Glossary extracted starting with manual seeds, with PTM for the domain pol and language EN

inheritance	Inheritance refers to the right to receive property
statute	A law
token	Physical device or a digital representation (i.e., a software token) that an authorized user of computer services is given to aid in authentication
due process	The procedure or process required for a given judgment to be fair
appointed	By Head of Government appointment, we are referring to cases where the Head of Government is selected by other government institutions, such as the head of state, legislature, or the courts
rechtsstaat	Recht means right or law, and staat means state
heraldry	the study and classification of armorial bearings and the tracing of genealogies
head of government	The head of government is the leader of the government or cabinet
corporal punishment	Corporal punishment is the deliberate infliction of pain intended as correction or punishment.
ministry	The group of government members formally appointed to control and be responsible for the administration of government activities.
profile	Under the provisions of some legislation and organisations, candidates for election may be able to provide statements or profiles in support of their candidacy
ordinance	A regulation or law, especially one enacted by a city government.
platform	In the context of U.S
vote	a way to show your preference and choose elected leaders or decide on initiatives
public company voting	The Public Company method has its foundation in the (Australian) Corporations Law
proportional vote	Proportional representation (PR) is any of various multi-winner electoral systems which try to ensure that the proportional support gained by different groups is accurately reflected in the election result
term limit	This is the limit on the number of terms granted to a government official.
commander in chief	Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced "sink") is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state.
social contract	This refers to an actual or hypothetical contract providing the legitimate basis of sovereignty and civil society and of the rights and duties constituting the role of citizen
poll tax	money that must be paid in order to vote
bipartisan	supported by members of the two major political parties (the Democrats and the Republicans).
province	Some geographic electoral entities/constituencies may be referred to as Provinces or Electoral Provinces
immunity	Immunity confers a status on a person or body that makes that person or body free from otherwise legal processes enforcing obligations that wouuld otherwise apply, such as, liability for damages or punishment for criminal acts.
hybrid election/ballot	A hybrid Election/Ballot involves the application and availability to the eligible voters, the use of more than one voting medium in the same electoral event
indigenous persons	The word indigenous is derived from the latin word indigena, meaning native, indigenous, aboriginal, and refers to the native people of a place.
dark ground illumination	a form of microscopic examination of living material by scattered light; specimens appear luminous against a dark background
expropriation	The government's act of taking title to property owned by a private party without that party's consent under the authority of a law or statute.
judicial council/commission	By judicial council/commission, we are referring to an independent body that is composed of experts in law who are important in the selection process for judges, as well as sometimes discipline and removal.
test	Procedure used to determine one or more characteristics of an object of
silent roll	Any voter who believes either their security or their family's security would be put at risk by their address appearing on the publicly accessible electoral roll, may apply for a silent enrolment
nature study	the study of animals and plants in the natural world (usually at an elementary level)
probe	an inquiry into unfamiliar or questionable activities
republican	a person who belongs to the Republican political party.
at-large	At-large refers to offices that are elected by the voters of an entire county or district even though the office may only represent one part of the county or district.
plurality	A term related to the "first past the post" system of voting
prospect	explore for useful or valuable things or substances, such as minerals
decree authority	Decree is an order that has the force of law
market analysis	marketing research that yields information about the marketplace
get	come into the possession of something concrete or abstract
minister	A government member of parliament who is appointed by the Governor General (in the case of the Commonwealth parliament or the Governor of the State (in the case of a State parliament) to be a member of the Executive (Cabinet) and who will be (appointed) responsible for one or more specific areas of government administration.
research	a search for knowledge
counter corruption commission	An institution set up to eliminate or prevent corruption in government.
mccain-feingold law	also called the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
double jeopardy	Double Jeopardy refers to being charged twice for the same crime
error rate	Ratio of the number of errors that occur to the volume of data processed
liberal	people who generally like to reform current conditions
interpellate	Interpellate means to question formally about policy or government business
remuneration	Remuneration means wages and other benefits received as compensation for employment
intellectual property	Creative ideas and expressions of the human mind that possess commercial value and receive the legal protection of a property right
division	By divisions, we mean something that is uniform throughout the constitution, not sub-sections that only appear sporadically.
inquest	an inquiry into the cause of an unexpected death
approve	To approve means to confirm or sanction formally, regardless of the particular language used in the Constitution
initiate	Initiate means to begin or start a particular action, regardless of its formal designation in the constitution
state of emergency	A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government or may work to alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or to order government agencies to implement their emergency preparedness plans
international law	International law deals with the relationships between states, or between persons or entities in different states
overseas elector	A special category enrolment provision (under Commonwealth legislation) relevant to electors residing overseas for three years or less.
asylum	The protection that countries grant to refugees.
ultra-vires administrative actions	This phrase refers to the use of excess power by administrative agencies.
tonsure	the shaved crown of a monk's or priest's head
tryout	trying something to find out about it
platform	a formal written document that states a political party's stances on important issues and its goals for the future.
electorate	An electorate is a geographic sub-division which elects members of Parliament
ex post facto laws	Ex post facto literally means after the fact
refer	seek information from
attorney general	In most common law jurisdictions, the Attorney General is the main legal adviser to the government, and in some jurisdictions may in addition have executive responsibility for law enforcement or responsibility for public prosecutions.
negative ads	political advertisements that attack a candidate's opponent, often trying to destroy the opponent's character.
resident	One who lives in a place
constitutional court	A Constitutional Court is a high court found in many countries which deals primary with constitutional law
re-explore	explore anew
marketing research	research that gathers and analyzes information about the moving of good or services from producer to consumer
big science	scientific research that requires massive capital investment but is expected to yield very significant results
seccession	The act of withdrawing from an organized political body, such as when the southern states withdrew from the United States in 1861.
drafted/published	This refers to the date the constitution was originally written.
regionalization	The 50 United States are unofficially grouped into approximately six regions
mobile polling team	These are polling officials that are specially recruited and trained to undertake mobile polling activities in remote areas and also in convalescent / nursing homes
itinerant elector	A person who has no fixed place of address but whose name has been included on the Electoral Roll.
field work	an investigation carried out in the field rather than in a laboratory or headquarters
head of state	A head of state or chief of state is the chief public representative of a nation-state, federation or commonwealth, whose role generally includes personifying the continuity and legitimacy of the state and exercising the political powers, functions and duties granted to the head of state in the country's constitution.
administrative courts	Administrative courts hear enforcement cases for administrative agencies or consider appeals to agency rules.
amparo/courts of amparo	Amparo is a writ of constitutional protection found in Latin America
local government	Sometimes referred to as the "third" tier of government
proportional representation	Proportional Representation is a system of voting essentially designed to elect representatives in proportion to the amount of support each has in the constituency/electorate
electron microscopy	microscopy with the use of electron microscopes
dignity of man	Dignity refers to the quality of being worthy of esteem or respect, so the dignity of man means the ability of individuals to be able to gain and sustain a particulary status or level of respect.
qualifying	Definition changes based on state
nulla poena sine lege	Nulla poena sine lege literally means no penalty without a law
house of representatives	The lower house of the Australian federal parliament.
pilot experiment	a preliminary experiment whose outcome can lead to a more extensive experiment
executive cabinet/ministers	Group of key executive advisors which includes the Secretaries, Ministers, or heads of each Department of the national government.
first election method	In a mixed system, this refers to the election method by which the most members are elected
price stability	An economy with relatively consistent values of goods and services from year to year, all things being equal.
points system	Under the Points System, a voter awards a particular number of points to their first chosen candidate, but a lesser number of points is awarded the second preferred candidate and so on, to the required number
petition	By right to petition, we mean the right to submit individual or group level grievances to government
coattails	An allusion to the rear panels ("tails") of a gentleman's frock coat
autochthonous	see Indigenous Persons
capital punishment	Capital punishment, also referred to as the death penalty, is the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crime, often called a capital offense or a capital crime.
rule of law	See Rechtsstaat
investigation	the work of inquiring into something thoroughly and systematically
primary vote	The tally of No
survey	make a survey of; for statistical purposes
civil servants	People who work for government departments or agencies.
transitional provisions	Transitional provisions refer to the provisions used for adopting the new constitution or switching from one constitution to the next.
labor courts	Specialized courts designed to decide labor disputes.
look into	investigate scientifically
indict	The indicting process is the formal process for bringing charges against a suspect
basic law	This is a list of articles about the fundamental constitutional laws, known as Basic Laws, of various jurisdictions
freedom of assembly	The right of people to gather together peacefully in public, whether for political, religious, or personal reasons.
voting variation	Voting style, option, or feature such as
extradition	The surrender by one state to another of an individual accused or convicted of an offense outside its own territory, and within the territorial jurisdiction of the other.
seat	Another term for a position on an elected body
provisional enrolment	The Australian legislative provision that permits otherwise qualified seventeen year old persons to enrol on the Electoral Roll
microscopy	research with the use of microscopes
majority	This majority system uses a two round system of voting
ethnic group	We have chosen to define ethnic groups broadly; therefore, any of the following could be included in the category ethnic groups: castes, nationalities, linguistic groups, racial groups, etc.
meritocratic	The term meritocratic describes government by persons selected according to merit in competition.
house of assembly	Usually the lower house of a State/Territory parliament.
central bank	A nations main regulatory bank
human rights commission	Human Rights Commissions are institutions set up to ensure that individual and group rights are not being violated, either by government, other individuals, or groups.
residency requirement	The length of time one has to be a resident of a place in order to be allowed to run for office there.
cast around	search anxiously
malapportionment	A situation of imbalance in population densities between electoral constituencies /geographic entities.
highest ordinary court	The highest ordinary court refers to the ordinary court [see ordinary court below] which has final say in the judicial process.
end-to-end	(1) (Security) Supporting both
product research	marketing research that yields information about desired characteristics of the product or service
matching funds	public money that is given to presidential candidates in an amount equal to the amount that they have raised privately
freedom of religion	Freedom of religion refers to an individual's right to practice whatever religious beliefs one wants
president	A term often applied to the elected head of state of a nation/republic
habeas corpus	Habeas Corpus is a prerogative writ which requires the state to produce in court a person in its custody and justify his or her imprisonment
polling officials	These are the staffing resources appointed by the Returning Officer to conduct polling in a polling booth/polling place
human genome project	an international study of the entire human genetic material
incumbent	a person who is currently in office.
application logic	Software, firmware, or
scientific research	research into questions posed by scientific theories and hypotheses
experimentation	the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation
legislative assembly	Usually the lower house in a (State) parliament.
put into force	This is the date in which the constitution or a law is put into effect.
probe	an investigation conducted using a flexible surgical instrument to explore an injury or a body cavity
selection	the act of choosing or selecting
premier	In an Australian context, the term Premier usually refers to the head/leader of a State Government.
inalienable rights	Inalienable rights refers to the concept of rights that are completely inseparable from those to whom they belong.
religious law	Law that originates in a religious tradition, which may be of divine origin.
tax courts	Specialized courts designed to settle tax disputes and enforce tax laws.
local/municipal government	Local/municipal government refers to government at the level of the city, town, or village
veto	The word veto comes from Latin and literally means I forbid
non-derogable rights	Non-derogable rights are those not limited in times of national emergency.
legality	See Rechtsstaat
exhausted preferences	Ballot papers on which it is not possible to determine a next valid preference are said to 'exhaust' their preferences
tax bills	Tax bills refer to legislation for gathering revenue from the citizens.
legislative council	Usually the upper house in a (State) parliament.
term length	This is the length of time in years a government official serves.
propose	Put forward for consideration or action
electoral court	A court set up to decide electoral disputes, usually ex post.
questioning	a request for information
trim	cultivate, tend, and cut back the growth of
offence/s	See Electoral Offences.
spending bills	Spending bills refer to legislation for disbursing government funds.
portfolio	Usually refers to departmental responsibility (or responsibilities if for more than one Department is involved) of a Cabinet Minister.
quorum	The number of members of a house, committee, or other group that must be present before the group may conduct official business.
congressional district	an area within a state from which a member of the House of Representatives is elected
party hack	A term sometimes used to refer to members of a political party who actively participate in the operational "grass roots" affairs of the party
promulgation	Promulgation is the act of formally proclaiming new legislation to the public
central representative body	Another name for the legislature
open primary	a primary in which all registered voters can vote, regardless of which party they have registered under.
hospital vote	Voters living in retirement homes or in long term hospital care are generally visited by electoral officials
preamble	A preliminary introduction to a statute or constitution
hare-clark	The Hare–Clark electoral system is a Single Transferable Vote (STV) method of proportional representation used in multi-member electorates/constituencies
opinion poll	A survey conducted that registers voter or general public opinion.
industrial election	Official Position Elections conducted for Registered Organisations (Unions and Employer Groups) and under the auspices of the Workplace Relations Act (in the case of federally registered organisations)
parrot	usually brightly colored zygodactyl tropical birds with short hooked beaks and the ability to mimic sounds
accession	Accession is a process by which a country becomes a member of an international agreement or of another state
consumer research	marketing research that yields information about the motives and needs of different classes of consumers
freedom of association	Freedom of association is the right to meet and interact freely, without the interference of the state or others
testate	Testate refers to the right to give property freely after death
elected body	A group of government officials who are selected by the people they represent via election
subsidiary units	By subsidiary units, we mean any of the following: states, provinces, districts, departments, etc.
party	See Political Party
second election method	In a mixed system, this refers to the election method by which the fewest members are elected
fishing expedition	an investigation undertaken in the hope (but not the stated purpose) of discovering information
compulsory voting	see Mandatory Voting
libel	Libel refers to false and malicious publications or statements for the purpose of defaming a living person
treaties	A treaty is a binding agreement under international law concluded by subjects of international law, namely states and international organizations.
freedom of conscience	Freedom of conscience is the freedom of an individual to hold a viewpoint, or thought, without state coercion.
school board	A local board or authority responsible for the provision and maintenance of schools in its jurisdiction
means test	an inquiry into the financial position of someone applying for financial aid
biological research	scientific research conducted by biologists
quota	A quota is a prescribed number
upside	the highest or uppermost side of anything
fundamental law	Law outlining the basic principles, powers and structure of a government.
writ	A writ is a legal document which commands an electoral official to conduct an election and which specifies the dates for the close of rolls, the close of nominations, the polling and the return of the writ.
tally	the act of counting; reciting numbers in ascending order
mapquest	search for a location and directions by means of the MapQuest program
preliminary scrutiny	The "preliminary scrutiny" essentially involves a "voter entitlement check"
plebisite	A decision on an issue made by a group of people
sovereignty	Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme authority over a geographic region or group of people, such as a nation or a tribe
problem solving	the thought processes involved in solving a problem
prime minister	federal (Commonwealth) government
international organizations	An international organization (also called intergovernmental organization) is an organization of international scope or character
internet / online ballot/vote	A ballot or election where the voting medium applied is secure Internet / Online technology
documents	The number of documents that make up the constitution
cabinet responsibility	Cabinet responsibility refers to situations when the cabinet is collectively responsible for government policy.
gerrymander	A gerrymander is the deliberate drawing of electoral boundaries to gain political advantage
conservative	people who generally like to uphold current conditions and oppose changes
in-person vote	A term sometimes applied to voters who utilise pre-poll voting facilities
fluorescence microscopy	light microscopy in which the specimen is irradiated at wavelengths that excite fluorochromes
military courts	Specialized courts designed to decide military cases, typically involving discipline of soldiers for criminal-type activity
hansard	Printed transcripts of parliamentary debates.
pardon	A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it
censorship	The action of suppressing in whole or in part something that is considered politically or morally objectionable.
public recall	Recall refers to the act of removing a public official by petition by the people.
first chamber	The house of the Legislature elected by universal suffrage on the basis of population
federal election commission	An independent regulatory agency charged with administering and enforcing federal campaign finance law
charter	A legal document establishing and defining the rights of a city, county, or other governing authority
report	Self-contained, time stamped,
lobbyist	people who are associated with groups (like labor unions, corporations, etc.) and who try to persuade members of the government (like members of Congress) to enact legislation that would benefit their group.
negative ads	Advertisements that try to persuade voters to vote for one candidate by making the opponent look bad, by attacking either the opponent's character or record on the issues.
public opinion poll	an inquiry into public opinion conducted by interviewing a random sample of people
suffragette	a person who campaigned for the right of women to vote
state legislature	The legislative body of the state, responsible for state duties in the same way that Congress is responsible for Federal duties
residual law maker	The person or body who has the power to make laws in any substantive domains, which are not explicitly granted to another person or body.
operations research	research designed to determine most efficient way to do something
google	search the internet (for information) using the Google search engine
answer	the speech act of replying to a question
electoral system	The structures and processes necessary to hold an election including the electoral laws, system of appointment, redistribution and voting.