	to reason methodically and logically.
abbacy	the office, term, or jurisdiction of an abbot
chamberlain	an officer who manages the household of a sovereign or noble; a chief steward; an official who receives the rents and fees of a municipality; an often honorary papal attendant.
alliance for progress	Begun in 1961 by the United States to develop Latin America as an alternative to radical political solutions; enjoyed only limited success; failure of development programs led to renewal of direct intervention
feretory	a receptacle to hold the relics of saints; a reliquary; An area of a church in which reliquaries are kept.
husk	the dry outer covering of some fruits and seeds.
asylum	Latin from Greek for refuge
trebuchet	a siege engine invented by the French in the 12th-century
cd-recorder/cd-burner	a device to save electronic information onto a CD.
will	legal document specifying how a person wants his or her estate - belongings and assets -bequeathed to relatives and others.
medical genealogy	the study of a family's medical history with an aim toward identifying and assessing health risks, preventing future occurrences in other family members, locating suitable organ or marrow donors, and assisting medical researchers in the development of cures.
silk road	Reopened by the expansion into central Asia; intensified international contacts with the Buddhist and Islamic worlds
guardant	positioned so that the head is turned toward the viewer
flibbertigibbet	a "chattering gossip, flighty woman," probably a nonsense word meant to sound like fast talking; as the name of a devil or fiend it dates from 1603.
matrilineal	Family descent and inheritance traced through the female line
polygamy	Marriage practice in which one husband had several wives; practiced in Aryan society
atour	besides, in addition, moreover.
drum	a long narrow ridge or knoll, "applied to little hills, which rise as backs or ridges above the level of the adjacent ground"
national genealogical society	official home of the U.S.'s largest nationally focused genealogical society, offering a multitude of services, programs, and publications, including a library in Arlington, Virginia
minaret	The minaret is a tower attached to a mosque from which the muezzin issues the call to prayer (the adhan)
annuitant	a person entitled to an annuity.
german samoa	Collection of nine islands in the Pacific Ocean
typography	printing from movable type; also the aesthetics of arranging the words and other ornamentation on the printed page.[50]
sophism	a plausible but fallacious argument.
balfour declaration	Statement by the foreign secretary Arthur Balfour (1848-1930) on 2 November 1917, giving British support for the creation of a national home for the Jews in Palestine, provided that the rights of 'existing non-Jewish communities' there were respected.
galicia	Region of central Europe, on the north side of the Carpathians; formerly part of the Habsburg empire, now in SE Poland and the Ukraine.
hafiz	a Persian mystic and poet
epic of gilgamesh	The first literary epic in Western civilization; written down c
hayward	an official supervising spinneys, etc
colophon	an identifying inscription or emblem from a printer or publisher appearing at the end of a book
senchus fer nalban	the 'History of the Men of Scotland'
dunlop cheese	a mild cheese or 'sweet-milk cheese' which resembles a soft Cheddar cheese in texture
dhikr	Remembrance
encephalography	the recording of voltages from the brain
improbation	the act by which falsehood and forgery are proved; an action brought for the purpose of having some instrument declared false or forged.
press-gang	a body of men employed to press men into service in either the army or the navy.
iman	"faith".
bronze age	From about 4000 b.c.e., when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 b.c.e.., when iron began to replace it
kuriltai	Meeting of all Mongol chieftains at which the supreme ruler of all tribes was selected
loyang	Along with Xian, capital of the Zhou dynasty
brook	a small stream, also 'Brooklet'.
county history	a book covering the history of a county from the time of its founding to the time of writing; frequently containing biographies of local citizens, especially the more prominent.
farid ud-din attar	(1142-1220) born in Neishapour, in the Iranian province of Khorasan
obit	an obituary.
bleachfield	a bleaching works with its adjacent drying-ground
hemp	The main uses of hemp fibre are rope, sacking, carpet, nets and webbing
decree arbitral	in Scot's Law, a decree made by arbitrators chosen by the parties; an award.
tribunes	Plebeian representatives in the Roman republic; elected in the Councilium Plebis Tributum on an annual basis
sadaqah	Voluntary payment or good action for charitable purposes.
broach spire	a half-pyramid of stone set at each corner of a square tower to shape the spire.
battle of the somme	British government propaganda film showing real and simulated scenes from the Somme campaign
xerography	a means of copying documents.
monger	a dealer or trader, i.e
nurhaci	Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria; entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing
chichen itzá	Originally a Mayan city; conquered by Toltecs c
recusancy	resistance to authority or refusal to conform, especially in religious matters, used of English Catholics who refuse to attend the services of the Church of England.
equiponderate	to weigh; to be equal in weight; to weigh as much as another thing.
négritude	Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements
almshouse	a charitable home for those in need
gorlice	Town in western Galicia
natus	born.
wafd party	[wäft] Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles Treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghl[[auumlaut]]l; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922
celisthenes	[klis thuh nEEz] Athenian reformer of late 6th century b.c.e.; established democratic Council of 500 in Athens
guardian	a person lawfully appointed to care for the person of a minor, invalid, incompetent and their interests, such as education, property management and investments (Legal).
u'sama	A 20 year old Muslim leader who did well against the Byzantines (Romans)
aristotle	Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world
culture	Combinations of the ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction
zodiac	derived from the Greek word for animals
shell shock	Trauma suffered by combatants as a result of life in the trenches
asante empire	[uh san tEE, uh sän] Established in Gold Coast among Akan people settled around Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650
khamr	liquor
kongo	Kingdom, based on agriculture, formed on lower Congo River by late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy
diet	Japanese parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass laws and approve budgets; able to advise government, but not to control it
dentelle	the decorated edge of the leather which a book binder brings over the boards from the outside of the binding
pecuniary	of or relating to money: a pecuniary loss; pecuniary motives
yaroslav	Last of great Kievan monarchs; issued legal codification based on formal codes developed in Byzantium
octavians	the group appointed to control the finances of King James VI of Scotland.
chrismatory	a special, usually lockable container, for holding the chrism.
hadiths	Traditions of the prophet Muhammad
inca socialism	A view created by Spanish authors to describe Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole
natufian complex	Preagricultural culture; located in present-day Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon; practiced the collection of naturally present barley and wheat to supplement game; typified by large settlement sites
collectivisation	the socialist policy of joining together small farms and other enterprises under group or state ownership
reincarnation	The successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives
cultural revolution	Movement initiated in 1965 by Mao Zedong to restore his dominance over pragmatists; used mobs to ridicule Mao's political rivals; campaign was called off in 1968
adventiti	in medieval times these were travelers visiting villages and towns for various economic purposes.
toltecs	Nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of the sedentary agricultural area in Mesoamerica; established capital of Tula following migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic including cult of human sacrifice
sesame	but also many others, such as
anschluss	Hitler's union of Germany with the German-speaking population of Austria; took place in 1938, despite complaints of other European nations
khulafaa	Plural of the word Khalifa in Arabic, i.e., meaning Khalifas
shona culture	duramazwi
whitsunday	the Sunday of the feast of Whitsun or Pentecost in the Christian liturgical year, observed 7 weeks after Easter
republic of korea	Southern half of Korea sponsored by United States following World War II; headed by nationalist Syngman Rhee; developed parliamentary institutions but maintained authoritarian government; defended by UN forces during Korean War; underwent industrialization and economic emergence after 1950s
shona language	shona translation
tihuanaco	[tEE uh wuh nä kO] Along with Huari, large center for regional chiefdoms between 300 and 900 c.e.; located in southern Peru; featured large ceremonial center supported by extensive irrigated agriculture; established widely diffused religious and artistic symbols spread all over Andean zone
secundum artem	a Latin phrase meaning "according to the art," frequently used to doing something in the accepted manner of a skill or trade.
karbala	a city in Iraq
llamas	Along with alpacas, domesticated animals of the Americas; basis for only form of nomadic pastoralism in the New World until European importation of larger animals in 15th century c.e
reaper	a person or machine that cuts or gathers in the harvest.
banana republics	Term given to conservative governments supported or created by the United States in Latin America; believed to be either corrupt or subservient to U.S
elephant folio	the watermark on paper used in a book which is about 23 inches tall; therefore named after the watermark.
boulevard	a rampart
mississippian culture	Last of the mound-building cultures of North America; flourished between 800 and 1300 c.e.; featured large towns and ceremonial centers; lacked stone architecture of Central America
saints	Holy men and women, often martyrs, who were revered in Christianity as models of Christian lifestyles; built up treasury of merit that could be tapped by more ordinary Christians
jurchens	Founders of the Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of the Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee south
shona name	shona sculpture
sacrist	also 'Sacristan' - an official or cleric appointed curator of the vestments, sacred vessels, and relics of a religious body, church, or cathedral.
investment	the act of investing with the fee of an estate or the legal deed by which a person was so invested.
import substitution industrialization	Typical of Latin American economies; production of goods during the 20th century that had previously been imported; led to light industrialization
ayesha	one of Muhammad's wives.
manducation	the act of chewing.
muthanna	Hero of the Battle of the Bridge
social revolutionary party	Winners of the parliamentary majority of the first Russian election held following the November 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power; emphasized peasant support and rural reform; expelled in favor of Bolsheviks
bolt	a measure of fabric, stored rolled up in fixed lengths.
carpathians	Mountain range in central and eastern Europe, extending from present-day Slovakia to central Romania.
creoles	Whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies; ranked just beneath peninsulares
moldwarp	a mole.
proctor	an English variant of the word procurator, is a person who takes charge or acts for another
citadel	a term for a 'Fortress' or 'Keep'.
dispensation	a personal record kept by date, on a daily or regular basis, in which a person tells about his or her own experiences soon after they occur.
badshahi mosque	the 'Emperor's Mosque', built in 1673 by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in Lahore, Pakistan
wazir	Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire
silla	Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of the peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled until Korea by 668
emparkation	the creation of a park with its associated 'pale.'
ptolemies	One of the regional dynasties that followed the death of Alexander the Great; founded in Egypt
first edition	strictly speaking the first appearance of a work in book or pamphlet form; its first printing
rasullullah	"Messenger of God"
shaykhs	[shAYks] Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children
daoism	Philosophy associated with Laozi; stressed need for alignment with Dao or cosmic force
emolument	payment for an office or employment; compensation.
pight	pitched; fixed; determined.
gang of four	Jiang Qing and four political allies who attempted to seize control of Communist government in China from the pragmatists; arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1976 following Mao Zedong's death
ayllus	[äy zhoos] Households in Andean societies that recognized some form of kinship; traced descent from some common, sometimes mythical ancestor
kabir	Muslim Mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam
oracles	Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing
mast	the fruit of beech, oak, chestnut and other forest-trees, especially as food for pigs
fourteen infallibles	according to Twelver Shia Islam The Fourteen Infallibles are historical figures who committed no sins and never made a mistake
visnomy	face; countenance.
sunna	The sunna is the paradigm of the behavior of the perfect Moslem, based on the example set by Mohammed
ctesiphon	Ancient city on the River Tigris in Mesopotamia
jamal battle	A battle between the renouncers and Imam Ali near Basrah
puissance	power; might.
zakat	Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims
hispaniola	First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World
asadu	"the lion." When a construct phrase, such as
comptroller	a variant of 'controller.'
rome	Roman Legions after their victory in the Punic Wars conquered northwestern Libya (107 BC)
liberalism	commitment to individual freedoms such as freedom of trade, speech, press, association and religion
forest	a tract of land subject to special laws, usually concerned with the preservation of game.
fitna	an Arabic word, generally regarded as very difficult to translate
war of spanish succession	Resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French
preclair	shining, lustrous, renowned, magnificent, splendid in the landscape.
mump	an archaic term meaning to be silent or to beg.
positivism	French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence
transom	a horizontal bar set across an opening such as a window.
twantinsuyu	[twän tin sUyU] Word for Inca Empire; region from present-day Colombia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina
hong xiuquan	[hoong shEE U chY än] Leader of the Taiping rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachings of Chinese elite
xoanon	a primitive, usually wooden image of a deity supposed to have fallen from heaven.
legendarium	refers literally to writings on the subject of such holy people, usually saints
government intervention	where a government involves itself directly and actively in the regulation of economic and business activities
monotheism	The exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization
librate	to determine the weight of an object.
general land office	former name of the Bureau of Land Management; the term is still used to refer to extensive land patent records generated at the time the office was known by this name.
muhammad	(c
huitzilopochtli	[wEE tsEE lO pOch tlEE] Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god
mestizos	People of mixed European and Indian ancestry in Mesoamerica and South America; particularly prevalent in areas colonized by Spain; often part of forced labor system
groined vault	early medieval vaults were round-arched tunnels; when two of these intersect at right-angles the meeting lines, formed by the curved planes are called groins.
mummification	The act of preserving the bodies of the dead; practiced in Egypt to preserve the body for enjoyment of the afterlife
pox	also 'pock / pocks' which became pox: eruptions on the skin full of pus and also certain diseases that produce these, particularly smallpox
fertilizer	any chemical added to the soil which makes it more fertile or productive.
grave [reeve]	in parts of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, each of a number of administrative officials formerly elected by the inhabitants of a township.
autographed letter	a letter which is handwritten.
welkin	An archaic term for the vault of heaven; the sky, deriving from the Middle English 'welken', a cloud
canal du nord	Canal in NE France, fully completed in 1965
salaam	"peace"
arabiyya	the language of the Quran is known in the Western world as "classical Arabic"; among Islamic believers, however, it is known as al-Arabiyya.
quran	[koo rän, -ran] Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam
fard	Obligatory duty according to divine law, e.g
bolsheviks	Literally, the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I
wa'allah	"by Allah".
yellow turbans	Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 c.e
cair	Council on Americal-Islamic Relations.
barony	lands held directly from the crown
wych	as in Wych Elm
limner	a painter or drawer of portraits.
batavia	Dutch fortress located after 1620 on the island of Java
aret	officially establish; to reckon; to ascribe; to impute.
ali	Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'is
vintner	a wine merchant.
secret societies	Chinese peasant organizations; provided financial support in hard times and physical protection in case of disputes with local aristocracy
ruku	The root of this word is Raka'a which means bow down
sewer	a medieval servant who supervised the serving of meals.
socrates	Athenian philosopher of later 5th century b.c.e.; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young
mexican revolution	Fought over a period of almost ten years from 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Díaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata
interpretation	a way of understanding and explaining what has happened in the past
sunnah	see Sunna.
psychosis	a severe mental..
leaven	an element, influence, or agent that works subtly to lighten, enliven, or modify a whole.
compradors	Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world
service record	a record of an individual's enlistment in and discharge from the military, as well as presence during the service period as evidenced from muster rolls on certain dates; also generally includes rank and unit.
galileo	Published Copernicus's findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work
anathematise	curse or declare to be evil or anathema or threaten with divine punishment.
polynesia	Islands contained in a rough triangle whose points lie in Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island
khartoum	River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan
ionic	Along with Doric and Corinthian distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; more ornate than Doric, but less than Corinthian
expunge	the sealing or destroying of legal records
shalom aleichem	but is kept separate from it in order to give a gloss to the personal name
fatiha	see al-Fatiha.
sensu lato	meaning 'in the broad sense'.
marriage bond	a document obtained by an engaged couple prior to their marriage
state census	an accounting of the population authorized and executed by a state government, rather than the Federal Government; see also census record.
cuckold	a man married to an unfaithful wife
armenia	Ancient Christian civilisation in Transcaucasia; divided between the Ottoman and Russian empires in 1914
regiam majestatem	an ancient law book ascribed to David I of Scotland.
yarmuk	The decisive battle between the Muslims under Khalid who was victorious and the Byzantines
paekche	One of the smaller kingdoms in Korea that the Silla overtook
barrage balloon	Tethered balloon attached to cables or net, designed to deter low-flying air attacks
fatwa	a considered opinion in Islam made by a mufti, a scholar capable of issuing judgments on Sharia (Islamic law).
montagu-chelmsford reforms	Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919
divorce records	documents generally found in civil courts (but frequently also registered at the state level) recording the dissolution of a marriage
rebec	a pear-shaped, two-stringed or three-stringed medieval instrument, played with a bow.
protocol	a book of blank paper given to a newly qualified notary public into which an exact copy of every instrument was made.
allahu alim	"God knows best".
kiln	a building or structure used to dry grain before milling.
chantilly	Town and holiday resort in Picardy, northern France
centuriation	the Roman practice of dividing land up into squares of 775 modern yards, orientated exactly north and south
columbarium	a dove-cote or doocot.
superfoetation	the successive fertilization of two or more ova of different ovulations resulting in the presence of embryos of unlike ages in the same uterus
abstersion	the act of wiping clean; a cleansing; a purging.
chaldiran	[chäl duh rán] Site of battle between Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Safavids severely defeated by Ottomans; checked western advance of Safavid Empire
monte alban	Chief center of Zapotec culture in southern Mexico during preclassic period; contemporary with Olmec culture; based on irrigated agriculture, calendrical, and writing systems
mask of ferdinand	Term given to movements in Latin America allegedly loyal to the displaced Bourbon king of Spain, Ferdinand VII; actually Creole movements for independence
vermiculate	decorated with wormlike tracery or markings, e.g
chimor	A coastal kingdom; centered on capital of Chan-Chan; emerged as most powerful small state; between 900 and its conquest by the Incas in 1465, gained control of most of north coast of Peru
prayer	Prayer (salat or salah in Arabic) is one of the Five Pillars of Islam
pochteca	[poKH tAY cä] Special merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items
cardinal mazarin	adviser to Louis XIV of France
collateral succession	succession in which the throne passed not linearly from father to son, but laterally from brother to brother and then to the eldest son of the eldest brother who had held the throne.
liberation theology	Combined Catholic theology and Socialist principles in effort to bring about improved conditions for the poor in Latin America (20th century)
fascism	Political philosophy that became predominant in Italy and then Germany during the 1920s and 1930s; attacked weakness of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of economy to reduce social friction
bers	a mortar of the 16th century.
factories	Portuguese trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce
du	also 'Dubh' - black or dark in Gaelic.
good husband	used formerly as a courtesy title before the surname of a married man not of noble birth.
second papers	another term used for the petition for naturalization papers in the naturalization process.
t	feminine singular of *
herald	an assistant to the Lord Lyon King of Arms in Scotland
masjid haram	"The Sacred Mosque"
jack-o'-the-clock	a painted wooden figure with a hinged arm holding a hammer
hopewell culture	Second of the mound-building cultures; lasted from c
vishnu	The Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped
historiography	the study of the study of history
hausa states	Combined Muslim and pagan traditions; emerged following the demise of Songhay Empire among the Hausa peoples of northern Nigeria, based on cities such as Kano
deen	"way" or "path." In Islam, deen consists of living according to the laws prescribed in Quran.
toponoymy	the scientific study of place names (toponyms), their origins, meanings, use and typology.
plain an gwarry	Cornish for a playing place
extranean	a person coming from a distance or living beyonds the bounds of a place.[6]
federal republic of germany	Eventual name of postwar West Germany; created by the merging of the zones of occupation held by France, Britain, and the United States
lien	a claim placed on property by a person who is owed money (Legal).
sura	The Arabic term for a chapter in the Koran.
khilaafah	The reign of a Khalifa.
sedile	pl
sumptuary law	a law imposing restraint on luxury, esp by limiting personal expenditure or by regulating personal conduct in religious and moral spheres.
conventual	a member of a branch of the Franciscan religious order that permits the accumulation and possession of common property.
farina	the flour or meal of cereals, nuts, or starchy roots such as potatoes.